text:
Network configuration
When Docker starts, it creates a virtual interface named
docker0 on
the host machine. It randomly chooses an address and subnet from the
private range defined by RFC 1918
that are not in use on the host machine, and assigns it to
Docker made the choice
172.17.42.1/16 when I started it a few minutes
ago, for example — a 16-bit netmask providing 65,534 addresses for the
host machine and its containers. The MAC address is generated using the
IP address allocated to the container to avoid ARP collisions, using a
range from
02:42:ac:11:00:00 to
Note: This document discusses advanced networking configuration and options for Docker. In most cases you won't need this information. If you're looking to get started with a simpler explanation of Docker networking and an introduction to the concept of container linking see the Docker User Guide.
docker0 is no ordinary interface. It is a virtual Ethernet
bridge that automatically forwards packets between any other network
interfaces that are attached to it. This lets containers communicate
both with the host machine and with each other. Every time Docker
creates a container, it creates a pair of "peer" interfaces that are
like opposite ends of a pipe — a packet sent on one will be received on
the other. It gives one of the peers to the container to become its
eth0 interface and keeps the other peer, with a unique name like
vethAQI2QT, out in the namespace of the host machine. By binding
veth* interface to the
docker0 bridge, Docker creates a
virtual subnet shared between the host machine and every Docker
The remaining sections of this document explain all of the ways that you can use Docker options and — in advanced cases — raw Linux networking commands to tweak, supplement, or entirely replace Docker's default networking configuration.
Quick guide to the options
Here is a quick list of the networking-related Docker command-line options, in case it helps you find the section below that you are looking for.
Some networking command-line options can only be supplied to the Docker server when it starts up, and cannot be changed once it is running:
-b BRIDGEor
--bridge=BRIDGE— see Building your own bridge
--bip=CIDR— see Customizing docker0
--default-gateway=IP_ADDRESS— see How Docker networks a container
--default-gateway-v6=IP_ADDRESS— see IPv6
--fixed-cidr— see Customizing docker0
--fixed-cidr-v6— see IPv6
-H SOCKET...or
--host=SOCKET...— This might sound like it would affect container networking, but it actually faces in the other direction: it tells the Docker server over what channels it should be willing to receive commands like "run container" and "stop container."
--icc=true|false— see Communication between containers
--ip=IP_ADDRESS— see Binding container ports
--ipv6=true|false— see IPv6
--ip-forward=true|false— see Communication between containers and the wider world
--iptables=true|false— see Communication between containers
--mtu=BYTES— see Customizing docker0
--userland-proxy=true|false— see Binding container ports
There are two networking options that can be supplied either at startup
or when
docker run is invoked. When provided at startup, set the
default value that
docker run will later use if the options are not
--dns=IP_ADDRESS...— see Configuring DNS
--dns-search=DOMAIN...— see Configuring DNS
Finally, several networking options can only be provided when calling
docker run because they specify something specific to one container:
-h HOSTNAMEor
--hostname=HOSTNAME— see Configuring DNS and How Docker networks a container
--link=CONTAINER_NAME_or_ID:ALIAS— see Configuring DNS and Communication between containers
--net=bridge|none|container:NAME_or_ID|host— see How Docker networks a container
--mac-address=MACADDRESS...— see How Docker networks a container
-p SPECor
--publish=SPEC— see Binding container ports
--publish-all=true|false— see Binding container ports
To supply networking options to the Docker server at startup, use the
DOCKER_OPTS variable in the Docker upstart configuration file. For Ubuntu, edit the
variable in
/etc/default/docker or
/etc/sysconfig/docker for CentOS.
The following example illustrates how to configure Docker on Ubuntu to recognize a newly built bridge.
Edit the
/etc/default/docker file:
$ echo 'DOCKER_OPTS="-b=bridge0"' >> /etc/default/docker
Then restart the Docker server.
$ sudo service docker start
For additional information on bridges, see building your own bridge later on this page.
The following sections tackle all of the above topics in an order that we can move roughly from simplest to most complex.
Configuring DNS
How can Docker supply each container with a hostname and DNS
configuration, without having to build a custom image with the hostname
written inside? Its trick is to overlay three crucial
/etc files
inside the container with virtual files where it can write fresh
information. You can see this by running
mount inside a container:
$$ mount
/dev/disk/by-uuid/1fec...ebdf on /etc/hostname type ext4 ...
/dev/disk/by-uuid/1fec...ebdf on /etc/hosts type ext4 ...
/dev/disk/by-uuid/1fec...ebdf on /etc/resolv.conf type ext4 ...
This arrangement allows Docker to do clever things like keep
resolv.conf up to date across all containers when the host machine
receives new configuration over DHCP later. The exact details of how
Docker maintains these files inside the container can change from one
Docker version to the next, so you should leave the files themselves
alone and use the following Docker options instead.
Four different options affect container domain name services.
-h HOSTNAMEor
--hostname=HOSTNAME— sets the hostname by which the container knows itself. This is written into
/etc/hostname, into
/etc/hostsas the name of the container's host-facing IP address, and is the name that
/bin/bashinside the container will display inside its prompt. But the hostname is not easy to see from outside the container. It will not appear in
docker psnor in the
/etc/hostsfile of any other container.
--link=CONTAINER_NAME_or_ID:ALIAS— using this option as you
runa container gives the new container's
/etc/hostsan extra entry named
ALIASthat points to the IP address of the container identified by
CONTAINER_NAME_or_ID. This lets processes inside the new container connect to the hostname
ALIASwithout having to know its IP. The
--link=option is discussed in more detail below, in the section Communication between containers. Because Docker may assign a different IP address to the linked containers on restart, Docker updates the
ALIASentry in the
/etc/hostsfile of the recipient containers.
--dns=IP_ADDRESS...— sets the IP addresses added as
serverlines to the container's
/etc/resolv.conffile. Processes in the container, when confronted with a hostname not in
/etc/hosts, will connect to these IP addresses on port 53 looking for name resolution services.
--dns-search=DOMAIN...— sets the domain names that are searched when a bare unqualified hostname is used inside of the container, by writing
searchlines into the container's
/etc/resolv.conf. When a container process attempts to access
hostand the search domain
example.comis set, for instance, the DNS logic will not only look up
hostbut also
host.example.com. Use
--dns-search=.if you don't wish to set the search domain.
Regarding DNS settings, in the absence of either the
or the
--dns-search=DOMAIN... option, Docker makes each container's
/etc/resolv.conf look like the
/etc/resolv.conf of the host machine (where
docker daemon runs). When creating the container's
the daemon filters out all localhost IP address
nameserver entries from
the host's original file.
Filtering is necessary because all localhost addresses on the host are
unreachable from the container's network. After this filtering, if there
are no more
nameserver entries left in the container's
file, the daemon adds public Google DNS nameservers
(220.127.116.11 and 18.104.22.168) to the container's DNS configuration. If IPv6 is
enabled on the daemon, the public IPv6 Google DNS nameservers will also
be added (2001:4860:4860::8888 and 2001:4860:4860::8844).
Note: If you need access to a host's localhost resolver, you must modify your DNS service on the host to listen on a non-localhost address that is reachable from within the container.
You might wonder what happens when the host machine's
/etc/resolv.conf file changes. The
docker daemon has a file change
notifier active which will watch for changes to the host DNS configuration.
Note: The file change notifier relies on the Linux kernel's inotify feature. Because this feature is currently incompatible with the overlay filesystem driver, a Docker daemon using "overlay" will not be able to take advantage of the
/etc/resolv.confauto-update feature.
When the host file changes, all stopped containers which have a matching
resolv.conf to the host will be updated immediately to this newest host
configuration. Containers which are running when the host configuration
changes will need to stop and start to pick up the host changes due to lack
of a facility to ensure atomic writes of the
resolv.conf file while the
container is running. If the container's
resolv.conf has been edited since
it was started with the default configuration, no replacement will be
attempted as it would overwrite the changes performed by the container.
If the options (
--dns or
--dns-search) have been used to modify the
default host configuration, then the replacement with an updated host's
/etc/resolv.conf will not happen as well.
Note: For containers which were created prior to the implementation of the
/etc/resolv.confupdate feature in Docker 1.5.0: those containers will not receive updates when the host
resolv.conffile changes. Only containers created with Docker 1.5.0 and above will utilize this auto-update feature.
Communication between containers and the wider world
Whether a container can talk to the world is governed by two factors.
Is the host machine willing to forward IP packets? This is governed by the
ip_forwardsystem parameter. Packets can only pass between containers if this parameter is
1. Usually you will simply leave the Docker server at its default setting
--ip-forward=trueand Docker will go set
1for you when the server starts up. If you set
--ip-forward=falseand your system's kernel has it enabled, the
--ip-forward=falseoption has no effect. To check the setting on your kernel or to turn it on manually:
$ sysctl net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding = 0 $ sysctl net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding=1 $ sysctl net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding = 1
Many using Docker will want
ip_forwardto be on, to at least make communication possible between containers and the wider world.
May also be needed for inter-container communication if you are in a multiple bridge setup.
Do your
iptablesallow this particular connection? Docker will never make changes to your system
iptablesrules if you set
--iptables=falsewhen the daemon starts. Otherwise the Docker server will append forwarding rules to the
DOCKERfilter chain.
Docker will not delete or modify any pre-existing rules from the
filter chain. This allows the user to create in advance any rules required
to further restrict access to the containers.
Docker's forward rules permit all external source IPs by default. To allow
only a specific IP or network to access the containers, insert a negated
rule at the top of the
DOCKER filter chain. For example, to restrict
external access such that only source IP 184.108.40.206 can access the
containers, the following rule could be added:
$ iptables -I DOCKER -i ext_if ! -s 184.108.40.206 -j DROP
Communication between containers
Whether two containers can communicate is governed, at the operating system level, by two factors.
Does the network topology even connect the containers' network interfaces? By default Docker will attach all containers to a single
docker0bridge, providing a path for packets to travel between them. See the later sections of this document for other possible topologies.
Do your
iptablesallow this particular connection? Docker will never make changes to your system
iptablesrules if you set
--iptables=falsewhen the daemon starts. Otherwise the Docker server will add a default rule to the
FORWARDchain with a blanket
ACCEPTpolicy if you retain the default
--icc=true, or else will set the policy to
It is a strategic question whether to leave
--icc=true or change it to
--icc=false so that
iptables will protect other containers — and the main host — from
having arbitrary ports probed or accessed by a container that gets
If you choose the most secure setting of
--icc=false, then how can
containers communicate in those cases where you want them to provide
each other services?
The answer is the
--link=CONTAINER_NAME_or_ID:ALIAS option, which was
mentioned in the previous section because of its effect upon name
services. If the Docker daemon is running with both
--icc=false and
--iptables=true then, when it sees
docker run invoked with the
--link= option, the Docker server will insert a pair of
ACCEPT rules so that the new container can connect to the ports
exposed by the other container — the ports that it mentioned in the
EXPOSE lines of its
Dockerfile. Docker has more documentation on
this subject — see the linking Docker containers
page for further details.
Note: The value
--link=must either be an auto-assigned Docker name like
stupefied_pareor else the name you assigned with
--name=when you ran
docker run. It cannot be a hostname, which Docker will not recognize in the context of the
You can run the
iptables command on your Docker host to see whether
FORWARD chain has a default policy of
ACCEPT or
# When --icc=false, you should see a DROP rule:
$ sudo iptables -L -n
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
DOCKER all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
# When a --link= has been created under --icc=false,
# you should see port-specific ACCEPT rules overriding
# the subsequent DROP policy for all other packets:
$ sudo iptables -L -n
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
DOCKER all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
Chain DOCKER (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
ACCEPT tcp -- 172.17.0.2 172.17.0.3 tcp spt:80
ACCEPT tcp -- 172.17.0.3 172.17.0.2 tcp dpt:80
Note: Docker is careful that its host-wide
iptablesrules fully expose containers to each other's raw IP addresses, so connections from one container to another should always appear to be originating from the first container's own IP address.
Binding container ports to the host
By default Docker containers can make connections to the outside world,
but the outside world cannot connect to containers. Each outgoing
connection will appear to originate from one of the host machine's own
IP addresses thanks to an
iptables masquerading rule on the host
machine that the Docker server creates when it starts:
