text: 27 Items View 12 / 24 / 48 Buy this to keep eyes on your water By David on 12/22/2014 David would recommend this product to a friend Well worth it. Easy install on your RO unit. Allows for easy reading before and after romaomyou know when you need to change resin. Well worth it By Jon S on 12/15/2014 Jon S would recommend this product to a friend I was long overdue for a TDS meter and this one works very well. Easy to add into my RO/DI system and no issues so far. Does the Job By Bradb90 on 12/14/2013 Bradb90 would recommend this product to a friend I ordered this for my reverse osmosis system and it works great so far. I wish the mounting tape was a little stronger and that the green light on it wasn't so bright. I almost find it so bright that its hard to see the screen, however this product is absolutely necessary for home reverse osmosis systems. Upgraded By Littleman on 12/10/2013 Littleman would recommend this product to a friend I wanted this when I bought my bulk reef reverse osmosis plus do system, but didn't have the money . Sometimes it's good to wait because I got it for almost half the regular price. Great piece of equipment , I like the large readout. It also has easy hookup, but it needs a backlit light. I still love it compared to the tds meter that came with my system. Great product easy to install. By Kevin on 12/9/2013 Kevin would recommend this product to a friend Got this for my puratek deluxe ro/di unit somewhat redundant since it has a built in tds meter. But I wanted to see in tds and just a back up exit tds and it works great. Glad to have less than 40 tds from the tap! Works Well By Cameron on 10/5/2013 Cameron would recommend this product to a friend I installed this yesterday. Super easy and works great. Definitely good quality. Have not seen the other TDS meters to compare though. Work good, but needs improvement By Troy on 2/27/2013 Troy would recommend this product to a friend It dose what it suppose to. IMO, if you're going to pay alittle extra then the plain duel tds, it should have alittle extra options. One, a back lit display, Two, a 3rd sensor to monitor the tds coming in to the unit would be great. But even though, it still a nice meter. Worth the extra few bucks... By Frank on 2/19/2013 Frank would recommend this product to a friend I own both the cheaper dual TDS meter as well as this delux TDS meter. The deluxe is better by far. It has better wiring, a more reliable button to switch TDS leads and a much larger screen. Spend the extra few bucks. It will most likely outlast the cheaper version in my opinion. I had to buy another I liked it so much By Robert on 10/2/2012 Robert would recommend this product to a friend I bought the 6 stage RO/DI unit and it came with this TDS meter. Then I like it so much I bought another one so I could monitor the input/output of the carbon block. It well made and works great. You can't go wrong. BRS stands behind all that I buy and are wonderful to deal with. Simple to use By Eric W on 9/15/2012 Eric W would recommend this product to a friend Great little unit for monitoring TDS. Great way to keep track of the DI resin performance. My only gripe is the LED is WAY brighter than it needs to be, mine is in a dark location and tends to glare so bad it's hard to read the screen. Otherwise, great monitor! Easy to install, simple to use, and great quality. By Chuck on 8/15/2012 Chuck would recommend this product to a friend This TDS meter is great. I purchased this about six months ago from BRS and couldn't be happier. It completely takes the guess work out of when to replace RO filters/membrane and DI resin. I like having the peace of mind knowing the RO/DI is operating perfectly, and knowing exactly when it needs maintenance. Connections to install are all push fittings, and screw-mounting this is definitely the way to go. In all it took about 10 minutes to setup. It'll pay for itself after saving one set of filters and a membrane. I used to replace them all every 6-12 months, but now can know exactly when they need replacement. Thanks BRS for another great reefing tool! Falsely Advertised By Todd on 7/19/2012 Todd wouldn't recommend this product to a friend This absolutely positively does NOT have a water resistant case. I discovered mine would not turn on. Maybe the batteries were dead. Removed the back cover to replace the batteries and discovered corrosion over quite a bit of the solder pads with condensation in the case. There is no seal along the back cover plus there is three holes in the cover for access to the calibration pots. $46 dollars wasted. Get the cheaper one. A must for your RO system! By Charles on 7/10/2012 Charles would recommend this product to a friend Worth every penny! Excellent piece of equipmemnt By Alexa on 5/27/2012 Alexa would recommend this product to a friend This device is almost perfect with a few minor issues: 1. the tape doesn't stick well to the wall and I eventually just permanently mounted it with screws after it fell off the wall a few times. 2. The auto-shutoff is way too short. However, an excellent device otherwise. Works great By James on 2/23/2012 James would recommend this product to a friend Works good, comes calibrated which is great. Ive been useing it in on my bathroom wall and it hadles moisture no problem. very durable and easy to use. By kevin on 8/2/2011 kevin would recommend this product to a friend way better quality than I expected for the price Great product By Todd on 3/31/2011 Todd would recommend this product to a friend I purchased this from BRS about a year ago now and I figured I would submit a long term review. If you are a reefkeeper and want to ensure the absolute purest water for your critters then this product is an absolute must IMO it tells you if your system is working correctly by telling you how much particulate is in your water on a microscopic level. Without it its a guessing game. I installed mine after the membrane and after the DI cartridge. I am planning on getting one to put on my water supply and after the sediment filters as well in the future. Water quality is the first building block in a successful Reef Tank. If you are real serious about the hobby how can you go without it? This and the filter miser with volumizer also by HM digital and available at BRS are the dynamic duo in water quality and monitoring. If only buying one at a time go with the TDS first. Thanks again BRS for providing a one stop solution to Reef Keeping you guys rock. good meter By bobby on 2/24/2011 bobby would recommend this product to a friend nice display easy to hook up good product but need improvement By Chu on 1/19/2011 Chu would recommend this product to a friend Good product, do what it supposed to do. However, it could be better: -The tape does not hang the monitor effectively to the wall. It keeps coming off -The auto shut-off time is too short in duration -does not have ac power source or use the more common types of battery (AA, AAA) Must Have By Mehmet on 1/6/2011 Mehmet would recommend this product to a friend This is a great addition to any RO unit, it's convenient and ready to use instantly. It helps determine the effectiveness of my filters. I recommend this to anyone who has an RO. No fuss, no bother By Downbeach on 12/29/2010 Downbeach would recommend this product to a friend Installed this with my new 4 state RO/DI unit. The connectors made this one of the easiest devices I have ever installed. Large display is easy to read, comes calibrated from the factory. Truly a plug and play device. Flat Works! By Rebel Bluesop7 on 10/20/2010 Rebel Bluesop7 would recommend this product to a friend Received this unit and had it installed in minutes. I put the in side of course on the unfiltered water, and the out on my drinking water line. Seems to be pretty accurate but I have not calibrated it and have no way of double checking except for my calibration solution which I dont want to waste since it says its calibrated from the factory. It did confirm that the tap water in my area is terrible (135k ppm) and that the filters are doing a decent job, considering (25 ppm). All in all very easy to install, works well and seems to be well built. All the electronics are housed in a plastic box but the plastic is thick and seems very durable (only been using for a couple weeks now). A very good buy in my book and would recommend it to anyone. GOOD Value By Joe on 5/27/2010 Joe would recommend this product to a friend Good value, I would recommend buying this one instead of the DM-1. The DM-2 is built a lot better and has more power. The DM-1 runs on watch batteries and just don't cut it, it simply does not have enough power. If you plan on being in this hobby for a long time the DM-2 is the meter to buy. The build quality is much better and plus you can calibrate each probe separately unlike the DM-1 which is a pain to calibrate. Although keep in mind I have no had to calibrate the DM-2 as of yet. This TDS meter is the one to buy. High end unit By Cory Wollbaum on 4/23/2010 Cory Wollbaum would recommend this product to a friend Eazy hook up. Eazy to read. Well worth the money. A must for any RO/DI system. Awesome product By Josh on 3/3/2010 Josh would recommend this product to a friend This meter is easy to read, use, and install! Makes life simple. Must have for your RO unit By Alan on 2/27/2010 Alan would recommend this product to a friend It is essential to have a TDS meter on your RO unit. It tells you the TDS of the water coming into your unit and out. I like the construction of the DM-2. The display is also larger. However, the DM-1 works just as well and is more affordable. Great product. By dylan on 1/7/2010 dylan would recommend this product to a friend This was very easy to install, and a solid feeling product. Two snips on my lines and it was up and running. Its absolutly necessary to know when to change your filters, and this lets me know easily. Write Your Own Review You're reviewing: Deluxe Dual Inline TDS Meter DM-2 - HM Digital *How do you rate this product? *Would you recommend this product to a friend? Yes No *Nickname *Summary of Your Review *Review Submit Review


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Tracing your family tree is easier than it used to be, thanks to technology. Thomas MacEntee takes a look at websites, mobile apps and other genealogy resources available today. Originally published September 2011 on Obit-Mag.com.
