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Co-orbital ASAT
The principal and only dedicated ASAT system was referred to as the Co-orbital ASAT in reference to its engagement profile. Developed by the Kometa TsNPO under Academician Savin, the Co-orbital ASAT was based on the Tsyklon-2 booster and was tested 20 times in space during the period October, 1968-June, 1982. For each test a dedicated target vehicle was first placed into a low Earth orbit (the first two by the Tsyklon-2 from Baikonur and later targets by the Kosmos-3M from Plesetsk). The Co-orbital ASAT would then be launched from Baikonur on either a 1-revolution or a 2-revolution intercept. The interceptor was 1,400 kg with a principal diameter of 1.8 m and a length of 4.2 m, while the target was a 650-kg polyhedron with a diameter of 1.4 m.
The co-orbital plane requirement meant that launch opportunities occurred as the orbital plane of the target satellite passed through the Tyuratam launch site twice each day. In practice, only one opportunity per day was acceptable to prevent launches toward the PRC. From an initial, low-altitude parking orbit, the Co-orbital ASAT would quickly maneuver into a transfer orbit with a greater or lesser orbital period than the target to permit an intercept over Europe after one or two complete circuits about the Earth, i.e., approximately 90-200 minutes after launch. Within minutes of the actual attack, the Co-orbital ASAT would maneuver a final time to establish the required end-game conditions. A conventional warhead would then be detonated to effect the negation.
The initial test phase of the Co-orbital ASAT program was conducted during 1968-1971 with an assessed five successes out of seven attempts. In all but one case, a cloud of debris caused by the breakup of the Co-orbital ASAT at the time of warhead detonation was left in LEO. This series of tests validated the operational envelope of the weapon from as low as 230 km to a height of 1,000 km.
Between 1976 and 1982 13 more tests were conducted, primarily to perfect a more rapid intercept profile and to evaluate a new acquisition sensor. Whereas the first seven tests had all required two revolutions, tests 8 nd 9 attempted single-revolution attacks as did tests 12 and 13. In both cases the first attempt was judged a failure and the second attempt a success. The last of these tests demonstrated a reach to an altitude of nearly 1,600 km.
Several of the other missions in the Phase 2 test program reportedly employed an optical or IR sensor for target acquisition rather than the standard radar seeker. All attempts with the new sensor are believed to have failed. However, a radar-equipped Co-orbital ASAT was flown on a 2-revolution profile in 1977 to prove that a target at an altitude as low as 159 km in an elliptical orbit could be successfully negated.
All missions after 1970 were flown at inclinations near 65.8 degrees to satisfy range safety restrictions at both Plesetsk (target) and Baikonur (Co-orbital ASAT).
The lack of testing after 1982 raised some questions about the current operational status of the Co-orbital ASAT. The Tsyklon-2 was flown frequently in support of ocean reconnaissance programs and in August, 1989, the US Secretary of Defense claimed "conclusive evidence" existed that the system was "in a constant state of readiness." Nearly three years later a Russian publication appeared to confirm its operational status (Reference 107). Two launch pads were available at Baikonur, each capable of supporting several ASAT missions per day (Reference 108). Although the Co-orbital ASAT has never been launched from Plesetsk, the assumed commonalty of Tsyklon-2 and Tsyklon-3 launch pads would have mad such operations feasible.
In 1983, As part of its response to the Reagan Strategic Defense Initiative, the Soviet Union declared a moratorium ASAT testing in 1983, and is not known to have tested an ASAT since. The post Soviet status of this system is obscure. The 2001-02 Jane's Space Directory lists the Russian ASAT program as "inactive" though there is no apparent attestation in the open literature as to when the system was inactivated.
By Charles S. Sheldon II*
Plesetsk Targets for Interceptors
There is one other small class of C-l flights different from all the rest whose mission can be established. These occurred in 1971, and perhaps in 1972 (Kosmos 521) when payloads were put up at several different altitudes, but all at 65.9 degrees inclination, later to become targets of F-l-m launched interceptors from Tyuratam. See comments below on Kosmos 752.
USE OF THE F-l-M LAUNCH VEHICLES AT TYURATAM
The newest of the Soviet space launch vehicles to come into use has been that derived from the SS-9 Scarp very large ICBM. In at least one of its versions, it may be carrying an upper stage which was paraded in Moscow as the final stage of the SS-10 Scrag which itself
never entered the operational missile inventory. But the SS-10 appellation as "global" used in parade descriptions ultimately was transferred to the SS-9 and this may have been brought about by salvaging for further use this final stage. The F series of launch vehicles is unique in that not one has been applied to any civilian program. There have not even been accounts of supplemental scientific payloads. Further, this larger vehicle, capable of carrying up to 4,500 kilograms of payload, and unlike the awkwardly shaped A class vehicles with their cryogenics, uses storable propellants, and can be placed in a silo launch facility.
With its size and general flexibility, the vehicle has been used for several quite different kinds of missions, indicated by the marked differences in flight mode among each of the groups and even with these groups. Also, with inertial guidance almost certainly a feature, these vehicles have shown some versatility in being launched at a greater variety of azimuths from a given launch facility. All the space launches with the F vehicles have come from Tyuratam.
Table 6-5 which follows summarizes all the F class flights.
Military Interceptions for Inspection and Destruction
Although the F class vehicles had come into weapons-related use possibly as early as 1965 and certainly by 1966, these have all been classed as using the F-l-r type of vehicle with its retro-package which at least in the case of FOBS was used to bring back a dummy warhead before natural decay would occur.
On October 27, 1967 , a new type of vehicle appeared, the F-l-m, marked by use of a maneuvering stage with a multiple burn capability. As further flights of this launch vehicle occurred, there was a considerable variety of uses or patterns, as sometimes the whole assembly seemed to maneuver as a unit, and sometimes there were abandoned rocket stages and launch platforms before the final payload ended up in still another orbit. In some cases maneuvers occurred so promptly the original orbit was not readily detected by the regular Western sensors; other times, there was a lapse of time. All of this makes it difficult to be absolutely sure how many operational modes have been observed, and how many times the apparent differences were occasioned more by getting data readings at different times during the flights. The first major grouping of F-l-m flights is summarized in Table 6-7.
Kosmos 185, the first of the F-l-m flights, was put into a slightly eccentric low orbit, and then both the payload and the accompanying-carrier rocket maneuvered upward to a somewhat higher, still eccentric orbit, which was the one announced prosaically by the Russians. No purpose was given for the flight.
Kosmos 217, launched April 24, 1968 , was announced as being in an orbit similar to the initial orbital pattern of Kosmos 185. But Western sensors found only debris in a low orbit, similar to that of a FOBS flight. There was a suspicion that the payload may not have achieved sustained orbit at all. Presumably the announced orbit was the one intended as the initial orbit, even though not attained. It raised questions as to why a patently not achieved orbit was made public.
On October 19, 1968 , Kosmos 248 was put into an orbit like that announced for but not attained by Kosmos 217. It may have started in a lower initial orbit, but that is not clear.
A day later, Kosmos 249 was launched, probably leaving a rocket casing in a low orbit reminiscent of FOBS which decayed the next day. Then Kosmos 249 was maneuvered into a markedly eccentric orbit whose perigee was very close to the average attitude of the Kosmos 248 orbit. It was adjusted to come into close proximity to Kosmos 248. The initial Soviet bulletin on this flight added new phraseology: "Scientific investigations under the program have been carried out." Indeed, what happened was that after the satellite had made its high speed close inspection of Kosmos 248, it moved away again, and was exploded into a cloud of debris.
On November 1, Kosmos 252 was put into orbit in a pattern virtually identical to that of Kosmos 249. Again, it made a high speed flyby of Kosmos 248, moved away, and was exploded into many fragments. The initial Soviet announcement said: "The scientific research envisioned by the program has been fulfilled." Because the orbits of Kosmos 249 and 252 were so placed that they would have lasted many years, the prompt announcement of program completion was a pretty good indication that the explosions coming as they did in a pair were planned.