# You can see that the Docker server creates a
# masquerade rule that let containers connect
# to IP addresses in the outside world:
$ sudo iptables -t nat -L -n
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
MASQUERADE all -- 172.17.0.0/16 0.0.0.0/0
But if you want containers to accept incoming connections, you will need
to provide special options when invoking
docker run. These options
are covered in more detail in the Docker User Guide
page. There are two approaches.
First, you can supply
-P or
--publish-all=true|false to
docker run which
is a blanket operation that identifies every port with an
EXPOSE line in the
Dockerfile or
--expose <port> commandline flag and maps it to a
host port somewhere within an ephemeral port range. The
docker port command
then needs to be used to inspect created mapping. The ephemeral port range is
configured by
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range kernel parameter,
typically ranging from 32768 to 61000.
Mapping can be specified explicitly using
-p SPEC or
--publish=SPEC option.
It allows you to particularize which port on docker server - which can be any
port at all, not just one within the ephemeral port range — you want mapped
to which port in the container.
Either way, you should be able to peek at what Docker has accomplished in your network stack by examining your NAT tables.
# What your NAT rules might look like when Docker
# is finished setting up a -P forward:
$ iptables -t nat -L -n
Chain DOCKER (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
DNAT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:49153 to:172.17.0.2:80
# What your NAT rules might look like when Docker
# is finished setting up a -p 80:80 forward:
Chain DOCKER (2 references)
target prot opt source destination
DNAT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80 to:172.17.0.2:80
You can see that Docker has exposed these container ports on
the wildcard IP address that will match any possible incoming port on
the host machine. If you want to be more restrictive and only allow
container services to be contacted through a specific external interface
on the host machine, you have two choices. When you invoke
docker run
you can use either
-p IP:host_port:container_port or
-p IP::port to
specify the external interface for one particular binding.
Or if you always want Docker port forwards to bind to one specific IP
address, you can edit your system-wide Docker server settings and add the
--ip=IP_ADDRESS. Remember to restart your Docker server after
editing this setting.
Note: With hairpin NAT enabled (
--userland-proxy=false), containers port exposure is achieved purely through iptables rules, and no attempt to bind the exposed port is ever made. This means that nothing prevents shadowing a previously listening service outside of Docker through exposing the same port for a container. In such conflicting situation, Docker created iptables rules will take precedence and route to the container.
--userland-proxy parameter, true by default, provides a userland
implementation for inter-container and outside-to-container communication. When
disabled, Docker uses both an additional
MASQUERADE iptable rule and the
net.ipv4.route_localnet kernel parameter which allow the host machine to
connect to a local container exposed port through the commonly used loopback
address: this alternative is preferred for performance reason.
Again, this topic is covered without all of these low-level networking details in the Docker User Guide document if you would like to use that as your port redirection reference instead.
As we are running out of IPv4 addresses the IETF has standardized an IPv4 successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 , in RFC 2460. Both protocols, IPv4 and IPv6, reside on layer 3 of the OSI model.
IPv6 with Docker
By default, the Docker server configures the container network for IPv4 only.
You can enable IPv4/IPv6 dualstack support by running the Docker daemon with the
--ipv6 flag. Docker will set up the bridge
docker0 with the IPv6
link-local address
By default, containers that are created will only get a link-local IPv6 address.
To assign globally routable IPv6 addresses to your containers you have to
specify an IPv6 subnet to pick the addresses from. Set the IPv6 subnet via the
--fixed-cidr-v6 parameter when starting Docker daemon:
docker daemon --ipv6 --fixed-cidr-v6="2001:db8:1::/64"
The subnet for Docker containers should at least have a size of
/80. This way
an IPv6 address can end with the container's MAC address and you prevent NDP
neighbor cache invalidation issues in the Docker layer.
With the
--fixed-cidr-v6 parameter set Docker will add a new route to the
routing table. Further IPv6 routing will be enabled (you may prevent this by
starting Docker daemon with
$ ip -6 route add 2001:db8:1::/64 dev docker0
$ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.default.forwarding=1
$ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1
All traffic to the subnet
2001:db8:1::/64 will now be routed
via the
docker0 interface.
Be aware that IPv6 forwarding may interfere with your existing IPv6
configuration: If you are using Router Advertisements to get IPv6 settings for
your host's interfaces you should set
accept_ra to
2. Otherwise IPv6
enabled forwarding will result in rejecting Router Advertisements. E.g., if you
want to configure
eth0 via Router Advertisements you should set:
$ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.eth0.accept_ra=2
Every new container will get an IPv6 address from the defined subnet. Further
a default route will be added on
eth0 in the container via the address
specified by the daemon option
--default-gateway-v6 if present, otherwise
docker run -it ubuntu bash -c "ip -6 addr show dev eth0; ip -6 route show"
15: eth0: <BROADCAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500
inet6 2001:db8:1:0:0:242:ac11:3/64 scope global
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::42:acff:fe11:3/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2001:db8:1::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256
fe80::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256
default via fe80::1 dev eth0 metric 1024
In this example the Docker container is assigned a link-local address with the
network suffix
/64 (here:
fe80::42:acff:fe11:3/64) and a globally routable
IPv6 address (here:
2001:db8:1:0:0:242:ac11:3/64). The container will create
connections to addresses outside of the
2001:db8:1::/64 network via the
link-local gateway at
fe80::1 on
Often servers or virtual machines get a
/64 IPv6 subnet assigned (e.g.
2001:db8:23:42::/64). In this case you can split it up further and provide
Docker a
/80 subnet while using a separate
/80 subnet for other
applications on the host:
In this setup the subnet
2001:db8:23:42::/80 with a range from
2001:db8:23:42:0:ffff:ffff:ffff is attached to
eth0, with the host listening
2001:db8:23:42::1. The subnet
2001:db8:23:42:1::/80 with an address range from
2001:db8:23:42:1:0:0:0 to
2001:db8:23:42:1:ffff:ffff:ffff is attached to
docker0 and will be used by containers.
Using NDP proxying
If your Docker host is only part of an IPv6 subnet but has not got an IPv6
subnet assigned you can use NDP proxying to connect your containers via IPv6 to
the internet.
For example your host has the IPv6 address
2001:db8::c001, is part of the
2001:db8::/64 and your IaaS provider allows you to configure the IPv6
2001:db8::c000 to
$ ip -6 addr show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qlen 1000
inet6 2001:db8::c001/64 scope global
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::601:3fff:fea1:9c01/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Let's split up the configurable address range into two subnets
2001:db8::c000/125 and
2001:db8::c008/125. The first one can be used by the
host itself, the latter by Docker:
docker daemon --ipv6 --fixed-cidr-v6 2001:db8::c008/125
You notice the Docker subnet is within the subnet managed by your router that
is connected to
eth0. This means all devices (containers) with the addresses
from the Docker subnet are expected to be found within the router subnet.
Therefore the router thinks it can talk to these containers directly.
As soon as the router wants to send an IPv6 packet to the first container it
will transmit a neighbor solicitation request, asking, who has
2001:db8::c009? But it will get no answer because no one on this subnet has
this address. The container with this address is hidden behind the Docker host.
The Docker host has to listen to neighbor solicitation requests for the container
address and send a response that itself is the device that is responsible for
the address. This is done by a Kernel feature called
NDP Proxy. You can
enable it by executing
$ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.eth0.proxy_ndp=1
Now you can add the container's IPv6 address to the NDP proxy table:
$ ip -6 neigh add proxy 2001:db8::c009 dev eth0
This command tells the Kernel to answer to incoming neighbor solicitation requests
regarding the IPv6 address
2001:db8::c009 on the device
eth0. As a
consequence of this all traffic to this IPv6 address will go into the Docker
host and it will forward it according to its routing table via the
device to the container network:
$ ip -6 route show
2001:db8::c008/125 dev docker0 metric 1
2001:db8::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256
You have to execute the
ip -6 neigh add proxy ... command for every IPv6
address in your Docker subnet. Unfortunately there is no functionality for
adding a whole subnet by executing one command. An alternative approach would be to
use an NDP proxy daemon such as ndppd.
Docker IPv6 cluster
Switched network environment
Using routable IPv6 addresses allows you to realize communication between containers on different hosts. Let's have a look at a simple Docker IPv6 cluster example:
The Docker hosts are in the
2001:db8:0::/64 subnet. Host1 is configured
to provide addresses from the
2001:db8:1::/64 subnet to its containers. It
has three routes configured:
- Route all traffic to
- Route all traffic to
- Route all traffic to
2001:db8:2::/64via Host2 with IP
Host1 also acts as a router on OSI layer 3. When one of the network clients
tries to contact a target that is specified in Host1's routing table Host1 will
forward the traffic accordingly. It acts as a router for all networks it knows:
2001:db8:1::/64 and
On Host2 we have nearly the same configuration. Host2's containers will get
IPv6 addresses from
2001:db8:2::/64. Host2 has three routes configured:
- Route all traffic to
- Route all traffic to
- Route all traffic to
2001:db8:1::/64via Host1 with IP
The difference to Host1 is that the network
2001:db8:2::/64 is directly
attached to the host via its
docker0 interface whereas it reaches
2001:db8:1::/64 via Host1's IPv6 address
This way every container is able to contact every other container. The
Container1-* share the same subnet and contact each other directly.
The traffic between
Container1-* and
Container2-* will be routed via Host1
and Host2 because those containers do not share the same subnet.
In a switched environment every host has to know all routes to every subnet. You always have to update the hosts' routing tables once you add or remove a host to the cluster.
Every configuration in the diagram that is shown below the dashed line is
handled by Docker: The
docker0 bridge IP address configuration, the route to
the Docker subnet on the host, the container IP addresses and the routes on the
containers. The configuration above the line is up to the user and can be
adapted to the individual environment.
Routed network environment
In a routed network environment you replace the layer 2 switch with a layer 3 router. Now the hosts just have to know their default gateway (the router) and the route to their own containers (managed by Docker). The router holds all routing information about the Docker subnets. When you add or remove a host to this environment you just have to update the routing table in the router - not on every host.
In this scenario containers of the same host can communicate directly with each
other. The traffic between containers on different hosts will be routed via
their hosts and the router. For example packet from
Container1-1 to
Container2-1 will be routed through
Router and
Host2 until it
arrives at
To keep the IPv6 addresses short in this example a
/48 network is assigned to
every host. The hosts use a
/64 subnet of this for its own services and one
for Docker. When adding a third host you would add a route for the subnet
2001:db8:3::/48 in the router and configure Docker on Host3 with
Remember the subnet for Docker containers should at least have a size of
This way an IPv6 address can end with the container's MAC address and you
prevent NDP neighbor cache invalidation issues in the Docker layer. So if you
have a
/64 for your whole environment use
/78 subnets for the hosts and
/80 for the containers. This way you can use 4096 hosts with 16
/80 subnets
Every configuration in the diagram that is visualized below the dashed line is
handled by Docker: The
docker0 bridge IP address configuration, the route to
the Docker subnet on the host, the container IP addresses and the routes on the
containers. The configuration above the line is up to the user and can be
adapted to the individual environment.
Customizing docker0
By default, the Docker server creates and configures the host system's
docker0 interface as an Ethernet bridge inside the Linux kernel that
can pass packets back and forth between other physical or virtual
network interfaces so that they behave as a single Ethernet network.
Docker configures
docker0 with an IP address, netmask and IP
allocation range. The host machine can both receive and send packets to
containers connected to the bridge, and gives it an MTU — the maximum
transmission unit or largest packet length that the interface will
allow — of either 1,500 bytes or else a more specific value copied from
the Docker host's interface that supports its default route. These
options are configurable at server startup:
--bip=CIDR— supply a specific IP address and netmask for the
docker0bridge, using standard CIDR notation like
--fixed-cidr=CIDR— restrict the IP range from the
docker0subnet, using the standard CIDR notation like
22.214.171.124/28. This range must be and IPv4 range for fixed IPs (ex: 10.20.0.0/16) and must be a subset of the bridge IP range (
docker0or set using
--bridge). For example with
--fixed-cidr=192.168.1.0/25, IPs for your containers will be chosen from the first half of
--mtu=BYTES— override the maximum packet length on
Once you have one or more containers up and running, you can confirm
that Docker has properly connected them to the
docker0 bridge by
running the
brctl command on the host machine and looking at the
interfaces column of the output. Here is a host with two different
containers connected:
