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Terms & Conditions - General Conditions of Carriage (Passenger and Baggage)
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General Conditions of Carriage (Passenger and Baggage)
Miles & More条款与细则
Miles & More航程奖励
General Conditions of Carriage (Passenger and Baggage) - Part I
Frankfurt, November 2014
Deutsche Lufthansa Aktiengesellschaft
Part II
Article 1: Definitions
Article 2: Applicability
Article 3: Tickets
Article 4: Fares, Taxes, Fees and Charges
Article 5: Reservations
Article 6: Check-in and Boarding
Article 7: Right to refuse Carriage
Article 8: Baggage
Article 9: Schedules, Delays, Cancellation of Flights
Article 10: Refunds
Article 11: Conduct Aboard Aircraft
Article 12: Arrangements for Additional Services
Article 13: Administrative Formalities
Article 14: Liability for Damage
Article 15: Time Limitations for Claims and Actions
Article 16: Other Conditions
Article 17: Shorttitles
Article 1: Definitions
In these Conditions, except where the context otherwise requires or where it is otherwise expressly provided, the following expressions have the meanings respectively assigned to them, that is to say:
Airline Designator Code
means the two-characters or three letters which identify particular air carriers.
means all articles intended for passenger use. Unless otherwise specified, it shall include both checked and unchecked baggage of the passenger.
Baggage Check
means those portions of the ticket which relate to the carriage.
Baggage Tag
means a document issued by Carrier solely for identification of checked baggage, the baggage (strap) tag portion of which is attached by Carrier to a particular article of checked baggage and the baggage (identification) tag portion of which is given to the passenger.
"Carrier " or "Operating Carrier"
means an air carrier other than ourselves, whose Airline Designator Code appears on your Ticket or on a Conjunction Ticket.
Checked Baggage
means Baggage of which we take sole custody and for which we have issued a Baggage Tag.
Check-in Deadline
means the time limit specified by the airline by which you must have completed check-in formalities and received your boarding pass.
Code Share
means carriage by air which will be operated by another carrier as indicated in the ticket.
For passengers who will be traveling on an itinerary operated by one of Lufthansa's Code Share partners, please see Article 2.3 for a discussion of rules that may differ from the rules described in this rule.
Conditions of Contract
means those statements contained in or delivered with your Ticket or Itinerary/Receipt, identified as such and which incorporate by reference these Conditions of Carriage and notices.
Conjunction Ticket
means a Ticket issued to you with relation to another Ticket which together constitute a single contract of carriage.
means whichever of the following legal foundations is/are applicable:
• the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, signed at Warsaw on October 12, 1929;
• the Warsaw Convention as amended at The Hague on September 28, 1955;
• the Warsaw Convention as amended by Additional Protocol No. 1 of Montreal (1975);
• the Warsaw Convention as amended at The Hague and by Additional Protocol No. 2 of Montreal (1975);
• the Guadalajara Supplementary Convention (1961)
• the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air signed at Montreal on 28 May 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Montreal Convention).
Contracting Carrier
means the Carrier with which the Passenger has concluded a Contract of Carriage and for which the Airline Designator Code appears on the Ticket.
means both a paper Flight Coupon and an Electronic Coupon, each of which entitle you to travel on the particular flight identified on it.
includes death, wounding, or bodily injury to a passenger, loss, partial loss, theft or other damage, arising out of or in connection with carriage or other services incidental thereto performed by us.
mean calendar days, including all seven days of the week: provided that, for the purpose of notification, the day upon which notice is dispatched shall not be counted; and provided further that for purposes of determining duration of validity of a Ticket, the day upon which the Ticket is issued, or the flight commenced shall not be counted.
Electronic Coupon
means an electronic flight coupon or other value document held in our database.
Electronic Ticket
means the Itinerary/Receipt issued by us or on our behalf, the Electronic Coupons and, if applicable, a boarding document.
As described in Article 4.
Flight Coupon
means that portion of the Ticket that bears the notation "good for passage", or in the case of an Electronic Ticket, the Electronic Coupon, and indicates the particular places between which you are entitled to be carried.
Force Majeure
means unusual and unforeseeable circumstances beyond our control, the consequences of which could not have been avoided even if all due care had been exercised.
Itinerary Receipt
means a travel document or documents we issue to Passengers travelling on Electronic Tickets that contains the Passenger´s name, flight information and further notices relevant for the journey. This document is to be retained by the passenger and to be carried during the whole journey.
means any person, except members of the crew, carried or to be carried in an aircraft with our consent.
Passenger Coupon/Passenger Receipt
means that portion of the Ticket issued by us on our behalf, which is so marked and which ultimately is to be retained by you.
means a Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund.
means a scheduled stop on your journey, at a point between the place of departure and the place of destination.
means the published fares, charges and/or related Conditions of Carriage of an airline filed, where required, with the appropriate authorities.
For passengers who will be traveling on an itinerary operated by one of Lufthansa's Code Share partners, please see Article 2.3 for a discussion of rules that may differ from the rules described in this rule.
means either the document entitled "Passenger Ticket and Baggage Check" or the Electronic Ticket, in each case issued by us or on our behalf, and includes the Conditions of Contract, notices and coupons.
Unchecked Baggage
means any of your Baggage other than Checked Baggage.
means Deutsche Lufthansa Aktiengesellschaft.
means any person, except members of the crew, carried or to be carried in an aircraft pursuant to a ticket. (See also definition for "Passenger".)
Article 2: Applicability
2.1. These Conditions are the Conditions of Carriage refered to in the ticket and except as provided in Articles 2.2., 2.4. and 2.5., our Conditions of Carriage apply only on those flights, or flight segments, where our name or Airline Designator Code (LH) is indicated in the carrier box of the Ticket for that flight or flight segment.
