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Overall score
would recommend to a friend.
Reviewer score
Would recommend
Beautiful hotel
From the start, the staff was helpful, attentive, patient, and just really pleasant. The hotel itself has so much charm and it feels incredibly rich. Our room was nice; the bathroom was great. Plenty of room for a group of girls to get ready for a
night on the town. I will definitely be back and I recommend the Adolphus!
Would not recommend
History is all that is left
I am tired of "fancy" hotels trying to get away with everything! I honestly have had nicer stays in two star hotels. We had requested a King Room. The room we received was spacious, clean, as clean as ancient carpet can get and the comforter was
newer. That was where the positives ended. It was a queen bed. We could have lived with that, except the center was completely cratered out. There is no way two people can comfortably sleep in that bed. The springs were strung! The sink and bath tub did not drain. The bathroom door did not close. The mini fridge was not stocked. We informed the front desk and were not compensated at all. Even with empathy. The front desk basically said you get what you pay for. Which yes, this was a Groupon. On the Groupon we paid for a king room! We explained. She shrugged. To sour our visit even more. We waited in line for valet for 1/2 and hour. Then another 20 mins for our car. Once in the car I needed to adjust my seat. No problem, until the valet guy told us we needed to leave. I would say this hotel would not need to use the Groupon service to advertise if they actual stood up to what their reputation has been said to be. We will never stay at the hotel again and urge every person looking for a nice hotel to look elsewhere.
Anniversary Getaway
We are Desoto residents are decided to stay here for a mini getaway for our anniversary Labor Day weekend. We had such a relaxing time! As soon as we checked in they gave us a free up-grade to a suite. The room was cozy and the staff helped us
with whatever we needed! The location of the hotel was perfect for walking around Dallas and there were several restaurants aroun us to enjoy dinner. While we were there we went to a show at Trees in Deep Ellum and were we're close enough to take a cheap cab ride down. We will be back here again, for sure!!
Beautiful old-style hotel
Loved staying at the Adolphus. Huge room and beautiful amenities and old world style comfort. That being said, my room was overlooked for housekeeping on a Sunday. Apparently, there was some miscommunication between the front desk and
housekeeping. After I commented on it to the front desk staff, they put in a request, but housekeeping had already gone for the day. It was not a big issue (I didn't make much of a mess!), but for a hotel that bills itself as the top of the line, that is something that shouldn't happen.
Otherwise, hotel is beautiful and the room was large.
Breakfast can be expensive in the Hotel Bistro ($29 dollars for one person after tip).
Lovely Dallas Experience
I was very pleased by this hotel. It was quite a little gem in the city. The room was lovely and very comfortable. The room was incredibly clean and each day was beautifully refreshed. I was only disappointed that The French Room was not open on
Sunday night. That was one of the things I was looking forward to....but next time.
Beautiful hotel with a sense of history
Great staff, super clean room and free taxi to wherever I wanted to go, Good breakfasts in Bistro. An extremely pleasant stay.
Beautiful place
more good than bad. I had the concierge call the hotel car for a short trip up town, said it would take 10 minutes so we waited. whe the car arrived the bell hop gave it to another couple. i explained it to the bell hop and he said to bad and you
can not reserve the car. i explained i did not reserve it as you say but the concierge called the driver to let him know he had a couple to pick up. The next day we did use the car to take us to the st patricks day parade and he took us to the wrong part of town. That was the only poor event we had. i would go back and stay there again.
if you go to the JFK museum make sure you see the conspiracy booth on the corner, its not part of the museum but it is pretty interesting. It is right on the corner outside of the building.
Adolphus 4 me
I loved EVERYTHING about my stay here. Service! Service! Service! The spacious room. Interior- old world feel. Staff. A real doorman and bellman to help with luggage.
Room service was outstanding!!
Hotel has a car to take you to destinations w/in approx 3miles. Also offers same rate to take you to airport as Super Shuttle etc.
Rodan + Fields convention
I was so Happy I stayed at the Adolphus. Everything about it was perfect! From the service to the room service, quality of food, and the room.
The hotel has a car service to take you within a approx 3 mile service for free and they offer a shuttle service to the airport with same fee as other shuttle companies. Bar is quaint and relaxing after a long day out! or take it right up to your room. Right off elevators and escalators
Good Times
We were in town to watch a football game and decided to discover the downtown dallas area while there. We were within walking distance of the nightlife and the JFK memorial. Overall a very place to stay.
Around the block
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my front disc break seems to rub against the side where the tire isnt perfectly trued.. but it's very close... can I adjust the disc break.. or do I just need a PERFECTLY trued tire? It seems like I need to move the whole disc break over a tiny amount b/c the disc doesnt run perfectly through the middle. help...
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The Diamond
No pressure, no diamond.Never look at a diamond without seeing its origin. A diamond is a crystal of pure carbon formed by the intense heat and pressure of the overlying rock bearing down upon it that's brought to the surface by a violent, deep-seated volcanic eruption. Even then, by all appearances in its raw form a rather simple-looking rock. Only through precise cutting are its true radiance, beauty, and unparalleled hardness forcibly brought into existence.
Someone asked me the other day about the cost of leaving our safety nets, our careers, and our comforts to launch our own endeavor. I sat quietly, fumbling for words. How could I give authentic impact to the truth? We've paid everything, and over and over again, we've had to give more. Each time, we dug down, our weathered, cracked hands scraping the rock bottom to dig in a little deeper.
I feel like I've returned from a three year vision quest where I completely lost my shit - like this entire experience shed all excess layers, all bullshit away from my experience. I stripped myself bare, and others too. I peeled back layers of time, meaning, purpose, effort, work, love, marriage, money, depression, frustration, anger, joy, hope, disappointment, outrage, and courage until nothing remained. I cowered in the silence and darkness of having no purpose and no point in breathing. I felt lost in space: drifting, timeless, weightless, muted; without place or reason. I clung to our crew of a handful of trustworthy souls, and leaned on fellow business-folk like lamp-posts on a moonless night, linking kind words to knowing smiles to blindly feel my way towards the next rest-stop.
The Reed
There was once an oak tree growing beside a river, and there was also a reed growing beside that same river. The oak tree was very proud and boastful, while the reed was very modest. Even when the oak tree insulted the little reed, the reed remained cheerful, refusing to argue with the sturdy tree."You are such a puny and small plant," the oak tree said to the reed. "Just look at how tall I am and how hard my trunk and branches are! You, on the other hand, are tiny, weak, and worthless." The reed simply smiled at the oak tree but said nothing in reply.Then one day the sky grew dark with thunderclouds. Rain began to pour down from the sky and mighty winds began to blow. The reed was able to bend and sway in the wind, but the oak tree was torn up by the roots and fell to the ground. In the end, it was the reed, not the oak, who survived. ~ Aesop's Fable 70: The Oak Tree and the Reed
Tired, we kept working. Scared, we persevered. Angry, we held our tongues. Poor, we learned to need less. Doubtful, we quietly stayed the course. These three years have been a blustery storm; to survive, we bent as the wind blew, slowly growing a stronger, more flexible core. That same wind that chafed us, and pushed us, and caused restless nights made us dig deeper and deeper until our roots grew strong, as our outer selves learned to yield to the subtleties of nature.
The Dawn
It's always darkest just before the dawn.Isn't it though? And isn't the answer to always trust the the journey? The process? Ignore the destination - it's a lie, a farce, a distraction! Nothing has been what it seems in this life, and if I've learned anything it's to embrace the darkness - for the light really is waiting just around the next turn. I recall hiking in the jungle of Costa Rica towards Cerro Chirripo - we started in the pitch black of night. The jungle at 3am is not a pleasant place. To be honest, it's absolutely fucking terrifying. My buddy took off at a quicker pace ahead leaving me with my light of my headlamp, endless uphill mud, the flickering eyes of bugs and creatures, and the nonstop racketing symphony of jungle. I hiked and prayed to a god I was pretty sure had stopped listening to me for the sun to please just come up a little sooner. I could feel the shadows sizing me up; the bustle in branches well overhead of animals moving; the rattle and shuffle of bugs and snakes. The instant dawn broke, it was like emerging from a fever-induced nightmare. Just a hint of violet in the rainforest canopy, a different symphonic movement, birds waking up and shaking off the dew - and it was enough for a simple, but rare thing - hope. That brilliant dawn is worth all the dark nights in the world.