This made evident that the Russians who had practiced cooperative rendezvous and docking with Kosmos 186 and 188 and again with Kosmos 212 and 213, were now conducting inspections of what could be non-cooperative craft. The explosions of these two payloads could mean that they carried instrumentation and other devices the Russians did not want to leave in orbit for some future generation of curious inspectors of another nationality to find; or they could have been exercising the destruct mechanism, presumably at a safe distance so as not to destroy their own target.
Now it was possible to go back and put into context other statements and attitudes. It was interesting that during the period the Russians were criticizing the United States for having an MOL (Manned Orbiting Laboratory) plan, they credited MOL with a capability of
inspecting and destroying the satellites of other nations. This was carried in Red Star in 1965, and was one of the more preposterous things credited to that unwieldy, long tank with its human crew at one end. and its limited propulsion capability. (33)
The Russians were aware that at one point the " United States had under early development an unmanned system called Saint which was supposed to co-orbit with potentially dangerous foreign satellites to inspect them. This program, as well as MOL, was abandoned by the United States . Apparently, by contrast, the Russians went ahead with their parallel system, and added a destruction capability to the inspection phase.
With the experience of Kosmos 248, 249, and 252. it was possible to go back through earlier flights and to discover that Kosmos 217 and 185 had enough characteristics in common that they were either precursor engineering tests or were parts of systems, presumably targets, which failed before any interceptors could be sent up.
In this same time period, there was an East German reference to such a capability:
Under combat conditions it would undoubtedly be possible to stop the extensive radio communications required for navigational purposes; moreover, It would not be too difficult to put the satellites out of operation with the help of weapons systems which, for example, the Soviet Army has at its disposal. And thus the entire system would, of course, be ineffective. (34)
The Russians themselves made an oblique reference to destruction of satellites in October 1969. An attack was made on plans for a NATO communications satellite. The charge was made that the real purpose of the satellite was espionage rather than communications:
Why does NATO have to extend its space program? The crux of the matter is that whereas before aircraft and ships were considered fairly satisfactory vehicles for collecting intelligence Information about the socialist countries in Europe and Asia, they are no longer satisfactory . . . Everyone is aware of how a U-2 reconnaissance plane was shot down over Soviet territory. This year a new Intelligence aircraft, the BC-S-121 was shot down over North Korea . All this forced NATO to change its tactics. . . . The new NATO tactical satellite program suggests that the United States is dragging its NATO pact allies into its strategy of total espionage and is successfully ferreting considerable funds out of them to cover the cost of constructing espionage centers in various countries. The rejoinder of the armed forces of the Warsaw Pact member countries is to undertake reliable measures to protect themselves from the aggressive Activities and aspirations of the NATO pact. (35)
On August 6, 1969 , Kosmos 291 had been put into low eccentric orbit, where it separated a carrier rocket. There was no further maneuver, and it may have been a target for further interceptor tests which were cancelled, when it failed to raise its perigee to match Kosmos 248, or to go still higher like the vehicles of the following year.
On October 20, 1970 , Kosmos 373 may have started in low orbit, but was first detected in a stable orbit with a fairly high apogee and moderately low perigee. Very shortly the apogee was lowered to circularize the orbit at virtually the same level as Kosmos 248 of two years earlier. It left its carrier rocket in a more extreme orbit, with about the high perigee of the payload before its downward maneuver, and its perigee much lower than any measured perigee of the payload.
Three days later, Kosmos 374 was launched into the same kind of initial orbit as Kosmos 373. Then it maneuvered again to raise its apogee twice as high, but leaving its perigee at the average orbital altitude of the final orbit of Kosmos 373. It was in this final orbit that it separated from its carrier rocket. It made a close pass by Kosmos 373, moved away, and was exploded into many pieces of debris. The now familiar language of the initial Soviet press bulletin included the news that the envisaged program had been completed.
On October 30, Kosmos 375 was launched in a virtual repeat of the steps followed by Kosmos 374. The initial orbit was the eccentric one like the initial orbits of both Kosmos 373 and 374. The next major maneuver greatly raised apogee, and here the carrier rocket was separated. It made its near pass by Kosmos 373, moved away and was exploded. The TASS bulletin initially released also announced the experiment planned had been completed.
There is not too much doubt that the two sets of triplet flights, each involving a double intercept were all of a pattern, but there are many unanswered questions about staging and procedures, as the visible record has inconsistencies which are not readily resolved.
In the absence of any Soviet discussion of the flights or findings from "experiments", there has been speculation in the West about the operating modes and purposes of the Soviet interceptor tests. A few people saw them as purely benign for space rescue purposes. It seems
unlikely that the Russians would go to such expense to develop a humanitarian system without open discussion of it, to take some credit for their generosity. Other people were convinced that the F-l-m target vehicle was the destroyer craft, reasoning that since the interceptors, not the target were being destroyed, this would be a proper interpretation. Supposedly if the U.S. Saint project had been seen through to completion, and it conducted a passive inspection in co-orbit with a sensitive Soviet^ military pay load, then the ability to destroy the Saint could be a possible Soviet countermove against such inspection. Since most estimates are that the explosions in the inspectors took place at some considerable distance from the targets, it seems more likely that the explosions were generated in the F-l-m inspectors, whether to preserve the secrecy of their possibly advanced technology hardware, or in exercise of an ability to shower a simulated target with shrapnel through self-destruction, after a real interception and inspection had been conducted. In real combat, if the interceptor-gathered data suggested the target was a threat, ground controllers could send a command to the interceptor to explode while within range of the target.
It would be interesting to know why a vehicle as large as the F-l-m was used to launch the targets, unless nothing smaller at that time could be placed in the same orbital plane as the interceptors. In any case, a new feature was introduced into the program in the flights of 1971.
On February 9, 1971 , Kosmos 394 was launched from Plesetsk using a C-l vehicle in a brand-new inclination—65.9 degrees. It was put into a circular orbit about 600 kilometers above the Earth, where it was separated from its carrier rocket.
On February 25, Kosmos 397 was launched from Tyuratam using the F-l-m again, also on a new inclination for this vehicle—65.8 degrees. It started out in low orbit, where it dropped its carrier rocket. It then moved to an eccentric orbit very much like those of Kosmos 249, 252, 374, and 375. It made an inspection of the target, moved away, and was exploded.
Kosmos 400 was launched by a C-l at Plesetsk on March 19, 1971 , but this time was placed in a circular orbit about 1,000 kilometers up, where it separated from its carrier rocket.
On April 4, 1971 , Kosmos 404 was launched at Tyuratam with the F-l-m vehicle. It left its carrier rocket in an intermediate eccentric orbit, then climbed to a near-circular orbit ranging from about 1,000 to about 800 kilometers, where it made quite a different pass by its target. Where other interceptions had been made with a considerable differential in velocity, this was more of a lingering inspection. There was another change. After the inspection, the interceptor was not exploded. This time the perigee was lowered sharply so that the orbit ranged from 799 kilometers to 169 kilometers, and 'a controlled deboost brought it to decay over an ocean area with deep water where it could not be recovered. This had the 'advantage of not cluttering near Earth space with scores or even hundreds of shards of metal.
On November 29,1971, Kosmos 459 was launched at Plesetsk using the C-l, and it was put into the lowest orbit ever flown by that launch vehicle—about 250 kilometers, roughly circular. It separated from its carrier rocket.
Kosmos 462 was launched on December 3, 1971 'at Tyuratam, using the F-l-m. Its carrier rocket was abandoned in a highly eccentric orbit, even more extreme than those of Kosmos 397 and 404. With minor adjustments, the payload after separation maintained essentially that same eccentric orbit, and at its perigee swept by Kosmos 459 for a high speed inspection, before moving on and then exploding.