The voices of our forebearers were once stifled by the musty shelves of vital statistics bureaus and historical societies. Today, they are just a keyboard away. The gentle din of history, as viewed through the life stories of those who came before us, can be heard loud and clear. If you know where to listen.
Traditionally, those on the hunt for death records would seek out obituaries at the local library or perhaps visit a cemetery and speak with the sexton or custodian about burial records for a specific person. With recent advances in technology—primarily websites and smart phone applications—the family history sleuth has a wealth of new tools available, all from the comfort of the home or office.
Death Records – The Types of Records Produced
When a death occurs, what types of records are typically produced? Commonly the record set includes obituaries, cemetery records, burial records and the like. But remember to dig deep and look for the uncommon records where the dead can be found: funeral or memorial cards, funeral home records including deeds and bills of sale, wills and probate records, legal notices, estate sale advertisements and more.
Let's take a tour of some of the various online death records available, including free death records:
• Archives.com: Archives.com (http://www.archives.com) has aggregated an online database of obituary information. Each obituary record also links back to the originating newspaper where it was posted.
• Legacy.com: Legacy.com (http://www.legacy.com) partners with hundreds of newspapers in North America and around the world, and features obituaries for approximately 75 percent of people who die in the U.S. On Legacy.com, you can search more than 10 million obituaries and 78 million Social Security Death Index records.
• ObitMessenger™: Another Legacy.com resource is ObitMessenger™ (https://www.legacy.com/obit-messenger) which delivers obituaries to your inbox based on your search criteria. It's like Google Alerts for obituaries!
• Obituaries.com: U.S. and Canadian obituaries grouped by state/province and newspaper (http://www.obituaries.com).
• Obituary Central: An online database for finding obituaries and performing cemetery searches (http://www.obitcentral.com).
• Online Newspapers: Almost every newspaper has a Web presence these days and you can find current and even archived obituaries at these sites (http://www.usnpl.com).
Death Certificates
A death certificate is likely the most "official" record of a death. Depending upon the jurisdiction, a death certificate contains more than just basic information about the deceased. Other data may include the name of the informant (who provides the information about the deceased) as well as the attending physician and the funeral home director. Most death certificates are available on the county level and copies can be ordered online or in writing.
• The Records Project: Get access to the procedures for obtaining death certificates from the death records section of The Records Project (http://recordsproject.com/death/). Also contains helpful articles on how death certificates are used for genealogy research.
• Where to Write for Vital Records: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention maintains a comprehensive site (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/w2w.htm) organized by state on how to order vital records including death certificates.
Cemetery and Burial Records
The most common form of a cemetery or burial record online is a gravestone transcription which is sometimes paired with a photo of the gravestone.
• Find A Grave: The granddaddy of cemetery record websites with over 66 million online records. Find A Grave (http://www.findagrave.com/) is a contribution-driven community where you can adopt a cemetery and even make photo requests for other users to fulfill.
• Interment.net: A free online library of cemetery records from thousands of cemeteries across the world. Interment.net (http://www.interment.net/) has a search engine and also allows you to browse by cemetery.
• Nationwide Gravesite Locator: Run by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the Nationwide Gravesite Locator (http://gravelocator.cem.va.gov) allows you to search the cemetery records of your veteran ancestors.
Uncommon Death-Related Records
Don't forget to use these sites to locate probate records, legal notices and more.
• GeneaLinks Death Records Directory: A catch-all directory linking to sites with extensive indices of obituaries and cemetery records. GeneaLinks (http://www.genealinks.com/death.htm) also hosts directories to a number of different genealogical records databases for all areas of research.
• Online Historical Newspapers: Besides the obituary, a death would often create a slew of legal notices related to a probate court or even an estate auction. Online Historical Newspapers (https://sites.google.com/site/onlinenewspapersite/) allows you to look for free and fee-based newspapers by state and county.
Death On The Go – Mobile Apps for Death Records
In the past year, several new mobile apps have come on the scene to help you with your genealogy research using death records, specifically cemetery records.
• BillionGraves: Allows you to not only locate cemetery records including images of cemeteries and headstones, but you can also use BillionGraves (http://billiongraves.com) to contribute death records as well. Provides valuable geo-location information for individual graves within cemeteries.
• RestingSpot: A directory of cemetery records and online tributes complete with GPS coordinates for exact grave location. RestingSpot (http://restingspot.com) also allows you to create a webpage memorial to share with family and friends.
Tips and Tricks for Death Records
Having problems locating the death record you need? Or perhaps you need help deciphering a death record you've located? Here is some advice on using online death records:
• Gather information from family members. A good starting place is to talk to relatives who might have attended a funeral or knew the deceased. Write down every detail including dates, names and places.
• Variations matter. Memories fade over time so be open to performing several searches using date ranges instead of specific dates. Also remember to search wide rather than narrow: instead of a specific city, search the entire county.
• Don't forget collateral searches. Write down names of witnesses on death certificates, names of those listed in the obituary, names of those who signed the memorial book at the funeral home. You never know when you'll find a connection between those names and the deceased.
• Not all records are available online. Despite the wealth of online tools listed above, make a visit to your local public library or archive. There you'll find bound newspapers or even microfilms for local newspapers. A library card can grant you access to databases such as Archives.com and HeritageQuest. Some even grant you access to these databases from your home computer.
• Make cemetery visits count. Before you go, make sure you understand state and local laws pertaining to cemeteries. In some places, you can't make a rubbing of a headstone; in others you can't enter a private cemetery without permission. Also call ahead and see if the custodian or sexton will be available for your visit. And one valuable tip for small town cemeteries: see if there is a town historian since they often will provide valuable insights on the cemetery and its history.
Remember that our ancestors speak to us in various ways including the paper trail created by their passing. Those death records including obituaries, cemetery records and others are only a quick online search away!
Click Here for More from Obit-Mag.com
Image Source: Flickr Creative Commons/Family Art Studio
Without these resources, I would not know of the death of some of my relatives. With marriages and different last names some are not always remembered or found to be notifyed. With the passing of time addresses, phone numbers, and reltives scattered across the country, not everyone learns of the loss of loved ones.
I have had that experience recently and learning of the loss of an Aunt, led me to the very painful knowledge of the loss of younger Cousin's too. Sad that we are becoming so fragmented. In this day of instant comunication we are also losing the closeness of what "family" once was.

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Stars praise cricket's volunteers
Finn, Vaughan, Giles, Edwards, Wyatt and Jim Carter salute the unsung heroes
1:33 mins |
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View From The Middle - Winter 2014-15 - ECB Elite Coaches Conference A look at the Leading To Performance three-day event bringing elite cricket coaches together with the coaching cream from other sports
View From The Middle - Winter 2014 - OSCAS and Coach Ed Awards Two big days on the cricketing calendar showcasing key servants to and participants in the game
View From The Middle - Autumn 2013 - New ECB Coaching Qualifications The ECB coaching team explain the new qualification structure and ethos
Stars praise cricket's volunteers Finn, Vaughan, Giles, Edwards, Wyatt and Jim Carter salute the unsung heroes
Strategic Plan - Champion Counties ECB Chief Executive David Collier outlines the game's four year plan
View From The Middle - Spring 2013 - ECBCA Conference 400 delegates gather for the ECB Coaches Association National Conference - sharing best practice on coaching front
View From The Middle - December 2012 - Elite Coaching Conventions challenged at ECB Elite Coaches Conference
View From The Middle - Dec 2011 - Awards Success Mike Gatting intros volunteer and coaching award winners for the game
Chance to Shine Awareness Day Schoolchildren and Competition winners take to the field on memorable day
View from the Middle - Summer 2011 - Leadership What makes a good cricket captain? ECB is fine-tuning the process
View from the Middle - Summer 2011 - Howzat! A look at ECB's new re-worked and improved digital resource for coaches
View From The Middle - Dec 2010 - Awards Awards round-up focus on NatWest OSCAs, Business of Cricket Awards...and more besides
ECB CA National Conference 2010 Andy Flower, Mark Lane and Mike Gatting spoke to ECBtv at Warwick University
Batting practices Lead batting coach Dene Hills tells the ECB Coaches Association about his core techniques
Coaching role vital Former England seamer turned Fast Bowling Coach Richard Johnson gives the Coaches Association an insight into his key factors when working with young fast bowlers
MCC Spirit of Cricket Day England Women coach youngsters at Lord's as part of 'Chance to Shine' initiative
Honing self belief Sports psychologist Michael Cauldfield on key ingredients for coaches in this area
Fast forward for Silverwood Chris Silverwood explains his coaching ethos and gains from his Level 3 course
Anderson drops in at Didsbury England fast bowler helps launch Kwik Cricket 2009 at Manchester based club
Spinning to the top ECB's spin programme is following the path laid by the success with fast bowlers
Coach education Laying the platform for future success by ensuring better coaches pass into the system
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Extension notes is written by K-State Extension of Harvey County extension agents Scott Eckert, Susan Jackson and Ryan Flaming. They focus on horticulture and agriculture.