# Display bridge info
$ sudo brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
docker0 8000.3a1d7362b4ee no veth65f9
If the
brctl command is not installed on your Docker host, then on
Ubuntu you should be able to run
sudo apt-get install bridge-utils to
install it.
Finally, the
docker0 Ethernet bridge settings are used every time you
create a new container. Docker selects a free IP address from the range
available on the bridge each time you
docker run a new container, and
configures the container's
eth0 interface with that IP address and the
bridge's netmask. The Docker host's own IP address on the bridge is
used as the default gateway by which each container reaches the rest of
the Internet.
# The network, as seen from a container
$ docker run -i -t --rm base /bin/bash
$$ ip addr show eth0
24: eth0: <BROADCAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 32:6f:e0:35:57:91 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.17.0.3/16 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::306f:e0ff:fe35:5791/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
$$ ip route
default via 172.17.42.1 dev eth0
172.17.0.0/16 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 172.17.0.3
$$ exit
Remember that the Docker host will not be willing to forward container
packets out on to the Internet unless its
ip_forward system setting is
1 — see the section above on Communication between
containers for details.
Building your own bridge
If you want to take Docker out of the business of creating its own
Ethernet bridge entirely, you can set up your own bridge before starting
Docker and use
-b BRIDGE or
--bridge=BRIDGE to tell Docker to use
your bridge instead. If you already have Docker up and running with its
docker0 still configured, you will probably want to begin by
stopping the service and removing the interface:
# Stopping Docker and removing docker0
$ sudo service docker stop
$ sudo ip link set dev docker0 down
$ sudo brctl delbr docker0
$ sudo iptables -t nat -F POSTROUTING
Then, before starting the Docker service, create your own bridge and
give it whatever configuration you want. Here we will create a simple
enough bridge that we really could just have used the options in the
previous section to customize
docker0, but it will be enough to
illustrate the technique.
# Create our own bridge
$ sudo brctl addbr bridge0
$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.5.1/24 dev bridge0
$ sudo ip link set dev bridge0 up
# Confirming that our bridge is up and running
$ ip addr show bridge0
4: bridge0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state UP group default
link/ether 66:38:d0:0d:76:18 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.5.1/24 scope global bridge0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
# Tell Docker about it and restart (on Ubuntu)
$ echo 'DOCKER_OPTS="-b=bridge0"' >> /etc/default/docker
$ sudo service docker start
# Confirming new outgoing NAT masquerade is set up
$ sudo iptables -t nat -L -n
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
MASQUERADE all -- 192.168.5.0/24 0.0.0.0/0
The result should be that the Docker server starts successfully and is now prepared to bind containers to the new bridge. After pausing to verify the bridge's configuration, try creating a container — you will see that its IP address is in your new IP address range, which Docker will have auto-detected.
Just as we learned in the previous section, you can use the
brctl show
command to see Docker add and remove interfaces from the bridge as you
start and stop containers, and can run
ip addr and
ip route inside a
container to see that it has been given an address in the bridge's IP
address range and has been told to use the Docker host's IP address on
the bridge as its default gateway to the rest of the Internet.
How Docker networks a container
While Docker is under active development and continues to tweak and improve its network configuration logic, the shell commands in this section are rough equivalents to the steps that Docker takes when configuring networking for each new container.
Let's review a few basics.
To communicate using the Internet Protocol (IP), a machine needs access
to at least one network interface at which packets can be sent and
received, and a routing table that defines the range of IP addresses
reachable through that interface. Network interfaces do not have to be
physical devices. In fact, the
lo loopback interface available on
every Linux machine (and inside each Docker container) is entirely
virtual — the Linux kernel simply copies loopback packets directly from
the sender's memory into the receiver's memory.
Docker uses special virtual interfaces to let containers communicate with the host machine — pairs of virtual interfaces called "peers" that are linked inside of the host machine's kernel so that packets can travel between them. They are simple to create, as we will see in a moment.
The steps with which Docker configures a container are:
Create a pair of peer virtual interfaces.
Give one of them a unique name like
veth65f9, keep it inside of the main Docker host, and bind it to
docker0or whatever bridge Docker is supposed to be using.
Toss the other interface over the wall into the new container (which will already have been provided with an
lointerface) and rename it to the much prettier name
eth0since, inside of the container's separate and unique network interface namespace, there are no physical interfaces with which this name could collide.
Set the interface's MAC address according to the
--mac-addressparameter or generate a random one.
Give the container's
eth0a new IP address from within the bridge's range of network addresses. The default route is set to the IP address passed to the Docker daemon using the
--default-gatewayoption if specified, otherwise to the IP address that the Docker host owns on the bridge. The MAC address is generated from the IP address unless otherwise specified. This prevents ARP cache invalidation problems, when a new container comes up with an IP used in the past by another container with another MAC.
With these steps complete, the container now possesses an
(virtual) network card and will find itself able to communicate with
other containers and the rest of the Internet.
You can opt out of the above process for a particular container by
giving the
--net= option to
docker run, which takes four possible
--net=bridge— The default action, that connects the container to the Docker bridge as described above.
--net=host— Tells Docker to skip placing the container inside of a separate network stack. In essence, this choice tells Docker to not containerize the container's networking! While container processes will still be confined to their own filesystem and process list and resource limits, a quick
ip addrcommand will show you that, network-wise, they live "outside" in the main Docker host and have full access to its network interfaces. Note that this does not let the container reconfigure the host network stack — that would require
--privileged=true— but it does let container processes open low-numbered ports like any other root process. It also allows the container to access local network services like D-bus. This can lead to processes in the container being able to do unexpected things like restart your computer. You should use this option with caution.
--net=container:NAME_or_ID— Tells Docker to put this container's processes inside of the network stack that has already been created inside of another container. The new container's processes will be confined to their own filesystem and process list and resource limits, but will share the same IP address and port numbers as the first container, and processes on the two containers will be able to connect to each other over the loopback interface.
--net=none— Tells Docker to put the container inside of its own network stack but not to take any steps to configure its network, leaving you free to build any of the custom configurations explored in the last few sections of this document.
To get an idea of the steps that are necessary if you use
as described in that last bullet point, here are the commands that you
would run to reach roughly the same configuration as if you had let
Docker do all of the configuration:
# At one shell, start a container and
# leave its shell idle and running
$ docker run -i -t --rm --net=none base /bin/bash
# At another shell, learn the container process ID
# and create its namespace entry in /var/run/netns/
# for the "ip netns" command we will be using below
$ docker inspect -f '{{.State.Pid}}' 63f36fc01b5f
$ pid=2778
$ sudo mkdir -p /var/run/netns
$ sudo ln -s /proc/$pid/ns/net /var/run/netns/$pid
# Check the bridge's IP address and netmask
$ ip addr show docker0
21: docker0: ...
inet 172.17.42.1/16 scope global docker0
# Create a pair of "peer" interfaces A and B,
# bind the A end to the bridge, and bring it up
$ sudo ip link add A type veth peer name B
$ sudo brctl addif docker0 A
$ sudo ip link set A up
# Place B inside the container's network namespace,
# rename to eth0, and activate it with a free IP
$ sudo ip link set B netns $pid
$ sudo ip netns exec $pid ip link set dev B name eth0
$ sudo ip netns exec $pid ip link set eth0 address 12:34:56:78:9a:bc
$ sudo ip netns exec $pid ip link set eth0 up
$ sudo ip netns exec $pid ip addr add 172.17.42.99/16 dev eth0
$ sudo ip netns exec $pid ip route add default via 172.17.42.1
At this point your container should be able to perform networking operations as usual.
When you finally exit the shell and Docker cleans up the container, the
network namespace is destroyed along with our virtual
eth0 — whose
destruction in turn destroys interface
A out in the Docker host and
automatically un-registers it from the
docker0 bridge. So everything
gets cleaned up without our having to run any extra commands! Well,
almost everything:
# Clean up dangling symlinks in /var/run/netns
find -L /var/run/netns -type l -delete
Also note that while the script above used modern
ip command instead
of old deprecated wrappers like
ipconfig and
route, these older
commands would also have worked inside of our container. The
ip addr
command can be typed as
ip a if you are in a hurry.
Finally, note the importance of the
ip netns exec command, which let
us reach inside and configure a network namespace as root. The same
commands would not have worked if run inside of the container, because
part of safe containerization is that Docker strips container processes
of the right to configure their own networks. Using
ip netns exec is
what let us finish up the configuration without having to take the
dangerous step of running the container itself with
Tools and examples
Before diving into the following sections on custom network topologies, you might be interested in glancing at a few external tools or examples of the same kinds of configuration. Here are two:
Jérôme Petazzoni has created a
pipeworkshell script to help you connect together containers in arbitrarily complex scenarios: https://github.com/jpetazzo/pipework
Brandon Rhodes has created a whole network topology of Docker containers for the next edition of Foundations of Python Network Programming that includes routing, NAT'd firewalls, and servers that offer HTTP, SMTP, POP, IMAP, Telnet, SSH, and FTP: https://github.com/brandon-rhodes/fopnp/tree/m/playground
Both tools use networking commands very much like the ones you saw in the previous section, and will see in the following sections.
Building a point-to-point connection
By default, Docker attaches all containers to the virtual subnet
implemented by
docker0. You can create containers that are each
connected to some different virtual subnet by creating your own bridge
as shown in Building your own bridge, starting each
container with
docker run --net=none, and then attaching the
containers to your bridge with the shell commands shown in How Docker
networks a container.
But sometimes you want two particular containers to be able to communicate directly without the added complexity of both being bound to a host-wide Ethernet bridge.
The solution is simple: when you create your pair of peer interfaces, simply throw both of them into containers, and configure them as classic point-to-point links. The two containers will then be able to communicate directly (provided you manage to tell each container the other's IP address, of course). You might adjust the instructions of the previous section to go something like this:
# Start up two containers in two terminal windows
$ docker run -i -t --rm --net=none base /bin/bash
$ docker run -i -t --rm --net=none base /bin/bash
# Learn the container process IDs
# and create their namespace entries
$ docker inspect -f '{{.State.Pid}}' 1f1f4c1f931a
$ docker inspect -f '{{.State.Pid}}' 12e343489d2f
$ sudo mkdir -p /var/run/netns
$ sudo ln -s /proc/2989/ns/net /var/run/netns/2989
$ sudo ln -s /proc/3004/ns/net /var/run/netns/3004
# Create the "peer" interfaces and hand them out
$ sudo ip link add A type veth peer name B
$ sudo ip link set A netns 2989
$ sudo ip netns exec 2989 ip addr add 10.1.1.1/32 dev A
$ sudo ip netns exec 2989 ip link set A up
$ sudo ip netns exec 2989 ip route add 10.1.1.2/32 dev A
$ sudo ip link set B netns 3004
$ sudo ip netns exec 3004 ip addr add 10.1.1.2/32 dev B
$ sudo ip netns exec 3004 ip link set B up
$ sudo ip netns exec 3004 ip route add 10.1.1.1/32 dev B
The two containers should now be able to ping each other and make
connections successfully. Point-to-point links like this do not depend
on a subnet nor a netmask, but on the bare assertion made by
ip route
that some other single IP address is connected to a particular network
Note that point-to-point links can be safely combined with other kinds
of network connectivity — there is no need to start the containers with
--net=none if you want point-to-point links to be an addition to the
container's normal networking instead of a replacement.
A final permutation of this pattern is to create the point-to-point link
between the Docker host and one container, which would allow the host to
communicate with that one container on some single IP address and thus
communicate "out-of-band" of the bridge that connects the other, more
usual containers. But unless you have very specific networking needs
that drive you to such a solution, it is probably far preferable to use
--icc=false to lock down inter-container communication, as we explored
Editing networking config files
Starting with Docker v.1.2.0, you can now edit
/etc/resolve.conf in a running container. This is useful if you need
to install bind or other services that might override one of those files.
Note, however, that changes to these files will not be saved by
docker commit, nor will they be saved during
docker run.
That means they won't be saved in the image, nor will they persist when a
container is restarted; they will only "stick" in a running container.