2.2. If carriage is performed pursuant to charter agreement, these Conditions of Carriage apply only to the extent they are incorporated by reference or otherwise, in the charter agreement or the Ticket.
Code Shares
2.3. On some services we have arrangements with other carriers known as "Code Shares". This means that even if you have a reservation with us and hold a ticket where our name or airline designator code (LH) is indicated as the carrier, another carrier may operate the aircraft. In the event of a Code Share, Lufthansa will advise you of the Carrier operating the aircraft at the time you make your reservation.
For Code Share services on flights operated by another carrier, these Conditions of Carriage shall apply to such transportation. However, Code Share partners may have rules with respect to the operation of its own flights, which may differ from LH's rules for flights operated by Lufthansa. Those rules are incorporated herein by reference and form a part of these Conditions of Carriage.
For the rules and regulations of Lufthansa Code Share partners we refer you to their websites or your travel agency.
You should review the rules for flights operated by another carrier under a Code Share agreement and familiarize yourself with such things as flight check-in time limits, requirements and policies regarding unaccompanied minors, carriage of animals, refusal to transport, oxygen services, irregular operations, denied boarding compensation and baggage allowance/acceptance among others.
Information about Lufthansa's Code Share Partners is available on our Website LH.com.
Overriding Law
2.4. These Conditions of Carriage are applicable unless they are inconsistent with our Tariffs or applicable law in which event such Tariffs or laws shall prevail.
If any provision of these Conditions of Carriage is invalid under applicable law, the other provisions shall nevertheless remain valid.
Conditions Prevail over Regulations
2.5. Except as provided in these Conditions of Carriage, in the event of inconsistency between these Conditions of Carriage and any other regulations of Deutsche Lufthansa AG, dealing with particular subjects, these Conditions of Carriage shall prevail.
Article 3: Tickets
General Provisions
3.1.1. We will provide carriage only to the Passenger named on the Ticket and only on presentation of a valid Ticket or, in the case of an electronic booking, of a valid ETIX deposit in the reservation system, which includes the flight coupon for the flight in question, all consecutive flight coupons and the passenger coupon.
3.1.2. A Ticket is not transferable.
3.1.3. Refunds for Tickets which are issued at reduced rates may be limited. For the terms please refer to the respective tariff conditions.
3.1.4. If you have a discounted Ticket, as described in 3.1.3. above and you are prevented from travelling due to Force Majeure, then provided that you have promptly advised us about, and furnished evidence of, such Force Majeure and the Ticket has not yet been used, we will even refund you the part of the fare which, as a general rule, is non-refundable.
3.1.5. The Ticket is and remains at all times the property of the issuing carrier.
The ticket constitutes prima facie evidence of the contract of carriage between the Contracting Carrier and the passenger. The Conditions of Contract contained in the ticket are a summary of the provisions of these Conditions of Carriage.
Requirement for Ticket
3.1.6. Except in the case of an Electronic Ticket, you shall not be entitled to be carried on a flight unless you present a valid Ticket issued on your name containing the Flight Coupon for that flight and all other unused Flight Coupons and the Passenger Coupon. In addition, you shall not be entitled to be carried if the Ticket presented is mutilated or if it has been altered otherwise than by us or our Authorised Agents. In the case of an Electronic Ticket, you shall not be entitled to be carried on a flight unless you provide positive identification and a valid Electronic Ticket has been duly issued in your name. A flight booking in the electronic reservation system of Deutsche Lufthansa AG is only made a) on request of the passenger by billing his card number (LH Customer Card, Credit Card) and b) by presenting his card at check-in.
Loss of Ticket or Customer Card
3.1.7. (a) In case of loss or mutilation of a Ticket or part of it by you or non-presentation of a Ticket containing the Passenger Coupon and all unused Flight Coupons, upon your request we will replace such Ticket or part of it by issuing a new Ticket, provided there is evidence, readily ascertainable at the time, that a Ticket valid for the flight(s) in question was duly issued. We may charge a reasonable administration fee but we will not charge the original fare again. We may further request you to sign an agreement to reimburse us for any costs and losses, up to the value of the original ticket, which are necessarily and reasonably incurred by us or another carrier for misuse of the Ticket. We will not claim reimbursement from you for any such losses which result from our own negligence.
3.1.7. (b) Where such evidence is not available or you do not sign such an agreement, the carrier issuing the new Ticket may require you to pay up to the full Ticket price for a replacement Ticket, subject to refund if and when the original issuing carrier is satisfied that the lost or mutilated Ticket has not been used before the expiry of its validity. If, upon finding the original Ticket before the expiry of its validity, you surrender it to the carrier issuing the new Ticket, the foregoing refund will be processed at that time.
3.1.7. (c) When a customer chooses to use a card number for access to his electronic ticket account (LH Customer Card, German Bankcard or Credit Card), any loss or theft of that respective Lufthansa Customer or Credit Card must be reported immediately by the owner to the appropriate Lufthansa office (all Lufthansa Call Centers) in addition to the report at the Bank or Credit Card Company. Once the card has been reported invalid, it cannot be released for use again. Costs arising from misuse of the card before its loss was reported to Lufthansa will be charged to the passenger. Liability rules with other card functions (for example credit card functions) remain unaffected.
Duty of Care
3.1.8. A ticket is valuable and you should take appropriate measures to safeguard it and ensure it is not lost or stolen.
Period of Validity
3.2.1. Except as otherwise provided in the Ticket, these Conditions, or a ticket, in which case the limitation will be shown on the Ticket), a Ticket is valid for:
126.96.36.199. (a) one year from the date of issue; or
184.108.40.206. (b) subject to the first travel occurring within one year from the date of issue, one year from the date of first travel under the Ticket.
3.2.2. When you are prevented from travelling within the period of validity of the Ticket because at the time you request reservations we are unable to confirm a reservation, the validity of such Ticket will be extended, or you may be entitled to a refund in accordance with Article 10.