I am beginning to see signs of spring fever. Seed catalogs are coming, soil samples are arriving in our office and food preservation classes are requested.
Whether you need to brush up on food preservation methods or are new to the idea, we have a class for you.
Karen Blakeslee, MS, Rapid Response Center Coordinator, will provide classes at the following locations.
• El Dorado, April 27, Contact Barb Roths, email@example.com or 316-321-9660
• Hutchinson, June 4, Contact Jennifer Schroeder, email@example.com or 620-662-2371.
• Salina, June 5, Contact Lea Robinson, email@example.com or 785-392-2147
• Wichita, June 12 and July 30, Contact Denise Dias, firstname.lastname@example.com or 316-660-0100
Other locations are available. Call 316-284-6930 for information.
Join the hands on workshops to learn about pressure canning, water bath canning, dehydration, and freezing your food harvest.
Other classes that are available are "Eating Well, Cooking Less" that will be provided by K State Research and Extension, Harvey County. The class will take place at the Harvey County Health Department, 316 N Oak Street, Newton, on Friday mornings 10:00 to 11:00, February 22, March 1, March 8 and March 15. Registration is appreciated by February 20 by calling Harvey County Extension 316-284-6930 or the Harvey County Health Department, 316-283-1637
Interested in becoming a food judge? Food Judge Trainings are scheduled in Kansas from March 12 to June 3. Call 316-284-6930, the K-State Research and Extension, Harvey County Office for locations and other details. Food judges have the opportunity to educate talented 4-Hers through judging foods at the fair.
Remember Walk Kansas March 17 through May 11. Register by February 21 at the Harvey County Extension 316-284-6930 to save $1.00 and to order a T-shirt or sweat shirt. Kick off is scheduled for March 14 from 3:00 to 6:00 p.m. in the West Community Room, lower level of the Harvey County Courthouse.


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There are currently no guidelines for reducing your risk of social anxiety disorder . However, since this disorder tends to relapse, there are certain factors which could help reduce the risk of relapse including the following:
- See your doctor as soon as you notice the symptoms of social anxiety disorder.
- Continue therapy if suggested by your therapist
- Avoid smoking , drinking alcohol , and using illicit drugs .
- Avoid caffeine .
- Avoid the following drugs: ephedrine, phenylephrine, isoproterenol, antipsychotic medication, diet pills, drugs for flu or colds, and steroids.
- Attend support groups.
- Attend family or marital counseling if needed.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 12/2014 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -


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These versatile carts can stand up to frequent use in even the toughest workplace. Get heavy-duty utility carts and shelf trucks to work on projects and store bulky tools – some can hold as much as 5,000 pounds of weight. Our wide selection of carts accommodate employees of all sizes, and service carts let you take all your supplies on the go. Steel and plastic carts in a variety of sizes and types give you plenty of options for your business.
Click a link to order your utility cart online. If you're ready to place a phone order or simply have questions, just call our friendly sales team at 1-866-702-8473.
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All Programs:
Sustainable Seafood Program
Not all seafood is created equal. The Safina Center's Sustainable Seafood Program helps consumers, chefs, retailers and the medical community discover the connection between human health, a healthy ocean, fishing, and seafood. We translate seafood science so that you can make informed choices.
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Safina Center Fellows
We've created a Fellows Program to bring new people with established reputations and recognized voices into the Safina Center ark. Our Fellows are a few accomplished and innovative artists, authors, chefs and scientists. They will develop and articulate ideas that advance a much larger, and deeper, conservation discussion. Fellows include author Paul Greenberg, shark experts, Dr. Demian Chapman and Debra Abercrombie plus author, photographer and filmmaker John Weller.
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Carl Safina's Work
Whether or not we can see, hear, or feel the ocean from our own home territory, the ocean certainly feels all of us. And how our ocean is faring reflects how humanity is faring. In extending our collective sense of community beyond humanity and below the high tide line, we call for a Sea Ethic.
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"The Christian Medical College is an unaided, non-capitation, Christian minority, educational institution admitting students on merit on an all India basis. The 53 churches and Christian organizations who..."
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Form Available from :January 1, 1970 | Form Submission deadline :January 1, 1970 | Exam Date :July 2, 2009 | Result Date :August 7, 2009
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Italy - Exercise normal security precautions
There is no nationwide advisory in effect for Italy. Exercise normal security precautions.
The decision to travel is your responsibility. You are also responsible for your personal safety abroad. The purpose of this Travel Advice is to provide up-to-date information to enable you to make well-informed decisions.
The level of street crime is comparable to that of other European countries, particularly in large urban centres. Petty crime such as pickpocketing and purse snatching occur at tourist sites, on public transportation, and at major airports and railway stations. If possible, avoid carrying handbags. Motorcyclists frequently grab bags and other personal belongings from pedestrians, often resulting in injury.
Isolated incidents of violence may occur in Italy, sometimes involving small-scale bombs and incendiary devices. These incidents have usually been carried out by criminal or extremist groups and directed at Italian institutions.
Exercise caution and be alert while travelling by road and rail, as criminals target foreigners at gas stations, on highways, and on trains. Car theft occurs at gas stations and on highways. Keep a close eye on your vehicle when stopping at service areas.
Keep your windows closed, bags and handbags out of reach, and doors locked at all times. Never leave personal belongings unattended in a vehicle and use secure parking facilities, especially overnight.
Thieves often work in pairs or groups and will attempt to distract the victim while their accomplices rob them.
Be especially vigilant when stopped at traffic lights, as bags are often snatched from passenger seats by thieves travelling on scooters.
Rail passengers have been offered drugged food or drink and been robbed or assaulted while sleeping. Keep your compartment door securely locked.
The number of lost and stolen passports increases during the summer months. To prevent loss or theft, exercise caution and carry a photocopy of your passport, rather than the original.
Following the November 13, 2015 attacks in Paris, the government of Italy raised the national terror alert level to 2. Expect enhanced security measures as well as an increase in police and armed forces presence, particularly at airports, large events and major landmarks. On November 18, 2015, the US Government sent an emergency message to its citizens indicating that St Peter's Basilica in Rome, the Duomo and La Scala opera house in Milan, and other important sites and venues, such as churches, synagogues and restaurants, were identified as potential targets for terrorist attacks. Attacks cannot be ruled out and could be indiscriminate. Remain vigilant at all times, monitor local media and follow the advice of local authorities.
Avoid demonstrations and large gatherings as they can turn violent without notice.
Transportation strikes regularly affect services of the national airline, railways, city bus lines and taxis. Plan alternate travel arrangements and regularly check with transportation providers for any schedule changes. Monitor local news and follow the advice of local authorities.
Spiked food and drinks
Never leave food or drinks unattended or in the care of strangers. Be wary of accepting snacks, beverages, gum or cigarettes from new acquaintances. Drugs may be present that could put you at risk of assault and robbery. Incidents of this sort have occurred even in small towns known to be frequented by tourists.
Fraudulent electronic readout devices are being used at automated banking machines (ABMs) in Italy. These devices are designed to capture the account information stored on the card's magnetic strip through a card reader fixed over the legitimate reader. The customer's PIN is recorded with a small video camera installed above the keypad. The victim's banking information is then sold or traded online. To avoid being a victim of this fraud, use ABMs located in well-lit public areas or inside a bank or business, avoid card readers with an irregular aspect, cover the keypad with one hand when entering your PIN, and check any unauthorized transactions on your account statements.
