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18F-FDG PET-CT for Early Detection of Vascular Graft Infection: Mid-term Results
ABSTRACT: Infection of prosthetic vascular grafts is a rare but severe complication in reconstructive vascular surgery. It carries a potential vital risk of bacteremia and sepsis. In spite of improved surgical techniques and use of systemic antibiotics, the prevalence of infection of prosthetic vascular grafts is 1%-6% and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The early diagnosis of this complication can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality.
Infection of prosthetic vascular grafts is a rare but severe complication in reconstructive vascular surgery.1 It carries a potential vital risk of bacteremia and sepsis. Despite improved surgical techniques and use of systemic antibiotics, the prevalence of infection with prosthetic vascular grafts is 1%-6%2 and is associated with high morbidity and mortality.3 The early diagnosis of this complication can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality.
When diagnosing graft infections, imaging methods such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are widely available.4,5 However, morphological imaging techniques lack the capacity to differentiate between active infection and reparative tissue reactions.6
Positron emission tomography (PET) using radioactive fluorine-positron emission tomography-fluoro-D-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG-PET) is a widely used and well-established clinical tool for oncology. It provides added diagnostic accuracy in orthopedics for diagnosing suspected chronic osteomyelitis as well as the detection and localization of infectious diseases.14,15 The added value of hybrid imaging combining PET with CT modalities has been recognized and evaluated for tumor staging of the lung,16 stomach,17 intestine,18 thymus,29 head, and neck.19 18F-FDG is a radiotracer of increased intracellular glucose metabolism. It therefore shows higher activity (uptake) in malignant tissue, as well as in infectious and inflammatory processes.
Material and Methods
The protocol of this retrospective study has been submitted to the Ethical Commission of the University Hospital of Geneva (Geneva, Switzerland).
The study population consisted of 17 consecutive patients with suspected vascular graft infection between June 2006 and July 2010 (15 males; 44-90 years). The time elapsed from the primary surgery was between 4 weeks and 7 years. During the first intervention, patients received different vascular grafts. Of the total number of patients included in the study, 5 underwent surgical repair of the abdominal aorta, 3 underwent procedures for chronic or acute dissected abdominal aorta, and 2 subjects were surgically treated for ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. One patient required replacement of the ascending thoracic aorta whereas the remaining 11 patients were surgically treated for chronic peripheral artery diseases of the lower extremities (Table 1). Nine out of the 17 patients received Dacron prostheses: 4 in the abdominal aorta, 1 in the ascending aorta, and 4 in the lower extremities. Two patients had xenografts in the abdominal aorta; 2 were treated with homografts in the lower extremities; and 4 with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthetic grafts. The decision for the prosthesis was made according to the surgical indication.
All 17 patients underwent complete staging examinations (physical, blood and wound cultures, diagnostic CT of the abdomen and lower extremities). In cases manifesting fluid collection (liquid vs hematoma vs abscess) around the prosthesis as revealed by CT, whole-body 18F-FDG PET-CT was performed.
In all patients, graft infections were suspected on the basis of symptoms (local pain, macroscopically detected local inflammatory signs), pathological changes around the wound, and fever. The laboratory parameters included white blood cells (WBCs), C-reactive protein (CRP), and blood cultures (Table 2).
Blood analyses showed increased infection parameters such as WBCs >10 g/L in 10 patients and CRP >50 mg/L in 15 patients. Four patients showed positive blood cultures. Blood cultures were done only in patients with temperatures >38°C at the time of hospital admission without the benefit of antibiotic treatment. Accordingly, this was manifested in 5 cases.
The time interval after implantation of the first graft was between 4 weeks and 7 years until the first sign warranted suspicion of infection and re-hospitalization. There is usually ≥4 weeks postoperative delay for PET imaging to avoid false-positive imaging results due to postoperative inflammation.
All patients underwent the same standard imaging protocol for PET-CT. Briefly, patients had to fast for 6 H before intravenous injection of 7.5 MBq/kg of 18F-FDG. After ≈45-60 min, patients were positioned supine on the scanner table with their arms above their head. Acquisition time for each bed position was dependent upon weight: 1 min/position in patients with weights >50 kg but <75 kg and 4 min/position in patients with weights >75 kg but <100 kg. Patients underwent whole body examinations through multiple bed positions from the base of the skull to the mid-thigh, extending to the lower extremities in patients with peripheral grafts. PET-CT imaging studies were acquired on a hybrid PET-CT system (Biograph Sensation 16, Siemens/CTI) with an axial PET field of view of 16.2 cm and a helical multidetector CT scanner. PET-CT acquisition was done clinically down to the toes in the case of the lower extremity. CT imaging was performed during shallow breathing.
Intravenous contrast medium was not routinely applied. CT imaging was carried out at 120 kV, 140 mA, and 0.5s per rotation. The CT image was used for attenuated correction of emission data and for image co-registration, which was followed by the PET emission study. After scatter correction, PET images were reconstructed using an iterative algorithm (ordered subset maximization expectation: 2 iterations, 8 subsets). The spatial resolution of the PET images were 5.9 mm transaxially and 5.5 mm axially, respectively, at 1 cm off the center of the gantry. Standard publication NU 2 (NEMA Standard, 2001) showed this specification according to the methodology of the standards and guideline publications of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).
Image analyses
A multidisciplinary team (vascular surgeon, specialist infection physician, nuclear medicine physician, and radiologist) interpreted the PET-CT images using standard clinical interpretations. All areas with increased FDG uptake were interpreted visually on PET, CT, and co-registered PET/CT scans. PET/CT data were displayed with FDG uptake as color overlay on the CT images. In addition, the mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUV) were measured in each area with visually detectable increased uptake. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was defined as the maximum concentration of 18F-FDG divided by the injected dose, corrected for the body weight of the patient, (ie, SUV max = maximum activity concentration/injected dose/body weight).
Accurate PET/CT localization of 18F-FDG uptake in surrounding tissues and vascular graft was registered. Increased 18F-FDG uptake in the area of the vascular graft with intensity higher than the surrounding tissues was considered to be an infectious event.
Cases without increased 18F-FDG uptake or showing only linear uptake of low or moderate intensity around the vascular graft area were defined to be negative for an infectious process. In all cases, the final diagnosis for vascular graft or soft-tissue infections was confirmed by histopathological and microbiological findings obtained during redo-surgery.
CT imaging results from 17 patients with suspected graft infection showed collections (liquid, hematoma) around the prosthesis. Thus, all patients underwent 18F-FDG PET-CT imaging.
In 14 of 17 cases, a positive interpretation for an infected vascular graft was obtained as a result of increased 18F-FDG uptake. The remaining 3 subjects exhibited a negative interpretation for graft infection. In these patients, the mean values of SUV ranged between 2.1 and 10.2, and those of SUVmax between 3.5 and 13.5. In these 3 cases, we discovered an abnormal increase in 18F-FDG uptake outside the graft area but obtained a negative interpretation for vascular graft infection. One of the patients showed abnormal increased uptake in the soft tissue around the abdominal aneurysm sack that we confirmed by drainage but the infection did not involve the aortic xenograft (Figure 1). We diagnosed the patient with an abdominal abscess. The second patient with increased 18F-FDG uptake had an abdominal wound infection (Figure 2). The third patient suffered from abdominal pain and fever due to pneumonia. PET-CT imaging showed no evidence of graft infection.
The 18F-FDG PET-CT confirmed the sites of 18F-FDG uptake in the vascular graft in 14 of 17 patients. Positive graft infection was identified by PET/CT in 14 patients (Figure 3). We performed redo-surgery to replace the infected vascular graft by a new in situ prosthesis (mainly homograft or an extra anatomic bypass graft [synthetic prosthesis]). We found smelly yellow/bloody collection around the prosthesis with infiltration into the environment.
Microbiological and histological (pathological) confirmations of infection of the vascular graft were obtained in 12 of 14 cases, with two false-positive results (Table 2).
All patients were put on antibiotic therapy before and after the second procedure. One patient required abdominal wound debridement for a deep wound infection. The 18F-FDG PET-CT presented in the study showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 71.4%, positive predictive value of 85%, and negative predictive value of 100% for the detection of vascular graft infection.
Vascular graft infection is a serious complication of vascular surgery that can result in high morbidity and mortality.20,21
Malone et al (1975) described the susceptibility of vascular grafts to bacterial infection in dogs with prosthetic graft replacement of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. A single intravenous infusion of Staphylococcus aureus was given postoperatively. The liability and sensitivity of the prosthetic graft to infection by bacteremic inoculation was 100% up to 1 month after graft implantation, and all grafts were infected.22
Early accurate diagnosis can change the course of the treatment and outcome. FDG-PET is a new, promising method for detecting infections, especially if the signs and symptoms of infections are not very clear. The combination of symptoms and adequate imaging procedure is indispensable for making the appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan. Traditionally, CT was the method of choice for the diagnosis of graft infection; persistent opacity and perigraft soft-tissue indicated graft infection. The sensitivity of CT can reach >90%, but the specificity is impaired by the presence of extragraft collections.30
In CT, changes in soft-tissue density can also be compatible with postoperative fluid, hematoma, regeneration tissue, or infection. Jorgenson et al (1992) concluded that perigraft (para-prosthetic) fluid collections may be a normal phenomenon during the early postoperative period in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.23 The sensitivity of CT is high, but its specificity is dependent upon extragraft infection areas.5,25 In the 1990s, 67-gallium (Ga) scintigraphy was evaluated for the detection of vascular graft infection. Johnson et al confirmed that the sensitivity between CT (100%) and 67-Ga imaging was not significantly different. Thus, CT was recommended as the initial examination of choice when graft infection is suspected, though 67-Ga scintigraphy can be a complimentary test, adding specificity for a more accurate diagnosis.24 The sensitivity of radiolabelled WBC scintigraphy for detecting infected vascular prostheses has been described, but false-positive results are common in the early postoperative period, and the method can be useful only for long-term follow-up.26 18F-FDG PET combined with CT is useful for evaluating patients with suspected aortic (abdominal and thoracic) graft infection. Only a few studies showed a high sensitivity and specificity of PET-CT. When focal uptake was set as the positive criterion in 18F-FDG, the specificity and positive value of PET for the diagnosis of graft infection increased significantly to 95%.28 The efficacy of 18F-FDG PET-CT is higher to that of CT in the diagnostic assessment of patients with suspected aortic graft infection.6
No absolute cutoff value can be given because the mean and maximum SUV values of the infected regions can vary significantly. Additionally, the suspicion of infection is mainly dependent upon the shape and localization of areas with increased FDG uptake.
Conventional imaging using 111-indium or technetium-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO)-labeled autologous WBCs represent functional imaging methods with distinct specificity.7-9 The limitations of these methods were imposed by low labeling efficacy and poor imaging quality. More recently, 18F-FDG PET-CT has been used in the context of vascular graft infections10,11 and presents a highly sensitive, high-resolution imaging technique that combines anatomical with functional information with lower specificity than that of in vitro-labeled WBCs. There have been attempts to develop an infection-specific, positron-emitting tracer with in vitro-labeled 18F-FDG WBCs, but these methods are not yet available for routine clinical use.12 The goal of the present study was to evaluate the utility of 18F-FDG PET-CT and compare it with conventional CT for suspected infection of abdominal and peripheral vascular grafts.