Extension of Validity
3.2.3. If after having commenced your journey, you are prevented from travelling within the period of validity of the Ticket by reason of illness, we may extend the period of validity of your Ticket until the date when you become fit to travel or until our first flight after such date, from the point where the journey is resumed on which space is available in the class of service for which the fare has been paid. Such illness must be attested to by a medical certificate. When the flight coupons remaining in the Ticket involve one or more Stopovers, the validity of such Ticket may be extended for not more than three months from the date shown on such a certificate. In such circumstances, we will similarly extend the period of validity of Tickets of the other members of your immediate family accompanying you.
3.2.4. In the event of death of a Passenger en route, the Tickets of persons accompanying the Passenger may be modified by waiving the minimum stay or extending the validity. In the event of a death in the immediate family of a Passenger who has commenced travel, the validity of the Passenger's Tickets and those of his or her immediate family who are accompanying the Passenger may likewise be modified. Any such modification shall be made upon receipt of a valid death certificate and any such extension of validity shall not be for a period longer than forty-five (45) days from the date of death.
Changes Requested by Passenger
3.3.1. The travel data (flight date, flight number, point of departure and destination, passenger name) recorded on the Ticket are binding and may not be changed at all or, in some circumstances, only upon payment of a change of booking fee.
3.3.2. Should you wish to change any aspect of your carriage, you must contact us in advance. We would especially like to point out that while certain changes may involve increases to the flight price, others may not.
3.3.3. Should you have selected a Tariff which provides for compliance with a fixed Ticket sequence, please note:
if carriage is not used on all individual legs or not used in the sequence anticipated on the Ticket with otherwise unchanged travel data, we will recalculate the fare according to your altered routing. The fare will thereby be determined which you would have had to pay for your actual routing in your price group on the day of your reservation. This fare may be higher or lower than the fare you originally paid.
If the price group you originally booked was not available for the altered routing on the day of the booking, the cheapest available former price group for your altered routing will be taken as the basis for the recalculation.
If on the day of the booking for your altered routing, a higher fare would have been determined, we will subsequently recover the difference taking into account the fare already paid. Please note that we can make carriage dependent on whether you have paid this difference in price.
Provided the tariff conditions of your Ticket allow a refund and you have not used your Ticket for a single leg, you may refund your ticket in accordance with the tariff conditions. In this case you will lose any right of carriage.
This Article 3.3.3. does not apply for flights of consumers with place of residence in Austria.
3.3.4. For flights of consumers with permanent place of residence in Austria the following applies:
Should you have selected a Tariff which provides for compliance with a fixed Ticket sequence, please note: if carriage is not used on all individual flights or not used in the sequence anticipated on the Ticket with otherwise unchanged travel data, we will recalculate the fare according to your altered routing. This does not apply if you are unable to fly all individual flights or in the sequence anticipated on the Ticket due to force majeure, illness or for any other reason for which you are not responsible, and if you inform us about and substantiate the relevant reasons immediately after you become aware of them. In case of a recalculation the fare will thereby be determined which you would have had to pay for your actual routing in your price group on the day of your reservation. This fare may be higher or lower than the fare you originally paid.
If the price group you originally booked was not available for the altered routing on the day of the booking, the cheapest available former price group for your altered routing will be taken as the basis for the recalculation.
If on the day of the booking for your altered routing, a higher fare would have been determined, we will subsequently recover the difference taking into account the fare already paid. Please note that we can make carriage dependent on whether you have paid this difference in price.
Provided the tariff conditions of your Ticket allow a refund and you have not used your Ticket for a single leg, you may refund your ticket in accordance with the tariff conditions. In this case you will lose any right of carriage.
Name and Address of Carrier
3.4. Our name may be abbreviated to our Airline Designator Code, or otherwise, in the Ticket. Our address shall be deemed to be the airport of departure shown opposite the first abbreviation of our name in the "carrier" box in the Ticket.
Article 4: Fares, Taxes, Fees and Charges
4.1. The fare to be paid covers the cost of transporting you from the airport at the actual place of departure to the airport at the actual final destination. It is calculated in accordance with the tariff which is applicable on the day you book your ticket for the flight dates and itinerary shown on your ticket. Your fare does not include ground transport between airports or between airports and city centres. The fare may include carrier imposed charges
Taxes, Fees and Charges
4.2. Applicable taxes, fees and charges imposed by government or other authority, or by the operator of an airport, shall be payable by you. At the time you purchase your Ticket, you will be advised of taxes, fees and charges not included in the fare, most of which will normally be shown separately on the Ticket.
4.3. Subject to applicable law, fares and charges are payable in any currency acceptable to us, unless another currency is indicated by us or the applicable law. When payment is made in the country of departure in a currency other than the currency in which the fare is published, the exchange rate for such payment will be the banker's buying rate set by us on the day the ticket is issued.
Article 5: Reservations
Reservation Requirements
5.1. 5.1.1. Each Flight Coupon will be accepted for carriage only in the class of travel stated upon it for the day and flight for which there is a seat reservation. For Tickets where a seat reservation has not been booked, space may be later reserved if a seat is still available on the flight requested.
5.1.2. We or our Authorised Agent will record your reservation(s). Upon request we will provide you with written confirmation of your reservation(s).
5.1.3. Certain fares have conditions which limit or exclude your right to change or cancel reservations. For the individual terms please refer to the respective tarif conditions.
Ticketing Time Limits
5.2. If you have not paid for the Ticket prior to specified ticketing time limit, as advised by us or the travel agency which issued the Ticket, we may cancel your reservation.