See our Overseas fraud page for more information on scams abroad.
Road travel
City streets are often narrow, winding and congested. Motor scooters and other vehicles are often driven recklessly. Lane markings are frequently non-existent, and traffic lights are limited and often ignored. Numerous accidents are caused by excessive speeding on highways and rural roads.
Pay close attention to road conditions and refrain from driving during or immediately after severe storms. Monitor local news and follow the advice and warnings issued by local authorities.
In northern Italy, be aware of ground fog and poor visibility, especially in winter.
Public transportation
Only use officially licensed taxis equipped with roof lights and meters. If you call a radio taxi, be aware that the meter starts to run as soon as the cab leaves to pick you up.
Rail service is widely available. Ferry services are available to Greece, North Africa and local islands (for example, Sicily, Sardinia, Capri, Ischia and Elba).
Air travel
The Government of Canada does not assess foreign domestic airlines' compliance with international aviation safety standards. See Foreign domestic airlines for more information.
Mountain activities
If you intend to do mountaineering or ski touring:
a) never practice these activities alone;
b) always hire an experienced guide from a reputable company;
c) buy travel health insurance that includes helicopter rescue and medical evacuation;
d) ensure you are in top physical condition;
e) advise a family member or friend of your destination, your itinerary and when you expect to be back;
f) know the symptoms of acute altitude sickness, which can be fatal;
g) register with the Embassy of Canada in Italy; and
h) obtain detailed information on trekking routes or ski slopes before setting out, and do not venture off established trails, especially in early or late winter.
General safety information
Pay attention to your surroundings. Avoid showing signs of affluence and carrying large sums of cash.
Ensure that your personal belongings, passports and other travel documents are secure at all times. Never travel with your passport and proof of Canadian citizenship (birth certificate or Canadian citizenship certificate) in the same bag or pouch. Keep a photocopy of your passport in case of loss.
There has been a significant increase in the number of migrants and refugees entering Europe. Some countries have already experienced disruptions to transportation services, including at ferry ports and railway stations, and have seen major delays at border crossings. The situation also heightens the potential for demonstrations that could turn violent without warning, particularly at railway stations and other transportation hubs. If you are travelling in the region, monitor local news and follow the advice of local authorities, and contact your transport carrier to determine whether the situation could disrupt your travel.
Emergency services
Dial 112 for emergency assistance.
The following numbers are also available for specific emergency services:
- 113 for police
- 115 in case of fire
- 118 for ambulance
Entry/exit requirements
Entry/exit requirements
It is the sole prerogative of every country or territory to determine who is allowed to enter or exit. Canadian consular officials cannot intervene on your behalf if you do not meet entry or exit requirements. The following information has been obtained from the Italian authorities and is subject to change at any time. The country- or territory-specific entry/exit requirements are provided on this page for information purposes only. While every effort is made to provide accurate information, information contained here is provided on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, express or implied. The Government of Canada assumes no responsibility, and shall not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided. It is your responsibility to check with the Embassy of the Italian Republic or one of its consulates for up-to-date information.
Official (special and diplomatic) passport holders must consult the Official Travel page, as they may be subject to different entry requirements.
Canadians must present a passport which must be valid for at least three months beyond the date of their expected departure from the Schengen area. Before you leave, ask your transportation company about its requirements related to passport validity, which may be more stringent than the country's entry rules.
Customs officials may ask you to show them a return ticket, proof of the purpose of your visit to Italy and/or proof of sufficient funds for your stay. Having more than one source of funds (for example, cash, traveller's cheques, credit card, bank card) is recommended.
Tourist Visa: Not required for stays up to 90 days*
Business Visa: Not required for stays up 90 days*
Work Visa: Required
Student Visa: Required
* The 90 days begin upon initial entry into any country of the Schengen area.
Schengen area
The following 26 countries comprise the Schengen Area: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
The Schengen area has common rules regarding visas and controls at external borders.
You do not need visas for short-term visits of up to 90 days within a six-month period. Your stays are cumulative, and include visits to any country within the Schengen area. Some countries require that you register with local authorities within three working days of your arrival.
It is important to get your passport stamped when entering the Schengen area. The absence of an entry stamp from the initial Schengen port of entry could create difficulties during subsequent encounters with local police or other authorities throughout the Schengen area.
After 90 days of stay in the Schengen area, you must leave for another 90 days before you can re-enter.
If you overstay the permitted 90 days in the Schengen area, you may be fined or deported. To visit for longer than 90 days, you must obtain a long-stay national visa.
The Schengen Borders Code allows member states to temporarily reintroduce internal border controls in the event that a serious threat to public policy or internal security has been established. Canadians wishing to enter a Schengen area member state that has reintroduced internal border controls could be required to present a passport, valid for at least three months from the time of expected departure from that country.
For additional information, visit the European Commission's Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control.
Children and travel
Children need special documentation to visit certain countries. See Children for more information.
Yellow fever
See Health to obtain information on this country's vaccination requirements.
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) - August 25, 2015 12:58 EDT
- Measles: Global Update - July 16, 2015 09:48 EDT
Routine Vaccines
Be sure that your routine vaccines are up-to-date regardless of your travel destination.
Vaccines to Consider
You may be at risk for these vaccine-preventable diseases while travelling in this country. Talk to your travel health provider about which ones are right for you.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver spread through blood or other bodily fluids. Travellers who may be exposed (e.g., through sexual contact, medical treatment, sharing needles, tattooing, acupuncture or occupational exposure) should get vaccinated.
Seasonal influenza occurs worldwide. The flu season usually runs from November to April in the northern hemisphere, between April and October in the southern hemisphere and year round in the tropics. Influenza (flu) is caused by a virus spread from person to person when they cough or sneeze or by touching objects and surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus. Get the flu shot.
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease and is common in most parts of the world. Be sure your measles vaccination is up-to-date regardless of your travel destination.
Tick-borne encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system. It is spread to humans by the bite of an infected tick. Vaccination should be considered for those who may be exposed to ticks (e.g., those participating in outdoor activities in wooded areas) while travelling in regions with risk of tick-borne encephalitis.
Yellow Fever Vaccination
Yellow fever is a disease caused by a flavivirus from the bite of an infected mosquito.
Travellers get vaccinated either because it is required to enter a country or because it is recommended for their protection.
|* It is important to note that country entry requirements may not reflect your risk of yellow fever at your destination. It is recommended that you contact the nearest diplomatic or consular office of the destination(s) you will be visiting to verify any additional entry requirements.
|Country Entry Requirement*
Food and Water-borne Diseases
Travellers to any destination in the world can develop travellers' diarrhea from consuming contaminated water or food.
In some areas in Southern Europe, food and water can also carry diseases like hepatitis A. Practise safe food and water precautions while travelling in Southern Europe. When in doubt, remember…boil it, cook it, peel it, or leave it!
Insects and Illness
In some areas in Southern Europe, certain insects carry and spread diseases like Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile virus.
Travellers are advised to take precautions against bites.
There is no risk of malaria in this country.
Animals and Illness
Travellers are cautioned to avoid contact with animals, including dogs, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats. Some infections found in Southern Europe, like rabies, can be shared between humans and animals.
Person-to-Person Infections
Crowded conditions can increase your risk of certain illnesses. Remember to wash your hands often and practice proper cough and sneeze etiquette to avoid colds, the flu and other illnesses.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV are spread through blood and bodily fluids; practise safer sex.
Medical services and facilities
Good medical care is widely available. Medical treatment for life-threatening emergencies and in an emergency room is free of charge. Hospitals charge up front for any convalescence or follow-up care.
Decompression chambers are available in major hospitals throughout the country.
Health tips
The air in large cities can be heavily polluted.
Local authorities of Naples and the surrounding areas have been dealing with a garbage disposal problem, which in the past has resulted in tons of waste piling up in the streets. The situation has improved, but some areas may still be affected.
Keep in Mind...
The decision to travel is the sole responsibility of the traveller. The traveller is also responsible for his or her own personal safety.
Be prepared. Do not expect medical services to be the same as in Canada. Pack a travel health kit, especially if you will be travelling away from major city centres.
Laws & culture
Laws & culture
You are subject to local laws. See Arrest and detention for more information.
Canada and Italy are signatories to the European Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons. This enables a Canadian imprisoned in Italy to request a transfer to a Canadian prison to complete a sentence. The transfer requires the agreement of both Canadian and Italian authorities.
