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Digimag Journal - Issue 73 / Autumn 2012
Digimag Journal is a new interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online publication, seeking high-standard articles and reviews at the intersection between digital art and contemporary art production, the impact of the last technological and scientific developments on modern society, economy, design, communication and third millennium creativity.
ISSN: 2037-2256 n째 73 | year VII Autumn 2012 Euro 10,00 73 PLACES AND SPACES Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 1 DIGIMAG JOURNAL Issue 73 November 2012 Editor-in-Chief: Marco Mancuso Advisory Board: Lucrezia Cippitelli, Claudia D'Alonzo, Marco Mancuso, Bertram Niessen, Roberta Buiani Editing: Roberta Buiani, Berna Ekim, Marco Mancuso Cover: Jonathan Harris - The Whale Hunt (http://thewhalehunt.org/) Contributing Authors: Alessandro Barchiesi, Martin Conrads, Laura Plana Gracia, Miriam La Rosa, Nina Leo, Donata Marletta, Janet Marles, Melinda Sipos, Selena Savicic, Judson Wright Publisher: Digicult - Digital Art, Design & Culture Largo Murani 4, 20122 Milano http://www.digicult.it Editorial Press registered at Milan Court, number N°240 of 10/04/06. ISSN Code: 2037-2256 Licenses: Creative Commons, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs Creative Commons 2.5 Italy (CC BY-NC-ND 2.5) Printed and distributed by Lulu.com: ISBN: 978-1-291-19610-8 Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 2 CONTENT 46 . IMMATERIAL PUBLIC SPACE The emperor's new architecture Digimag Journal 73 November 2012 By Selena Savicic 57 . LOOKING FORWARD From augmented reality to augmented museums By Miriam La Rosa 65 . EXCELLENT LOCATION 6. SEARCHING NEW SPACES In Berlin Mitte, property near the Forein Office". Real-estate Prose as a Locational Disadvantage For unstable media By Donata Marletta 12 . CONSTRUCTING NON-SELF By Martin Conrads By Judson Wright An investigation into the art and space 22 . THE POLITICS OF SMELL By Laura Plana Gracia Language, Trance and Space How scent technologies are affecting the way we experience space, sense of place and one another By Nina Leo 72 . SPATIAL AESTHETICS 79 . DATABASE NARRATIVES Possibility Spaces: Shape-shifting and interactivity in digital documentary By Janet Marles 32 . TRANSNATIONAL, COLLABORATIVE ARTISTS IN RESIDENCY PROGRAMMES A practice-led evaluation with suggestions and recommendations 95 . SINLAB A new Renaissance By Alessandro Barchiesi By Annet Dekker, Gisela Domschke, Angela Plohman, Clare Reddington, Melinda Sipos, Victoria Tillotson, Annette Wolfsberger Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 3 WHAT IS DIGIMAG Driven by the above experience and stemming from the monthly magazine Digimag, 72 issues in 7 years Digimag Journal is a new interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online publication, seeking highstandard articles and reviews at the intersection between digital art and contemporary art production, the impact of the last technological and scientific developments on modern society, economy, design, communication and third millennium creativity. -------------------Digimag has been changing, year after year, issue after issue it has morphed into a hybrid instrument able to reflect the complexity of contemporary artistic and cultural production. The magazine has quickly become a cultural instrument, a tool for academics, reseachers, students, artists, designers, geeks and practioners who constantly break the disciplinary boundaries of different media technologies. This is the reason why we decided to transform Digimag into a scholarly Journal based on articles spanning a wide range of contemporary digital and scientific fields.create private and social experiences through interactions between humans and their artworks -------------------Digimag Journal wishes to be an innovative form of cultural product that moves beyond classical cultural definitions, thus avoiding strict productive and creative labels. This means that it seeks to overcome traditional cultural production models based on institutional economic support or private funding, going beyond the limits that other independent productions have been sometimes affected by, becoming, in this way, a professional reality of international importance. --------------------Digicult was born to give voice and visibility to a new generation of interdisciplinary authors, expand their circuits into an international context, and simultaneously break the existing inflexible publishing rules of the press, by exploiting potentialities of the Web, and its free networks in order to grow, to survive and to spread. The new Digimag journal is our voice. We hope you will appreciate our work as you alwys did in the last years. Have a good read Marco Mancuso , Lucrezia Cippitelli, Claudia D'Alonzo, Bertram Niessen, Roberta Buiani Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 4 "PLACES AND SPACES" The birth, growth and development of spaces open to the creative and experimental use of Media and Digital technologies have affected the production and dissemination of contents, have enriched the art system and its boundaries, have provided new methodologies of production, modes of art display and creative practices (and the daily work of individuals engaged in the field). These groundbreaking pr actices span visual art and design, science and technology innovation, social studies and polit àics, ecology and economy, music and architecture. The context where they take place is hybrid: hacklabs and bureau of research; mailing lists; virtual and physical exhibition spaces; media centers and museums. This call for contributions wishes to assess these emergent places of innovations and this rich proliferation of research, critical thinking and radical praxis based on horizontal cooperation. --------------------The call considered, but was not limited to, the following questions: - How have the reciprocal relationship between spaces, research and creative/artistic processes been transformed? Is it possible to map the historical contexts that gave rise to spaces involved in creative practices based on Media? - How to describe, from a critical perspective, the tension between public and private, institutional and independent space? - What kind of economies have emerged from these spaces working with new media creative practices? What are the links (if any) between these spaces and contemporary art, culture markets and immaterial culture and the city? The institutionalization of independent spaces and their long term development has been in most cases supported by public fundings. Given the recent cuts, what new strategies of survival are available? - How has Media culture affected mainstream culture and its spaces? And in turn, how have spaces been affected by issues of production and dissemination of art and knowledge? Are there new objectives and strategies to be followed by spaces and institutions involved in these fields? - What spaces could (and can today) be considered most relevant to the development of production, exhibition, research and archiving of Media Art? How are methodologies and practices of archiving, preserving and disseminating Media Art evolved? What displaying techniques created by institutional and independent spaces can be considered the most significant and experimental? - How has Media culture affected mainstream culture and its spaces? And in turn, how have spaces been affected by issues of production and dissemination of art and knowledge? Are there new objectives and strategies to be followed by spaces and institutions involved in these fields? - What spaces could (and can today) be considered most relevant to the development of production, exhibition, research and archiving of Media Art? How are methodologies and practices of archiving, preserving and disseminating Media Art evolved? What displaying techniques created by institutional and independent spaces can be considered the most significant and experimental? Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 5 Cybernetic Serendipity, Exhibition View, ICA London 1968 http://cyberneticserendipity.net/ SEARCHING NEW SPACES For unstable media by Donata Marletta Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 6 This essay explores the current issues related to the uneasy relationship between presentation spaces and New Media Art. The terrific outburst of new media art projects during the last decades is challenging traditional curatorial models in relation to space, and redefining the relationship between artists, curators, and audiences. Owing to its intrinsic characteristics of immateriality, interactivity, participatory and process-oriented art, new media practices require more appropriate presentation spaces that go beyond the conventional white cube/black box settings. to the fact that several media art festivals are frequently linked to public funding and cultural institutions, the main issue with these events is that some of them are losing the critical attitude in their approach and the analytical focus that were the key elements when they first appeared in the art scene. Many of the more established media art festivals have changed since their inception, becoming mere celebratory events whose central aim is to entertain the audience instead of questioning technology and its sociological and political impact. In his paper "An Inventory of Media Art Festivals" (2006), artistic curator and critic Krajewski claims that in the early 1980s media art first encountered its audience through dedicated festivals. These festivals emerged as a cultural phenomenon in order to respond to a need of new presentation spaces for new media art projects. Most of media arts festivals take place both within metropolitan areas and in small towns outside the conventional inner-city spaces. These events offer a wide selection of settings, ranging from old disused factories (e.g. Usine C, Montreal, CA) and abandoned industrial buildings to old churches (e.g. St. George's Hall, Liverpool, UK) and hyper technological venues (e.g. Ars Electronica Center, Linz, AT). In his book "Avant-Garde Performance: Live Events and Electronic Technologies" (2005), Berghaus argues that contemporary art centres and festivals fostering avant-garde experimental artworks have started to develop and proliferate in order to present and give recognition to innovative forms of expression. In the early 1990s new media art projects found another important platform in the emerging Networking culture and Web-based communities. Through these virtual spaces artists were able to present, distribute and discuss their projects, bypassing conventional exhibition spaces. Scholz (2006) argues that today venues for new media art are not predominantly festivals or museums but virtually distributed communities. In particular, the author refers to extreme sharing networks that he defines as conscious, loosely knit groups based on commonalities and shared ethics. These groups function as nodes of users/producers and provide alternative platforms of production and distribution of cultural practices. Within these extreme sharing networks researchers, artists, and activists share their works and knowledge. A few examples of these units are groups such as the Australian network Fibreculture (http://www.fibreculture.org/), a forum for the exchange of ideas that encourages debates around issues related to information technology, and the media research centre Institute of Network Cultures (INC) (http://networkcultures.org/ wpmu/portal/), founded in 2004 by media theorist and activist Geert Lovink. The INC organises conferences, publishes books and fosters online dialogue between researchers committed to the study of network systems. Extreme sharing networks play a critical role functioning as connective cultural nodes for critical debates and the mutual sharing of knowledge. Today, new media art festivals flourish worldwide, providing access to a kaleidoscopic variety of spaces. Festivals such as Ars Electronica (Linz, Austria), Transmediale (Berlin, Germany), and Elektra (Montreal, Canada), just to name a few, celebrate art and technology and represent alternative platforms for the presentation of media art projects, allowing people to meet in physical spaces in order to share, discuss and collaborate on an international level. A central element within these festivals is the organisation of satellite events and talks that encourage critical Within such a dynamic context the role of the debates and cross-boarder collaboration between curator has changed, becoming more and more artists, curators, and experts in the field. Owing committed to mediation and interpretation. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 7 Cybernetic Serendipity Exhibition Poster http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/exhibitions/serendipity/ It is approximately from the 1960s onward that we can speak on the advent of the neo avantgarde and the increasing use of new technological media, which created new meanings and new conceptions of time and space. Art generated with a computer resides in no place and time, enabling the collapse of the barriers of past, present, and future. Artists engaged with technology explore, and often exploit, both the critical and technological potentials of the new media. Early examples of computer art exhibitions date back in 1968 when Jasia Reichardt curated the influential exhibition Cybernetic Serendipity at the Computer Art Society (CAS) in London. The principal idea was to examine the role of cybernetics in contemporary arts. The exhibition aimed to explore the relationships between technology and creativity, and showed how persistent the use of computers had become in the creative process itself. Reichardt recalls: "The exhibition included robots, poetry, music and painting machines, as well as all sorts of works where chance was an important ingredient. It was an intellectual exercise that became a spectacular exhibition in Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII the summer of 1968." (Media Art Net: "Cybernetic Serendipity"). Cybernetic Serendipity was the first exhibition that aimed to demonstrate all aspects of computer-aided creative activity: art, music, poetry, dance, sculpture, and animation. A few decades later, in 1985, philosopher of postmodernism Jean-François Lyotard curated the exhibition Les Immatériaux at the Centre Pompidou in Paris. The exhibition intended to show the cultural effects of new technologies and the experience of overexposure and dispersion in postmodern culture. In his article "Overexposure: Les Immatériaux" (1986) Birringer describes the exhibition space as a labyrinth of sounds and sights, or hanging islands, evoking "(…) a temporal multi-sensory experience of an author-less, discontinuous, placeless world of invisible interfaces between heterogeneous objects, artefacts, industrial products, and complex theoretical constructs" (Birringer, 1986). All these early attempts for presentation of computergenerated artworks have certainly formed the basis for future experiments, both in terms of curatorial models and in the selection of Quarterly November 2012 8 appropriate exhibition spaces. Today, the interactive and immaterial nature of several new media art projects entails that curators need to establish a connection between physical and virtual spaces, emphasising the participatory nature of the artworks and the active role of the audience. In the opinion of Paul (2008) curators engaging with new media frequently mediate between the artist and the institution, between the artwork and the audience, and between the artwork and the critics, creating new collaborative models of production and presentation. Nowadays, new media art and multimedia art creations have gained an important role in contemporary art production. It is worth noting that major art institutions, galleries and museums worldwide run online and virtual exhibition spaces which, in addition to calendars about current exhibitions and information for the visitors, showcase experimental digital art projects and Internetbased art exclusively available for online users. A few examples are the online exhibition space Gallery 9, affiliated with the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis http://gallery9.walkerart.org/; the online gallery space Artport, launched by the Whitney Museum in New York http://whitney.org/ Exhibitions/Artport/, and the Rhizome ArtBase, an online archive of new media art http://rhizome. org/artbase/. Cyberspace enables the appearance of new forms of social aggregations through which individuals meet and build new connections. Several scholars (Mitchell, 1995; Ostwald, 1997; Crang, 2000) have adopted architectural metaphors to theorise cyberspace and its virtual environments. In order to emphasise its main characteristics of electronic social space and point of exchange many studies associate cyberspace with the Greek agora. Today a new form of intangible space has emerged, the digital agora, a virtual space for collaboration, interaction and connectivity (Marletta, 2012). With the emergence of mailing lists, websites, and online archives ideas are able to freely circulate and the line between artists, theorists and curators is rapidly dissolving. According to the recent transformations in terms of art production, the traditional role of the curator has been reshaped and readapted to the new context. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Paul (2006) argues that curators need to emphasise and develop new strategies for documentation of artworks, which are collectively created by several authors and time-based. Owing to the collaboration between different actors, the production and presentation processes are becoming more flexible, and for this reason require a strong awareness of the process itself. As a consequence of the popularisation of networked mobile devices – such as PDA, smartphones, and tablets, the involvement of the audience in the curatorial process is leading to what Paul (2006) describes as 'public curation' that entails new horizontal and participatory forms of filtering. Fig: The Beauty and the East http://www.ljudmila. org/~vuk/nettime/ De Souza e Silva (2006) defines networked mobile devices as 'social interfaces'. A 'social interface' intermediates interactions between multiple users, reshaping both communication relationships and the space in which these interactions take place. 'Social Interfaces' foster the emergence of the so-called 'hybrid spaces' (De Souza e Silva, 2006), which are mobile spaces created by the continuous movement of users who carry portable devices constantly connected to the Internet. The 'always-on' connection entails that users do not feel the perception of 'entering' cyberspace; as a consequence the distinction between physical and digital spaces becomes blurred. A hybrid space occurs when it is no longer necessary to step out of a physical space to connect to other people located in different geographical areas. This merging in terms of spaces and actors enables the creation of open virtual spaces that foster new collaborative models for the collective creation of culture. One of the most prominent examples of networking virtual spaces is certainly the Nettime group http://www.nettime.org/, co-founded by artist Pit Schultz and media theorist Geert Lovink in 1995. The name Nettime itself evokes the idea of a network specific time that is different from geotime, the time of clocks. Nettime is a collective entity that offers an alternative form of social organisation in opposition to individual cultural practices. Quarterly November 2012 9 Rhizome ArtBase http://rhizome.org/ include both Since its inception the list has aimed to connect different disciplines and the crossboarder collaboration between artists, curators and intellectuals stepping out from the digital realm through real life gatherings. Through the organisation of seminal meetings such as the "Beauty and the East" held in Ljubljana (Slovenia) in 1997 http://www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/ nettime/, and the 'Hybrid WorkSpace' (HWS) organised during the exhibition of contemporary art Documenta X, in Kassel (Germany) in 1997 http://www.medialounge.net/lounge/workspace/, the Nettime group encourages and promotes the diffusion of informal production units. Events such as "Temporary Media Labs", "unconferences" and "BarCamps" seem to offer alternative spaces for the sharing and distribution of information and content. The idea of "Temporary Media Labs" emerged from the desire to cover different events, such as conferences, festivals, and exhibitions, by building bridges between real and virtual spaces. art continue to animate the myriad of online discussion groups. Such online discussions nurture the advancement of a culture based on the free circulation of ideas, and foster the perpetuation of collective processes and mutual sharing. We are realistically moving towards hybrid forms of spaces, at the intersection between real and virtual, and collaborative models of content creation are becoming a critical element of cultural production. Computer networks provide a kaleidoscopic range of new contexts in which people take active roles, offering more appropriate settings for the extension of what sociologist Bauman (1993) defines as 'cognitive space'. Cognitive space is structured intellectually and defines our knowledge of others. Within such a space 'others' become interesting and fascinating, and diversity is celebrated as a central element of postmodernity. References In conclusion, it could be argued that although many questions remain unanswered, debates around the Bauman, Zygmunt. 1993. Postmodern Ethics. quest for new presentation spaces for new media Oxford, UK, Blackwell. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 10 Berghaus, Günter. 2005. Avant-Garde Performance: Live Events and Electronic Technologies. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Birringer, Johannes. 1986. "Overexposure: Les Immatériaux". Performing Arts Journal 10 (2): 6-11. Crang, Michael. 2000. "Public Space, Urban Space and Electronic Space: Would the Real City Please Stand Up?". Urban Studies Journal 37(301): 301-317. De Souza e Silva, Adriana. 2006. "From Cyber to Hybrid: Mobile Technologies as Interfaces of Hybrid Spaces". Space and Culture 9 (3): 261278. Cube and Beyond. Berkeley: University of California Press. Reichardt, Jasia. 2005. Cybernetic Serendipity <http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/exhibitions/ serendipity/>. Rev. 2012-10-24. Scholz, Trebor. "The Participatory Challenge". In Curating Immateriality: The Work of the Curator in the Age of Network Systems, edited by Krysa Joasia. Autonomedia, 2006. _______________ Donata Marletta Donata holds a PhD in cultural studies from Typically these events are organised and promoted Leeds Metropolitan University (Leeds, UK). She through the Internet, and driven by the principles is a freelance writer and her interests rotate of 'open source culture', according to which around the social implications of new media content is publicly available to users. technologies in contemporary culture and how these media are reshaping the creative act. Her main interests include the study of new media art Krajewski, Piotr. "An Inventory of Media Art festivals and how these events create moments Festivals". In Curating Immateriality: The Work of collective sociability. In addition her interests of the Curator in the Age of Network Systems, focus on the concept of 'remix' as a collective edited by Krysa Joasia. Autonomedia, 2006. process for the creation of culture, and the role of online networks in the advancement of Networked Marletta, Donata. 2012. 'Sharing Bits': Creating Culture. Donata has presented her papers at several Sociability in the Age of the Digital Agora. PhD international academic conferences and attended Thesis (Not Published). the International Marketplace for Digital Arts (IMDA) held in Montreal during the Elektra International Mitchell, William. 1995. City of Bits: Space, Place Digital Arts Festival. In 2008 she joined the network and the Infobahn. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. Digicult, and has been a regular contributor with articles, festival reviews, and interviews. Ostwald, Michael. "Virtual Urban Futures". In Virtual Politics: Identity and Community in Cyberspace, edited by David Holmes. London, SAGE, 1997. Paul, Christiane. "Flexible Contexts, Democratic Filtering and Computer-Aided Curating: Models for Online Curatorial Practice". In Curating Immateriality: The Work of the Curator in the Age of Network Systems, edited by Krysa Joasia. Autonomedia, 2006. Paul, Christiane. 2008. New Media in the White Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 11 Image of mirror neurons CONSTRUCTING NON-SELF Language, Trance and Space by Judson Wright Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 12 Sensorial Estrangement in the interest of a more adequate perception" (Dewey, 1934, 311). Participating meaningfully in Space thus becomes something more than a void the world provided by contextualization requires in which to roam about, dotted here and there with that new members negotiate between personal dangerous things and things that satisfy the ap- interpretations and conceptualizations, and those petite. It becomes a comprehensive and enclosed of the older, established members (Cobb, 2005; scene within which are ordered the multiplicity of Sfard, 2008, 115–116, 259 –260). doings and undergoings in which man engages. Certainly, Marshall McLuhan (1964) famously ex(Dewey, 1934, 23, see also p. 190) plains how our understanding of media might be The space we occupy, particularly the border broadened. But even his view is rather limited to concrete, clearly labelbetween self and enviled objects, implying a ronment, is a byproduct Platonistic perspective. of associations, trialBe that as it may, there and-error experimenis another approach to tation, and sensory stimedia as a 'medium' of muli, all within the rigid any sort of appropriacontext of our prioritition. To begin, the many zed needs (Metzinger, discrepancies between 2009, 77). This is not to the self/medium that say that the objects that is ultimately communiconstitute space do not cated, and the self/meexist, but that we candium that is initially denot assume that these sired, does indeed have objects constitute space both cultural (learned) in similar ways outside and neurological (innaof the human mind. If te) bases (Etcoff 1999). one takes the constructivist view of modeling At the same time, we the environs, the theomight also consider isry further explains that sues such as gender, construction, at least, tends to be socially morace, sexuality, etc... stutivated. dies as forms of appropriation (Brody, 1999, Fig: These images 201; Goffman, 1959). underscore difference This fractal appropriabetween setting and tion occurs at micro location. and macrocosmic levels. While mythological pantheons remain reThe attitudes of a culture plays an important role lative to a culture (Campbell, 1949; Campbell & in how we understand the things we perceive, Moyers, 1988) – just as communication is relative including the self we simultaneously present to to media. The message, always necessarily apothers (Goffman, 1959; Milgram, 1974; Langer, propriated, is ultimately a conceptual abstraction 1998), not to mention how culture is symbiotical- that only becomes embodied as a medium, and ly, particularly in this case, tied to perception (as subject to transformations of physical energy, described in the classic text by Howard Gardner, such as electrical current or smoke signals. We 1983, 321 – 327). "It cannot be safely assumed at can learn much from, at least temporarily, discarthe outset that judgement is an act of intelligence ding the arbitrary conception that messages abperformed upon the matter of direct perception solutely must be concrete objects. Originally, we Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 13 Originally, we might critique fashion magazines for portraying some overtly sexual image, selling our culture on particular aspirations and standards. However, insofar as Jung shows that the archetype Aphrodite serves a universal, psychological conceptualization function, in order to understand ones environment as nonchaotic, some aspect of that environment must be interpreted as an instance of Aphrodite-ness. There is an underlying psychological issue (James, 1892, 149 – 151, 174 – 209), that when considered from a constructivist view (Boes et al., 2010), reveals that an aspect of the external world, the way that world is described by our brains, to our brains, is entirely idiosyncratic and entirely a reflection of our uniquely constructed self. The critique becomes not one of a scantily clothed model, not of which icon she might evoke, but of what that icon's role is in the ongoing construction of self. Our point is not at all a philosophical one, but that deep-rooted philosophies are a symptomatic byproducts of a mental strategy, likely orchestrated in the prefrontal cortex. Creating Space To an infant, ground and subject are really just one thing. The distinction is not innate, but learned. Imagining such contextualizing frames is an essential part of perception (Gregory, 1966/1997, 161–162). Physiologically, shapes, colors and edges arrive, and are processed at independent schedules. But even motion detection still need not imply space exists. A full discussion of the independent process in the brain that identify locations and motion, quite unlike the fames described above, goes well beyond our scope (interested readers are referred to Baars & Gage, 2010). Without any non-subjective means of verification, might space be another such associatively projected property? A frog may detect the motion of the fly, aiming its tongue at that spot, without ever considering that the motion observed is of a fly or even a subject. This response merely results in alleviating hunger, often enough (Millikan, 2005). Without this explicit data linking the elements of certain sequential frames, generalizations need Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII to be projected onto the image, to group and prioritize sensation into meaningful and irrelevant features, including ground. Incidentally, this initial scheme is roughly how computers/cameras see the world (Gonzales & Wintz, 1977; Myler & Weeks, 1993; Levin, 2006). For robots to see as we do, they must develop their own sense of space, not simply coordinates dictated explicitly, as in figure 2. This sense is an essential byproduct of a sense of self. Virtual Space This leads us to discuss virtual space – as if there is non-virtual space (Greene, 2004, 181–182). Space is roughy defined by the purposes of the occupants. But more importantly, it can recede in importance such that, no attention being lavished on the background, as strictly defined by context. Spaces can easily take on other non-spacial meanings (Dennett, 1991, 389–398; Exploratorium, 2004; Solso, 2003, 230). A white wall means something different to a contractor who has to buy the precise shade of paint, than a curator who is thinking about how gallery traffic will flow and rest with various arrangements of paintings. Metaphors exist precisely because previously constructed concepts have proven sturdy, and fit well enough with novel contextualized sensations, to be slightly modified for renewed use. A description of this learning process, about space on the web, occurs in Shirky (1995, 3). Reading about a scene and its accompanying sensations activates what are commonly called mirror neurons (also called "monkey-see-monkey-do" neurons in Millikan, 1995). If we recognize some behavior, this is understood as if we are physically using our own muscles. Spacial metaphors are used in the same way to "explain" stimuli to the consciousness. Hence, by noting a change in the focus of our environment, we "travel" to a web site via mirror neurons. Furthermore, space is essentially that which is not self, self being a gradually refined and learned notion (Gopnick & Meltzoff, 2006). In child development, the progression from infancy to adulthood, is a very cumulative process of differentiating modal impulses (Piaget, 1929/1952, 38). Quarterly November 2012 14 This is a diagram of two epistemologies, Platonism and constructivism, are not quite as different as they may seem from a philosophical standpoint. In the former scheme, experience of reality is apprehended in the mind, where a model is created. In the latter scheme, the model in the mind, is projected onto experience. However, in the former scheme, there is no explanation as to why this might occur, and thus epistemology is philosophical supposition, whereas the latter case is a theory as to why and how this modeling might occur, with no claims about the existence of reality, accept as a extremely common, philosophical consideration for the sake of deep-rooted Platonistic beliefs. Though, looking at the diagram, one may note that aside from the extremely subjective arrows indicating the vectors of conceptualization, these epistemologies merely describe different aspects of a system that may just as well include both. Initially, sensations are ambiguous and the causal sources difficult to distinguish, for instance a mother's smile. Infants must come to decide that some sensations are internal, such as hunger, and some external, such as the shape of a toy. These decisions are generally resolutions of cognitive conflicts (Devries & Zan, 2005). Young children tend to believe that the sun is somehow a part of themselves, semi-consciously manipulated, as a cat's tail might be. Piaget and many others stress that this egocentrism is not precisely solipsism. Children at this stage have not yet developed a Theory of Mind (ToM) that they will take for granted as adults (Gopnick & Meltzoff, 2006; Fodor, 2000, 62–64). Moreover, these children do not recognize their own minds as even being theirs, which would initially require a somewhat developed sense of self. Are we correct that there are other minds? The most we can say is that culturally we are pressured to believe in multiple minds, as interaction ultimately allows for categorization of sensory and conceptual impulses into frames (Searle, 1994, 196–191). Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII The real root of the frame problem lies in treating humans and machines as organisms that are both engaged in producing an objective analysis of reality. This viewpoint is not limited to workers in AI... We saw that many psychologists concerned with category perception take a similar view of humans. Now, we may manufacture objects aimed at producing an objective analysis of reality, but evolution manufactures creatures aimed at maximizing their life-chances. We may choose to assume that relevant information is information relevant to a particular task. But for evolved creatures, relevant information is information relevant to a particular type of organism... We can even distinguish between what makes it difficult and what makes it impossible. The difficulty lies in furnishing the robot [or primate] with all that eons of evolution have given us. The impossibility lies in teaching a robot what is relevant and what isn't, when there is no autonomous entity there for things to be relevant or irrelevant to. (author's emphasis, Bickerton, 1990, 204, 205). Quarterly November 2012 15 Metaphor The basic mappings in the event structure metaphor include the following; Causes are forces. States are locations (bounded regions in space. Changes are movements (into or out of bounded regions. Actions are self-propelled movements. Purposes are destinations. Means are paths (to destinations. Difficulties are impediments to motion. Expected progress is a travel schedule; a schedule is a virtual traveler, who reaches a prearranged destination at a prearranged time. (Feldman, 2008, 207) Metaphor is not only applied on the personal mentation level, as described by George Lakoff et al., but also to myths, at a universal cultural level Joseph Campbell describes (see also Campbell & Moyers, 1988). The organism and its culture both have a symbiotic need to nurture the other, for the sake of survival. Trance-induced rituals, even ones that insight members to stab themselves (Becker, 2004), are a means to keep the culture's membership thriving. The physical aspect of trance literally alters brain waves, allowing the trancer to engage in extra-human activity, particularly engagement with a spirit world (Alderage, 2006). This supernatural interaction ultimately allows members of that culture to concretely apply mythology to their lives, in ways that are unavailable to the ordinary human. Surely, this trance state is often an act. But even in many of these cases, this state coincides with verifiable changes in physiognomy, within the brain – somewhat like a placebo. Embodiment is key to metaphor, and in a trance state, the perception of that body – the self – is altered radically. We speak of time as though it resembles space – as when a listeners wonders when the speaker will get to some point. Also, we often think of time as a fluid that's "running out." and we talk about our friendships in physical terms, as in "Carol and Joan are close." (Minsky, 2006, 343) of location. Likewise, we can imagine animals, possibly the nematode worm (Enquist & Ghirlanda, 2005, 164–165), who do not have the spacial modeling abilities afforded to our neuroanatomy, but conceivably only require a two dimensional view of the universe in order to survive. How are we to say that three is the correct number of dimensions to depict reality? Why would color be more accurately described by three types of color receptor cells in humans, than four primaries in pigeons (Dennett, 1991, 350; see also Gregory, 1966/1997, 121) or the seventeen cones types in some shrimp? A further discussion of spacial orientation in animals without language occurs in (Vallortigara, 2009; see also Dahaene, 1997; Lakoff & Núñez, 2000). ... Animals probably possess a rudimentary sense of geometry that provides the foundation for the fully developed, and unique, human knowledge of geometry when it meets the possibility offered by the symbolic representations allowed by verbal language, which enable cognitive prostheses for spacial cognition such as maps, charts, and the like. (101) I/O Functions Visualization is one useful shorthand way of mapping our mental reconstructions of the environment, such that we avoid bumping into walls and such. Chaotic bursts of impulses, when organized as images, create coherence for us (Bach-y-Rita, 1972, 70–72; Bevelier & Neville, 2002). Having determined the usefulness of adopting this scheme, the brain will tend to use optical impulses for sights rather than sounds, strengthening the synaptic paths (Grossberg, 1973/1988). But this is not innate, and the impulses could easily be interpreted in some other way, given another training history. An alternative theory is that the brain may use every impulse in every way possible, but processes that are not successfully Spacial language, used to describe some concept, reinforced by recognition in the cortex, or are constructed in the mind, implies dimensionality. beaten in a Darwinian 2006). Even the notion that space is three dimensional is not an absolutely certain assumption, but is explainable given our metaphorical understanding Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 16 competition of possible thoughts (building on theories in Minsky, 1985; Calvin, 1999; Minsky, Noting the difference between input/output and transduction/actuation is helpful, though indeed subtle. The relationship between a light switch, and light emitted from a bulb, is described using either model. The light is essentially a linear system, reducible to a single bit (on or off). The dissimilarity becomes more clear with more complex systems, which can not be entirely and precisely formulated digitally from any "God's eye" point-of-view (Edelman, 2004, 140; see also "an ideal judge" in James, 1891, 188). The input/output scheme implies that there is a static relationship between the input and output. When we speak of qualia, we are easily confused. really is no possible way to enumerate sources for our impulses. Recognition of a walk employs different processes from recognition of a face. When we have been waiting in line and become impatient, with which organ do we 'feel' the time passing? We must take a broader view of the senses, including a sense of our location in space. Transduction and actuation relate nonlinearly. An initial step is to re-conceptualize colors, not as input but as output that is exclusively for a particular context, and not generally recognized as such by the rest of the universe (again, Dennett, 1991, 389–398; particularly relevant is Pylyshyn's discussion of the engineering term transduction, 1984). Qualia is exuded from the mind that creates it. In a sense, some sort of transformation of 'energy' emitted outward, does ensue indirectly, from mentation to language. But transduction is hardly limited to any single visual property. Though we often say there are five senses, there Likewise, even Chomsky has continually held that the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) was not specifically designed for language, but has merely been employed with the result of language (Chomsky, 1975; 1980; 2002). The LAD may well be useful to conceptualize music, trance and space, among other mental tools. Also of note, in Ruth Millikan's pushmi-pullyu representation (PPR) scheme (1995) , the role of linguistic intention, can be to simultaneously define expectations, as well as perform them. Though she speaks of language and utterances, there is no reason to restrict the PPR from spaces, such as art galleries, churches Frogs react quickly and effectively to bugs that fly past them, but this by no means implies that they have a concept of 'bug'. Indeed, we can be pretty sure that they do not, or at best that their concept of 'bug' both under- and over-generalizes to a rather gross extent. For instance, they will overgeneralize by snapping at bug-sized pellets that are flipped past them, but will undergeneralize by totally ignoring motionless bugs even when no Flowers display their beautiful colours which give other food source is available. (Bickerton, 1990, pleasure to us, however they are not made for us, 27–28). but for flying insects. Those insects involuntarily fertilise plants carrying pollen from flower Conclusion to flower... So some plants evolved to attract insects and in that way plants reproduce and Contrary to popular belief, stimuli to different continue living on the planet Earth. So insects modalities is not processed solely by any one evolved to distinguish flowers among the whole module. For instance, visual stimulus is chiefly electromagnetic radiation that gets to their eyes processed in the visual cortex, but visualization coming from the Earth's surface, as patches of takes paths all over the neuroanatomy (Baars definite colours. Thus, eyes have appeared and & Gage, 2010, 158, 170–172). Nonetheless, the evolved as a filter for those chains of events … For impulses from the various sensory organs, as well instance, electromagnetic radiations are filtered as the cortical modules of the brain to which these by eyes, in chains which end at perceptions we are sent, are all essentially the same (Dennett and call colours. But if the radiation wavelength is in Hawkins expounding on Vernon Mountcastle's the ultraviolet zone, some insects will see it, but neurological hypotheses, 1991, 262; 2005, 49–52). in our case we will not[.] (Herrero, 2005; For a It is merely a series of phenotypical accidents further explanation "Why are there colors?," see that we construct mental images, sensorially or Dennett, 1991, 375–383) conceptually, as we do. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 17 The image underscores difference between setting and location. and court rooms, which also both signify expected behaviors, as well as serve those behaviors. In fact, it is useful as a model to reconsider the senses, including the 'sense' of space as potential meaning detection systems. Sacred spaces are thus a notation device as to the appropriate behavior expected by a given culture (Campbell & Moyers, 1988 , 92 – 98). These too are media! Mediatypes, which include instances of locations and personalities, are entirely arbitrary. Walter Benjamin argues that the media-type is crucial, but goes on to describe their fundamental interchangeability (1935/2008). Marshall McLuhan points out specific cases, such as the initial lighting of the Eiffel Tower, where "the medium is the message" (discussed in Marvin, 1988, 158). He does refer to a rather poignant event in history, but the vast number of messages are not nearly designed to astound. However, we often see messages and either take no notice of, or cannot ascertain the media employed. By updating our "Synaptic Selves" (LeDoux, 2002) continually, we customize previous conceptualizations to appropriately account for Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII novel experiences. We can only, therefore, assume that the concept which we entertain of space and media are types of protocols, developed by and for the brain, in the process of maintaining the survival of the host body. The space we navigate, therefore, is ultimately much like a highly idiosyncratic finger print – of a self. Not that the object of experience is necessarily illusory, we can never know, but the sensation of that experience absolutely is. Indeed our dubious report of that object does indirectly influences subsequent sensations, in a very concrete way, which we radically organize into experience (further discussion in Hundert, 1995). Hence confusions arise. A simplified example is the desire to become wealthy. There is no static value that can be described by everyone as "enough." However, once wealth is considered a medium, we must acknowledge that the interpretation of all media is profoundly relative to a self. If art is anything the artist chooses to describe as 'art', how can there be any possible discussion of a budget? Only reconstruction of self can alter the perception of message, can illicit an interpretation of self as wealthy. The same is true, though far less evident, for how we understand space. Speaking Quarterly November 2012 18 we understand space. Speaking metaphorically, there are no destinations, only larger airports. Faces. Novato, CA: New World Library References Campbell, J. and Moyers, B. 1988. The Power of Myth. New York, NY: Doubleday Alderage, D. 2006. "Music , Consciousness, and Altered States." In, eds. Alderage, D. and Fachner, J., 9—15, Music and Altered States: Consciousness, Transcendence, Therapy, and Addictions. London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers and Germany: University of WittenHerdecke Chomsky, N. 1957. 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Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 21 Sissel Tolaas, Smell of fear, http://crossjack.blogspot.ca/img1.png THE POLITICS OF SMELL How scent technologies are affecting the way we experience space, sense of place and one another by Nina Leo Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 22 Sensorial Estrangement Isolation continues to be manufactured, yet now the means through which we access and expeEstrangement from the senses and from the na- rience intimacy are becoming redesigned as well. tural world they enable us to perceive charts a long history. One could say that the path was set As our reliance upon heavily ocular centric technowith the development of written alphabetic lan- logies evolve, and our daily interactions become guage, for this form of communication began to more deeply immersed in remote, fractured, ofreplace the sentient means of transmitting and ten-virtual experience, our reliance upon and relareceiving meaning (such as body language, non- tionship with our senses devolve. And while these verbal sounds, touch, taste and smell) of which technologies are, on the one hand, literally at our fingertips, offering the impression that everything our natural world was a part. is close and that we are able as never before to As communications beconfigure our own indicame increasingly wordvidual experiences, they based they began to are, on the other hand, exclude the surrounding highly mediated, homoenvironment—rendegeneous, and stripped ring Nature more inaniof direct multi-sensomate object than living, rial richness. breathing and communicating — and altering Here as never before, our social relationships. the media responsiYet, while written lanble for connecting us guage may have marked so effectively to one the beginning of our seanother also inherenparation from the natutly prescribes physiral world and sentient cal and psychological engagement, it was with estrangement. And at the onset of the modern the same time that our industrial age (and with technologies distance factory labor) that capius from sentient expetalist agendas began to rience, they enable us break down heterogeto more effectively dupe neous, multi-sensorial, the senses - creating lived experiences of dufully fabricated images, ration and rebuild them sounds, smells and tainto the homogeneous, stes. Experiences are reproducible fragments no longer simply methat speed and profitadiated but can now be manufactured to reside debility inherently demanded. eply within our sense memory. Our experiences became increasingly stripped of all that made them unique, fluid and intimate, creating a longing that needed to be filled and The Vulnerability of Smell making us vulnerable; In the age of industry, this need was filled through object consumption. In While all of our senses become increasingly suthe contemporary age of media and technology sceptible to manipulation within this contempohowever, this consumption extends well beyond rary condition, smell may actually be among the most vulnerable. The perfume industry objects and into our most intimate social fabric. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 23 has a long history of enhancing or altering our body's natural odors to make them more attractive - masking the smells we don't like with ones that we do. And while this is not new, as Constance Classen notes in her book Aroma, "smell is hardly ever considered as a medium for the expression of class allegiances and struggles" (Classen, 1994a, 161) nor is it seen to have the power of sight or sound to serve as a political vehicle. While it is one of the most emotionally potent senses, and thought to be one of the strongest triggers for memory, it remains the least considered. As experiences become more fractured and we become less familiar with and tolerant of the natural smells around us, olfactory simulation technologies continue to advance. Now they are being developed and utilized not simply by the perfume industry to make us smell better, but by corporations as a subversive marketing tool and by governments to facilitate war. And, as they embark on some of the most advanced research into smell, these technologies are also changing and challenging artistic practice, as artists begin to question and counter with research and agendas of their own. as a potent reminder of the sentient nature of our being, but perhaps also as a means for exposing our estrangement from this nature within daily experience. For, while the vast, industrial space of the Armory in which Anthropodino is housed is alltoo familiar, within the close, lush, fleshy, smelly interiors of the work we are somewhat displaced. Intellectually elusive and emotionally potent smell, more than any other sense (save taste, which functions together with smell) has the ability to elicit feelings that are intensely visceral. A smell can trigger a deeply embedded memory we may not even "remember remembering" because odor memories accumulate "outside of awareness" (Gilbert, 2008, 201). And this bank of smell memories develops even without our conscious knowing; we need not intend to smell smells or be attentive to their presence, yet they build up and are stored with every breath: Etymologically speaking, a breath is not neutral or bland— it's cooked air; we live in a constant simmering. There is a furnace in our cells, and when we breathe we pass the world through our Ernesto Neto, quickly becoming one of Brazil's bodies, brew it lightly, and turn it loose again, gently most important artists, creates immersive altered for having known us (Ackerman, 1990a, 6). environments meant to reacquaint us with our physical selves and with sentient experience. The nature of our response to smell operates He constructs large installations that reference outside of language. "Our sense of smell can be the body's interior. Often made from thin, semi- extraordinarily precise, yet it's almost impossible translucent, stretchable fabrics that recall human to describe how something smells to someone who flesh, they, at times, also include intensely hasn't smelled it. Smell is the mute sense, the one aromatic spices that fill portions of the material without words, lacking in vocabulary"(Akerman, and hang down like giant organs, releasing their 1990b: 6). These smells that we draw in can scents into the air. Visitors are invited to move subconsciously evoke responses that are deeply inside these spaces and to experience the work emotional. They can trigger feelings of comfort, yet more than view it. With installations such as equally quickly set off a kind of squeamish disgust, Anthropodino, housed in the Park Avenue Armory and this forms one of the predominant aspects of in New York in 2009, and The Edges of the World smell. This inherently visceral response opens an at the Hayward Gallery in London, 2010, Neto says even greater vulnerability as our culture becomes he was much more interested in the air inside the ever more obsessed with purification for, while we sculpture than in anything else - that his passages are drawn to smells that are 'good', nothing serves privilege the air1. In an interview about the work he to keep us in a state of isolation and remoteness noted the importance of re-engaging the senses more than the fear of the unclean. Ivan Illich in his within a culture of remoteness "I wanted to touch essay The Dirt of Cities, The Aura of Cities, The people with smell because it is very dangerous to Smell of the Dead and Utopia of an Odorless City [physically] touch people"2, alluding to both the notes how our tolerance and attitude toward bodily desire for and resistance against direct human smells began to shift as we became more deeply closeness. In this way, Neto not only uses smell acquainted with the process of death and decay. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 24 [The living] demanded a special apartheid between live bodies and corpses at just the time when the innards of the live human body were beginning to be visualized as a machine whose elements were prepared for inspection on the dissecting table. The dead became more visible and less awesome[...] The presence of the dead was suddenly perceived as a danger to the living[…] For the first time in history the utopia of the odorless city appears[…] Space had to be stripped of its aura once aura had been identified with stench (Illich, 2003, 251). The Smell of Commerce Corporations understand and are increasingly capable of making specific use of this olfactory vulnerability. The perfume industry was developed to feed a growing desire to the mask odors (specifically body odors) that came to be defined as unpleasant, and soon we began to equate 'good smell' with status—the better you smelled, the richer you were. That has changed over the years however; as ever more intimate interactions reside within increasingly remote technologies and we become further obsessed with purification. "The olfactory social scale is the reverse of what it was in earlier ages in the West[…] Now, however, power resides not with perfumed potentates, but with inodorous businessmen" (Classen 1994b, 168). The burgeoning, and much more recent airfreshener and de-odorizing industry preys upon our fear of the unclean and fuels the belief that some smells need to be eradicated altogether. It is no longer enough to mask a foul odor so as to make it tolerable; it has now become necessary to kill a dangerous one in order to make it safe. Norwegian artist Sissel Tolaas is one of the first and most significant artists to work with smell. With a background in mathematics, linguistics and chemical science she became interested in working with smell as a means of communication, and to see what can be learned when it is distilled and decoded. Tolaas embarked on some of the most advanced research into chemically simulated smell and in 2004 established the research lab IFF re_searchLab Berlin for smell & communication. In her project the FEAR of smell—the smell of FEAR (presented in several different iterations in exhibitions including the Tirana Biennale in Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII 2005 and at MIT's Visual Art Centre in 2006)3 she used smell to situate viewers directly between the conditions our techno/human interface prescribes us to inhabit; the need for intimacy within the experience of remoteness, and the utopic vision of purification within the inescapable reality of stench. In this project Tolaas collected the sweat from 14 - 25 men in various parts of the world, all of whom are prone to anxiety and panic. She developed a tool that, when placed under the arm during an attack captures sweat molecules and records their smell. Tolaas then took those smells into her lab where they were broken down into their various chemical components and recreated. The simulated versions of each individual's scent were then reprocessed into molecules and embedded into a special paint that would release the smell upon touching4. For the exhibition, the artist prepared a freshly painted white room, devoid of any visual stimulus and fully reliant upon our senses of touch and smell to engage. The gallery space presented a utopian vision - pure, white, and unsullied. The simple act of touching however was enough to break the veil of purity and expose the odor of the body. Once released, these smells elicit an experience in the viewer that is involuntary and anti-intellectual, as our response to smell is inherently subconscious and visceral. And this response, different for each individual, could reveal much about where each of us resides within the techno/ human condition. For some the initial white room may have appeared comforting and clean, while for others, cold and unsettling— and the smell of the bodies? Some visitors reported being overwhelmed by feelings of nausea and disgust, while others (such as a woman who returned to the exhibition daily and spoke to the scent of one particular man) found the smells to be familiar and intimate5. Not only were visitors affected in some way by the experiences their touch and smell afforded, but they also affected the space in return, contributing traces of themselves as the oils from their hands became overlaid onto the ghost scents and built up upon the surface. While Tolaas' makes use of the long-standing tradition of the white cube very specifically in this work, her choice of bodily odor (as opposed to any other smell) also holds particular significance. Quarterly November 2012 25 Sissel Tolaas, Fear 8, Image via: http://www.olfactorialist.com/?tag=sissel-tolaasimg4.png There are many different kinds of smells that can evoke disparate individual responses ranging somewhere between the pleasant and the putrid, but our response to the smell of the body is particular. Carolyn Korsmeyer, in her book Savouring Disgust notes that disgust is an aesthetic affect (Korsmeyer, 2011) that can only be elicited in response to organic material experience—in response to living matter. This is because disgust is a feeling that alerts us "to the presence of danger indicated by decomposing vegetable or animal matter" (Mather, 2008b, 58). Disgust is elicited when we are pushed up against the reality of our decomposing nature. The more difficult this becomes to reconcile—the further removed we become from the notion that we are mortal beings bound to decay—the greater our fear and disgust in the face of it, and the greater our desire for, and comfort in, an eternal state of purity. Korsmeyer explains the phenomenon in this way: life is mortal, we are living organisms that will live out our allotted time and then pass from existence. Part of that passing away is a stage where the remainder of our corporeal selves will suffer disintegration and putrefaction. No one is surprised to make this discovery. But like so many existential truths, its magnitude slips through the mind and cannot be held. The sublate aspect of aesthetic disgust permits a moment of sustained recognition, providing a time to dwell upon mortality from a particularly intimate and fragile perspective (Korsmeyer, 2011,158) In the FEAR of smell - the smell of FEAR, Tolaas uses simulated smell to reconnect us back to the reality of the body. She has noted that, with the constant bombardment of perfumes, deodorants and sterilizers in the atmosphere (arising from our desire to banish the smell of our mortality), we no longer even know what our bodies truly smell like. Her work to collect, dissect, decode and recreate The aesthetic affect [of sublate disgust] gains these smells is in an effort to go back to zero to intensity from the hallmark visceral repulsion bring us back to the origins of what we no longer of disgust, which registers the inescapable, smell6. And in the contemporary environment, not dolorous frailty of material experience[…] organic only are the smells that we deem unpleasant being Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 26 masked by something more desirable, but more We are sensorial beings bound to our physical and more we are learning to erase the smells we nature. We perceive our environment though our don't want and replace them with ones we do want. senses and this perception forms the basis for our understanding of self and of our place in the The fast-growing air freshener and de-odorizing world - and smell, more so than any other sense, industries were built upon and perpetuate a can elicit strong, deeply engrained responses growing fear of the unclean. Now we are not to what we perceive. The government soon simply covering over unpleasant odors, we are began to recognize that the responses triggered sterilizing a dangerous environment. The more in soldiers by the smell of war were running fearful we become of our corporeal condition, and directly counter to those required to carry it out. of the contaminated environments that threaten When Sissel Tolaas exhibited her FEAR project in it, the more products we consume to protect us. New York City, the New York Times published an And at the same time that we buy products to rid article on her exhibition and research. Tolaas said our surroundings of bad smells, we are inspired to that soon after, the U.S. Government contacted her shop for others through the infusion of good ones. about the possibility of working together7. They As consumers become increasingly savvy about were particularly interested in the advancements artificial scents, corporations work to develop she was making in chemical olfactory simulation. more convincing simulations of the real. Where The U.S. Army and Department of Defense had we once smelled perfume with an undertone of already begun working with other artists and the original unpleasant odor we can now smell scientists on research and developments of their coffee where there are tires, or lilies where own. In 1999, they formed a strategic partnership there are over-worked bodies. Smells are being (ICT) with the University of Southern California simulated and orchestrated to such a degree that and several major entertainment industry leaders we can now be completely duped. They no longer (including Disney, DreamWorks and Time Warner) relate to the existence or presence of something, (Macedonia, 2000) specifically focused on olfactory as they no longer require any point of origin; research. The Institute for Creative Technologies something that exists need not smell, and a smell (ICT) developed the first Scent Collar prototype need not come from something that exists. A for the military in 2002 (Vlahos, 2006) for which it McDonalds french-fry, no longer cooked in beef won the patent in 20098. This collar is specifically fat can, through chemical simulation, still smell designed for use with soldiers in virtual (and taste) as if it was (Schlosser, 2002, 120). And simulation training. Troops can be trained to this simulation will also assure that every french- fight strategically through virtual video game-like fry, no matter how good the potato crop, will smell recreations of the battlefield but once deployed exactly the same - every new car, shopping mall they are ill prepared to deal with their intense and bathroom or florist's rose can, through chemical involuntary responses to smell. The Scent Collar, simulation, have its smell exactly determined and designed to wrap around the neck during training precisely duplicated. In this way, even smell is sessions, delivers overwhelming simulations of being broken down and rebuilt into homogeneous, the real smells they will encounter in battle in an reproducible, mediated fragments. This ability to attempt to acclimatize them to the smell of war: chemically reproduce, manipulate and control smell, known to so effectively and elusively The smell/memory/emotion connection is influence us, offers it up to corporations as a most tantalizing to military simulation experts[...] effective marketing tool. And it may also offer it Veterans cannot forget the odors and newly up to governments to advance their agenda of war. deployed soldiers are often so overwhelmed by the olfactory assault that it distracts them from The Smell of War the task at hand. To prepare troops, the Army and Marines use simulations that expose soldiers to The efficacy and potency of smell has also become of noxious odors— melting plastic, rotting flesh— great interest and concern to the U.S. government. before deployment, where the smells may be encountered for real (Vlahos, 2006, 76-93). Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 27 The Scent Collar is designed to train soldiers to override the very instinct that their olfactory triggers alert. Olfactory simulation affords the military the opportunity to rewire soldiers' inherent responses to smells such as decomposing matter and death - those of fear and disgust that alert them to danger or inspire human empathy - so that they may fight more effectively. The ability to manipulate and circumvent our natural responses to smell is becoming an invaluable tool in war precisely because the senses are our understanding of mortality - they enable compassion and empathy and bind us in a shared human experience. The Smell of Community Dutch artist Birthe Leemeijer, began work on The Essence of Mastenbroek in 2005. This project elucidates how central the ability to engage with and experience the (unmediated) smells that surround us - those we have become most disconnected from—is in building our sense of self, defining our sense of place and developing our sense of community. Undertaken in a late-medieval Dutch polder in the province of Overijssel, Mastenbroek has a rich farming history. Leemeijer began working with the residents there who expressed a desire to create a visceral expression of their deep relationship to the land and community that are now coming under pressure from urban and industrial development. It was decided that this could be communicated most potently through smell. This led to the development of the Essence Club; the purpose of this club was to meet, discuss and develop the scent, or more importantly the combinations of scents, that embody the experience of Mastenbroek. Club members frequently met to share experiences, recount memories and pour over photographs9 as a means for excavating and articulating the complex olfactory landscape in which they were immersed. The group was interested to find the smell that could convey their shared experiences, one that could provoke something meaningful for each of them and signify their bond. They discussed the importance and impact of the changing seasons on various smells, and developed an archive of those they felt most prominent such as fresh cut grass in the silo, shearing sheep in autumn, stables, fresh milk, ditches, hay etc. Once all of Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII the smells had been discussed and recorded, they began working with perfumer Alessandro Gualtieri10. The group then convened to sniff samples, hone in on essential smells, and work through combinations and balances until they felt they found the one that embodied and recalled Mastenbroek. Because of the complex and ephemeral nature of olfaction, smell allowed the group to create a potent reminder of this specific place, without reducing it down to any singular vision. The smell could be drawn from some common place - convey something commonplace, yet evoke for each individual that smelled it their own unique feelings and experience something familiar yet layered and indefinable. the smells had been discussed and recorded, they began working with perfumer Alessandro Gualtieri10. The group then convened to sniff samples, hone in on essential smells, and work through combinations and balances until they felt they found the one that embodied and recalled Mastenbroek. Because of the complex and ephemeral nature of olfaction, smell allowed the group to create a potent reminder of this specific place, without reducing it down to any singular vision. The smell could be drawn from some common place - convey something commonplace, yet evoke for each individual that smelled it their own unique feelings and experience something familiar yet layered and indefinable. Now, the smell is being distributed throughout the community and to the surrounding urban centers that threaten it. Perhaps it is in the hope that it may inspire a connection to place and community even for those who do not live there. Or perhaps it is a memorial of sorts, for a land and a lifestyle that may soon be obsolete. Many of the farms are being sold as urban communities begin to encroach and younger generations become less likely to work them. Every resident who leaves Mastenbroek is given a bottle of the fragrance as a memento of their experiences there, and owners of the perfume are invited to refill their bottles from the large communal container known as De Bron (The Source) housed in the local visitors centre11. Quarterly November 2012 28 USC Scent Collar, http://skydeas.smugmug.com/Professional/Morie-USC-Scent-Collar/17611389_8hcR4z/1341914470_qrcCPVP#!i=1341915751&k=MRvddjximg3.png likely to work them. Every resident who leaves Mastenbroek is given a bottle of the fragrance as a memento of their experiences there, and owners of the perfume are invited to refill their bottles from the large communal container known as De Bron (The Source) housed in the local visitors centre11. The past decade has given rise to major advancements in smell simulation technologies. Research labs have made great strides in the development and integration of chemically remanufactured smell however this industry has, for the most part, maintained a proprietary and hermetic profile. Ubiquitous in its applications; from food fragranThe club even designed the containers and ces (and flavorings); to environmental augmentapackaging for the scent and, not unlike Ernesto tions; to corporate marketing strategies; to war Neto's lush Anthropodino, housed inside the stark, simulation training, smell technologies have gone industrial Armory, L'Essence de Mastenbroek largely unnoticed and most certainly under-concomes in a clean white box with spare black sidered, altering our environment and influencing script. Once opened, the smell is released and our experience. colorful images of the rich, pastoral landscape from which it comes are revealed inside. And not Drawing our attention to the impact of smell unlike the smells of bodies that fill Sissel Tolaas' through unexpected means, artists are exploring pure white gallery space some may find the our visceral and complex relationship with the olsmell comforting and familiar while others may factory sense, as this terrain becomes ever more find it unpleasantly pungent. But with each whiff fractured and disorienting. They have begun to rewill come an emotional and visceral response spond to, and in some cases lead, developments that reveals much more about the smeller's in these areas, creating new hybrid forms of pracown experience and understanding of being in tice capable to question, elucidate and challenand amongst the world than anything else - ge larger social and political considerations and such is the nature of our relationship to smell. agendas. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 29 Elusive, invisible and emotionally potent, smell seeps into our consciousness and, whether we are aware of it or not, with each breath informs our understanding and experience of space, our sense of place and one another. Fig: Birthe Leemeijer, The Essence of Mastenbroek, Photo: Renate Boere http://classic.skor.nl/artefact-296-nl.html ty Press, 2011), 158. David Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous. (New York: First Vintage Books, 1990). Diane Akerman, A Natural History of the Senses. (New York, Vintage Books, 1990), 6. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation, (New York: Harper Perennial, 2002), 120. He threw the window wide open, delighted to take George Mather, Foundations of Sensation and a bath of fresh air… [T] Perception. (Psychology hese scattered whiffs of Press; 2 edition, 2008), perfume came together, 58. and the familiar scent of frangipane, the eleIvan Illich, "The Dirt ments of which his senof Cities", and "The se of smell had detected Aura of Cities", "The and recognized, spread Smell of the Dead", and from the valley[…]assai"Utopia o an Odorless ling his jaded nostrils, City." In, ed. Malcolm shaking anew his shatteMiles, Tim Hall and Iain red nerves and throwing Borden, 249 - 252. (The him into such a state of City Cultures Reader. prostration the he fell London: Routledge; 2 fainting, almost dying, edition, 1986) across the window-sill. James Vlahos, The Joris-Karl Huysmans, Smell of War, (Popular Against the Grain ( A Science. August., 2006), Rebours), 1884 76-93. References Joris-Karl Huysmans, Against Nature (A Rebours). (London, England: Penguin Books., 2003). Avery Gilbert, What the Nose Knows: The Science of Scent in Everyday Life. (New York: Crown Publishing, 2008), 201. Constance Classen, Aroma: The Cultural History of Smell. (New York: Routledge; 1 edition, 1994), 161. Michael Macedonia, U.S. Army Simulation, Training and Instrumental Control (STRICOM): pg 37 (Entertainment Technology and Virtual Environments for Military Training and Education, 2000). Carolyn A Jones, Sensorium: Embodied Experience, Technology and Contemporary Art. (Massachusetts, First MIT Press, 2006). Carolyn Korsmeyer, Savoring Disgust: The Foul and the Fair in Aesthetics. (USA, Oxford Universi- Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 30 Notes: 1 Available online: http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=q9AzsgStb0A 2 ibid 3 Available online: http://www.wired.com/wired/ archive/15.05/posts_odor.html 4 Available online: http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=46EL1DQxcSo 5 Ibid 6 ibid 7 ibid 8 Available online: http://ict.usc.edu/news/ictscent-collar-wins-patent/ 9 Available online: http://www.behindthescene. org/article-190-en.html 10 ibid 11 Available online: http://www.skor.nl/artefact296-en.html Nina Leo Nina Leo is a Canadian multi-disciplinary artist working primarily in drawing, installation and public practice. Her work examines how the contemporary media and technology-rich environment may affect us phenomenological as experiences and interactions become ever more accessible yet divested of direct multi-sensorial richness. She specifically explores how this otherwise redesigned intimacy may alter our interactions, influence our sense of self and shape our socio-political perceptions.Leo holds an MFA in Emerging Practices from the University at Buffalo and has shown widely in Canada and the United States, as well as in Mexico. She currently teaches critical theory and studio practice at OCAD University (CAN). Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 31 We Are Forests © Duncan Speakman and Émilie Grenier 2011 TRANSNATIONAL, COLLABORATIVE ARTISTS IN RESIDENCY PROGRAMMES A practice-led evaluations with suggestions and recommendations by Annet Dekker, Gisela Domschke, Angela Plohman, Clare Reddington, Melinda Sipos, Victoria Tillotson, Annette Wolfsberger Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 32 A residency is a conceptual space that typically sits within the physical space and networks of an organization. The residency itself is intangible, yet exists through a structure of time, discussion, thought, action and proclamation. The residency provides space for creative practitioners to develop ideas within a supported environment, outside of their usual context. It enables immersion within different culture, exploration of practice with new people and a safe space to take risks. Practiced worldwide, the residency has become an invaluable resource for artists and the development of new work - but is its potential much greater? As producing organizations, can we work together to connect our individual residency spaces? Can we use this connection to increase value to artists and the development of art? Can we offer a more diverse cultural contribution? Can we open up our practice to new audiences? And in this unpredictable, global financial climate, can we offer greater stability by combining (often limited) resources? xel and Sander Veenhof), were produced between NIMk and Vivo ARTE.MOV in São Paulo (BR). Each programme was unique in structure, but each worked across countries and cultures, to support research and development of new artistic ideas. Each was initiated by NIMk, but were produced and developed with mutual responsibility and equal sharing of the workload. This article sets out to share key learning from these programmes, with an aim to inform design of future schemes and reflect on the potential of the residency space. What is a residency? The residency should be continually re-imagined, but inherent shared characteristics within Naked on Pluto, We Are Forests, Narrative Navigation and You Are The Protocol, were: · Time and space for artist(s) to reside at each lab to research and develop a new work · A modest artist fee · Production budget (including support of travel and accommodation) Fig: Naked on Pluto, screenshots In 2010, Netherlads Media Arts Institute (NIMk) led the set-up of three transnational collaborative artists in residence programmes. The first, Naked on Pluto (developed by Dave Griffiths, Aymeric Mansoux and Marloes de Valk), was collaboratively produced between Baltan Laboratories, NIMk, and Piksel. The second, We Are Forests (developed by Duncan Speakman and Émilie Grenier), was similarly produced between NIMk, 5 Days Off festival (NL), Pervasive Media Studio (UK) and Kitchen Budapest (HU). During the third, two projects, Narrative Navigation and You Are The Protocol (by VJ Pi- Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII · Regularly scheduled conceptual and technical critiques with lab communities · Online documentation of project process · Testing opportunities · Public presentation of research In terms of structure, the projects were developed within different time frames, from an intense three-month period, to a number of short sprints. Quarterly November 2012 33 For each set-up, the needs of the artists, the nature of the project and the flexibility of the budget was taken into consideration. It's important to determine a clear definition of the expected outcomes of the residency. Residencies often focus on the production of a new work or commission. However, a focus on research and development can be extremely valuable. R&D frames the residency as a safe lab-style space for taking risks on new ideas. This brings a wider scope for experimentation that significantly benefits future practice and production. It also gives rise to new forms of collaboration, creation and cooperative culture. Since completing these programmes, the project teams have discussed possible formats beyond artists, such as 'idea in residence'. These could include curators, researchers or producers in residence, or wider staff exchanges. on several key learning points which we defined as: 1) Focus; 2) Preparation, Planning & Duration; 3) Communication. These three areas shared common characteristics between the residencies and could also be used to bring to light more general issues. Focus The focus in all three residencies was very different, from working towards a presentation within a pre-set exhibition theme, to a research period, and creating an interactive project for a mobile situation. Although this difference in focus was not anticipated beforehand, it proved beneficial because it meant that different strategies could be experimented with: in terms of content, collaboration with multiple organisations in various countries, and choosing various working What is the added value of collaborative, shared methods (single projects, collaborative projects). residencies? Preparation, Planning & Duration Collaborative residency programmes, particularly those that are transnational, hold increased The structure and timing of the development value for both participating artists and producing period was built around the first proposals that organisations. For artists, shared residencies were accepted. Nevertheless we felt with each offer a context that's more than simply time residency that time was always too short, but and space to work. By residing at each partner it also became clear that each residence very organisation, time and space is multiplied across much required its own planning and structure, locations; and each location brings it's own culture because people work in different ways, have to the work. Whether through working methods, varying skills, and need various ways of guidance language, conceptual interpretations or other or assistance from the organisation, all of which cultural factors, a place and time can significantly can shift during the period of the residence. It is influence thinking and deepen complexity of only during the process of the residency that the a work. For organisations, shared residencies needs and necessities of resident artists and their mean shared resources. This multiplies the offer project become clear. This was clearly reflected to the artist and distributes workload in terms of with the second case study, We Are Forests. Early administration and organisation. We also found in the development of the residency structure, the that it allows stronger relationships to form partners had intended the outcome to be a finalised between organisations and individual producers piece, exhibited during an exhibition or festival. working within them. In our experience, this However, as we were looking to commission an encouraged valuable knowledge sharing in terms experimental work, emphasis was shifted to R&D. of working practices; and the formation of new We still wanted to work with a festival, and 5 Days transnational opportunities, collaboration and Off were keen to provide support for the artists to cultural capital. test ideas at the festival during the development period. Evaluation points However, rather than using it as a platform to When evaluating the individual projects and exhibit a final work, we all felt the creation of a comparing them to each other we decided to focus lab-type space within a festival, was a much more Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 34 'Mock-up shots from You Are the Protocol', Sander Veenhof useful and valuable approach. work things out. The attitude of going with the flow is even more important in cases where people who don't know each other beforehand are asked to work together, or if the artists are in the early stages of their career and are less experienced. The latter is in some ways an advantage for the organisation, because it is easier to keep track of the working process. This is often more distanced in the case of more experienced artists who are more likely to take decisions on their own. For example, with the Naked on Pluto residence, the planned duration of the residency was initially set to three months, but since the artists came from different countries and time planning was an issue, it was decided to extend this to a six-month residency period during which half of the time was actual working time. Furthermore, due to time and availability constraints it was decided to make a set up of 'sprints': During a period of one week the artists would visit one of the media labs and work together on the development of the project. The sprints turned out to be very productive, especially for the artists since it gave them a very intense time together to "The sprint format really suited this project. There were parts of it that required the three of us to be together physically, to get our heads together for intense sessions of brainstorming, scriptwriting, game-world design and concept development. The sprints provided us with the time, space and focus to accomplish this. Other parts of the project required more isolation and longer stretches of individual work, such as the implementation of the interface design, writing the server and client-side code, and writing the texts for the game. Those parts were done remotely, with a bug tracker, a Wiki, and lots of video calls to sync our actions. Besides the creative and productive benefits of this format, there are also practical issues to consider. None of us could have left our home for months on end, for example. We have families and other work obligations to consider. This way we could collaborate over a long period of time (six months), with a big distance between us (1500 km) on a project that otherwise would have been impossible to realise." Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 35 Marloes de Valk in "Interview with Dave Griffiths, commitments, a substantial lead-in time is Aymeric Mansoux and Marloes de Valk", A Blueprint recommended. The intensity of the residency for a Lab of the Future, Baltan Laboratories, 2011 period and the wish to concentrate on the project during this time leaves little headspace for other The format of week-long sprints was perhaps not projects. Being physically separate from the usual the most ideal for the media labs, as it gave them working environment was a further contributing little time to engage with the project or with the factor. One way of dealing with this is to build artists since they were always extremely busy (of breaks into the residency period. Breaks make it course) with the project. A period of at least two possible to catch up with other work commitments, weeks would have been more beneficial. However, and provide time for distance and reflection. If the with the third case study, Narrative Navigation artists do not know the labs beforehand, it would and You Are The Protocol, we concluded that an be useful to provide information and context about even longer residence period was required. In them in the lead-up to the residency. This could this case the cultural differences between the be provided by the labs/producers and by previous countries, the Netherlands and Brazil, as well artists in residence, who could describe the lab as the different level of experience and expertise environment from an artist's point of view. of the two artists necessitated a longer period of adjusting, conceptualising and developing the Planning a return visit to the initial lab where projects. the residency started proved also to be a good idea: a final meeting/presentation at the first lab It was agreed by all resident artists that working closes the residency cycle, and gives the first lab between different labs and countries was extremely the opportunity to experience the final results of beneficial. The change of environment, visiting the the residency (taking into account that the initial different labs with their different backgrounds and research can be very different to the final output). contexts, also proved very beneficial for the artists. They liked the new environments and each one Communication provided them with new energy and inspiration. Communication and knowledge transfer inside "What's important to me in these residencies an organisation is important, but can be less that you've set up is that they give us more frequent than meetings with producers/artists and focus. The presence of a physical location and between producers of the different organisations. an opportunity to meet different people who are However organisational meetings with artists is doing other things, to meet, talk, discuss and recommended, as it strengthens connections, opens possibly exchange is very important. For example, unforeseen exchanges and builds confidence. the act of having to give presentations during the residency, which at first might seem annoying, is Although there are cost implications, regular faceactually very beneficial. It forces you to explain to-face meetings between all producers/labs and what you're doing, to reflect on the things that artists are beneficial not only to the artists, but have been in your head, or that have come up also to the producers/labs. Face-to-face meetings between the three of us, and to make some sense allow producers to better understand the working of it again." methods of the other labs and stay more closely in touch with project development. Although process Dave Griffiths in "Interview with Dave Griffiths, could be followed on the online project journal Aymeric Mansoux and Marloes de Valk", A Blueprint and blog, and tools such as Skype were utilised, for a Lab of the Future, Baltan Laboratories, 2011. we found face-to-face meetings could not be replaced. They strengthen our relationships and Nevertheless, the spread between different countries, significantly increased opportunities for future and different working environments, create a collaboration. number of major shifts for artists. To enable artists to fully prepare and manage other work Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 36 Common issues and recorded the final presentation in Bristol, http://www.dshed.net/we-are-forests. In the case During the evaluation process of the projects we of Naked on Pluto, as described above, the artists distinguished several common issues that we maintained a very extensive project blog that was believe can be generalised to other (kinds of) updated regularly throughout the process and continues to be a rich source of information and collaborative residences: reflection on the issues raised in the artwork, http://pluto.kuri.mu. Trust: While it is important for the artists to understand the roles and the context of the different labs involved, it is also important for the labs to understand the working methods of the artists. Within previous (transnational) residencies it has proven an advantage if at least one of the labs are familiar with the resident artist(s). This raises questions of openness: whilst open calls create a 'way in' for artists outside of the labs networks and equally provides an opportunity for the labs to discover interesting work that was not previously on their radars, solicited applications are often a reality. It is essential to build in moments for discussion and reflection. During each residency we organised presentations, workshops and test sessions, some of which were scheduled from the outset, some of which were ad hoc in response to the needs of the project. For example, Baltan Laboratories organised a play testing session during the Naked on Pluto sprint in Eindhoven with a group of Game Design students from the Fontys University of Applied Sciences and the Technical University Eindhoven. "This resulted in a lot of valuable feedback on interface and game mechanics, and a mountain Trust between labs and the artist(s), and the labs of new bug reports. This session was followed by several one-on-one play-tests that focused more themselves, is an essential commodity. on the individual game experience and narrative." David Griffiths, Aymeric Mansoux and Marloes de Collaborations are built on: Valk, "Naked on Pluto" in A Blueprint for a Lab of the Future. Baltan Laboratories, 2011. · The quality and profile of labs · How their offer contributes to the collaboration As part of We Are Forests, a final presentation · How they compliment partner labs took place within each residency block in each However, the success or failure of a collaboration location (Bristol, Amsterdam, Budapest). The presentations were open to potential audience, often depends on the people within them. other artists and those with expertise relevant to Finding producers and collaborators with a can- artists' practice. In Brazil, the artists were able to do attitude, an open approach and an ability to test different stages of "Narrative Navigation" in previously defined places where the actions could learn from failure is imperative. take place, considering different zones in the city with lack of digital art accessibility. Amongst the Documentation & reflection: selected areas, three of them hosted Labmovel It is crucial the residency is documented throughout. activities during the residency: public square in Sharing process and findings as the work is Freguesia do Ó, Public Library Mario de Andrade developed, allows others to easily follow the project and Centro Cultural São Paulo. and comment where useful. Documenting the journey also facilitates valuable reflection and As part of the third case study we conducted a evaluation at the end of the residency. During thorough analysis of the impact of documentation We Are Forests, the artists regularly updated an methods that were used during the development online project journal that was shared on partner process of the residences.1 For all the residences sites; the labs also created short videos interviews we used a blog to document the development.2 Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 37 'Mock-up shots from You Are the Protocol', Sander Veenhof One of the pitfalls of a standard blog is that the structure influences the outcome of the documentation, for example it is chronological, always showing the last post that is created. Another difficulty was setting the goal(s) of the blog: the audience you're writing for influences what you will be writing. Although all the artists were open to sharing their experiences during the process, it quickly became apparent that there are very different ways to document a process. Some artists preferred to use video statements, others captured the development in photography, some used informal and personal narrative techniques, again someone else would focus on technical steps that were made. Furthermore, the information on a blog is very contextual but the content can be accessed, copied and shared by anyone as soon as a post is published. It happened a few times that information or interviews were posted on other websites without reference or information that would explain the views expressed. methods that are being developed for the restoration and preservation of contemporary art.3 Rather than only serving the purpose of reconstruction, these models prove to be flexible and therefore open to different usages, creating an interesting point of departure to experiment and analyse the documentation of artistic working processes. The main focus of these models is doing interviews with the artists during the whole process at set times and around specific issues. The documentation models proved to be valuable guides for posing questions and addressing specific issues. The interviews clearly showed the changes in the artists' thinking and their decisionmaking processes. A more in-depth analysis could provide other artists, developers, researchers and organisers with interesting insights and useful information regarding creative and artistic working processes On going questions: Next to an evaluation of the content and use of Should the role of the labs be defined within the the blogs, with the third residence we compared residency? In both cases, the role of 'facilitating the documentation strategy with documentation making and thinking' was present at each location. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 38 However each lab had a unique emphasis, drawn from the expertise within their communities. It's therefore important to define not necessarily the role of the labs, but the specialist qualities of each lab and what their communities offer. This enables artists to efficiently plan and maximise project development at each location. complimentary values yet unique offers, who advocate open, collaborative approaches · Consider western and non-western ways of working and producing residencies · Research phase: Select an artist who also advocates an open, collaborative approach. Engage in How can we best keep each other updated about subsequent discussions regarding the project and process and facilitate communication betwe- possible needs and begin sourcing collaborators en labs? We have continuing discussions on etc. this point. Online tools were utilised frequen· Manage expectatly throughout the resitions: it's important to dency, but as previously get this right from the mentioned, the imporoutset and get it right tance of face-to-face with everyone involved, meetings should not be including artists, labs, underestimated. partners, collaborators etc. Fig: You Are the Protocol', Sander Veenhof, · Define the scope, rephotos by Lucas Gersources, goals and idenvilla tify the adjustable variables Is there a necessity to match-make and sup· Identify the opportuport networking of arnities to work with and tists? This is important learn from partner orand as individual labs ganisations and where we often provide this possible, build these op'service' within our conportunities into the prostituencies. However, gramme from the outset there is a great opportunity to escalate this · Is the residency an by facilitating cross-lab exchange or not? - Ennetworking. sure everyone has a shared understanding Conclusion: the resiand attitude dency life cycle During: The life cycle of a collaborative residency begins before commencing the development period and · Encourage curiosity through regular critiques continues for a short while afterwards. From the and (in terms of technology augmented projects) experience of producing the different projects, we testing of the work recommend considering the following4: · Maximise the relation to local context Before: · Build the collaboration: identify partners with Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 39 Naked on Pluto, screenshots · Residencies contribute to making the lab into and between project partners. Also consider how what it is - consider how to keep traces of that and to continue the exchange of knowledge. share it · Consider how to measure the outcome · Be aware of the everyday life dimension of the qualitatively and quantitativelyConsider how to residency - the human, informal dimension - it's support the work beyond the residency period: is essential there scope for touring? Or informal advice you can offer on opportunities such as project grants, · Flexibility can be an issue, find a cohesive way to or other residencies the artists could access, to accommodate it further develop the work? · Get deep into other partners ways of working The potential impact of the transnational collaborative residency is great. It makes space · Document and share the process throughout for ideas and reflections that would not otherwise be possible. It creates focus, accelerates project Afterwards: development and exposes process. As producing organisations, we've found that we can work · When does the residency end? Bring it to a together to connect place and space, link our celebratory close networks, and share resources and knowledge. · Disseminate the 'story' (public and other) and present work-in-progress Through this cooperation, we have multiplied support for artists, offered diverse cultural contributions, archived process and increased our · Share key learninConsider how to continue engagement with audiences worldwide. And in the fostering relationships between host and artists; present, unpredictable, global financial climate, Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 40 USC Scent Collar, http://skydeas.smugmug.com/Professional/Morie-USC-Scent-Collar/17611389_8hcR4z/1341914470_qrcCPVP#!i=1341915751&k=MRvddjximg3.png we believe this model does offer increased stability for artists and participating organisations, and unlocks potential that we simply hadn't imagined when we began. exhibition aims were to make such an 'obscure' technological object as software, open, palpable and approachable, bridging a gap between 'serious' production such as technology and 'non-serious' production such as different forms of art. The Case Study #1: Naked on Pluto exhibition had a few distinct threads: games; ASCII; Collaborative AiR between NIMk, Baltan code art; a few vectors of AI; computers in popular Laboratories & Piksel culture; spyware, conceptual software, hardware modification, hacker/virus approaches, sound, The set-up: software modification, pranks, participatory web. And as software is intertwined with the hardware Baltan Laboratories in Eindhoven (NL), Netherlands it runs upon and the networks that construct the Media Art Institute (NIMk) in Amsterdam (NL) and society in which it rules, the exhibition featured Piksel in Bergen (NO) launched an open call for a lot of projects dealing explicitly with computer proposals as part of the exhibition project Funware. hardware or the materiality of hardware as well We were looking for interesting new software art as engaging projects experimenting with sound. projects that could be developed in the period of June – November 2010 through a shared residency. The project: The new work would be presented in the Funware exhibition at MU in Eindhoven (November 2010 – Naked on Pluto is a Multiplayer Text Adventure on January 2011). Facebook developed by Dave Griffiths (UK), Aymeric Mansoux (F) and Marloes de Valk (NL). Naked on The Funware exhibition (curated by Olga Goriunova) Pluto proposes a playful yet disturbing online demonstrated the trajectory of humour and affect game world, developed with Free/ Libre Open as constitutional to software and computing. The Source Software, which parodies the insidiously Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 41 invasive traits of much "social software". The city of "Elastic Versailles" is animated by the quirky combinatorial logics of a community of fifty-seven AI bots that glean Facebook data from subscribers to the game. Naked on Pluto's bot crew, which are hard to distinguish from other agents in this textbased environment, are dysfunctional gatekeepers whose access-control means are broken by the participants only to be elastically "healed" by the bots. Players attempt to override the game's restrictions, teaming up in order to ultimately crash and escape from the system. Reporting on activities via a blog and Twitter, and