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|Table of Contents
|5, No. 2, 2012
Issue release date: April 2012
|Section title: Review Article – Food Addiction: Fact or Fiction? – the NeuroFAST Project
Towards an Animal Model of Food Addictionde Jong J.W.a · Vanderschuren L.J.M.J.a, b · Adan R.A.H.a
aRudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, bDepartment of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Corresponding Author
Dr. Roger A. H. Adan
Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht
Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht (the Netherlands)
Tel. +31 88 75 68517, E-Mail firstname.lastname@example.com
The dramatically increasing prevalence of obesity, associated with potentially life-threatening health problems, including cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes, poses an enormous public health problem. It has been proposed that the obesity epidemic can be explained by the concept of 'food addiction'. In this review we focus on possible similarities between binge eating disorder (BED), which is highly prevalent in the obese population, and drug addiction. Indeed, both behavioral and neural similarities between addiction and BED have been demonstrated. Behavioral similarities are reflected in the overlap in DSM-IV criteria for drug addiction with the (suggested) criteria for BED and by food addiction-like behavior in animals after prolonged intermittent access to palatable food. Neural similarities include the overlap in brain regions involved in food and drug craving. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability in the striatum has been found in animal models of binge eating, after cocaine self-administration in animals as well as in drug addiction and obesity in humans. To further explore the neurobiological basis of food addiction, it is essential to have an animal model to test the addictive potential of palatable food. A recently developed animal model for drug addiction involves three behavioral characteristics that are based on the DSM-IV criteria: i) extremely high motivation to obtain the drug, ii) difficulty in limiting drug seeking even in periods of explicit non-availability, iii) continuation of drug-seeking despite negative consequences. Indeed, it has been shown that a subgroup of rats, after prolonged cocaine self-administration, scores positive on these three criteria. If food possesses addictive properties, then food-addicted rats should also meet these criteria while searching for and consuming food. In this review we discuss evidence from literature regarding food addiction-like behavior. We also suggest future experiments that could further contribute to our understanding of behavioral and neural commonalities and differences between obesity and drug addiction.
© 2012 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
The obesity epidemic has become a major threat to public health with 1 in 3 individuals being obese in the USA [1]. Obesity and its comorbidities that include cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and several cancers are now the number one preventable cause of premature death in the USA [2]. The notion that food addiction may contribute to the high prevalence of obesity is gaining attention among scientists and mental health professionals [3,4,5]. To further investigate the addictive potential of food and its neurobehavioral underpinnings, an animal model of food addiction is essential. In this paper, we will briefly discuss behavioral and neurobiological similarities between overeating and drug addiction before we address the main question of this article: 'What is a valid animal model to determine whether food addition exists and if so, whether it resembles drug addiction on a neurobiological level?' We will briefly highlight several useful, widely employed models from the drug addiction field on which we base our proposed model to study food addiction.
Although the overarching aim of our research is to understand the neural and behavioral mechanisms of obesity in general, we here focus on binge eating disorder (BED) because of its high prevalence (2.0% in males and 3.5% in females [6]) and possible behavioral resemblance to addiction. Clearly, similar arguments may be used to link addiction to other eating disorders or obesity in general [5]. We are, indeed, well aware of the fact that not all cases of obesity are caused by BED, that BED and obesity are not synonymous, and that BED and obesity have a distinct, if overlapping, neurobiological background [7].
Although it has become very prominent in recent years, the question whether overeating is a form of addiction is not new. Previously, several authors have theorized about whether food (or food components) can have addictive qualities, akin to drugs of abuse [3,5,8,9]. Proponents point out that both obesity and addiction involve similar neurobiological substrates and that there are several clinical and behavioral similarities. Opponents, on the other hand, indicate that addiction and overeating have a distinct etiology and that their treatment requires different strategies. Should food indeed be able to induce addiction-like behavior in vulnerable individuals, then this can have far-reaching consequences for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Obesity prevention programs could, for example, benefit from the success achieved by anti-smoking campaigns in Europe and North America, and potential treatments for obesity could include addiction treatments such as pharmacological interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy, and 12-step programs (although a 12-step program for obesity can, of course, not aim for complete abstinence of food) [10].
BED is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of uncontrolled eating (binges). It is highly prevalent in obese individuals [11]. BED differs from other eating disorders in that no effort is made to compensate for the excess of energy intake by purging or intense exercise [12]. BED is currently not described in the DSM-IV itself, but in its appendix B which deals with possible new diagnostic categories. Suggested diagnostic criteria for BED are listed in table 1. An analysis of the DSM-IV criteria reveals similarity with drug addiction (which is termed substance dependence in the DSM-IV). Note, however, that the potential DSM criteria for BED remain subject to debate [13,14].
According to DSM-IV [12], substance dependence is diagnosed when 3 of 7 criteria listed in table 1 have been met. The occurrence of either withdrawal symptoms or tolerance is indicative of physical dependence to drugs. Although physical dependence may not be a useful concept in the context of obesity, since all animals are physically dependent on food, it has been shown in animal experiments that tolerance and withdrawal may arise after extended intermittent access to palatable food, as will be discussed in the following sections [15,16,17,18]. The remaining five DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence relate to loss of control over drug intake. As can be seen in table 1, some of the criteria for BED markedly overlap with criteria for addiction, and loss of control over food intake is also a major element in BED. For one, in both drug addiction and BED the subject persists in destructive food- or drug-directed behavior while consciously aware of its deleterious consequences [12].
Table 1 lists the diagnostic criteria for addiction (according to DSM-IV) and the corresponding diagnostic criteria for BED. This approach is based on Volkow and O'Brien [5], who designed a similar table comparing addiction to obesity in general.
As can be gleaned from table 1, addiction shares several behavioral characteristics with overeating, and especially with BED. In both drug addiction and BED, subjects lose control over intake [19]. Gearhardt et al. [20] have recently developed a questionnaire, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), to assess food addiction. The group of individuals that scored high on the YFAS also scored high on measures for BED, childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and severe depression [21]. It is interesting to note that ADHD and depression have also been associated with substance dependence [22,23,24,25,26].
Not all individuals exposed to drugs of abuse (or palatable food) lose control over behavior. Highly addictive drugs like cocaine are used on a regular basis in certain environments, but not all involved individuals become addicted [27,28]. The same is, of course, true for palatable food. The entire western population is exposed to an environment where palatable (energy-dense) food is constantly available, but only a subgroup of individuals will lose control over food intake and become obese and/or develop BED. Several risk factors for addiction have been identified, including genetic factors (reviewed in [29]), and impulsivity.
Individuals displaying high levels of impulsivity have an increased risk to become addicted to drugs and to develop obesity [30,31,32,33,34,35]. Interestingly, the relationship between addiction and impulsivity is bidirectional, as indicated by the fact that prolonged exposure to drugs results in impaired impulse control [32,36]. It has been shown that impulsivity is a predictor of the treatment outcome in obese children [34,35,37,38] and in addiction [39,40,41,42,43]. One potential behavioral mechanism underlying the relationship between impulsivity and addiction is the fact that impulsive individuals can be more sensitive to immediate gratification (in fact, intolerance to delay of reward is a prominent form of impulsivity) and less sensitive to long-term adverse consequences of behavior, which may contribute to losing control over food and/or drug intake.
Both food and drugs can be the subject of intense craving. Below, we discuss several examples of functional neuroimaging studies investigating food and drug craving, the neural substrates of which display remarkable overlap. For an extensive review on the neurocircuitry of drug craving and addiction see [44,45].
In studies of food and drug craving, measures of brain activity have been obtained using either positron emission tomography (PET) [46] or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) [47,48]. In these studies, craving was provoked using a visual presentation of the craved substance [48], a tactile drug cue (e.g. a marijuana pipe, as used by Filbey et al. [47]), or a verbal recount of a drug-related experience of the participant (Kilts et al. [46]).
Several studies have shown involvement of the orbital frontal cortex (OFC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and insula in drug craving [46,47,48,49]. These regions involved in drug craving likely also mediate craving for natural rewards, including sex [50] and food [48]. Indeed, there is striking overlap between the regions activated during drug and food craving, since the insula, nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate, amygdala, and OFC have also been implicated in food craving. When craving was self-induced by subjects, increased activity was found in the hippocampus, caudate, and insula [51]. Craving for chocolate (using pictures of chocolate or letting participants taste chocolate) has been associated with increased activity in the ventral striatum, subgenual cingulate, and OFC [52].
Suppression of craving, which will aid in remaining in control over intake, involves the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), which has been widely implicated in cognitive control over behavior [53]. When subjects were asked to suppress food or tobacco craving, activity in the accumbens, VTA, amygdala, and cingulate cortex decreased while activity in the DLPFC increased [48]. Interestingly, both the fMRI data and the behavioral (craving) data from this study showed striking similarities in the modulation of craving for drugs and food. The DLPFC was implicated in food addiction in a study by Gearhardt et al. [54] that investigated the neural correlates of food addiction as measured with the recently developed YFAS scale (see above). This study found increased activation in the DLPFC as well as in the caudate in individuals with a high food addiction score, during the anticipation of the receipt of palatable food. The role of the DLPFC in eating disorders has been explored in a clinical study in which participants with bulimic disorders where exposed to repetitive transcranial stimulation (TMS) of the DLPFC. These patients reported decreased craving immediately after TMS and fewer binge eating episodes in the 24 h following TMS, as compared to patients who received sham TMS [55]. Thus, craving for food and drugs appears to involve comparable neural substrates [56]table 2.