The sensitivity of 18F-FDG PET-CT investigated in the present study was also very high. The present study revealed an increase in 18F-FDG uptake in 14 of 17 cases. This led to early diagnosis and reoperation, which prevented the risk of sepsis and increased morbidity and mortality. Three patients were considered not to have positive signs of graft infection and underwent medical treatment.
Based on our experience, increased postoperative FDG uptake progressively decreases after surgery and reaches close to normal values ≈4 weeks after surgery. Because the 18F-FDG uptake depends on the metabolic activity of the wound phase and his cells, the extent of uptake is proportional to the number of cells and their proliferative activity in the operative area. At the beginning of the wound healing the number of the activated macrophages and neutrophils is significantly increased in inflammatory tissue, which uses glucose as an energy source for chemotaxis and phagocytosis, and fibroblasts use glucose for proliferation and granulation. At the end of the proliferation phase 3 to 30 days postoperatively the reparative cells are decreasing significantly and also 18F-FDG uptake.32
When FDG-PET results show positive uptake after this period, infection of vascular prostheses should be considered. False-positive FDG-PET results can be caused by: chronic polyarthritis; venous thrombosis; and sterile inflammation or vasculitis that can result in an abnormal uptake of FDG and appear as positive FDG-PET findings mimicking local infections.27 Wasselius et al31 stated that chronic inflammation in synthetic graft material activated by macrophages can provoke increasing 18-FDG uptake. Therefore false-positive results for graft infection (even a long time after surgery) are possible.
In the case of prosthetic vascular graft infection or infection of endoprosthesis, treatment consists of surgical intervention such as replacement of the infected grafts by allo-, auto-, and synthetic grafts for extra anatomic bypass prostheses (depending on availability). At the University Hospital of Geneva, synthetic vascular prostheses (eg, Milicknit, Intervasculaire, Shelhigh, PTFE, Distaflow, Goretex), as well as auto- and homografts are used. The choice of graft materials depends not only on the degree of vascular disease but also on the anatomical localization of the vessels, comorbidity, and general condition of patients.
With greater availability of hybrid PET/CT imaging and its wider application in clinical practice, FDG-PET could be a valuable complement to conventional CT for the detection of postoperative vascular graft infections. Mid-term results of the present study showed a high sensitivity of the combined modalities with the added value of PET for better identification of other sources of infection and inflammation that could be the origin of non-specific symptoms.
- Seeger JM. Management of patients with prosthetic vascular graft infection. Am Surg. 2000;66(2):166-177.
- Lorentzen JE, Nielsen OM, Arendrup H, et al. Vascular graft infection: an analysis of sixty-two graft infections in 2411 consecutively implanted synthetic vascular grafts. Surgery. 1985;98(1):81-86.
- Reilly LM, Stoney RJ, Goldstone J, Ehrenfeld WK. Improved management of aortic graft infection: the influence of operation sequence and staging. J Vasc Surg. 1987;5(3):421-431.
- Rämö OJ, Vorne M, Lantto E, et al. Postoperative graft incorporation after aortic reconstruction--comparison between computerised tomography and Tc-99m-HMPAO labelled leucocyte imaging. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1993;7(2):122-128.
- Orton DF, LeVeen RF, Saigh JA, et al. Aortic prosthetic graft infections: radiologic manifestations and implications for management. Radiographics. 2000;20(4):977-993.
- Fukuchi K, Ishida Y, Higashi M, et al. Detection of aortic graft infection by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: comparison with computed tomographic findings. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42(5):919-925.
- Williamson MR, Boyd CM, Read RC, et al. 111 In-labeled leukocytes in the detection of prosthetic vascular graft infections. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986;147(1):173-176.
- Prats E, Banzo J, Abós MD, et al. Diagnosis of prosthetic vascular graft infection by technetium-99m-HMPAO-labeled leukocytes. J Nucl Med. 1994;35(8):1303-1307.
- Fiorani P, Speziale F, Rizzo L, et al. Detection of aortic graft infection with leukocytes labeled with technetium 99m-hexametazime. J Vasc Surg. 1993;17(1):87-95.
- Stumpe KD, Dazzi H, Schaffner A, von Schulthess GK. Infection imaging using whole-body FDG-PET. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27(7):822-832.
- Stumpe KD, Strobel K. 18F FDG-PET imaging in musculoskeletal infection. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50(2):131-142.
- Rini JN, Palestro CJ. Imaging of infection and inflammation with 18F-FDG-labeled leukocytes. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50(2):143-146.
- FitzGerald SF, Kelly C, Humphreys H. Diagnosis and treatment of prosthetic aortic graft infections: confusion and inconsistency in the absence of evidence or consensus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56(6):996-999.
- De Winter F, Vogelaers D, Gemmel F, Dierckx RA. Promising role of 18-F-fluoro-D-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in clinical infectious diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21(4):247-257.
- Hartmann A, Eid K, Dora C, Trentz O, von Schulthess GK, Stumpe KD. Diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in trauma patients with suspected chronic osteomyelitis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34(5):704-714.
- Dwamena BA, Sonnad SS, Angobaldo JO, Wahl RL. Metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: mediastinal staging in the 1990s--meta-analytic comparison of PET and CT. Radiology. 1999;213(2):530-536.
- Gearhart SL, Frassica D, Rosen R, Choti M, Schulick R, Wahl R. Improved staging with pretreatment positron emission tomography/computed tomography in low rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13(3):397-404.
- Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS. Maximum standardized uptake values on positron emission tomography of esophageal cancer predicts stage, tumor biology, and survival. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(2):391-394.
- Fogarty GB, Peters LJ, Stewart J, Scott C, Rischin D, Hicks RJ. The usefulness of fluorine 18-labelled deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the investigation of patients with cervical lymphadenopathy from an unknown primary tumor. Head Neck. 2003;25(2):138-145.
- Perera GB, Fujitani RM, Kubaska SM. Aortic graft infection: update on management and treatment options. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2006;40(1):1-10.
- Orton DF, LeVeen RF, Saigh JA, et al. Aortic prosthetic graft infections: radiologic manifestations and implications for management. Radiographics. 2000;20(4):977-993.
- Malone JM, Moore WS, Campagna G, Bean B. Bacteremic infectability of vascular grafts: the influence of pseudointimal integrity and duration of graft function. Surgery. 1975;78(2):211-216.
- Jørgensen JJ, Skjennald A. Computer tomography after reconstructive vascular surgery of the abdominal aorta. Can fluid around the aortic prosthesis be considered a normal finding? [in Norwegian] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1992;112(13):1697-1699.
- Johnson KK, Russ PD, Bair JH, Friefeld GD. Diagnosis of synthetic vascular graft infection: comparison of CT and gallium scans. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;154(2):405-409.
- Vogelzang RL, Limpert JD, Yao JS. Detection of prosthetic vascular complications: comparison of CT and angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148(4):819-823.
- Liberatore M, Misuraca M, Calandri E, et al. White blood cell scintigraphy in the diagnosis of infection of endovascular prostheses within the first month after implantation. Med Sci Monit. 2006;12(3):MT5-9.
- Chacko TK, Zhuang H, Nakhoda KZ, Moussavian B, Alavi A. Applications of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of infection. Nucl Med Commun. 2003;24(6):615-624.
- Keidar Z, Engel A, Hoffman A, Israel O, Nitecki S. Prosthetic vascular graft infection: the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(8):1230-1236.
- Travaini LL, Petralia G, Trifirò G, et al. [18F]FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography and multidetector computed tomography roles in thymic lesion treatment planning. Lung Cancer. 2008;61(3):362-368.
- De Winter F, Vogelaers D, Gemmel F, Dierckx RA. Promising role of 18-F-fluoro-D-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in clinical infectious diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21(4):247-257.
- Wassélius J, Malmstedt J, Kalin B High 18F-FDG Uptake in synthetic aortic vascular grafts on PET/CT in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. J Nucl Med. 2008;49(10):1601-1605.
- Shim SS, Lee KS, Kim BT, Choi JY, Chung MJ, Lee EJ. Focal parenchymal lung lesions showing a potential of false-positive and false-negative interpretations on integrated PET/CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(3):639-648.
From the 1Service of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, CH-1211, and the 2Service of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
Disclosure: The authors have completed and returned the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. The author reports no conflicts of interest regarding the content herein.
Manuscript received February 27, 2012, provisional acceptance given April 3, 2012, final version accepted April 12, 2012.
Address for correspondence: Saziye Karaca, MD, University Hospital of Geneva, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4 - 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression: The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit
Kubik, Paul J., Journal of Economic Issues
Scholarly debate over the role played by the Federal Reserve System in the Great Depression has been extensive. Concern has focused, to a large extent, on the causal role played by monetary variables in the economic contraction.(1) Within a second, distinct tradition, attention has been devoted to the thought underlying Federal Reserve System (hereafter FRS) actions during the downturn.(2) Of paramount importance to the latter discussion is the question of why FRS officials chose not to adopt a more active, interventionist policy stance during the early years of the contraction. As Epstein and Ferguson note,
for two long years [1930-31] the Fed maintained [a] posture of Jovian indifference . . . On occasion the New York Fed promoted very modest increases in liquidity; discount rates were lowered and flurries of open market purchases occurred, but nothing more [Epstein and Ferguson 1984, 958].
The failure of the FRS to act decisively in the early years of the depression has been attributed to various factors. The inaction of the Fed is traced by Friedman and Schwartz to "the shift of power within the System [from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to the F.R. Board] and the lack of understanding and experience of the individuals to whom the power shifted" [Friedman and Schwartz 1963, 411]. Had FRS officials simply followed the guidelines established during the recessions of 1923-24 and 1926-27, they contend, the collapse of the 1930s could have been avoided. This argument has been persuasively challenged, however, by work that has attempted to place FRS thinking within "the economic, financial, political and intellectual environments of the period" [Chandler 1971, 93]. Prominent within this tradition is the view that the actions undertaken by the FRS during the recessions of the 1920s and the relative inaction of the early 1930s are explained by well-reasoned contemporary concerns over the reestablishment and maintenance of the international gold standard [Wicker 1966]. This article follows in the latter tradition, presenting the argument that valuable insights into FRS behavior can be gained from an examination of the relationship between interwar attitudes regarding consumption, saving and consumer credit and Federal Reserve policy during the early years of the Great Depression.
During the interwar years, dramatic changes occurred in household spending and credit patterns. The development of a wide array of new consumer durable items, e.g., the radio, the automobile, and various household electrical appliances, was matched by the development and diffusion of innovative credit devices and selling techniques, including, most prominently, installment financing.(3) These highly visible developments generated expressions of concern from all elements of American society.(4) One source of disquiet was the belief that the rapid expansion of installment credit during the 1920s had "loaded the masses with debts and obligations," fueling an excessive expansion of consumption spending, and thereby contributed to the severity of the interwar economic boom and collapse [Chapman 1936, 307]. This view, coupled with the observation that a dramatic decline in consumption spending played a significant role in the Great Depression - one prominent explanation suggests that a reduction in autonomous consumption expenditure was the causal factor in the economic collapse of the period-justifies an examination of FRS attitudes toward consumption and consumer credit.(5)
Evidence drawn from the minutes of the Federal Reserve Board, Open Market Investment Committee, and Open Market Policy Conference meetings of 1922-33 and the personal papers of a number of prominent Federal Reserve officials will be used to show that the attitudes of these individuals paralleled those of their contemporaries. These attitudes help explain why central bank officials expressed the view that a period of debt and asset liquidation was crucial to ensuring the long-term health of the U. …