issuing a constant stream of incitation to click, declare, poke and buy, the bots run havoc with one's own and one's friends' data, generating more or less spurious links with chillingly escalating speed. Disconcertingly familiar faces and information from one's personal and associated profiles are indiscriminately blended in a brash prosumer landscape which, like the original Versailles, is designed for promotional parades of inseparable personal and ideological attributes. No player information is shared, stored, or relayed back to Facebook in this malleable social ecosystem where all that counts are glimpses of fleeting visibility. Naked on Pluto caricatures the proliferation of virtual agents that harvest our personal data to insidiously reshape our online environments and profiles, highlighting the ambivalent hallmarks of major social networks: friends as quantifiable and commodifiable online assets, personas carefully fashioned contrived to impart a sense of "intimacy", and disingenuous publishing of "private" data as self-advertising. The emergence of intelligence in this game is ultimately, hopefully, that of the players who manage to escape from it. time and space to research projects at the intersection of art, mobility and culture. The programme was set up to support early stage ideas that utilised pervasive technologies, free/ open source software and involved audience participation. It was designed to be a valuable opportunity for artists to explore process and develop experimental works within four unique collaborative environments. Artists were not pressurised to produce a finalised piece, but were asked to present work in progress within a public arena and/or festival environment. The project: Duncan Speakman and Émilie Grenier were commissioned to research and develop a new participatory sound work entitled We Are Forests: In a social environment full of micro-blogging and continuous status updates communicated through text and image, what happens to the emotional weight of the human voice? We Are Forests was a participatory sound work that used everyday and emergent mobile technologies to ask, 'What would you whisper into a stranger's ear'? To find out more about the project you can read the artists journal: http://nimk.nl/blog/weareforests/ Case Study #3: Narrative Navigation & You Are The Protocol. Collaborative AiR between NIMk and Vivo arte.mov The set-up: Netherlands Media Art Institute (NIMk) in Amsterdam (NL) and Vivo ARTE.MOV in São Paulo (BR) launched an open call for proposals as part http://pluto.kuri.mu of the cultural funding programme Central de http://naked-on-pluto.net/ Cultura, created to intensify cultural exchange between The Netherlands and Brazil. The aim of Case Study #2: We Are Forests this program is to lead to long-term cooperation Collaborative AiR between NIMk, 5 Days Off, between artists between the two countries. The Kitchen Budapest (KIBU) & Pervasive Media fund that has committed to our project is the Studio Mondriaan Fund. We were looking for proposals from artists or curators to develop an art project The set-up: or workshop programme for a mobile lab & presentation platform that could be used and NIMk, 5 Days Off, KIBU & Pervasive Media Studio adapted by both organisations. advertised a global, open call for artists seeking Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 42 The projects: are undertaken to safeguard the collection, archive, distribution and presentation, there is yet no concrete plan for the continuation of the artist in residence programme. The coordinators responsible for this programme, Annet Dekker and Annette Wolfsberger, are seeking other ways to organise collaborative residencies. http:// aaaan.net. Narrative Navigation is an open structure for geolocated narratives about the city. Anyone can use it to add its personal narrative to a city, or simply to navigate through the stories that are already in the system. It can be a memory related story or an idea for the future, a real fact or a simple quotation. The project expands the idea of mobility beyond devices and instruments, and encourages Collaborating producers of Naked on Pluto: the user to actually walk through the navigation, Baltan Laboratories (Eindhoven, NL) initiates, creating new routes of narratives. mediates and shares innovative research and You Are The Protocol is a communication network development at the intersection of art, design and based on dynamically generated QR-codes, which technological culture. Baltan sees the laboratory contain multiple messages each. It works like as a way of working. It is both a network and the IP-protocol (which powers the internet) but a methodology for creating and sharing new in this case you are responsible for the traffic concepts, tools and knowledge. Baltan is a of messages, which are carried around in the flexible, collaborative platform for future thinking offline cache of your smartphone. You Are The that places art and design research at the core of Protocol is useful in cases of incidental network its activities. loss, deliberate political deactivation of networks or in situations/countries with minimal online Angela Plohman was director of Baltan Laboratories connectivity. Whether you are an activist, a hidden until June 2012. She is now grant manager at the storyteller or just a communication addict - this Mozilla Foundation in Toronto, Canada. Olga Mink offline dynamic messaging system allows you to is the new director of Baltan Laboratories and is keep on communicating. http://youaretheprotocol. continuing the artist-in-residence programme. http://www.baltanlaboratories.org net/ Narrative Navigation and You Are The Protocol Piksel is an annual event for artists and developers working with free and open source were developed by VJ Pixel and Sander Veenhof. software, hardware and art. Part workshop, part festival, it is organised in Bergen, Norway, and Biographies of the labs involves participants from more than a dozen Netherlands Media Art Institute (NIMk) stimulates countries exchanging ideas, coding, presenting the free development and propagation of art and software projects, doing workshops, contemporary art, in particular on the basis performances and discussions on the aesthetics of technology. Art works are developed under and politics of free and open source software. commission and in collaboration. The works are shown via the Internet, at national and international Gisle Frøysland is director of Piksel and for this festivals, events, exhibitions at diverse art project we also collaborated with Elisabeth Nesheim. institutions and for educational purposes. The NIMk http://www.piksel.no/ follows a non-individual promotional policy for media art in which completed works are presented Collaborating producers of We Are Forests: to professionals, institutes and contacts. Kitchen Budapest (KIBU) is a place of witchcraft Errata: As of January 2013 NIMk will not receive and inspiration. It is an innovation lab where the any more funding from the national government fields of art, research work, start up development and the organisation decided to discontinue its and education complete and support each other. current activities. Although several other initiatives Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 43 This creative milieu was founded by Magyar Telekom in 2007, and it has two fundaments: openmindedness and team-work. The team spirit is further enhanced by our colleagues' and resident artists' constant curiosity and desire to discover something new. Based on the interdisciplinary thinking of these young engineers, artists, designers and sociologists our objective is to find the connection points of society, arts, science, urban space, mobile communication, the internet, digital culture and startups.We aim to give answers within an international context, and also to ask questions from KIBU's unique point of view. 5 Days Off festival annually showcases the latest developments surrounding electronic music. Within the arts programme of the festival called 5 Days On, and more specifically its exhibition, Cloud Sounds, the festival explores the culture of electronic music and culture, with a focus on remix culture and Web2.0 participatory procedures such as crowdsourcing and (re-) appropriation of social media for the arts processes and purposes. Jan Hiddink is coordinator of the 5 Days Off festival in Amsterdam and works as programmer at Melkweg in Amsterdam. http://www. melkweg.nl Fig: Naked on Pluto, screenshots Collaborating producers of Narrative Navigation and You Are The Protocol: Melinda Sipos worked at KIBU until February 2012, currently she is freelance designer, cultural producer. http:// www.kitchenbudapest. hu Pervasive Media Studio is Watershed's city-centre research lab, bringing together artists, technologists and academics to explore the future of mobile and wireless media. Research projects are both cultural and commercial and span gaming, projections, location-based media, digital displays and new forms of performance. Run in partnership with Bristol University and the University of the West of England's Digital Cultures Research Centre, the studio has a great workspace, an open ethos and a can-do attitude. Clare Reddington is Director of iShed and Pervasive Media Studio, and Victoria Tillotson is iShed Producer at Pervasive Media Studio in Bristol. http://www.watershed.co.uk/ished // http://www. pmstudio.co.uk Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Labmóvel is a Lab of mobile media for the production of art residencies, workshops and cultural events. Because of its nomad character, the programme aims to create temporary venues that instigate curiosity and increase access outside the institutional structures, encouraging a cultural, social and economic crossing encounters. The mediation acts as a key-role in the interaction between this structure and its public. This program is coordinated by Lucas Bambozzi and Gisela Domschke and is supported by Programa Arte e Tecnologia from Fundação Telefônica (in cooperation with Vivo arte.mov). Gisela Domschke is freelance and independent curator/producer http://www.giselad.com, she was the Brazilian coordinator for this project. Lucas Bambozzi is director of Vivo arte.mov. Quarterly November 2012 44 Notes: Angela Plohman 1 Thanks to Julia Bac who coordinated the documentation of the third residence and started the research. Angela Plohman has worked for many years in the field of art and technology. From 2008-2012 she was the director of Baltan Laboratories in Eindhoven. She recently relocated to Toronto and is the Grant Manager at the Mozilla Foundation 2 For Naked on Pluto a special technical blog was created which described the technical development, key decision points and the programming code that was used. 3 In particular we focused on a documentation model that was designed for the performance Extra Dry by the internationally renowned Amsterdam based dance company Emio Greco|PC. This documentation model was developed in the context of the two-year Inside Movement Knowledge (2008-2010) research project lead by the Art Practice and Development Research Group in cooperation with the dance company. For more information: http:// insidemovementknowledge.net (accessed June 2012). About the use of documentation models see Van Saaze and Dekker (forthcoming 2012). 4 These reflections were also elaborated and discussed during the working group "Lab as Residency" at the LabtoLab network meeting in Nantes in June 2011. http://www.labtolab.org ___________ Clare Reddington Clare Reddington is director of The Pervasive Media Studio, part of Watershed in Bristol, UK. Her role is to develop talent, share knowledge and produce collaborative research in the creative technology space. Melinda Sipos Melinda Sipos is a Budapest-based free lance designer and cultural producer who works locally and internationally. She initiates, co-ordinates and participates in various projects and workshops at the intersection of art, design and technology. http://www.melindasipos.net Victoria Tillotson Victoria Tillotson is a Producer at Watershed where she designs and delivers artists' residency programmes, international programmes and creative technology projects Annette Wolfsberger Annet Dekker Annet Dekker is an independent curator and researcher, based in Amsterdam. Currently writing a Ph.D. research on strategies for documenting net art at Goldsmiths University. http://aaaan.net Gisela Domschke Annette Wolfsberger, is an Austrian-born producer and curator based in Amsterdam. She is producer and part of the curatorial team of Sonic Acts (NL) & Kontraste (AT), and manages a European exchange programme for Trans Europe Halles (TEH). www. aaaan.net; www.sonicacts.com www.kontraste.at; www.teh.net Gisela Domschke is a Brazilian media artist and curator. She is a guest lecturer at FAAP, PUC and Escola São Paulo and works as an independent . curator in collaboration with British Council, AHRC, Virtuel Platform, Netherlands Media Art Institute, Vivo Arte.mov, FutureEverything Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 45 Mapping the strength of the Wi-Fi signal across the State Library of Queensland in 3D; Courtesy of Dan Hill IMMATERIAL PUBLIC SPACE The emperor's new architecture by Selena Savicic Globalization theorists argued throughout the 1990s that in compressed space distances play no role any more (Soja, 2003). Thus, virtual was recognized as some kind of real. Just as Manuel Castells rightly argued that reality has always been perceived through symbols (Castells, 1996), virtual reality functions as a mediated experience. Virtual realities that became prominent in the 1990s had a real impact on space and time. Today, we are facing another kind of impact. Space of wave propagation is physical. What happens instead of compression of time and space is a distribution of communication devices that augment locations. Mobile phones and "onlineness" make social space more distributed. Without having to go somewhere to meet someone, more spaces become a potential meeting place. At Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII the same time, there is even more expectation for connectivity at all times. The authors of Net Locality (Gordon and de Souza e Silva, 2011) argue that the current reconfiguration of space recomposes social interactions. A paradigmshift away from virtual reality that "attempts to make a world inside the computer" (Weiser, 1991) was confirmed by the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) with the launch of their publication Ubiquity in 2000, and a plenary conference After Cyberspace (McCullough, 2004). This is a significant change of concepts about the role of technology in creation and mediation of space. Once envisioned as a tool to depict the non-existent environment and immerse a person in it, computing is now tuned onto processing the environment. The key aspect of this change Quarterly November 2012 46 technology is situated in a physical environment, operated by people on the move. Location becomes important. The physical experience is augmented, rather than cut off by technology. Because of the increasing saturation of the environment with computing, we are easily blinded by overinformation. In his work on pervasive technologies, Weiser recognized this problem early. ubiquitous computing, connecting diverse mobile devices through the same network protocol. My main interest lies with the area of wireless spatiality, the hybrid space that is created on the intersection of technology and physical space where it is contained. What are the mutual impacts of pervasive communication technology in mediating physical space; and of the built space (architecture) on communication - as an obstacle for propagation of wireless signals, but also its infrastructure with the intention to bring more awareness of their presence, I will look into the physicality of wireless signals, and their possible architectural qualities. He suggested a new way of focusing on computing, which gave way to the concept of ubiquity. With the construction of a U-city in South Korea and similar contemporary developments, the word ubiquitous came into the popular discourse. Coined by Weiser in 1991, the term ubiquitous came to stand for computational capacities of technology that is built into our environment and Aesthetic Approach goes by mostly unnoticed. We are organizing the space with technology. This Weiser described this phenomenon as "computers space is public, or at least shared, as technology is that are disappearing..." (Weiser, 1991) referring used here to enable communication and exchange. at the same time to the power of 'blending in' that Like every other public sphere, this space has happens because we have learned it sufficiently its architectural and political characteristics. On well; and the anxiety reflected in the dystopian the architectural side, we recognize utilitarian Philip K. Dick novel "Ubik". According to Weiser, concerns like accessibility, stability and security ubiquity is diametrically opposed to virtual reality, of the network infrastructure. On the political because it "invisibly enhances the world that side, we have issues of ownership and control, as already exists" rather than trying to "make a well as participation and accessibility by different world inside the computer" (Weiser, 1991). It is parties. The discourse on the latter is often clear that we cannot pay attention to all processes coloured by a dose of paranoia about the social at once, but we are good (and getting better) at consequences of ubiquitous technology. switching focus. This focus switching has become the key aspect in the design of interaction with Although it is necessary to keep a critical the environment. With different degrees of attitude towards this saturation with sensors and interactivity, "the disciplines of architecture and microchips (Thackara, 2002) the current debate interaction design both address how contexts often overlooks everything outside the instrumental shape action [...] these processes are ambient." use of waves. This kind of criticism is unlikely (McCullough, 2004). to produce any relevant design challenge or spur innovative thinking. I would like to propose New interfaces are emerging to embed a different approach, one that engages with the information processing into the physical realm. presence of wireless signals in an innovative They are mobile, networked and intuitive. Thus, rather than conservative way. "architecture has acquired a digital layer." (McCullough, 2004). Computing happens in the My intention is to focus on the aesthetic potential periphery, but includes physical architecture, of specific areas of electromagnetic radiation, which literally gives space to different levels of cutting away from the instrumentalist debate. accessibility and makes interaction more intuitive. Treating wireless signals as aesthetic phenomena, I hope to engage in a critical debate on another level. The current omnipresence of accessible Wi-Fi signals in the city is actualizing the potential for Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 47 Looking for the origins of parametricism: Relief of the doubly periodic function "cn u for k=0.8" [Eugen Jahnke and Fritz Emde, Tablse of Functions with Formulae and Curves] obtained by Le Corbusier from the director of ETH Zurich in October 1956, in his search for a 'catalogue of forms' for his design of the Philips pavilion at the Brussels World Expo in 1958 Spatial theory: from Network Society to Net Locality "The Internet of Things is happening, and it's being built right here on Cosm." they proudly announce on the website of the Cosm platform (Cosm-previously known as Pachube - 2012). Previously, Adam Greenfield discussed ubiquity in his book Every ware (Greenfield, 2006), marking a significant point in recognition of the phenomenon and its impact on space. In his short book "The Internet of Things" Rob van Kranenburg (2008) discussed some consequences of ubiquitous computing on our environment with a critical perspective towards the actual improvements it brings.In "The Rise of the Network Society", Castells introduced the concept of 'space of flows' which is not a placeless space, because "it does have a territorial configuration related to the nodes of the communication networks." (Castells 1996). It clings on the idea of time-space compression discussed in the context of globalization by theorists such as Paul Virilio (Virilio, 1997; Virilio, 2000). However, it deflects from its negation of relevance of physical space, thus recognizing the Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII ultimate importance of location and spatiality within the network. In a later research report titled "The Mobile Communication Society", Castells et al. suggest that there is an on going shift from already-decentralized, stand-alone computers towards entirely pervasive computing (Castells et al. 2004).Edward Soja describes the term 'spatiality' in a footnote in Postmodern Geographies (Soja, 1989) as a "formative structure created by society" with an "inherently social quality". Soja argues for importance of spatiality, pertaining to Lefebvre's views of space as his primary interpretive viewpoint. Soja recognized an increased spatial consciousness – the 'spatial turn' in the form of significant reinsertion of space in the humanities and social sciences or the 'turn' of academia's attention to space. What is common to spatial thought from Lefebvre, Soja and Castells to recent books like Net Localities and Code/Space, is the idea that space is a result of some form of social interaction. Soja's view of space as "a social product - that (it) arises from purposeful social practice" (Soja, 1989) is confirmed in Castells's writing: Quarterly November 2012 48 "Space is the expression of society" (Castells, 1996) ". In Digital Ground, McCullough recognizes the new character of information technology, which "has become ambient social infrastructure", (McCullough, 2004) while Kitchin and Dodge discuss how "social is inherently temporal and spatial" in Code/Space (2011). Eric Gordon and Adriana de Souza e Silva refer back to Lefebvre's view of space as inherently social (Lefebvre, 1991), to conclude that "reconfiguring spaces means reframing the social interactions within them." (Gordon and de Souza e Silva, 2011) Fig: Immaterials: light painting WiFi by Timo Arnall, Jørn Knutsen and Einar Sneve Martinussen, 2011; Courtesy Timo Arnall problem is discussed in detail for example in the book Splintering Urbanism through a broad range of examples of uneven development of infrastructures making "physically close spaces ... relationally severed" (Graham and Marvin, 2001). Because the physical network infrastructure is not evenly distributed, network also does not distribute evenly throughout the world. Fiber-optic cables are laid along the London's financial district and Wall Street to avoid any possible delay in the execution of trading algorithms; at the same time, in many African and some South American countries, dial-up modem speeds are still a standard (Index 2012) So far we have examined the 1990's theory of the network shift, the increased connectedness of individuals and organizations throughout the world. We are talking here mainly about cable-facilitated networks. What, if anything, changes with the introduction of wireless? It might be true that "wireless communication homogenizes space" (Castells et al. 2004) because of the way it connects people independently from their location. Or it might be just difficult to break with this seductive idea embraced by the theorists in the 1990s, who argued that space becomes equal to place, places being condensed with connectivity. According to Adrian Mackenzie, "Wi-Fi connections, intermittent, unstable, and uneven as they often are, act as a kind of patch or infill However, already in at the edges and gaps 1996 Castells recognized that in a process which in telecommunications and network infrastructu"connects advanced services and provider cen- res" (Mackenzie 2010). tres... territories surrounding these nodes play an increasingly subordinate function, someti- Their distribution is sporadic and the topography mes becoming irrelevant or even dysfunctional" of the wireless network infrastructure is rather (Castells, 1996). More recently, Castells wrote scattered. Because Wi-Fi access points are most more on the structure and meaning of the space commonly installed and managed individually by of flows, which he finds to be "not related to any their users, the spatiality of Wi-Fi infrastructure place but to the relationships constructed in and follows no particular spatial logic. Its coverage is around the network processing the specific flows unpredicted and changeable. of communication." (Castells et al. 2004) This Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 49 With the rise of urban computing technology, Ava Fatah gen. Schieck recognizes the emergence of interaction spaces between urban environment and pervasive computing systems which "are not limited to architectural spaces but also include spaces that are created by the mobile artefacts." (Fatah, Penn, and Neill 2008) The authors of Net Locality are looking at changes in the use of space that came together with the increasing use of location-aware networked devices. The authors claim "Net locality has transformed immersion from a function of large screens and virtual reality to a function of small screens and the representation of located information networks." (Gordon and de Souza e Silva 2011). Thus, social networks turned out to be more immersive than virtual environments. How public is the 'hertzian' space? Wireless communication both occupies and distributes within public space. Some of it's spatial features are therefore necessarily political. With Jacque Ranciere's definition of the "distribution of the sensible" – as a system of common facts that delimit the respective parts, visible and invisible within a particular aestheticpolitical regime, we find a clue for analysing this political aspect. What is the relevant political regime for distributed wireless communication? Most of information we daily access is served wirelessly using radio waves – from FM radio, through satellite signals and mobile phones, to wireless Internet. First wireless information served was radio broadcast, coupled with home radio receivers. Since the Maxwell's radio-wave theorem in 1864 and the creation of the first radio transmitter some 20 years later by Marconi, radio technology was developed to allow transmission of information (in the form of modulated audio signal) between two relatively distanced points. The topology of this network was static and therefore the change of the use of space was not great, though radio signal did cross-big distances and connect the receivers with remote broadcasts. While radio broadcasting is a one-way centralized transmission, with only licensed stations allowed to broadcast at a specific frequency, some contemporary wireless communication systems allow for a more horizontal exchange. Particularly Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII in the unlicensed spectrum, it is possible to transmit from any location, and also share the spectrum across different protocols. (Peha, 1998) The unlicensed spectrum allows any device (granted equipment compatibility) to transmit and receive information. Most commonly used license free frequencies are at 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz. Some regulations do apply, like for example in the power allotment (EIRP), which is ten times higher in the US (30dbm or 1000mW) (Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C 1999) than in the EU (20dbm or 100mW) (European Commission 2010) for devices broadcasting at 2.4GHz. Commercial high-speed Internet services also use parts of the unlicensed spectrum. WiFi technology (Wireless Fidelity, a technology standard for wireless data exchange) uses radio waves on the frequencies of 2.4GHz or 5GHz to transmit information between devices. WiFi enabled devices most commonly operate in the range between 2.4GHz and 2.5GHz, split in 14 channels to decrease interference with other electric devices which share the same frequency range - the microwave, Bluetooth gadgets, Baby phone and wireless surveillance cameras. Wi-Fi technology has the capacity to communicate multiple types of media over the same protocol: text, voice, images and video. Just as radioamateurs from the beginning of the 20th century experimented with radio equipment to extend its range and performance, Wi-Fi users are tinkering with their routers and antennas to extend and improve functionality of their networks (Bar and Galperin, 2004). Because these radio waves propagate through the air freely, this traffic is physically available to everyone with a Wi-Fi enabled device. Yet, wireless networks mostly appear as secured, using WEP or WPA encryption integrated in the traffic itself, for the reasons of privacy and security. This makes it impossible for anyone not knowing the code to take part in communication, although they are physically participating. The share ability of the Wi-Fi infrastructure was interestingly reflected in the cases of several cities like Taipei (Taiwan) and London (UK) who decided to launch citywide wireless Internet access projects. These would provide constant access to the Internet and location-based services Quarterly November 2012 50 to all users (for the price of agreeing to the central network provider's terms and conditions). This strategy was not picked up by many cities, as the city-provided wireless Internet access failed to take on a significant role in user connectivity (Mackenzie 2010). Because of network security and otherwise convenience, users preferred to secure their own network access, occupying public space with wireless signals protected with passwords. So what is the future of wireless Internet? On one hand we had the utopian dream of a "cyberrevolution". In the spirit of Barlow's Declaration of The Independence of the Cyberspace (1996) many thinkers still believe that mere accessibility will evoke different modes of social organization. For example, Bar and Galperin (2004) discuss the possibility for dynamic, peer-to-peer Wi-Fi networks to replace wired network infrastructures, as they are scalable and more easily distributed. Aware of the limitations put on by the existing legal environment (equipment power restrictions, frequency range for operation and restrictive agreements by current broadband providers) they advocate the extension of this decentralized infrastructure to another level. Because the infrastructure is built bottom-up and because technically, Wi-Fi clients can act as Wi-Fi access points, thus "all Wi-Fi devices can be programmed to detect other devices within their range and create ad-hoc connections" (Bar and Galperin, 2004), mesh networks could spontaneously emerge when enough Wi-Fi devices are present in an area. On the other hand, the competition between communication technologies does not lead to multiplicity and equal distribution, because "electronic intermediary services providers are populating the new markets and deploying strategies that are no less informed by monopolization strategies than in the past. " (Mansell, 1999, 3). New technologies evolve within an existing institutional context that moulds them to established social and market practices (Bar and Galperin, 2004). Thus the centralized approach to wireless networking reflected in the UMTS service might well win over the distributed AP mesh structure. Because every single byte can be charged to each user, this model is much more interesting to commercial companies than building an overall Wi-Fi meshed network, which they would be well capable of too. On the other hand, Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII UMTS providers would need to collaborate on a much more global level to make up for the comfort Wi-Fi technology provides to users outside of their countries of residence. Because Wi-Fi access points depend only on hardware compatibility, it would be necessary that UMTS connections provide the same service to the user independent from their current location (whether on a trip, holiday or at home). It is therefore most likely that both will continue to coexist for some time. to all users (for the price of agreeing to the central network provider's terms and conditions). This strategy was not picked up by many cities, as the city-provided wireless Internet access failed to take on a significant role in user connectivity (Mackenzie 2010). Because of network security and otherwise convenience, users preferred to secure their own network access, occupying public space with wireless signals protected with passwords. Urban Computing and Locative Media Instead of a dark room with a screen, mouse and keyboard, we are more likely to be online in a café, scrolling down the touch screen of a smart phone. It is typical of a 'neo-nomad' to live the 'Starbucks lifestyle', relying on mobile technology while relocating around the world (Abbas, 2011). Problems of 'neo-nomadism' are many, as described in detail by Yasmine Abbas, but they are a group of users who were 'liberated' by mobile technology. Exactly this is the point of Net Locality: contrary to the general prejudice about technology's alienation effect on the physical experience of the world (which is justified by the way we used to connect to the web in the 90s), new technologies are making us aware of locations, and making locations aware of us (Gordon and de Souza e Silva, 2011). Because "games provide a logic for user interaction" (Gordon and de Souza e Silva 2011), they have been widely used to simulate behaviours and situations. The Familiar Stranger (Paulos, e. &Goodman, 2002) and Umbrella.net (Moriwaki, K. & Brucker-Cohen, 2002) made use of Bluetooth connections between mobile phones, to discover the position of other players. Further on, Can You See Me Now (Blast Theory and Lab 2001) is an interesting example that combines Quarterly November 2012 51 mapping with real-time communication between participants, local and remote. Botfighters (2001) and Mogi (2003) engaged the players to consider their everyday urban experience as part of the game, having to change their usual paths (take the bus instead of the metro) in order to stay online – and thus in the game. Fig: RKNFG. Interactive installation developed during a summer residency at Atelierhaus Salzamt, Linz in September 2012, by Selena Savic In the Cityware project, Ava Fatah gen. Schieck analysed interaction spaces