Regarding similarities in the neurobiological background of food and drug addiction, dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) availability may play a role in both [10]. Indeed, PET studies have shown decreased D2R availability in the striatum in both drug-addicted individuals and morbidly obese patients [10,57,58,59] An explanation for these findings is that decreased D2R availability results in a hypofunctioning reward system, and 'addicted' individuals compensate for this effect by consuming large amounts of rewarding substances such as food and drugs. The question remains whether this decreased D2R availability is an effect or the cause of addiction. Apart from the animal studies investigating this question (discussed in the following sections), there is some human data correlating genetic predisposition with decreased D2R availability and reward hypofunction in obesity [60] and addiction [61], but not necessarily with BED [7]. There is also evidence to suggest that decreased D2R density in the striatum both contributes to the development of addictive behavior [62,63,64,65], and is a consequence of prolonged drug use [66,67]. Human studies have shown that decreased D2R availability in the striatum can be a predictor of self-reported 'liking' of an intravenous injection of methylphenidate [64,65]. Conversely, decreased D2R availability was shown to be a consequence of prolonged drug use in studies investigating cocaine self-administration in non-human primates [66,67].
Brain opioid neurotransmission is also involved in drug addiction and BED. Opioids play an important role in hedonic appreciation ('liking') of food, and they have particularly been implicated in the intake of palatable food [68,69]. The opioid receptor antagonist naloxone reduces appetite, in particular in patients with a history of binging [70,71]. In addition, there is an increased prevalence of the A118G polymorphism of the µ-opioid receptor in BED patients [7]. This indicates an important role for the opioid system in BED, mimicking its role in drug addiction, where the µ-opioid receptor has been shown to mediate the rewarding aspects of opioids, ethanol, nicotine, and probably psychostimulants (as reviewed in [72]). Furthermore, the opioid system has been implicated in withdrawal for both drugs and food, as discussed in the following sections.
There has been a plethora of experiments investigating several aspects of drug addiction, including the motivation to obtain a drug and the process of relapse to drug seeking after extinction of self-administration [73,74]. This has tremendously contributed to our understanding of the neural and behavioral underpinnings of drug seeking and taking [44,45,75]. In this review, we focus on recently developed animals models that incorporate multiple DSM-IV criteria to identify animals that express addiction-like behavior.
Animals will readily self-administer and respond at high levels for food or drugs of abuse [74,76,] but being extremely motivated to obtain a reward is only one aspect of the addiction syndrome [12]. Experimental approaches of addiction, or loss of control over intake (see below), also involve setups in which seeking and/or taking rewards is met with aversive consequences. Examples of such approaches include punishing reward seeking with mild electric shock [77,78], adulterating an ingested reward with the bitter-tasting quinine [79,80,81,] or exposing the animal to a cue that has previously been associated with electric shock [82]. In addition, models for compulsive drug use usually take two more points into account. First, addiction develops after chronic drug use. Although a drug may be rewarding and evoke motivated behavior on initial contact, loss of control and compulsive behavior only arises after prolonged excessive drug use [79,80,81,82,83]. Second, there is substantial variability in the susceptibility to addictive behavior in animals and humans. Thus, even after extended access to a reward, only a subgroup of the exposed individuals (humans or animals) will lose control over intake [28,77,78,84,85]. Several studies have tried to identify neural or behavioral traits that predict whether or not an individual is likely to lose control over intake and become addicted.
The pioneering work by Piazza et al. [86] identified so-called 'high' and 'low' responders to novelty, in which high responders showed a stronger psychomotor response to a novel environment. High responders acquired amphetamine self-administration faster than low responders and showed enhanced cocaine self-administration in a subsequent study [87]. Studies in recent years have focused on impulsivity as a predictive factor for addictive behavior (reviewed in [36,88]). Thus, Dalley et al. [63] used the five-choice serial reaction time task to identify impulsive rats. They showed that impulsivity in this task predicts escalation of cocaine intake (but not heroin intake [89]). High impulsive rats also displayed decreased D2R availability in the ventral striatum. Belin et al. [85] subsequently showed that impulsive rats in the five-choice serial reaction time task were more prone to develop addiction-like behavior for cocaine when addiction criteria based on DSM-IV were used (see below). Interestingly, impulsivity did predict addiction-like behavior, but not acquisition of cocaine self-administration, whereas the locomotor response to novelty (which did not correlate with impulsivity) predicted the acquisition of cocaine self-administration, but not addiction-like behavior [85,90]. Together, these studies [63,85] also indicate that low D2R availability is a predictor of escalated cocaine use ultimately culminating in addictive behavior [67]. The predictive value of impulsivity for addictive behavior is supported by other studies demonstrating that enhanced impulsive behavior is associated with different aspects of cocaine, nicotine, and ethanol (but not heroin) self-administration [91,92,93,94]. Another approach to identify an addiction-susceptible subgroup of animals has been developed by Ahmed and colleagues [84,95]. These researchers used a choice paradigm to show that, even after chronic exposure to cocaine, 90% of all Wistar rats prefer a sweet saccharin solution over a cocaine infusion [84,95,96]. This appears in contrast to the behavior of addicted individuals who (by definition) sacrifice non-drug rewards (like palatable food or social interaction) in favor of drug-related activities [12]. Interestingly, about 10% of the animals in these studies did express a preference for cocaine over saccharin, which is comparable to the proportion of human cocaine users who will go on to meet the criteria for addiction. It remains to be demonstrated, of course, whether the 10% cocaine-preferring animals will also show 'addiction-like' behavior for cocaine.
Based on the DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence [12] and the research previously described, three criteria, that relate to escalated drug intake and the failure to exert control over intake [78], have been proposed for addiction-like behavior in animals. First: an extremely high motivation to seek the drug. Second: difficulty limiting drug intake. Third: continuation of drug seeking despite aversive consequences. Deroche-Gamonet et al. [78] showed that a subgroup of rats, after chronic cocaine self-administration, scored positive on these three criteria. These animals differ from addiction-resistant animals in that they are highly impulsive [85] and have a persistent impairment in NMDAR-mediated long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens [97]. In order to assess the functional similarity in drug and food addiction, a similar group of 'food addiction-like behavior'-expressing animals should be identified. Subsequently, this group of 'food-addicted' animals can be compared to drug-addicted animals to evaluate whether or not the biochemical and cellular changes in food and drug addiction-like behavior are similar.
There is ample evidence from animal studies to suggest that addiction-like behavior for food exists. Here, we briefly review experimental models that can be used to capture food addiction-like behavior. We will first discuss the seven DSM-IV criteria for addiction. Five of these relate to loss of control over drug intake. Loss of control can be studied in animals using the, previously described, 3-criteria model designed by Deroche-Gamonet et al. [78]. We will therefore also discuss these 3 criteria and how they can be assessed.
In the context of drug addiction, tolerance refers to the fact that after repeated drug use a larger quantity of the drug is needed to obtain the desired subjective effect or that the (positive) effect of a given drug dose decreases with repeated drug use. Interestingly, after extended access to a palatable diet, it has been shown that rats indeed increase their food intake [98], although mechanisms other than tolerance could also explain this finding. There is also data to suggest the existence of cross-tolerance between sweet solutions and opioids [18,99]. Reward tolerance has also been studied measuring reward thresholds in an intracranial self-stimulation setup. This reward threshold is defined as the minimum electrical current needed to maintain stable self-stimulation [100,101]. Acute treatment with drugs of abuse lowers the reward threshold, indicative of the rewarding properties of drugs [102]. However, the reward threshold is increased during withdrawal after extended drug treatment, likely as a result of desensitization of brain reward pathways [101,103]. A similar effect on self-stimulation thresholds has been demonstrated after withdrawal from a highly palatable 'cafeteria style diet' [104]. The increase in self-stimulation threshold after withdrawal from palatable food or drugs has been associated with decreased D2R activity [104,105].
Pioneering work of Hoebel and colleagues [16,106] provided evidence for withdrawal phenomena in rats that were exposed to 12 h / 12 h cycles of food deprivation and access to a sweet solution. When denied access to sucrose, rats exposed to these diet cycles, will binge and display signs of withdrawal such as increased anxiety (as assessed in an elevated plus maze) and increased teeth chattering [15]. These withdrawal symptoms were shown to be inducible by treatment with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and to be associated with an increase in D1R and µ-opioid receptor binding and a decrease in D2R binding [15,107]. A decrease in D2R binding following intermittent sucrose administration was also observed by others [108].
Withdrawal from drugs of abuse and the associated changes in behavior have been suggested to depend on activation of brain stress mechanisms [109]. Conversely, stress can play an important role in the development of overeating [110,111]. Indeed, there is an important interaction between food binging and stress. Binge eating can be triggered by foot shock stress [112,113] or the frustrating presence of an unreachable (but easily visible) palatable treat [114]. Food restriction itself is also stressful and this may promote binge eating [115]. In addition, animals withdrawn from intermittent access to palatable food show withdrawal signs (increased anxiety and motivational deficits) that are attenuated by treatment with a CRF receptor antagonist [17]. Stress is also widely used to reinstate extinguished drug seeking in an animal model of relapse to drug use [116,117]. Intriguingly, in these models stress does not reinstate chow or sucrose seeking. This may indicate that mere sucrose self-administration does not result in the same behavioral changes as drug self-administration or intermittent palatable food intake coupled with food restriction does.