subset: commoncrawl


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Posted 1 Mar 2012
Suck me beautiful
Oh didnt realize he was playing. Not worried.
Not cool man
Dook mods be trollin!
Why you talking about ya boy Zeller like that??:D
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Does anyone know the keystroke to type a backwards "R"?
It sounds like that's where the laughs stop.
More grown men should be making dioramas. There. I said it.
Univision: We understand true "binge watching."
Finally, LA garners the attention of the entertainment industry!
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If you're looking for a lawyer, you can probably do better than this guy.
Starring Val Kilmer and Slash. Hopefully.
More details emerge to ensure that Better Call Saul exists as the sweet methadone, to our Breaking Bad heroin withdrawals. This time, we're learning that story will start about six…
In celebration of Father's Day, Breaking Bad's Walt Jr. (RJ Mitte) pays tribute to his dad.
Ok. I can see him as a pretty good Ben Franklin.
It's happening. 'Breaking Bad Jr.' is growing up!
This is one Cranston away from just turning into 'Breaking Bad: The Early Years'.
He doesn't audition well.
And Dean Norris does not.
This show keeps getting weirder/better.
Don't they know their addiction should have ended with the show?
Dude, just buy a commemorative sweatshirt or something.
It's about a guy named Saul, and he warrants phone calls. More to follow…
Spend twenty minutes with the man!
A cool peek behind-the-scenes.
RV's have been a famous choice of transportation for characters in many TV shows and movies. Here are some RVs from television shows and movies that were used for a…
I will gladly produce three more episodes for half that cost.
She's the showrunner we deserve.
The readers should have known when the byline was "Spoiler Alert."
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Dirt naps for everyone!


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PRESCOTT -- Prescott Community Club's June breakfast will be 8-11 a.m. Saturday and Sunday at Lions Hall, 101 D St.
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Response Form for Adults Working with Youth
Free in Christ to Care for the Neighbor: Lutheran Youth Talk about Human Sexuality
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41 die in Casablanca attacks
At least 41 people were killed and scores injured when suicide bombers struck Friday night in Morocco's biggest city, Casablanca. U.S. President George W. Bush warned the world yesterday that Al-Qaida was "not idle."
CASABLANCA - At least 41 people were killed and scores injured when suicide bombers struck Friday night in Morocco's biggest city, Casablanca. U.S. President George W. Bush warned the world yesterday that Al-Qaida was "not idle."
A Jewish community center and a Spanish club were among the targets of the second major attack within a week on an Arab kingdom with historically close ties to the United States. Saudi Arabia was hit by multiple suicide bombings on Monday.
Three French nationals, two Spaniards and an Italian were reported killed in the night of death and destruction that hit Casablanca. "The acts perpetrated in Casablanca are the work of blind international terrorism. Morocco is determined to punish terrorist acts without mercy," said Hassan Aourid, a spokesman for Morocco's leader, King Mohammed VI.
Moroccan police arrested 27 Islamists last night in connection with the bombing, a senior government source told Reuters.
No group has claimed responsibility for the bombings, but their apparently coordinated nature threw suspicion on Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaida network. Some attackers made direct raids, but other blasts were triggered by car bombs.
"The doorman, poor thing, they cut his head off ... with a big knife ... then they left one, two bombs," said an official at the Casa de Espana club, popular with Spanish businessmen and diplomats. Spain backed the U.S.-led war on Iraq. "Inside there was ... flesh all over the place," the official said.
Officials said the bombers carried out five separate attacks and that as many as 10 of the dead might have been assailants.
Two policemen were killed outside Belgium's consulate, which bore the brunt of a blast apparently aimed at a Jewish-owned Italian restaurant opposite, embassy staff in the Moroccan capital Rabat said.
Bush warned on Friday of "killers on the loose," as terror alerts spread around the world in the wake of Monday's attacks in Saudi Arabia that killed 34 people, including eight Americans.
"The enemies of freedom are not idle, and neither are we," Bush said yesterday in his weekly radio address.
"The terrorist attacks this week in Saudi Arabia that killed innocent civilians from more than half a dozen countries ... provide a stark reminder that the war on terror continues," Bush said.
A U.S. official said it was plausible Al-Qaida, blamed by Washington for the September 11 attacks in 2001, was behind the Casablanca bombings. Washington has already pointed the finger at Al-Qaida for the attacks in Riyadh.
Morocco and Saudi Arabia, bin Laden's birthplace, were among Muslim states listed as "most eligible for liberation" in a tape purportedly by the Al-Qaida leader and broadcast in February.
In recent days, the U.S. and Britain have issued warnings of possible attacks in Kenya and other African countries, but not Morocco, suggesting the choice of that country as a target had caught Western intelligence by surprise.
The latest bombings shattered Morocco's image of a relatively stable country and safe tourist destination. Rabat and Washington are currently negotiating a free trade agreement.
A target in the old heart of Casablanca was the Hotel Farah, also known by its former name, Hotel Safir, and used by foreigners. The hotel's security chief said two assailants had burst in and were stopped by staff. "One of them stabbed one of my agents with a knife, the other agent tried to get hold of the second attacker and that's when he blew himself up."
Officials said three Moroccans had been arrested in connection with the blasts.
Al-Qaida claimed responsibility for a bombing on a synagogue in Tunisia, in April last year, when 20 people were killed, including 14 German tourists.
Iran, branded by Bush as part of an "axis of evil" along with Saddam Hussein's Iraq and North Korea and accused of backing terrorists, condemned the Casablanca attacks. "Such terrorist acts are in contrast with religious teachings and humanitarian principles," said Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi.


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About This Activity
Ages 18+ If you have always wanted to work with clay or have not worked with clay for some time, this class is your chance. Students will be introduced to pinch pots, coils, slabs, sculpture and the use of an electric kiln. Bring your own supplies or purchase supplies from the instructor.