As in every one of the seven successful interceptions, the Soviet initial bulletin also announced the completion of the test with the attainment of its intended objectives, never stated.
On September 29, 1972 , Kosmos 521 was also launched from Plesetsk using the C-l vehicle, and it flew at the inclination of 65.9° used by all the Plesetsk target craft and by no other C-l craft. There was no follow-up interception. Was such a flight planned but can-celled? We do not know. This same inclination finally came into use again in 1975 when Kosmos 752 was launched on July 24, 1975 . Like the FOBS flights, the interceptor flights ended in 1971, perhaps in connection with the SALT talks although these items were not formally negotiated as activities to be dropped. As indicated, the Kosmos 521 flight almost a year later may or may not have been an incomplete continuation of this program, a target without a seeker. Kosmos 752 after almost three more years looks even less like a target despite its inclination, although this remains to be resolved.
Some people have noted that the three known interceptions of C-l class targets afforded the Russians an opportunity to demonstrate they could make interceptions at altitudes often put to use by electronic ferret payloads, weather satellites, navigation satellites, and military recoverable observation satellites. Many people were sure that we would see similar tests against targets at 36,000 kilometers altitude, but it seems unlikely any such have been carried out, and it is also unlikely the same interceptor payloads could be carried that high by an F-l-m launch vehicle, so that instead the D-l-e civilian launch vehicle would have to 'be adapted to military use, to achieve a similar inspection at so high an altitude.
Antisatellite tests were carried out in 1981 and 1982, but rather surprisingly, not at all in 1983. The first of the 1981 tests was monitored in some detail by Sven Grahn.
Kosmos 1241, the target satellite, was launched from Plesetsk on January 21, with orbital parameters of 65.8°, 1012-978 km, and 105 min. Basing his calculations on data from the 1980 test, Grahn deduced that the most probable time for an interception would occur early in the morning of February 2. By January 30, he had monitored Kosmos 1241 and discovered that its signals were of a pulsed radar type. On the morning of February 2, he picked up these signals again between 0345.49 and 0346.35 GMT. He immediately commenced a search for signals from the expected interceptor and discovered them at 0358.20 on a frequency well used by F-launched payloads. These were AM pulse position modulated signals and lasted until 0402.40. Kosmos 1243 had been launched from Tyuratam at around 0225 into a 65.1°, 308-61 km, 88.2 min. orbit and these signals were received at the end of its first revolution. At the time of the launch, Kosmos 1241 was southbound near the Kamchatka peninsula. With its lower orbital period, Kosmos 1243 began overtaking Kosmos 1241 and, on reaching the Equator at the end of its first orbit, fired its maneuvering stage to produce a small plane change and establish a transfer orbit with para meters of 65 8° 1017-297 km, and 97.9 min. By the start of the third orbit, the time difference had been reduced almost to zero and Kosmos 1243 began its climb to rendezvous with the target near apogee. Grahn picked up signals from both spacecraft simultaneously shortly after 0530 and lost them both when they fell below his eastern horizon at 0544.56. Kosmos 1243 was deorbited following this flyby, but a second interception was made by Kosmos 1258 on March 14. On that occasion there were reports that a Pentagon source had claimed that the target satellite had been successfully knocked out" the interceptor exploding near to it in what has come to be called a "hot metal" kill as opposed to use of a directed energy beam weapon. However, no fragments were cataloged by NORAD sensors.
Following the launch of Kosmos 1375 in 1982, with similar orbital parameters to those of Kosmos 1241, it was reported that Kosmos 1243, employing a new unjammable optical guidance system, was judged to have failed in its mission but that Kosmos 1258, with the older onboard radar guidance, had probably been successful.
The June 18, 1982, test appears to have been a carbon copy of the 1981 tests, Kosmos 1379 making a pass close to Kosmos 1375 before being deorbited. NORAD data for the rocket of Kosmos 1379 shows that the orbital planes were matched and the TASS announcement gave numbers showing the Kosmos 1379 apogee at the height of Kosmos 1375's circular orbit. However, in the absence of NORAD data for the Kosmos 1379 payload, it is not possible to estimate how close it approached the target. On this occasion Grahn failed to discover radio transmissions from the target, but received signals from Kosmos 1379 at the end of its first revolution.
Apparently Kosmos 1241 had been active during March and May 1982 since Branegan reported the "familiar spread-spectrum test signals with their covert telemetry around 144.3 MHz." (66) He continued, "Tests proper began on June 6 (the launch date of Kosmos 1375) and continued until June 18 in a series of about 10 tests carried out, culminating in two (sic) tests where target telemetry ceased abruptly (a point subsequently confirmed by U.S. Secretary Haig). (67) The reference to two tests by the Secretary of State drew attention to a large-scale strategic weapons exercise of which the ASAT test was only one feature, occurring over a 7-hour period. The "nuclear war scenario" began with the ASAT test and was followed rapidly by the launching of two ICBMs, an SLBM from a submarine, an IRBM and two ABMs, and were said by Secretary Haig to be "integrated" and "unprecedented in their scope. "On the day following the statement, speaking on ABC TVs This Week with David Brinkley," Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, agreeing with Secretary Haig, said that this was "just another piece of evidence to display the fact that they believe a nuclear war can be fought and won." (68)
Two Kosmos satellites, a navsat failure (Kosmos 1380) and a high-perigee photographic reconsat (Kosmos 1381), were launched on the same day as all these weapons tests. Johnson points out that both of these launches occurred between the time of launch of Kosmos 1379 and its interception of Kosmos 1375 and notes that never before had any satellite launch taken place during the conduct of an ASAT test. He speculated that both of these flights may have simulated replacement of Soviet satellites negated by Allied forces during the war scenario. (69)
At the end of October 1981, a report appeared in the Washington Roundup column of Aviation Week to the effect that the Soviet Union was operating in low Earth orbit an antisatellite battle station equipped with clusters of infrared-homing guided interceptors that could destroy multiple U.S. spacecraft. "The podded miniature attack vehicles provide a new U.S.S.R. capability for sneak attacks on U.S. satellites." (Aviation Week's emphasis) (70) In the following week's column it claimed that Defense Department officials were checking for signs that the space station would be expanded for ballistic missile defense purposes and went on to say that the Soviet Union was expected to launch additional spacecraft equipped with infrared-homing kill devices which could be applied to a new ballistic missile defense system. (71)
Additional details were provided in the same column at the end of November.
" . . . The Defense Department is concerned that future operational spacecraft like Cosmos 1267 will be launched into geosynchronous orbit to threaten U.S. communications and missile early warning spacecraft. . . .
. . . Cosmos 1267, docked to Salyut 6, is equipped with firing ports to eject 1-meter-long miniature vehicles guided by infrared sensors. The possibility also exists that radar homing may be employed. Docking of this antisatellite weapon platform with Salyut 6 means the U.S.S.R. would be able to use a manned Salyut to direct antisatellite attacks against U.S. spacecraft or to protect Soviet satellites against a U.S. retaliatory attack.