A widely used method to measure the motivation to obtain food or drugs is the so-called progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, in which animals have to make an increasing number of operant responses for every subsequent reward [76]. Indeed, after prolonged cocaine or heroin self-administration, the motivation for drugs under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement has been shown to increase [78,118,119,120] (but see [121,122]). Likewise, it has been shown that rats show an increased motivation to obtain a sucrose reward under a progressive ratio schedule after chronic exposure to a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) choice diet [123]. Other studies have shown that limited (1 h, 3 days a week) access to fat also increases the motivation for food [124].
This aspect of addictive behavior can be investigated using a so-called 'time-out' model. In this paradigm, seeking responses are measured in a designated period of an operant self-administration session when the non-availability of a reward is explicitly signaled to the animals. It has been shown that rats, after extended access to cocaine, continue to seek cocaine when this is not available [78]. Likewise, Ghitza et al. [125] demonstrated that, with prolonged training, animals exposed to a palatable diet increase their food seeking responses during time-out periods, indicating that they develop a 'difficulty limiting' food seeking.
Recent studies have demonstrated that this characteristic of addictive behavior also occurs in laboratory animals. Vanderschuren et al. [82] showed that, after prolonged (but not limited) cocaine self-administration, rats will continue to seek cocaine in the presence of an aversive conditioned stimulus (a tone previously paired with foot shock). However, after prolonged sucrose self-administration, suppression of sucrose seeking by the foot shock conditioned stimulus still occurred. Comparable results were obtained in devaluation experiments (in which an ingested reward is paired with lithium chloride-induced illness). In these studies, sucrose seeking was sensitive to lithium chloride-induced devaluation, whereas responding to alcohol [126] or cocaine was not [127]. Again, these data show that self-administered sucrose does not have the same addictive potential as drugs of abuse. Comparable conditioned aversion paradigms have, however, been used on several occasions to show that seeking palatable food (usually a combination of fat and sugar, instead of just sugar) can become resistant to punishment [104,128]. For example, Johnson and Kenny [104] showed that after extended access to a 'cafeteria style diet', food seeking in rats became insensitive to presentation of a conditioned aversive stimulus. Using a conditioned suppression paradigm akin to that used by Vanderschuren et al. [82], Latagliata et al. [128] showed that food restricted animals continue to seek food regardless of its aversive consequences. Interestingly, they showed that noradrenaline depletion of the medial PFC prevented the occurrence of food seeking despite aversive consequences, i.e. restored conditioned suppression. These data are consistent with the notion that the PFC mediates 'top-down' inhibitory influence over maladaptive, addictive behavior [48].
In addition to conditioned aversion, several models have been developed that measure sensitivity to unconditioned punishment. Pelloux et al. [77] showed that a subgroup of rats, after chronic cocaine self-administration, continue to seek cocaine whilst taking the risk of receiving a foot shock as a consequence. Oswald et al. [129] designed a model in which animals have a choice between standard chow and palatable food paired with foot shock. It appeared that rats that easily binge when exposed to palatable food (binge eating-prone rats) were significantly less sensitive to the aversive effect of foot shock and continued to consume the palatable food as compared to binge eating-resistant rats.
Using a related punishment setup, Heyne et al. [130] showed that inflexible intake of palatable food occurs after lengthy intake of a choice diet. In these experiments, rats were given the choice between a 'cafeteria diet' (consisting of bacon, sausage, cheesecake, pound cake, frosting, and chocolate) and standard chow. After several weeks, a subgroup of animals continued to ingest the cafeteria diet even when it was adulterated with quinine (a bitter-tasting substance). This can be interpreted as inflexible behavior [79,131], which is a defining characteristic of addictive behavior, in the sense that subjects are unable to shift their thoughts and behavior away from drugs but continue to seek the drug despite knowledge of aversive consequences [12]. Interestingly, the animals that did cease to eat the cafeteria diet after quinine adulteration displayed another form of, perhaps, inflexible behavior in that they did not compensate for decreased energy intake by taking more of the standard chow. This 'inflexible' behavior is not indicative of 'addictive' behavior, but it is a form of 'inflexible behavior' in that these animals do not adequately respond to a changing environment (i.e. the adulteration of their preferred food), by acquiring their daily caloric ration from another source.
Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder. In fact, the high risk of relapse to addictive behavior that former drug addicts run and that remains present after years of abstinence is perhaps the most insidious aspects of addiction. Animals cannot, in the strict sense relapse since they are not consciously aware of the disadvantages of drug seeking and taking. They can, however, reinstate responding for food or drugs, which is widely employed as an animal model for relapse [73]. Food seeking can be reinstated by non-contingent presentation of food, or response-contingent presentation of food-associated conditioned stimuli. Although reinstatement to food or drug seeking does not equate to addiction-like behavior, it has been shown that animals that had lost control over cocaine intake (as assessed using the 3-criteria model), were more prone to reinstatement of cocaine seeking [78], and the neural substrates of reinstatement of food and drug seeking overlap to some degree [133].
Besides provoking reinstatement of food seeking, food-associated cues can promote food intake itself. In so-called cue-induced feeding models, sated animals ingest chow following exposure to a food-associated conditioned cue. This was first demonstrated by Weingarten [134], who showed that sated rats resumed eating when exposed to a stimulus previously associated with meal delivery during food restriction. Another possibility involves exposing the animals to cues associated with palatable food or a tiny morsel of the palatable food itself [135]. It has been suggested that overeating in a western society may be mediated by a similar process caused by conditioned craving in response to food cues in our environment [136,137].
The data from animal studies discussed above support the notion of addiction-like behavior directed at food. Both neurobiological (e.g. D2R down-regulation) and behavioral (increased intake, loss of control) similarities with drug addiction have been demonstrated.
Chronic ingestion of (large quantities of) palatable food may result in addiction-like behavior, as it occurs with drugs. Clearly, food addiction-like behavior may be dependent on the type of diet and the type of food reward the animals obtain. Especially relevant are limited access models, including the one used by Hoebel et al. [15] to show withdrawal and the one by Corwin et al. [124] to show both withdrawal and increased motivation for food. When rats are exposed to cycles of alternating periods of food restriction (dieting) and periods of exposure to (palatable) food, they will start to display binges on palatable food [138]. Indeed, alternating periods of dieting and binging on palatable food are highly prevalent in humans with BED [139]. Hagan et al. [112,113] have suggested that a diet cycle model has face and construct validity for BED. The binges are characterized by increased intake of palatable food, but not standard chow intake. Therefore, they may be mediated by hedonic, but not homeostatic, control. Cifani et al. [114] provided support for the predictive validity of the diet cycle model by showing that several psychoactive drugs (sibutramine, fluoxetine, topiramate, and midazolam) have similar effects in the model and in patients with BED.
We propose that animals, after extended access to a limited-access paradigm, should be tested on the three criteria for addiction-like behavior comparable to the procedure employed for cocaine addiction by Deroche-Gamonet et al. [78]. If a subgroup of animals that is more likely to lose control over intake (based on these three criteria) can be identified, these animals can then be characterized to see whether or not their neural and behavioral makeup resembles drug addiction-prone animals. Several behavioral aspects should be taken into account to test whether food addiction-prone animals express the same altered behavior that drug addiction-prone animals do. For instance, in rats, impulsivity is a predictor for cocaine intake and addiction-like behavior [63,85,88,92,] nicotine and ethanol self-administration [91,93,] and sucrose seeking [140]. Is impulsivity also predictive of addiction-like behavior for food? Also, addiction-prone rats have a distinct pattern of drug intake when the drug is freely available, even before they display clear-cut signs of addiction-like behavior [141]. It would be of interest to see if this is also the case for food intake. Last, the expression of addiction-like behavior for cocaine has also been associated with increased reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction. It would therefore also be relevant to test if 'food addiction' is associated with augmented reinstatement of food seeking [125,142].
In this review we briefly alluded to neurobiological changes in (food) addiction, including differences in D1R, D2R, and µ-opioid receptor expression. Once animals that express food addiction-like behavior have been identified, these systems can be further studied in the context of food addiction. As an example, neuronal activity following palatable food administration or anticipation to a palatable diet can be measured using immunohistochemistry for immediate early genes [143] or using (in- vivo) electrophysiology. Using these techniques, it can be investigated whether food-addicted animals rely on different neural networks for the expression of food-oriented behavior compared to addiction-resistant animals. Indeed, there is human data that indicates that food addicts rely differently on the dorsal lateral PFC and the caudate during anticipation of food [54]. Moreover, studies in non-human primates have shown that the brains of primates with a long history of cocaine administration respond differently to cocaine then animals with only limited experience with cocaine. One prominent neural change that has been identified is a shift in metabolic activity from the ventral to the dorsolateral striatum during cocaine self-administration in animals that self-administered cocaine for 1.5 years as compared to animals with limited self-administration experience [66,144]. Likewise, it has been shown that the neural response to a methylphenidate challenge differs between cocaine addicts and control subjects [145]. Since the development of addictive behavior relies on concerted neural changes in the VTA, the striatum, the amygdala, and the PFC [44,146], these circuits should be investigated accordingly.
In conclusion, the behavioral and neurobiological similarities between addiction and overeating (in particular BED) warrant further investigation. Of particular interest is the question whether the 'loss of control' over intake for both food and drugs involves comparable behavioral and neurobiological processes. To do this, applying pertinent models from the drug addiction field to the eating disorder field may provide vital information.
