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Why You Shouldn't Drive to Barclays
A 16.4-Mile Trip From New Jersey to Brooklyn in a Zipcar Named Firenze; Average Speed? About 12 Miles an Hour
Let's say you have tickets to tonight's blockbuster between the Knicks and Nets at Barclays Center, the much-hyped first meeting between the teams in Brooklyn. Unless your name is Jay-Z or you're the Nets' starting point guard, the team does not—we repeat: does not—want you to drive.
Do not drive a car. Or a truck. Or a horse-drawn carriage. Their advice, and ours: Take public transportation.
Reason No. 1: There is very little parking, and the few spots that are available tend to be expensive. As a public service to you, dear reader, we would rather you tend to your mortgage than pay for three hours of parking within walking distance of the arena.
The second reason is just as critical: Negotiating rush-hour traffic in our fair city (and beyond) isn't very much fun.
To prove both points, The Wall Street Journal attempted to drive to a recent game from Bloomfield, N.J. (Helpful, say, if you were a fan of the team before it migrated.) It was an experiment of sorts: We would leave at 6:30 p.m. and hope to make it to Barclays by an 8 p.m. opening tip. Easy enough, right?
We enlisted the help of "Firenze," a Ford Focus from Zipcar. Firenze is the Italian name for the city of Florence, but we also thought it sounded vaguely Italian for "fire!" or "heat-seeking missile!" Thus inspired, we commenced our journey through suburban New Jersey. Here is our story:
6:28 p.m. The plan is to head toward the Holland Tunnel via Belleville Turnpike and U.S. 1-9. We can only hope that this is the path of least resistance. We've already discovered that the outskirts of Bloomfield have their share of vehicular activity. We're pinned behind some sort of construction truck as we crawl past Computer Geek, Ferrara's Transmission and Belleville Liquor. The truck's emergency lights are blinking. That can't be good. And we've hit our first stoplight. We have covered four-tenths of a mile in our first four minutes.
6:35 p.m., 1.9 miles: Sadly, as we crest a hill and grind onward toward the turnpike, we can make out downtown Jersey City below. So close, yet so far away. Oh, look, another red light.
6:38 p.m., 2.4 miles: We've enjoyed our tour of Bloomfield. Did you know: Kelly and Frank Tripucka are both Bloomfield natives? We're here to educate. As we cross into Belleville Township, we observe two local landmarks to our left: The Bullet Hole shooting range ("Guns, Ammo, Police Equipment") and Arlington Diner ("World-Famous Cheesecake"). We make a mental note for our next night on the town.
6:46 p.m., 5.9 miles: Belleville Turnpike is pure driving pleasure. A quick check of our speedometer is something to behold: 48 miles per hour. The bright lights of Manhattan sparkle off in the distance, a beacon of hope. Meantime, we have never seen so many electrical transformers in our life, though there does appear to be some sort of barren field to our left. Wait, no—that's a landfill.
6:52 p.m., 7.6 miles: Our first real sign of trouble: We've come to a dead stop. Making matters worse, a PATH train is cruising along on tracks adjacent to the turnpike, and it is fading, fading, fading…from view. We can still see Manhattan, but it doesn't look any closer. We have been set adrift amid a sea of throat-choking exhaust. Our average speed through the first leg of our journey (a crisp 19 miles per hour) is taking a serious hit. Firenze seems annoyed.
7:02 p.m., 8.9 miles: We have arrived at the Holland Tunnel. To be more specific, we are a half-dozen stoplights from the Holland Tunnel. The problem—one of them, anyway—is that there are exactly three bazillion cars attempting to creep through the tolls. It is a parking lot. One of the great joys of the Holland Tunnel is that once you wade through this mess, you have the privilege of paying $12 to actually use the tunnel.
7:09 p.m., 9.2 miles: A cabdriver has opted not to use his turn signal as he merges into our lane. Firenze honks at him. This does not please the cabdriver, who proceeds to get out of his cab—he is afforded this luxury because we're stuck at yet another stoplight—and begins to scream at us. There are several menacing hand gestures. The cab driver is a man of impressive dimension. We lock our doors. It's official: Our journey has descended into anarchy.
7:14 p.m., 9.4 miles: We remind ourselves that we're doing this as a public service.
7:19 p.m.: 9.8 miles: We enter the tunnel, having covered nine-tenths of a mile during our 17-minute, stoplight-infested wait. But we're chugging along now, at 11 miles per hour. No sign of the cabdriver. He was scary.
7:32 p.m., 12.3 miles: Manhattan is a breeze. No, really. Too bad Firenze isn't a convertible. We are in the borough for exactly eight minutes before we cross the Manhattan Bridge into Brooklyn. The city is wrapping us in its warm embrace.
7:43 p.m., 15.4 miles: Brooklyn is terrible. So many stoplights. So many cars. So many no-left-turn rules. We're on Flatbush Avenue, en route to our garage on Pacific, the familiar blue neon of the Barclays Center calling to us like the Bat Signal, when we somehow get turned around.
7:51 p.m., 16.4 miles: Success. Firenze lives at this garage, so it isn't a problem getting a spot. If your vehicle lives somewhere else, good luck. The attendant tells us that the event rate is $35, but the garage is booked solid for the game. He is only accepting prepaid passes.
Postmortem: It feels good to get outside and walk the last two blocks. We drove 16.4 miles in 1 hour, 23 minutes. We will never do it again.
Write to Scott Cacciola at email@example.com


text: Photos Get To Know The #BGC16 Cast! Check out some of the best #BGC16 cast's Instagram photos! Editor's Picks Sisterhood of Hip Hop Watch Ep. 2: 'Can't Nobody Hold Me Down' Siya reveals a problem from the past that could put her entire career in jeopardy. Cast Blog Bad Girls Club 'Bad Girls Club' Season 16 Premieres Sept. 20! Meet the cast of Bad Girls Club: Social Disruption premiering September 20 at 8/7c! Sisterhood of Hip Hop Sneak Ep. 3: Not Losing My Freedom Siya tells her manager, Lulu, that she can't go to New York City without risking being arrested. Very Real Amber Rose Reveals Her Race So You Can STFU Seriously - enough with the Instagram debates. Snapped Watch Ep. 12: Angela Stoldt A missing person case goes cold until a nervous breakdown leads to a confession. Policewomen Files Watch Ep. 2: 'A Race Against Time' A teenager is murdered on the grounds of an elementary school while her ruthless killer gets away. Top Shows Bad Girls Club Douglas Family Gold Policewomen Files Sisterhood of Hip Hop Snapped Virtually In Love See All Shows See Schedule Watch Full Episodes See All Full Episodes Check Out Stupid Questions People Ask Female MCs Stupid Questions People Ask Female MCs Get The Latest Entertainment News Watch Oxygen Live Most Popular 1. The First Teaser For Rob Kardashian And Blac Chyna's Reality Show Is Here! 2. Leslie Jones' Social Media Troll Milo Yiannopoulo Kicked Off Twitter, Drama Ensues 3. Petition Calls For Jesse Williams To Be Fired From 'Grey's Anatomy' 4. Kim K Just Posted The Cutest Photo Of Saint West 5. Tyga Wants You To See The Stacks Of Cash In His Fish Tank 6. BGC: Social Disruption Premieres on September 20th! 7. Taylor Swift's Wikipedia Page Got Some Savage Edits Following The Kimye Feud 8. Leslie Jones Got An Overwhelming Amount Of Racist And Sexist Twitter Hate 9. 15 Celebrity Parents Who Tragically Lost Their Children 10. Fix My Mom's Ashley Alexiss Explains The Cutthroat World Of Plus Sized Modeling Don't Miss 'Bad Girls Club' Season 16 Premieres Sept. 20! Crime Time Weekend!