text:
28 mar
M.A BEAT! live at Mudd Club
What a night with M.A BEAT!, Leopard DaVinci, The Mother Funker, Le Serveur and Groovehunter Phil, the boss of the Mudd Club closing the party himself! (He had to…).
M.A BEAT! attack combo!
Leopard DaVinci harassing his laptop – listen to his mix at Molodoï, Strasbourg
Leopard DaVinci & M.A BEAT!
Categories: Articles, Evénements, Nouveautés DJ sets, Le Serveur, Leopard DaVinci, live, M.A Beat!, Mudd Club, Strasbourg, The Mother Funker

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Exploring the Spirit of American Art
On November 11, 2011, the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, founded by Alice Walton, opened to the public. The museum focuses on American art and is home to works from the Colonial period to the present day. Through its continued collection of historic and contemporary works—such as War News from Mexico by Richard Canton Woodville and Rosie the Riveter by Norman Rockwell—Crystal Bridges seeks to chronicle the United States' dynamic cultural landscape.
Marquand Books produced the catalogue Celebrating the American Spirit: Masterworks from the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, now in its third printing. The 356-page book features detailed entries and full-color illustrations for more than 150 of the museum's most significant pieces. Contributors include such scholars and curators as William C. Agee, Stephanie Meyer Heydt, Linda Merrill, and John Wilmerding. Designed by Zach Hooker and edited by Christopher B. Crosman and Emily D. Shapiro, Celebrating the American Spirit is a beautiful, in-depth introduction to the collection and vision of the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.
Visit Crystal Bridges to learn more about the museum and its current exhibitions. To purchase a copy of Celebrating the American Spirit, visit the museum store or Amazon.com.
photography by Jeremy Linden
- Alonzo
Nice weblog here! Additionally your website so much up fast!
What web host are you the use of? Can I get your associate link in your host?
I wish my web site loaded up as quickly as yours lol
- Yasuhiro
政府公文 大致得三種做法 一係 subject ocfefir自撰 二係交屬下AO/EO 代筆 三係搵OLO (法定語文主任) 幫手 前兩者 多數都只係 識字 夠寫 report 酬酢文章或稍需文采嘅時候就只有隨心而行 想寫乜就寫乜 有時就算搵OLO 睇/改過 最後都係班end-users 話事 如果主事者行年未過五十 啲中文恐怕都只係有限公司 駢四驪六之類識睇已經算好 唔好講話識寫 啲subject ocfefirs/AO/EO 唔掂 搵OLO 會唔會好啲呢 以前呢班人叫CLO (中文主任) 中文咪應該叻好多囉 理論上係 但實際上唔少做到高級嘅老前輩 譯啲又臭又長嘅 technical+statutory texts 二三十年 一早已經 近墨者黑 年輕啲嘅 古文知識一樣係有限公司 - 重英興中係教育制度死症 你入到各間大學嘅翻譯系睇下啲人中文定英文叻啲 平日睇 Jane Austen 多定李杜高岑多 已經知呢個職系會點 (都未計非語文科目啲畢業生) Subject ocfefirs/AO/EO 唔掂 幫手頂嘅 OLO 都係五十步笑百步 政府啲中文公文唔死火就有鬼
- Hariom
I meant comparing the two ettniies: wikipedia versus fiction. In my opinion, wikipedia, and going even further in general, the internet, is far, far more educational than fiction.They are two very different things - fiction books and wikipedia / other internet articles. Very different.: What is literature? Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Shakespeare, Ernest Hemmingway… the list of important authors in the course of historyLiterature is books. Different books. Fiction books. The most important authors from the course of history… they are important for history, not for literature.Everyone has his own most important authors. The literature is art, not sciense.It is like music or anime or cinema, some songs or films are most important for you. And it is all completely individually.But literature differs from music or films in many ways.: What determines the work of Tolstoy to be literature and discriminates against Orson Scott Card (possibly my favorite science fiction author) ?I think that such division is stupid. Maybe Tolstoy wrote about something that is not important for you? Or not important for you now?I know many people that do not like Tolstoy and other classic books when they was young, but read it with pleasure after being 30 or 40 years old.It is normal.: nd if wikipedia doesn't fulfill your desire to learn the world behind "War and Peace", then you can go research further on the internet.Here is the point. You will be doing research about world behind the War an Peace. Not even about the novel. And of course not about ideas and meanings that Tolstoy want to told you.Fiction books are not about world or things or actions or scientific researches. They are about people. Fiction books told us about what people think and feel. About thoghts and emotions.People are very complex and various.And literature (fiction books) can teach us a lot about people.The War and Peace are not about war, not about peace. It is about people.And in very deed it is not about Natasha o Pier or other characters. It is about author, Tolstoy.In his book Tolstoy tries to tell you something about people. He tries to teach you something.May be you not need just this knowledge. But I think in all other hemospheres of knowledge is the same, your do not need all knowledge.All this things fit to other fiction books - it may be Orson Scott Card or may favorite Veronica Ivanova or Zelazny or any other books and authors.It is the basis of literature.