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Jewesses with Attitude
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The Final Rose, Finally
One of my least favorite things about summer—after bugs, overcrowded parks, and face-sweat—is the serious dearth of decent TV. My TV schedule disappears, and is replaced with an array of below-average reality shows. The only thing I've been watching with any regularity is The Bachelorette, a show that alternately bores me, amuses me, and causes me to exclaim to no one in particular, "Oh, come ON!!!!" an average of sixteen times per episode.
Connecting Across the Divide
The first of the historic events that marked our trip took place on the second evening at Berlin's Centrum Judaicum. For the first time, the pioneering American women rabbis who were the first to be ordained by their denominations joined with their counterparts in Europe in a public forum to talk about their journeys to the rabbinate and experiences as rabbis. Or that was the plan.
Do Not Show This to Bel Kaufman
After Bel Kaufman, writer and public school teacher, published Up the Down Staircase in 1965, one assistant principal at a school where she had taught began adding a warning to his memos: "DO NOT SHOW THIS TO BEL KAUFMAN." The disclaimer is a testament to what a nerve Kaufman hit with her novel, which followed a young teacher through her first year in an urban public school and highlighted the insane bureaucracy that got in the way of actual teaching.
Visiting the Regina Jonas Archive at the Centrum Judaicum
Our trip officially began Tuesday morning with participants sharing key words or phrases that captured the ideas, feelings, or intentions with which they were embarking on the first day. Some focused on Regina Jonas—honoring her, standing on her shoulders. Others spoke more generally about women, noting their interest in the "place of women in different worlds," or "a passion for women." And they came to the day with varied emotions—anticipation, anxiety, optimism, seeking "internal reconciliation" and hoping to "find themselves" here.
The "Lost" Story of Regina Jonas
A major theme of our shared JWA/AJA journey is the recovery of the lost narrative of Regina Jonas. We are here in the company of America's pioneering women rabbis to bring Fraulein Rabbiner Jonas back into the story we tell of them and those who followed.
Confronting Germany
I have never been to Germany before, and this is no accident. My mother, who lost extended family members in the Holocaust, raised me not to buy German products. I do not walk on the site of the Temple in Jerusalem, for it is sacred. I did not go to Germany, because it was the very opposite of sanctity. The sound of the German language made me cringe; it was the sound of the Nazis. But over the decades, I had come to be in relationship with young Germans who were profoundly remorseful about the Holocaust. I was ready to explore a new personal relationship with the German people, and to travel there when the right opportunity presented itself. This trip is that opportunity.
Know Your Yiddish!
I have often marveled at words like culaccino, which in Italian means "The mark on a table left by a cold glass." Words like this simply can't be replaced by the sum of their parts. The English language has a wealth of words to choose from—over a million by some estimates—to complete the perfect turn of phrase. But, alas, sometimes one million words are not enough to lovingly tell your boyfriend that he has cream cheese in the corner of his mouth.
A Prayer for Safe Travel
At Temple Beth Or's Erev Shabbat service last Friday my associate Rabbi Ari Margolis offered a blessing for me as I embark on this journey to honor the memory of Rabbi Regina Jonas. Just a few weeks ago, I offered a prayer for Rabbi Margolis and those from the temple traveling to Israel in hopes of spiritual enlightenment and deepening connection to land and heritage. In contrast, Rabbi Margolis' prayer Friday night had a more urgent feel to it. In those few weeks between these travelers' prayers, Israel has gone from a period of relative calm to a country searching for the "Protective Edge." And this past week Malaysian flight MH17, shot down mid-air by rocket missiles designed for warfare, shattered any illusion that one might cling to that the weapons of terror are just another distant chapter in that story of the world's horrors.
"We Who Are Her Successors": Honoring Rabbi Regina Jonas
Our knowledge about Rabbi Regina Jonas has been limited. I had heard that she was ordained in Berlin, her thesis was on whether women could be rabbis, and that she had died during the Holocaust. I was intrigued, but there was not much more information to fill in the blank spaces. This trip has opened up a wealth of material about her life, her vision and her contributions.
Before the Plane Trip, A Personal Journey
For many years, I resisted going to Germany or Eastern Europe, but when I learned about this trip to Berlin and Prague, I spoke without thinking: "I'd really like to go on that journey."
Reflecting now on that immediate response (and the fact that I didn't have second thoughts afterward), I've learned a few things about what has changed and what has crystallized for me, individually and, I think, as a member of my generation.
Remembering Rabbi Regina Jonas
I decided I wanted to be a rabbi when I was sixteen years old. At that time, I had never heard of Regina Jonas. I was well into my rabbinic training before one of my professors mentioned her to me. He knew her personally, having attended the same academic institution in Germany. I discovered, however, that very little had been written about her and that basically her story had been lost, as was the case for so many other women in the Jewish community whose stories were hidden away.
Walking in the Footsteps of Regina Jonas
Walking out the door of my hotel room on the first day of my first trip to Berlin, (a trip I had determinedly avoided for many years), I was on guard and immediately caught off guard. As I entered the Hackescher Market just steps from the hotel, I found myself face to face with a large size portrait of Regina Jonas on a kiosk that also detailed her story. What was Rabbiner Jonas doing here? Why here? Why now?
I Went to the Supreme Rally, and All I Got Was This Lousy Week of Self-Reflection
I don't do well in humidity. I don't think rallies have been particularly effective since the 1970s. Still, I stood outside for two hours this Tuesday, gathered at City Hall with a couple hundred of my fellow concerned citizens. We were there to show solidarity against certain recent Supreme Court decisions.
Black Beauty, Jewish Hair, and why Beauty Icons Still Matter
Lupita Nyong'o is an Academy Award winning actress. She has a Master's Degree from Yale. She speaks four languages. She is the writer, director, and producer of a documentary about Kenya's albino population. She is also a stunning beauty, and a fashion plate. It's that last point, that shallow observation, which I'll write about today.
Postmodern Jukebox Takes On Klezmer
Since last year, YouTube sensation Postmodern Jukebox has been creating innovative covers of modern pop music by applying contrasting musical stylings to contemporary works—from a smooth jazz cover of the Game of Thrones theme to a 1940s swing adaptation of Madonna's "Like a Prayer." In recent months, Postmodern Jukebox released a klezmer inspired cover of Jason Derulo's "Talk Dirty" accompanied by segments of Yiddish translation. As I watched the video accumulate over a million views on YouTube, I became interested in exploring what went into the production of this inventive and unlikely pairing.
The World As It Is: Learning To Read Adrienne Rich
The words are purposes.
The words are maps.
—Adrienne Rich, from Diving into the Wreck
When I think of Adrienne Rich, I think about the differences between maps and routes, between shortcuts and whole geographies. I think about the difference between following directions that lead you straight from A to B and sitting down with your Atlas of the Difficult World with no destination yet in mind. I think about trying to take in all that maps have to tell you with your heart and eyes open, about looking to learn without knowing what you will find or where this new knowledge will lead you. When I think about Adrienne Rich, I think of the different ways we learn, the different ways we come to know the world, ourselves, and vice versa.
Losing Their Religion: A Law Professor Looks at Hobby Lobby
There are many reasons I think the Supreme Court is wrong as a legal matter in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby. I think corporations are entitled to certain kinds of basic economic privileges, but I don't think corporations are "people" under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) or the First Amendment.
Have you ever explained the Holocaust to someone who's never heard of it before? I have.
I don't remember a time when the Holocaust wasn't a part of my consciousness. So imagine my surprise when, sitting with co-workers in a gazebo at our school, a girl of no more than 7 years old with a luminous smile ambled by, her shirt emblazoned with a massive swastika.
Letters from Jackson: Day 3
Dear Tara,
In Judaism, we take the seventh day of the week to slow down. To separate between the holy and the everyday. As legendary civil rights activist and Jewish thinker Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel wrote in his book The Sabbath, "on the Sabbath we especially care for the seed of eternity planted in the soul." Shabbat in Jackson was indeed a time to germinate and cultivate the ideas that have been spinning around in my head.
Letters from Jackson: Day 2
Dear Tara,
You might be sorry to hear it, but I do not miss home yet. Southern hospitality is REAL and amazing. Just came back from an incredible evening of Southern food, music, visiting, and art at the Mississippi Museum of Art, which has an incredible installation of Civil Rights Photographs. I got to meet Doris Derby who you should definitely know about if you don't already.
I think today might best be a day told in quotes from a few key experiences. There is so much more happening than I can fit in these few words.
Back in 2011, as newly minted high schoolers at Gann Academy in Waltham, Kineret Grant-Sasson and Mitali Desai had an idea: during the second half of freshman year, they would start holding meetings for a feminist club, welcoming students with all levels of knowledge and interest. Today, Kineret and Mitali are incoming seniors, and their club, Feminijas, is going strong. Femininjas meets Mondays at lunch for discussions about gender, power, and feminism, topics many students don't study in earnest until well into college. Recently, they embarked on a photo project, something they'd seen online and thought would be an empowering exercise for Femininjas. The concept was simple: pass around a white dry-erase board, ask participants to write a blurb about why they need feminism, and take a picture. The results are powerful, encouraging, and thought-provoking.
Letters from Jackson: Day 1
Dear Tara,
When I exited the airport in Jackson I couldn't help but feel as if I was walking on hallowed ground. The air was thick and the dense grass crunched under my feet—it really feels different here. The song "Strange Fruit" played softly through my mind as we drove through the flat, open land past trees that look different enough from home to make me feel a little out of place. As you well know, I have always been fascinated by the Civil Rights Movement. I feel like this part of our history sheds light on our proudest and darkest moments as a nation. Mississippi was (and continues to be) a battle ground for testing the ideals and laws that supposedly govern the United States, and I sort of feel like I am on a pilgrimage to witness this crucial part of our history.
A Night With My Tween Icons: Salt-n-Pepa
I remember buying Salt-n- Pepa's album Very Necessary in 1993. I must have been nine, and along with River of Dreams by Billy Joel, it was the soundtrack of my tween life (we can discuss my eclectic music taste in another blog post). I never could have imagined that eleven years later I would be in Boston's City Hall Plaza listening to the epic Salt, Pepa, and Spinderella spout messages of female empowerment, the value of friendships, and staying true to you.
It was a magical evening at the Phantom Gourmet Beach BBQ Party, and thanks to one of my highly connected friends, I ended up with two tickets. I grabbed a friend who enjoys meat, beer, and 90's hip-hop as much as I did, and we ventured to the plaza.
Redefining Women's Work
I love my job.
About half a year ago, I was hired as the new web content editor for the Jewish Women's Archive, helping to rework our content for the new website. A huge part of that has been writing short biographies for the thousands of women featured on the site, from pioneers of the feminist movement to literal pioneers of the Wild West. The goal is to give you a small taste of what makes each of these women extraordinary and link to other places on jwa.org and the web where you can find out more; the difficulty is trying to tell the stories of these women's rich and varied lives in fewer than 200 words.
I struggle with my Jewishness. I always have. The world is riddled with conflict, much of which is derived from the infuriating, irreconcilable differences in fundamental religious beliefs. I was brought up in a Jewish home and a Jewish community, read Jewish stories, and absorbed Jewish values. I never felt connected to the idea of God, but all that stuff about honoring thy mother and father and being kind to thy neighbor? I was down with that! Still, I reasoned that humanity would be far better off without such divisive religious constructs, and that our religions should be relegated to history books.
How to cite this page
Jewish Women's Archive. "Blog." (Viewed on October 4, 2015) <http://jwa.org/blog>.