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text: More from SI Jason Spezza's no-trade list has 12 teams Jason Spezza's no-trade list has 12 teams Arena Wars Stanley Cup Final edition: L.A.'s Staples... Arena Wars Stanley Cup Final edition: L.A.'s Staples... Edmonton to break ground on new oil drop-styled arena i... Edmonton to break ground on new oil drop-styled arena i... Edmonton to break ground on new oil drop-styled arena i... Edmonton to break ground on new oil drop-styled arena i... Taking the NHL Outside: The making of stadium hockey Taking the NHL Outside: The making of stadium hockey Close Tweet0 Share0 Comment0 Share0 Share0 Stumble It0 Print0 More Home Ice NHL season will be worth the wait by amuir29 Email Posted: Sat Jan. 19, 2013 Hockey starved Flyers fans get to open the season by welcoming the hated Penguins. (Len Redkoles/Getty Images)By Allan MuirYeah, I heard you last September. "Wake me up when the lockout's over," you said.No one's blaming you for nodding off while the finger-pointing, name calling, line-in-the-sand-drawing lawyers cost us nearly four months of NHL hockey. In fact, I got a little blurry myself listening to all that talk about cap escalators and salary variance and rose ceremonies, but here I am with that call you've been waiting for. Time to rub the sleep out of your eyes, pull the team sweater out of mothballs, settle into that lucky couch groove and pop the top on your favorite frosty beverage. (And while you're waiting for the first puck ro drop, some suggested reading..)The abbreviated 2013 NHL season finally begins Saturday afternoon. And it's gonna be a good one. (Kings raise banner in style.)Make that really good. The 48-games-in-99-days, intra-conference schedule isn't just "better than nothing." This impossibly compressed timeline actually magnifies the importance of every moment, every slump, every streak, every injury. With so much on the line and no margin for error, it even makes an Islanders game worth watching. On a Tuesday. In February.Well ... maybe.We can make that call another day. In the meantime, the short-track race to the playoffs begins now. Here's what to look for when the puck drops this weekend. (SI.com's NHL crystal ball)• Intensity: Forget the apparent foot-dragging during the labor negotiations. If anyone was itching to see the end of the lockout more than the fans, it was the players. For most of them, the last few months meant extra chores around the house, spirit-crushing hours in the gym and avoiding contact in half-speed pickup games with their buddies. To a man, they're ready to get their noses dirty and take out their frustrations on anyone wearing a different color sweater. It won't be playoff level nastiness, but it'll be close.• The return of Sidney Crosby: Concussions limited him to just 22 games over the past 24 months, but Sid was special in nearly every one of them, scoring 37 points and adding clips to his personal highlight reel. Symptom-free and motivated to reassert both the Penguins and himself as the best in the world, look for him to be quick out of the gate in a couple of tough divisional matchups. Speaking of which ...• The best rivalry in hockey: Nothing like pure, unbridled Chevy Chase/Dan Harmon-style animosity to spice up a game and right now there are no two teams in hockey -- maybe in all of sport -- that despise each other quite like the Pens and Flyers. Philly humiliated Pittsburgh in their first-round battle last spring and the lockout forced the Pens to nurse their tanned hides a little longer than they would have liked. Saturday's tilt at Philadelphia's rowdy Wells Fargo Center (3 p.m. EST, NBC) should be a bloody, high-scoring beauty.• The Kings get their rings: Did the champs use those extra four months to extend, or recover from, their Stanley Cup hangover? L.A.'s lineup is virtually identical to the one that skated the mug last spring, so there's a familiarity that should compensate for the short camp, as should the presence of Jonathan Quick, the Conn Smythe-winner and a player many thought deserved the Vezina as well. Still, a long pre-game ceremony (3 p.m. EST on NBC) featuring the banner raising and ring presentation means a lot of standing around and heavy legs early. Will the adrenalin kick in or will they struggle as the Bruins and Blackhawks did in the openers of their recent title defenses?• The future is now: Some people thought that the abbreviated camps would limit opportunities for young players to make an impression and earn a roster spot. There were some surprising cuts -- Ryan Strome on Long Island, Morgan Rielly in Toronto -- but several made the grade, including Rickard Rakell (Anaheim), Dougie Hamilton (Boston), Mikhail Grigorenko (Buffalo), Nail Yakupov and Justin Schultz (Edmonton), Mathew Dumba and Mikael Granlund (Minnesota), Alexander Galchenyuk (Montreal) and Scott Laughton (Philadelphia). All are worth watching, but catch 'em quick. Junior-eligible players will be allowed to play just five games (as opposed to the normal nine) before burning a year of their contracts, so the stay for some of these kids is likely to be short.• The new-look Wild: Other teams swapped more nameplates in the dressing room, but no team made more significant changes in the off-season than the Wild. Granlund and Zach Parise are significant upgrades to an an offense that mustered a league-low 2.02 goals-per-game last season, while Ryan Suter gives them a true No. 1 presence to stabilize the back end. Chemistry and adjusting to a new system could be an issue -- Suter in particular struggled in camp, especially in transition -- but the Wild finally have a roster that can create a buzz outside of Minnesota. They play back-t0-back this weekend, hosting the Avs and the Stars.• Panic in Detroit?: The retirement of Nick Lidstrom has made it fashionable to pick the Red Wings as the team least likely to succeed in the West. Not so fast. They're no longer a serious Cup threat, but the addition of Damien Brunner (with Gustav Nyquist waiting in the wings if he stumbles) gives Detroit fresh legs up front, and Jonas Gustafsson could be the comeback player of the year. Ultimately though, this team will live or die on a no-star blueline led by Niklas Kronwall, with growing room for promising rookie Brendan Smith. The group will face a serious test in Saturday's opener against a fast, aggressive St. Louis team that many pick to win the West. (HACKEL: Key questions for Western teams | Eastern)If all that doesn't get you ready for some hockey, this should do the trick. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6jwyMiilgE More Home Ice


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"I have been a muralist all of my life. It was such an interesting way to involve people in that art conversation and anybody of any age can participate," says Rudloff.
You may have seen some of her colorful and artistic masterpieces around Bowling Green. They are the creation of Andee Rudloff, Education and Visual Arts Director at SKyPAC. Longtime friend Paula Devore says each mural brings something new to the city.
"She does the outline of the murals and then she involves the community to paint the murals. It's just so nice that larger cities do things like that and she has brought the larger hometown feeling to a small town," says Devore.
The joy of pulling out a paint brush on a plain white wall has always been an interest of Rudloff. She says each piece becomes a conversation.
"I have been a muralist all of my life. It was such an interesting way to involve people in that art conversation and anybody of any age can participate," says Rudloff.
Former teacher Marsha Ingram says the art seen on many area walls has always come natural.
"Andee was very artsy as a 5th and 6th grader. I can see her now doodling on her paper," says Ingram.
Rudloff was a student at McNeil Elementary but hasn't forgotten her past. She brought her artistic skills back. With help from students the group designed a colorful and uplifting piece of art.
"To do this mural the kids have had a ball. What an outstanding opportunity it as been for the students here at McNeil," says Rudloff.
Bringing art back to her old school is just one of many rewarding things Rudloff looks forward to.
"I just love being able to do what I do everyday and it's just such a privilege and an honor to work with the kids in the region," says Rudloff
For incorporating art into our community, transforming the city and our youth, we honor Andee Rudloff as this week's Hometown Hero.


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Back to Previous Page | Curriculum Home
ARC301: Computer Art (2010-2011)
CURRICULUM PROGRAM: Visual Arts
COURSE TITLE: Computer Art
COURSE LENGTH: 18-36 weeks
SUGGESTED PREPARATION: Fundamentals of Art
Major Concepts/Content: This class is designed to provide the basics of graphic design, using the computer as the design medium. Computers are used with prescribed graphics software to teach two-dimensional design. The class will teach the elements (line, shape, color, texture, value and space) and principles (balance, rhythm, unity, proportion, variety and emphasis) of design through a series of assignments that are completed on the computer. Students need not have a compatible computer of their own, as all assignments will be completed in class.
Major Instructional Activities: Students will create and print original black and white and color art works. It is required to show knowledge of how to set up, access, and use computer programs for this class.
Major Evaluative Techniques: Evaluation will be on how the student uses the elements and principles of design on the computer, originality, craftsmanship, effort, time use and quality, with consideration given for individual talent, experience and/or limitations.
Course Objectives: Upon completion of the class, the student will be able to do the following, depending upon the length of the class:
- Create works of art
- Use the various paint, draw, illustration, and graphic arts software available
- Demonstrate proficiency in at least two paint and two draw programs, with one being an advanced level program
- Identify the most effective software program to use on a given project
- Create aesthetically pleasing artwork on the computer and print them in either black and white or color
- Describe/discuss computer art in terms of formal, informal, and expressive qualities
- Relate the medium of computer art to other art media
- Recognize computer art work and describing possible processes in its creation
- Demonstrate knowledge of the beauty of art by discussing the relative merits of peer and professional art work
- Express with intuitiveness a wide variety of creative solutions to a single artistic problem on the computer
- Comprehend the qualitative differences and similarities among computer works, processes, techniques, and styles.
- Recognize a variety of styles in computer art
- Identify contemporary computer art applications and recognize the contributions of past and present art styles to its creation
- Compare the purposes of computer art to the purposes of art in specific historical periods
- Discuss how the computer has affected contemporary design
- Analyze careers in computer art and the training required for them
- Identify computer art works in which similar tools, media, techniques, and software used
- Critique one's own computer art work, using the appropriate computer and design vocabulary
- Critique the computer art work of peers and current works in the field, using the appropriate computer and design vocabulary
- Assist in the selection of computer art for exhibition
- Defend the use of one type of software over another, using the appropriate computer and design vocabulary


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Welcome, skip to the content.
Enter through charming Victorian Timber Gates, up the curved drive to the homestead, Blerick Country Retreat and the outbuildings that are nestled amongst landscaped gardens in beautiful rural surrounds. The stylish spa cottages will instantly enchant you with their warmth, character and well appointed modern facilities.Located just over one hour from Melbourne, Mount Baw Baw, Phillip Island as well as Wilson's Prom. The cottages are set in the tranquil, dairy district of Neerim South, with beautiful views of the snow capped Mount Baw Baw. Offering so much more than just a getaway but an Australian country farm experience.Imagine returning from your outing to enjoy the tranquil views from your veranda of the sun setting over rolling green paddocks. Enjoy the wildlife that inhabits the billabong which is home to a family of wild ducks.Throw some gourmet Gippsland meat onto your barbecue and relax in the spa or in front of the cosy wood heater. Wake to singing birds and farm animals patiently waiting at the fence to say good morning.There are endless attractions in the immediate area: sampling gourmet food and wines, skiing, horse riding, four wheel drive tracks, trout fishing in alpine streams, enjoying nature walks and water falls in the nearby lush rain forests and panning for gold in historic gold mining towns.The cottages are all self contained with lovely views of the beautiful Gippsland hills, with Mount Baw Baw in the distance. They are self-contained with modern kitchen facilities, microwave, large LCD flat screen television with a DVD and stereo player. Linen is provided and laundry facilities are available. Centrally located to many desired attractions and the setting is ideal for international guests seeking an Aussie experience, the romantic couple, the family, or a group of friends. Dogs and children are welcome.
The antique timbers and mud brick create a warm inviting atmosphere while a soothing ambience is created by the reflected light off the uneven mud brick surfaces.
This cottage is complete with modern bathroom and kitchen that perfectly complement the 'olde worlde' feel of the rest of the Cottage
This cottage has three queen size beds and is perfect for a family or a group of friends. It also features
a wood fire, spa bath and air conditioning.
These Cottages are in a traditional timber barn that was purpose built for casual yet stylish accommodation.
Features include wood fire, spa baths and aircon
This Cottage is ideally suited to a couple however extra guests or children can be accommodated in a queen size wall bed that folds down into the living area.
This Cottage is in a traditional timber barn that was purpose built for casual yet stylish accommodation.
Features include wood fire and spa bath and aircon.
This Cottage is ideally suited to a couple however extra guests or children can be accommodated in a queen size wall bed that folds down into the living area.
Cancellations with over 60 days notice receive 90 per cent of the deposit back.If it is between 21 and 60 days you will receive 50 per cent deposit back. And if under twenty days notice no refund is applicable.Failure to arrive on the reservation date will incur full payment of the reservation tariff and will be charged to your credit card.
Once in Neerim South, turn east at the roundabout in town on Neerim East Road. They are one kilometre from this point. Go past the School and the football oval on to the bottom of the hill. Do not follow the road around to the left. Continue up the hill straight in front of you (McDougal Road) for a distance of 400 metres and you will arrive at our drive on the left. They are about 150 metres further on from where you reach the top of the hill. Look for the yellow sign and Victorian Timber Gates.
Contact operator for further details.