text:
Finally, a bike-sharing program is coming to San Francisco!
Today, open data and its power to transform a city and a nation by engaging tech savvy citizens will be on display at San Francisco City Hall. And just as importantly, companies that have been successful because of forward thinking open data policies will testify to our elected leaders about its importance.
MIT Technology Review Editor David Rotman's commentary on the difference between makers and manufacturers applies to what's happening with government these days around open data applications, open source software development and civic hackathons.
I've always been cool to the term "disruption," especially how it has recently been used to address changing the way government works.
The recent Open Government Pledge on Honolulu.Govfresh.com
Creating sustainable, meaningful civic contributions to government is something I've addressed before, and it's something that continues to elude us in the form of civic applications and hackathons, despite the overwhelming attention given to each.
Since 2008, there has been a wave of voting law changes that impose barriers to the ballot box. Georgia Rep. John Lewis, a veteran of "Bloody Sunday," called the new laws "the most concerted effort to restrict the right to vote since before the Voting Rights Act." The right to vote is being chiseled away […]
There's been a great deal of discussion lately around the topic of government innovation, especially here in San Francisco, with the appointment of a new chief innovation officer, a new "civic accelerator," a new venture with a consortium of Bay Area technology companies and a new technology and innovation task force led by SF Mayor Ed Lee.