generated by Bluetooth devices. The researchers observed the usage practices in order to come up with new forms of humanto-human interaction. The team considered different methods for mapping the physical and digital flow and the digital co- presence. The looked for design strategies for different experiences in the city or at least an understanding of existing city behaviours. emergent social interactions", and even become "a motivation to change the way they communicate and engage with others." (Fatah, Penn, and Neill, 2008). In order to achieve a better understanding of the urban landscape augmented with the digital landscape of a city, we need to expand and adapt our understanding and practice of design. Looking at the urban environment as an integrated system made of both the built environment and pervasive computing systems, design can offer dynamic solutions that engage with both. Shaping The Waves Malcolm McCullough writes in Digital Ground: "Whenever goods, people, or electronic communications flow, space forms around them. (...) Places emerge at crossovers between infrastructures." (McCullough, 2004) Physical properties of wireless signal propagation - the range, signal strength and possible obstacles determine At the time of writing, their presence in the Bluetooth technology environment. The space provided more inforformed by these waves mation on movement is sometimes referred and interaction than to as hertzian, because the typically static Wi-Fi access points. "Within it consists of waves oscillating on frequencies exCityware, we are extending Space Syntax conside- pressed in Hz (SI unit of frequency named after ration of the architectural spaces created by the Heinrich Rudolf Hertz). built environment to include the wireless interaction spaces created by Bluetooth enabled devices. This term is also used to describe "a holistic view " (Fatah, Penn, and Neill, 2008). In the meantime, of the electronic device and its cultural interacBluetooth saw a fall in popularity, while Wi-Fi and tions" (Dunne, 2005). The problem with physicality 3G technology (3rd generation mobile pones, that of the hertzian space is that it is extremely difficult provide mobile Internet access) became more to (accurately) perceive and represent, leaving us pervasive. However, they concluded, "[communi- with a vague idea about how it actually 'looks' like. cation] technology can be appropriated to support Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 52 Quadricone, a model for an interactive environment, part of the Emperor's New Architecture research developed within the Sinlab, EPFL, Switzerland, by Selena Savic "We prefer to think of the electromagnetic spectrum as an inhabitable landscape, with its own electro climate and electro geography." (Dunne and Raby 2001). This statement of the design duo Dunne&Raby marks an innovative attitude towards the aesthetic and critical possibilities for dealing with hertzian space. As part of their research in 'secret life of electronic objects', they produced a series of Placebo objects that responded to electromagnetic activity in the environment. Eight prototype objects were placed in volunteers' peoples' homes, instigating them to develop narratives to explain and relate to electronic technologies. Marc Shepard published and edited several publications on the subject of hertzian space. He reminds: "Hertzian space is all around us, (…) how might we begin to think about how to shape these environments?" (Shepard, 2010). The presence of wireless signals was tackled by numerous artistic projects that aspire to design with waves in mind. The team of the Touch research project applied 'light painting' photographic technique to visualize the Wi-Fi terrain within Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII several city blocks near the Oslo School of Architecture and Design. With a special interest in the Near Field Communication (NFC) and other intangible phenomena that have implications for design, they produced a 4m Wi-Fi measuring rod, containing 80 lights that respond to the Received Signal Strength (RSSI) of a particular Wi-Fi network. Walking with this rod, they could produce long-exposure photographs of network activity on the way. In a project developed for the Graduate Design Research Studio, a horizontal tent-like structure was proposed to represent real-time activity on the public library network. Part of the Situated Technologies Research Group, University at Buffalo with Marc Shepard as Assistant Professor, this project is an interesting play with the metaphor of an invisible canopy and its visible counterpart materialized in the tent. Swiss-based designer Carina Ow proposed a series of Wi-Fi-active installations, in form of dynamic OLED surfaces that display the current use of public city networks. Quarterly November 2012 53 use of public city networks.A lot has been said and done in the area of interactive spaces - places where visitors would interact with (parts of) the environment, the environment typically responding by movement, change of light and colours or sounds. On the other hand, as shown above, quite some research has gone into visualizing the immaterial signals of WiFi, RFID, etc. Still, Shepard rightfully argues, "little work has been done to place these technological developments within the larger context of urban architecture". This lack, however, is not answered in his text either. Conclusions Designing electromagnetic environments involves thinking about space in non-visual ways. It also understands overcoming the dominant instrumentalist debate about technology and the solely materialist practice tradition in architecture. Yet, there are indications that contemporary networked pervasive technology has already contributed to a spatial change, intensifying the way people engage with places and spaces. Marc Shepard finds that this might actually result in participative and adaptable designs, the goals that architecture and urban design have set for themselves for decades (Shepard, 2010). Thinking about technology is always linked to thinking about it's future, trying to forecast the next 'big thing'. How will wirelessness 'look' in 10 or 20 years? Bluetooth was still a promising technology in 2007; next year it was pushed back to the headset industry, while Wi-Fi standard took over wireless exchange of data. As Norman wrote in The Invisible Computer, "we tend to overestimate the immediate impact and underestimate the longterm impact" while at the same time placing the emphasis "on the technologies themselves, when it is really the social impact and cultural change that will be most dramatic." (Norman, 1999) Today, Wi-Fi is competing in popularity and convenience with the UMTS service. Just 6 years ago, The New York Times was speculating that Wi-Fi telephony (such as voice over IP) might displace the current business model used by cell phone providers (Richtel, 2006). In the meantime, cellular telephony has diffused rapidly through the world. With the release of 3G phones that provide mobile Internet access, mobile phones became Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII a popular interface for location-aware computing and applications. Taking the usual browser access to a more personal level and allowing for a mobile experience of the Internet, smart phones threaten to render Wi-Fi protocols obsolete. This development is interestingly convenient for ISP providers, whose clients could easily share their networks with no compensation. To the contrary, cellular networks provided by cell towers and base stations allow users to roam seamlessly between cells, for a fixed price paid by each user. Considering previous indications, it might become even more difficult to 'tap in' the new centralized protocols of electromagnetic environments. References Yasmine Abbas, Neo-nomadisme : Mobilité, Partage, Identité, Transofrmations UrbainesSes Conséquences Et Ransformations Sur Notre Manière De Travailler Et De Vivre | FYP Editions Editeur De L'innovation. (Fyp editions, 2011). François, Bar and Hernan Galperin "Building the Wireless Internet Infrastructure: From Cordless Ethernet Archipelagos to Wireless Grids." COMMUNICATIONS & STRATEGIES 2nd quarter 2004 (no. 54): 45–68. http://www.idate.fr/fic/ revue_telech/348/CS54_BAR_GALPERIN.pdf. John Perry Barlow, 1996. "A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace." https://projects. eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. Blast Theory, and Mixed Reality Lab. 2001. Can You See Me Now? http://www.blasttheory.co.uk/ bt/work_cysmn.html. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society: Information Age, Economy, Society and Culture. (Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1996). Manuel Castells, Meireia Fernandez-Ardevol, Jack Linchuan Qui, and Araba Sey. 2004. "The Mobile Communication Society A Cross-cultural Analysis of Available Evidence on the Social Uses of Wireless Communication Technology." In The Mobile Communication Society. University of Southern California. Quarterly November 2012 54 Cosm (previously known as Pachube). 2012. Cosm - Internet of Things Platform Connecting Devices and Apps for Real-Time Control and Data Storage. https://cosm.com/. Anthony Dunne, Hertzian Tales. Vol. Rev. (MIT Press, 2005). Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, Design Noir: The Secret Life of Electronic Objects. (Vol. 1. Birkhäuser, 2001). European Commission. 2010. "EUR-Lex 32010D0267 - Access to European Union Law." http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do?uri=CELEX:32010D0267:EN:NOT. Ava Fatah, Alan Penn, and Eamonn O Neill, 2008. "Mapping , Sensing and Visualising the Digital Co-presence in the Public Arena." In Mapping, Sensing and Visualising the Digital Co-presence in the Public Arena, 38–58. http://discovery.ucl. ac.uk/7546/. Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. 1999. "FCC NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE MAKING." http://transition. fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/ Notices/1999/fcc99149.txt. Eric Gordon and Adriana de Souza e Silva, Net Locality. (Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011). Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin, Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities, and the Urban Condition. (Routledge, 2001). Adam Greenfield, 2006. Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing. Vol. 0. New Riders. http://www.amazon.com/ dp/0321384016. Index, Net. 2012. Net Index by Ookla. http://www. netindex.com/. Rob Kitchin and Martin Dodge, Code/space. Software Studies. (MIT Press, 2011). Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Rob van Kranenburg, The Internet of Things. Network No. (Institute of Network Cultures, 2008). Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space. (Blackwell, 1991). Adrian Mackenzie, Wirelessness: Radical Empiricism in Network Cultures. (The MIT Press, 2010). R. Mansell, 1999. "New Media Competition and Access: The Scarcity-Abundance Dialectic." New Media & Society 1 (2) (August 1): 155–182. doi:10.1177/14614449922225546. http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/ doi/10.1177/14614449922225546. Malcolm McCullough, Digital Ground: Architecture, Pervasive Computing, and Environmental Knowing. (The MIT Press, 2004). Katherine Moriwaki and Jonah Brucker-Cohen, 2002. UMBRELLA.net: Exploring Coincidence Ad-Hoc Networks. http://undertheumbrella.net/ system.htm. Donald A Norman, The Invisible Computer. (MIT Press, 1999). Eric Paulos and Elizabeth Goodman, 2002. Familiar Stranger. http://www.paulos.net/ research/intel/familiarstranger/index.htm. Jon M Peha, 1998. "Spectrum Management Policy Options." Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE 1 (1): 2–8. http://ieeexplore.ieee. org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5340403. Matt Richtel, 2006. "The Wi-Fi in Your Handset." New York Times, July 29. http://www.nytimes. com/2006/07/29/technology/29phones.html?_r=1 &ei=5090&en=f4e35ba52faa0380&ex=131182560 0&pagewanted=print. Marc Shepard, 2010. "On Hertzian Space and Urban Architecture." Vague Terrain 16: Architecture/Action (Winter 2010) (February 1). http://vagueterrain.net/journal16/markshepard/01. Quarterly November 2012 55 Edward Soja, Postmodern Geographies. (Verso, 1989). Edward Soja, 2003. "Writing the City Spatially." City 7 (3): 269–280. doi:10.1080/13604810320001 57478. John Thackara, 2002. "Welcome to the space of flows". Conference introduction by John ThackaraConference introduction presented at the Conference: Doors of Perception 7: Flow, Amsterdam. http://flow.doorsofperception.com/ jt_intro.html. Paul Virilio, Open Sky. (Verso, 1997). Paul Virilio, The Information Bomb. (Verso, 2000). Mark Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century (Scientific American:1991) 94–104 _______________ Selena Savicic Selena Savic is an architect, artist and researcher, interested in architectural qualities of wireless communication and the way technology mediates the space we inhabit. Selena graduated from the Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade in 2006, where she later worked on urban planning and research. She continued her studies in Media Design, graduating from Networked Media at the Piet Zwart Institute in Rotterdam, The Netherlands in 2010. Since September 2011 she is a doctoral candidate at the Federal Technical Institute in Lausanne, Switzerland (EPFL) and the Instituto Superior Técnico in Lisbon, Portugal (IST), and a grantee of the FCT, Portugal. Besides architecture, Selena actively pursues a critical media practice, treating the questions of the city, its architecture and technology integrated with the built space and its users. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 56 ARtotheque, Stedelijk Museum, Lowlands Festival, Amsterdam, 2010 LOOKING FORWARD From Augmented Reality to Augmented Museums by Miriam La Rosa Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 57 The act of thinking of (a future event) with pleasurable will be able to offer?" and eager anticipation because something is going to happen, is generally expressed in the English In the above mentioned lecture of Facing Forward, language with the idiomatic form looking forward. the German art historian and theorist Hans Belting pointed out the question "What kind of museum Looking forward to the future is the projection to the do we want?" (Belting, 2012). This question was future of hopes and desires, mixed together with to be assumed as a new guideline for further predictions and speculations. Looking forward to debates. To follow this line, the answer will be a the future is a natural tendency of people and a projection of hopes and desires, mixed together goal of society. In other words, looking forward is with predictions and speculations. In other words, a goal of museums. the answer will be "looking forward". Additionally, in this "looking forward" mentality, the economic From December 2011 to May 2012 a public factor will be left, for a moment, apart. The aim is series of lectures organized by the Stedelijk to challenge and stimulate evolution; it is not to Museum, University of Amsterdam, and de Appel discourage the development since its birth. Arts Centre, W139, Stedelijk Museum Bureau Amsterdam and Metropolis M took place in Coming back to the question of Belting, an attempt Amsterdam with the aim of debating the hottest of reply should be found in considering a bi-focal topics at the moment floating around the cultural perspective: the one of museum professionals field. The title of the program was a manipulation and the one of society. At present time, within the of the above mentioned looking forward idiom. It museological field some of the most popular issues was skillfully transformed in a more provocative are found within inclusion and participation, tension and challenging version: Facing Forward: Art between private and public, intangible heritage and and Theory from a Future Perspective. The focus sustainability. Within society and its development the of the lectures was an invitation to look at the biggest evolutionary key is certainly the technological future instead of the past and to better deal with progress and its cutting-edge tools, moving together the contemporary meaning of art and culture. with a growing attention to environmental concerns. Furthermore, a specific debate was meant to discuss the current situation of museums and in Thus the strict interrelations between museological particular, their future perspectives. trends and society are evident: the tendency toward sustainability is the consequence of a Taking into consideration the present occurrences better understanding of the needs of the planet. in society and more specifically in the cultural The bio-eco system is now seen as the only way sector, e.g., the general funds cuts in Europe, the of redemption. A testimony of this theory can be easiest way to visualize the future of museums is found, for instance, in the ecomuseum model, through the shape of a big question mark. This developed in France at the beginning of the '70s is not a joke: this is for real. During the Facing by Hugues de Varine and George Henri Rivière: Forward conference as well as in most of other a sort of ecologic museum based on a holistic debates related to the same topic, the point quickly interpretation of cultural heritage and aiming at seemed to move from discussing THE future OF the deployment of the local resources of specific museums to reclaiming a future FOR museums. communities (Davis, 2011). This is not going to be the point of this paper. What the future will be, nobody can define it as a whole, neither considering the difficulty of the current economic crisis, nor completely ignoring it. But a future will surely be. Thus the question "Is there a future for museums?" should be replaced with "What do we want from future museums?" Better still "What kind of experience future museums Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII A museum, that basically looks beyond the traditional understanding of collection and the collecting practices. Moreover, the need of inclusion can be related to the economic and technological gaps that are responsible of individualism and exclusion, in addition to that intolerance toward differences partly determined by the globalization. Quarterly November 2012 58 In the first volume The Rise of the Network Society of the series "The Information age: Economy, Society and Culture", 2009, the Catalonian sociologist Manuel Castells extensively defines causes and consequences of globalization, while formulating his theory of flows. This is a brilliant attempt to explain the society organization through a division in layers where the internet and the technological progress play a crucial role. The whole theory is built around the use of the internet and new technologies as a synonym of a real virtual-dimension of a humans' life, where the virtual rapidly assumes the features of the real (Castells, 2009). People surf the web and interact with each other in the virtual space, flowing together their activities and interests. Fig: The Street Museum, London, 2010 Dropping the subject of some criticism regards this virtual life's inconsistence and furthermore assuming it as an important ground of social exchanges in the second millennium, museums should position themselves in the flow, as well. They already accepted the challenge with the use of, for instance, the Web 2.0 as a participative way of interaction with the public, or the implementation of iPhone/Smartphone applications to improve communication. However, the frenetic technologies' development requires continuous updating for them to remain relevant. One of the last updates is commonly known as AR (Augmented Reality). This is described by Wikipedia as "a live, direct or indirect, view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data" (Wi- Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII kipedia.org, June 20, 2012.) and it is a new evolving concept in the hi-tech world. A more concise but interesting definition is the one of Lev Manovich, Professor of Visual Art Department at the University of California, who explains AR with the following statement: "Augmented space is the physical space overlaid with dynamically changing information. This information is likely to be in multimedia form and it is often localized for each user" (Manovich, 2002, 2). This extension of Virtual Reality (VR) makes possible an enlargement of the regular possibilities of elements' visualization in the space, giving birth to an exciting interaction between the real and virtual world, where the former becomes action ground for the latter. But what is the connection between AR and museums? And in which way, if a way exists, can AR be useful for future museums? Several projects, some of which have been quite successful, have already been launched from museums in relation to AR, mainly within the field of mobile applications - including Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, Australia, the Street App of the London Museum in England, as well as the Netherlands and the city of Rotterdam with the UAR (Urban Augmented Reality). This app of the NAI (Netherlands Institute of Architecture) enables visitors to visualize augmented realities of historical buildings located throughout the city. Another recent project is the one of the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, where development took place between 2009 and 2011 and that was divided into three different sections: ARtours, ARtotheque, AR(t). Quarterly November 2012 59 AR(t). They respectively treated an aspect of AR, i.e. the interaction between virtuality (virtual reality) and reality through a physical space; a new concept of ownership: a virtual and at the same time real ownership of a piece of collection; and the use of AR as canvas for artists. Margriet Schavemaker, head of collection and research at the Stedelijk Museum said about the ARtotheque project: "The Stedelijk Museum holds thousands of artworks in its collection, so why not lend them to the general public? Augmented reality posed the solution. Instead of the real thing, a visitor to the Lowlands festival could borrow a replica in AR. In order to make it an interesting user experience, the visitor could download the artwork to his/ her Smartphone and position it anywhere on the festival premises" (museumsandtheweb.com, June 19, 2012). The Stedelijk AR project aimed to investigate some of the possibilities offered by AR, while involving the museum collection, inviting young artists and designers to share their own works and turning the visitors in AR curators/ narrators in themselves. a passion for fine art, and Sebastian Cwilich, a former executive at Christie's Auction House and Haunch of Venison Gallery. Art.sy's Senior Advisor is John Elderfield, Chief Curator Emeritus of Painting and Sculpture at the Museum of Modern Art, New York" (Art.sy, June 15, 2012). Though the focus of the website is exclusively related to art, art.sy is a great example of the innovative way of democratization and sharing of collections, whilst merging the public and the private together. However, there is also a step further. Reimagining museums is the title of an article published on the 30th of May 2012 in Museums Association, a network for museum professionals that begins its argumentation with the following provoking question: "Our schools and libraries are being radically re-imagined for the digital age, but what about our museums?" (Museumassociation. org, June 1, 2012). The aim is to present and explain the functionality of the last born in the Google family: the Google Art Project. This is a website that enables visitors to explore the whole art world simply by sitting in front of their own Bringing an AR artist within the museum walls computer. furthermore means to bridge both physical and virtual world in the museum setting. A future "A small team based in London persuaded more museum could become, in this way, an additional than 150 museums from around the world to share layer to live an experience. During the previously more than 32,400 high-resolution images beyond mentioned conference of Facing Forward: Future their own institutional boundaries. This is a really of Museums, an animated discussion arose around big deal. For the first time in history it is easy for the possibility for museums to totally disappear, non-specialists to explore and closely examine because of the increment of virtual reality and the art from museums across the globe on a single digitalization of, for instance, museum collections. website. There have been other initiatives that have moved in this direction, but never with the An example of digitalization that supports this scope or functionality of the Google Art Project. virtual access to collections independently from The Art Project isn't finished. It needs more museums is the Art.sy website. "Art.sy is a new museums and more art. It needs improved search way to discover art you'll love, featuring work and filtering tools. And the public needs better from leading galleries, museums and private ways to discover and contribute new narratives collections around the world. Art.sy is powered by about art's history. Despite these weaknesses, "The Art Genome Project", an ongoing study of the the educational potential is tremendous" characteristics that distinguish and connect works (Museumassociation.org, June 1, 2012). of art. Art.sy evaluates artworks across 800+ characteristics (we call them genes) - such as art- The importance of the Google Art Project is clear historical movements, subject matter, and formal as well as its participative character and it wants qualities - to create a powerful search experience to be an attempt to answer to both the needs of that reflects the multifaceted aspects of works of inclusion in large scale and the future of museums. art. Art.sy is led by Carter Cleveland, a Computer Science Engineer from Princeton University with Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 60 Google Art Project, 2012 On the other hand, is this going to be the real landing place of future museums? Is this one the museum's model that we really want? A completely virtual platform where walking just moving a mouse around? A museum with no physical walls? Case study on this regard is the MINI Museum of XXI Century Arts. Also known as MMAXXI, it is an absolutely original model of museum that does not have any walls and does not have any fixed location. The MMAXXI is a sort of pop-up museum for excellence, conceived to go over the traditional museum's definition itself. The project director is Italian contemporary art critic and curator, Domenico Quaranta, well known in the international world of New Media and Video art as one of the major experts of the sector. The metaphorical building of the MINI Museum is "a 7'' digital photo frame bought on eBay equipped with a 4GB pen drive. […] It has been designed to store and display the art of the XXI century - that is art that takes, has taken or can take digital form, at some time in its life, and can thus be stored on a USB pen drive and displayed on a digital photo frame. The MINI Museum will travel from node to node around a network of artists, and will Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII host temporary solo shows by the artist owning it at the time. All the artworks shown in the MINI Museum will enter the permanent collection of the Museum itself. The Museum will return to the Director when there is no more storage space left" (Theminimuseum.org, June 15, 2012). At a first and not very attentive analysis, the message launched by the MINI Museum seems to be that museums in general (and art museums in particular), no longer have reasons to exist in the technological era and, especially, in relation to the most contemporary expressions of art. The MINI Museum of Domenico Quaranta seems to point out that museums no longer are the right places for the showing and sharing of contemporary art. However, a deeper reflection highlights how this previous conclusion can be just partly true. In fact, as the already quoted German art historian and theorist Belting wrote in his publication Contemporary Art and the Museum in the Global Age, the definition of contemporary art is more frequently reduced to the Western art world, with no attention to the non-Western art and its intangible practices, far away from the latest technologies' expressions (Belting, 2006). Quarterly November 2012 61 ARtours, Stedelijk Museum, 2010 Nevertheless, the technological progress cannot be stopped, neither ignored, although its diffusion regards the Western world more than the nonWestern world. The tendency towards the virtual reality to the detriment of the physical reality is a factual date, but being afraid of a total disappearing of museums is quite extreme. Thus, in occasion of the previously mentioned Facing Forward conference, Iwona Blazwick, director of the Whitechapel Gallery in London, wisely said that museums do not have reasons to disappear just because of the growth of virtual reality: the act of going to museums still represents the physical act to meet other people as well as to orient ourselves in a city that, for instance, is not our own (Blazwick, 2012). This is an interesting statement though it could be argued that not everyone needs to meet others in a physical space and that virtual reality is easily taking the place of reality, leaving institutions such as museums to slowly disappear. Here the Augmented Reality concept shows its importance. AR is not fake reality. AR, as the definition itself suggests, is an augmentation of the reality and Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII it needs the presence of a physical space to be applied. Already in 2002 Lev Manovich had predicted that museums and artists would take a lead in testing out the augmented future space, claiming that "having stepped outside the picture frame into the white cube walls, floor, and the whole space, artists and curators should feel at home taking yet another step: treating this space as layers of data. This does not mean that the physical space becomes irrelevant; on the contrary, […] it is through the interaction of the physical space and the data that some of the most amazing art of our time is being created" (Manovich, 2002, 27). In addition, AR in museums can undoubtedly be implemented in different manners. For instance, can AR be a way to create a wider inclusion? As the Stedelijk AR project demonstrated, the use of Augmented Reality enabled visitors to concretely play with the museum collection and create new personal stories in relation to it.. AR could be a way to reach new visitors outside of the museum space, while inviting them to use the museum setting as a playground for their own AR performances. Quarterly November 2012 62 Furthermore, the contribution to the Experience Economy theory that AR can bring is unlimited. The theory, in fact, developed by B. Joseph Pine II and James H. Gilmore at the end of the '90s is a service oriented theory based on consumers' participation and focused on consumers' need, operating across physical and virtual worlds where services look like commodities. Experience Economy has been recently applied to the museum field with the aim of involving the public through the benefit of the experience's value. Moreover, AR in museums could work as support as well as artifact in itself. AR is augmentation of reality and, at the same time, it is one of the latest shapes of contemporary art. The Mini Museum of XXI Art, 2010. Image courtesy Link Art Center The potential of AR is huge and its link to the art world is relevant. However, will the AR's implementation cause a more solipsistic approach to the all museums' services? Will visitors start to act in a more individualistic way in the learning and living of their own museum experience? In addition, will visitors be reached in a really inclusive way? Not everyone owns the proper devices that enable the AR fruition. Borrowing again the Castells' theory of flows and looking at the other side of the coin, the danger for those people that cannot have an easy and direct access to the "new augmented world. theory of flows and looking at the other side of the coin, the danger for those people that cannot have an easy and direct access to the "new augmented world" is to become increasingly disconnected. And what about the traditional mu- Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII seum functions? Could the implementation of AR threaten one of the strongest museum pillars, i.e. the value of collection, leaving the stage to a new dimension, such as the one of non-collecting institutions? Will, in substance, the implementation of AR, change the museum's structure in itself? The research field on this regard is stimulating and wide. Within the big panorama of contemporary practice and approaches to art, AR is a weak signal for a new revolution. It is a looking forward: from augmented reality to augmented museums. _______________ Miriam La Rosa Miriam La Rosa is a Master student of "Museology" at the Reinwardt Academy in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Since September 2012. In August 2011 Miriam moved to Amsterdam to start her museological career at the Reinwardt Academy. Between 2011 and 2012 she attended several workshops and clinics organized by the Reinwardt Academy. From May to July 2012 Miriam did her Curatorial Internship at the Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven. Miriam is a Curatorial and Research Intern at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam where she currently lives and works on her next research project for the Master thesis." Quarterly November 2012 63 References Anna McCarthy, Ambient Television: Visual Culture and Public Space (Console-ing Passions, 2001). (Durham:Duke University Press, 2002.) University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, Active Vision Group (2008) Parallel Tracking and Multiple Mapping. 2008. 