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- Projector Global Home
- Product Line-up
- PT-LB3 Series
- Enhanced Basic Performance
Panasonic employs a number of advanced technologies – including a proprietary lamp drive system – that help maintain lamp performance . This has resulted in a 5,000-hour* lamp replacement cycle. It helps saving operating cost by providing longer usage between lamp replacements.
|* This value is calculated by continuously turning the lamp on for 2 hours and off for 0.25 hours. The lamp replacement cycle will decrease if the lamp is turned on/off more frequently, or if it is left on for longer intervals.
Momentary power outages*2 or voltage drops*3 can cause the projector to shut down, interrupting the projection. The PT-LB3 Series equipped with the Intelligent Power Management function controls the power supply to cope with power fluctuations, to enable continued projection.
|*1 Fluctuations may occur in the electricity power supply except the power outage.
*2 Continuing 0V power supply during several tens of milliseconds.
*3 Power supply voltage reduction. Excluding momentary power outage.
Panasonic's Daylight View Basic technology achieves sharp, easy-to-see images by clearly reproducing the details in dark image areas, which were previously difficult to see in brightly lit rooms. A built-in sensor measures the ambient light, and the Daylight View Basic function adjusts the halftone color and brightness level according to the surrounding illumination.
The noise level is as low as 29-dB*. This helps your audience to keep their attention on the discussion or on the screen images during quiet scenes.
* Lamp mode : eco
The compact body is the size of an A4 file and weighs only about 2.3 kg, while producing a brightness of 3,200 lm*. Its handy size and weight make it easy to carry from room to room, or to a client's office for an on-site presentation. It gives you sharp, clear images wherever and whenever you need them.
* For the PT-LB3. The PT-LB2V has a brightness of 2,600 lm and the PT-LB1V has a brightness of 2,200 lm.
The ecological design of the PT-LB3 Series greatly reduces its environmental impact. In Eco Standby mode, power consumption is only 0.3 W*1. As examples of other environmental design features, the uncoated cabinet uses no halogenated flame retardants, the lens uses lead-free glass, and an Auto Off Timer switches the projector to Standby mode when no input signal is received for a preset time. The PT-LB3 Series also complies with the standards of the RoHS Directive.*2
*1 0.3W at 100-120V AC. 0.4W at 220-240V AC. In Eco Standby mode, network functions such as Standby On via LAN are not available, and only certain commands can be received from RS-232C control.


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"Technology platform" refers to the technologic approach upon which a treatment is based. This approach may be chemical synthesis, like a small molecule or therapeutic polymer drug. Or it may be biologic, like an engineered protein or antibody. Even whole cells grown in culture can form the basis of a therapy.
Genzyme has developed one of the most diverse arrays of technology platforms in the industry, including many proprietary approaches and associated patents. This broad base of potential treatment platforms allows us to explore multiple avenues for treating any particular disease. Our experts work together to identify the optimal format to meet physician and patient needs – which may be a combination of platforms. We have brought products to market in all of these technology areas except gene therapy, a still developing field in which we have industry-leading research and development efforts.
Explore our current technology platforms to find out more about our approach, achievements, and ambitions for each.
Proteins are organic compounds, composed of amino acids, that perform many important functions in the body. Examples include enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions and antibodies that protect us from foreign substances. Protein-based therapies are biological products that may be developed from human, animal, or genetically engineered sources. They are specifically designed to provide a targeted therapeutic benefit in a given disease.
Genzyme has long been a global leader in protein therapeutics. Our research focuses on a variety of protein-based product platforms, including enzymes, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, hormones, and more. Our expertise covers the entire product development process, from molecular discovery and biochemical investigation to cell culture and manufacturing. The therapies we develop address a wide range of indications.
We pioneered the first enzyme replacement therapies for Gaucher disease – one of several lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) caused by enzyme deficiencies – first using placenta-derived enzymes and then later recombinant DNA manufacturing. We have since leveraged this work into enzyme replacements for several other LSDs and continue to expand our efforts in this therapeutic area.
The antibodies Genzyme has developed serve various therapeutic purposes, from targeting cancer cells to suppressing organ transplant rejection. One of our most promising initiatives that has completed two Phase 3 clinical trials is a monoclonal antibody showing strong data for stopping progression of multiple sclerosis and even reducing the disabilities associated with the disease. And we've also developed a hormone product used as a diagnostic tool and adjunctive therapy to other treatments for thyroid cancer.
Related Info
Therapeutic polymers – large (high molecular weight) chemically synthesized compounds formed of repeating structural units – are used for specialized medical purposes, such as helping eliminate unwanted substances from the body. Synthetic polymers can also be used to improve the activity of drugs, deliver drugs to a precise target in the body, or control and sustain their release.
Therapeutic polymers represent one of Genzyme's earliest research efforts into chemistry-based (rather than biologic) pharmaceuticals. Our scientists have developed novel polymer drugs that, taken orally, bind and eliminate substances from the gastrointestinal tract without the drugs themselves being absorbed. This therapeutic technology has led to approved treatments, now in the Sanofi portfolio, for reducing phosphate levels in chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis as well as lowering blood cholesterol.
Related Info
Most traditional pharmaceutical drugs are small (low molecular weight) molecules that are prepared by chemical synthesis. Small molecules have numerous therapeutic applications and are used across every area of medicine.
While Genzyme's roots are in biologic therapies, we have also built expertise in traditional small molecule drugs, with a particular focus on certain niches of clinical need. We have an extensive preclinical program focused on the discovery and development of potential small molecule candidates, supported by our diverse library of proprietary compounds and expertise in automated synthesis, medicinal chemistry, high-throughput screening, fragment-based drug design and biochemical target validation.
Some of our most promising small molecule developments are for the lysosomal storage disorders that are currently treated with enzyme replacement therapy. These small molecules would be given to patients as a capsule rather than an intravenous infusion. As substrate reduction therapies, they also function via a different mechanism of action, blocking the biosynthesis and resulting accumulation of the lipids that cause disease symptoms.
Our research has led to the approval of several hematologic oncology products that are now in the Sanofi portfolio, including chemotherapies for patients who have not responded to other treatments. We have ongoing research in an effort to expand these existing cancer therapy indications, as well as to target new areas, such as polycystic kidney disease.
Biomaterials are manufactured substances that can perform, augment, or replace natural functions in the body. Composed of either biologically derived or biocompatible synthetic materials, they are designed to function safely when implanted in the body for a wide range of medical applications.
Since the mid-1980s Genzyme has been a leading producer of high-quality sodium hyaluronate (HA, hyaluronic acid), a naturally occurring biopolymer that has many medical uses. Building on this expertise, we've developed a suite of HA-based products that are now in the Sanofi portfolio, including injectable viscosupplements (lubricants) to alleviate knee pain related to osteoarthritis, and materials used during some types of abdominal surgery to help prevent the formation of adhesions (internal scarring). Our current research is increasingly focused on leveraging biomaterials to enable more accurate, localized delivery of cell, protein-based, and other therapies.
In diseases caused by a specific, known gene abnormality, gene therapy aims to treat the disease by inserting a normally functioning version of the gene into the patient's cells. The technology is still relatively new; challenges still exist in identifying optimal gene delivery mechanisms, and there are very few products currently available. Yet with further development, gene therapy has great potential to treat the underlying cause of many serious diseases.
While Genzyme does not currently have any marketed gene therapy products, we have one of the industry's longest standing and largest research programs in the field. Our earliest efforts focused on a treatment for cystic fibrosis, and we have since expanded to explore gene therapy targeting cardiovascular disease, ocular disease, and several genetic diseases. Clinical trials are now underway for a treatment for age-related macular degeneration, and Genzyme and CHDI Foundation are developing a novel virally delivered gene-silencing therapeutic for Huntington's disease. Genzyme also holds significant intellectual property around gene therapy delivery vehicles, including both viral and non-viral vectors, strengthening our ability to evolve our research into practicable therapies.
Genzyme's roots are in biotechnology – the field of health care that uses biology and biological (rather than chemical) resources for medical purposes. We pioneered the first marketed therapeutics in two major biologic areas: enzyme replacements for patients with certain rare genetic diseases and cell therapies to rebuild damaged tissues.
Over the years, we've continued to build on our biologic expertise, exploring the many ways that medicine can leverage natural substances such as proteins, cells, and genes. But we've also advanced research in synthetic, chemistry-based pharmaceuticals, developing state-of-the-art technology to investigate small molecule and polymer drugs for many medical conditions.
The starting point of all our research efforts is a significant medical need. We focus on developing breakthrough therapies within therapeutic areas such as genetic diseases and multiple sclerosis.
49 New York Avenue
Framingham, MA 01701
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Learn more about the diseases Genzyme is researching, our recent breakthroughs and promising programs, and our long history of successful innovation on behalf of patients.
From cell cultures to final product, explore the complex process of manufacturing genetically engineered protein-based therapies.