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By Amy Morgeson
Guest columnist
The library parking lot will be getting a much-needed facelift with resurfacing scheduled for Friday Aug. 21 and Saturday Aug. 22. While the library building will be open for patron use on these days, parking will be limited to the Harrison Street (front side) of the building and/or use of extended parking at the Hourigan Building. Patrons will be able to gain access at the front of the building through the doors that face Harrison.
When it comes to policy, unemployment insurance may not generate as many headlines as education and public safety, but for working families dealing with the loss of a job, few programs are more important. President Roosevelt signed this safety net into law 80 years ago last week as part of the Social Security Act. Since then, it has weathered numerous ups-and-downs in the economy, but beyond the Great Depression itself, none tested the system quite like the crisis that hit the country in 2008.
By Connie Goff
Adult education centers offer a lifeline to adults who want to expand opportunities available to them. In every county across Kentucky, adult education centers offer a number of free services such as academic instruction, GED preparation, skills training and more. By reaching adults who are underemployed, unemployed or not currently in the labor market, the centers also are key partners in developing a strong workforce.
By Jerry Evans
Guest columnist
Copyright © 2015
The Lebanon Enterprise is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Marion County and Lebanon, KY, and the surrounding area.


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Sounds Like: Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Michael Jackson, Jason Mraz, James Morrison
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Little Collin is a classically trained singer - musician - composer - songwriter from Brussels (Belgium).
Under his casual and quite seductive manner, this "newcomer" on the music scene actually hides a musical journey that started off quite a while ago.
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Just posted - Our Nikon D3S in-depth review
Just posted! Our in-depth review of the Nikon D3S. The successor to the highly regarded D3 offers improved high ISO performance and a new HD video mode. Can these additions, plus a host of more minor refinements combine to keep the D3S competitive against newcomers such as Canon's EOS-1D Mark IV? Read our 34-page in-depth review to find out.
Note: this is the first review to use our new scoring / rating system. We'll be updating all last year's reviews to the new format over the next day or so, as well as adding a more comprehensive explanation of how the scoring works.
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Product Hunt Predicts the Tech Hits of 2016
The site's founder looks into the near future.By Kyle Chayka
The site's founder looks into the near future.By Kyle Chayka
The 2009 Federal Reserve transcripts show that Janet Yellen was right about many things — and that economists will laugh at anything.By Jaime Fuller
He's studying decision-making ... and magic.By Melissa Dahl
He changed comics, but will TV destroy him?By Abraham Riesman
From AC/DC to MAGIC!. (Exclamation point theirs.)By Lindsey Weber
Good-bye.By Lindsey Weber
He's a real doctor!By Abraham Riesman
In The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero.By Lindsey Weber
He (it?) performed at the Billboard Music Awards.By Lindsey Weber
Witch-y abortions and a frog pulled out of someone's mouth. It's weird.By Lindsey Weber
Magic!By Lindsey Weber
He makes Harrison Ford grin. Grin!By Lindsey Weber
Sure, but how pure is his meth?By Jesse David Fox
Great!By Amanda Dobbins
Invest in this magic food-wand.By Allison P Davis
Wiccan candles the spiritual equivalent of a $200 night cream?By Angela Serratore
Heidi Montag and Spencer Pratt invent a new type of thing you can do with your soul.By Maggie Lange
Every woman is about to get long legs.By Allison P Davis
He's the guest of honor at her magic-themed wedding after all.By Caroline Shin
If there's a trick the cinema has rarely pulled off, it's making a decent magic movie.By Nick Schager


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Cold, Hard Football Facts Archives
Nostrathomas Predicts: Week 5 of the 2015 NFL Season!
The seer of Sayers is ready to continue his success straight-up and re-establish his mastery against the spread.
New Orleans Saints Cornerbacks With Roots In Canada
A look at Brandon Browner and Delvin Breaux, the New Orleans Saints starting cornerbacks who played in the CFL before making it into the NFL.
Devonta Freeman, Falcons Top Week 4 Stat Storylines
Atlanta running back Devonta Freeman, the breakout star of the 2015 season, helped power the 4-0 Falcons to a 48-21 win over Houston and leads a list of top Week 4 statistical storylines with Peyton Manning, Andy Dalton, Matt Forte and more.
Top 10 Active Non-Fantasy Ageless Wonders
A look at the top 10 active non-skill/Fantasy NFL players who are at least 35 years old and still going strong.
Nostrathomas Predicts: Week 4 of the 2015 NFL Season!
Nostrathomas struggled through the early games in Week 3 but nailed the late contests to enjoy a third straight winning week of NFL predictions.
Nostrathomas Predicts: Week 4 of the 2015 NFL Season!
Nostrathomas struggled through the early games in Week 3 but nailed the late contests to enjoy a third straight winning week of NFL predictions.
NFL's Most Explosive Week 3 Performances
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TripAdvisor ratingRead reviews
Bond Place Hotel Toronto
This hotel is located in the heart of Toronto, steps from the Eaton Centre. Shopping and entertainment venues abound in the immediate vicinity, and the hotel is an ideal base for exploring the city's famous sights, such as the Art Gallery, the Royal Ontario Museum, and the Harbour Front. The nearest subway station is 2 minutes' walk from the Hotel. This well-located, 18-storey hotel comprises a total of 285 rooms. Guests are welcomed in the inviting lobby 24-hour a day. Within the Hotel there are conference rooms to accommodate up to 200 people, fitness centre and business centre. The tasteful, modern rooms are well - equipped as standard. At B espresso bar, cappuccino and espresso come in heated porcelain cups and are served on small trays with a glass of water. The menu also includes four types of salads as well as sandwiches.
Accommodation details
Address:65 DUNDAS STREET EAST
General facilities
- 24-hour front desk
- Safe deposit box
- Air conditioning
- Elevators
- Internet services
- Laundry/Valet service
- Room service
- Currency exchange
Other facilities
Guest rooms include the following facilities: Bathroom, Shower, Bathtub, Hairdryer, Direct dial telephone, TV, Radio, Internet access, Mini fridge, Tea and coffee making facilities, Ironing set, Double bed, Carpeted floors, Individually adjustable air conditioning, Individually adjustable heating, Safe, NO Smoking rooms, NO Disability-friendly bathroom and NO Wheelchair-accessible.
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Plan and book your holiday with British Airways, online or by phone. Enjoy all these great benefits:
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text:
Use of seasonal freshwater wetlands by fishes in a temperate river floodplain
Journal of Fish Biology
- By:
- Julie A. Henning, Robert E. Gresswell, and Ian A. Fleming
- The Publications Warehouse does not have links to digital versions of this publication at this time
- Download citation as: RIS
AbstractThis study examined the use of freshwater wetland restoration and enhancement projects (i.e. non-estuarine wetlands subject to seasonal drying) by fish populations. To quantify fish use of freshwater emergent wetlands and assess the effect of wetland enhancement (i.e. addition of water control structures), two enhanced and two unenhanced emergent wetlands were compared, as well as two oxbow habitats within the Chehalis River floodplain. Eighteen fish species were captured using fyke nets and emigrant traps from January to the beginning of June, with the most abundant being three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and Olympic mudminnow Novumbra hubbsi. Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch was the dominant salmonid at all sites. Enhanced wetlands, with their extended hydroperiods, had significantly higher abundances of yearling coho salmon than unenhanced wetlands. Both enhanced and unenhanced emergent wetlands yielded higher abundances of non-game native fishes than oxbow habitats. Oxbow habitats, however, were dominated by coho salmon. Fish survival in the wetland habitats was dependent on emigration to the river before dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased and wetlands became isolated and stranding occurred. This study suggests that wetland enhancement projects with an outlet to the river channel appear to provide fishes with important temporary habitats if they have the opportunity to leave the wetland as dissolved oxygen levels deteriorate.
Additional publication details
- Publication type:
- Article
- Publication Subtype:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Use of seasonal freshwater wetlands by fishes in a temperate river floodplain
- Series title:
- Journal of Fish Biology
- Volume:
- 71
- Issue:
- 2
- Year Published:
- 2007
- Language:
- English
- Contributing office(s):
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
- Description:
- p.476-492
- Larger Work Type:
- Article
- Larger Work Subtype:
- Journal Article
- Larger Work Title:
- Journal of Fish Biology
- First page:
- 476
- Last page:
- 492


text:
Water rates to rise by 8 percent next month
Residents of several unincorporated areas of Ventura County will see their water rates increase by 8 percent, effective in March.
The Board of Supervisors approved the increases today.
About 680 residential ratepayers in Lake Sherwood will see their average bills go up by $7, to $92 monthly. Residents in the Ventura County Waterworks District No. 17 will see their monthly bills rise by an average of $12, up to $162.
District No. 17 provides water to Bell Canyon, the former Rocketdyne property occupied by Boeing North American Inc., and Las Virgenes Municipal Water District customers who live in Santa Susana Knolls. Rates for those
709 residential customers are much higher than in Lake Sherwood because of the cost of pumping, as well as the large landscaped lots containing estate-sized homes, said R. Reddy Pakala, chief of the county Water and Sanitation Department.
Pakala recommended the increase, saying operating budgets could not absorb rising rates charged by water suppliers.
Subscribe to the Ventura County Star
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6182.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am


text:
In addition Crooked Brook offers women's lab coats in what they call combination sizes. For example, if a woman's body measurements were 39-31-41 according to their size chart she would be their size 14. However, if her measurements were 39-33-43, she could order a 14 top, 16 bottom women's lab coat.
By using combination sizes, maternity lab coats can be made in any of their women's lab coat styles.
Logos are one of the most visual expressions of a company's identity and one reason they are so important for creating a lasting impression of a business, product or service in the minds of everyone exposed to it. Logo embroidered lab coats convey an image of professionalism and have always been a great way to build brand recognition or to promote a product.
Although embroidery or embroidered patches are the most popular method of decoration for lab coats, sometimes neither is suitable for a logo or design because more often than not, the artwork was designed for print. With print, letters can be much smaller and colors can be incorporated more fluidly than with embroidery. Therefore, in some cases, printed logos are a better option and a lower cost alternative to embroidery.
About Crooked Brook
Crooked Brook is a unit of the atelier division of an art studio that offers full service apparel desi
|Source: PRWeb
Copyright©2012 Vocus, Inc.
All rights reserved


text:
Baby Name MeaningsSearch 30,000 Unique Baby Name Meanings
The name Carlton is a baby boy name.
Scottish Meaning:
The name Carlton is a Scottish baby name. In Scottish the meaning of the name Carlton is: From the land between the streams.
American Meaning:
The name Carlton is an American baby name. In American the meaning of the name Carlton is: From the land between the streams.
English Meaning:
The name Carlton is an English baby name. In English the meaning of the name Carlton is: Peasants' settlement. Derived from a surname and place name; based on Old English.Free men's town.
People with this name have a deep inner need for quiet, and a desire to understand and analyze the world they live in, and to learn the deeper truths.Expression Number: 11
People with this name tend to be idealistic, highly immaginative, intuitive, and spiritual. They seek after spiritual truth and often find it. They tend to be visionary and may inspire others. If they fail to develop their potential, they may become dreamers, or misuse power.
SheKnows Media ‐ Family
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"The LIVESTRONG Care Plan empowers cancer survivors to take an active role in their health care by providing customized information based on the cancer therapies they receive," said James M. Metz, MD., associate professor at Penn Medicine's Department of Radiation Oncology and Editor-in-Chief of OncoLink. "This unique tool allows them to open meaningful dialog with their healthcare team to assist them in their continued journey through cancer survivorship."
The LAF's interest in providing a state-of-the-art care plan through its Network reaches back to 2006 and the first meeting of the LIVESTRONG Survivorship Center of Excellence Network which identified the need for a care plan through which cancer survivors could document important milestones in their cancer experiences. The benefit of cancer survivorship care plans was embraced by an Institute of Medicine report, "From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition" in November, 2005.
Today's announcement of a partnership between LAF and Penn Medicine supports the mission of both entities to provide cancer survivors around the world an easy and accessible way for them to take charge and optimize the quality of their lives.
|Contact: Marc Kaplan
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine


text:
Defending Freedom, Families, and Communities since 1775 !
Views: 64
Oath Keepers is pleased to introduce the latest work by Dr. Edwin Vieira, Jr., the essay entitled "DARE CALL IT TREASON". With a central focus on the current regime's gun-grabbing rhetoric, Dr. Vieira takes the nation back to school with twenty-six pages of clarity such as this -
In America in particular, WE THE PEOPLE are antecedent to and the source of each and every government, and always remain superior to all of them. As the Declaration of Independence explains, under "the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God" "all men are created equal" and "endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights", and "to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed". So "Governments" are not somehow self-generated and autonomous, but rather are the creations of "the governed", which may exercise only such "just powers" as "the governed" deign to concede to them. Moreover, "Governments" can assert no claim to permanency, either in whole or in part. Rather, they are utterly dependent upon "the consent of the governed" for their continued existences and authority. For, "whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of the[ ] ends [for which it was instituted], it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness". Self-evidently, if "the People"-by "Right"-may "alter or * * * abolish" "any Form of Government" when they find its actions fundamentally "destructive", and may "institute new Government" as they see fit, and the rogue officialdom within the original "Form of Government" is entitled to no say whatsoever in this process, then the authority of "the People" cannot possibly derive from the "Form of Government" then extant, let alone from the as-yet-nonexistent "Form of Government" to be erected in its place, but instead must inhere in "the People" themselves, as a consequence of "the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God". That is, under the aegis of those "Laws" "the People" alone are the sovereigns, the "Form of Government" their creation, and public officials within that "Form of Government" subjects who necessarily owe allegiance to "the People".
This essay is one to collect, to study and share and memorize. Dr. Vieira has asked Oath Keepers to mount the original pdf online for our readers. Please go to our site and click the link to open the original pdf now -
Another quote: "If enacted, however,the vast majority, if not all, of the proposed restrictions on the private possession of firearms—and especially the private possession of semi-automatic rifles—would undoubtedly endanger the "public safety" of every common American, including many, if not most, of those who stridently tout "gun control". This is because "gun control", rightly understood, constitutes nothing less than "Treason", in the strict constitutional sense of "levying war against the[United States]"."


text:
Marijuana Blog
Rose tip Joint
Category: Fun | Posted on Mon, April, 22nd 2013 by THCFinder
Marijuana Legalization Bill Filed In Puerto Rico
Category: Legalization | Posted on Mon, April, 22nd 2013 by THCFinder
Puerto Rico Senator Miguel Pereira has filed legislation which would explicitly legalize cannabis for adults 21 and older. Senator Pereira is a former police chief, as well as a former federal prosecutor. Currently in Puerto Rico, those possessing even small amounts of marijuana can face up to 3 years in prison, in addition to a $5,000 fine.
Governor Alejandro Garcia Padilla, during a press conference last week, stated that he was entirely open to a debate on the issue, stating, "I don't have a problem with an open debate about the possibilities, benefits or drawbacks of such a measure". This is important, because if the measure passes the Senate, and then House, it would go to the governor for final approval.
Read more: http://www.theweedblog.com
Chocolate Chip Cookie Weed photos
Category: Nugs | Posted on Mon, April, 22nd 2013 by THCFinder
Marijuana Pill May Be Better for Pain
Category: Medical Marijuana | Posted on Mon, April, 22nd 2013 by THCFinder
A pill form of marijuana may work just as well to relieve pain as the smoked form, but with fewer side effects, new research suggests.
In the study, people who either smoked marijuana or took the drug dronabinol — a pill that contains the active ingredient of marijuana — were able to hold their hands in a bath of ice water (showing that they could tolerate the pain of the cold temperature) for longer than participants who took a placebo.
What's more, the pain-reducing effect of dronabinol lasted longer than that of smoking marijuana, the researchers said. While smoking the drug decreased pain sensitivity for about 2.5, the pill continued to have pain-reducing effects for about 4.5 hours. However, analgesic effects of the pill took about an hour to kick in, compared with about 15 minutes for smoking marijuana.
Medical marijuana is legal in 18 states, and studies have suggested that smoking the drug relieves pain. For instance, a 2010 study found that smoking marijuana eased pain from nerve injuries.
However, more research is needed to confirm the results. Because the study involved healthy people, it's not clear if individuals who suffer from a condition such as chronic pain would experience the same effect from the pill. (But Cooper noted that, in the past, drugs that worked in early studies to reduce the pain of an ice bath ended were indeed later shown to relieve chronic pain.)
Read more: http://news.yahoo.com
Category: Nugs | Posted on Mon, April, 22nd 2013 by THCFinder
Denver Police ID one man wanted in Denver's 420 marijuana rally
Category: News | Posted on Mon, April, 22nd 2013 by THCFinder
DENVER - Denver Police now believe they know the name of one of the men wanted in connection with the shooting at Denver's marijuana rally on Saturday. However, officers are not releasing the man's name and say he has not been arrested yet.
Police said the man they have identified is the possible accomplice described as the second suspect. "He is the black male with a brown and white checkered shirt," police said.
Police said suspect Number 1 is described as a black male with a light complexion, 6 foot tall, 180 lbs., wearing a gray hoodie, black pants and a Carolina blue baseball cap. Photography student Alexander Pringle told 7NEWS he saw the shooter open fire and managed to snap a photo of the shooter running away. (See that photo above, click on the number 2.)
Read more: http://www.thedenverchannel.com
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PRX - Pieces for Tone: Fresh Air-ish
Can't find it? Try Advanced Search
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Moneymatters566- Economics and investing- (for Wednesday 9/10/2014) -"Scotlands amazing tidal array of energy producers"From: Marc Cuniberti
Series: Money Matters Economic Commentary- The Economy, the markets and our fiscal policy.
Scotland installs a world class turbine array to harness tidal power, the largest in the world! Great piece on great news on green energy and gives...
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text:
Sunday, September 23, 2007
© Copyright 2015 Gwinnett Daily Post
DeGarmo may make a stir at Chow BabyLocal celebrity and former "American Idol" darling Diana DeGarmo will use her star power for the greater good this week. The Snellville native will join the chefs of The Real Chow Baby stir-fry assembly restaurant to host a fundraiser for the Atlanta Community Food Bank from 7 to 9 p.m. Thursday. Wearing her custom-made white chef's jacket, DeGarmo will cook up stir-fry dishes and meet with fans as part of the restaurant's Guest Griller Night series. Twenty percent of the night's sales will be donated to the community food bank. The Real Chow Baby is located at 1016 Howell Mill Road, Atlanta. Call 404-815-4900 or visit www.therealchowbaby.com. Hotel unveils renovations, new menus As part of a $138-million renovation effort, the Marriott-Atlanta Marquis is ready to unveil its latest additions. The hotel, which already boasts the largest atrium in the world, has introduced four new restaurant and lounge areas. Sear will serve as the hotel's fine-dining option, with offerings of steak, seafood and 140 wine varieties. Though it's tagged as intimate, the venue can seat 350 diners. Pulse is the hotel's new lounge and central entertainment hub, with an eight-hour social hour and cuisine offerings such as shrimp shooters and salmon crisps. Sports fans will find refuge in High Velocity, as the restaurant offers nearly two dozen 42-inches plasma TVs and 24 types of beer. Free to hotel guests but open to the public, Pool Bar is just that: a temperature-controlled, indoor/outdoor swimming area with a bar. The Marriott-Atlanta Marquis is located at 265 Peachtree Center Ave., Atlanta. Call 404-521-0000 or visit www.rediscovermarquis.com. Football fans get their fill at Piebar What's better than football, pizza and beer? The only conceivable answer would be football, pizza and free beer. And Piebar is offering just that. Every Saturday during college football season, fans dressed in their teams' colors will receive a free Numbers Ale each time their team scores a touchdown. For fans of the winning team, Piebar will offer a free pitcher of ale to celebrate the victory. How's that for team spirit? Piebar is located at 2160 Monroe Drive, Atlanta. Call 404-815-1605 or visit www.piebar.com. Taurus puts spin on happy hour Taurus is putting a new spin on happy hour, serving it a few hours early. Yes, it's still 60-plus minutes of happy time, but instead of alcohol, the restaurant will serve a three-course menu during the 3 Martini Lunch. For $15, diners can choose from soup, salad and entree, or a soup or salad with entree and dessert, and each dish will be served in a martini glass. Taurus is located at 1745 Peachtree St., Atlanta. Call 404-214-0641 or visit www.taurusrestaurant.com. - Compiled by staff writer Anna Ferguson
More like this story
- Making a stir
New trend in restaurants is make-your-own stir fry ( October 14, 2007 )
- Gwinnett County Restaurant Guide ( January 29, 2008 )
- French American Brasserie ( July 6, 2007 )
- Gwinnett Tastes ( January 11, 2008 )
- Gwinnett Place Marriott to have new management ( April 30, 2013 )