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Please, tell me that you're inspired by games like Goldeneye & Perfect Dark, because the image with the radar station in the snow and even a helicopter instantly reminds me on the severnaya scene of Goldeneye.
The Contract is a Realism First-Person Shooter (RFPS) based on three core principles: stealth, survival and pure instincts. Players take the role of Sebastian Borg, a trainee assassin for a clandestine agency that focuses on the elimination of global threats and various other high-risk targets. In The Contract players are given mission freedom to complete objectives in a variety of ways. Furthermore, the game employs a number of measures to maintain real-life authenticity, such as limiting bullet-carrying capacity, providing situations to engage in melee combat, hiding and sneaking opportunities, the chance to use advantageous distractions, and of course moments to incite fear in order to accomplish certain tasks. The Contract will also offer multiplayer modes with dedicated servers consisting of player-slots starting at four, for intense, thrilling rounds of survival.
We are pleased to announce a new addition to our team, Kai Xie. He is a Concept Artist who is drawing up some of the game's levels.
Posted by Bravo81 on May 5th, 2013
We don't know about you, but at the age of 16 we could barely draw a stickman. Heck, that's about all we can draw today!
But Kai, our latest team member, is a talented young man who is helping us progress in leaps and bounds, specifically in the areas of level design and overall setting. What's most impressive about him is his capacity to put what's been trapped only in our heads down on paper in the exact way we imagined it.
With an impressive portfolio, our level design team is able to create levels with an astonishing sense of scope and detail.
So without any further ado, we give you our newest piece of concept art...
Please support our team by visiting our Mod page, tracking us, throwing some comments and feedback about and then jump on our website! www.thecontractgame.co.uk
There you can register, read and comment on our blog and take part in the community forums.
Thank you for taking the time to read our latest news post,
~The Contract Dev Team.
Please, tell me that you're inspired by games like Goldeneye & Perfect Dark, because the image with the radar station in the snow and even a helicopter instantly reminds me on the severnaya scene of Goldeneye.
It reminds you of Surface, from Goldeneye on the Nintendo 64..?
I'm glad, because that's what we are inspired by.
Just wait until you see the other media.


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Page 1
Studies in Literature and Language Studies in Literature and Language
Vol. 1, No. 7, 2010, pp. 61-75
Teaching English Grammar Through Games
Luu Trong Tuan1
Nguyen Thi Minh Doan2
Abstract: This paper sought to review the literature on teaching English grammar
encompassing an overview of grammar definitions and teaching grammar approaches,
as well as definitions of games, classifications of games, the influence of using games on
the language learners' performance. Prior researches on teaching English grammar
through games have also been examined.
Key words: English grammar; grammar teaching approach; game; technology
1.1 Definitions of grammar
Grammar is defined by Ur (1991: 4) as "the way language manipulates and combines words (or bits of
words) in order to form longer units of meaning."
This definition is quite close to the common understanding of what grammar is. The main difference is
that it tells us how the rules of language actually work – they arrange and shape words. Nevertheless,
knowing what these rules do is not a very motivating factor alone.
Crystal (2004) says,
"Grammar is the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves. The more we are
aware of how it works, the more we can monitor the meaning and effectiveness of the way we
and others use language. It can help foster precision, detect ambiguity, and exploit the richness
of expression available in English. Additionally, it can help everyone, not only teachers of
English, but teachers of anything for all teaching grammar is ultimately a matter of getting to
grips with meaning."
Maugham (1938) adds,
"It is necessary to know grammar, and it is better to write grammatically than not, but it is well
to remember that grammar is common speech formulated. Usage is the only test."
As it can be seen from the above definitions, grammar is not an unimportant set of rules that can be
ignored without consequences. It is a very complex phenomenon and even though learners may find it a
difficult thing to master, the time devoted to that is certainly not wasted. Making students realize it,
1 International University, National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
2 Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam.
*Recevied 30 August 2010; accepted 14 October 2010
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Luu Trong Tuan; Nguyen Thi Minh Doan/Studies in Literature and Language Vol.1 No.7,
however, is only the first step in teaching grammar, and the following activities can take many different
forms, based on a selected approach and method.
1.2 Overview of grammar teaching approaches
There are some milestones which chart the journey in the development of teaching English methodology
through recent history in which a language item is grammar taught in various approaches which have their
own positive and negative aspects. Yet, it is necessary to have a review of all the approaches in order that
we can understand more clearly about the development and the history of grammar teaching and each
approach's aspects as well.
1.2.1 The Grammar -Translation Method
The Grammar Translation Method is one of the most traditional methods, dating back to the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries, which offered little beyond an insight into the grammatical rules attending the
process of translating from the second to the native language.
Prator and Celce-Murcia (1979: 3) feature the position of grammar in a lesson of the Grammar
Translation Method as follows:
Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.
Grammar provides the rules for putting words together, and instruction often focuses on the
form and inflection of words.
Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated as exercises in grammatical
Often the only drills are exercises in translating disconnected sentences from the target
language into the mother tongue.
"In the Grammar Translation Method, grammar is emphasized and taught deductively (Larsen
-Freeman, 1986: 10-14). In addition, as Brown (2000: 15-16), long and detailed explanations
of the intricacies of grammatical rules and forms are supplied for students to memorize and
apply the syntactic rules to other examples." (cited in Lu, 2009: 23)
We can conclude that in the method, grammar stays an important position. However, its contribution to
language learning has been limited, since it has shifted the focus from the real language to a "dissected
body" of nouns, adjectives, and prepositions, failing to generate the communicativeness in grammar lessons.
Although the method is still a standard method for a long time, it is necessary to find a new method for an
innovation in language teaching.
1.2.2 The Direct Method
As with the Grammar Translation Method, the Direct Method, sometimes called the Natural Method is not
new. The Direct Method, an answer to the dissatisfaction with the older Grammar Translation Method,
teaches students grammar and vocabulary through direct translations and thus focuses on the written
Its principles have been applied by the language teachers for many years. Since the Grammar –translation
Method is not effective in preparing learners to use the languages communicatively, the Direct Method
became popular. (Larsen-Freeman, 2000: 23)
The principles of the Direct Method were as follows:
Classroom instruction was conducted in the target language
There was an inductive approach to grammar
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Luu Trong Tuan; Nguyen Thi Minh Doan/Studies in Literature and Language Vol.1 No.7,
Only everyday vocabulary was taught
Concrete vocabulary was taught through pictures and objects, while abstract vocabulary was
taught by association of ideas
We can see that in the Direct Method,
"Grammar is not of as importance as in Grammar_ Translation Method. (Larsen -Freeman,
1986: 24-26, 43-46), grammar is taught by inductive analogy from the examples presented
orally in the target language. Little of no analysis of grammatical rules is given. Structural
patterns are given through the repetition drills and sequenced by means of contrastive analysis
and taught one at one time. (Brown, 2001: 45, 74-75) (cited in Lu, 2009: 23)
The Direct Method enjoyed great popularity at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the
twentieth but it was difficult to use, mainly because of the constraints of budget, time, and classroom size.
Yet, after a period of decline, this method has been revived, leading to the emergence of another method,
the Audio-lingual Method.
1.2.3 The Audio-lingual Method
The Audio-Lingual Method was developed in the 1940s and dominated foreign language teaching in the
1950s and 1960s in an attempt to address some of the perceived weaknesses of the Direct Method.
The Audio-lingual Method, like the Direct Method, is also an oral-based approach. However, the method
drills learners in the use of grammatical sentence patterns. It was also based on linguistic and psychological
theory and one of its main premises was the scientific descriptive analysis of a wide assortment of
languages (Larsen-Freeman, 2000: 35). According to Skinner (1957),
"In the Audio-Lingual Method, grammar is most important for the student; the teacher drills
grammar, the student must repeat grammar patterns after the teacher."
The method fell short of promoting communicative ability as it paid undue attention to memorization and
drilling, while downgrading the role of context and world knowledge in language learning in general and in
grammar in particular. After all, it was discovered that language was not acquired through a process of habit
formation and errors were not necessarily bad or pernicious. Due to weaknesses in performance, and more
importantly because of Noam Chomsky's theoretical attack on language learning as a set of habits,
Audio-Lingual Method is rarely the primary method of instruction today.
1.2.4 Community Language Learning (CLL)
CLL is one of the so-called 'designer' methods which arose in the flurry of methodological experimentation
in the 1970's (along with The Silent Way, Suggestopoedia, TPR, etc).
"In Community Language Learning (CLL), grammar is not focused. Grammatical patterns are
perceived in the teacher's transcription of the students' conversations and examined in their
native language with the teacher's help. (Larsen -Freeman, 1986: 99-104)" (cited in Lu, 2008:
The CLL approach seems useful for listening, speaking and also useful for adult learners. In addition, it is
found that the CLL approach is effective for students whose anxiety is often high because English is far
different from their mother tongue. Therefore, the CLL approach should be especially effective in cases
where students' native language is a non cognate language of the target language.
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Luu Trong Tuan; Nguyen Thi Minh Doan/Studies in Literature and Language Vol.1 No.7,
1.2.5 Total Physical Response (TPR)
TPR (Total Physical Response), developed by Dr. James Asher, is a method of teaching language using
physical movement to react to verbal input in order to reduce student inhibitions and lower their affective
filter. It allows students to react to language without thinking too much, facilitates long term retention, and
reduces student anxiety and stress.
TPR reflects a grammar-based view of language. Asher states,
"….most of the grammatical structure of the target language and hundreds of vocabulary items
can be learnt from the skillful use of the imperative by the instructor". (Asher, 1977: 4)
TPR makes students use grammar in their daily life, also helps them accomplish to be successful. It helps
reduce students' stress, yet students gain successful grammar acquisition. However, it is a type of method
for only beginners (children) because students learn the language with the objects, pictures and kits and
they are treated as if they don't have prior knowledge. This method helps students internalize grammar in a
perfect way and uses psychomotor systems to teach grammatical points.
1.2.6 Communicative language Teaching (CLT)
Developed in the 1970s, and in critical reaction to the formal and boring types of exercises used under the
Audio-lingual Method ('drill-and-kill' exercises), Communicative language teaching (CLT), also referred
to as "communicative approach, is an approach that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the
ultimate goal of learning a language.
"In Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), grammar is taught as a means to help learners
convey their intended meaning appropriately. The teaching of grammar can be managed either
deductively or inductively but focuses on meanings and functions of forms in situational
context and the roles of the interlocutors. (Larsen- Freeman, 1986: 132-133) The overt
presentation and discussion of grammatical rules are less paid attention to. (Brown, 2000:
266-267)" (cited in Lu, 2009: 24)
It can be concluded that Grammar can be taught inductively or deductively in Communicative Language
Teaching. It is fact that some learners learn better by being given the context and then are presented with the
grammar rules afterwards while others need the rule in order to understand the rationale for the new
grammatical structure. Besides, it depends on the kinds of grammatical points, which help teachers decide
the ways of presenting grammar effectively.
In Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), the teacher spends less time on the structures of the
language and more time encouraging the learners to use the language. It is frequent that communication
activities such as games and puzzles which are often carried out in pairs or group are encouraged in
teaching with no much correction or intervention during the activity.
From all the above we can see that through the history of grammar teaching, the ways teachers have gone
about the teaching of foreign languages have seen enormous changes over the past centuries. Each method
has its own strengths and weaknesses, and it provides a 'recipe' for various practical classroom ideas and
procedures; a good method that stems from a good theory can produce a number of ideas. Depending on the
content and the purpose of the lesson, teachers choose and combine many methods in a lesson as long as
these methods are suitable and affective in their grammar teaching.
1.3 The application of technology in teaching and learning Grammar
Nowadays, the integration of technology into the foreign language teaching becomes popular. As more and
more technological advances with their resources become available, it is necessary that teachers become
aware of how those advances might be used to enhance foreign language teaching and learning.
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Luu Trong Tuan; Nguyen Thi Minh Doan/Studies in Literature and Language Vol.1 No.7,
As Chapelle (2001: 1) states,
"As we enter the 21st century, everyday language use is so tied to technology that learning
language through technology has become a fact of life with important implications for all
applied linguists, particularly for those concerned with facets of second language acquisition."
A lot of teachers may wonder what we need technology for or why the familiar background and chalk
should be placed by an LCD screen and a mouse or a stick simply because
(a) what you can do technologically can not be done in traditional setting classroom with only chalk and
(b) technology, from the functional viewpoint, opens a number of enhancements supporting educational
1.3.1 The advantages of instructional technology in language teaching and learning
A lot of researchers have showed the advantages of technology in language teaching and learning.
Roblyer and Edwards (2000: 12) states,
"Technology-based methods have successfully promoted several kinds of motivational
strategies that can be used individually or in combination."
The kind of motivational strategies mentioned may be the visual and interactive features as suggested by
Pask-McCartney (1989),
"The visual and interactive features of many technology resources seem to have focus
students' attention and encourage them to spend more time on learning tasks."
However, a lot of students may be fear of making mistakes and it keeps them away from participating
classroom activities. Instructional technology including computers and other media can help dealing with
this problem.
Roblyer and Edwards (2000: 84) states,
"Computer-based practice may motivate students to do the practice they need. Computers
don't get patient or give disgusted look when students give wrong answers"
"…unlike feedback from an instructor or tutor, the feedback from computers can remain
unbiased, accurate and non-judgmental, irrespective of students characteristics or the nature of
the student response" (Mason & Bruning, cited in Su (2005).
Technology not only facilitates the teachers' tasks and saves their time and effort but also gives
immediate, accurate and individual feedback which interests students and benefits students who are not
confident doing their tasks in front of the class.
According to Fisher (1997), Mintz (1993), Plomp and Voogt (1995) (cited in Kara and Yesilyult (2007)),
a computer enables repeated trials of an experiment with considerable ease in a limited time, provides
immediate feedback, allows simultaneous observation on graphical representation, and offers a flexible
environment that enables students to proceed with their own plans.
On commenting the role of technology in education, particularly that of computer, Nelson, Ward, Desch
& Kaplow (1976: 28) assert that,
"The tutorial to teach German reading uses the computer as a source of information to be
consulted by the students as needed; …..uses a model of structure of the language to be taught
to enable the program to determine whether a response is correct and to provide the students
with useful error analysis if it is not. (cited in Chapelle, 2001)