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Thanks RI, but you should vote for Mr. Bear or Mr. Yankee, thay are far more deserving than I.
Maybe the aqua net thing was a bit too pointed. How about this for Jerz girls: the number of large cat-printed garments they own. Leopard, tiger, etc? Jerz chicks LOVE that stuff.
just sayin'.Quote:
member -[mem-ber] noun
1. a person, animal, plant, group, etc., that is part of a society, party, community, taxon, or other body.
2. Government .
a. a member of Congress, especially of the House of Representatives.
b.a member of the British Parliament, especially of the House of Commons.
c.any member of a legislative body.
3. a part or organ of an animal body; a limb, as a leg, arm, or wing.
4. Botany . a structural entity of a plant body.
5. the peni$


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20 Jan 2011 1:32 AM #1
Kitchen Sink Using MVC ?
Its been a while since MVC structuring has been implemented, i have not tried it yet,
Is there any plan to make Kitchen Sink using MVC. Most of them uses Kitchen Sink as a basic layout as it works fine with iphone/ipad/Desktop .............
22 Aug 2011 11:14 PM #2
Its been quite a while since i have raised MVC Kitchen Sink Question. When i looked in to Energy http://dev.sencha.com/deploy/touch-c...les/EnergyApp/ i came across MVC structuring . So i just played with it to come up a bit more use full implementation for me.
I have also came across many post mentioning how implement TabPanel in MVC structure. I tried to cover that also.
Hope this will be helpful for others also.
Let me know if i have missed any best practices
Note : I have not yet tried it in devices.
6 Nov 2011 9:05 AM #3
Very helpful,...thanks! Almost exactly what I was looking for.
Any progress since August?
6 Nov 2011 10:25 AM #4
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About Eurodl
The European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning – EURODL is an electronic, multi-media journal on distance and e-learning distributed on the Internet. It publishes the accounts of research, development and teaching for Europe in its most inclusive definition, exploring the potential of electronic publishing. EURODL presents scholarly work and solid information about open, distance and e-learning, education through telematics, multimedia, on-line learning and co-operation.
We are delighted to inform that the EDEN Executive Committee assigned Dr. Ulrich Bernath, Chair of the "Foundation for Research in Open and Distance Learning", Senior Fellow of EDEN, as Chief Editor of EURODL.
Dr. Bernath has been working for the journal as Acting Chief Editor since June 2013. His sytematic and professional leadership ensured a smooth operation and continued high quality of the publication. The experience he gained in the field of Open, Distance and E-Learning, his comprehensive understanding of open access culture and extended personal participation in EDEN activities guarantee the journal's (constant) distinguished role in the filed of ODL.
EDEN is pleased to inform you that thanks to a recent Agreement, EURODL articles are now also published on the sophisticated electronic content hosting and distribution platform of the De Gruyter Open company.
The environment helps by automatic creation of active reference links, delivery of abstracts to abstracting databases, easy integration with library systems and user authentication. With the marketing services included, EURODL will have increased visibility, ensure growing citation, impact factor and reference linking, thus reach more readers and potential authors, enhancing further the global availability of the Journal.
The latest isssue with this new service has just been released.
Current issue on EURODL.


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Bad choice Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., recently was given his committee assignments for the 113th Congress, which begins in early January. The Connecticut Mirror reports Sen. Blumenthal will sit on the Commerce and Armed Services committees. These are curious assignments. Throughout his political career, the senator has demonstrated little understanding of economics or the free market, and famously flubbed a 2010 debate question on the subject of job creation. Additionally, Sen. Blumenthal is well-known for "Rambogate," the controversy that erupted in '10 when it emerged that he repeatedly and falsely claimed to have served with the Marines in Vietnam. Needless to say, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., probably could have come up with more appropriate senators for these seats.
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" How this man who lied about serving in Viet Nam got in office is unbelievable. "
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Ormet workers, community asked to 'Stand Up and Fight'
August 19, 2013
HANNIBAL, Ohio — Martins Ferry resident Rich Spielvogel doesn't know if Saturday's rally will sway the Public Utility Commission of Ohio's decision to grant Ormet emergency relief, but "it can't hurt....
Should have thought about all of this when you were fighting over contracts and not pushing everyone to do their very best. Too late now. We reap what we sow. it is sad for all the workers, but the same thing happened to all other mills, and they are making steel and booming in the Southeast, and offshore, but nothing here in our own home towns.
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"I always had an interest in coming back home to practice medicine," Sanders said. "When the hospital called me, I knew it was a perfect fit."
Initially, Sanders was studying to be an urologist rather than an ob/gyn, until fate intervened.
"I had to deliver a baby and the experience I had doing that and with the parents, I knew immediately that's wanted I wanted to do," Sanders continued.
Morehouse General is a hub for health care in the region and according to Deborah Beaver, Director of Marketing and Physician Relations for MGH, the hospital is committed to bringing quality services for women and children in Morehouse and throughout the region.
"We have patients who are coming from outlying areas to receive treatment and one of the most needed services is for women and children," Beaver said. "Dr. Sanders is a great asset to the medical community and his office is equipped with all the modern technology needed in order to treat moms-to-be as well as women in general."
Sanders has goals of making his practice a center point for OB care and wants future patients to be aware his philosophy regarding treatment.
"I want everyone to feel as if they can come to this office and receive the best possible care," Sanders said. "It is important to me that we are known for very, very high ob care that is personalized to each individual," Sanders said.
Moms-to-be using Dr. Sanders should also feel extremely comfortable when they deliver their new additions, as well. The Morehouse General labor and delivery wing provides that comfort with a great deal of care and experience.
The wing, which has four rooms for moms to labor and deliver without having to move from one room to another and four rooms for the moms to rest postpartum. The nursery is in the process of being upgraded to handle babies who in the past have had to be transferred to a different hospital due to illness.
The present nursery is able to provide care to healthy babies born close to their due dates. It provides routine medical care, including assessment and state-mandated newborn screening.
The upgrade to the nursery means that care can be provided for babies born around 32 weeks gestational age or greater and for full-term babies who need close monitoring or IV antibiotics after birth. Special care nurseries can treat babies with some health problems of prematurity, such as jaundice and trouble eating or staying warm.
At present, the nursery can hold up to 15 babies at a time. Recently is was almost full with just three moms delivering a set of triplets and two sets of twins, all on the same day.
The labor department also has all of the latest technology available to monitor patients.
Location, ST | website.com


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Family History
How much do your kids know about their ancestors?
|They know the family tree down to the roots.
|They've got the general picture.
|They only know about their living relatives.
50009 Total votes cast.
Top Polls:Rewarding Good Grades
Is it okay to reward good grades with cash?
If your child were the victim of a bully, what would you do first?
Thanksgiving Main Course
What's the main course for your family's Thanksgiving feast?
Bedtime Reading
How often do you read to your kids?
Stay-at-Home vs Working Moms
If money or quality child care were not an issue, which option would you choose?


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Possible Duplicate:
Is there a way to remove sites permanently from (my personal) Google search results?
How can you configure a browser, and the search agent - e.g. google - that it uses, to ignore websites like efreedom.com that are just copy-pastes of stackoverflow?
In the same way there is adblock to block ads, is there any browser plugins that block all the noise?


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It always amazes and amuses me how lawyers are portrayed — or rather, mis-portrayed — in the movies. It's what makes the legal profession so exciting to laymen, but we lawyers know it's not even a tenth as outrageous a job as the exaggerated cinematic depictions. (At least mine isn't).
Case in point: as an alternative to our Nightly Ritual, Hubby and I watched The Social Network. The second year associate at the muckety-muck big law firm, played by Rashida Jones, confides in Mark Zuckerberg (Jesse Eisenberg) after his deposition that in her twenty months of practice as a voir dire specialist at the firm, she can tell him how a jury will react to his side of the story. She then sagely advises, based on that twenty months of practice, that he should settle the case.
"Voir dire specialist?" Hubby and I questioned in unison.
" She must have meant document review specialist." (We chuckled at our clever insider joke).
That's when I realized that 1) we are law geeks and 2) it is sort of cool to be part of a profession. You're in on something that you think the rest of the world knows about, but really only a small percentage of people understand.
Today's verdict: Maybe I should keep practicing. At least I'll have something to laugh about.