Dual citizenship
Dual citizenship is legally recognized in Italy. However, Canadian officials may be limited in their ability to provide you with consular services if local authorities consider you an Italian citizen. You should travel using your Canadian passport and present yourself as Canadian to foreign authorities at all times to minimize this risk. Citizenship is determined solely by national laws, and the decision to recognize dual citizenship rests completely with the country in which you are located when seeking consular assistance. See Travelling as a dual citizen for more information.
Illegal activities
Buying counterfeit merchandise, such as sunglasses, purses and so on, is illegal. Tourists who are seen purchasing counterfeit items can be severely fined by local police.
It is illegal to photograph government buildings and military installations. Ask permission from local authorities before taking photographs of these locations.
Observe public notices about conduct found in and around tourist areas in major cities. Visitors may be issued tickets and fines for dropping litter or for sitting, eating or drinking on steps and courtyards around the main churches and public buildings in Florence and Rome.
Illegal drugs
Penalties for possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs are strict. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences or heavy fines.
Road travel
An International Driving Permit is strongly recommended, and an international car insurance plan is mandatory. An adhesive sticker indicating country of origin must be displayed on the back of foreign cars.
Turning right at red lights is not allowed.
The use of cellular telephones while driving is prohibited, unless they are fitted with a hands-free device.
The use of headlights on highways and major roads during the day is mandatory.
Fines for minor traffic violations must be paid immediately in cash.
A special permit–issued only to residents and members of public organizations–is necessary to have access to Rome city centre by car. Similar restrictions are in place in most city centres. Take note of street signage and abide by the Zona a Traffico Limitato (limited traffic zone restriction), often abbreviated as "ZTL". In the summer, only residents are allowed to take their cars to the islands of Capri, Ischia and Procida. Travellers have received traffic tickets by mail several months after their return to Canada. The municipalities use the services of a private company in order to collect the fees abroad.
The currency of Italy is the euro (EUR).
Credit cards are widely accepted, while Canadian currency is not. Traveller's cheques must be cashed at a bank or American Express counter, and are subject to cashing fees. Automated banking machines (ABMs), known as "Bancomat" in Italy, are widely available.
When crossing one of the external border control points of the European Union (EU), you must make a declaration to Customs upon entry or exit if you have at least €10,000, or the equivalent in other currencies. The sum can be in cash, cheques, money orders, traveller's cheques or any other convertible assets. This does not apply if you are travelling within the EU or in transit to a non-EU country. For more information on the EU legislation and links to EU countries' sites, visit the web page of the European Commission on cash controls.
Natural disasters & climate
Natural disasters & climate
In the fall, strong rainfall and winds often cause significant damage to roads and generate localised landslides in coastal regions such as Tuscany, Liguria, Campania, Calabria, and Sicily. Pay close attention to road conditions and refrain from driving during or immediately after severe storms. Monitor local news and follow the advice and warnings issued by local authorities. In case of emergency, contact the police by dialling 113 toll-free from any landline or Italian cellular phone.
Central and southern Italy are located in an active seismic zone. Take note of the coordinates of the Embassy of Canada in Rome or those of the nearest Canadian consulate to contact in the event of an emergency
Mount Etna, on the island of Sicily, is Europe's most active volcano. If you are travelling to the area, closely monitor activity levels through local media, be aware of any risks, and follow the advice of local authorities. Active volcanoes with lava flows are also located on the islands of Stromboli and Vulcano in the Aeolian Islands north of Sicily.
Forest fires occur often in the summer months, including on the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. In case of a major fire, stay away from affected areas, follow the advice of local emergency services personnel, and monitor local media for up-to-date information. The air quality in areas near active fires may deteriorate due to heavy smoke and affect travellers with respiratory ailments. For assistance, contact the Embassy of Canada in Rome.
Rome - Embassy of Canada
Udine - Consulate of Canada
Milan - Consulate of Canada
For emergency assistance, call the Embassy of Canada in Rome and follow the instructions. At any time, you may also contact the Emergency Watch and Response Centre located in Ottawa.
- Date modified:


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Disk Selection Screen/9.2
(Sorry for the inconvenience)
The Disk Selection screen, seen in Figure 3.4a, summarizes the default disk configuration.
Figure 3.4a: Disk Selection Screen
By default, PC-BSD will assume that you wish to install on the entire first disk. On systems with less than 4GB of RAM, that drive will be formatted with the UFS+SUJ filesystem. On systems with 4GB or RAM or more, that drive will be formatted with the ZFS filesystem.
DANGER! If you are installing PC-BSD as the only operating system on your computer, simply click Next to start the installation. However, if this is not your intent, review the rest of this section to determine how to layout your disk. If you plan on booting PC-BSD with another operating system, you should also review the section on Dual Booting.
If you wish to select which disk or partition to install PC-BSD into, click the Customize button to start the Disk Setup Wizard, shown in Figure 3.4b.
Figure 3.4b: Disk Setup Wizard
The wizard provides three modes of operation. The rest of this section describes these modes in detail.
- Basic: (default) select this mode if you wish to specify which partition or disk to install to or if you wish to encrypt user data.
- Advanced: select this mode if you wish to specify the installation partition or disk, use GPT partitioning, encrypt user data, disable the FreeBSD boot menu, or specify the filesystem to use and the layout of that filesystem.
- FreeBSD Expert: select this mode if you prefer to drop down to a shell to manually enter the commands to setup your disk.
Regardless of the mode that you select, once the disk wizard completes and you click Next at the disk summary screen, a pop-up window will ask if you would like to start the installation. Be sure to review the disk summary before clicking Yes and starting the installation.
NOTE: the disk summary screen is your very last chance to make sure that you are ready. Once you click Yes, the selected hard drive or partition will be formatted and any data it contains will be lost.
Basic Mode
If you select basic mode, the wizard will display the screen shown in Figure 3.4c.
Figure 3.4c: Select a Disk or Partition
By default, the first hard disk will be selected. If you wish to install on a different disk, use the Selected Disk drop-down menu to select the disk to install into.
By default, the entire selected disk will be formatted. If the disk has been divided into partitions and you wish to install into a specific partition, use the Selected Partition drop-down menu to select the desired primary partition.
NOTE: PC-BSD will only install into a primary partition. That is, you can not install PC-BSD into a secondary or an extended partition. If you wish to create a new primary partition to install into, see Partitioning the Hard Drive for instructions on how to do this.
Once you have selected the disk and partition, click Next to see the screen shown in Figure 3.4d.
Figure 3.4d: Encrypt Data Screen
If you wish to encrypt the data in your home directory, check the box "Encrypt user data". This option will automatically encrypt all of the data stored in /usr, including the home directories of all of the users that you create. If you decide to encrypt, review if You Encrypted a Filesystem for instructions on how to enter your passphrase at system bootup.
If you check this box, enter and confirm a passphrase. You will be prompted to enter this passphrase whenever you boot into PC-BSD. This means that if someone else boots your computer, they will not be able to boot into PC-BSD if they do not know your passphrase. However, if you forget your passphrase, you won't be able to access PC-BSD either. For these reasons, it is important to choose a good passphrase that other users won't guess and which you won't forget. Passphrases are case-sensitive and can contain spaces. The passphrase should be memorable to you (e.g. a line from a song or piece of literature), but hard to guess (i.e. people who know you should not be able to guess your favourite line from a song or piece of literature).
NOTE: be careful if you have changed your keyboard variant and layout. At this time, the GELI encryption framework only supports QWERTY passphrases, so don't use any characters not found on a QWERTY keyboard in your passphrase.
It is important to remember to make a backup copy of your keys either to another system or to a removable media such as a USB thumb drive. You should do so after your first boot into PC-BSD.
Once you click Next, the wizard will return to the disk summary screen so that you can review your selections. If you wish to change anything, use the Back button to return to a previous screen. Otherwise, click Finish to leave the wizard. Click Next then Yes to start the installation.
Advanced Mode
If you select advanced mode, the wizard will again display the screen shown in Figure 3.4c. This time, that screen has the addition of a checkbox:
Partition disk with GPT: GPT is a partition table layout that supports larger partition sizes than the traditional MBR layout. If your installation disk/partition is larger than 2 TB, this box must be checked, otherwise checking this box is optional. Some older motherboards do not support this option; if the installation fails with this option checked, try again with the box unchecked. It has been reported that some Linux distros do not understand UFS partitions that use GPT. When in doubt, leave this box unchecked.