text:
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text:
Related Titles
- Full Description
This textbook has been written with the dual purpose to cover core material in the foundations of computing for graduate students in computer science, as well as to provide an introduction to some more advanced topics for those intending further study in the area. This book contains an invaluable collection of lectures for first-year graduates on the theory of computation, focusing primarily on computational complexity theory. Topics and features include: Organization into self-contained lectures of 3-7 pages; 41 primary lectures and a handful of supplementary lectures covering more specialized or advanced topics; 12 homework sets and several miscellaneous homework exercises of varying levels of difficulty, many with hints and complete solutions. Aimed at advanced undergraduates and first-year graduates in Computer Science or Mathematics with an interest in the theory of computation and computational complexity, this book provides a thorough grounding the foundations of computational complexity theory.
- Table of Contents
Table of Contents
- The Complexity of Computations.
- Time and Space Complexity Classes and Savitch's Theorem.
- Separation Results.
- Logspace Computability.
- The Circuit Value Problem.
- The Knaster
- Tarski Theorem.
- Alternation.
- The Polynomial
- Time Hierarchy.
- Parallel Complexity.
- Probabilistic Complexity.
- Chinese Remaindering.
- Berlekamp's Algorithm.
- Interactive Proofs.
- Probabilistically Checkable Proofs.
- Complexity of Decidable Theories.
- Complexity of the Theory of Real Addition.
- Lower Bound for the Theory of Real Addition.
- Safra's Construction.
- Relativized Complexity.
- Nonexistence of Sparse Complete Sets.
- Unique Satisfiability.
- Toda's Theorem.
- Lower Bounds for Constant Depth Circuits.
- The Switching Lemma.
- Tail Bounds.
- Applications of the Recursion Theorem.
- The Arithmetic Hierarchy.
- Complete Problems in the Arithmetic Hierarchy.
- Post's Problem.
- The Friedberg–Muchnik Theorem.
- The Analytic Hierarchy.
- Kleene's Theorem.
- Fair Termination and Harel's Theorem.
- Exercises.
- Hints and Solutions.
- Errata
Please Login to submit errata.No errata are currently published


text:
|MCHS Tennis
|Thursday, April 11, 2013
On March 21st, the high school boys took on White House for a district match.
They were able to capture a victory of 5-4. On March 27, they defeated Clay County with a win of 4-0. On March 28th, they played another district match against East Robertson, losing 2-7 bringing their overall record to 4-3. The team will resume action after spring break.
Trending - Sports
October 01, 2015 265
Tigerettes Win at Home: Lose on Road
October 01, 2015 96
Junior Tigers Finish Regular Season
October 01, 2015 82


text: AdChoices Cookie Consent Terms of Use Privacy Policy Hide VIDEO Entertainment and Celebrities Johny Hendricks Champion Video Johny Hendricks Champion Video Johny Hendricks Is The Champion Of Beating Guys Up. But He Seeks Another Legacy. March 28, 2014 Share Tweet 0 Shares On March 15th, 2014, a new champion was crowned. After a controversial loss to Georges St-Pierre, Johny Hendricks got a second chance at UFC gold -- and he claimed it. After his five-round war against Robbie Lawler, Johny sat down with us to discuss how it feels to finally have the UFC welterweight championship belt around his waist. He talked to us about his past, present and future in the sport of mixed martial arts, and told us what he hopes to achieve as champion. Fighting Mixed Martial Arts Johny Hendricks Comments Show Comments More Like This Entertainment and Celebrities What Makes A UFC Fighter Like Uriah Hall Tick? We Found Out Read More Entertainment and Celebrities UFC Fighter Chris Weidman: His Most Embarrassing Moment Read More Sports Commentary Meet the UFC Champ Who's More Dominant Than Ronda Rousey Read More Health & Sports Galleries Five Krav Maga Techniques Every Man Should Know Read More Health & Sports News Trending News: Why Is The UFC Facing A Class Action Antitrust Lawsuit? Read More Tech News This New Badass Form Of Combat Makes MMA Look Like Child's Play Read More Around the Web Special Features


text:
A cold front blew into Oklahoma and temperatures dropped Monday.
Temperatures will reach a high of 27 degrees Monday with wind chill values as low as zero in central Oklahoma, the National Weather Service reports. Winds may gust up to 27 mph. There is a chance for snow flurries Tuesday morning.