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Songs in Multiple Languages
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Oracle Environmental Accounting & Reporting ISeminar on February 12
By Evelyn Neumayr-Oracle on Jan 23, 2013
Please join us at a free Iseminar on Tuesday February 12 at 10am PT/1pm ET/Noon CT that will cover Oracle Environmental Accounting and Reporting. In this 45 minute Iseminar you will learn about this easy-to-use solution which will help enable you to:
Collect the data pertaining to your company's environmental impact and embed your greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting into the mainstream of business operations within your Oracle E-Business Suite and/or Oracle's JD Edwards ERP systems.
Automate your environmental reporting process to make it more reliable, efficient, and secure.
Achieve a rapid return on your investment using Oracle Environmental Accounting and Reporting.
You may be asking what is Oracle Environmental Accounting and Reporting? This is a product that provides a repeatable, consistent, and auditable process to collect and report on your GHG impact. It will help you track GHG and other environmental data against your targets and help you efficiently meet your voluntary and legislated reporting needs. It is pre-built and flexible -- with reporting features, easy deployment, an ability to report on emissions by multiple factors such as source, facility, category, etc.
Register for this Iseminar here and learn how Oracle Environmental Accounting and Reporting can help you improve your overall operational efficiency and reduce cost.


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Pro's Pick Roll Pan & Custom Taillight Install - A Flash In The PanWritten by on September 29, 2010 A Pro's Pick Roll Pan And Custom Taillight Install
Custom truckers have been replacing unsightly Ford F-100 rear bumpers with custom roll pans since the '50s. Hundreds of designs have been created and installed from boxy roll pans to smoother forms that include lights and even exhaust ports. Years ago, John Swaving, George Tremain, and Pete Colwill, the owners of Pro's Pick Custom Pickup Beds & Parts developed their own steel replacement pickup bed, which is tough, durable, and show quality. They added, "We feel the need to build and sell superior products, which we would be proud to display on our own vehicle(s). We try our best to give you products that are unique, fill a genuine need, and are user friendly."
Surfing Pro's Pick's catalog you will discover that they not only supply replacement beds for classic Ford, Chevy, and Dodge trucks, but 30-plus bed-associated products as well including bed wood, tonneau covers, and tailgates to custom roll pans made of steel and fiberglass.
When I first fabricated my '56 Ford F-100, Pro's Pick had not yet developed a pan to fit their own bed. I had one made that was unique; however, after being rear-ended I opted to install the one shown in the photos. Made from 12-gauge steel (nearly 1/8-inch thick), these roll pans are actually formed as a one-piece rear crossmember. The pan incorporates the final crossmember of the bed. So this roll pan is a one-piece unit that only fits the Pro's Pick bed, which has the Smoothie gate kit. These one-piece roll pans are a bolt-on with a license plate recess included. They are available with a light package and a fuel filler door as options.
I opted to purchase the smoothie, steel roll pan with the optional light kit. The pan is heavy and made of bumper-thick 12-gauge steel, and came with the optional taillamp kit. But, to my surprise, the holes were not cut in the pan. My garage is not a machine shop, but as you will see from the images, where there is a will, there is a way.
I get nothing but compliments on the final product; it added a touch of class to my '56 Ford pickup. While I'm not looking for a repeat of the accident that destroyed the first rear pan, I am a lot more comfortable knowing this 12-gauge unit serves somewhat as a bumper to protect that rear-mounted fuel tank.
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
No need to look for elaborate instructions; a few notes and a template is all you will need. You have the option of adjusting the height of the rear lights. I went for 65/8 inches from the top.No need to look for elaborate instructions; a few notes and a template is all you will need. You have the option of adjusting the height of the rear lights. I went for 65/8 inches from the top.Given the rectangular design of the taillamp lens, you have the option to wrap the lighting around the edge of the smoothie roll pan-a feature I really like. I used a machinist square to ensure the cut lines were parallel and drilled 11/4-inch holes at the end of each opening. This step requires a heavy drill, a new, sharp hole cutter and oil to cool the cutting procedure.There may be a better way, but since I do not own a milling machine, we opted to mount the pan into the jaws of a workstation and C-clamped a straight edge of steel to act as a cutting guide for the Sawzall. This is simple driveway tech and it worked.With a small amount of cleanup work to do on the cuts, we opted to take a look at the fit of the taillamps into the openings. Nice, but upon closer inspection the lens was too far from the inside corner of the pan.While dressing the edges of the roll pan cuts, it became obvious that the culprit of the lens gap was the fat weld, which mated the endcaps to the roll pan. What to do?Not wanting to weaken the endplate welds, we opted to apply masking tape to the lamps and mark the portion of the lens openings that would remain visible after cutting.With a light touch with a small grinder, the top and lower sharp edges of the lens were removed in an attempt to clear the fat tack welds of the roll pan.
With Cory holding the lamp in position, I marked the placement of studs then tack-welded them into place for a test-fit of the lens box. I knew that Craftsman MIG welder would come in handy.I feared the lamp box would shift during driving and expose those unsightly screws once again. So I attached a small section of square tubing, which held it solid along with clamps.


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In-Memory Filtering and RowMatch
By animesh.prasad on Aug 24, 2012
We have a view object named ExampleVO which is based on entity object ExampleEO, and this VO has an attribute called ExampleFlag. ExampleVO has a clause in the base query that only allows rows that match the criteria ExampleEO.ExampleFlag = 'Y'. We have another view object named CreateExampleVO that is used to add new rows to the ExampleEO. Both these view objects have view link consistency enabled.
Now if we insert a row into CreateExampleVO with the value of ExampleFlag as 'N' one would expect that this row will not be included in the ExampleVO. This is not the behavior that is observed. We now have a row in the ExampleVO that does not match the clause. If view link consistency is enabled, any new row created by any view object based on the same entity is added (regardless of the query) to the row set of all VO's based on that EO.
If the view object has a design-time WHERE clause like ExampleEO.ExampleFlag = 'Y', you can apply a RowMatch object to your view object to perform the same filtering in-memory.
The filtering expression of the RowMatch object you specify prevents new rows that don't match the condition from being added.
You can add a RowMatch to the view object by creating the same clause in a view criteria and applying it. The mode for said view criteria should be set to 'In-memory'.
Note: You don't have to remove the where clause from the query
Relevant Links.


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Although calcium is needed throughout life, it is particularly important during pregnancy. (At last, you finally learn why everyone pesters you to drink your milk.) Your daily requirements remain at 1,000 milligrams—but some experts recommend up to 1,500 milligrams. That's approximately 3–4 servings of dairy (for example, 1 cup of milk + 1 cup pudding + 1 cup fruit yogurt + 1½ ounces of hard cheese).
Definitely not! Prenatal supplements supply about 200-250 milligrams per pill; that's not even one serving from the dairy group
Don't think, "Hey, I'm pregnant; I can eat whatever and whenever I want!" With pregnancy comes increased caloric and nutrient requirements, but you can meet you'll be wearing after these needs without putting on 20 pounds of flub. Don't deprive yourself of cravings; that's one of the fun things about pregnancy. (Chocolate was definitely one of mine.) Just don't go overboard. Extra weight gained during your pregnancy is extra weight the baby is born.
As you learned in Calcium and Healthy Bones, calcium is responsible for strong bones and teeth and for the proper functioning of blood vessels, nerves, and muscles, as well as maintaining healthy connective tissue. During pregnancy, calcium is especially critical because you have to worry about your own bones and your growing baby's bones, tissues, and teeth as well. In fact, your baby counts on your calcium for normal development. Therefore, when you skimp on the calcium-rich foods (and don't take supplementation), the calcium in your bones will be supplied to meet the increased demands of the growing fetus. In other words, you'll be placing yourself at a much greater risk for osteoporosis.
Ever wonder why the prenatal vitamins are loaded with iron? It's because during pregnancy, your body requires about double the amount of this mineral than usual. In fact, you go from normally needing 15 milligrams to requiring a daily dose of 30 milligrams when you're expecting.
Why do pregnant women require more iron? Remember, iron is found in your blood and is responsible for carrying and delivering oxygen to every cell in your body. Pregnant women have an expanded blood volume, so it makes sense that more blood requires more iron. Also, you have to supply oxygen to both your cells and the cells of your growing baby. Once again, this greater demand for oxygen requires greater amounts of iron.
Because nursing your baby also requires an increase in a variety of nutrients, nursing women will also benefit from following the same general eating guidelines discussed in this chapter. Take a look:
|Protein (g)
|65 for first six months
62 for second six months
|Calcium (mg)
|Folic acid (mg)
|Iron (mg)
|These requirements are for healthy women 19–50 years of age.
Pregnant women with lactose intolerance should eat plenty of nondairy calcium-fortified foods, along with the special lactose-reduced products. Also, speak with your physician about calcium supplementation.
Just because the prenatal vitamins are brimming with the stuff, don't think you can slack off in the food department. Understand that prenatal supplements (providing around 30–60 milligrams) are merely "just in case"—you still need to eat a lot of iron-rich foods. On the eating plan, you require 2–3 servings of protein foods each day. This will help satisfy your body's extra demand for both protein and iron because the best absorbable iron is found in the foods within this group. For further tips on boosting your iron, read Symptoms of Iron Deficiency and Sources of Iron.
During pregnancy you want to provide your growing baby with plenty of nutrients— including the antioxidants: vitamin C and beta-carotene. Read on and learn which fruits and vegetables supply the biggest bang for your buck.
Proper hydration is another vital component for a healthy pregnancy. Did you know that the average female is about 55–65 percent water, and the average newborn is about 85 percent water? During this nine-month period of bodily change, shift, and growth (to put it mildly), your fluid demands skyrocket for the following reasons:
"Favorable fluids" you should be guzzling down include water, club soda, bottled water, vegetable juice, seltzer, calcium-fortified fruit juice, and skim or 1% low-fat milk.
Liquids you should steer clear of are alcohol, coffee, tea, soft drinks, diet cola (and other artificially sweetened drinks), and questionable herbal teas.
Also realize that in some instances, you might need even more than the already increased amount: for example, if you're perspiring in hot weather, or when you're exercising, or if you have any type of fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. (Obviously, in the last cases, contact your doctor immediately.)
The following is a suggested list of foods to avoid (or moderate) until after the baby is born
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Total Nutrition © 2005 by Joy Bauer. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit the Idiot's Guide web site or call 1-800-253-6476.
© 2000-2016 Sandbox Networks, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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In one of his online lectures Benedict Gross comments that one can never have too much Linear Algebra. Also, looking around it seems like I can find comments to the effect that Linear Algebra has more importance than other sub-disciplines of mathematics. If true, why is Linear Algebra the most important sub-discipline of mathematics? If Benedict Gross is correct, why can't one have enough Linear Algebra?
I agree. Linear algebra is one of the most important branches of pure mathematics. It is used in the following areas of pure mathematics, for example:
Representation Theory (indeed, the basic purpose of representation theory is to solve problems in algebra by transferring them to the linear algebra context)
Module Theory (module theory is in some sense a generalization of linear algebra: it is linear algebra done over arbitrary rings rather than over fields)
Funtional Analysis (indeed, functional analysis is, in some sense, infinite-dimensional linear algebra)
ODE's and PDE's
Differential Geometry (indeed, a main purpose of differential geometry is to understand maps between manifolds by approximating them by linear maps)
In fact, it is hard to think of a branch of mathematics where linear algebra is not used. I could continue the list above and include more and more branches of mathematics but this would take too long.
This is a bit of a broad answer, so don't be too critical.
In all of mathematics, the idea of "linearization" is quite an important one. Linear problem are in some sense very well understood, and we can say basically everything we want about them. Because of this, approaches to many other areas consist of making things linear so we can solve it.
So why learn linear algebra? Because it is the most well understood, and is used to understand more difficult problems in mathematics.
Some examples:
Hope that helps,
ADDED: Since there are certainly many more examples, I made this post community wiki so others can add to this list.
The ubiquity of vector spaces in mathematics is indisputable. The abstractions created in linear algebra rest on a huge collection of incredibly useful examples.
These abstractions have multifarious applications (computer graphics, optimization, dynamical systems, etc). The abstraction of vector space is accessible and extremely useful.
Linear algebra unifies many fields of inquiry in an elegant and efficient way.