After making your selections click Next to see the encrypt user data screen shown in Figure 3.4d. Click Next again to access the filesystem selection screen shown in Figure 3.4e.
Figure 3.4e: Selecting the Filesystem
This screen allows you to choose from the following filesystem types:
- UFS: the Unix File System is the original filesystem used by BSD systems.
- ZFS: this filesystem was originally developed by Sun and adds many features. You can learn more about ZFS at Wikipedia[1] and the FreeBSD Handbook[2]. You should not use ZFS on systems with less than 4GB of RAM and it is recommended that at least 8GB of RAM be installed.
This screen also provides the following checkbox:
- Install bootable MBR: this option displays the FreeBSD boot manager when the system boots. This is a simple and non-configurable boot manager which may or may not detect other operating systems installed on the computer. If you plan to only boot into PC-BSD or to configure an alternate boot manager, you can uncheck this box.
The rest of this section demonstrates how to customize the UFS or ZFS layout.
UFS Layout
If you select UFS and click Next, the default UFS layout will be displayed, as seen in Figure 3.4f.
Figure 3.4f: Default UFS Layout
In this example, a 12GB disk has four partitions with mount points for /, SWAP, /var, and /usr. The actual sizes of the partitions created by the default layout will vary, depending upon the size of the disk, but always follow this logic:
- the default size of / (root) will be 2 GB; this partition holds the root user's home directory as well as the files needed by the operating system. You should not use a size less than 1 GB. Do not store large files in the root user's home directory as the root partition is meant to be reserved for the operating system files.
- the default size of the swap partition will be RAM (physical memory) size times 2 up to a maximum of 4GB. You can increase this if you want a larger swap partition (also known as a paging file or virtual memory in Windows), though this isn't really necessary as PC-BSD has a built-in daemon which monitors swap usage and will automatically add more as it is needed.
NOTE: if your hardware uses a solid state drive instead of a hard drive (e.g. an Asus Eee Netbook), do not create a swap partition as swap will shorten the life of the solid state drive.
- the default size of /var will be 2 GB. This partition holds data that varies such as logs, printer queues, and the FreeBSD packages database. You can safely increase the size of this partition, though this is usually not needed on a desktop system.
- the rest of the disk space will go to /usr. This partition holds everything else, such as users' home directories and installed applications.
The UFS+SUJ means that this version of UFS adds a light version of journaling to soft updates as described in this technical paper. This is the default filesystem type as it virtually eliminates the need to run fsck. In practical terms, this means that even if the system is not cleanly shutdown (e.g. because of a power outage), it will still boot up quickly without losing any data.
Three buttons are provided should you wish to modify the default layout:
- Add: this button will remain greyed out as long as there is no free space to work with. If free space is available, allows you to add a partition. It will prompt you for the mount point and size of the new partion. TYPE?
- Resize: allows you to decrease or increase (if free space is available) the size of the highlighted partition.
- Remove: will delete the highlighted partition.
If you right-click a partition other than /, you have the option to encrypt it and will be prompted for a passphrase. You can use either the same or different passphrases for your encrypted partitions, just make sure that you remember your passphrase(s)! SWAP DOES NOT ASK FOR PASSPHRASE
If you decide to change the default partitions, keep the following points in mind:
- you must have a / partition to hold the operating system; make sure it is at least 1 GB in size.
- unless your system has a solid state drive, you want a swap partition.
- you can have one big root partition (plus a swap partition); if you decide to do this, the installation will create /var and /usr directories as they are needed by applications. This is often discouraged on server systems, but is an option on desktop systems.
- you can remove /usr and divide the newly created free space into multiple partitions. For example, some users like to create separate partitions to hold their video files, artwork, work files, etc. When creating multiple partitions, use names that makes sense to you (e.g. /usr1, /usr2 or /video, /work) and set sizes that makes sense for the amount of content each partition will hold. If you decide to take this approach, you should still make a good sized /usr (otherwise it will be placed on root which will quickly fill up the / partition). The size of /usr should be sufficient to store any software you install.
Why do some users create multiple partitions or discourage the use of one big partition? The usual answer deals with backups (some people prefer to backup specified, smaller filesystems rather than specified directories) or filesystem corruption (if you lose a filesystem, you haven't lost everything). Since there are many ways to perform backups and it is rare to corrupt a filesystem beyond repair, it often becomes a matter of personal preference.
Once you click Next, the wizard will show a summary of your selections. If you wish to change anything, use the Back button to return to a previous screen. Otherwise, click Finish to leave the wizard and return to the Disk Selection screen.
ZFS Overview
ZFS is a combined file system and logical volume manager originally designed by Sun Microsystems. It was ported to FreeBSD and has been part of the operating system since FreeBSD 7.0.
ZFS provides many features including: support for high storage capacities, snapshots and copy-on-write clones, continuous integrity checking and automatic repair, RAIDZ which was designed to overcome the limitations of hardware RAID5, and native NFSv4 ACLs.
If you are new to ZFS, the Wikipedia entry on ZFS[3] provides an excellent starting point to learn about its features. These resources are also useful to bookmark and refer to as needed:
The following is a glossary of terms used by ZFS:
Pool: the entire storage capacity managed by ZFS. This pooled storage model eliminates the concept of volumes and the associated problems of partitions, provisioning, wasted bandwidth and stranded storage. Thousands of file systems can draw from a common storage pool, each one consuming only as much space as it actually needs. The combined I/O bandwidth of all devices in the pool is available to all file systems at all times. The Storage Pools Recommendations[9] of the ZFS Best Practices Guide provides detailed recommendations for creating the storage pool.
Mirror: a form of RAID where all data is mirrored onto two disks, creating a redundant copy should one disk fail.
RAIDZ: ZFS software solution that is equivalent to RAID5 in that it allows one disk to fail without losing data. Requires a minimum of 3 disks though 5 disks is recommended. You can not add additional drives to expand the size of a RAIDZ1 after you have created it. The only way to increase the size of a RAIDZ1 is to replace each drive with a larger drive one by one while allowing time for restriping between each drive swap out.
RAIDZ2: double-parity ZFS software solution that is similar to RAID6 in that it allows two disks to fail without losing data. Requires a minimum of 3 disks. RAIDZ2 allows you to lose 1 drive without any degradation as it basically becomes a RAIDZ1 until you replace the failed drive and restripe. At this time, RAIDZ2 on FreeBSD is slower than RAIDZ1.
RAIDZ3: triple-parity ZFS software solution. RAIDZ3 offers three parity drives and can operate in degraded mode if up to three drives fail with no restrictions on which drives can fail.
Dataset: a generic term for a ZFS component, such as file system, snapshot, clone, or volume. When you create a ZFS storage pool, a ZFS file system is automatically created. Consider using this top-level dataset as a container for other datasets since the top-level dataset cannot be destroyed or renamed.
Snapshot: a read-only point-in-time copy of a file system. Snapshots can be created quickly and, if little data changes, new snapshots take up very little space. For example, a snapshot where no files have changed takes 0MB of storage, but if you change a 10GB file it will keep a copy of both the old and the new 10GB version. Snapshots provide a clever way of keeping a history of files, should you need to recover an older copy or even a deleted file. For this reason, many administrators take snapshots often (e.g. every 15 minutes), store them for a period of time (e.g. for a month), and store them on another system. Such a strategy allows the administrator to roll the system back to a specific time or, if there is a catastrophic loss, an off-site snapshot can restore the system up to the last snapshot interval (e.g. within 15 minutes of the data loss). Snapshots can be cloned or rolled back, but the files on the snapshot cannot be accessed independently.
Clone: a writable copy of a snapshot which can only be created on the same ZFS volume. Clones provide an extremely space-efficient way to store many copies of mostly-shared data such as workspaces, software installations, and diskless clients. Clones do not inherit the properties of the parent dataset, but rather inherit the properties based on where the clone is created in the ZFS pool. Because a clone initially shares all its disk space with the original snapshot, its used property is initially zero. As changes are made to the clone, it uses more space.
Scrub: the ZFS Best Practices Guide[10] recommends performing a ZFS scrub on a regular basis to identify data integrity problems, detect silent data corruptions caused by transient hardware issues, and to provide early alerts to disk failures. For desktop systems, consider running a scrub once per week. Before performing a scrub, be aware that a scrub can take a long time and that scrubs are I/O intensive and can negatively impact performance. A scrub should be performed during an evening or weekend to minimize the impact to your system.