Personal Data
5.3. You recognise that personal data has been given to us for the purposes of: making a reservation, purchasing a Ticket, obtaining ancillary services, developing and providing services, facilitating immigration and entry procedures, and making available such data to government agencies, in connection with your travel. For these purposes, you authorise us to retain and use such data and to transmit it to our own offices, the travel agency which issued the Ticket, government agencies, other Carriers or the providers of the above-mentioned services.
Reservation Requirements
5.4.1 Advance Seat Reservation. Advance Seat Reservation allows passengers to request a specific seat category (eg. window, aisle, middle, seat with more space) from a selection of available seats in their booked cabin class on domestic and international flights operated by Lufthansa. Advance Seat Reservation is subject to availability of requested seats. Depending on the seat category and for some booking classes charges apply for Advance Seat Reservation. There is no obligation for you to make an Advance Seat Reservation.
5.4.2 Complimentary Seat Reservation. In the case of complimentary seat reservations you may request an Advance Seat Reservation, without charge, at the time of check-in. We will endeavour to honour advance seating requests, however, we cannot guarantee any particular seat.
5.4.3 We reserve the right to assign or reassign seats at any time, even after boarding of the aircraft. This may be necessary for operational, safety or security reasons. If you purchased an Advance Seat Reservation and the flight is cancelled, or if seat changes are made by us for operational, safety, or security reasons we will refund the amount you paid for the seat reservation if your desired seat category is not available. If you cancel or rebook your ticket or purchase an upgrade or have made incorrect statements on your ability to sit on emergency exit seats the amount paid for the seat reservation will not be refunded.
Reconfirmation of Reservations
5.5.1. In general we do not require reconfirmation for Lufthansa flights. If other carriers require the passenger to reconfirm onward or return reservations, failure to comply with any such requirement will entitle the carriers to cancel the onward or return reservation.
5.5.2. You should check the reconfirmation requirements of any other Carriers involved in your journey with them. Where it is required, you must reconfirm with the Carrier whose Airline Designator Code appears for the flight in question in the Ticket.
Cancellation of Onward Reservation and Service Charge when Space not Occupied
5.6. A service charge may be payable by a passenger who:
5.6.1. fails to arrive at Carrier's check-in-location at the airport or other point of departure by the time fixed by Carrier (or if no time fixed, sufficiently in advance of flight departure to permit completion of government formalities and departure procedures) and therefore, does not use space for which a reservation has been made for him, or
5.6.2. appear improperly documented and, therefore, not ready to travel, and as a consequence thereof does not use space for which a reservation has been made for him, or
5.6.3. cancels his reservation later than the time limit for cancellation prescribed by Carrier. The service charge shall not be payable if, due to a flight delay or cancellation, or omission of a scheduled stop, or failure to provide space, the passenger cancels his reservation or, for one of the aforementioned reasons, fails to arrive in time for departure.
Article 6: Check-in and Boarding
6.1. Check-in Deadlines are different at every airport and we recommend that you inform yourself about these Check-in Deadlines and honour them. Your journey will be smoother if you allow yourself ample time to comply with Check-in Deadlines. We reserve the right to cancel your reservation if you do not comply with the Check-in Deadlines indicated. We or the travel agency which issued the Ticket will advise you of the Check-in Deadline for your first flight on us. Information on check-in deadlines for our flights is available on our website or at the travel agency where the air ticket was issued. Unless otherwise stated, passengers must check in no later than 45 minutes prior to flight departure.
6.2. You must be present at the boarding gate not later than the time specified by us when you check in.
6.3. We may cancel the space reserved for you if you fail to arrive at the boarding gate in time.
6.4. We will not be liable to you for any loss or expense incurred, which is caused solely by you due to your failure to comply with the provisions of this Article, or, if a codeshare flight, your failure to comply with the relevant rules of the Operating Carrier.
Article 7: Right to refuse Carriage
Right to refuse carriage
7.1. In the reasonable exercise of our discretion, we may refuse to carry you on your journey or onward journey if we have notified you in writing before the booking that we would not at any time after the date of such notice carry you on our flights. This may be the case if you have contravened the rules of behaviour stated in Articles 7 and 11 on an earlier flight and transporting you is therefore unacceptable. Furthermore, we are entitled to refuse to carry you on your journey or onward journey or to cancel your seat booking, if
7.1.1. this measure is necessary for reasons of security or public order or to avert infringement of any applicable laws or conditions governing flights from, into or over individual countries, or
7.1.2. the carriage of you causes security risks, health or discomfort for other passengers, or
7.1.3. the conduct, age, or mental or physical state, including your impairment from alcohol or drugs presents a hazard or risk to yourself, to passengers, to crew, or to property, or
7.1.4. you have committed misconduct on a previous flight, and we have reason to believe that such conduct may be repeated, or
7.1.5. you have refused to submit to a security check, or
7.1.6. you have not paid the applicable fare, taxes, fees or charges, or
7.1.7. you do not appear to have valid travel documents, may seek to enter a country through which you may transit, or for which you do not have valid travel documents, destroy your travel documents during the flight or refuse to surrender your travel documents to the flight crew, against receipt, when so requested, or
7.1.8. you present a ticket that has been acquired unlawfully, or has been purchased or obtained in breach of the Miles & More membership terms and conditions, or that has been reported as being lost or stolen, is a counterfeit, or if you cannot prove that you are the person named in the ticket, or
7.1.9. You withhold the payment of the difference in amount (surcharge) arising in accordance with 3.3.3 or you present a Ticket which has been issued other than by us or the travel agency which is authorized to issue Tickets, or which is significantly damaged;
7.1.10. you fail to observe our instructions with respect to safety or security,
7.1.11. you fail to observe the non-smoking rule on board our aircraft or use of electronic equipment on board which you are not allowed to.
Lufthansa will not be liable to you if we have exercised our right to refuse carriage according to this Article 7.1. Where Lufthansa has issued your ticket on behalf of another carrier pursuant to interline, codeshare or charter agreements, Lufthansa will not be liable to you if the Operating Carrier of the flight refuses to carry you on the flight.