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By ASHLEY ANDERSON
Staff Writer
A health psychologist and wellness professor at Bellarmine University, Dr. Chris Catt recently added a new title to his resume – Tree Champion, though he'll admit he's no expert on botany.
After reading an article in a local newspaper about Louisville's ranking as the No. 1 heat island – a metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas – in the country, Catt became inspired to restore the storm-damaged tree canopy in Louisville, initiating a grassroots campaign. Called "Re-Tree Dundee," the movement promotes the planting of greenery in the Upper Highlands Neighborhood, where Catt resides.
Shoveling out $500 from his own pocket, he purchased banners and yard signs advertising the cause and discovered far more people than he expected were interested in improving the health of the environment along with him.
"I saw the No. 1 ranking, and plus I'm a walker so I'm walking in my neighborhood and I'm feeling the 100-degree heat … heat index was more like 120, and I just noticed the total lack of shade from all the trees we lost from the wind and the hail (storms) and all that," Catt said. "So I got it in my mind that I could do something about that."
About September, throughout the Dundee Estates neighborhood near Atherton High School, Catt rotated signs reading clever phrases such as "Got Shade?" or "Re-Tree Now." His effort eventually caught the attention of 43 people willing to pay for the delivery, planting and mulching of trees, which cost $225 each, around the Upper Highlands.
Once he'd collected funding, Catt enlisted Mike Hayman of the Louisville Tree Advisory Commission, receiving professional advice on shade tree species, selection and planting sites to maximize shade for walkers and joggers.
Beginning Nov. 27 and ending Nov. 29, Integrity Landscaping planted 43 trees, many of which line Fordyce Lane, Tartan Way, Lamont Road and the surrounding area. The trees are a mixture of maples, oaks, ginkos and elms, ranging from 8 to 10 feet tall. Additionally, Hayman selected two white-bark sycamore specimen trees, 20 feet tall, for the neighborhood, which were placed on strategically visible corners.
"He's had tremendous success, 43 trees on just a few streets, that's a tremendous improvement," said Hayman, who's worked with the tree canopy in Seneca Gardens for more than 20 years. "It's pretty impressive what he's done."
Catt is currently working with Councilman Tom Owen, Owen's assistant Terra Long and the Upper Highlands Neighborhood Association to reestablish the tree canopy along Dundee Road, while creating a model for other neighborhood associations to follow. Catt has also consulted on the project with City Arborist Mark White and Louisville Metro Landscape Architect Sherie Long.
Catt strives to see another 30 trees, at least, planted before the spring and is hoping Owen will budget for several 20-foot trees to provide summer shade in the first season. Catt also would like for smaller and faster growing 8- to 10-foot trees, including a variety of oaks, maples, sweet gums and black gums, to be planted in front of existing mature trees that are in decline.
"With all the storms we've had with the limbs falling in the yards and houses … a lot of people now see trees as a nuisance – but you have to remember that they produce oxygen and they reduce the heat island," Catt said. "You have to get people away from thinking this is a nuisance thing, it's actually a good thing 98 percent of the time."
Though Catt's background is in psychology and wellness coaching, he's proven a wealth of motivation and persistence can pay off greatly in any cause. He perceives "Re-Tree Dundee" as a community project contributing to the environmental wellness of the city. Catt's met with Atherton's principal, Tom Aberli, looking to involve students in the project in exchange for community service hours. He's also seeking support from neighbors. Ideally, Public Works will fulfill the duty of summer watering so the trees can become well established.
"In the (Bellarmine) wellness class, I teach seven areas of wellness. … The environmental wellness is part of the bigger picture. … It has to do with the quality of life in the city. If you can improve the quality of life in the city, that's more attractive to people. … So I just see it as kind of an extension of my wellness teaching."
Catt's goal is for 100 trees to be planted in the first year of the project, matching a generous contribution from Ecotech Corporations toward the city's urban reforestation project. If just 100 people in the city would do as Catt, the net result could be 10,000 new, oxygen-producing, heat island-reducing trees.
"We need sort of Tree Champions in different neighborhoods," Catt said. "Our area is several hundred thousand trees short of what we need, so that's a lot of trees. … If people can help get trees in the ground then they're leaving a legacy. Because the trees we're putting in the ground are going to be 100-year trees. We're not going to see them when they're gigantic, but we're going to be the ones that got it going. And somebody has to start them."
If you'd like to become part of the "Re-Tree Dundee" initiative in your neighborhood, contact Dr. Catt at 502.345.6859 or e-mail email@example.com.
Contact writer Ashley Anderson at email@example.com, 502.498.2051.
Courtesy Photos


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Name: Balvenie 17yo Madeira Cask 43% abv
Color: Amber gold
Nose: Oak, honey, spiced apples, leathery Bourbon note, stone fruit aromas(peaches, cherries), along with carnations and honeysuckle
Palate: Everything from the nose in the same order with the spice dominating
Body: Initial leeching dryness, then firm
Finish: Oak takes over here to interesting effect
Notes: Balvenie bottlings are notorious for needing a week or two to breathe so I'll save some room for revision. Now it's semi-dry with just a little noticeable Madeira influence over the standard Balvenie spices. Very different from the Rum Cask from last year, but about the same great quality level. It reminds me of the New Oak from a couple years ago. These 17's are always interesting but not exceptional and hardly worth two 15yo Single Barrel if you ask me.
With a splash of water: pure floral explosion with spiced tea flavors.
Score: 87


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I have a conceptual difficulty in understanding the electron spin. On the one hand, it is an experimental, observable feature of electrons. The problem is in understanding to what it belongs - to a bare electron or to an electron already coupled to the electromagnetic field. I think it is the latter. In other words, the electron spin characterizes a complicated object (a real system) rather than a "free" (non interacting) electron. It is like the total spin of a compound system. On the other hand, in theory we ascribe it to a "bare" electron solely. Do you think we have a conceptual problem here?
closed as not constructive by mbq Apr 29 '11 at 19:57
As it currently stands, this question is not a good fit for our Q&A format. We expect answers to be supported by facts, references, or expertise, but this question will likely solicit debate, arguments, polling, or extended discussion. If you feel that this question can be improved and possibly reopened, visit the help center for guidance.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
There is no conceptual problem. The bare electron field is a Dirac, spin-1/2 field, and so is the renormalized field. A bare electron carries $j=1/2$, and so does the physical, renormalized electron.
In fact, because spin is a discrete quantum number, a continuous process such as renormalization (a process that depends either on a continuous coupling $e$ or the mass scale $\mu$) couldn't change the value of such a quantum number.
So the equal value of both spins is not only free of contradictions; it is inevitable.