text:
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text:
The Oklahoma athletics department has released the dates for the OU caravan. Here's a look at the caravan stops and the coaches that will be in attendance:
June 2 – Dallas @ Addison Event Center (football coach Bob Stoops, men's basketball coach Lon Kruger, women's basketball coach Sherri Coale)
June 8 – Tulsa @ OU-Tulsa Campus (Stoops, Coale and men's asst. coach TBA)
Aug. 1 – OKC @ National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum (Stoops, Kruger, Coale)
– Asst. Sports Editor Ryan Sharp


text:
If your child is well.. PLEASE READ
Simply Southern Homesteading
4 boys, 1 girl, 1 dog, 1 cats
Instead of complaining about what's wrong, Thank God for what's right.
I love my coconut oil just another reason to love love love it! lol
And I heard on the Today's show this morning it is really really bad and its not a simple flu symptoms are hitting people harder
I just took my little girl to her 9 month check up, and I wasn't thinking. The waiting room was full. So busy. And the news keeps alerting of all the flue outbreaks. Crazy. This was yesterday. If I would have thought it would be that way, I would have just waited. Thankfully, we are still fine as of right now.
Married April 10, 2010 to my HS Sweetheart
Blessed Mommy to a beautiful daughter, born April 2012 & handsome son, born December 2014
We're having influenza issues here too, and at least one young girl died. Praying for all of our little ones' health! Esp. Madison and Eliana who had to be in waiting rooms
We have separate waiting rooms for "well baby checkups" and "sick" appts.
Mommy to G 2007 and E 2011
Tell me more about these oils you lady speak of.
Our Ped schedules most the well checkups before lunch and sicker kids after lunch. So when we went for her well checkup this week it was at least before the sick kids since there is only one waiting room.
We use doTERRA. My friend made a mixture for me to try on my sons eczema. We have battled his eczema for over 2 years, driving hours to see pediatric dermatologists & not getting relief. 2 days of the doTERRA oils (we used melaleuca, frankinsence, and DDR prime diluted with coconut oil) his legs were amazing to look at & to touch & he wasn't itching as badly.
Now we use their OnGuard blend to diffuse in our house. It's the preventative blend. We use it with coconut oil on the kids and I took shots of it to kill the pain when I had strep throat.
They have a ton of oils, and blends (and other products too) that hit on basically any issue you could have.
Their Breathe blend is amazing for sinus or respiratory illness. We replaced 2yo's asthma meds with it.
doTERRA is a newer company but they are certified professional therapeutic grade (i may have mixed up the p & t words there....) And go thru extra testing on each batch to make sure its safe.
My kids beg for Breathe and a blend called Digestzen that they rub on their belly if they feel sick to their stomach.
The oils only take seconds to start working. It is so crazy to me, but I can share pics of my sons legs before & 2 days after starting & then yesterday (about 2 months of using them)
Simply Southern Homesteading
4 boys, 1 girl, 1 dog, 1 cats
Instead of complaining about what's wrong, Thank God for what's right.


text: 'This War of Mine' developer posts free game codes on The Pirate Bay By Shawn Knight, November 19, 2014, 8:45 AM Filed in Gaming How's this for a new marketing approach: give your game away for free to pirates that would have otherwise paid nothing for it. Wait, what? Read More Comments 19


text:
The Marvelettes
The Marvelettes were an American singing girl group on the Motown label. As Motown's first successful female vocal group, the Marvelettes were most notable for recording the label's first US #1 pop hit, "Please Mr. Postman," and for setting the precedent for later Motown girl groups such as The Supremes and Martha & The Vandellas. In 1996, they were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame.
No stations playing The Marvelettes now
Please Mr. Postman
Too Many Fish In The Sea
Don't Mess With Bill


text:
Trendi & Lily: United States of Women
Advertising Agency: McCann, Helsinki, Finland
Creative Directors: Jyrki Poutanen, Timo Silvennoinen
Graphic Designer: Hanna Kinnunen
Assistant Art Director: Kalle Oksa
Head of digital: Heikki Lehto
Senior developer: Karolina Hurmerinta
Senior developer: Teemu Lahti
Animation / Post production: Joni Lyytikäinen
Agency Producers: Yrjö haavisto, Jyrki Poutanen
Account Director: Petteri Lillberg
Photographer: Marko Rantanen
Published: June 2013
9 comments
From a blog: "McCann Helsinki gets kinky: McCann Finland breaks TV and print ads for new joint venture of Finland's leading fashion + lifestyle magazine (Trendi) and most popular blog/online community (Lily), both aimed at women. The result: "The United State of Women." You go, girls."


text:
|Accession Number: G-1921 (MetaCyc)
Synonyms: subunit of D-tagatose-6-phosphate kinase
Species: Staphylococcus aureus
Subunit composition of
D-tagatose-6-phosphate kinase = [LacC]2
D-tagatose-6-phosphate kinase subunit = LacC
Citations: [Bissett80, Rosey91]
Gene Citations: [Rosey91]
Locations: cytosol
Molecular Weight of Polypeptide: 34.0 kD (from nucleotide sequence), 52.0 kD (experimental)
Molecular Weight of Multimer: 82 kD (experimental)
Unification Links: ModBase:P11099 , Protein Model Portal:P0A0B8 , SMR:P0A0B8 , String:196620.MW2119 , Swiss-Model:P11099 , UniProt:P0A0B8
Relationship Links: InterPro:IN-FAMILY:IPR002173 , InterPro:IN-FAMILY:IPR005926 , InterPro:IN-FAMILY:IPR011611 , InterPro:IN-FAMILY:IPR017583 , InterPro:IN-FAMILY:IPR029056 , Pfam:IN-FAMILY:PF00294 , Prosite:IN-FAMILY:PS00583 , Prosite:IN-FAMILY:PS00584
GO Terms:
|Cellular Component:
|GO:0005829 - cytosol
Enzymatic reaction of: D-tagatose-6-phosphate kinase
Synonyms: tagatose-6-phosphate isomerase
EC Number: 220.127.116.11
D-tagatofuranose 6-phosphate + ATP <=> D-tagatofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP + H+
The reaction direction shown, that is, A + B ↔ C + D versus C + D ↔ A + B, is in accordance with the Enzyme Commission system.
The reaction is favored in the direction shown.
Alternative Substrates for ATP: dTTP [Bissett80 ] , CTP [Bissett80 ] , ITP [Bissett80 ] , UTP [Bissett80 ] , GTP [Bissett80 ]
Alternative Substrates for D-tagatofuranose 6-phosphate: β-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate [Bissett80 ]
In Pathways: lactose and galactose degradation I
D-Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-tagatose-6-phosphate, a reaction in the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway of lactose and galactose degradation in Staphylococcus aureus [Bissett80].
D-Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase was partially purified and characterized [Bissett80]. Data on kinetics, pH optimum, enzyme stability, and inducibility are presented and discussed [Bissett80].
D-Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase can catalyze the phosphorylation of tagatose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. Although the VMAX was the same, the apparent KM for tagatose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate was significantly different,16 microM and 150 mM, respectively [Bissett80].
D-Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase can use the following phosphoryl donors (listed in decreasing rates at saturating concentrations): GTP, UTP, ITP, ATP, CTP, TTP. The rates and KM values are reported [Bissett80].
D-Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase was induced by growth of Staphylococcus aureus cells on lactose and D-galactose [Bissett80].
D-Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase belongs to the carbohydrate pfkB kinase family (Swiss-Prot).
Cofactors or Prosthetic Groups: Mg2+
Activators (Unknown Mechanism): Cs+ [Bissett80] , Rb+ [Bissett80] , ammonium [Bissett80] , K+ [Bissett80]
Inhibitors (Unknown Mechanism): Li+ [Bissett80] , Na+ [Bissett80]
Bissett80: Bissett DL, Anderson RL (1980). "Lactose and D-galactose metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. III. Purification and properties of D-tagatose-6-phosphate kinase." J Biol Chem 255(18);8745-9. PMID: 6251066
Rosey91: Rosey EL, Oskouian B, Stewart GC (1991). "Lactose metabolism by Staphylococcus aureus: characterization of lacABCD, the structural genes of the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway." J Bacteriol 173(19);5992-8. PMID: 1655695
©2015 SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493
SRI International is an independent, nonprofit corporation. Privacy policy Disclaimer


text:
LATALE GOING TO DIEPosted by aeyf on 07/24/10 17:01 - Updated on 08/09/10 13:05
ANNOUNCEMENT!!! Aeria LaTale going to die as u see, i bet we even dont have 1% of kLT population so we need MORE ppl to join aeria, play latale, AND JOIN THIS GROUP. Luckyly our population has increased due the patch, but the bugs seems killing the game (poor crucia she cant enter the hotspring to leeching around, well i dont mock u) :(
Edit: Actoz (kLT's publisher) is the only publisher who has a right to shut down LaTale Aeria server