Special Assistance
7.2.1. Acceptance for carriage of incapacitated persons, persons with illness or requiring special assistance has to be registered with us in advance. Passengers with disabilities who have advised us of any special requirements they may have at the time of ticketing, and been accepted by us, shall not subsequently be refused carriage on the basis of such disability or special requirements.
Carriage of Children
7.2.2. Children who have not yet reached their 5th birthday may only travel in the company of an adult of at least 18 years or brother or sister of at least 16 years. The carriage of unaccompanied minors (age between five and 12) requires prior arrangement with the carrier, together with payment of the published fee. Regulations governing the carriage of unaccompanied minors can be obtained from Carrier's sales offices.
7.2.3. Children may also travel in their own car-type safety seat on a seat in the cabin; for this, an additional seat must be booked for children under the age of two. The child's safety seat must secured with the aircraft seat belt during the entire flight. It must be suitable for use in the aircraft cabin. Otherwise, we are entitled to refuse to carry it on board. We do not accept any liability for any of the consequences, if the child's own safety seat is incorrectly secured, if it is not fit for purpose or for failure to comply with the instructions.
More information on travelling with children, especially the use in the cabin of suitable children's seats, is available under "Information and Service" on our LH.com website.
Recourse when Carriage Refused
7.3. The sole recourse of any person so refused carriage or whose reservation is cancelled for any reason specified in the preceding paragraph shall be recovery of the refund value, in accordance with Article 10.3.
Article 8: Baggage
Free Baggage Allowance and Excess Baggage
8.1. You may carry some Baggage, free of charge, subject to our conditions and limitations, which are mentioned in the Ticket or are available upon request from us or the travel agency which issued the Ticket. You will be required to pay a charge for carriage of Baggage in excess of the Free Baggage Allowance. For flights with Lufthansa designator code operated by another carrier (Code Share) the Free Baggage Allowance is indicated on the ticket; Excess Baggage fees are subject to the operating carrier's terms and conditions. These rates are available from us or the travel agency which issued the Ticket upon request. The weight of each piece of baggage may not exceed 32 kilograms.
Baggage from strangers
8.2. You should refuse to carry, in the checked or the unchecked baggage, packages or objects received from strangers.
Items Unacceptable as Baggage
8.3.1. You must not include in your Baggage:
184.108.40.206. items which are likely to endanger the aircraft or persons or property on board the aircraft, such as those specified in the ICAO or IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations which are available from us or the travel agency which issued the Ticket by request. Especially the following items are unacceptable as baggage: explosives, compressed gases, corrosives, oxidizing, radioactive or magnetized materials, materials that are easily ignited, poisonous, offensive or irritating substances, and liquids of any kind (other than liquids in passenger's unchecked baggage for his use in the course of the journey);
22.214.171.124. items the carriage of which is prohibited by the applicable laws, regulations or orders of any state to be flown from or to;
184.108.40.206. items which are reasonably considered by us to be unsuitable for carriage because they are dangerous, unsafe or by reason of their weight, size, shape or character, or which are fragile or perishable having regard to, among other things, the type of aircraft being used. Information about unacceptable items is available from us or the travel agency which issued the Ticket upon request.
8.3.2. If you are in possession of, or your baggage includes (a) weapons of any kind, in particular side arms and sprays used for offensive or defensive purposes, (b) munitions and explosives, (c) articles which, judging by their outward appearance or markings, appear to be weapons, munitions or explosives, you have to present them to us for inspection, prior to commencement of carriage. We accept such articles for carriage only if they are carried as cargo or checked baggage in accordance with the regulations governing carriage of dangerous goods. Sentence 2 shall not apply to police officers who, in performance of their official duties, are required to carry arms. During the flight they shall hand over their arms to the pilot in command.
8.3.3. Firearms and ammunition other than for hunting and sporting purposes are prohibited from carriage as Baggage. Firearms and ammunition for hunting and sporting purposes may be accepted as Checked Baggage. Firearms must be unloaded with the safety catch on, and suitably packed. Carriage of ammunition is subject to ICAO and IATA regulations as specified in 126.96.36.199.
8.3.4. We are not liable for any items referred to in 8.3.1 and 8.3.2. if these, despite being prohibited, are deliberately included in your baggage.
Right to Refuse Carriage
8.4.1. Subject to paragraph 8.3.2 and 8.3.3., we will refuse to carry as Baggage the items described in 8.3., and we may refuse further carriage of any such items upon discovery.
8.4.2. We may refuse to carry as Baggage any item reasonably considered by us to be unsuitable for carriage because of its size, shape, weight, content, character, or for safety or operational reasons, or the comfort of other passengers. Information about unacceptable items is available upon request.
8.4.3. We may refuse to accept Baggage for carriage unless it is in our reasonable opinion properly and securely packed in suitable containers.
Search of Passengers and Baggage
8.5. If the passenger is unwilling to comply with a request to permit a search to be made of his person or his baggage to determine the presence of articles which are inadmissible according to or which have not been presented in accordance with paragraph 8.3. We may refuse to carry the passenger or his baggage and in that event we shall be under no liability to the passenger except to refund him in accordance with Article 10.3. of these Conditions of Carriage.
Checked Baggage
8.6.1. Upon delivery to us of baggage to be checked we shall take custody thereof. We will there upon make an appropriate entry on the ticket which act shall constitute the issue of the baggage check. Baggage (identification) tags that may be issued by us in addition to the baggage check are for identification purposes only.
8.6.2. Checked Baggage must have your name or other personal identification affixed to it.
8.6.3. Checked Baggage will, whenever possible, be carried on the same aircraft as you, unless we decide for safety, security or operational reasons to carry it on an alternative (if possible the next) flight. If your Checked Baggage is carried on a subsequent flight we will deliver it to you, unless applicable law requires you to be present for customs clearance. Article 14 (Liability for Damage) remains unaffected.