The current work has been supported and funded by the NeuroFAST Foundation (the integrated neurobiology of food intake, addiction and stress). NeuroFAST is funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 245009.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Dr. Roger A. H. Adan
Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht
Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht (the Netherlands)
Tel. +31 88 75 68517, E-Mail email@example.com
Received: 4/19/2011
Accepted: 11/8/2011
Published online: 4/19/2012
Issue release date: April 2012
ISSN: 1662-4025 (Print)
eISSN: 1662-4033 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/OFA
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or, in the case of photocopying, direct payment of a specified fee to the Copyright Clearance Center.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
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Definitions for go-kart
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word go-kart
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a small low motor vehicle with four wheels and an open framework; used for racing
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Just add a simple top to this uniquely printed skirt for a fresh, summer-ready look. Plus size skirt features a wide waistband that leads to a hidden hook-and-eye zip back closure, an allover tropical pattern print and is finished with a flowy hemline. Pair with some impressive stilettos and show off those amazing legs!
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PROVIDENCE — After his Pop Warner football team, the Edgewood Eagles, won a national title in 2008, Shea senior Freddy Gobewole figured a similar fate would occur at the high school level.
It never happened.
While Gobewole was a top running back for the Raiders, the teams struggled during his career with just nine total wins, and no playoff appearances, the last four years.
To make matters worse, a dislocated shoulder, suffered during a scrimmage in August, kept him off the field for half the season this fall.
The majority of high school coaches are also full-time teachers. For these dedicated souls, the world of academia does not cease once the final bell rings. True, they may trade their lesson plans in for whistles and clipboards, maneuvering from one stressful environment to the next. In reality coaches are confronted with the same pressing matter that monopolizes their time and energy during the daytime.


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Paul McCartney to Play Candlestick Park's Last-Ever Show
This marks the second historic Candlestick performance of Paul McCartney's career: The Beatles walked away from touring after playing at the stadium in 1966.
This marks the second historic Candlestick performance of Paul McCartney's career: The Beatles walked away from touring after playing at the stadium in 1966.
On June 24, Peter Frampton will issue his 15th studio album, 'Hummingbird In A Box.'
Sammy Hagar isn't finished inviting friends along for summer shows. In addition to shows with his normal backing band the Wabos, Hagar will be joined by a new lineup featuring Michael Anthony and Jason Bonham during select appearances in 2014.
The ageless harmonies of Crosby, Stills & Nash will be hitting the road from July through early October.
For a band who disliked touring in the old days, Steely Dan have certainly embraced since their mid-'90s reunion. The band recently announced a couple of upcoming dates, but have now put forth information on the entire tour...
Those in attendance at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ceremony at the Barclays Center arena last night were certainly treated to a nice surprise when the surviving members of Nirvana performed with various female singers to close out the event. But an even bigger thrill came for those lucky enough to make it into a tiny Brooklyn bar for an after-party where the Nirvana members performed a full set!
Aerosmith and Slash have made their plan to tour North America this summer official by finally revealing the dates and places where you check them out.
Steely Dan revealed the first two concerts on their 'Jamalot Ever After' tour this summer.
Guitar lovers, prepare yourselves for a live music feast: Jeff Beck and ZZ Top are going on tour together this summer.
Now that he's figured out how to work his new bionic knees, Ted Nugent is ready to get back on the road.
Is legendary bassist Duff McKagan about to reunite with Guns N' Roses?!? There are many signs that point to at least a limited live reunion between McKagan and the current incarnation of GN'R.
With the arrival of spring last week, now's the time to get out of the house and take in many outdoor (and indoor) activities in East Texas. This weekend is no exception, you can get out and see blooming trees and flowers, take in a concert and even be a part of a charity event and more!


text: http://crunchbanglinux.org – I am running into a slight mouse issue on #! When I bring up something that involved something other then the window I am in Like say the "Set Wallpaper" function it will allow me to click buttons in the main window but as soon as I bring up a second window like for the preferences section it's keyboard only from there. The same issue happens in chrome and on the tint2 bar I cant click on anything. This so far is the only issue I'm having on my new install.I have installed the Nvidia drivers and so on but its not helping to much (That I can see) (HowTos)


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A trial date is set for early next year in a challenge by gun owners, stores and firearms advocacy groups who seek to overturn new Maryland gun laws that went into effect this month.
A four-day trial is scheduled to begin Feb. 10 after the plaintiffs and the state agreed to an expedited schedule, according to recent filings in federal court on one of the cases.
In the Tardy v. O'Malley case, filed in federal court two days before the new rules went into effect on Oct. 1, a contingent of gun rights advocates sought to prevent the implementation of the laws. U.S. District Judge Catherine C. Blake declined to halt the new laws, which add additional steps to the handgun purchasing process and ban certain types of weapons.
Plaintiff Shawn Tardy, an Army veteran from Harford County, and other individuals in the National Rifle Association-backed lawsuit make the argument they would otherwise be eligible to purchase the "commonly used semiautomatic rifles and shotguns" now banned by the Firearm Safety Act of 2013 and wished to do so in order to defend themselves in their homes.
Two gun stores — Wink's Sporting Goods in Princess Anne and Atlantic Guns in Silver Spring — also contend that the sale of weapons that were banned by the act made up the "vast majority" of their sales before the law went into effect and that being unable to sell the weapons will harm their businesses.
Maryland's new gun laws — considered to be among the strictest in the nation — require gun buyers to submit their fingerprints and obtain a handgun qualification licenses. They also also limit handgun magazines to 10 rounds and add 45 guns to a list of banned assault weapons.
Plaintiffs in a second case that challenges the new laws have agreed to hold off on any immediate hearings in their case while the other case works its way through the court system.


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Vancouver Canucks could move Cory Schneider
If the Vancouver Canucks cannot trade goaltender Roberto Luongo and his onerous contract, could Cory Schneider exit instead?
Sure, according to a CBC report. Schneider could fetch a nice return after finishing 17-9-4 last season while playing ahead of Luongo for much of the season. He has two years left on a contract that carries a moderate $4 million annual cap hit.
The contract isn't burdened by no-movement protections, so the Canucks could send him anywhere. The Calgary Flames, Edmonton Oilers, New York Islanders and Philadelphia Flyers are among the teams seemingly in the market for a goaltender.
But GM Mike Gillis still seems determined to move Luongo.
"We're going to try and accomplish that goal," he told the Vancouver Sun. "We'll see what happens."


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Your Master bedroom and bath is beautiful!!