Deduplication: the process of eliminating duplicate copies of data. ZFS deduplication is per-dataset and should only be enabled on datasets that require it as it is CPU intensive. If you enable dedup on datasets with duplicate data (e.g. containing virtual images or jails), you should see the benefits of saving space and better performance because less data is written and stored. Before enabling deduplication, you should determine if the performance benefit will outweigh the performance overhead. This blog post[11] provides a good overview to assist in your decision.
ZFS Layout
If you select ZFS and click Next, the disk setup wizard allows you to configure your ZFS layout.
NOTE: A 64-bit system and a minimum of 4GB of RAM are recommended when using ZFS. This is because ZFS needs at least 4 GB of usable RAM in order to use caching, which significantly increases its speed and performance. Since some RAM is used by the operating system, you can get by on 4GB of RAM but will have better performance with 8GB or more. If you have many disks or will be storing large amounts of data, install as much RAM as you can afford.
If your system contains multiple drives and you would like to use them in your ZFS pool, check the box "Enable ZFS mirror/raidz mode" which will enable the rest of the options in this screen. In the example shown in Figure 3.4g, the system has 7 disks, all of which are the same size. The first disk, ada0 is assumed and the remaining 6 disks (ada1 to ada6) are available to be added to the ZFS configuration.
Figure 3.4g: Configuring ZFS for Multiple Disks
NOTE: if you have never configured multiple disks in a ZFS pool before, take the time to read the RAIDZ Configuration Requirements and Recommendations first. It indicates the optimum number of disks for each type of configuration. While ZFS will let you use disks of different sizes, this is highly discouraged as it will decrease performance and limit the capabilities of the ZFS system.
The PC-BSD installer supports the following ZFS configurations: mirror (requires 2 drives), RAIDZ1 (requires 3 drives), RAIDZ2 (requires 6 drives), and RAIDZ3 (requires 9 drives). However, it will not let you save a configuration if your system does not meet the minimum number of disks required by that configuration. As you select a configuration, a message will indicate how many more disks you need to select.
Select the type of configuration from the "ZFS Virtual Device Mode" drop-down menu, then check the box for each disk that you would like to add to that configuration. When finished, click the Next button to see the default layout screen shown in Figure 3.4h.
If your system only has one hard drive, leave the "Enable ZFS mirror/raidz mode" box unchecked and click Next to immediately go to the screen shown in Figure 3.4h.
Figure 3.4h: Default ZFS Layout
Regardless of how many disks you selected for your ZFS configuration, the default layout will be the same. Unlike UFS, ZFS does not require separate partitions for /usr, /tmp, or /var. Instead, you create one ZFS partition (pool) and specify multiple mount points. A /boot partition is not mandatory with ZFS as the PC-BSD installer puts a 64k partition at the beginning of the drive.
You can use the Add button to add additional mount points. It will only prompt you for the name of the mount point as, unlike ZFS, the size is not set at creation time. Instead, the data on any mount point can continue to grow as long as space remains within the ZFS pool.
If you right-click any mount point (other than /swap), you can toggle between enabling or disabling any of the following ZFS properties. For performance reasons, the PC-BSD installer will not allow you to remove or modify /swap.
- Compression: automatically compresses stored data to conserve disk space.
- Checksum: automatically verifies the integrity of the data stored on disks. Disabling this property is highly discouraged.
- Atime: when enabled, controls whether the access time for files is updated when they are read. Disabling this property avoids producing write traffic when reading files and can result in significant performance gains, though it might confuse mailers and other similar utilities.
- Exec: if disabled, processes can not be executed from within this file system.
Once you click Next, the wizard will show a summary of your selections. If you wish to change anything, use the Back button to return to a previous screen. Otherwise, click Finish to leave the wizard and return to the Disk Selection screen.
FreeBSD Expert Mode
If you select FreeBSD expert mode, you will be prompted to launch a terminal where you can use command line utilities such as bsdinstall and LIST HERE to manually configure the partitions. When you are finished, type exit to leave the terminal, then click Next to review the disk summary. If you wish to change anything, use the Back button to return to a previous screen. Otherwise, click Finish to leave the wizard and return to the Disk Selection screen.
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zfs
- ↑ http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/filesystems-zfs.html
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zfs
- ↑ http://www.solarisinternals.com/wiki/index.php/ZFS_Evil_Tuning_Guide
- ↑ http://wiki.freebsd.org/ZFSTuningGuide
- ↑ http://www.solarisinternals.com/wiki/index.php/ZFS_Best_Practices_Guide
- ↑ http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19253-01/819-5461/index.html
- ↑ http://blogs.oracle.com/video/entry/becoming_a_zfs_ninja
- ↑ http://www.solarisinternals.com/wiki/index.php/ZFS_Best_Practices_Guide#ZFS_Storage_Pools_Recommendations
- ↑ http://www.solarisinternals.com/wiki/index.php/ZFS_Best_Practices_Guide#Storage_Pools
- ↑ http://blogs.oracle.com/bonwick/entry/zfs_dedup


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ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants) has introduced an interactive checklist of competencies which business leaders require from aspiring finance professionals.
For the first time, the global body for professional accountants has published an online competency framework, highlighting the ten key competencies finance professionals must have if they are to succeed in business and their career.
The ACCA Qualification comprehensively covers these abilities and behaviours through its exams, practical experience requirement and the ethics module.
ACCA has identified the following 10 key competencies for complete finance professionals in its new Competency Framework:
- professionalism and ethics
- governance, risk and control
- stakeholder relationship management
- strategy and innovation
- leadership and management
- corporate reporting
- sustainable management accounting
- financial management
- audit and assurance
- taxation.
The Competency Framework will enable employers, learning providers, current and potential students to see the key competencies which are learned through the ACCA Qualification and how they relate to the requirements of different jobs.
Helen Brand, chief executive of ACCA, says: 'A competency is defined as a fundamental knowledge, ability or expertise in a specific subject area or a specific behaviour. The ACCA Qualification addresses all the key competencies required by finance professionals, from performance and financial management and taxation, to Islamic Finance; and the principles of Integrated Reporting.
'We have developed this competency framework to ensure that aspiring finance professionals, employers and tuition providers are clear about the key skills demanded in an increasingly globalised and rapidly changing business environment.'
A survey of more than 500 chief financial officers for ACCA's report, The complete finance professional 2013: Why breadth and depth of finance matter in today's finance function, identified the key financial areas that CFOs said they need in the finance function.
Apart from the need for accounting professionals to behave and act ethically and professionally, financial management and financial analysis were seen as particularly high-impact areas, followed closely by governance risk and control, strategic management accounting and corporate reporting. Internal audit, tax advice and planning were also widely considered to have considerable impact.
Helen Brand concludes: 'The Competency Framework highlights the abilities which aspiring finance professionals must have if they are to meet the requirements of potential future employers. ACCA has always been committed to ensuring that its qualification meets the needs of every sector in every region of the world, and the Competency Framework brings these together. It not only serves as a checklist for students but as a clear demonstration to employers that those with the ACCA Qualification are Complete Finance Professionals.'
To highlight the Competency Framework, and the business need behind the complete finance professional, ACCA has gathered opinions from 21 global finance professionals, a selection of which can be found on ACCA's website. Interviewees include:
- Dr Xu Yugao, Executive Vice President and CFO, CNOOC EnerTech in China
- Robert Bizzell FCCA, Director, Finance and Business Services, Tata Steel Strip Products , UK
- Simon Robson, FCCA, Finance Director, Commercial Group BskyB UK
- ACCA's Competency Framework can be found here via the 'Related Links' section, left of this article


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ur exclusive accommodation offers privacy and luxury with all the conveniences of a fully serviced hotel. The Villas Bali Hotel & Spa consists of 50 private villas, each with their own private swimming pool and tropical garden. The Villas Bali Hotel & Spa are located in Seminyak, Bali's trendiest area. Within walking distance you will find boutique shops, fabulous restaurants and Seminyak beach.
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text:
When the third report from the IPCC, on mitigation of climate
change, was published on Sunday the world's media focussed on its
key messages - greenhouse emissions are rising, the threat of climate change is getting stronger, serious and radical international action is required, but we can still avoid the worse effects of climate change if we take action now and for the long term.
But what was released on Sunday was just the "Summary for
Policymakers", a 30-odd page negotiated skim of the
actual report, which contains more a thousand pages of carefully referenced
scientific assessment.