Unchecked Baggage
8.7.1. We may specify maximum dimensions for Baggage which you carry on to the aircraft. If we have not done so, Baggage you carry onto the aircraft must fit under the seat in front of you or in an enclosed storage compartment in the cabin of the aircraft. If your Baggage cannot be stored in this manner, or is of excessive weight, or is considered unsafe for any reason, it must be carried as Checked Baggage.
8.7.2. Objects not suitable for carriage in the cargo compartment (such as delicate musical instruments), and which do not meet the requirements in 8.7.1. above, will only be accepted for carriage in the cabin compartment if you have given us notice in advance and permission has been granted by us. You may have to pay a separate charge for this service.
Delivery of Checked Baggage
8.8.1. You are required to collect your Checked Baggage as soon as it is made available at you destination or stopover.
8.8.2. We shall deliver checked baggage to the bearer of the baggage check upon payment of all unpaid sums due to us under the Contract of Carriage.
8.8.3. If a person claiming the baggage is unable to produce the baggage check and identify the baggage by means of a baggage (identification) tag - if one has been issued - we will deliver the baggage to such person only on condition that he establishes to our satisfaction his right thereto.
Pets and Assistance Dogs
8.9.1. The acceptance of pets (dogs, cats and other animals) for transport is subject to our approval and the following conditions:
The animals shall be properly crated and accompanied by valid health/vaccination certificates, entry permits, and other documents required by the countries of entry or transit. We reserve the right to determine the manner of carriage and to limit the number of pets which may be carried on a flight.
8.9.2. The weight of pets, containers and food, shall not be included in the free baggage allowance of the passenger. Its transportation shall be paid for at the rate applicable to excess baggage.
8.9.3. A recognized assistance dog required by the passenger will be accepted without charge for transportation in the cabin to the extent feasible; please take note of Article 8.9.5
8.9.4. On flights to or from the USA you may take along an Emotional Support or Psychiatric Service dog in the cabin, without charge if the following requirements are met:
Passengers travelling with an emotional support or psychiatric service dog shall provide current documentation (i.e., not older than one year from the date of the Passenger's scheduled initial flight) to LH on the letterhead of a licensed mental health professional (e.g., psychiatrist, psychologist, licensed clinical social worker, including a medical doctor specifically treating the passenger's mental or emotional disability) stating the following: (1) the passenger has a mental or emotional disability recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSMIV); (2) the Passenger needs the emotional support or psychiatric service dog as an accommodation for air travel and/or for activity at the Passenger's destination; (3) the individual providing the assessment is a licensed mental health professional and the Passenger is under his or her professional care; and (4) the date and type of the mental health professional's license and the state or other jurisdiction in which it was issued. LH reserves the right to authenticate any documentation presented.
Please take note of Article 8.9.5
If you are travelling with an assistance or emotional support dog, please contact us at least 48 hours' prior to the departure of your flight and present yourself at the check in at least 1 hour before the indicated check-in deadline.
8.9.5 Please note that it is essential for the safe and undisrupted operation of a flight that your animal is trained to behave properly in public settings. In order to travel with you in the cabin your animal must be obedient and behave properly. If your animal misbehaves you may be asked to put its muzzle on for the transport, your animal may be transported in the cargo compartment (if a kennel is available), or carriage may be denied.
Animals travelling with you in the cabin (including container for transport, if applicable) shall fit in the footspace of your seat and shall be appropriately secured during the entire stay on board.
8.9.6. You assume full responsibility for the safety, health, and conduct of your animal, and for compliance with all governmental requirements, regulations, or restrictions, including entry/exit permits and required health certificates of the respective countries, states, or territories.
You shall be liable for all expenses due to your failure to comply with this provision, as well as for any damage your animal causes, and you shall indemnify us against all liability whatsoever, unless caused by the gross negligence or intentional misconduct of LH.
Article 9: Schedules, Delays, Cancellation of Flights
9.1. Before we accept your booking, we will notify you of scheduled flight time in effect as of the time, and it will be shown on your Ticket. If you provide us with contact information, we will endeavour to notify you of any such changes. If, after you purchase your Ticket, we make a significant change to the scheduled flight time, which is not acceptable to you, you will be entitled to a refund in accordance with Article 10.2.
Cancellation, Rerouting, Delays, etc.
9.2. We will take all necessary measures to avoid delay in carrying you. In the exercise of these measures and in order to prevent a flight cancellation we may arrange for a flight to be operated on our behalf by an alternative carrier and/or aircraft.
9.3 In the event of a flight delay, cancellation, or diversion, Lufthansa will provide the most current information available to customers in the airport or onboard an aircraft in a timely manner. Flight information may also be obtained by visiting the Lufthansa web site (LH.com/us).


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A little advice on starting a career, if you don't mind!
My name is Adam Reynolds, I recently graduated a 3 year computer programmer analyst course from St Lawrence College.. (your basic programming for business course).. I took all kinds of weird stuff like accounting, marketing, presentation skills, as well as a lot of programming and design classes. Particularly, we did a lot of mainframe stuff (using CMS/MVS to program COBOL, submitting with JCL), VB, and 2 great courses on C++.
Honestly - Since I was a kid, I've DREAMED of being a gameplay programmer.. when I was young I would play online text-based RPGS (called MUD's), using telnet to connect, for hours and hours.. in fact, when I was 14, I started programming my own mud (with C) using my dad's work account on his employers linux server. I hosted my MUD on the Ottawa Carleton Freenet for more then 600 people and it stayed alive for years. I'm only 22 now, but I've been gaming since I got a commodore 64 when I was 4 (playing titles like "Up and Down", "Phantasy Star", "Choplifter", "Beach Head"). I have a passion for gaming.. it's in my heart. As I got a little older though, I went through some rough times and I lost sight of my dream.. I stopped pushing myself to learn more about gameplay programming, and sort of started coasting through high school. Afterwards, it seemed like my only choice was to go to St Lawrence and take this course.. I figured, "I love computers, and programming - and I'm really good at it.. I might as well do something to get a piece of paper that proves it."