text:
Kit Fox RV Park
- Info
- Photos
- Contact Us
Kit Fox RV Park
240 Rogers Road
Patterson, CA 95363
Patterson, CA 95363
(209) 892-2638
See map: Google Maps
Kit Fox RV Park is a clean new park with 50 amp service at all our sites. WIFI is available, and we are a pet friendly park* (no Pit Bulls, Doberman Pinchers, Rottweilers)
Directions: Interstate 5 to exit 434. Turn North (left) on Rogers Road, proceed 3 blocks down. We are on the right side of Rogers Road.
Credit Cards
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State Information
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- Submit Your Review
Recent Reviews
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text:
Recipe Summary
Ratings & Reviews
User rating:
Rated by 9 visitors
This recipe is...
Blueberry Bran Muffins
3/4 cup sugar
1 1/2 teaspoons baking soda
1/4 teaspoon salt
2 large eggs, at room temperature
1 1/2 cups buttermilk
1 1/2 cups bran
1 cup fresh blueberries
2. Sift the flour, sugar, baking soda and salt together. (This can be done the night before and kept covered on the counter.)
3. Whisk together the eggs, buttermilk and bran. Let stand for 10 minutes.
4. Make a well in the center of the dry ingredients and add the egg mixture all at once. Stir with a wooden spoon until the dry ingredients are just moistened.
5. Fold in the blueberries. (Be careful to keep the mixing to a minimum -- a light stirring which will leave some lumps is fine. The dough should not be mixed to the point of pouring, but should break in coarse globs.) Fill the tins two-thirds full, being careful not to drip the batter on the edge of the tins where it will burn and cause sticking.
6. Bake in the prepared muffin tins for about 25 minutes. The muffins are done when a knife inserted in the center of a muffin comes out dry.
Serving Size: 1 muffin
Number of Servings: 24
Per Serving
- Calories
- 95
- Carbohydrate
- 20 g
- Fat
- 1 g
- Fiber
- 2 g
- Protein
- 3 g
- Saturated Fat
- 0 g
- Sodium
- 125 mg


text:
WALLA WALLA - A cup of coffee and a garden reading area two new additions to the Walla Walla Public Library.
Last weeks, library officials installed a Kreuig single-serve coffee maker, which is a test to see if a full espresso bar might be merited for the future, library Director Beth Hudson said.
The entire setup cost less than $500 and was paid for by the Friends of the Library, a group that raises money for projects not covered by the regular library budget, Hudson said.
Adult patrons can buy a cup of coffee at the library desk for $1.50; the system was modeled after coffee setups in other libraries.
"We have allowed covered cups in the library for at least 10 years. We don't stop anymore as long as it is covered. Food is still not allowed," Hudson said.
Also new at the east end of the library, landscaping on a reading garden was finished late last month.
"They were popular back during the Depression, back when there were people unemployed and they didn't want to come in the library," Hudson said.
She added that the garden is often used after hours by people who just want a free wi-fi spot to surf the net with their laptop.
The plan is to put a library-material detector at the garden door, so patrons can check out books and take them out to the reading garden.
Hudson said the detector will cost roughly $8,000, and at this point would need to be paid for through donations.
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text:
Theoretically, the House could impeach and the Senate could convict Bybee for his behavior as an assistant attorney general.
He then said of those who kept kids waiting on the first day of classes, "This is the behavior of a bully in a schoolyard."
Our behavior and our moods are no different; they are also part of the central package.
Fourthly, and finally, as the pressure has mounted on Sarkozy, his behavior has become more erratic, not less.
Their behavior can be manipulated through prayer and sacrifice.
It is not my purpose to bristle up and strike back at these critics of American behavior.
I asked, astonished at Jim's behavior, and anxious for some clew by which to solve its mystery.
They considered this a portentious omen and his behavior foolish, and by no means calculated to reconcile their Deities to them.
To his way of thinking the behavior of the fiacre was quite unaccountable.
Jaime suddenly realized the odiousness of his behavior in coming to antagonize another in his own house in broad daylight.
behavior be·hav·ior (bĭ-hāv'yər)
The actions or reactions of persons or things in response to external or internal stimuli.
The manner in which one behaves.


text:
State of Addiction: Oklahoma ranked No. 1 state in prescription painkiller abuse
Deadly medicineState autopsy data shows the most prolific killers are the painkillers hydrocodone and oxycodone, often in combination with the anti-anxiety drug alprazolam. In 2010, hydrocodone was a factor in 153 overdose deaths in Oklahoma, followed by oxycodone at 144 deaths, according to the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Control. Both are opioid painkillers, chemical cousins of heroin and morphine. Pain meds containing hydrocodone are marketed under the brand names Lortab and Vicodin. Oxycodone is the main ingredient in Percocet and OxyContin. Alprazolam, marketed as Xanax, contributed to 139 overdose deaths. Other prescription painkillers accounted for significant numbers of deaths. Methadone, used to help wean addicts off other narcotics, as well as to treat chronic pain, contributed to 99 overdoses. Morphine contributed to 85 and fentanyl to 53. Nonprescription street drugs were noted in the deaths of 147 Oklahomans. Meth was present in 99 overdose victims and cocaine in 48. The number of fatal drug overdoses in Oklahoma more than doubled in the past 10 years, climbing to 739 in 2010, according to the state medical examiner's office. The number of drug overdose deaths was higher than the number of motor vehicle fatalities, which totaled 683.
Lethal cocktailsNationwide, sales of opioid pain relievers quadrupled between 1999 and 2010, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. More than half of all fatal overdoses involved a "cocktail" of several prescription drugs. Vorse said the combination of opioid painkillers with benzodiazepine tranquilizers such as Xanax and Valium is particularly deadly. Add alcohol to the mix, and it's even more lethal. "People need to know that if you mix benzos and opiates, you're going to die," Vorse said. "If that was general knowledge, we might save 100, 200 lives a year from that information alone." Darrell Weaver, director of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Control, said statistics suggest much of the medication shipped into the state is being diverted to abusers. "I'm of the opinion that no Oklahoman should be in pain," Weaver said. Oklahoma comes in ninth place for prescription drug sales... Oklahomans abuse prescription painkillers more than any... Number of Oklahomans who die from drug overdoses higher...
Continue reading this story on the...
Fatal Rx overdoses
A sampling of fatal prescription drug overdoses investigated by the state medical examiner's office illustrates the danger of combining opioid painkillers with other narcotics or alcohol. The case studies, culled from data compiled over a four-week period in 2010, include:
• A 53-year-old Broken Bow woman with a history of back pain and prescription drug abuse. A family member told the medical examiner she sometimes purchased drugs on the street when her Xanax prescription ran out. She tested positive for the painkiller hydrocodone, the muscle relaxer carisoprodol and the tranquilizer meprobamate.
Warren Vieth,


text:
Rick Pitino won't coach Puerto Rico
Updated: April 29, 2011, 10:38 AM ETESPN.com news services
Louisville coach Rick Pitino will not coach the Puerto Rico national team due to scheduling conflicts between the two responsibilities, the university announced Wednesday.
Last last year, Pitino announced he would coach Puerto Rico through this year's FIBA Tournament of the Americas, with the goal of qualifying the team for the 2012 London Games.
Pitino had hoped his Louisville team could visit Puerto Rico while he was coaching the national team; NCAA regulations allow college ...
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Class and sophistication with a trendy appeal. Each of these designer earrings features a round genuine blue topaz set in Sterling Silver, which is adorned with london blue and white topaz accents for a 5.30 Carat total weight. Secured with omega clasps, this pair will add serious glam to any outfit.
DAZZLING DEAL! Discount is Applied - Coupon Codes May Not Be Used
Have a Question? We Would Love to Help.
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text:
Opened 9 years ago
Closed 8 years ago
#2859 closed defect (bug) (worksforme)
Databasequeries of a static page using permalinks
|Reported by:
|Owned by:
|queries page
If I browse a static page by a permalink Wordpress the page and all before posted static pages were queryed.
If I browse the page by the ID (?page_id=) Wordpress only query the specified page and not the static pages who were posted before.
I've logged the queries: http://pastebin.com/727414
Change History (4)
comment:1 @markjaquith — 9 years ago
- Component changed from Administration to Optimization
- Owner changed from anonymous to markjaquith
- Status changed from new to assigned
- Version set to 2.0.3
If this is happening on every page load, that's because you've enabled WP's file system object cache, but something is wrong with the file permissions, so it can't write the data to the cache. It's normal for this to happen once, to populate the cache.
Still, this method of finding the correct subpage won't scale well, so it should probably change. Maybe we just need to write the fullpath info to the page, or store it in post meta. There has to be a better way that querying (whether from the cache or from the DB) every post and looping through them looking for the right one.
comment:2 @skydrak — 9 years ago
Have approved the permissions of the folder "cache" but it doesn't take effect of the queries. But now Wordpress has permissions to write into cache, it was a SAFEMOD Restriction problem.
comment:4 @pishmishy — 8 years ago
- Milestone 2.5 deleted
- Resolution set to worksforme
- Status changed from assigned to closed
Not entirely sure what this ticket is about but it's not seen much discussion so presuming it now works for the reporter and closing.


text:
US police officers fire 137 shots to kill 2 unarmed suspects
This has led many people to believe that the police shooting was racially motivated and part of a national trend in which a growing number of African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities have been targeted by mostly white American police forces.Meanwhile dozens of local residents staged a protest rally in Cleveland on Monday, outside the middle school where the police shooting occurred, demanding answers for the brutal killing. Some people in the group referred to the killings as a "lynching" and one protest sign compared the killing of the two African Americans to infamous American criminals "Bonnie and Clyde." Cleveland Mayor Frank Jackson, meanwhile, expressed his own concerns about all aspects of the incidents, from the length of the pursuit to the number of officers involved. MFB/IS


text:
This metod is about how to get Xbox Live 1, 3, and 12 month codes for absolutely free.
There is no limit to how many codes you can get per day. You can sell this and make a fortune,
or have these for personal use. You've got my guarantee, that you'll be able to get these codes. This involves no investments after your purchase, and you will be able to start getting codes this day or the next.
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- eBook
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