text:
1 Contact Hour
Based on interpersonal communication research and conflict resolution theory, the course offers the foundations of effective communication techniques for staff who work in the long-term care environment. Designed to promote quality care for the clients we serve, it provides practical guidelines for working with clients' representatives (i.e., families, ombudsmen, guardians, conservators, legal representatives, and representative payees); leading conferences; sharing information; and facilitating medical decision-making.
Target Audience: This interactive entry level course is designed for all professional levels of staff who work in a Long Term Care setting, as well as professional guardians, case managers, attorneys, and other responsible parties involved in meeting the needs of individuals in long term care settings.
NCG Core Competency topic & sub-topic areas covered in this course:
Availability: 120 days from registration, unless other agreement applies
Participants will acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes which facilitate interpersonal communication and resolve conflicts with individuals and groups in the long term care environment.
Upon completion of this course, the Learner will be able to:
Dynamic Group is an approved provider of continuing education courses by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). This program is offered for 0.1 CEU, Introductory Level, Domain of OT: Areas of Occupation, Performance Skills, Contexts. The assignment of AOTA CEU does not imply endorsement of specific course content, products, or clinical procedures by AOTA.
This course is AOTA approved for .1 CEU
NBCOT 1.25 PDU (course includes assessment component)
State of Illinois Physical Therapy Continuing Education Sponsor License No: 216.000127
Dynamic Learning Online is approved by New York State Education Department, Office of the Professions as a sponsor of Continuing Education for Physical Therapists & Physical Therapy Assistants
Dynamic Learning Online is a Texas Board of Physical Therapy Examiners (TPTA) Accredited Provider. The assignment of Texas PT CCUs does not imply endorsement of specific course content, products, or clinical procedures by TPTA or TBPTE.
This course is also approved by the:
This information is for the purpose of the recertificants reporting this required information to CGC and not intended to imply this course is currently approved by CGC.
Author and Instructor
Orit Simhoni, PhD, OTR/L, GCG, NCG
A native New Yorker, Dr. Simhoni earned her BS in Occupational Therapy (OT) from New York University in 1974. After living and working in Israel, she moved to Florida. While working in the field of rehabilitation, she received her MS in Adult Education and Certificate in Gerontology from Florida International University.
While working as an OT assistant professor and fieldwork coordinator at Nova Southeastern University (NSU) in the (1995-2002), and research assistant to the Assistant to the President (2002-2003), Dr. Simhoni completed her studies in the NSU Conflict Analysis and Resolution doctoral program. After completing her dissertation, "The Welfare of Elderly Florida Wards in 'Nightmare Cases': A Qualitative Inquiry," she relocated to teach at Shenandoah University in Winchester, Virginia (2004-2006) and Howard University in Washington, D.C.
Currently in Silver Spring, Maryland, Dr. Simhoni is the Educational Specialist, Guardianship Division, for Dynamic Learning Online, Inc. and a consultant for Living Solutions, Inc. She provides direct occupational therapy services to adult and geriatric patients in multiple settings, and is teaching part-time in the Towson University Occupational Therapy Program. In September 2008, Dr. Simhoni was appointed to serve as a non-lawyer Guardian on the Washington, D.C. Probate Fiduciary Panel and continues to research guardianship practice issues.
Over the years, Dr. Simhoni has been recognized for her professional contributions in the field of occupational therapy and has published and presented her work in occupational therapy, fieldwork, and guardianship issues. She also holds two U.S. patents.
Teaching Methods
This course contains content delivered in a text format with illustrations and pictures, assessments and activities, references and resources. A Final Exam is required with multiple attempts allowed to obtain a minimum passing grade of 80%. Learner must also participate a minimum of 80% of the CE awarded hours in the course material to be eligible to print the certificate of completion.
As a self-directed learner, you are encouraged to practice, seek out and read additional references regarding the subject matter to enhance the contents provided within this course.


text: Pelicans tuck their wings and free fall straight down when diving for fish. Suppose a pelican starts its dive from a height of 25m and cannot change its path once committed. If it takes a fish 0.15s to perform evasive action, at what minimum height must it spot the pelican to escape? Assume the fish is at the surface of the water.


text:
oversized mini collar dress
by STEVEN ALAN
Women's Size Chart
Product Details
Sand washed silk shirtdress featuring a fresh evergreen and white horizontal stripe. Slightly oversized silhouette with elbow length sleeves, short button down collar, full button down front and longer curved hem at back.
• gathered detail at shoulders & back yoke
• single chest pocket
• button cuffs
• 100% silk
• imported
• model wears size 4
• model's height: 5'10", bust: 32", waist: 24", hip: 34"
In this look: Dieppa Restrepo Cali Oxford


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Furiex Pharmaceuticals Inc (FURX)
Q3 2012 Earnings Call
November 2, 2012 9:00 am ET
June Almenoff – President and Chief Medical Officer
Marshall Woodworth – Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Assistant Secretary
Fredric N. Eshelman – Chairman of the Board
Sailash Patel – Vice President, Strategic Development
Matthew Kaplan – Ladenburg Thalmann & Co.
Brian Lian – Suntrust Robinson Humphrey
» Compugen's CEO Discusses Q3 2012 Results - Earnings Call Transcript
» Humana Management Discusses Q3 2012 Results - Earnings Call Transcript
I would now like to introduce your host, Mr. Sailash Patel, Vice President of Strategic Development. Please go ahead.
Sailash Patel
Good morning. Welcome to the Furiex Pharmaceuticals third quarter 2012 earnings conference call. Before we begin, I would like to remind everyone that our comments today contain forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements including any statements concerning research and development, clinical development plans and timelines, regulatory approval timelines, revenue and financing expectations, and post financing of new or existing projects, proposed licensing or collaborative opportunities or agreements, any statement of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing.
Actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in the forward-looking statements. Our future financial conditions and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, including the risk factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and other SEC filings, copies of which are available from our investor desk and on our website www.furiex.com.
I will now turn the call over to our President and Chief Medical Officer, Dr. June Almenoff.
June Almenoff
Thank you, Sailash. Good morning everyone. Great to our business updates. Starting with MuDelta, as you know, this is a novel or locally active new agonist delta antagonist in development for treatment of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome, IBS-D. We believe that the dual activity on both Mu and Delta receptors enables the management of both the diarrheal as well as the pain symptoms in this condition without the constipating effect and tolerance that can occur with unapproved mu receptor agonist activity.
Janssen scientists recently published a paper in the British Journal of pharmacology summarizing the preclinical biology studies conducted with MuDelta and comparing its effect to those of loperamide. These two drugs behave differently in these preclinical studies supporting our clinical hypothesis that MuDelta will treat the diarrhea associated with IBS-D without the constipation associated with a pure new agonist such as loperamide. Reference to this publication is posted on our website furiex.com.
In June 2012, we commenced dosing patients with two parallel phase III pivotal trials. These trials are focused on the U.S. endpoints around dual consistently and pain over 12 weeks, but they also capture data on European endpoints obtaining global symptoms at 26 weeks which at positive quick support in EU submission. We reached our target of about 600 active sites in North America and further we expect to have about 50 studying sites in the UK which should all be active by years end.
Our target enrollment is 2,250 IBS-D patients and we recruited slightly more than 30% of the patients needed to complete these pivotal trials. One study will run for 52 weeks and the other for 3 weeks. We will collect efficacy data in both studies for 26 weeks to 30 weeks and safety data for the full duration of the trial. With the caveats that recruitment rates can fluctuate and that were still early in the recruitment process, our best estimate is that we will be able to report top line results of our 30 week phase III study in early 2014. We continue to evaluate those partnering and funding options to support the phase III development of MuDelta and we will share additional information if and when appropriate.
Next, a brief update on JNJ-Q2. This is a novel fifth generation quinolone with broad antimicrobial coverage including MRSA. We believe the product is ready for Q3 in both the acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and pneumonia indications. In 2012, there were a total of 10 papers of abstract published on this molecule out there primarily scientific collaborates describing as microbiology, its preclinical and clinical from profiles.
We are continuing to look to partner or out license this product with the help of an investment bank. We continue to find the environment for antibiotic partnering challenging. There is minimal spend on maintaining its asset and at this time, we don't plan to progress development without a partner.
Moving now to our marketed portfolio, we'll start with alogliptin, which is partnered with Takeda. Alogliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor that's indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nearly 10,000 patients have been treated with alogliptin in clinical trials. Since mid 2010, alogliptin has been marketed in Japan under the trade name Nesina. This past quarter, royalties to Furiex associated with sales in Japan increased over 63% compared to the prior quarter.
On the regulatory front, we understand that Takeda continues to make progress with regulatory submissions for alogliptin in the U.S., Europe and rest of the world. We anticipate an FDA decision on the U.S. NDA by the end of January 2013 and for the European MAA in the later half of 2013.
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We have 125 answers and 253 related crossword clues for Was a ham.
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