U.S. officials said the data on the new killer satellite system, which first appeared in an intelligence report September 17, are now "very hard from a variety of sources and methods; harder than anything we've seen for a long time." (Aviation Week's emphasis)" (72)
Analysts without access to classified sources were mystified by these reports. Granted the ability of KH-11-type satellites to obtain imagery of orbiting satellites, which has been widely reported, (73) it seemed incredible that such precision could be obtained. Now, with the publication of drawings of Kosmos 1443 in Soviet magazines, it is possible to hazard a guess as to how the reports originated. The reader's attention is drawn to figure 2 of part 2 of this study which was based on such drawings. It will be seen that cylindrical tubes with hemispherical ends are located beneath a protective covering surrounding the main section of Kosmos 1443. One can understand that these might well be the "podded miniature attack vehicles" of the Aviation Week reports. However, in a labelled cutaway drawing of the Kosmos 1443-Salyut 7-Soyuz-T 9 complex these are shown as fuel tanks (74) and the cover picture of the same magazine shows them together with the associated "plumbing." The protective covering was seen to be solar cell panels.
military space activities observation missions
Reconnaissance is a general term encompassing a variety of tech niques aimed at the collection of intelligence. Imaging techniques are usually referred to as photographic reconnaissance, but in addi tion to lens systems, include scanning radiometers and radar sys tems. Passive electronic intelligence gathering systems depend upon the reception of electromagnetic emanations from Earth- based radars and the interception of radio transmissions.
Antisatellite Tests (ASATs)
The Soviets have developed a "co-orbital" antisatellite (ASAT) system in which an interceptor satellite goes into a close co-orbit with a target satellite. The interceptor then explodes, and in an operational scenario, the resulting shrapnel would destroy the target. The U.S. Department of Defense states that this system, tested between 1968 and 1982, is operational.
Soviet ASAT tests have been conducted in three different periods of time: 1968-1971, 1976-1978, and 1980-1982. Tests from 1968 to 1970 involved launches of the targets and interceptors using the F- 1m launch vehicles from Tyuratam, but in 1971, the Soviets began launching the targets from Plesetsk using the C-l. Interceptors continued to be launched from Tyuratam, necessitating a small plane-change from 65.1o to 65.8° of the targets. In addition to demonstrating a co-orbiting capability, tests were carried out on targets operating at heights characteristic of navigation and photographic reconnaissance satellites.
The hiatus in testing from 1971 to 1976 may have been connected with SALT I, and Western analysts have speculated resumption of testing may have been meant as a warning to the Peoples Republic of China, which in 1975 launched what is considered a military
re connaissance satellite in the West.
The 1976-78 tests involved a new development in which the in terceptor disappeared from orbit on the day of launch in the so- called "pop-up" type of interception. No tests occurred from 1978 to 1980 while the United States and Soviet Union were engaged in ASAT limitation talks (no agreement resulted from the negotia tions, which ended after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979).
The resumption of testing in 1980 involved the launch of Cosmos 1174 which made a two-orbit interception of Cosmos 1171 in a 1000-km orbit, typically used for navigation satellites. In 1981, Cosmos 1241 was intercepted by Cosmos 1243 and Cosmos 1258. There were reports that a Pentagon source had claimed that, in the latter instance, the target satellite had been successfully "knocked out", the interceptor exploding near to it in what has come to be called a "hot metal", or kinetic energy, kill as opposed to the use of a directed-energy beam weapon. No fragments were catalogued by NORAD, however, calling into question that assertion. Later it was reported that Cosmos 1243, using a new un-jam mable optical guidance system, was judged to have failed in its mission but that Cosmos 1258, with the older onboard radar guidance, had probably been successful.
The most recent test of the Soviet co-orbital ASAT system took place on June 18, 1982, and appears to have been a carbon copy of the 1981 tests with Cosmos 1379 making a pass close to Cosmos 1375 before being de-orbited. Cosmos 1375 continued in orbit after being intercepted and suddenly disintegrated, for no apparent reason, on October 21, 1985.
Judging the success of the Soviet ASAT tests is difficult. Based on unclassified sources, table 5 lists Soviet ASAT tests and whether they were successes or not, showing 9 successes and 11 failures for the program overall. All of the successes and five of the failures apparently used a radar homing sensor, giving that version a 64 percent success rate. All of the tests using an optical sensor failed.
33. Viktorev, G, The olive branch and apace arrows, Red Star, Moscow , September 21, 1965 .
34. Otto. Major Manfred, National Zeitung, East Berlin , September 14, 1968 , p. 6.
35. Radio Moscow , October 13, 1969 , 2030 GMT.
A. SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMS: 1976-80 (WITH SUPPLEMENTARY DATA THROUGH 1983), UNMANNED SPACE ACTIVITIES, PREPARED AT THE REQUEST OF Hon. JOHN C. DANFORTH, Chairman, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, UNITED STATES SENATE, Part 3, MAY 1985, Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 99th Congress, 1 st. session, COMMITTEE PRINT, S. Prt. 98-235, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1985
66. Braneean, J. Oscar News No. 40, Jan. 1983, p. 4.
67. Aerospace Daily, vol. 115, June 22, 1982, p. 283.
68. Idem.
69. Johnson, N.L. The Soviet Year in Space: 1982. Teledyne Brown Engineering, 1983.
70. Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 115, No. 17, Oct. 26, 1981, p. 15.
71. Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 115, No. 18, Nov. 2, 1981, p. 15.
72. Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 115, No. 22, Nov. 30, 1981, p. 17.
73. Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 115, No. 14, Oct. 5, 1981, p. 17.
*Dr. Charles Stewart Sheldon II [1917-1981], was Chief, Science Policy Research Division, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress.
A . SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMS: 1981-87, SPACE SCIENCE, SPACE APPLICATIONS, MILITARY SPACE PROGRAMS, ADMINISTRATION, RESOURCE BURDEN, AND MASTER LOG OF SPACEFLIGHTS, Part 2, April 1989, Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 1989, Committee print 1981-87- part-2
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Luke Hitchcock
Replies: 14
John Harmon of Springfield, MA
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Posted: 27 Jul 1999 6:00AM GMT
Edited: 7 Sep 2006 12:20AM GMT
Harmon, Harman, Dorchester, Ferry, Filley, Philley, Skinner, Kritchwell, Parsons, Burt, Wright, Herman
JOHN HARMON of SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS
1609-1617 Sometime between these years, both John and Elizabeth were born--probably in England. King James I was the Monarch in power. During his reign he authorized the translation of the Bible into the English language. This was completed in 1611. It was in 1618 that the European Thirty Year War began. In England there was the constant clashing between the King and Parliament and between the Catholics and the Puritans. It is as if the Devil has to get his licks in whenever a great thing is taking place and he certainly did that as there was a great deal of religious persecution and deprivation going on during this time period.
Between the years of 1630 and 1640, twenty thousand Puritans from England settled in new England and the same number went to Barbados and other West Indies islands during the same years. A third group of roughly the same size--but made up mostly of Scotch Presbyterians settled in northern Ireland. English Catholics settled in Maryland and a great many of the Church of England went to Virginia in the mid century.
About 1635: It is not known for sure when John Harmon arrived in New England. As seen in previous chapters there is much speculation. If he did not come with Pynchon on the Winthrop fleet as one of his servants, then it is very likely that he came about 1635.
The vessels and passengers of 1635 from England to America were very numerous. Shipwrights, Fishermen, Passengers from England states: "The arrivals exceeded the expectations of the previous settlers and exceeded all preparations made for them or by them, either for food or house-room. Many circumstances combined to occasion for this crowd, and, as a result, much suffering. There was not only no glass for windows, but no houses at all of any kind for the strangers, nor food for their hungry stomachs. The cold, much greater than in England farther north, was not anticipated, not the hunger sufficiently estimated to be provided for or guarded against. Some of the vessels which brought passengers had not supplies sufficient to last their crews for the voyage back, and had the greatest difficulty to obtain them. The lives of many depended upon fish and fishermen. The grand difficulty was the want of sufficient food and covering to sustain life until other things could be secured"
John settled first probably at Boston; then later at Roxbury, Massachusetts. Roxbury was an adjoining settlement near Boston. The principal founder of Roxbury was William Pynchon. It was a religious community. Pynchon was the first signer of the church covenant.