I love that paint color, and I LOVE that bedding! Great minds think alike on the lamps :)
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|Hsu, L., Martin, R., McElroy, B., Miller, K., and Kim, W., 2015, Data management, sharing, and reuse in experimental geomorphology: challenges, strategies, and scientific opportunities: Geomorphology, v. 244, p. 180-189, DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.039
|Kopriva, B.T.*, and Kim, W., 2015, Coevolution of minibasin subsidence and sedimentation: Experiments: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 85, p. 254-264, DOI: 10.2110/jsr.2015.24
|Kopp, J.* and Kim, W., 2014, The effect of lateral tectonic tilting on fluviodeltaic planform and stratal asymmetries: Experiment and theory: Basin Research, v. 27, no. 4, p. 517-530, DOI: 10.1111/bre.12086
|Piliouras, A.*, Kim, W., Kocurek, G.A., Mohrig, D., and Kopp, J.* 2014, Sand on salt: Controls on dune subsidence and determining salt substrate thickness: Lithosphere, v. 6, no. 3, p. 195-199, DOI: 10.1130/L323.1
|Hajek, E., Paola, C., Petter, A., AlAbbad, A., and Kim, W., 2014, Amplification of shoreline response to sea-level change by back-tilted subsidence: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 84, no. 6, p. 470-474, DOI: 10.2110/jsr.2014.34
|Hsu, L., McElroy, B., Martin, R., and Kim, W., 2013, Building a Sediment Experimentalist Network (SEN): sharing best practices for experimental methods and data management: Sedimentary Records, v. 11, no. 4, p. 9-12. PDF
|Kim, W., Petter, A.L., Straub, K., and Mohrig, D., 2013, Investigating the autogenic process response to allogenic forcing: Experimental geomorphology and stratigraphy: in From Depositional Systems to Sedimentary Successions on the Norwegian Continental Margin, edited by A.W. Martinius, R. Ravnas, J.A. Howell, R.J. Steel, and J.P. Wonham: IAS Special Publication, v. 47, p. 127-138, Google book
|Kim, Y.*, Kim, W., Cheong, D., Muto, T., and Pyles, D., 2013, Piping coarse-grained sediment to a deep-water fan through a shelf-edge delta bypass channel: Tank Experiments: Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface, v. 118, no. 4, p. 2279-2291, DOI: 10.1002/2013JF002813
|Straub, K.M., Paola, C., Kim, W., and Sheets, B., 2013, Experimental investigation of sediment-dominated vs. tectonic-dominated sediment transport systems in subsiding basins: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 83, no. 12, p. 1162-1180, DOI: 10.2110/jsr.2013.91
|Leva Lopez, J.*, Kim, W., and Steel, R.J., 2014, Autoacceleration of clinoform progradation in foreland basins: Theory and experiments: Basin Research, v. 26, no. 4, p. 489-504 DOI: 10.1111/bre.12048
|Dai, H-H., Fernandez, R.L., Parker, G., Garcia, M.H., and Kim, W., 2013, Modeling deltaic progradation constrained by a moving sediment source: Journal of Hydraulic Research, v. 51, no. 3, p. 284-292, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2012.762554
|Kenney, M.A., Hobbs, B.F., Mohrig, D., Huang, H., Nittrouer, J.A., Kim, W., and Parker, G., 2013, Cost analysis of water and sediment diversions to optimize land building in the Mississippi River Delta: Water Resources Research, v. 49, no. 6, p. 3388-3405, DOI: 10.1002/wrcr.20139
|Wickert, A.*, Martin, J., Tal, M., Kim, W., Sheets, B., and Paola, C., 2013, River channel lateral mobility: Time scales and controls: Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, v. 118, DOI: 10.1029/2012JF002386
|Petter, A.L.*, Steel, R., Mohrig, D., Kim, W., and Carvajal, C., 2013, Estimation of the paleo-flux of terrestrial-derived solids across ancient basin margins using the stratigraphic record: GSA Bulletin, v. 125, no. 3-4, p. 578-593, DOI: 10.1130/B30603.1
|Tal, M., Frey, P., Kim, W., Lajeunesse, E., Limare, A., and Métivier, F., 2012, The use of imagery in laboratory experiments: Fluvial Remote Sensing for Science and Management, edited by Carbonneau, P. and Piégay, H., p. 299-321, John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2012, DOI: 10.1002/9781119940791.ch13
|Kim, W., 2012, Flood-built land: Nature Geoscience, v. 5, no. 8, p. 521-522, DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1535
|Connell, S.D., Kim, W., Paola, C., and Smith, G.A., 2012, Fluvial morphology and sediment-flux steering of axial-transverse boundaries in an experimental basin: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 82, no. 5, p. 310-325, DOI: 10.2110/jsr.2012.27
|Connell, S.D., Kim, W., Paola, C., and Smith, G.A., 2012, Stratigraphic architecture of an experimental basin with interacting drainages: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 82, no. 5, p. 326-344, DOI: 10.2110/jsr.2012.28
|Powell, E.J.*, Kim, W., and Muto, T., 2012, Varying Discharge Controls on Timescales of Autogenic Storage and Release Processes in Fluvio-deltaic Environments: Tank Experiments: Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface, v. 117, F02011, DOI: 10.1029/2011JF002097
|Kim, W., Fouke, B.W., Petter, A.L.*, Quinn, T.M., Kerans, C., and Taylor, F., 2012, Sea-level rise, depth-dependent carbonate sedimentation and the paradox of drowned platforms: Sedimentology, v. 59, no. 6, p. 1677-1694, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01321.x
|Kim, W., Connell, S.D., Steel, E.*, Smith, G.A., and Paola, C., 2011, Mass-balance control on the interaction of axial and transverse channel systems: Geology, v. 39, no. 7, p. 611-614, DOI: 10.1130/G31896.1
|Tomer, A.*, Muto, T., and Kim, W., 2011, Autogenic hiatus in fluviodeltaic successions: Geometrical modeling and physical experiments: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 81, no. 3, p. 207-217, DOI: 10.2110/jsr.2011.19
|Paola, C., Twilley, R.R., Edmonds, D.A., Kim, W., Mohrig, D., Parker, G., Viparelli, E., and Voller, V.R., 2011, Natural Processes in Delta Restoration: Application to the Mississippi Delta: Annual Review of Marine Science, v. 3, no. 1, p. 67-91, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142856
|Petter, A.*, Kim, W., Muto, T., and, Steel, R., 2011, Comment on "Clinoform quantification for assessing the effects of external forcing on continental margin development": Basin Research, v. 23, no. 1, p. 118-121, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2010.00472.x
|Kim, W., Sheets, B.A., and, Paola, C., 2010, Steering of experimental channels by lateral basin tilting: Basin Research, v. 22, p. 286-301. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2009.00419.x
|Kim, W., Paola, C., Martin, J., Perlmutter, M.A., and Tapaha, F., 2009, Net pumping of sediment into deep water due to base-level cycling: Experimental and theoretical results: in Kneller, B., Martinsen, O.J., and McCaffrey, B., eds., External Controls on Deep-Water Depositional Systems: SEPM Special Publication, v. 92, p. 41-56. PDF
|Kim, W., Mohrig, D., Twilley, R., Paola, C., and Parker, G., 2009, Is it feasible to build new land in the Mississippi River Delta?: EOS, v. 90, no. 42, p. 373-374. PDF
|Kim, W., Dai, A., Muto, T., and Parker, G., 2009, Delta progradation driven by an advancing sediment source: Coupled theory and experiment describing the evolution of elongated deltas: Water Resources Research, v. 45, W06428. DOI: 10.1029/2008WR007382
|Lorenzo-Trueba, J.L.*, Voller, V.R., Muto, T., Kim, W., Paola, C., and Swenson, J.B., 2009, A similarity solution of a duel moving boundary problem associated with a coastal-plain depositional system: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, v. 628, p. 427-443. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112009006715
|Kang, M-G., Choi, J-K., Jeong, H-S., and Kim, W., 2008, Construction of water-friendly space and ecosystems networks through linking environmental elements in urban and rural areas: KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 56, no. 2, p. 88-98. PDF
|Kim, W., and Jerolmack, D.J., 2008, The pulse of calm fan deltas: Journal of Geology, v. 116, no. 4, p. 315-330. DOI: 10.1086/588830
|Kim, W., and Muto, T., 2007, Autogenic response of alluvial-bedrock transition to base-level variation: Experiment and theory: Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface, v. 112, F03S14. DOI: 10.1029/2006JF000561
|Kim, W., and Paola, C., 2007, Long-period cyclic sedimentation with constant tectonic forcing in an experimental relay ramp: Geology, v. 35, no. 4, p. 331-334. DOI: 10.1130/G23194A.1
|Kim, W., Cheong, D.K., and Kendall, C.G.St.C., 2007, Effects of in-phase and out-of-phase sediment supply responses to tectonic movement on sequence development in the late Tertiary southern Ulleung Basin, East (Japan) Sea: Computers & Geosciences, v. 33, no. 3, p. 299-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2006.08.001
|Kim, W., Paola, C., Swenson, J.B., and Voller, V.R., 2006, Shoreline response to autogenic processes of sediment storage and release in the fluvial system: Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface, v. 111, F04013. DOI: 10.1029/2006JF000470
|Voller, V.R., Swenson, J.B., Kim, W., and Paola, C., 2006, An enthalpy method for moving boundary problems on the earths surface: International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow, v. 16, no. 5, p. 641-654. DOI: 10.1108/09615530610669157
|Kim, W., Paola, C., Voller, V.R., and Swenson, J.B., 2006, Experimental measurement of the relative importance of controls on shoreline migration: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 76, no. 2, p. 270-283. DOI: 10.2110/jsr.2006.019
|Kim, W., Min, K.D. and Cheong, D.K., 2001, Simulation of the fluvial sedimentation changes by construction of a dam: Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, v. 37, no. 2, p. 203-216.
|* Student author


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Long-Term Phase II Data Continue to Highlight Potential of NeoVista's
Epiretinal Brachytherapy
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz., Sept. 29 /PRNewswire/ -- NeoVista, Inc. made public yesterday 18-month data from the company's Phase II feasibility study examining its novel epiretinal brachytherapy for treatment of the wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at the 41st Scientific Meeting of the Retina Society. The long-term data from the study, which was initiated to test the safety and efficacy of their therapy when used in conjunction with Avastin(R) (bevacizumab), showed a marked advancement in mean visual acuity results at month 18, while only a limited number of patients required additional injections of Avastin.
"We're very delighted with the latest data from our Phase II study, as not only did the visual acuity improve in our patients over the long-term, but very few patients received additional injections as well," said John N. Hendrick, President and CEO of NeoVista. "The ultimate pledge of this therapy continues to be demonstrated as the long-term data hold promise in minimizing the treatment burden both for patients and physicians, not to mention the overall financial burden for the healthcare system."
NeoVista's revolutionary therapy applies a targeted dose of beta radiation to the leaking blood vessels that affect central vision; concomitantly, two injections of an antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent are delivered to maximize the acute therapeutic response. Preliminary data show that NeoVista's targeted radiation therapy can be safe for both the patient and the physician, and may be able to restore the patient's vision. The current standard of care for wet AMD requires persistent injections of anti-VEGF drugs for an indefinite period.
The ongoing multicenter feasibility study enrolled 34 trial
participants (with a mean age of 72 years) from June 2006 to April 2007 at
two centers
|SOURCE NeoVista, Inc.
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Ole Reistad has a joint appointment at the Institute of Energy Technology as a principal engineer and at the Center for Accelerator-based Research and Energy Studies at the University of Oslo, Norway. He is a member of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, concentrating on issues related to disarmament verification, fissile material minimization, and nuclear security.