22 June 2012 http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/ActiveVision/ Research/Projects/2008bob_ptamm/project.html Hans Belting, Contemporary Art and the Museum Web sources in the Global Age, in Weible, P., and Buddensieg, A., 2006 ed., Contemporary Art and the Museum. "Art.sy", 2012, http://www.art.sy (A Global Perspective, Germany, ZKIII, 2007), 16"Future of Museums", 2012 www. 38. futureofmuseums.org Hans Belting, Future Museum Conference. "Metropolism", 2012 www.metropolism.com Facing Forward: Art & Theory from a Future Perspective (Amsterdam, De Oude Lutherse " Museumas Association", 2012 www. Kerk, 2012). museumassociation.org Iwona Blazwick, Future Museum Conference. " Museum and The Web", 2012 www. Facing Forward: Art & Theory from a Future museumandtheweb.com Perspective (Amsterdam, De Oude Lutherse Kerk., 2012). "The Mini Museum", 2012 www.theminimuseum. org James H. Gilmore and B.Joseph Pine II, The Experience Economy (Boston, HBSB,1999). "Wikipedia", 2012 www.wikipedia.org Lev Manovich, "The Poetics of Augmented Space" 2002 last updated 2005, 22 June 2012, http://manovich.net/DOCS/Augmented_2005.doc Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Societies' in The Information age: Economy, Society and Culture, (Willey Blackwell, 2009). Margriet Schavemaker, et al., 'Augmented Reality and the Museum Experience' In J. Trant and D. Bearman (eds). Museums and the Web 2011: Proceedings. Toronto: Archives & Museum Informatics. Published March 31, 2011. 19 June 2012 http://conference.archimuse.com/mw2011/ papers/augmented_reality_museum_experience Mistry Pranav, The thrilling potential of SixthSense technology. 2009. 22 June 2012, http://www.ted.com/talks/pranav_mistry_the_ thrilling_potential_of_sixthsense_technology. html Peter Davis, Ecomuseums: a sense of place (Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd.; 2nd Revised edition edition, 2011). Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 64 Skulpturenpark Berlin_Zentrum", 2008 © KUNSTrePUBLIK "EXELENT LOCATION" In Berlin Mitte, property near the Forein Office. Real-estate Prose as a Locational Disadvantage by Martin Conrads I. residents..." These were strange voices, like a foreign language, especially because their concerns were Later, as he sat on his balcony eating the wild outdated and no longer relevant to the present day. boar, Dr. Maitland reflected on the unusual events that had taken place within this huge area during Between Luisenstadt, Spittelmarkt and the Köpnicker Quarter, nature had re-conquered just about the previous three months. everything. What remained were ruins, old The wasteland lay under the morning sun. Dr. ones and new ones, and the librettos. "Urban Maitland stood at the balustrade surveying the development requires time," he thought and plants and wildlife. From the building's top stories, chuckled. Dr. Maitland recalled a brochure that one could faintly hear the sounds of trailing he had once received in the office mail: "...when librettos (Bizet! "Carmen"!) emanating from the you consider the strip of land cleared for the Wall, scorched auto wrecks: "... downtown wastelands and realize that 20 years after its collapse only a must never be developed again. Municipal real few properties have been resolved in the sense of estate must take into account the needs of its a permanent urban and architectural solution..." Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 65 Ok... and then what? a prose has emerged in recent years which, needlessly and more explicitly than anywhere That was 20 years after the Wall. And now? The else, points to how the locational advantages of area had resolved itself a permanent solution as if the culture business and those of the real estate of its own volition. Almost. business overlap—a development which has otherwise been swept under the carpet in a coy, The delicious boar meat began to have an effect, strategic, naive, or calculated way. triggering Dr. Maitland's memory. The final sentence of the text came back to him: "It is astonishing that Hence, one can find descriptions in the usual some areas only now, 20 years after the Wall, are portals (or on the property pages of real estate being given a definitive planning solution." -Ephraim developers), in which quality of life and distinction Gothe, City Councilor for Urban Development. is to be addressed and created through urban exclusivity, on the one hand, and proximity to Although... culture, on the other – and if not in the sense of a benevolence taking both the culture business and II. the real estate business into consideration, then at least for the purpose of a system-stabilizing The cold wind that carried the old, familiar voices win-win situation." to Dr. Maitland's ear blew a newspaper onto the balcony. Dr. Maitland picked it up, a weekend Bollocks. Cultural lingo of yesteryear. Dr. Maitland supplement dated xx/xx/20xx. He leafed through, looked up and let his eyes wander across the coming upon a photo of a building that vaguely vista. His memory came back in fragments. He reminded him of days past. It accompanied a recalled his commission, the language, and office column, which he read in a low voice: that had been "resolved as part of the permanent solution." Dr. Maitland was one of eight staff "One would really like to know how many genuine members of the Liegenschaftsfonds [Real Estate requests were sent in response to the particular Fund], a department misleadingly disguised as ad, which just a few days after being published "KUNSTrePUBLIK e.V.," which was crouched in was removed from the Internet. In autumn of the showroom of the Fellini Residences. Its task 2009, the Temporäre Kunsthalle Berlin appeared was to inspect international real estate ads, and as a property in Berlin real estate portals. It was assess whether they contained information and advertised as an "Artful, inspiring loft in prime strategies that could be beneficial to the Urban location, BLN Mitte. Room 822.00 m2, EUR, Development-Senate Administration. Schlossplatz 1, 10178 Berlin." This offer was either a resourceful PR move geared at overcoming a Outwardly, the impression of an artists' group was conceptual, curatorial and communications crisis, conveyed. They played with this camouflage with which via a strategic detour attempted to lure both a program of exhibitions and accompanying press Mitte-loving seekers of lofts and inspiration, and texts that were often deemed absurd by their journalists with affinities for the Internet, to the audience: "Located in a field of tension between the Kunsthalle's events and exhibitions. Fellini Residences showroom, a model of a luxury condo, and the construction site of a commercial Or, it was the result of a quasi-interventionist high-rise, the artist will organize the building of a practice in the tradition of net-activism, which scale model of Skulpturenpark Berlin_Zentrum's referred to specific problems of location policies. vacant land. The miniature replica will be built onIf a combination of these possibilities is at all site in a temporary, modular container by workers conceivable, it is because in the form of a real from the Job Center's One-Euro-Worker program, estate ad that advertises a cultural and locational a city initiative that sets unemployed residents to advantage, a terrain of current profit agreements the task of constructing a miniature park version was chosen that, analytically speaking, had hardly of Berlin. The installation will be accompanied been taken into account. For in real estate portals, with interviews with the workshop's staff." Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 66 Albeit fun, these actions were intended only for keeping up appearances. The primary focus of Dr. Maitland's undercover department was on gaining insights into the relationships between the bourgeoisie, architecture, and religion as hinted in real estate advertisements. For the Liegenschaftsfonds, interpretations of these blurbs promised to shed light on the current market situation – information that could not be statistically attained, and to which collaborative cultural workers, socalled creatives such as Dr. Maitland, had been engaged. The task of Dr. Maitland's department was to crack the code of these ads, from which the Liegenschaftsfonds and Senate Administration promised to reap billions. howlers and quasi-Freudian typing errors belong to the standard of this new prose. One can also find examples that get their lines right, but they appear all the more decisionistic:" At least this much was true, Dr. Maitland recollected. The Monbijou Park was just a few steps away and the cultural hotspots such as the German Staatsoper Unter den Linden, Museumsinsel, and Lustgarten were all in the immediate vicinity. The proximity to public transport was exemplary; nearly every place in the city could be reached within a short period of time. Skulpturenpark Berlin_Zentrum", 2008 © KUNSTrePUBLIK The sounds from the wrecked cars brought him back to the balcony. He continued to read: The copy for these ads included offers that were, for example, ideal for those who prefer a quiet night's rest, but desire to be only a stone's throw away from the action, with its attractive, cultivated, and half-authentic restaurants, museums, operas, symphony halls, and of course, the always popular, luxury department store and pleasure temple, Lafayette. "The intertwining interests of the spheres of culture and the real estate business are particularly conspicuous with the now trendy principle of cultural "theme real-estate", as the advertising prose of the "Musikerhaus" [Musicians' House] seeks to demonstrate with simple examples:" The rest was missing, torn out of the newspaper. Dr. Maitland thought about what the author might With the convenience of accessible public tran- have been arguing at the time. The following thousport, they could be everywhere quickly, from Ka- ghts mingled with his memories: The political, DeWe, the other luxury department store, to the as well as historical center, could be reached by airport and back again. Friends would visit them foot in 7 to 12 minutes (City Hall, Embassies and often, and they could enjoy their well-earned lei- Ministries, Staatsoper, Komische Oper, Jewish sure time. Museum, various corporate headquarters, Gandarmenmarkt, Friedrichstraße, Museum Island, Dr. Maitland continued reading the paper, but Nikolai Quarter and the Cathedral). had difficulty concentrating on the text: "Stylistic Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 67 Berlin-Mitte offered many reasons for which to purchase a piece of it. For example, the energy-saving buildings like those at Neue Grünstrasse 15/16 had certainly been a sensible investment in the future; and if they proved to be in a prime location, the investment was securer than gold. Additionally, if one lived in a theme-oriented property like the "Musikerhaus", surrounded by the pleasant company of cultural workers and creative people, this was another argument in favor of their offers. One could feel free to pursue his or her musical pleasures at any hour of the day. No noise or decibel could lead neighbors to reach for their broomsticks – nor would street noise disturb their work. They lived their ideas spontaneously. Thus, they were located in the best of neighborhoods. They shared and enjoyed their residential community with other creative people, who not only placed great demands on their art, but also on their real estate. Demands for which the "Musikerhaus" was built. And not least, they benefited from the rise in property values due to the revitalization of the Spittelmarkt quarter. Via brennende-staedte.com: - 08/11/2007: Alte Jakobstraße: Opel Meriva - 12/08/2007: Neue Grünstraße: Mercedes - 08/11/2007: Neue Jakobstraße: Renault Megane - 04/25/2008: Alte Jakobstraße: Mercedes - 12/06/2009: Sebastianstraße: Audi - ... - ... These portal applications added the accumulated data from older apps such as the Berliner Mietspiegel, the Sozialatlas, the Umweltatlas, Immobilienscout24, Brennende-Autos.de, Rottenneighbor, Crimeblips, Blaulicht-Kurier, and more. Together they destroyed, algorithmically and in actuality, the suspected connections between the bourgeoisie, architecture, and religion. They also rendered Dr. Maitland's department, which had been dedicated to interpreting the texts, redundant. From this point on, Dr. Maitland's department wrote the very same real estate prose it was commissioned to interpret. III. IV. Dr. Maitland tried to recall when the prose of the advertisements took a different turn, when other topics crept into the sales pitch – contents that caused the Liegenschaftsfonds and Senate Administration headaches: Dr. Maitland summed up the recent history. Over a longer period of time, desolate but desirable lots with exceptional ground plans were more often perceived as unattractive locations alongside shopping malls and service roads, rather than as shared and collectively owned space. Since 1989, Berlin had been an exception. But when the rest of Europe recognized the use of collectively owned vacant lots in the first third of the 21st Century, Berlin lagged behind for decades, clinging to the compulsive building tendencies of its urban development policies. This unfortunate aberration was recognized late, but not too late. Despite intentions to build, almost nothing had changed regarding the "wasteland-vacancy" of the former Wall strip. It therefore came as no surprise that the main reason given by the governing mayor for the reconstruction of vacant land in this area, "in the context of CreativeCityBerlin," was suddenly an urban-aesthetic choice. It was to "revive a gap and create a visual closure for ribbon development." U-Bahn station practically at your doorstep. The car in the underground parking lot accessible via lift. A quiet street in Berlin-Mitte with a large garden courtyard and from the penthouses a view all the way to Potsdamer Platz. You are welcome to compare the prices of our penthouses with those of our competitors (i.e. Fellini Residences). Texts like this must have been written at the time when Google Maps mash-up portals began to replace newspapers once and for all. It was when locative portal applications, such as brennende-staedte.com [burning-cities.com], tended to reveal more about the potential dangers posed to limousines, which with due negligence did not take the elevator to the basement parking lot: Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 68 Skulpturenpark Berlin_Zentrum", 2008 © KUNSTrePUBLIK Dr. Maitland termed this the "urban development of aesthetic appearance." Now of all times, when lots stood vacant, Berlin contemplated reconstructing them. A few months after the mayor's speech, a razed Potsdamer Platz was renamed the "Wall Strip Project". On the land where SONY Center once stood was now the "Wall Strip Center". sections included: "The Wall Garden" along Chausseestraße, "Wall Strip Quarter Mitte", and the "Wall Strip Promenade". Once again, undeveloped and left to nature. Other sections included: "The Wall Garden" along Chausseestraße, "Wall Strip Quarter Mitte", and the "Wall Strip Promenade". Once again, undeveloped and left to nature. Only the former "Fellini Residences" (now the "Berlin Wall Strip Wasteland Memorial") were preserved in remembrance of a time when one might still attempt to develop an abandoned lot. Dr. Maitland was one of 750 game wardens who now patrolled the reclaimed wilderness. He always found it an ironic twist of fate that he, of all people, lived in the residences. In the first place, Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII the residences were built in order to prevent the cover of Maitland's department from being blown. Critics doubted that the cultural activities of "KUNSTrePUBLIK e.V." would actually enhance the surrounding area of the allegedly planned "Fellini Residences". There had been a threat that the entire operation would be exposed, thus forcing the Senate Administration to erect the 70 luxury apartments with their historicizing facade, more or less, overnight. The public outrage incited by this inane building led to the appearance of hundreds of wrecked cars, and forced the Senate to conform to European guidelines for the reconstruction of vacant lands. The "Berlin wasteland development policy" was upended. Only the eight employees of Dr. Maitland's department were aware that all the advertising copy for the "Fellini Residences" originated from them. In order to fuel public resentment against this unplanned and entirely fictitious complex, Dr. Maitland's department altered the online apps operated by the bogus company behind the residences (a front for the Senate), to such an exaggerated degree and without consulting their Quarterly November 2012 69 Skulpturenpark Berlin_Zentrum", 2008 © KUNSTrePUBLIK client (also the Senate), that a revolt was all but – it promises a high increase in value in one of the preprogrammed. Internally, the department most dynamic property markets in Europe." dubbed their method with a touch of in-house humor, "The Vespa Promise": "Discover Italy. Dr. Maitland continued reading the paper, but had espresso bars evoke an Italian feeling. Only In the Middle of Berlin. Hardly any other metropolis one thing is still missing: the Fellini, a luxurious in Europe has been so strongly influenced by block of apartments with an Italian way of life. Italy in its architecture as Berlin. Many poets and It closes a gap, architecturally, historically and architects of the 19th century allowed themselves culturally. In its shape and colour, its appearance to be inspired in Italy and made the city on the is reminiscent of elegant Italian townhouses. The Spree into an "Italian enclave". This can still be curved court façade is inspired by the auditorium sensed today. The densely rowed series of richly of a theatre. In its centre, there stands a splendid decorated facades, rattling Vespas and the many stone fountain. The inhabitants are participants espresso bars evoke an Italian feeling. Only one in this atmosphere and enjoy the relaxed Italian thing is still missing: the Fellini, a luxurious block charm of their surroundings. The quality and of apartments with an Italian way of life. It closes a first-class location of this property also provides gap, architecturally, historically and culturally. In relaxation – it promises a high increase in value its shape and colour, its appearance is reminiscent in one of the most dynamic property markets in of elegant Italian townhouses. The curved court Europe." As the official game warden of the "La façade is inspired by the auditorium of a theatre. Dolce Vita", the section of the Wall strip now In its centre, there stands a splendid stone surrounding the residences, Dr. Maitland felt fountain. The inhabitants are participants in this deeply satisfied about being the only inhabitant of atmosphere and enjoy the relaxed Italian charm the memorial. This was also true in regard to his of their surroundings. The quality and first-class passion for wild boar. When he had eaten it would location of this property also provides relaxation be time to rest, and to tell his stories. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 70 Sources: Martin Conrads Ballard, J. G. 2000. High-Rise. London: Flamingo. Martin Conrads is an author and artist who lives in Berlin. Since the mid 1990's he has produced and Ballard, J. G. 1994. Concrete Island. London: internationally presented works individually and Vintage. as a member of collectives and groups with a bias on conceptual and critical media concepts and has Bezirksamt Mitte von Berlin. Abteilung written for numerous publications and magazines Stadtentwicklung; Architekten- und Ingenieur(Cabinet, mute, Springerin, Texte zur Kunst etc.). Verein zu Berlin AIV (ed.): "Aktuelle Bau- und Currently he holds the position of a teaching assistant Planungsvorhaben am ehemaligen Mauerstreifen / assistant professor at the Berlin University of the im Bezirk Mitte von Berlin". Berlin, 2009. Arts' Institute for Transmedia Design. "In der Mischung liegt die Mitte. Städtebau des ästhetischen Scheins: Der Architekturhistoriker Wolfgang Pehnt spricht mit dem Tagesspiegel über die Debatte um Berlins Zentrum".Interview by Christiane Peitz. Tagesspiegel, June 10, 2009. Accessed August 29, 2012 http://www. tagesspiegel.de/kultur/Wolfgang-PehntMitte;art772,2819096 Pollack, Sydney. 1975. Three Days of the Condor. Lanchester, John. "Short Cuts". London Review of Books 31 (7), April 9, 2009. Accessed August 29, 2012 http://www.lrb.co.uk/ v31/n07/john-lanchester/short-cuts KUNSTrePUBLIK e.V.: Land's End. Texts of the premiere on January 24, 2010. skulpturenpark.org fellini-residences.com Immobilienscout24.de Immonet.de wuestenrot-stiftung.de foursquare.com Brennende-Autos.de Rottenneighbor.com crimeblips.informatik.fh-kl.de/apache2-default Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 71 Telenoika Audiovisual Mapping @ Macau Arts Festival - (China) - http://www.telenoika.net/ SPATIAL AESTHETICS An investigation into the art and space by Laura Plana Gracia Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 72 Influenced by Adorno and Benjamin (Benjamin 2002), this paper focuses on the Politics of Space. In particular, it concerns Psichogeography, defined by Guy Debord (Debord 1977; Anon. 1960) as the study of the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment– intentional, organised, or not– on the emotions and behaviour of individuals. Ian Sinclair (Sinclair 2010) is one of the most recent and contemporary critical theorists in psichogeography based in London. His projects have analyzed new landscape and the Olympic zone, resulting in one of the most critical works today. urbanism, but it also represented the beginning of political culture. PART I SPATIAL AESTHETICS. The ideology inside the city. Landscape versus public space. Cityscape, anti-monument, public and social sphere are concepts that define contemporary artistic practices concerned with the development of the public image of the city. The sculpture and public software are influencing the ideology and the education on the citizens. That necessity to As a researcher based in cartography, mapping transmit knowledge and communication generates and geopolitics, I have concluded that aesthetics practices of appropriation of public space. At is required to describe this particular art. In this point, public art programmes let social and that sense, it is urgent to build, construct and artistic practices to recover the historical and local spread a new way of thinking about art. I have memory working with buildings and monuments found that Spatial Aesthetics is one of the best that have a value. ways to think critically about the situation of contemporary society. Following this, as Benjamin Those practices are based in praxis and also in did in his Passages (Benjamin 2002), each place strategies of communication through a direct is considered a space characterized by a specific experience. Other branches of this historical and actor (citizens, tourist, walkers …) or a non-actor social aspects of the current artistic discourse (defined by Joana Erbel in Critical Cities, Ideas, is one that develops from the psychogeography, Knowledge and Agitation, Emerging Urbanist cartography or anti-monument. Strategic actions, (2009), as the "factors in public space that are not models or utopian construction of public space, human but determine the structure of the place"). as well as atypical figures in the museum space Also, Spatial Aesthetics could be defined as the make the ancient artistic practice of landscape sense of place as material, like in Saskia Sassen being a model of knowledge for the development (S. Sassen 1999), when she describes capitalism and improvement of the society. This practice of art as potential earth buyer. Because each place will be deciding how to preserve the heritage and holds an actor, and furthermore a material. memory. There is a fact that the social landscape is built as a fictitious imitation of nature through After this common sense consideration of how architecture and, even more, through screens and to think critically of our contemporary society, electronic surfaces (Erbel 2009). I wish to provide a discussion on where this art theory departs from. The notion of public Julian Oliver space in the definition of classic sculpture or monuments is actually very far from the idea of In the way they are built, they face us to a daily the renaissance artist as a builder of the city. confusion. The support and surface where Contemporary mapping, cartography, geopolitics media and the advertisements are inserted are and psichogeography have built an urgent need expression of daily life existence. But, as Adorno to think art after the avant-guard, abstraction (Adorno 2004) observes, when the subject, inside and performance art, and also cinema; the the landscape, decontextualizes their images, they urgent need to understand society under the acquire the significance of ideology. Media and influence of machinery, electronics and the advertisements build the ideology of the masses, evolution of communication tools and devices. expressing the significance of contemporary life. Psichogeography was a movement of critical In that way, the participation in the construction Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 73 Skulpturenpark Berlin_Zentrumâ€?, 2008 Š KUNSTrePUBLIK of the collective imagination as a landscape is a metaphor and symbolism of the real society, the tasks of artists among other social agents. All must agree that the representation of the collective imagination is influenced by the consumer society, through the strategy of seduction. This simulacrum of reality consists on an appropriation of techniques of advertising and tourism.What Adorno described as the process of constructing the psychology of masses by the identification of the product (the symbol or image of power through propaganda and reproduction technique), is currently defined by Baudrillard as simulacrum (Baudrillard 1991; Baudrillard 1995). Here, the proposal is to treat art as a document of reality, not a simulacrum, a palliative method for certain social practices. power (Foucault 1995), and representing the monumental forms and hegemonic discourse of power in history. Along with advertising panels, security cameras and devices of control build an urban landscape dominated by surveillance, where the subject is denied to question and define a nature of society (Deleuze and Guattari 1988). In that order, Critical Urbanism challenges the traditional monuments of history and public policy in defining monuments. The arch of triumph, the public sculpture or the media installation in open zones are ideological illustration for the social participation for the construction of the city. Stanza Following Saskia Sassen (Sassen 2011), the place as a material becomes the paradigm to read the The concept of art as a document of reality focuses inside of the city. The most valuable material is on the memory and information of the site, to what Negri describes as immaterial work (data create environments where the documentary and information producing a new digital order). falsification and speculation are excluded. In the Outside post-cities, outside borders of capitalism, last century, the public space has been invaded material research and mines are re-discovered by by security systems (mainly cameras) that are financial giants. In that way, when you deal with used as devices that act as coercive effect of Spatial Aesthetics you consider a work of art that Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 74 belongs to the city, post-city or any other place, but you are dealing with a cultural policy, defending the communal interest of art inside the public voices of society. The agora publica, where the rescogitas of the common citizens (the senso comune of citizens) is expressed thorough newspaper and fences that where conquered years ago by advertisements and brands. Conversely, artists are pushing against this simplification of commodity benefits and consumerism habits. It is thought the res-cogitans as material thought, a neuronal network. According to Roy Ascott and Peter Weibel, citizens, artists and public institutions have to build this social network, the noosphère (de Chardin 2010), based on neuroscience as the energy of thought. Using big screen, data projection and public networks, public space will be soon invaded by de-constructed electronic surfaces expressing the global embodiment. Saaskia Sassen to Bourdieu (Marcuse 1987; S. Sassen 2001). For them, the theory of the politics of the sign aligned language to the order of capitalism as a system of production of goods. As Marx states, there is a need for a critical practice outside of the cycle of mass production and that is critical and improves massive movements. The post-city is the actual moment. One of its main goals is the use of New Media Electronics. As capitalism meets a resistance, there is a common movement based on the idea of the D.I.Y. (do it yourself). Several artists are appropriating social practices from engineering, design, architecture or media communications and are becoming creative workers. They use workshop facilities at centres such as the V2 in Rotterdam, Medialab Madrid, FACT Liverpool, Constant in Bruxelles, etc,… where they are able to distribute and produce tools and PART II devices for the development of tools to improve TRANSITORY PRACTICES IN EUROPE. communications, environment, data collection, Translocal Europa. Borders in the community. urbanism, environment. They are all mainly against the massive production and Microsoft The rapid urban transformation in Square Mile monopoly. Lots of them are involved in mapping and London is an example of how it is turning into cartography, but also in the creation of databases, the Silicon Valley II. The new centre of the city e-phone applications, robotics, internet, etc. is turning into a digital city, characterized by the digital generation. For Žižek (Žižek 2002; Žižek 2005), Telenoika this belongs to the idea of the end of capitalism, the Post-city, that is, establishing a new order Žižek declares that the end of capitalism could centred on the financial district. But the trouble have started 20 years ago with the disintegration remains, as Adorno and Horkheimer argued of communism in 1989 (Sassen 2001). After this (Horkheimer and Adorno 2007). The homogenised period, the eastern bloc had a financial boom, that landscape of capitalism doesn't let other voices reached as far as the UK. Those were also the times be heard. Now, the digital post-city is done with of the explosion of digital technologies. French capitalism, but the same features remain. One sociologist Lefevre connects that period with the of them is the homogenization under ideological expansion of urbanism thanks to capitalism. code. The digital city, the post-city is initiating a new digital economic order. There have been Also the psichogeographers, The International critics to the new architecture as it is not enough Situationiste and Debord (Debord 2008) declared sustainable. Massive buildings have been detected that the shape of the state come over life, as precarious for the basic needs they require. building their form. The Eastern European postcommunist countries suffered a spatial and Asymptote social reconfiguration. Neoliberalism started the privatization of public space during at 90s Later in the sixties and until the beginning of 21st and the neo-liberal economy of the 21st century century, capitalism represented the homogenization created new heterogeneous urban actors, artists of liberalism and neo-liberalism. The counter- and public art projects. Old communist landscape resistance had alternatives from Marcuse and made of large-scale buildings rapresenting Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 75 intellectual politicians gained interest from private companies and local authorities. Others were destroyed to avoid concepts such as memory and amnesia. In that situation, the notion of border, nation or country is also being re-signified. For example Greece and the Balkans are ethno-territories, full of minorities, with no borders because their community is spread all over. They used to be marginalised and delegitimized by religious nationalism. After communism, the end of capitalism and with the rise of the postcity, concepts such as Transnationalism, Internationalism, Globalism, Nation-states, Localism, Post-socialism, Post-nationalism, Localism are becoming common. Each of them is a different notion to be categorised, but all are movements after communism and form of Spatial Aesthetics. For instance, Europe tends to define all-comprising territories: the Eurozone, the Eurocentrism, Eurasia, Mediterranean Europe. All of them are involved in the construction of European policies for a true internationalism. PART III ARTIST Ballettikka Internettikka by Igor Stromajer & Brane Zorman. An example of Transitory Art in Europe A series of tactical art projects began in 2001 with the exploration of Internet ballet. This project explores wireless Internet ballet performances combined with guerrilla tactics and mobile live Internet broadcasting strategies. Fig: Roy Ascott. The image of the future city. LPDT (Le Plasir du Text). Second Life installation.http://www.asquare. org/networkresearch/2010/lpdt2 http://lpdt2.wordpress.com/ From Nietzsche to Orwell, Europa has been the main theme for discussion by intellectuals and writers, artists and citizens. It could be said that translocalism comes altogether with the postcity characterised by new media electronics that give us the sense of immateriality, ubiquity, de- Digimag Journal territorialism of communication, allowing to work abroad and in non-places. This should allow more freedom and better communications and economic wealth; it could also provide a way to deal with sustainability and the ecological and climate change problems that machines and technology are promoting. n° 73 | year VII The 10-years project ends in 2011. It's a series of interventions in public spaces: right now it is intensively being prepared for the final Ballettikka Internettikka action in Antarctica, November 2011. The relation between the project itself and the public space is multilateral. Its actions consist of invasions, mostly illegal guerrilla actions (but not all of them), where the artists enter the specific public space and do the artistic action there, a ballet (at the beginning with our own bodies, later with robots). It has illegally invaded various public institutions and public places/structures, like the Bolshoi in Moscow (BI Ballet Net), La Scala in Milan (BI Illegallikka Robottikka), Ljubljana Beltway - Motorway Ring (BI Autto Mobillikka), National Theatre in Belgrade (BI BEO Guerrillikka), VolksbĂźhne toilet in Berlin (BI VolksNetBallet), City Hall toilet for Quarterly November 2012 76 Stanza - The facade presents the emotional real time state of the city of Trondheim is by using live data, and CCTV images to represent the Nova Building as a living breathing entity. disabled people (BI RenminNetBallet) plus the Lippo Centre twin-towers (BI Stattikka) in Hong Kong, a factory in Slovenia (and broadcasted live to Plaza del Rey in Madrid: BI Hydraullikka), and construction site of the new shopping mall in Seoul, where a robot was buried (BI Intermenttikka). Lately, robots have been abandoned as far north as they could go (Svalbard, Arctic ocean; BI Norddikka), and as far east (Japanese island Minami Torishima in Pacific Ocean; BI Nipponnikka). References Adorno, Theodor W. 2004. Teoría estética. Ediciones AKAL. Anon. 1960. Constant: Konstruktionen und Modelle; 9. Jan.