About 1636: Pynchon left Roxbury and with a company led by Rev. Thomas Hooker and Rev. Samuel Stone. Thomas Hooker was from the community of New Towne (now Cambridge), Massachusetts to Hartford, Connecticut where he, along with Stone, would become the leader of the settlement there. They went southward. Pynchon's group settled at the junction of the Agawam and Connecticut rivers at what is now the city of Springfield. William Pynchon's history which states that George Maxon was the minister procured for the new settlement at Agawam.
1640: It is unknown just when or where John Harmon and Elizabeth were married. The marriage possibly took place at Roxbury, but I have found no record. It is known that they were married and had two children before they arrived in Springfield
1640: "About the year 1640 John Harmon, i.e. John the first, born in England, 1617, landed in Boston, America, and after a year or two in Roxbury, joined the few under their leader, Pynchon, on the fertile banks of the Connecticut River and was one of the first settlers of Springfield, MA."
1641: The first child, a son whom they named John, was born.
1643: The second child, a son whom they named Samuel, was born. Genealogical and Family History of New York states: "John Harmon settled in Springfield in 1643."
The land first alotted to John Harmon in Springfield is described in the town records to have been:..."a house lot by Grant of ye Plantation with the addition vizt four acres more or less Breadth 8 rod Length from the Street Fence to the Great River 80 rod bounded North by Henry Burt South by Nathaniel Pritchard." (Town Records V.3 pg. 158 & 199--- no date is affixed to this entry.) His home lot was located on the west side of the street between the present State and Mill Streets.
1644: 16 May "for raysings of 20 pounds in part payment for ye Indian Purchase of ye Plantation" John Harmon was assessed 8 shillings 10 pence. This is the first mention of John Harmon in the records; so he must have been granted land either in 1641 or 1643 with the latter date seeming more logical because of the assessment date. Spring 1644 "It is ordered that those lotts from Roger Prichards downward shall have their 2nd allotments below Aggawan River mouth--every man to have 5 acres apiece to run in length 80 rods their lottsto abutt against ye greate river."
1644: "Sarah Harman, daughter of John Harman, borne 7 mon. 24 day 1644." at Springfield.
1646: In 'a rate for ye raysinge of 30 pounds for the purchase of the lands of the Plantation 1646.' John Harmon is assessed 9s, 2d on the 33 acres of land.
1645: After ten years or so of communal living, the residents of Springfield voted in 1645 to distribute the land to individual people as farm lots. The ability of the original planting grounds to support an increased population had reached its limit, and the sons of many of the original settlers were reaching maturity and required their own farms. Thus the meadow lands were given to the residents of the southern end of the original downtown Springfield settlement.
1646: "Joseph Harman ye sone of John Harman borne 7 mon. 4 day 1646." at Springfield. At this time, the four Harmon children ranged in age from 5 or 6 years old to newborn.
1645-7: 1645-7 For two years after these grants in the "long meadow", the new owners prepared the area for agriculture. Lots were laid out and fences were begun. Despite the ideals of being a close-knit and religious-minded community, fences soon proved necessary to keep peace, as wandering swine and cattle damaged neighbor's crops. The meadows were dotted with wild cranberry bogs, ponds, and swamps and because of the low-lying nature of the land it was subject to flooding.
1647: 2 Nov. John was made surveyor of highways of the lower part of the town. A road from Springfield into the meadows was completed, including a small bridge over the Pecousic River. This road was extended to Warehouse Point to facilitate the movement of supplies and beaver pelts between Springfield and Pynchon's warehouse.
1648: 6 Feb. At Court, John signed the Oath of Fidelity promising to be true to God; to submit to the law and to endeavor to maintain and preserve all the liberties and privileges of the law. The list of signers of this oath is the nearest thing to a census record that I have been able to locate for this time period. I here quote the oath and in a later chapter have attempted to identify those persons whom John and Elizabeth associated with. It is possible that we will eventually find relationships among their associates.
At a Court this 6 Feb 1648--The underwritten tooke the Oath of Fidelity:
The Oath of Fidelity
I, ___________, being by Gods provedence an Inhabitant within the Jurisdiction of this Common-wealth, doe freely and sinserely acknowledge myselfe to be subject to the Government thereof. And doe heer swear by the great and dreadfull Name of the Ever- living God, that I will be true and faithful to the same, and will accordingly yield assistance thereunto, with my person and estate, as in equitie I am bound: and will also truly endeavor to maitain and preserve all the Liberties and Privileges thereof, submitting myself unto the wholesome Laws made, and established by the same. And further, that I will not plot or practice any evil against it, or consent to any that shall so doe; but will timely discover and reveal the same to lawful Authoritie now here established, for the speedy preventing thereof. So help me God in our Lord Jesus Christ.
Thomas Merick
Rowland Thomas
John Stebbinge
William Brookes
Nathaniel Browne
Thomas Cooper
William Warrener
Robert Ashley
John Leonard
James Bridgeman
John Clark
Samuell Marshfield
Rowland Stebbing
Jonathan Burt
John Harman
Nathaniell Bliss
George Langhton
John Matthews
Thomas Sewell
Richard Exile
Jonathan Taylor
Georg Coulten
Griffith Jones
Rice Bedortha
Benjamin Cooly
Hugh Parsons
John Lumbard
Miles Morgan
Alesander Edwards
1648: The Indian threat was real, but William Pynchon was known as a champion of Indian rights. The roaming Indians often presented a menace to the developments of any outlying settlements. In July 1648, Pynchon may have averted a dangerous Indian war by refusing a request of several of the magistrates to assist some Indians of Quabaug in apprehending some murders at Naucotok (Northampton) on the basis that the murdered Indians were subjects and the offenders within the colony jurisdiction. Pynchon refused the request, stressed the danger of war and resorted to legal principles in stating the culprits were not subjects within the Bay jurisdiction. This stand caused Pynchon to be hailed as a champion of Indian rights
1648: Many of the Springfield inhabitants had shown a strong preference for the long meadow and requested permits to surrender the planting ground upon the river-bank and to take lands back upon the next plantation. This request was granted in 1648. Three years after, the lands were apportioned at Pecowsic and Mill river as follows:
Benj. Cooley 1st who hath 3 acres
Anthony Dorchester 2nd 4 acres
Widow Bliss 3rd 3 acres
Roger Prichard & John Lumbard 4th 1½ acres
Nath Prichard 5th 4 acres
John Harmon 6th 2 ½ acres
1649: 12 Feb. John Harman was granted land; the record stating: 'It is ordered ye Geo. Colton and Thomas Cooper who is ye Towne treasures should with yr best discretion lay out the severall parcells of Meadow granted ye last yeare to Henry Burt 4 acres; Tho. Mirick 4 acres, Alex. Edwards 4 acres, Jno. Harmon 4 acres, In ye Longe meadow over ye Brooke.' Lots were laid out and fences begun to keep wandering swine and cattle from damaging neighbors crops. The first house was built in the meadows in 1649. Most lot owners already had homes in Springfield and the meadows were subject to flooding.
1649: 29/30 May. John Harmon and several other settlers were fined in court for leaving their oxen over the Great River since the first of May without a keeper. The oxen damaged Henry Burt's wheat crop and each owner of oxen left there was fined:
The sworn presenter of the breach of order did this 30 May present:
Mr. Smith
Mr. Holioak
Mr. Moxon
Tho. Cooper
Sam. Chapen
William Warrener
Robert Ashly
Serjant Merik
James Bridgeman
Samuell Wright
John Herman
Benjamin Cooly
George Coulton
for the breach of a Towne order in leaving their oxen over the Great River since the first of May last without a keeper. The Towne order makes each Teame liable to a fine of 5 shillings per teame if Any do keepe oxen over the River without a constant keeper after the first day of May.