The conclusions of the full IPCC report are clear, the energy supply system is the largest contributor to global
greenhouse gas emissions and more action in this sector is required
now. The IPCC report says around 80% of our electricity must be supplied by low carbon sources such as nuclear, renewables and CCS by 2050 and
to eliminate polluting coal, oil and gas generation by the end of
the century.
The IPCC concludes that no single mitigation option in the
energy supply sector will be sufficient to hold the increase in
global average temperature change below 2°C above pre‐industrial
levels. Embracing all options will give us the greatest chance of
avoiding the harmful effects of climate change in the most
cost-effective way.
Nuclear energy is recognised as having some of the lowest
greenhouse gas emissions for each unit of electricity generated,
even when the full lifecycle emissions are included. Average
emissions from nuclear are 12 grams of CO2 per kWh, compared to 11
gCO2/kWh for onshore wind, 12gCO2/kWh for offshore wind, 24
gCO2/kWh for hydro and 28-47 gCO2/kWh for solar. Biomass has no
direct emissions, but infrastructure and supply chain emissions
averaged a significant 230gCO2/kWh. Emissions for gas and coal
averaged 490 and 920 gCO2/kWh respectively. Carbon Capture and
Storage (CCS) helped reduce fossil fuel emissions, but even with
CCS fossil fuel emissions were between 160-220 gCO2/kWh.
For uranium resources, the IPCC report notes that if all
conventional uranium occurrences are considered there would be
enough uranium to meet current levels of demand for 250 years.
Closing the nuclear fuel cycle with reprocessing and recycling of
fuel through fast reactors could extend that by more than 50 times
(to more than 12,500 years) and reduce the amount of waste
generated and disposal required. Thorium too could extend the
nuclear resource further.
Tackling climate change and weaning ourselves off our addiction
to fossil fuels for electricity generation can seem daunting. But
as has been demonstrated by France, a commitment to nuclear energy,
in partnership with renewables, can virtually eliminate fossil
fuels from electricity generation in little more than two decades -
and supply some of the lowest cost electricity in Europe.
Nuclear energy supplies low carbon electricity reliably and
affordably. The world needs nuclear energy to tackle climate
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© 2015 World Nuclear Association, registered in England and Wales, number 01215741.
Registered office: Tower House, 10 Southampton Street, London, WC2E 7HA, United Kingdom


text:
Admission Information
The deadline for application is December 1, 2015 for Fall 2016. All admitted students are expected to enroll the following fall. Deferred enrollment is not permitted. Before submitting the application please read all forms and instructions carefully.All applicants must apply electronically for graduate admission and financial aid. This may be done at https://grad.ucla.edu/admissions/ (beginning September 2015). Admission status for Fall 2016 will be available online by mid-March, 2016.
Admission RequirementsBecause the History Department has several different fields, each with slightly different requirements, the criteria for admissions are not rigidly standardized. The admissions committee considers the following factors:
- three letters of recommendation from the student's former or current professors.
- the applicant's statement of purpose (two pages, double spaced).
- a writing sample of no longer than 10 pages, double spaced (not including bibliography).
- foreign language training
- undergraduate or M.A. grade point average
- Graduate Record Examination scores (with an emphasis on the verbal score).
- your undergraduate transcript (and graduate if applicable). In addition to the unofficial transcript upload on the online application we require one official sealed transcript from all undergraduate and graduate institutions attended. These are mailed to the department (address below).
- International applicants must also submit a TOEFL or IELTS score (in most cases). Please visit the following link for more information: http://www.gdnet.ucla.edu/gasaa/admissions/ENGREQ.HTM.
Letters of RecommendationThe faculty relies heavily on the comments and assessment of colleagues at UCLA and other academic institutions. A thoughtful and thorough assessment provides insight into the student's abilities, preparation and motivation. Several such evaluations combine to form a detailed picture of the student's background and potential. It is the applicant's responsibility to check with people who have written the letters of recommendation to make sure that they are submitted by the deadline.
Statement of PurposeA candidate's statement of purpose distinguishes him or her from all other applicants. It indicates to faculty the student's interests, ability to state research goals concisely, and to some degree, the candidate's maturity and sophistication, both of which are significant in an extremely competitive program. The admissions committee looks for students who show that they have already focused on a given field and have a reasonable awareness of what the department has to offer. It is helpful for candidates to list the names of faculty members with whom they would like to work.
Writing SampleYour writing sample should be no longer than 10 pages, double spaced (not including bibliography). Book reviews, senior thesis, and research papers are acceptable. You may also submit an excerpt of a longer paper (e.g. MA or senior thesis) but please adhere to the 10 pages. You can include a brief explanation before the sample if it is from a larger work.
The importance of language training varies from field to field. A student of U.S. history, which requires only one foreign language, could conceivably begin the program with minimal foreign language preparation. On the other hand, students in fields such as Medieval, Russian, Chinese and Ancient Greek history should come to UCLA already having done significant work in their major language. Those without such training would have difficulty with their required course work and research, both because of the difficulty of these languages and because these fields require proficiency in two or more foreign languages.
Foreign Language Training
Grade Point AverageThe admission committee looks for a GPA of 3.5 or better for the junior and senior years.
Graduate Record Examination ScoresThe verbal and analytical sections of the Graduate Record Examination are most important for admission to the history program. For non-native English speakers, the TOEFL or IELTS exam is also required for a better assessment of the student's language capability. When reserving your test date, be sure to check with ETS to make sure your scores will arrive by December 1. Paper-based tests take at least two months to process. The GRE codes to select are 4837 (UCLA) and 2799 (History).
Department of History Mailing AddressUCLA Dept of History
Attn: Graduate Advisor
6265 Bunche Hall
Box 951473
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1473
Frequently Asked Questions
Do you offer an M.A. in History at UCLA?
We do not offer a terminal M.A. in History. Students can earn their M.A. while completing the requirements for a Ph.D. All graduate students entering the Department of History at UCLA are expected to complete the Ph.D.
Do I need to have majored in History as an undergraduate in order to apply?
No. But, applicants should be able to demonstrate that they have an academic background in the field that they are applying to. Foreign language preparation and training should also be demonstrated based on the requirements of the field.
What if all of materials do not arrive on time by the Dec. 1 deadline?
Anything that arrives late, after the deadline will not be thrown out. We will include late material in your application; however, we cannot guarantee that it will be reviewed by the faculty due to the strict application review timeline.
What kind of financial support does the department provide its graduate students?
The Department of History typically offers an admitted student financial support in the form of registration fees, non-resident tuition, stipends and Teaching Assistant positions for 5 years. These recruitment packages are contingent on a student making good academic progress though the program. Additionally, the department has generally been able to offer students various kinds of travel research support. For more information please visit: http://www.history.ucla.edu/academics/graduate/financial-information.
What opportunities are there to receive awards in the department and at UCLA more generally, as well as beyond UCLA?
The Department of History offers many opportunities for its students to receive departmental awards, which are explained on our website at: http://www.history.ucla.edu/academics/graduate/financial-information. Our students have also won many campus-wide awards including the campus-wide Distinguished Teaching Award, the Dissertation Year Fellowship, the Cota-Robles Fellowship, the Chancellor's Prize and Graduate Research Mentorship Awards.
How long should the personal statement in my application be?
The statement of purpose is generally 1-2 pages, but should be no more than 2 pages, double spaced.
Should the letters of recommendation, statement of purpose and the writing sample be mailed in to the History Dept?
These items are to be uploaded online. Your letter of recommendation writers will be able to do so directly.
I am using a letter of recommendation service. How do I have those letters submitted to you?
Please coordinate with your service provider to have them upload the letters directly to your application.
Where may I get more materials regarding the graduate program in History at UCLA?
All of our materials are online. Here are some helpful links:
Graduate Division Links:
General: http://www.gdnet.ucla.edu/gasaa/admissions/admisinfo.html
History: http://www.gdnet.ucla.edu/gasaa/majors/hist.html
UCLA History Links:
Faculty by Field: http://www.history.ucla.edu/people/faculty-by-field
Field Information: http://www.history.ucla.edu/academics/fields-of-study
Current graduate students: http://www.history.ucla.edu/people/graduate-students
Course Listings: http://www.registrar.ucla.edu/schedule/schedulehome.aspx
If you have any other questions, please contact the History Graduate Office: email@example.com.