Now that I've gotten a formal education, I was thinking maybe I could look into starting a career in the field, but the more I read, the more I learn that these companies aren't looking for new graduates with semi-unrelated diplomas - they want people who come from gaming schools and who already have a lot of knowledge.
It's too late for me to do an internship.. I already did my placement with the Ontario Government (doing Mainframe programming - like JCL and COBOL for 4 months, and a year doing end user desktop support where I basically installed pgms, and fixed printers for clients).
I'm worried that I might have already passed up on my chance... I really don't want, and can't afford to go back to school and take a gaming course. I know I have the drive and talent to start my career now - but who's going to hire a "business programmer" in the gaming industry?
I just want the opportunity to impress the right person, but it feels like the right people are completely unreachable.. I KNOW I have what it takes.. and I want a chance so bad it hurts...
I've even tried applying for jobs and offering to work for free, in the hopes that I could impress someone.. but no one ever replies... its like they see where I'm from, and what I know, and just dismiss me...
Does anyone know how a government trained, business programmer could get on board in a gaming career? Or maybe how to get a chance to impress the right person?
Last edited by Aurican33 : 05-09-2007 at 06:40 AM. Reason: Added college info
Junior Member
Location: Monterey, CA
Hi Adam,
I am not working in the gaming industry yet, but aspire to. So, while I can't offer you any advice on that end, I can offer you some encouragement from someone a little bit older and wiser than you.
You are very young, and have your whole life ahead of you! While it might seem that you lost sight of your goal for a long period of time and now you are behind, in the scheme of things, you have plenty of time to make your dream come true.
From everything that I've read on this forum and in other articles, it seems like education isn't always what these employers are looking for. Rather, they are looking for talent. Talent that you've expressed that you have. You already have an experience in making an online gaming environment. I'm sure you can find a way to draw on that experience, and to put forth some effort to educate yourself.
There are a ton of books on programming games out there. If you really want to learn, and can't afford to go back to school, then how about buying a book and teaching yourself? Also, there are options to places like DigiPen and Full Sail. I can't afford to go to those schools either. But, you really should check out gameinstitute.com. They offer reasonably priced classes (~$130 for beginning courses) in game programming, and this is something I am considering. I've asked for feedback on these forums about this school and haven't gotten any (at least no one has said anything negative about it yet!), but hey, if that's your only choice, then go for it anyway. It's better than nothing.
One of the downfalls of youth is that often one wants instant gratification. The real world just doesn't work that way. You've figured out what you want. Now, make it happen. Just know that it might take some time and investment, and don't be too anxious for it to happen right away. Work in your field while you're working toward your goal. Just because you made a decision once doesn't mean that you don't have time to change your mind.
I'm 40, have a job in a completely different field (not even in programming), and have the same aspiration you do. Although I have some of the same worries you do, I refuse to let them stand in my way. I've asked questions here, so that I know what challenges might lie before me, but that is so I can be prepared to face them. In other words, don't be discouraged by your choices. Take the "bull by the horns".
Good luck to you. I hope you make your dream come true.
Junior Member
Hey thanks!
Thanks for the good encouragement! I'm just going keep plugging away at resumes and cover letters.. you never know - I might just get lucky. I hope you're right about schooling stuff.. If my education puts me where its supposed to - I'm going to be in a cubicle programming COBOL for the next 35 years.. I sure hope I'm not!
I'll definitely take a look into a few books too - I love to learn this stuff and now that I have a good grasp on programming in a Win32 environment, hopefully I can understand and even implement a few concepts.
I just wanted to say that I appreciate you going out of your way to answer me... it feels frustrating sometimes, and it gets the best of me.. I've been out of college for like a month and I've been applying for all sorts of systems programmer jobs for the last year and despite being top of my class, I'm getting turned down everywhere just because I don't have enough experience. I guess that's what life is all about.
Anyways, thank you for the encouragement.
Btw: I have a C++ rpg (about the same programming level as final fantasy 5) I worked on for a good 4 months for fun in my last year of school - do you think if I finished, optimized the code, fully tested, and made it available online that it would help my chances? (as sort of a portfolio or something)
Last edited by Aurican33 : 05-09-2007 at 07:30 AM. Reason: Spelling..
Junior Member
Location: Monterey, CA
In addition, I thought you might want to read this post, which talks about getting into the gaming industry via the QA route. Read the whole thread - there are people who talk about how they got hired on as programmers starting this way. Although it may be your goal to become a programmer, your expertise in code might help you work your way up from a more entry level position. Just something to think about - sometimes when you are starting out and changing careers (like me), you have to consider taking less money and doing a different task in order to get recognized for your true talent.
Best of luck to you!
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I want to try growing vegetables. What is an easy veggie to start with? I live in a climate with hot, dry summers and cool rainy winters.
Provided that you can provide enough water, tomatoes are not difficult to grow in summer. Just go to your local garden center and buy some varieties that look like you would want to eat them. If your weather is above 85 degrees, most tomatoes will flower but not set fruit. Find a variety that sets fruit in hot weather — perhaps something like HEATWAVE.
Several other questions address how to make inexpensive cages, pruning, and upside down potting.
If you're new to gardening in general, you might start off trying to grow your own herbs. Basil, mint, thyme, rosemary, and sage are all really easy to grow and handle neglect reasonably well. Most of the perennial herbs will handle a wide range of climates, and the annuals will generally self-sow quite happily (that may or may not be a good thing, depending on how you feel about them growing everywhere).