Mr. Smith, Mr. Holioak and Serjant Merik had teames there of 4 oxen a peace. Mr. Moxon and Thomas Cooper one; Samuell Chappen and William Warrener one, Robert Ashly and James Bridgeman one. Samuell Wright and John Herman one, Benjamin Cooly and George Coulton one; in all eight teams.
A warrant to the Constable for the taking up these forfeits and to pay them presently to the Towne Treasurer, Mr. John Pynchon. These dues belonging to the Towne were all released by the town. [Marginal note]
These said Teames did also trespass Henry Burt in his marsh wheat which was valued by Richard Sykes and George Lanckton to be to the value of 12 bushels in their best apprehensions; and they were all Content to refer themselves to my order for the several proportions what every one is to pay.
I have considered of it and for want of proof whose oxen did the damage in particular I have judged it most equal that all of said 8 teams doe pay 1 "bushell and a halfe" a peace the next winter by the first of December next, viz:
Henry Smith 1 bushell and a half
Elitzur Holioak 1 bushell and a half
Serjant Merik 1 bushell and a half
Mr. Moxon and Thomas Cooper 1 bushell and a half
Samuell Chapen and William Warrener 1 bushell and a half
Robert Ashly and James Bridgeman 1 bushell and a half
Samuell Wright and John Herman 1 bushell and a half
Benjamin Cooly and George Coulton 1 bushell and a half
1649: 2 mon. 15 day. "Elizabeth Harman ye daughter of John Harman borne."
1649: From Pynchon Court Records on 29th day of 3rd month 1649, we read: Henry Burt was chosen clerk of the writts for this towne. This day all the printed laws were read; the whole town being present: the perfectinge of the order about hogges and pigges is referred to the select Townsemen and to set down the tyme when they shall be yoaked and when they may go at liberty.
1650: June. William Pynchon, a close associate of John Harmon and founder of the plantation at Springfield,, authored a book called The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption, Justification, etc. He attempted to prove that since sin came into the world through Adam's disobedience; so Christ, by his perfect obedience, paid the full price of our redemption. He claimed that if Christ had died unwillingly, the sacrifice would not have been sufficient. His divine nature was the altar upon which he sacrificed his human nature. Yet his meditorial death was a miraculous death. The devil and his agents had power to bruise Him and to nail Him to a cross; but they had no power to separate his Soul from his body. So his death was not passive but active; and therefore a part of his meditorial obedience.
1650: Oct. There was so much uproar caused by Pynchon's book that it was condemned by its title-page alone. Winthrop, the governor of the Massachusetts colony and a close personal friend of Pynchon, was now dead and the more orthodox religious leaders took charge. Pynchon's book was ordered to be burnt on the Boston commons by the General Court. This controversy had so much effect on him that William Pynchon and his wife returned to England. But he continued to write religious pamphlets which were controversial with the established religions of the day. We do not have any record of what John and Elizabeth thought of Pynchon's teachings, but we do know they were close associates and business partners of William and also his son, John as well as sons-in-law; Henry Smith and Elizur Holyoke. When Pynchon returned to England, his son-in-law, Henry Smith, went also, as did George Maxon, the Springfield minister.
1651: 22 Jan John Harman was grantee of lot 6, two and one-half acres 'on Pacowick.' (See 1648).
1651: "Mary Hermon d. of John Hermon borne ye 12 day of ye 9 mon. 1651."
1652: 31 Jul. Child number five, Elizabeth, died on "ye 7th of ye 4th month" She was three years old.
1652-57: During this time John Pynchon, son of William, shipped to England almost 9,000 beaver skins weighing 13,139 pounds. The beaver were more valuable than all other skins. They were obtained mostly by trading with the Indians. The principal Indian traders under Pynchon were Thomas Cooper of Springfield, Joseph Parsons and David Wilton of Northampton and Doct. John Westcarr of Hadley. There were others and they carried on a trade with the whites as well as the Indians. In England, these furs may have brought eight shillings sterling per pound which would equal out to about $24,537. Other skins sent to England at this time included moose skins, otter, minks, musquash, Canada sables, foxes, wolves, raccoons, wildcats, bear, etc. The traders in Springfield who brought furs to Pynchon received pay in the form of wheat.
1653: John Harmon was made a fence viewer.
1653/54: 13 Mar. Nathaniel, son of John Harmon, was born.
1654: 8 Feb. These parsells of meadow commonly called by the name of Wattchnett was granted these inhabitants as followeth, vis. John Harman 3 acres,' etc. He also received a grant of land "over ye mill river" containing 3 acres. He also received other grants of land.
1655/56: March 23d being a Training day these underwritten took the oath of fidelity:
Thomas Bancroft
John Stewart
James Warrener
Obadiah Miller
Symon Sackett
Nathaneel Burt
Hugh Dudley
Samuel Bliss
William Morgan
Lawrence Bliss
Jeremy Horton
James Taylor
Edward Foster
John Sackett
Josiah Chapin
Abell Wright
Richard Maund
John Riley
Anthony Dorchester
Francis Pepper
James Osborne
John Horton
John Earle
And these underwritten did the same day before the Company affirme that they did on a Training day some yeeres past vizt, while Mr. William Pynchon was here in the Countrey, take this oath of fidelity, though their names be not on record; and therefore they were not willing to take the oath agayne: The persons were:
John Dumbleton
Nathaniel Prichard
Symon Bemon
Thomas Miller
1656: 4 Nov John was chosen to the office of 'presenter to present breaches of the laws of the county or of town orders and to which service he took his oath.'
1657: " Ebenezer Hermon s. of John hermon borne the 12 of the 6 mon. 1657." At this time, John and Elizabeth's oldest child was about sixteen years old. Ebenezer was the 8th child, seven of whom were living--he was about four years younger than Nathaniel, his next older sibling.
1558-1674: John Pynchon shipped over 6,000 beaver skins and a substantial number of muskrat, moose, otter, fox, raccoon, fisher, and other miscellaneous skins.
1658: 2 Nov. John Harmon was selected as Surveyor of Highways
1659: 23 December: John Harmon was one of six persons seated by the selectmen in the third seat of the church.
1660: 7 Apr. Little Ebenezer, age three, drowned in "ye brook by ye mill stream ye 7th of ye 2 mon, 1660." (See end-note regarding double-dating at death of John Harmon.)
"This day the youngest child of John Herman, called Ebenezer, was found dead in the brook in Nathaneell Prichard's yard; concerning whose death there was a search and inquiry made by a jury of 12 men of this town of Springfield how the said child came to its end. The jurors were: Thomas Cooper, William Branch, William warrener, Thomas Stebbin, Thomas Noble, John Stewart, Samuell Marshfield, Henry Burt, Benjamin Parsons, Abell Wright, Richard Sikes, John Clarke---whose return upon oath before the Commissioners Elizur Holyoke and Mr. Samuel Chapin, was that according to the best light they could have in the case they judge the child to be drowned in the brooke through its own weakness without the hand of any other person being any occasion or cause thereof.
1661: 4 March. John Harmon prepared his will in the presence of Elizur Holyoke and John Lumbard. See 13 May 1661 on this list for a copy of the will and inventory.
1661: 7 Mar: John Harmon died at Springfield; age 43. "John Harmon of Springfield, deceased, who died the 7th day of March 1660/61."
He is reportedly buried in the old Peabody Cemetery in the center of Springfield, where in 1848 all remains of the old burying grounds in downtown Springfield were removed to the present Springfield Cemetery which is known as the Peabody Cemetery. There is a plot in the Springfield (Peabody) cemetery is the last plot in Row 1, identified in Cemetery Records as #1-111. To the right of #1-111 is ta plot approximately 20' x 20' containing the following marker: "Withing these four monuments are the remains of Unknown Dead removed from the Old Burial Places in 1848." This plot is adjacent to the only Harmon stone remaining---that of John 3rd (1678-1742) and his family.