-9. Febr. Galerie van de Loo. Baudrillard, jean. Citoyenneté Et Urbanité by BAUDRILLARD & AL. http://www.renaudbray.com/books_product.aspx?id=181879 This year the 10-years project is going to end by &def=Citoyennet%c3%a9+et+urbanit%c3% abandoning the last robot as far south as possible: a9%2cBAUDRILLARD+%26+AL%2c29092 in Antarctica (BI Antarcttikka). One BI action was 10030&utm_campaign=partage-réseauxalso done in relation to the ceremony of igniting sociaux&utm_medium=réseaux-sociaux&utm_ the olympic torch in Greece (BI Olymppikka), and source=facebook-like. in the Port of Hamburg (with two insect robots; BI Insecttikka). Some smaller BI actions were done Baudrillard, Jean. 1995. Simulacra and in places that were not always considered not- Simulation. Trans. Sheila Faria Glaser. University so-public. So, the basic starting point was: if they of Michigan Press. don't let us go somewhere in a legal way, we go illegally, guerrilla style. Later, this guerrilla style Benjamin, Walter. 2002. The Arcades Project. Ed. changed into a more intimate form (abandoning Rolf Tiedemann. Trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin the robots, leaving them in several extreme places McLaughlin. 1st ed. Belknap Press of Harvard forever). University Press Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 77 Chardin, Pierre Teilhard de. 2010. cartas a edouard le roy (1921 - 1946): L. Trotta. Debord, Guy. 1977. The Society of the Spectacle. http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/ pub_contents/4. ———. 2008. Correspondence: The Foundation of the Situationist International (June 1957--August 1960) (Semiotex. Trans. Stuart Kendall and John McHale. Semiotext(e). Deleuze, G., and F. Guattari. 1988. A Thousand Plateaus : Capitalism and Schizophrenia. London: Athlone Press. Erbel, Joana. 2009. "From Market Place to Empty Space and Back: Transformations of Urban Logic in Polish Cities After 1989 |." In Critical Cities: Ideas, Knowledge and Agitation from Emerging Urbanists: 1, ed. Deepa Naik and Trenton Oldfield. 1st ed. Myrdle Court Press. Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. REP. Vintage. Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor Adorno. 2007. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford Un. Press. Laura Plana Gracia BA History of Art, UB University of Barcelona, 2006. MA Curating New Media Art, MECAD Barcelona 2007. Certificate in Curating, Communication and Criticism, University of Arts London 2009. MA Media Art Histories, Vienna, Austria 2010. Forthcoming PhD Visual Global Cultures UB. Has participated at study/work programme at Media Art Histories where Editor, Archiver and Researcher for Database of Virtual Art are. Has exhibited: Field, Interim Camp, Experimental Generative Animation, Pebbledash Gallery, London 2009. Cartographies of non- site, Espai D'arts, Barcelona 2009. Joe Sola, Arco Cinema, Madrid 2010. Aggtelek, Solo Exhibition, Crisp London Los Angeles, London 2010. Language-Code, Conservas, Barcelona 2011. Has been a speaker at a panel discussion about Cartographies, Mapping & Database Visualization at ISEA Conference Dortmund Germany 2010. Is curator invited by MOTA Museum of Transitory Art to participate in an International Forum about Hipermobility and New Media Art, Belgrade, Serbia 2011. Has been awarded by MACBA as Researcher in Residence at Centre d'Estudis Barcelona. Marcuse, Herbert. 1987. Eros and Civilization. Taylor & Francis. Sassen, Saskia. 1999. Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money. First ed. New Press, The. ———. 2001. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. 2nd ed. Princeton University Press. Sassen, Saskia J. 2011. Cities in a World Economy. Fourth ed. Sage Publications, Inc. Sinclair, Iain. 2010. Hackney, That Rose-Red Empire: A Confidential Report. Penguin. Žižek, Slavoj. 2002. Welcome to the Desert of the Real!: Five Essays on September 11 and Related Dates. Verso. ———. 2005. Bienvenidos Al Desierto De Lo Real -. Ediciones AKAL. http://www.akal. com/libros/Bienvenidos-al-desierto-de-loReal/9788446020387. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 78 The Whale Hunt, , 2007, Jonathan Harris and Andrew Moore - Mosaic. Mosaic mode shows all 3,214 photos simultaneously, arranged chronologically in a large colorful grid. This mode reveals coloration patterns in the photographs over time, signaling the changing environment from New York City, to airplanes, to Barrow, to the Arctic Ocean. Any photo can be clicked and selected. DATABASE NARRATIVES Possibility Spaces: Shape-shifting and interactivity in digital documentary by Janet Marles Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 79 Any new medium must resolve its place in relation Documentary form is being radically re-shaped as to narrative (Toffs 2005, 104). it responds to the digital revolution in recording, editing and the emergence of new media Working digitally allows the "conventional" platforms that have allowed for more diverse uses documentary narrative form to shift from of documentary production and distribution. Hight temporal to spatial, from horizontal to vertical, (2008) suggests with increased capacity, cheaper from sequential to concurrent. Digitality also costs, and faster production of digital recording provides interactivity. With interactivity comes and editing and the subsequent explosion of a potentially spontaneous, engaged and active content distribution and exhibition networks audience able to choose how they receive the via the Internet, documentary has begun to be content. Yet, documentaries need to convey quintessentially transformed. crucial pieces of their narrative for their story to be comprehensible to their audience. The critical Similarly, historian and new media researcher, question for documentary makers, then, is how to Paul Arthur (2008) has identified digital history incorporate these new digital technologies, with productions, as benefiting from the "diversification their potential for innovative narrative structures, of modes of public access and delivery" (187) and still make a factual story understandable to brought about by the digital revolution. Further, their audience. he claims that digital technologies have facilitated a "democratization of history enabling everyone Identifying the Internet as the primary site that has to become possible contributors to the ongoing opened up space for digital storytelling Lundby process of shaping and reshaping history" (188). (2008) says, Sorenssen (2008) also advocates the democratic (The Internet) offered new options to share the potential of digital media. Citing the example of "classical" small-scale stories created in story an eighty-two year old British man who became circles at various corners of the globe. The a YouTube® sensation with his regular video World Wide Web also gave rise to new forms, blog geriatric1927. Sorenssen shows how this Blogging, in text only or with video, as well as octogenarian, regularly engaging with a medium the social networking sites on the web offer new considered by many to be the domain of the young opportunities to share short personal stories (3). fulfills Alexandre Astruc"s belief from 1948 that new media forms would democratise, rejuvenate Examples of these online story spaces will be and liberate media forms, especially film. explored in this paper, along with early television forms, computer specific forms, gallery specific For digital documentary audiences this added forms and performative forms. This selection of spatial dimension allows them access to work illustrates the experimentation with digital additional tiers of content. It also provides a form that Manovich in "The Language of New new position within the documentary as active Media" (2001) terms "database narrative" and participant, not simply as passive receiver. Some Hayles (2005) calls "possibility space". Both terms documentary makers have adapted quickly to help to define the territory in which the form of these developments, which, while providing new documentary is shape-shifting as a result of the layers of content for exploration of the form, have revolution in digital technology. also required the acquisition of new skill sets and the confrontation of technical and practical Shape-shifting: documentary"s changing form issues. Further, there are the added constraints that the digital and online environment brings, By the end of the 1990s the aesthetics of for instance considerations regarding file size for interaction, grounded in the video game paradigm, storage and playback. had become a familiar way of doing things in the name of culture. The age of interaction had arrived (Toffs 2005, 8). Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 80 Specifically, as digital documentary changes in form and audience members become active participants in the process of viewing the production, can the documentary producer be confident that their audience will receive vital aspects of the documentary content? If the audience is able to skip around the story space, cherry picking the pieces they want to access, how can the documentary maker be certain they will access crucial parts of the story? through structural temporal devices. "Linear succession, cause-and-effect, is what allows the reader/user to "relax" into the tale. … The reader/ user is left with the satisfaction of an experience with beginnings, middles and ends" (143-4). Le Grice (2001) also acknowledges the importance of temporal form in linear narrative and says "narrative is a method by which events – real or imaginary – are given coherence through the representation of sequential connections"(290). Manovich (2002) agrees, stating "cinema … The challenge for producers is to engage with the replaced all other modes of narration with a new skills of the digital revolution yet ensure their sequential narrative; an assembly line of shots audience receives the parts of the narrative that which appear on the screen one at a time"(69). makes their story comprehensible. Documentary makers must adapt and stay in tune with the shape- Consequently, temporal linear narrative became shifting taking place in the digital documentary the primary mode of cinematic story telling, yet form. representing sequential linear time in film does not necessarily equate to chronological story "We are entering an age of narrative chaos, where telling. As Rieser (2002) explains "the very linearity traditional frameworks are being overthrown of film stimulated a number of conventions to by emergent experimental and radical attempts counteract its effect. Flashbacks, jump-cuts, etc. to remaster the art of storytelling in developing reintroduced fluidity to a rigid medium" (147-8). technologies" (Rieser and Zapp 2002, xxv). These conventions may have varied the order of time in the narrative. However, they did not Perhaps what is needed for digital documentary change the intrinsic temporality of the product. to take advantage of the new spatial forms and The linear, horizontal, sequential and temporal interactivity that the digital and online platforms features nevertheless remain. provide, whilst also remaining understandable to audiences, is a combination of narrative modes Emerging spatial non-linear narrative - linear and non-linear, temporal and spatial, interactive and passive. In our digital era this linear temporality is now being challenged in a more significant way. As Traditional temporal linear narrative Le Grice (2001) points out, the very essence of digital forms is non-linear and in addition the way Classical narratives predominantly follow the a computer stores data does not require a linear Aristotelian model of revealing dramatic events, process or understanding. He says "the computer, whether they are factual or fictitious, in a realistic which is fundamentally based on what is called fashion using characters as tools to create Random Access Memory … is the designation identification in the audience. As Zapp (2002) says, of the non-sequentiality of memory addressing – intrinsically opens up the condition of nonThe viewer is taking on the role of a voyeur, witness linearity"(296). Further, or emotional judge. He or she is immersed in the story by emotional means of identification, as the Solid state electronic systems (machines) achieve plot aims to provoke sympathy or antipathy with all their connections, do all their work, by electronic the characters or draws possible parallels to the pulses; even if hierarchic, they are fundamentally viewer"s subjective reality (78). non-linear. Whatever is conceived as the unit of data, its storage and retrieval is substantially freed Dovey (2002) describes this audience identification from a predetermined sequence derived from as a type of transportation, which is achieved the physically linear conditions of a mechanical Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 81 The Shoebox (2010), the Bill's Gully panoramic scene plays in the central viewing frame, over this two yellow squares blink on and off indicating they are active hotspots, below this the Timeline shows one embedded media clip has been played. medium (both film and video are locked into the mechanics of the linear sequence of the recording medium). Through the Random Access Memory (RAM) structure of the computer, the sequence of retrieval does not have to match the sequence of storage and all address locations are effectively equidistant (282). Yet Le Grice (2001) also recognises that simply because a film is produced using digital processes, this does not necessarily make it non-linear. He claims, "the current fashionability of the term nonlinear creates some problem of definition" (289), because although film-makers are now using non-linear systems more and more, particularly non-linear editing systems, these systems are only non-linear in the way they store and retrieve data, however, "the principles on which they (the edited segments) are combined in the finished product conform to linear narrative concepts. The technology allows non-linearity – the concepts remain linear". As Hales (2002) puts it "in this case the technology is not leading to a change in thinking simply a way of getting things done more efficiently and more economically"(105). Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Cubitt (2002) highlights the increase in narrative forms through "the rise of the popular press, film, radio and television", yet marvels at the longevity of linear narratives in this digital era stating, The remarkable persistence of narrative in twentieth-century media can only be apprehended as remarkable if we apprehend the environment in which it is now performed, a landscape of other modes of documentation and dissemination. Crucial among them are forms of data storage and retrieval that are not structures in time, as is the narrative, but in space (105). Manovich (2006) explains this perseverance of traditional narrative as the predisposition for new technology to mirror the technology it is replacing. He says "one way in which change happens in nature, society, and culture is inside out. The internal structure changes first, and this change affects the visible skin only later" (2). Hence the first car resembled a horse drawn carriage and new media forms continue the use of temporal linear narrative within their spatial non-linear domain. Manovich refers to the inside out phenomenon Quarterly November 2012 82 Bystander - Kate Richards & Ross Gibson - interactive installation - 2007Part of the Life After Wartime suite, Bystander is a 5-channel interactive software system. The work is installed in a 7-metrewide pentagonal frame comprised of five projection-screens and surround sound audio which visitors enter – up to 10 at once. as "uneven development" and claims it hinders our appreciation "that new media does represent a new avant-garde of information society even though it often uses old modernist forms". Further he says, abilities to classify database records according to different dimensions, to sort through records, to quickly retrieve any record, as well as to "stream" a number of different records continuously one after another (Manovich 2002, 66-7). If the 1920s avant-garde came up with new forms for new media of their time (photography, film, new printing and architectural technologies), the new media avant-garde introduces radically new ways of using already accumulated media. In other words, the "new avant-garde" is the computerbased techniques of media access, manipulation and analysis (2). So a work does not become non-linear simply by using digital applications or digital storage and retrieval systems, there has to be a change in the structure of the work from one based on time to one based on space. It is the added ability to move around within the work, to navigate vertically as well as horizontally, to explore spatial relationships as well as temporal relationships and to have access to media components in a simultaneous Manovich gives as an early example of this new as well as a sequential way that changes it from media avant-garde the work of a group of graduate linear to non-linear. As Dovey (2002) says, students from Helsinki's University of Art and Design. He describes their interactive late-night Hypertextual ways of working… invite us both television program Akvaario (Aquarium) (2000), as authors and users to experience information created for the Finnish national broadcasting as a spatial arrangement. We are called upon to company Channel 1, as a "database narrative" navigate the database in order to make sense of what is stored within. Knowledge that may once It is … a narrative, which fully utilizes many features have been transmitted in narrative form, as a of a database's organization of data. It relies on our story, novel, report, essay or article, can now be Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 83 accessed through a network of links in which a may not consider themselves to be documentary spatial relation between component parts can be producers, all the selected projects have a factual preserved (140). documentary basis on which their content depends. For a comparative breakdown of each project see In "The Language of New Media Manovich" (2001) Table 1. explains the conflict between database and narrative; databases are spatial and concurrent, Ross Gibson and Kate Richards "(LAW) Life narratives are linear and sequential. He claims After Wartime" (2003) and "Bystander" (2004-9) all new media works are primarily databases Australia and that while a database "can support narrative, there is nothing in the logic of the medium itself Ross Gibson and Kate Richards constitute an which would foster its generation" (201). example of collaborative artists engaging with Cubitt's (2002) new "forms of data storage and Hayles (2005) challenges Manovich's analysis retrieval" within landscapes "of documentation explaining neither database, nor narrative are terms and dissemination" (2) and Manovich's (2004) that are adequate to explain the phenomenon of "new ways of using already accumulated media" interactive digital media. For Hayles both terms, (2). individually and in combination, are too confined. She prefers the term "possibility space", which Accessing an archive of crime scene photographs opens up the arena for "a flexible, wide-ranging taken between 1945 and 1960 by the New South framework" through which to position such Wales Police Service in Sydney Australia, Gibson, interactive digital works (1). Richards and their team have created five distinct works between 1998 and the present. These Hayles' thesis is that computer generated, database include live performances; gallery installations; narratives (non-linear and linear) are not at web portals; and a CD-ROM with the intriguing odds with each other or considered to be in a titles of Darkness Loiters, Crime Scene, (LAW) competitive relationship with one another, despite Life After Wartime, LAW Live with the Necks, and Manovich declaring "why do narratives still exist Bystander. In this instance I shall refer only to the in digital media?" (cited in Hayles 2005, 2). Hayles CD-ROM (LAW) Life After Wartime (2003) and the argues that the definition of narrative needs to gallery installation Bystander (2004-9). be expanded to the concept of "possibility space" allowing for "known-knowns, known-unknowns, (LAW) Life After Wartime (2003), referred to and unknown-unknowns" to coexist within the here as (LAW), is a computer specific work that same project space (4-5). combines portions of the database of crime scene photographs with haiku-like texts, sound effects, Database Narratives/Possibility Spaces and music files into random sequences initiated by the user. Ross Gibson (2005, 5) says the The following discussion uses both Manovich's operating system underpinning (LAW) is designed and Hayles' terms as an overarching category as a "speculation engine… throwing batches of to analyse a range of projects representative of pictures forward in turbulent patterns" and that shape-shifting in documentary form. All of the "the system gains cohesion according to the selected productions are taking advantage of the history of each investigator"s interaction with the spatial dimensions of non-linear narrative, and all database". are maintaining a dimension of temporal linear narrative, even if this is regarded as quite small. Over time, a set of micro-narratives and moodmodulations accrue until eventually a kind of The delivery and exhibition platforms vary from debatable meta-narrative builds up to account for project to project. However, all productions are the entire image-world of the archive. Crucially, digital and all organise their content from an each investigator will gather up a different set of originating database. While some of the producers micro-narratives and moods and each investigator Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 84 will tend toward a larger story in idiosyncratic and personally stamped ways (Gibson 2005, 5). The two-way digital mechanism of Bystander responds to the presence of audience members. (LAW) is what Gibson calls a "dramatic database" As the number of people situated within the which explores the non-linear, vertical, spatial installation space increases the faster the images relationships opened up by the digital revolution. are delivered. Additionally, as the audience Additionally, he sees the user/viewer engaging members move through the space their actions with (LAW) as "not a reader or a receiver of this are fed-back into the computer system, which artwork" rather as "implicated as an investigator" responds by sending samples of data to match whose interactivity enables them to participate in the activity of the audience. If audience members the pace and delivery choice of the process. are moving slowly data will be sent to them slowly, if they increase their pace the computer This random accessing of images, sound effects, responds likewise. Bystander is a good example and poetic texts works to place (LAW) as an of an interactive digital documentary production artwork partially using historical, documentary that fulfills both Manovich's database narrative content rather than a documentary production criteria as well as Hayles' definition of possibility per se. This may have been the creative choice of space. the producers who had access only to the crime scene photographs. Most of the narrative details Jonathan Harris "The Whale Hunt" (2007) U.S.A. useful to documentary makers - the who, when, where, what and how descriptors - were not filed Jonathan Harris approaches the temporal with the photographs. Gibson (2005) explains, and spatial dimensions of database narrative/ possibility space from another tangent. Describing …(The) crime-scene images are filed in small his work The Whale Hunt (2007) as "experimental manila envelopes full of variously-sized negatives; interface of human storytelling" Harris combines registered on every envelope there are the elements of computer science, anthropology, names of an investigating detective and a police visual art, and narrative in this online documentary photographer plus a date and description for the photographic work. particular crime being documented. And that"s it; that"s the extent of the interpretive cues offered Harris and his collaborator, Andrew Moore, recorby the archive. Although each image is full of ded on large format (Moore) and digital (Harris) stories, hardly any files are "authenticated" with still cameras the experience of participating in a official interpretations. There are no detectives" whale hunt with an Inupiat Eskimo family in Barnotebooks, no court reports, no charge sheets, row, Alaska. The annual whale hunt is a thousandjudgements or newspaper articles. The archive is year-old tradition for the Inupiat whom today are therefore an unruly almanac of Sydney, a jumble of permitted by international law to hunt twenty-two evidence associated with actual people who have whales per year. been caught in painfully real outbreaks of fate, desire or rage. The pictures lie there awaiting The Whale Hunt database is organized into an online their users. But how to use them when they tell so platform around four themed subsets, the cast, the little that is conclusively true (5)? concept, the context, the cadence. Each subset allows the viewer to filter the database through the Using the same database of crime scene photographs chosen constraint. Cast selects photographs that and haiku-like texts as (LAW), Bystander (2004-9) contain subjects such as Abe, Ahmakak, 1st whale shape-shifts the concepts initiated in (LAW) into an and so on. interactive installation form within a gallery space. The work morphs into an "immersive environment" Concept selects photographs according to themes with rear and front projection onto multiple screens such as blood, boats, buildings and so on. Context positioned to create an enclosed viewing space that enables the viewer to filter the photographs based the audience can occupy. on the location they were taken such as New York Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 85 City, Barrow, Alaska, the Patkotak family house and so on. Finally, cadence filters the photographs based on the excitement level experienced at the time the photograph was taken such as slow, relaxed, fast, frantic, and racing. Shot over a continuous seven-day period at no more than five-minute intervals (with the use of a chronometer while sleeping) the database consists of 3,214 still images. The emphasis on continuous recording enables this database narrative/ possibility space to contain a tangible temporal element. Meadows (2003) claims such inclusions are critical for any narrative to be readable and understandable to other people. Speaking about interactive narrative Meadows says, taken, and consequently the higher the heartbeat graphic to illustrate this activity. The Whale Hunt interface can also be viewed in another three modes; mosaic, timeline, or pinwheel. Each mode gives a tiny thumbnail of each image – represented as the average pixel colour for that photograph. In mosaic mode every photograph is arranged simultaneously, in chronological order, as one large coloured grid. Rolling over the grid a magnifier effect isolates individual images, which when clicked can to be viewed as a full image on the screen. Timeline mode displays all the photograph's thumbnails, chronologically, in a column representing each thirty-minute period of time. The height of each column indicates the number of photographs taken during that half hour period. Selecting any coloured box by clicking retrieves a full sized version of that photograph. Stories seem to be a way in which we report to one another on the events of life. We don't need machines to do that. We need individual opinion and perspective (29-30). Similar to timeline mode, pinwheel mode displays all 3,214 photographs chronologically separated into twenty-minute intervals. Fig: The Whale Hunt, Jonathan Harris and Andrew Moore, 2007, a storytelling experiment. With the temporal layer in The Whale Hunt we are given Harris' point of view (literally) at least twelve times an hour over seven consecutive days. During situations of heightened excitement or activity Harris' perspective is provided even more frequently. Clicking on any coloured box retrieves its corresponding photograph. By experimenting with these four presentation modes as well as the four themed subsets, Harris has combined linear and non-linear narrative as well as the users" interactivity into the architectural design of The Whale Hunt. Consequently, the user/viewer can Accentuating this approach the entire database of access the database narrative/possibility space of photographs is represented by a human heartbeat The Whale Hunt from a variety of narrative pergraphic along the bottom edge of the screen. The spective points. more excitement experienced during the whale hunt event corresponds to more photographs Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 86 Improvised Empathetic Device - I.E.D. (2005), demonstrated by S.W.A.M.P. collaborator Matthew Kenyon at (DIME-Arts, October 2006) photograph taken by Author S.W.A.M.P. Matthew Kenyon and Douglas Easterly "Improvised Empathetic Device - I.E.D" (2005) U.S.A. mimics the name as a means to emphasise this connection. Selected to present at the conference under the category of human computer interaction I.E.D. is included here as a documentary in the sense that the primary data for the work is "evidence" which has been "data mined" from the United States of America casualty statistics of US soldiers killed in the war in Iraq. Specifically, the data refers to soldiers killed by I.E.Ds. (Improvised Explosive Devices) which commonly use a cellular phone or text pager as a remote trigger for ignition. The data is "mined" from icasulaty.org, which collates casualty data from the United States Department of Defence, sitcom, and other sources. Each time a US soldier's name is added to the casualty database a text message is sent to a receiver embedded in the I.E.D. armband. The armband is equipped with a needle poised above the skin of the upper arm of the wearer. With each casualty name the performer/documentarist/ new-media-artist wearing the armband is jabbed once by the needle indicating the death of one US soldier in Iraq. Simultaneously a computer screen displays personal information concerning the casualty - the individual's name, rank, cause of death, location of death, and hometown in the U.S. One surprising outcome of this performative piece has been the performers' growing awareness of when the data of U.S. soldiers would be released into the public realm. Matthew Kenyon says, The performance piece named I.E.D. (Improvised Empathetic Device) uses similar technology and So just like with some of our other projects some patterns began to emerge which became visible, Another project to add to this list of database narratives/possibility spaces as an example of shape-shifting documentary is a performance piece I observed at the first international conference of Digital Interactive Media Entertainment and Arts (DIME Arts) held at Rangsit University Bangkok, Thailand in October 2006. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 87 Improvised Empathetic Device - I.E.D. (2005), close-up of armband showing needle, photograph taken by Author at DIME-Arts, October 2006. became evident in tangible ways for instance the timing of the release of casualty statistics… we became aware very quickly, finding that the government tends to release this information late on Fridays to avoid the news cycle. So we would find that on Friday afternoon we would feel a growing apprehension and anxiety of the potential of receiving the injections. that connect the human subject directly to the data and from that human computer interaction a narrative is performed. Bill Lamin and Harry Lamin "WWI, Experiences of an English Soldier" (2006-12) U.K. An example of documentary adapting to the online distribution platform of the Internet blog is the The collaborators of S.W.A.M.P., Matthew Kenyon remarkably well thought through blogsite of Harry and Douglas Easterly, may be surprised to be Lamin, a British soldier in WWI, who regularly included in a discussion of digital documentary wrote letters home to his family in England. Each narrative forms however I regard this work as a of Harry's letters is transcribed and appears as a performative documentary using database and blog entry exactly ninety years (to the day) after non-linear narrative and as a clear illustration of Harry wrote them. Harry's blogsite explains, Hayles' notion of "possibility space". Hayles says, The first letter is dated from the postmark as 7th I cannot imagine a human world without narrative, February 1917. As promised, the letter from the but I can imagine narratives transformed and training camp will be published on the evening of enriched by their interactions with possibility Wednesday 7th February 2007 - Exactly 90 years space in the complex ecologies of contemporary after it was written. (7th February 1917 was also a media and culture (29). Wednesday, so the days of the week will coincide.) The data or content of I.E.D. is documentary evidence Harry Lamin's blogsite is the creation of Harry's mediated through electronic and mechanical devices grandson Bill Lamin. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 88 A retired teacher, Bill, uploads entries, maintains the website, replies to comments, and makes additions to the content of the letters for historical accuracy and clarity. Bill sees himself as a facilitator for Harry's story. Because the audience can read Harry's blog in any order they choose, even skipping whole sections, a brief synopsis on the front page of Harry"s blog ends with the following suggestion, To find out Harry's fate, follow the blog! This sentence states Harry's blogsite intention to be read as a journey, for the reader to follow in real-time the unfolding of events as they happened to British Private Harry Lamin during WWI, just as Harry's relatives would have followed via Harry's letters home ninety years earlier. and the last comment (at the time of writing) is dated 29 August 2012, indicating the audience for Harry's blog has been ongoing and increasing over time. In fact, the whole blogsite has received so much audience interest Bill Lamin, and more recently his daughter Catherine, have created a secondary blogsite just to handle feedback and comments. As a further testament to its popularity, Harry's blog has been picked up as a news worthy item by traditional media outlets. Bill Lamin has been interviewed for newspapers, radio, and television in Canada, U.S.A., Germany and the U.K. Some of these media stories have lead new readers to Harry's blog. Other readers have stumbled onto Harry's blog through Web surfing, as I did while researching information regarding World War I. People from New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Spain, Portugal, Holland, the United States, and the United Kingdom have all commented on Harry's blog, a testament to its truly global appeal. The by-line of each entry identifies the blog author as Harry. Bill Lamin's involvement is as facilitator. Hartley (2008) describes a similar relationship between facilitator and blog subject in the production of the blogsite The Life of Riley. In May 2009 Bill Lamin published a book based on Harry's blog. Titled Letters From The Trenches, Created by documentary filmmaker Mike Rubbo A Soldier of the Great War it is an expanded The Life of Riley is the blogsite of 107-year-old version of Harry's blog with additions of further blogger Olive Riley. Olive's blog is a flow on project information and historical research. The book is from the documentary film All About Olive (2006) a tangible indication of the continued slippage of that Mike Rubbo made about Olive Riley's life. Mike Harry's blog back into mainstream media. refers to himself on Olive's blogsite as "Mike the helper"; he records Olive's dialogue, transcribes Yet the book publication has created an interesting it, uploads the text onto the blogsite interspersed situation for some of Harry's blog readers who with old and new photographs, and video clips. Mike have purchased the book. They are placed in a also replies to readers' comments and provides dilemma regarding the temporal nature of the additional information for clarity in italics. Olive blog. Many do not want to read the book until it is died in 2008, aged 108-years-old. Mike continued revealed by the blog in real-time what becomes of to update and maintain Olive's blogsite until 2010. Harry. The majority of Harry's blog readers appear Hartley (2008) identifies this type of Rubbo/Riley to have subscribed wholeheartedly to the daily collaboration as a new hybrid form, part blog diary unfolding of the narrative of Harry's blog. (since it uses first person although it is written by someone else), part DST (digital storytelling) A number of readers have commented on this transcript, part multiplatform publishing (205). aspect of the blog and although they have now bought the book they still want to maintain the This approach appears to be very popular with suspense set up by the temporal arrangements readers, both Olive's and Harry's blogsites receive of the blog and don't want to know the end until a high volume of audience feedback. Harry's it is revealed from Harry's letters. The following "Introduction" blog entry, alone, has received are some of the blog comments regarding Harry's eighty-seven comments from readers. The first audience's response to the book versus the blog, comment on Harry's blog is dated 22 August 2006 Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 89 Louise Lewis said...The problem is that we book buyers have been following the blog in "real tima" (sic) for some years, and we don"t wnat (sic) to learn the ending in "advance". My book is waiting on the shelf ready to be read and appreciated in the future when the blog finishes. Nevertheless, I can say how much I appreciate the work and effort you have put into the project and a glance at the book shows it to be handsome indeed. Thank you for all you have done. May 07, 2009 Anonymous said...You just keep this going. I have been watching this from almost the beginning here in Illinois USA. I will buy the book for my son AFTER this blog is finished because I don"t want to know the end, yet. This is part of my morning ritual. BTW, I looked up the General Beauman, ...interesting dude. April 23, 2009 Once a clip has been viewed an icon representing the visited clip drops into a timeline at the base of the screen. After a precise number of clips have been accessed the timeline fills with the remaining icons and becomes active. The timeline can now be played as a traditional linear movie with scripted beginning, middle and end. This interactive architecture, named "memoradic narrative", was designed to mimic our process of autobiographical memory recall. Susan Engel (1999) describes memory as a reconstructive process whereby "one creates the memory at the moment one needs it, rather than merely pulling out an intact item, image or story" (6). This implies says Engel "that each time we say or imagine something from our past we are putting it together from bits and pieces that may have, until now, been stored separately." Harry's blog exemplifies how non-linear spatial narrative, audience interaction, and linear temporal narrative forms may not simply coexist in the same production, but may, each in their own way, actually contribute exponentially to the entire narrative. Researchers such as Engel (1999) and McNally (2003) have found that memory is an amalgamation of activities that utilize a number of sites and cognitive processes in the brain, and these processes are much more complicated, more fragmented, and more subjective than we are inclined to presume. Whilst we tend to think Janet Marles' "The Shoebox" (2010) Australia. of the process of memory as being similar to recording and playing back a scene in the same My exploration of shape shifting in digital way a video camera operates, it is in fact more akin documentary is "The Shoebox" (2010) a recreation to the processes of capture, storage, and retrieval of a memory story complete with gaps and absences, that a hypermedia platform such as memoradic inconsistencies and mysteries prompting the user/ narrative employs. viewer to engage as both a participant and a spectator. With memoradic narrative the user/viewer interactively chooses fragments of embedded media "The Shoebox" uses six 360-degree panoramic from a number of story spaces. Once viewed these scenes to place the documentary elements in fragments are reconfigured into a linear timeline time and place. Each scene describes a location that, when played, "tells" the biographical story as well as an era from the protagonist's story. as a "traditional" documentary film. This conflaStyled as a biography that employs interviews, tion of non-linear and linear narrative mimics the voice-over narration, re-enactments, animated process of autobiographical memory recall, which stills, and primary source documents "The pieces together fragments of stored memories to Shoebox" compels the user/viewer to engage construct a story by which the person remembewith fragments of memory embedded in each ring communicates experiences. panoramic scene that become the threads from which the life story is woven. The user/viewer is able to navigate between these scenes and can randomly choose embedded clips to view. Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 90 Selected Database Narrative / Possibility Space comparative breakdown The following table (Table 1) breaks down the components of each of the previous examples of database narrative/possibility space indicating whether, and to what degree (high, medium, low), each project has employed non-linear and linear narrative devices. Table 1 also identifies the type of interactivity each project has employed, if any. It divides this interaction into two types. Firstly, audience interaction into the narrative selections or the audience member's ability to navigate through the project at will. The second type of interaction I have identified is audience feedback to the narrative content or the ability for audience members to have input into the narrative content. non-linear and linear narratives are binary opposites cancelling each other out and whether narration and interactivity are antithetical (Manovich 2001; Wand 2002). Also, there has been debate as to whether these modes are new or, in fact, have been displayed in different mediums throughout time. Rieser (2002) gives a concise summary when he says: The frequent assertion that interactive narrative is "a contradiction in terms" centres on the argument that the diegetic space of narrative is compromised or destroyed by interactive engagement with the story; … this argument is based on a misunderstanding of narrative mechanisms. The active participation of audience is not new nor is it disruptive of narrative diegesis; it is merely incompatible with certain narrative conventions, which have become unduly emphasised by historical accident (146). The only project (from my What is becoming cleselection) that incorpoar to commentators, rates this second type of documentary producers, interaction is Ross Giband digital media artists son and Kate Richards' alike, is that interactive Bystander (2004-9). In media is most underthis case this interaction standable to users when only changes the deliveit incorporates a mixture ry speed of data to the of non-linear and lineaudience. The audience do not have any input into the type of data they ar narrative devices. This is especially true when will receive and likewise they cannot change the the story content is factual and key aspects of the narrative must be conveyed to the audience for narrative content itself. the story to be comprehensible. Conclusion As Dovey (2002, 143) states, not only do new meThese examples of shape-shifting documentaries dia change the narrative from one of a horizontal are a selection of works by documentary makers temporal type to a vertical spatial type but both and digital media artists experimenting with non- should be functioning for a piece to be considelinear narrative, linear narrative, and interactivity. red understandable. Acknowledging this trend, Much discussion has taken place as to whether Wand (2002), quotes Ulrich Weinberg, a Professor Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 91 The Shoebox (2010), an embedded media clip plays over its panoramic scene, Bill's Gully, in the central viewing frame below this the Timeline remains inactive and empty at the academy of Film and Television Studies in Potsdam, who says, "Linear media are becoming part of the content of the world of non-linear entertainment" (167). Ross Gibson (2004) explaining his process with (LAW) states; Most of my work entails finding historical fragments in the aftermath of some cultural "breakage" or violence and then offering narrative or dramatic "backfill" to explain the existence of the evidence. More and more, I am interested in how searchable databases, as well as, linear storytelling, can be used for such imaginative rather than didactic experiences. linear is based on spatial arrangements using examples from documentary makers and digital media artists we can see how these producers have engaged with temporal, horizontal and sequential as well as spatial, vertical and concurrent narratives and how these two seemly opposed techniques, rather than acting as binary opposites are in fact operating in a complimentary way within the same piece. The non-linear techniques provide the hypertextual nodes and links that permit the spatial domain to be navigated interactively by the user, while the linear sections provide the traditional narrative devices to bring together the fragments into an understandable story. For Hayles, (2005) incorporating all the variations available means the definition of narrative needs to be expanded into the concept of "possibility References space" which allows for "known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns to coexist within Arthur, Paul Longley. 2008. "Participating in the the same production space" (4-5). past: Recording lives in digital environments" Cultural Studies Review 14(1): 187-201. In describing the structural difference between linear and non-linear narrative and demonstrating that the linear is based on temporal and the non- Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 92 Cubitt, Sean. 2002. "Spreadsheets, Sitemaps and Search Engines: Why Narrative is Marginal to Multimedia and Networked Communication, and Why Marginality is More Vital than Universality" in ed. Martin Rieser and Andrea Zapp, 3-8. New Screen Media: Cinema / Art / Narrative, London: British Film Institute. Cubitt, Sean. 2001. "Preface: The Colour of Time" in ed. Martin Le Grice, vii – xvii. Experimental Cinema in the Digital Age, London: British Film Institute. Dolan, Ethel Avery and Shawn Pease. 2007-12. Soldier"s Mail: Letters Home From A Yankee Doughboy 1916 – 1919, accessed October 2012 http://worldwar1letters.wordpress.com/aboutsgt-samuel-e-avery/. Dovey, Jon. 2002. "Notes Towards a Hypertextual Theory of Narrative" in ed. Martin Rieser and Andrea Zapp, 135-145. New Screen Media: Cinema / Art / Narrative, London: British Film Institute. Engel, Susan. 1999. Context is Everything: The Nature of Memory, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. Gibson, Ross, and Kate Richards 2004-9. Bystander, Interactive Gallery Installation, The Performance Space, Sydney Australia http:// katerichards.net/art/bystander/ Gibson, Ross. 2005. The Rise of Multimedia Systems, Accessed June 2012, www.tate.neat. tas.edu.au/word/gibson2.doc 2005. Gibson, Ross. 2004. Dramatic Databases: Life After Wartime-Crime Scenes 1945-1960, lecture at COFA Sydney, ACM SIGGRAPH. Gibson, Ross, and Kate Richards. 2003. Life After War Time. (LAW), Interactive CD-ROM. www. lifeafterwartime.com Sydney, Australian Film Commission. Hales, Christopher. 2002. "New Paradigms < > New Movies - Interactive Film and Narrative Interfaces" in ed. Martin Rieser and Andrea Zapp, 105-119. New Screen Media: Cinema / Art / Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Narrative, London: British Film Institute. Harris, Jonathan. 2007. The Whale Hunt, Interactive Online Narrative. www.thewhalehunt. org Hartley, John. 2008. "Problems of expertise and scalability in self-made media" in, ed. Knut Lundby, 197-211. Digital Storytelling, Mediated Stories: Self Representations in New Media, New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Hayles, N. Katherine. 2005. "Narrating Bits: Encounters between Humans and Intelligent Machine", Vectors (1): 1-38. Hight, Craig. 2008. "The field of digital documentary: a challenge to documentary theorists", Studies in Documentary Film 2(1): 3-7. Kenyon, Matthew. 2006. "Conference Presentation" to First International Conference of Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts (DIMEA 2006) Rangsit University Bangkok Thailand. Kenyon, Matthew, and Douglas Easterly 2005. Improvised Empathetic Device (I.E.D.), S.W.A.M.P. http://www.swamp.nu Lamin, Bill. 2009. Letters from the Trenches: A Soldier of the Great War, Michael O"Mara Books. Lamin, Bill, and Harry Lamin 2006-9. WW1: Experiences of an English Soldier, accessed October 2012. http://wwar1.blogspot.com/ Le Grice, Malcolm. 2001. Experimental Cinema in The Digital Age, London: British Film Institute. Lundby, Knut. 2008. "Introduction: Digital storytelling, mediated stories" in ed. Knut Lundby, 1-20. Digital Storytelling, Mediated Stories: Self Representations in New Media, New York: Peter Lang Publishing. McNally, Richard, J. 2003. Remembering Trauma, Cambridge Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Quarterly November 2012 93 Manovich, Lev. 2006. "Uneven Development" in Image Future, accessed October 2012 http:// www.manovich.net/articles.html. Alexandre Astruc's camera-stylo: the new avantgarde in documentary realized?" Studies in Documentary Film 2(1): 47-59. Manovich, Lev. 2004. "Info-Aesthetics" accessed October, 2012. http://www.manovich.net/IA/. Toffs, Darren. 2005. Interzone: Media Arts in Australia. Victoria: Craftsman House. Manovich, Lev. 2002. "Spatial Computerisation and Film Language" in ed. Martin Rieser and Andrea Zapp, 64-76. New Screen Media: Cinema / Art / Narrative, London: British Film Institute. Zapp, Andrea. 2002. "net.drama://myth/mimesis/ mind_mapping/" in ed. Martin Rieser and Andrea Zapp, 77-89. New Screen Media: Cinema / Art / Narrative, London: British Film Institute. Manovich, Lev. 2001. The Language of New Media, Cambridge: MIT Press. _______________ Marles, Janet. 2010. "The Shoebox" accessed October, 2012. http://www.memoradicnarrative. com Meadows, Mark Stephen. 2003. Pause and Effect: the art of interactive narrative, Indianapolis: New Riders. Oakley, Peter. 2009. "geriatric1927" accessed October 2012. http://www.youtube.com/user/ geriatric1927 and http://www.askgeriatric.com/. Pellinen, Teijo. 2000. Akvaario (Aquarium), www.mlab.uiah.fi Helsinki, Finnish National Broadcasting Company Channel 1 Rieser, Martin and Andrea Zapp. 2002. "Forward: An Age of Narrative Chaos?" in ed. Martin Rieser and Andrea Zapp, xxv-xxxii. New Screen Media: Cinema / Art / Narrative, London: British Film Institute. Janet Marles Dr. Janet Elizabeth Marles gained her Ph.D. in interactive digital media, combining the academic fields of Information Technology and Humanities. Her interactive digital documentary "The Shoebox" conflates linear and non-linear narrative in a way that mimics autobiographical memory recall via a technique she calls "memoradic narrative". Janet"s current digital documentary project is an immersive interactive installation exploring Brunei Darussalam"s unique natural and cultural heritage. Rieser, Martin. 2002. "The Poetics of Interactivity: The Uncertainty Principle" in ed. Martin Rieser and Andrea Zapp, 146-162. New Screen Media: Cinema / Art / Narrative, London: British Film Institute. Rubbo, Michael. 2004. Personal Documentary Forum. Sydney: 51st Sydney Film Festival. Rubbo, Michael. 2006-10 "All About Olive" accessed January 8, 2010, http://www. allaboutolive.com.au Sorenssen, Bjorn. 2008. "Digital video and Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 94 Sinlab Logo SINLAB A new Renaissance by Alessandro Barchiesi The arbitrary division of domains of knowledge and the request for specialization is a relatively recent phenomenon. During the Renaissance, one of the great eras of exuberant creativity, people did not divide the world into art and science. Instead they saw them as a seamless continuum. Michelangelo was a sculptor, architect, painter, engineer, poet and anatomist; Leonardo was an inventor, painter, engineer, sculptor and anatomist; great naturalists, such as Charles Darwin, made discoveries that we call "science" while trying to understand the beauty and order of the natural world. Our current educational system hardly integrate art and science, failing in an important aspect of generating creativity in people. I personally experienced during my work in the Physics department of the La Sapienza University Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII and during my work as a researcher in Fermilab, P.S.I. and CERN that it's pretty difficult to conciliate a creative professional career (I started first attending fine arts class in the art academy of Rome, then teaching in it during my PhD in Particle Physics) and a professional research position in a scientific field like Physics. The two worlds are disconnected in academia even if a large dose of creativity is required in both. We need a Hybrid Culture The common perception of the scientific process is in terms of objectivity, experiments, facts. Scientific articles appear a perfect reflection of real world. While the Arts can be profound, they are always imaginary. Quarterly November 2012 95 This vision of science as the mediator of everything depends upon one silent assumption: art cycles with fashions, while scientific knowledge proceeds by linear ascent. The history of science is perceived as a simple equation: time + data = understanding. There is the conviction that one day science will solve everything. The deeper we know about reality the deeper we perceive paradoxes. Take, for example, the history of physics. The physicists thought they had the key to understand the universe. Then came Einstein with relativity, altering the classical notions of time and space; then came Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and the beautiful counter intuitive revelations of quantum physics; string theorists started talking about eleven dimensions to reconcile theoretical gaps... which lead to new works of art and so on. Instead of ignoring each other, or competing, or collaborating in superficial ways, science and art will truly impact each other. The old intellectual boundaries will disappear. Art will become a real source of scientific ideas. This will lead us to take an "enlarged" view of truth. Right now, science is widely considered our unique source of Truth, with a capital "T." Bringing our two cultures together will allow us to judge our knowledge not by its origins, but in terms of its usefulness. What does this novel or experiment or poem teach us about ourselves? How does it help in understanding who we are, or what the universe is made of? What kind of new way of thinking and communicating could quantum mechanics bring when deeply understood? If we are open-minded Scientists seek to solve the oldest and most epic in our answers to these questions, we will discover of unknowns: what is the universe? Who are that poems and paintings can help advance our we? Before we can understand these mysteries experiments and theories. Art can make science science must go a step further in expanding its better and vice versa. possibilities. How can we make this happen? We need to find a place for the artist within the Until now only single individuals dare to cross the experimental process, to rediscover what Bohr borders of the cultures and it's easy to think to the observed when he looked at the cubist paintings cornerstones of the performative art world: people seeing electrons not like little planets, but like one like John Cage for the experimental music, Nam of Picasso's deconstructed guitars: superposition June Paik for the video or Merce Cunningham of states. The current constraints of science for dance. There is a growing tendency towards make it clear that the separation between our a movement that deliberately crosses cultural two cultures is not merely an academic problem, borders and seeks to create relationships between rather a practical problem. If we want answers to the arts and the sciences. the most essential questions/equations we need to bridge our cultural divide. By paying attention SINLAB: towards an alliance between to the wisdom of the arts, science can gain the performing arts and science new insights and perspectives that are the seeds of scientific progress. We needed a "third The natural first step towards the path of the culture", to say it in the words of Snow (1993), hybrid culture passes through technology. With which would close the "communications gap". the emergence of new technologies our culture We'll need even a further step: to create a new is undergoing changes – the manner and ways academic movement that deliberately trespasses in which we perceive space, how we experience on our cultural boundaries and seeks to create our body, how we communicate, how we produce relationships between the arts and the sciences. sense and meaning. History has proved time and again that technological innovation leads to new The point from where we need to move further in cultural practices, new ways of communicating, building such movement, we can call it a hybrid new ways of sense-making, and new ways culture to use the words of J. Lehrer (2012), is in which we see and perceive the culture. that neither culture can exist by itself. Its goal will be to cultivate a positive feedback loop, in which Traditionally, one of the prominent cultural sites works of art lead to new scientific experiments, where the impact of technological invention is Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 96 reflected is theatre. As a metaphor and microcosm of reality theatre has always made use of technological tools; even the development of new cultural techniques went into the realization and aesthetics of the theatre and of the stage (broadly speaking). With the digital revolution the gap has gradually widened between increasingly complex and specialized technology on the one hand, and artistic practices on the other. enhance our capability to express ourselves and question our own modernity. This has been the first step towards the construction of the liason between the creative world and the scientific one. A new project called SINLAB has been created as a new interdisciplinary research platform: a living laboratory that can be seen as a virtual extension of all participating labs and institutions in one physical location. Fig: Choreophony. SINLAB research project 2012 - idea, concept development: Pablo Ventura - interaction design, software, video: Chris Ziegler dance: Unita Gaye Galiluyo, Deborah Hofstetter Participants in this project include the following schools and universities: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and four of its laboratories; the Colour Light Centre (CLC) at the Zurich University of the Arts (ZhdK) and the ZHdK Master scenography program; the HETSR-Haute École de Théâtre de Suisse Romande–La Manufacture, Lausanne; LMULudwig MaximiliansUniversity Munich (D), which bring a worldwide famous expertise. As artistic partner, we are in touch with artists on an international level. The project is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF). The objectives of this project are: to fundamentally challenge and renew existing means of expression, and put them at disposition for live experimentation in the theatre; to offer science and technology a new field of experimentation; to foster a critical discourse on the uses of new media in the performing arts, and open up new forms of theatre; to start creating a tradition of cooperation between scientific and arts-oriented universities and gradually build centers of competencies at a national and international level; to sensitize future generations of artists and researchers in education and research, and to create Most advancements in the use of technology for theatre that we experience today were initiated by artists, and were primarily cross-applications of technologies originally developed for other fields. Accordingly, these applications have been unique solutions that generally fail to push the boundaries of the techno logical, aesthetic, and cultural envelope. This situation has undermined true experimentation and innovation, and made difficult for the performing arts to explore novel possibilities of expression, and deprived science of a potentially exciting opportunity for experimentation and progress. To overcome this situation, it has become necessary to organize a process that facilitates systematic encounters between theatre artists and scientists, and that encourages scientific and technological research that is in tune with the needs of performing arts. Perhaps the new narratives that will emerge, desperately needed by a society longing for sense and meaning, will empower us and Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 97 a sustainable process for bringing the universe of science and arts closer together. hybrid PhD of EPFL coming from different artistic and scientific backgrounds constitute the core of SINLAB. The research team is continuously It is articulated around three main research areas: involved in the development and reflection process, frequently supplemented by EPFL-researchers - Transformation of time and space perception and ZHDK from the collaborating Labs, a senior and experience within stage-settings, philosopher from ZHDK, dr. Jens Badura, together with LMU professors and the topic-related selected - Intermediality as a dimension for expression and researchers and artists in residence. experimentation on stage, Ok but what's going on in the SINLAB? - Man-machine relations as a field for the exploration of human self-understanding. The SINLAB was inaugurated on Valentine's Day, 2012. The project will be devoted to PhD students Digital performance and the "Entanglement" of that will be in a loop of thinking, making, sharing Performing Arts and Scientific research are by also stimulated by the presence of an artist in consequence seen as a particularly fruitful setting residence every 6 months. One of the historical for a mutual inspiration. figures in Swiss choreography and technology panorama, Pablo Ventura, recently completed his The starting point for our proposed project is the residence, working together with one of the PhDs, premise that we understand the theatre stage Chris Ziegler, on generating a polyphony through as a platform for interdisciplinary and trans- choreography: a Choreophony as he called it. disciplinary research, and as a discursive vehicle for art within society. This means that theatre This is an element of the Choreography of Space becomes a place and a medium by means of he is working on: together with SINLAB he focused which we reflect the changes taking place in mainly on the composition of sound layers by our ways of communicating, our social behavior means of dancers' movements captured through as well as our living spaces. This is the reason motion tracking technologies and mapped to why we are dealing with the development of new sound files. It is important to understand that this technical tools, testing new artistic processes as is not an attempt to compose music, but a research well as reflecting on the aesthetics and discursive based on how dance dynamics and rhythms can relevance of these developments in a scientific affect sounds and on investigating the possibility of manner. In this project, technology developers, music landscapes, texturing the space with sound. artists, theatre studies experts, dramaturges, cultural scientists as well as representatives of The new and key aspect in this is in the perception the theatre universities are participating. of the dancer and of the choreography, which is not to be devised in order to generate specific The new lab is also intended as a space to initiate the mapped sounds, but retains its independence creation of new types of PhDs that are at the same and validity as dance composition in itself. The time Scientists and Artists. This is a cornerstone dancer retains the freedom to interpret set to turn what was only done by individuals into a choreographies affected by the sounds produced movement that can dialogue within the academic in a loop of feedback and is not transformed in the world, making it possible to really make an impact search for imaginary buttons that would generate on the cultural world, and finally bridging the a sound composition for a composer. In the two cultures in a more formalized and durable meantime, several projects are ongoing, dealing fashion.Prof. Jeffrey Huang is the main proponent with the creation of experiential environments, of the project and the director of the SINLAB, dr. immaterial architecture, augmented performative Alex Barchiesi, a creative physicist with several capabilities of expression through commercial years of experience in LHC-CERN experiments, technologies. is the LAB head and together with a team of Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 98 Sinlab - Project from the first art residency An open source software framework, SINK has been the lights of the space, opening new modes of released as a alpha version few weeks ago by Andrew communication for the participants. Sempere, one of the PhD students of SINLAB, to facilitate the usage of kinect sensors technology. It is important to point out that this is all happening under the umbrella of the Swiss National Science One of the most important art festivals in Lausanne, Foundation and inside (or with the collaboration "Les Urbaines festival" (30 Nov - 2 Dec), will host of) university institutions, namely EPFL, HETSR, several works-in-progress of SINLAB. Among LMU, Tsinghua University, ZHDK. them there will be Quadricone, a prototype of an interactive suspended structure, reacting to Wi-Fi These institutions will work together to achieve networks data flow and dynamically transforming the previously mentioned bridging of the cultures itself. Moody Lights: an interactive experience of without the need to compromise with production emboding the lights is inserted in the reflection or market constraints. The mixed background of of immaterial architecture by PhD student Selena the team will eventually create a playground to Savic. move towards a really hybrid culture that aims to move beyond the mere technological level of In this context, embodied communication reveals engagement, and to add a conceptual perspective the ways in which people's senses and bodies to favor a new renaissance. can be utilized to transfer meanings between one another through technological "augmentation" References of the space of means of communication in their environments. Alex Barchiesi, together with the Lehrer, Jonah. 2012. Imagine: How Creativity PhD student Andrew Sempere, will create an Works. Export & Airside ed. Canongate Books. interactive stage light environment where people's interactions and movements are reflected in Digimag Journal n° 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 99 Alessandro Barchiesi Head of the Project SINLAB dr. PhD, creative Physicist, studied Particle Physics in Rome La Sapienza University, fellow in Fermi Institute Chicago. PhD in Paul Sherrer Institute (PSI) and La Sapienza University of Rome. Researcher at European Spatial Agency (ESA) and at Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN). Researcher at European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN ATLAS experiment). Lecturer at La Sapienza Rome University. Associate professor of new media art and informatics at Art Academy of Rome; founder of the bLuELab art project. His artistic work has been presented around Europe including IRCAM Centre Pompidou Paris and Auditorium Parco della Musica in Rome and received international awards. Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 100 PLACES AND SPACES WWW.DIGICULT.IT Digimag Journal n째 73 | year VII Quarterly November 2012 101