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Lincoln College of Technology helps students achieve professional success through personalized career training support and hands-on, job-specific education.
Offering career training in Automotive, Health Sciences, Business and Information Technology, Skilled Trades, Spa and Cosmetology and Culinary, our students receive a well-rounded education experience set within enhanced learning environments under the guidance of knowledgeable instructors who care about our students' success. Lincoln's career training schools and programs are designed to provide students with skills that are marketable today, and equip them with knowledge that will allow them to grow and realize their maximum career potential in the future.
From convenient day, afternoon and evening class schedules, to our network of dedicated Financial Aid, Career Services and Admissions representatives, Lincoln College of Technology's network of career training schools is always planning toward your future... and for the day you graduate. Whether you are a high school student, or looking to make a fresh start with a new career, Lincoln College of Technology's career training can help you get there.
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He may not be able to communicate with us directly, but Hershey the chocolate lab has been helping dogs throughout the area.
The companion of contractor Wayne Cates, Hershey travels to construction sites throughout Southern Kentucky. At one of his most recent jobs he was called into action.
"The Logan County Animal Clinic out of Russellville contacted us asking if he could do a blood transfusion on another dog that was really sick and we said yes and now about once a month they call us," says Cates.
To date Hershey has donated his blood to five dogs. While he may not be able to raise a hand, or speak up to volunteer himself, doctors say blood transfusions between animals is very similar to humans.
"We use exactly the same blood packaging systems. We buy them from distributors they look exactly alike. In Hershey's case he is so well behaved he just stands there," says Dr. Jon Todd from the Logan County Animal Clinic.
Hershey has also touched the lives of everyone he meets on job sites. Mac Yowell, Director of Warren County Public Works, is amazed how one dog can help so many.
"To do this it is very unique. Something beneficial to the animal kingdom I guess you would say," says Yowell.
The love between Hershey and Wayne Cates can be seen daily. Hershey follows Cates to just about everywhere he goes, sometimes waiting in the back of his truck for the next stop. He has become a member of the Cates family.
"He is still a dog but he is still treated highly and we think a lot of him and we take him everywhere to almost all of my job sites with me," says Cates.
For saving the lives of other dogs, brightening the day for those who meet him, we honor Hershey as this week's Hometown Hero.


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Reporter Matthew Kadosh reports the town authorities have OK'd the new store, and Fairway's boss has confirmed the report. That's fabulous news!
The site is 1710 US 46 west. ShopRite of Little Falls is directly across the highway, and the A&S Pork Store is a few hundred feet away. Up the hill and across the street. The site is roughly half way between the Corrado food stores in eastern Clifton and northern Wayne. It should be a very strong market, although I would have guessed a location a little closer to Fairfield would have worked better.
Baristanet also has a mention of the new store, too. In the context of a Trader Joe's possibly coming to Clifton
Edited by Rail Paul, 09 March 2012 - 02:17 PM.


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4/9, 6:00 pm-7:00 pm
Puyallup Public Library
324 S Meridian
Puyallup, WA 98371
Are you planning on taking the SAT or ACT? Want some tips on how to improve your score? The Puyallup Public Library and Kaplan are offering a free practice test, a review of test-taking strategies, and an explanation of the difference between the SAT and ACT. There will be a free SAT/ACT practice test on Saturday, March 30th, from 8:30am to 1:00pm. Each student should come prepared with a pencil, eraser, calculator and snack.
There will be a follow-up session for parents and teens where they may pick up test results and attend a Test Strategies Seminar. This follow-up session will be held on Tuesday, April 9th, from 6:00 to 7:00pm.
Both programs are free and open to the public. Registration is required and should be done online, through Kaplan. Go to http://www.kaptest.com/enroll/SAT/98371/events to register.
SAT/ACT Practice Test: Saturday, March 30th, 8:30 am – 1:00 pm
Test Review & Strategies: Tuesday, April 9th, 6:00 pm – 7:00 pm


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Sled Base Credenza, Four Drawers by Geiger
designed by Ward Bennett
Storage, style and a storied history. The Sled Base Credenza was originally designed by Ward Bennett in the 1960s as a way to bring art to the office. With its solid wood construction, the time tested Sled Base Credenza offers a touch of warmth and plenty of functionality to any office or home. A metal base provides a subtle industrial flair that sets the Sled Base Credenza apart from the everyday office storage system. Store your files and necessities in style with the Ward Bennett Sled Base Credenza.
The Sled Base Credenza features:
- 37.5" w x 18.5" d x 26.625" h
- Four file drawers on left 2 box and 1 file drawer on right
- Solid wood veneer construction
- 3"-high metal base offers an industrial flair
- Metal flip pills for easy access
- File drawer has hanging file frame
- Pencil Tray and faux suede lining in bottom of top drawer
Materials & Measurements
Case and drawers: solid wood available in 6 different finishes
Base: 3"-high metal frame on 3/4"-thick end gables
Pulls: metal, match specified finish
37.5" w x 18.5" d x 26.625" h
About The Manufacturer
Founded by John Geiger in 1964 Geiger Furniture began as Interiors International Limited, a small 4-man operation based in Toronto that produced design-minded office furniture. Steadily expanding throughout the 20th century, Geiger initially focused on modular office furniture and case goods that could be customized as office needs changed. In keeping with this commitment to flexibility, Geiger stressed the importance craftsmanship and quality construction in its use of wood furniture. With quality construction and beautiful wood finishes Geiger pieces easily fit in most settings and seem to adapt to any change in current styles.
In the 1980s Geiger paired with Ward Bennett, a partnership that would lead to numerous awards throughout the 80s and 90s. Today, Geiger produces many of Ward Bennett's most iconic designs, holding true to Bennett's principles of beauty and simplicity. Geiger strives to not only produce top-quality furniture for the home and office but to do so responsibly, in a way that preserves the earth's precious resources. In 2010 Geiger met two ambitious sustainability goals: using 100 percent green electrical energy and reaching zero landfill status during its production process. Sustainability, functionality, beauty, these traits have helped make Geiger a staple of the furniture industry for more than half a century.
Related Categories
Considered the first American designer to use industrial materials for home furnishings, Ward Bennett pioneered modern and simplistic design in furniture. Ward Bennett began his design journey in the clothing industry in New York City. At age 13 he quit school to begin designing clothing and at 16 left New York City for Europe. Mostly self taught, Ward Bennett eventually returned to New York City where he designed furniture and interior layouts for some of the most recognizable names of that era: David Rockefeller, Chase Manhattan Bank, Rolling Stone founder Jann Wenner, Lyndon B Johnson, and more. While his designs are certainly beautiful, modern works, above all Ward Bennett focused on comfort and functionality, always striving for the perfect user experience. Bennett often incorporated industrial elements in his designs and shied away from excess, relying on simple, elegant and functional forms to carry his work. During the 1980s Bennett partnered with Geiger international, eventually becoming responsible for the creative direction of the company during the 1980s and 1990s. Today some of his most iconic pieces, like the Scissor and Sled Chairs are proudly produced by Geiger, preserving Bennett's work while holding true to his principles of simplicity and comfort.
Shipping & Delivery
The Sled Base Credenza comes with free standard shipping for destinations within the contiguous United States.
Package Dimensions:
30.5" x 41.5" x 22.5"
Package Weight:
136 lbs
Shipping Time:
Orders usually ship 10 weeks after the date of purchase, arriving 1-2 weeks after that.
Product Q&A
If you have any questions regarding Smart Furniture's policies in general, please see our FAQs page.
Product Q&A
The Ward Bennett Sled Base Credenza comes with a 12-year manufacturer's warranty.


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To the editor:
It is said that everyone loves a parade, and judging from the turnout for the Eastern Gateway Community College Christmas Parade in Steubenville on Saturday, that seems to be the case. With Grand Marshal Rich Donnelly leading the parade and Santa Claus as the finale, it was a great way to open the holiday season.
This year's parade was a cooperative effort: a collaboration of people and organizations and businesses who eagerly worked together to bring joy and excitement to the community.
All of us on the events committee want to express our gratitude to the many people who participated in the Sights and Sounds of Christmas Parade. Melodious marching bands, agile dance groups, well-trained animals, decorated vehicles and imaginative and colorful floats drove away the clouds and rain to make it a memorable event.
Special thanks go to the following businesses, individuals and organizations who donated their time, resources and assistance to make the parade a success: WTOV-TV, the Jefferson County Chamber of Commerce and the Chamber Ambassadors, Eastern Gateway Community College and Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Trinity Health System, the Steubenville Visitors Center, the Herald-Star, the city of Steubenville Street Department and Police Department, Jefferson Security, the Steubenville Lions Club, Nelson Fine Arts & Gifts, Steubenville City Schools, Froehlich's Classic Corner, the JB Green Team, Lauttamus Communications, Team Automotive, Ohio Valley Audio, Mike Seachman of WTOV-TV, Casey Wyckoff, Don Richardson, Terry Papola, Patrick McLaughlin, Gretchen Nelson, Susan Probert and all the shopkeepers along Fourth Street who decorated their windows.
For those who missed the parade or who were in it and unable to see the entire pageant, WTOV-TV will be rebroadcasting it on Christmas Day at 4:30 p.m.
We also commend the efforts of Scott Dressel and his "Save the Grand" committee who provided an extra attraction for the day in the renovated lobby.
I personally want to say thank you to my fellow members of the events committee who willingly met on many early mornings to plan the parade: Tim McCoy, Sue Hershey, Ann Koon, Anita Jackson, Cathy Davison, Domenick Mucci, Mark Nelson, Rikki Kamarados, Jerry Barilla and Mary Snyder. It was a pleasure to have such committed and capable men and women on our team.
And finally, I offer a thank you to all who viewed the parade, whether in person, on TV or via the Internet, and have given us such enthusiastic feedback. With your encouragement and support, we will surely see many more positive efforts in the community.
Judith Bratten