1661: 13 May Will of John Harmon recorded in Probate Court records. An inventory of his estate was later taken by Henry Burt and Nathaniel Ely. Copies of both are included at this time.
"The will & Testament of John Harman of Springfield deceased who died the 7th Day of March 1660/1661:
Know all whom this may concern that John Harman of Springfield being sick and weak in body, but of ready memory and understanding, being requested on the 4th day of March 1660/1661 to settle his worldly affairs, did refuse to dispose of any thing particularly, but said he would leave all that he had into his wive's hand for he said she is a tender mother, therefore she should have the disposal of all. This was spoke by the said John Harman the day above mentioned being two days before his death: Witnesses whereunto were:
Elizur Holyoke and
John X Lumbard
(His mark)
Recorded May 13th 1661.
An inventory of the estate of John Harman, deceased, taken by Henry Burt and Nathaniell Ely: The 3rd of the said mon. 1661:
Housing & Lott 25...00...00
Other Lands 21...00...00
In Cattle 33...00...00
Ammunition 2...10...00
Tymber and household stuff 1...00...00
Brass & iron ... 1...04...00
Tooles 3...12...00
Bedding 6...00...00
Lymon 6...00...00
Corn 3...05...00
Due in debts: 1...10...00
Debts owing from ... of labor 15...00...00
When John Harmon died, he was survived by his wife, Elizabeth and the following children--all unmarried.
John Harmon age abt. 20
Samuel Harmon age abt 18
Sarah Harmon age 17
Joseph Harmon age 15
Mary Harmon age 10
Nathaniel Harmon age 8
Two children preceded him in death: Elizabeth died in 1652, age 3; and Ebenezer drowned in 1660--just a year before John's death. Ebenezer was also three year of age when he
drowned. It is significant to me that John referred to his wife as a "tender mother" and therefore she should have his entire estate with no mention of losing it should she remarry.
What was John's estate worth? L = pounds in English currency. The valuation chart I have is for 1996. In 1660, one pound would have the buying power of 64.82 pounds in
1996. {1.00 x 64.82} John's estate was valued at 104 pounds in 1661. In 1996 terms it would be worth 6,741.28 pounds. The value of a pound is approximately six to eight
American dollars--so for the sake of fairness, let's multiply by 7 and we have $47,187.96 in 1996---or about $728 in 1661.
In comparison, a few other Springfield estate inventories reveal: The valuation of John Searle's estate was 101 pounds; Nathaniel Bliss' was 54 pounds; Symon Sackett's was 39 pounds: Widow Horton's was 37 pounds. Final settlement on John Pynchon's estate was not made until 1737 when it was valued at 8,446 pounds---of which only 165 pounds consisted of personal property. (One pound in 1730 would have the buying power of 74.08 pounds in 1996.) So, John Harmon was not a poor man at his death. His greatest assets
were his cattle, his lands, and his housing and lots.
Regarding the date of John's death: According to the calendar in use at that time, March was the first month with March 25 being the first day of the new year. March 24th would be in 1660; March 25th would be in 1661. The dates for Jan, Feb, and Mar were often written 1660/61. The second month in 1661 could either be February or April. In
Springfield records it was April. John requested his will be made on the 4th day of March 1660/61. Then it says he died two days later--but the death date is clearly given as 7th day of March 1660/61. So, perhaps his will was requested one day; the witnesses called; the will was "spoken" and then John died two days later.
1661: 7 Apr: The Pynchon Court Record has a couple entries of interest at this point: "John Leonard being complained of for misbehaving himselfe on the Sabbath; playing sporting
and laughing, etc. Charles Ferry and John Stewart testifie on oath that last Sabbath day they say Joseph Leonard sporting and laughing in Sermon tyme, and that he did often
formerly misbehave himselfe also in the same way. Symon Beamon also swears that on Lords day ... he saw Joseph Leonard and Samuell Harmon (son of John and Elizabeth--age
about 18) whip and whisk one another with a stick before the meetinghouse in sermon tyme.
1661: 20 June Complaint being made against Samuell Harmon for misbehaving himself on the Sabbath. Once formerly when he was sent for, but came not with Joseph Leonard and then
testimony on oath came in against him. And since, last Sabbath, in sermon tyme Joseph Warrinar and Peter Swinck Testife on oath that in the forenoone last Sabbath in sermon
tyme they saw Samuell Harmon thrust and tickle Jonathan Morgan and pluckt him off his seate 3 times and squeased him and made him cry. William Morgan also testifyes the
same. For which Misdemeanors the said Samuel Harmon (being that he was formerly admonished) was adjudged to pay five shillings as a fine to the County ."
1661: 29 May. John and Elizabeth's daughter, Sarah Harmon, married Charles Ferry in Springfield. Charles was born in Canterbury, Kent, England in 1637 where his family had
fled from Picardy France to escape religious persecution. When Charles came to America it was by way of Normandy France in 1660 . He settled in Springfield. On his wedding
day he was chosen a Selectman for the town of Springfield . The first house built east of the town street on the east side of the river was Charles Ferry's who had purchased it from the Widow Harmon and in 1661 has a special license to build there.
1662-63: Joseph Harmon's place in the church was "in ye south side at ye upper end of the Backer seate."
1662/3: Widow Harmon sold certain lands to Charles Ferry, husband of her eldest daughter, Sarah.
1663: 8 May. The names of Freemen in Springfield this day: (another census substitute):
Captain John Pynchon
Leiut. Elizur Holyoke
Ensigne Thomas Cooper
Joseph Parsons
Miles Morgan
William Branch
John Lamb
Reice Bedortha
John Dumbleton
Griffith Joanes
John Leonard
Jonathan Burt
John Lumbard
Thomas Bancroft
Mr. Pelatiah Glover
Deacon Samuel Chapin
William Warriner
Thomas Stebbins
Benjamin Mun
Robert Ashley
Samuel Marshfield
Nathaniel Ely
Benjamin Parsons
Laurence Bliss
Anthony Dorchester
Richard Sikes
Before 1664: Elizabeth Harmon, widow of John Harmon, married Anthony Dorchester. I have not been successful in discovering when Anthony emigrated. In Pioneers of Massachusetts,Pope states that Anthony was from Windsor when he removed to Springfield abt 1649. He was also a town officer in Springfield. A biography of one of his descendants claims he ran a ferry in Springfield.
Anthony's first wife was Sarah (surname unknown) and by her he had three children:
John Dorchester, born 5 Nov 1644 at Windsor, Hartford, CT; Mary Dorchester b. abt. 1645; and
James Dorchester b. 1648.
Sarah, his wife, died 9 Nov 1649 at Springfield, leaving
Anthony with three little children ages 1, 4, and 5. The The History of Springfield states that "Anthony Dorchester and his wife, Sarah, came to Springfield from Windsor and brought three children: John, James, and Mary. Wife died in Springfield 9 Nov 1649; he maried widow Martha Kritchwell
2 Jan 1651. Martha had a young daughter named Martha. She was probably about ten years old at the time of her Mother's marriage to Anthony. Martha had a son, Samuel who died soon after her marriage and was buried 9 (4) 1651 (9 June).
Martha Kritchwell Dorchester's first husband, Samuel was from Hartford. Martha bore three children to Anthony Dorchester, namely: Benjamin Dorchester born 1651; Sarah Dorchester born 12 Nov 1653 and Hester Dorchester born 1656 all in Springfield. Martha and her daughter Hester both died in 1662. At this time, Anthony was left with five children still at home: John, age 18, Mary age 17, James age 14, Benjamin age 11, and Sarah age 9. His wife, Martha's daughter, Martha, had married Abel Wright on 1 Dec 1659.
Sometime prior to December 1664, Anthony Dorchester married the Widow, Elizabeth Harmon, in Springfield. DATE? They had eleven children between them; plus Martha Kritchwell Wright, Anthony's step-daughter.