Ole Reistad
Articles by Ole Reistad
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Don't you want to be the kind of woman who can get through crazy times with an enviable, unflappable inner glow that seems to say, "It doesn't matter if dessert gets ruined or my to-do list is 7,000 items long," because you're, well, happy? That's who we all want to be during the holidays, and with these simple solutions, anyone can do it—including you. You'll soothe stress, feel your best, and learn to enjoy each moment. Most important, you'll make room for what the season is all about: joy.
5 Ways To Have A Joyful Holiday
Smart strategies to save your sanity and your spirits


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- Filed Under
Really, I feel I have to respond to the Associated Press article "Living with the Roar," Page 1A, April 8.
Folks, first of all, if you complain long enough and loud enough, they will go away; then your town will dry up. Where do you think your money comes from? Yep, Eglin Air Force Base.
Case in point: years ago there was a Marine Air Wing - the Third - stationed at Opalaka, 20-plus miles from Miami. Enough people yelled and complained about the aircraft noise that the wing moved to South Carolina into the middle of nowhere. Guess what happened to Opalaka? Why not drive, fly or whatever and go see.
About three or four years ago, I was in North Carolina and went to Marine Corps Air Station New River. There, they have the Osprey, which is very loud. Their motto is "Pardon Our Noise, It's The Sound Of Freedom."
Folks, however loud the noise or inconvenience there may be, it is well worth it for our freedom. I am a 22-year, retired master sergeant with the USMC.
Let them make all the noise needed for being free.
- Roy F. Minor
Marriage vs. union
In his April 4 column, Clarence Page asked "Should government get out of the business of defining marriage?"
My answer is that we should adhere to the teachings of the U.S. Constitution regarding separation of church and state. At the moment, Marriage is two things rolled into one. It is a legal contract between two people regarding ownership of assets, and a joint commitment under God.
The easiest thing to do is to separate the two into a "union" (or whatever name is appropriate), wherein the two parties of whatever sex sign a document at a government office. This would satisfy the court, the IRS and other government entities.
A man and woman could also be "married" by their minister, priest or rabbi, thus the commitment to God.
This is not new or unusual. While a soldier stationed in Germany in the '50s, my fiancee and I were united in two ceremonies. The first by a German judge to satisfy the legal requirements, and the second by an Army chaplain to satisfy our belief in God.
Let's take the word "marriage" out of the legal dictionary and leave it in the Bible where it belongs.
- George Brinkman
Gulf Breeze
Ethical eating
Richard Hornby commented (Letters, April 6) that "poor people ... would laugh at the thought that people in the developed world refuse to eat meat for 'ethical reasons.'"
Maybe not. To produce a single pound of Mr. Hornby's beef requires 25 pounds of grains and forage, 210 gallons of water and 300 square feet of grazing land (Journal of Animal Science, December 2011).
Multiply that by 50 to learn the annual resource burden on the average American's plate; and that is only for beef.
As for our "prehistoric" need for protein, lentils and soybeans: both provide as much protein as chicken with fewer production costs and at a fraction of the consumer price (whether consumed here or by poor people elsewhere in the world).
Then, consider the suffering of animals in factory farms, if you doubt it, see www.hfa.org; the threat to your family's immediate and long-term health; and the devastating pollution caused by industrial meat production.
Eating meat is no more an evolutionary imperative than is living in caves or hunting with clubs and spears. That is precisely why it is an ethical issue -because it is a choice. Please make an informed one.
- Matt Schultz
Great satire
Really appreciated Mr. Belew's posting on April Fool's Day of Hillary Clinton's credentials and running for president; what great satire.
Appreciate his clever sense of humor.
- Cristov Dosev
Federal government
Our Constitution and Bill of Rights were the result of the bad experiences of English people.
The English common law was attacked by the kings usurping power. Later, a king agreed to stop doing evil and oppressive things to the people; however, a more abusive king imposed heavy taxes without due process and the people rebelled and forced the king to agree to the Magna Carta.
At some time after the signing of the Magna Carta, the abuses started again by the king establishing laws without the consent of Parliament. These experiences and abuses were the basis by which our Constitution and Bill of Rights were written.
Experience is the oracle of truth. Liberty is attained when freedom and morality are combined. Are we one nation under God or under government? Today, it appears we are experiencing the same abuses which drove our founders to develop the Constitution. The division of power has been violated by the federal government usurping the states' power.
The separation of powers has been subverted by the executive branch by usurping Congress. If a complete history were being taught in our schools, we might not have these problems.
- Larry Sessions
Gulf Breeze
Free country
In a recent letter to the editor, it was stated by the writer that Christianity is the law of the land, and that the United States is a Christian nation.
Whoa! Stop right there! Since when is a country that espouses freedom of religion limited to only one religion - Christianity? That makes all the other faiths irrelevant?
The strength of this country lies in its diversity and acceptance of such, that we can practice whatever we believe in, religion or even nonreligion.
That is the beauty of living in a free country, and does not diminish the value of religion or nonreligious beliefs!
- Evelyn Goodman


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Paul J. Bruemmer | July 5, 2000 | Comments
The Internet community has been trying to figure out what sort of animal RealNames is. Is it a traffic company? A means to get high rankings on search engines? In fact, it's much more than that. Its purpose is to simplify web addresses to assist people in finding your site within many environments. Type in a keyword like Coca-Cola, and you're delivered to that web site. But there's more to it. Did you know its major value proposition is brand protection? Paul explains the benefits of RealNames to the large brands and to smaller unknowns as well.
The Internet community has been trying to figure out what sort of animal RealNames is. Is it a traffic company? A means to get high rankings on search engines?
In fact, it's much more than that. Its purpose is to simplify web addresses to assist people in finding your site within many environments. It's really about identity, not search terms.
To help clarify this, ask yourself: Why do we have search engines? We've got search engines because the original Net addressing system (DNS, or the domain name system) became obsolete once Tim Berners-Lee brought us the World Wide Web in 1989.
Before the web, the dot-com addressing system handled email, and it worked very well. When the web came along, it became necessary to deliver users to specific web pages. That's when the universal resource locator (URL) was created for this purpose. Then, we didn't just have "company.com," we had "http://www.company.com/directory/directory2/file.html."
Jerry Yang and David Filo of Yahoo saw the need to catalog these long and confusing web addresses, recognizing the difficulty of the URL addressing system from a user's point of view. And the rest is history.
RealNames, from my point of view, has come along to help simplify the present web addressing system. It does this by using keywords that have a familiar and individual identity. A RealNames Internet keyword is akin to a phone number: Prospects can type it in and go directly to the location they want.
For instance, with RealNames, when you type in simple keywords like "Kelloggs Rice Krispies," you are delivered to http://www.snapcracklepop.com/. Type in "Panasonic DVD," and end up at http://www.panasonic.com/consumer_electronics/dvd/index.htm.
RealNames also has the ability to organize unique name spaces such as "The United States" or "Germany." When a German search engine user searches for "BMW," the user is taken to Germany's BMW web site. A U.S. searcher using one of our engines to search for "BMW" would be taken to the U.S. BMW web site. A very cool feature. RealNames makes its Internet keyword data available for free to search and directory partners like AltaVista, Google, Looksmart and others.
RealNames Internet keywords can be in any language. Whereas URLs can use only Roman characters, RealNames Internet keywords can use Kanji characters, Chinese characters, and other alphabets and character sets.
I had the opportunity to speak with the president and CEO of RealNames, Keith Teare. He described his company as "the next-generation addressing system for the entire Internet." This could turn out to be true, and it's something that's being discussed on the web. One thread I read noted: "It would be great to get some perspective on the future of Internet keywords, specifically opinions on whether or not they are being viewed as slowly replacing URLs."
Another thread concerned branding: "If you have a widely recognized name like Coca-Cola or Pepsi, you don't need a RealName. You already have the best "Real Name" there is! One would have to be rather slow to need help finding coca-cola.com or pepsi.com."
The writer here missed the point. IF Coca-Cola were only interested in Coca-Cola, the soft drink, that would be one thing; however, Coca-Cola's executive brand manager is much more interested in the integrity of the Coca-Cola brand. As Teare pointed out, how Coca-Cola is named in the digital world "coca-cola.com," in its simplest form is different than how it's named in the offline world. The goal is to have the brand survive without modification in the digital world.
As simple as this may seem, to type in "Coca-Cola," not "coca-cola.com," is a significant issue for Coca-Cola branding. The issue is not that Coca-Cola.com will be easier to find; rather, that Coca-Cola sustains its brand value, which is vital for Coca-Cola. This works well for consumers also, because there is nothing new to learn, no URL to remember. Some URLs, of course, are fairly memorable, but others aren't.
There's a benefit for smaller companies and lesser-known brands here, as well. RealNames lets those companies work with the engines to become discoverable. By putting their Internet keyword on their business cards, letterheads, and email signatures, these smaller companies can now easily be found in AltaVista, Google, Looksmart, GO.com and many other search engines. If users type in Company XYZ's keyword, Company XYZ will usually be the number-one result in that search. That keyword can also be typed directly into the Microsoft Internet Explorer Browser where the URL normally goes and the company will be found, too.