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News Releases
COLUMBIA, Mo., Aug. 4 - Kevin Palmer has been named vice president of Enrollment and Marketing at Columbia College. In this newly created position, Palmer will oversee the college's enrollment management, marketing and admissions departments, which were previously separate areas.
"In an effort to streamline operations, the college will consolidate the functions of Enrollment Management, Marketing and Admissions into one division, led by Kevin," said Dr. Scott Dalrymple, president of Columbia College. "I have every confidence in Kevin. He is a deep thinker about higher education - particularly about enrollment and marketing issues. He is also a quick study with a keen eye for processes."
Prior to this role, Palmer served as chief information officer and vice president of information technology at the college.
"I'm honored to lead Columbia College's enrollment and marketing efforts," Palmer said. "During my time at the college, I've had an opportunity to get to know my future colleagues, and found them to be talented, passionate individuals who understand the essence of this institution. By working under one roof, I believe we will be more innovative, strategic and nimble in our approach to the recruiting process."
Palmer holds a master's degree in business administration from Fontbonne University and a bachelor's degree in information systems from Maryville University. Palmer also holds executive certificates in management, leadership, innovation and strategy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Sloan School of Management. Prior to his work at Columbia College, Palmer served as the chief information officer for the Francis Howell School District in St. Charles, Missouri, and was an adjunct professor, vice president and chief information officer at the St. Louis College of Pharmacy.
The college will begin a national search for a new director of Information Technology immediately.
Founded in 1851 in Columbia, Missouri, Columbia College has been helping students advance their lives through higher education for more than 160 years. As a private, nonprofit, liberal arts and sciences institution, the college takes pride in its small classes, experienced faculty and quality educational programs. With more than 30 Nationwide Campuses across the country, 18 of which are on military installations, students may enroll in day, evening or online classes. The college is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and is a member of the North Central Association. Columbia College educates more than 31,000 students each year and has more than 80,000 alumni. For more information, visit www.ccis.edu.


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Translation of "thermal" - English-Mandarin Chinese dictionary
(Translation of "thermal adjective" from the Cambridge English-Chinese (Simplified) Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
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the soft, thick hair that grows on the bodies of sheep and some other animals
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"Raising awareness is critical in the fight against breast cancer around the globe," said Saudi Ambassador Adel bin Ahmed Al-Jubeir. "The Kingdom continues to focus significant efforts alongside the international health community to fight the disease."
"A National Awareness Campaign to Combat Breast Cancer was inaugurated in Riyadh in October to coincide with international Breast Cancer Awareness month," said Batool Alshomrani, the daughter of the Zahra Breast Cancer Association co-founder Dr. Suad Bin Amer. "This campaign is led by Princess Hessah bint Trad Al-Shaalan, the Honorary President of the Zahra Breast Cancer Association and wife of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, and Princess Rima bint Abdullah bin Abdulaziz."
The Zahra Breast Cancer Association was created in 2007 by a group of women in Saudi Arabia with Princess Haifa Al-Faisal as Honorary Chairperson. The name "Zahra" is in honor of co- founder Dr. Suad Bin Amer's mother, Zahra bint Ali, who died as a result of breast cancer.
In Saudi Arabia, breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and the No. 1 cause of death of women in the region. As a result, working toward a cure for breast cancer has become a top priority of the Saudi government.


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STEUBENVILLE - The "Sights and Sounds of Christmas" will be evident along Fourth Street in downtown Steubenville on Saturday when the Eastern Gateway Community College Steubenville Christmas Parade kicks off at noon.
Nearly 90 entries will move along Fourth from North Street to Adams Street. The parade will be broadcast live on WTOV-TV and streamed on wtov9.com. The broadcast will include closed-captioning. The parade will be rebroadcast near Christmas, according to officials.
Rich Donnelly, a native of Steubenville, will lead the parade as grand marshal. A 44-year baseball veteran, he is in his 28th year with the big leagues. Currently with the New York Mets, Donnelly is especially remembered for his years with the Pittsburgh Pirates
Article Photos
PARADE PREPARATIONS — The Steubenville Events Committee is making final plans for the 2012 Eastern Gateway Community College Steubenville Christmas Parade set for noon on Saturday in downtown Steubenville. More than 90 units will parade along Fourth Street from North Street to Adams Street. Working on the "Sights and Sounds of Christmas" event are, front, from left, Sue Hershey, Steubenville Chamber of Commerce president; Judy Bratten of Historic Fort Steuben and Steubenville Visitors Center; and Ann Koon of EGCC; back, Anita Jackson of Franciscan University of Steubenville; Jerry Barilla, Historic Fort Steuben; Mary Snyder, Steubenville Visitors Center; Tim McCoy, WTOV-TV; and Rikki Kamarados, Downtown Bakery and Steubenville Lions. Other members include Cathy Davidson, city manager; Domenick Mucci, mayor; Keith Murdock, Trinity Health System; and Mark Nelson, Nelson Fine Arts.
Although too numerous to list all the entries, some highlights include bands from Steubenville High School, Catholic Central High School, Weir High School, Edison High School and Harding Middle School. Mickey and Minnie, motorcycles, floats, homecoming queens, Baron Von Steuben, cheerleaders, Scouts, a Dean Martin impersonator, bell choir, mud trucks and Trick Riding with two horses will appear in this year's event.
The Jefferson County Chamber of Commerce, the Steubenville Visitors Center and WTOV-TV are sponsoring the parade with the aid of the Steubenville Events Committee.
"We are very excited to present one of the largest parades in recent history in Steubenville," said Judy Bratten of the Historic Fort Steuben and Steubenville Visitors Center. "Our committee and especially Anita Jackson worked very hard to attract a wide variety of entries for the parade. There is a wonderful mixture."
Children coming to the parade should bring a bag for collecting candy that will be handed out along the parade route. Parents are reminded to keep children back from the street along the parade route for safety reasons.
During the parade, the lobby of the Grand Theater at 121 S. Fourth St. will be open for viewing from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Visitors can see the progress being made on the theater's restoration project.


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Aortic Stenosis (cont.)
Daniel Lee Kulick, MD, FACC, FSCAI
Dr. Kulick received his undergraduate and medical degrees from the University of Southern California, School of Medicine. He performed his residency in internal medicine at the Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center and a fellowship in the section of cardiology at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center. He is board certified in Internal Medicine and Cardiology.
William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.
In this Article
- Aortic valve stenosis facts
- What is aortic stenosis?
- What causes aortic stenosis?
- How does aortic stenosis affect the left ventricle pump?
- What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis?
- What might the doctor find in patients with aortic stenosis?
- How is aortic stenosis diagnosed?
- How is aortic stenosis treated?
- Find a local Cardiologist in your town
How does aortic stenosis affect the left ventricle pump?
Symptoms and heart problems in aortic stenosis are related to the degree of narrowing of the aortic valve area. Patients with mild aortic valve narrowing may experience no symptoms. When the narrowing becomes significant (usually greater that 50% reduction in valve area), the pressure in the left ventricle increases and a pressure difference can be measured between the left ventricle and the aorta. An easy way to conceptualize the size issues is to think of a normal aortic valve as being about a "half-dollar" size in diameter, and a significantly narrowed valve to be less than a "dime" in size. To compensate for the increasing resistance at the aortic valve, the muscles of the left ventricle thicken to maintain pump function and cardiac output. This muscle thickening causes a stiffer heart muscle which requires higher pressures in the left atrium and the blood vessels of the lungs to fill the left ventricle. Even though these patients may be able to maintain adequate and normal cardiac output at rest, the ability of the heart to increase output with exercise is limited by these high pressures. As the disease progresses the increasing pressure eventually causes the left ventricle to dilate, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and heart failure.
What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis?
The major symptoms of aortic stenosis are:
In a low percentage of the patients with aortic stenosis, the first symptom is sudden death, usually during strenuous exertion.
The exact reason for sudden death is unknown. It may be due to heart rhythm abnormalities secondary to inadequate blood flow through the narrowed aortic valve into the coronary arteries of the heart. Insufficient oxygen to the inner lining of the heart muscle occurs do to the lack of blood flow to the coronary arteries, particularly during strenuous exercise. Lack of oxygen in the heart muscles causes chest pain and possibly abnormal heart rhythms.
Chest pain is the first symptom in one-third of patients and eventually occurs in one-half of patients with aortic stenosis. Chest pain in patients with aortic stenosis is the same as chest pain (angina) experienced by patients with coronary artery disease. In both of these conditions, pain is described as pressure below the breast bone brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. In patients with coronary artery disease, chest pain is due to inadequate blood supply to the heart muscles because of narrowed coronary arteries. In patients with aortic stenosis, chest pain often occurs without any underlying narrowing of the coronary arteries. The thickened heart muscle must pump against high pressure to push blood through the narrowed aortic valve. This increases heart muscle oxygen demand in excess of the supply delivered in the blood, causing chest pain (angina).
Fainting (syncope) related to aortic stenosis is usually associated with exertion or excitement. These conditions cause relaxation of the body's blood vessels (vasodilation), lowering blood pressure. In aortic stenosis, the heart is unable to increase output to compensate for the drop in blood pressure. Therefore, blood flow to the brain is decreased, causing fainting. Fainting can also occur when cardiac output is decreased by an irregular heart beat (arrhythmia). Without effective treatment, the average life expectancy is less than 3 years after the onset of chest pain or syncope symptoms.
Shortness of breath from heart failure is the most ominous sign. It reflects the heart muscle's failure to compensate for the extreme pressure load of aortic stenosis. Shortness of breath is caused by increased pressure in the blood vessels of the lung due to the increased pressure required to fill the left ventricle. Initially, shortness of breath occurs only during activity. As the disease progresses, shortness of breath occurs at rest. Patients can find it difficult to lie flat without becoming short of breath (orthopnea). Without treatment, the average life expectancy after the onset of heart failure due to aortic stenosis is between 6 to 24 months.
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