1664: Dec Upon the request of Anthony Dorchester, there was granted by the town of Springfield to his own and to his wife's sons thirty acres of land each.
1668/69: 7 Jan. Elizabeth's son, John Harmon married her step-daughter, Mary Dorchester in Springfield. John was about 27 at the time of his marriage; Mary was abt 23. Mary was the daughter of Anthony Dorchester and his first wife, Sarah.
1668: 11 Jan "To Samuel and Joseph Harmon for killing 6 wolves this summer past 3 pounds."
1670: Samuel and Joseph Harmon were required to furnish one load as their part of the minister's wood.
1670: 14 Jan The settlement of Suffield, CT was begun by the grants of land to Samuel and Joseph Harmon, Benjamin Parsons and others.
Change to Flat View
Date Posted
Luke Hitchcock
29 Jan 1999 12:00PM GMT
Burt family of NE
Richard Jacobs
27 May 1999 12:00PM GMT
Peggy Lumbard Brill
4 Sep 2000 12:00PM GMT
John Harmon of Springfield, MA
27 Jul 1999 12:00PM GMT
Carl Philip Harmon
Susan Andriko Harmon
12 Jun 2000 12:00PM GMT
Anthony Dorchester of Springfield, MA
27 Jul 1999 12:00PM GMT
More on Anthony Dorchester
3 May 2001 12:00PM GMT
Re: More on Anthony Dorchester
3 Oct 2004 7:12PM GMT
Re: More on Anthony Dorchester
4 Oct 2004 1:54AM GMT
Re: More on Anthony Dorchester
Sue Moore
4 Oct 2004 1:17PM GMT
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text: Pitkin County Aspen Ambulance District Asks Voters for First Raise in Thirty Years By Elise Thatcher • Oct 21, 2014 Elise Thatcher If someone has a heart attack-- or breaks a leg-- in the Aspen area, there's a small fleet of ambulances ready to pick them up. Even if the person is up a dirt road near Independence Pass or on top of Aspen Mountain. But there's a key part of that access that's becoming a big problem. And the ambulance district is asking for a half million dollar budget increase to pay for it. Ittner Touts Business Savvy In Race For Pitkin County Commissioner By Marci Krivonen • Oct 13, 2014 Rob Ittner Pitkin County voters will see one contested local race when they receive their mail ballots later this week. In the race for District One in Pitkin County, former commissioner Patti Clapper is challenging incumbent Rob Ittner. In our first report on the race, Aspen Public Radio's Marci Krivonen sits down with Rob Ittner. How the candidates handle growth appears to be the top issue in the race. Ittner, who has held the seat for four years, says he is pro-growth, but also agrees with the county's land use code. It's a document he says smartly regulates development. Pitkin County Clerk "Excited" To Issue Same-Sex Marriage Licenses By Marci Krivonen • Oct 7, 2014 Jose Antonio Navas/Creative Commons/Flickr The Pitkin County Clerk and Recorder is already fielding inquiries after a U.S. Supreme Court non-decision on Monday opened the door for same sex couples to wed. The high court's refusal to take up the issue impacts Colorado. Aspen Public Radio's Marci Krivonen explains. County clerks across the state will begin issuing marriage licenses for same-sex couples likely in a matter of days. Colorado Attorney General John Suthers says a ruling by the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals to strike down gay marriage bans will apply in Colorado. ESPN: Fireworks, Alcohol Will Enhance X Games Experience By Marci Krivonen • Sep 17, 2014 Marci Krivonen ESPN is asking Pitkin County to consider allowing alcohol and fireworks at the upcoming X Games. An official from the network went before county commissioners on Tuesday with the requests. Aspen Public Radio's Marci Krivonen explains. ESPN officials say they want to enhance the X Games experience at the base of Buttermilk. That's the site where athletes test their skills on the superpipe and throw tricks on jumps and rails. GarCo Approves First Big Local Check for New Bridge By Elise Thatcher • Sep 15, 2014 CDOT A new Grand Avenue Bridge is one step closer to becoming a reality. Garfield County Commissioners have voted to contribute three million dollars towards the project -- the first big check from a local government. The support is becoming essential for the project-- and Commissioners were quick to say the Upper Roaring Fork Valley should also pitch in. Airport Director Elwood Says Goodbye to Aspen By Elise Thatcher • Sep 12, 2014 Aspen-Pitkin County Airport Aspen Airport Director Jim Elwood has moved on to new horizons. After leading Pitkin County's airport for more than a decade, he's taken the helm at Jackson Hole Airport. Elwood led the Aspen air hub through many challenges, including resolving runway extension problems and helping draft the first master plan in two decades. The Aspen-Pitkin County the airport is now conducting a national search to find a new Director. Elwood talks with Aspen Public Radio's Roger Adams. Interest Grows In Pitkin County Agricultural Program By Marci Krivonen • Sep 10, 2014 Marci Krivonen Interest is growing in farming Pitkin County's agricultural lands. The county manages about 250 acres that are either already leased or will become available to agricultural producers later this year. The land is desirable because it's cheap. Often the cost of farming and ranching in Pitkin County keeps would-be agricultural producers from jumping into the industry. Aspen Public Radio's Marci Krivonen reports. More Questions Than Answers Surrounding Marijuana And Health By Marci Krivonen • Aug 27, 2014 Marci Krivonen When it comes to how to regulate recreational marijuana, there are more questions than answers. That was the conclusion at a Pitkin County Commissioner's meeting Tuesday, where officials discussed public safety and environmental health surrounding pot. Aspen Public Radio's Marci Krivonen reports. It's been nearly nine months since recreational marijuana shops in Colorado started selling pot to adults 21 and older. Now, Pitkin County is examining problems and concerns that have cropped up. Aspen Police: Cramped Quarters Present Problems By Marci Krivonen • Aug 6, 2014 Marci Krivonen The Aspen Police Department is short on space. Authorities say that they're forced to sort evidence at a lunch table and take statements from distraught victims in a busy hallway. Over the coming years, the department is looking to expand but, they'll need the public's support. Aspen Public Radio's Marci Krivonen reports. The Police Department is in the basement of the Aspen's courthouse on Main Street. A long, busy hallway is the department's epicenter with a padlocked vault in the middle of it. Michele McClinton oversees evidence stored there. Pitkin County's "Aging Well Initiative" Prepares For Aging Boomers By Marci Krivonen • Jun 25, 2014 Pitkin County Senior Services Just like around the nation Pitkin County's population of seniors is expected to grow dramatically over the coming years. Already, 20 percent of the people living here are age 60 and older. By 2030, that group is expected to grow by 75 percent. The county is preparing by investigating what's needed to accommodate this growing demographic. Aspen Public Radio's Marci Krivonen reports. On Tuesday, seniors from around Pitkin County joined elected leaders and other community members in Aspen for a presentation on aging. Curt Strand was among the participants. Pages« first ‹ previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 next › last »


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A Coolidge Elementary School fourth-grader was arrested Friday afternoon after teachers found an unloaded handgun in his backpack, police said.
OKC fourth-grader arrested after teachers find unloaded gun in backpack
The 11-year-old boy was arrested on complaints of possession of a firearm on school campus, possession of a firearm with an altered serial number, and possession of a knife on school campus.
"Nobody was injured and the gun was not loaded," Oklahoma City Public Schools spokeswoman Tierney Tinnin said. "We heard of a threat to another student."
The boy's backpack was searched after another student was caught with a knife and said he got the knife from the 11-year-old boy, police reported.
Oklahoma City police were called to the school, 5212 S Villa, as soon as the incident was reported by the student to a staff member around 1 p.m., Tinnin said.
The school was not locked down, she said, "because as soon as it was reported the student was isolated and police were called."
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