I hope this helps clarify what RealNames is and how it can be integrated into your search engine optimization campaign and your branding initiative, if you are a household name. If you need any further assistance with understanding RealNames Internet keywords and proper usage, please don't hesitate to email me.
Paul J. Bruemmer is CEO of Web-Ignite Corporation, a search engine optimization (SEO) and positioning provider. Founded in 1995, Web-Ignite has helped promote over 15,000 Web sites and was recognized by ICONOCAST as one of the top 10 most reputable SEO firms. Services include optimization, submission, registration, positioning, monitoring, maintenance, paid-inclusion, and paid-placement management for fixed monthly fees. Recent client testimonials report search engine traffic increased from 150 to 500 percent.
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Brain-bending action puzzles.
Mind-bending action awaits you in this classic puzzle game. Catboy and Catgirl have been trapped in an underground labyrinth that's crawling with monsters. In order to reverse the curse and return to their human form, they must solve all 100 puzzles set out before them. Push blocks, climb ladders and dig through loose ground to defeat the monsters and clear each stage. If you make a mistake, simply use the "rewind" function and try again. You can even take a break from the main game to create your own puzzles with the level editor. Whether maze-building or maze-solving, it's up to you to help Catboy and Catgirl escape the labyrinth and get out of the curse's reach.
Game Play
Hardware Info
Official URLPublisher site.
Phiadded 3 new screenshots
Jun 18, 12 6:34pm
- Genre: Puzzle (3DS VC)
- Perspective(s): Flat side view
- Developer: Nintendo
- Publisher: Nintendo
Released North America Oct 13, 2011 Europe Oct 6, 2011


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I am very happy to be at your website and read it, I wait for the next post again for me to visit again, a time is also the time to visit my website. thank you
I LOVE your comments! If you ask a question please make sure you have your email linked to your account...I promise to always answer!!


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Story Mode Is Frustrating
First of all this game has probably about twice as many controls as the average first person shooter. And this game is made by Midway, the same guys who made a few almost impossible achievements for NFL Blitz the League.
This game got hard all of a sudden in the second section when they tell you you're down by 22, and you have 4 minutes to come back. I have tried this like 12-15 times now, and I actually lost by 1 once and 2 once, but I still didn't get past it. And there are 6 sections to the game- I got totally annoyed and frustrated with this game on section 2!
Now I realize there are nerds on this site who are not going to get stuck there. But I'm a pretty serious gamer, who takes pride in my skills, and I'm sorry I started playing this game. Because it's fun enough where I want to play, but all it's doing is frustrating me.
My created character is a dunks/blocks type player, because that has always been my style in NBA Jam and NBA Street, so maybe story mode is easier as a steals/3 point shooter type player. I don't know. I was doing fine until the 22 point challenge.
EDIT: Think it's an easy 1000? So far the world leaderboard says 1st place) 740pts, 5th) 500pts, 10th) only 335, and 20th) only 255.
Well im on the 4. episode, i beat the one your having problems with on my 3. try.. You got to use the LB+X on the players and score right after, that gets you 4 points. Try to steal the ball from behind so you get a foul, but the player will most likely drop the ball, they only get a freethrow every 5. foul. Just keep trying and you will get there.
Im having trouble on the 4. episode on the 4. chapter, i have to make 5 superdunks, how??
I need the off-the-head moviment... Anyone?
thx for all ;)
i agree i thought it would be really easy like homecourt shame theres no dificulty option
Need now Super Juke... Dawn names, and there's not trick list... Only for the special ones...
I suggest going to the other missions and beating them first to raise your stats, then go back to the mission where you are 22 down and it should be easier.
Ok- Got the Super Juke: Just need to perfomance a dribble with level 2 Super. (RT+LT+X).
WE could buld a move list, it will help to complete the campaign.
I'm in that too. Guess you need to do RT+Y to bump the ball in the head, and in air grab it to do a ally hoop.
The best tip for the story mode is when you have the ball do the LB+X thing and score, you'll then have a super move. Next when your opponent comes at you with the ball hold LT+RT and press X and you will steal the ball everytime. Do the LB+X again and keep going till you win. Hope this helps :)
i just hate the no check ball matchs. lol
Is a ligit way. You simple win with a Shut up a mouth move. Like activate the Super Dunk in the circle, when you got the level 3 super move.
I'm frustrated in final level of the fourth chapter. Need to do a off the face and a level 3 move, and have not time to do it. The guy is annoying.
I knew people would be past where I was, and not one person made a disrespectful answer. I'm impressed.
Finally finished Episode 4. Last Chapter is a pain in the ass :)
Here some tips :)
First game: Dificult and need some practice. Need to perfome a Off-The-Head, then a 3+ move Combo and Dunk. Try first the off the head, just run a bit, foward, and than use RT+LT+Y, so the ball bounces in the adversary head, quickly continue to run and press Y, so you in the same move do a hooly Hoop. Than, just kee doing good till level 3, activate combo, and than Dunk. Time limited is 3 minutes, so need to do actions quickly.
Second game: Easy one. Need to do crowd Hooly Hoop. Just pass the ball to the public, and tuning to the net press X. The ball returns in the air, and we do a hooly hoop.
Third Game: Easy - Need to perfomance 4 Super moves:
2 Super Blocks (level 2 power, than RT+LT+Y (under the net) when adversary trys to dunk.
2 Super Steals (level 2 power, than RT+LT+B)
Fourth Game: Easy one too - Need to perfomance Every Super Move:
1 super block Shot – Super Lvl 2 RT+LT+Y (under the net)
1 super steal - Super Lvl 2 RT+LT+B (without ball)
1 super Juke - Super Lvl 2 RT+LT+X
1 super Shot - Super Lvl 2 RT+LT+B
1 super dunk - Super Lvl 3 RT+LT+B (in the yellow circle with ball)
Hope It can help, as it was very difficult to me to discover! ;)
Now gonna do last chapter... :)
Chapter 4 from Episode 6 is just frustrating... 4 or 5 opponents, with dificult matchs. The third match you need to win by not let the opponent score. We are talking about 2 minutes. We need to be very fast building up Super, and steel every ball. If he scores one single point, lose credit. And then, just star all over again, with 2 matchs before this encounter... This is stupid...
I have a good question. When we create our baller, what attributes should we spend our points on, and are there any that we can just ignore? I originally didn't give my man a good steal rating, and it looks like I should have.
You'll have to excuse my ignorance since I don't have the game yet, but is the story mode nothing but a bunch of challenges where you have to win a certain way? You can't just beat them whatever way you wish and then move on?
AGHHHH!!!! I hate when you are playing against 5 people 3 tries. You get to last guy with no more continues and you lose. Such a waste of time, and so so frustrating.
You dont need 2 supers to do most of the moves, you just need one. As for the one in Episode 6, its very difficult to beat the guy without him scoring but all you have to do is score 3 times after you do the LB+X. Heres how.
You start with the ball, go to the free throw line and hold LB+X, follow the buttons and the score straight away. This will give you 4 points and also a super thing. Now your opponent starts with the ball and you hold LT+RT and press B to steal the ball. Now just do what you first did twice more and your golden ;)
I don't have the game yet, but from what I'm reading here it doesn't seem to be an easy 1000. Can anyone comment please?
how come all you guys have this game already. it doesnt come out till friday :(:(. really cant wait to get this and play it online.
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text: South Dakota Department of Public Safety New Sioux Falls Driver's License Station Now Open By Dan Peters April 23, 2013 | 1140 KSOO-AM Sioux Falls now has just one driver's licensing station. It's at the corner of Russell and Kiwanis. It opened Monday April 22. Read More|Comment Category: Articles Tags: minnehaha county, Sioux Falls, South Dakota Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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- Innovations
- Ventures
- Catalyst
March 30, 2011
Energy Policy: The Best Idea that Everyone Hates
TODAY, Barack Obama unveiled the latest set of presidential proposals for reducing oil imports, strengthening the economy, and cutting emissions. Nearly everything he proposed is old hash; American leaders have been dutifully acting out this bit of theatre since the Nixon administration.
And as my colleague at Democracy in America points out, even if Mr Obama were serious about pressing for these policies, he'd face significant opposition in Congress:
Worse, those parts of the president's plan that need congressional approval—the clean energy standard, more subsidies, extra funding for research on whizz-bang energy technology—will never receive it. The Republicans who control the House are dead-set against anything that smacks of greenery, not to mention anything that would add to spending at a time when they're trying to take an axe to it.
Nominally, at least, both parties care about oil imports and both parties care about the deficit. They don't necessarily behave as if they care, but they say they care. Can Congress address these priorities without explicitly doing anything that's either 1) green or which 2) requires new
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Sure, Congress can raise the petrol tax. Just as a reminder, the chairmen of the bipartisan Simpson-Bowles deficit commission recommended that the petrol tax be increased by 15 cents per gallon beginning in 2013. For perspective: average retail petrol prices in America rose by more than that in the month of March. A higher tax rate would discourage consumption while raising money that could be used for whatever Congress wanted, including deficit reduction.
The idea isn't popular, but it makes a great deal of sense.
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