There's nothing like cooking with fresh herbs that you picked right before they went into the dish.
Bell peppers are pretty hard to get wrong, as are chilli peppers.
I am trying sugar snap peas for the first time this year, and I could have gone away for a couple of months for all the attention they've needed.
Good luck with the growing. Keep us informed how it goes using the community wiki.
Your cool wet winter will probably be a good time for the quick growing "spring" crops. The rain will make your watering job easier, and nothing is better for a beginner than quick gratification. For the hot, dry summers you are going to need to be diligent about irrigation, or else pick hardy plants. Most veggies really prefer consistent water.
Roughly in order of easier to harder:
Please note: my summers are hot and humid with occasional rain, so make sure to double check with local advice. Whatever you do, try to pick varieties that work well for your region. You should also take care to note the soil you will use (or amend) and the amount of sunlight your plants will get on most days. If you are buying your plants from a local gardening store, they should be able to give you detailed recommendations on which varieties will thrive with minimum fuss and when and where to plant.
Carrots are pretty easy. We planted some here (in Las Vegas) in February, then harvested them in mid-May. They like a steady amount of water and you have to watch out for aphids (soap spray works for those). I fed them every two weeks with an organic fertilizer and added coffee grounds and extra compost on occasion. They turned out great.
In California, my brother threw some cucumber seeds in the ground in April and we had nearly a cucumber every two days starting in July. They seem to grow extremely easily once established.
Other than cucumbers, like others, I would say tomatoes and Swiss Chard, which do decent in hot weather. I find other greens hard to grow since they bolt quickly in warm springtimes.
Your cool, rainy winters would be good for planting spinach and lettuce. Those vegetables like the cool weather, and if you have a lot of rain you won't need to worry about keeping them watered.
If you plant a small amount of lettuce and/or spinach every week or two, you can have a continuous harvest of salad greens for as long as the weather stays cool. Cut the leaves with scissors when they're the size of the "baby salad greens" mixes that you see in the store. If you leave an inch or two above the ground, it will regrow and you can get two harvests from them. (More than two harvests and they start to get bitter.) If you're planning to harvest baby greens, you can plant much closer than the instructions on the seed packet -- 2-4" apart instead of the 8-12" they may recommend.
What's "easy" will depend to some extent on what you have for pests in your area -- I've never had a problem with lettuce, but my spinach gets attacked by bugs a little bit, and the cabbage loopers will destroy my cole crops if I don't spray.
Pumpkins are pretty easy to grow from seed. They need a couple of square metres and apart from weeding around the plants and watering you just need to control their growth. Satisfying harvest almost guaranteed.
I have found the easiest to be spinach beet (perpetual spinach — it needs to be protected from slugs and well watered), followed by broad beans and sweet corn. Carrots can be difficult, as they are susceptible to a host of pests and diseases, including carrot fly and black rot. Onion sets are easy enough to grow, provided you avoid the red varieties, such as Red Baron, which have a tendency to bolt (go to seed) before they have fully swelled and, as a result, they don't store well.
peppers and tomatoes do well in warm weather as already suggested.
For cool, wet winters, you might have some success with potatoes if you do not get a frost. I've grown them in a Texas spring but it is a race to grow and water them before it gets too hot!
Beans and corn could also be worth trying. Corn is thirsty, but black beans don't seem to do too badly. I could never find the right time to pick corn (like eating pears, the window is very short!), but black beans seemed to be much more forgiving. I could also get two crops in a Texas summer by keeping half the first crop's beans and then planting them in August.
I live in Cape Town (mediterranean climate, hot dry summers, cool wet winters), and I have had success with Swiss Chard, tomatoes, bell peppers (sort of - they ripen too early), but these all need a quite a bit of watering. Fortunately, they recover from heat waves quite nicely. I've also got a blueberry bush in a large pot that seems to never need water (although its only ever produced 2 blueberries). Plants that seem to require less watering, and thrive in my garden, are: thai basil, common thyme, oreganum, sweet basil, lemon balm, mint, lavendar, lemon verbena, and a fig tree.
Unfortunately, I've never had success with salad greens - the slightest hint of a heat wave sends my lettuce and mustards bolting.


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IT Progress Report
The two documents linked below represent periodic progress reports on the goals of the Strategic Plan for Information Technology, completed by the Information Technology Steering Committee. The 2011 progress report is especially comprehensive, as it reviews the status of input from both the 2008 Gap Analysis for IT at Sacramento State and the original 2009 Strategic Plan for IT. The 2012 Progress report updates the status of information technology on campus for the period from January 2011 through April, 2012. This was an especially critical time period as major changes occurred in campus IT, accompanied by the unavoidable effects of our Great Recession. Both progress reports are a prelude to comprehensive review and revision of the Strategic Plan for Information Technology.


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When are population dynamics models useful? There seems to have been a lot of research about it, but how does it help? If I need data about how a population will evolve under what conditions, I need it because I need data for a decision (such as "can we kill 50% of population X without doing too much damage?"), right? But for that, the model needs to be aware of what causes what. And for that, I have to do experiments, right? Like "let's kill a significant amount of population X and see what happens in the next ten years". I really don't get it.
Population dynamics occupies a whole subset of mathematical biology. Perhaps the most pragmatic uses for modelling population dynamics come from the fields of epidemiology for modelling disease infection and transmission through a population (one such article), or ecology modelling things like forestation, fishing dynamics, predator-prey relationships (an example). Then there are more abstract uses, when you cannot measure a population to test a hypothesis because the labour is too intensive, or it's too costly, or no such surveillance mechanism exists. Theoretical models of population dynamics are built to gain an understanding of what the system as a whole may do under certain conditions. In this sense, population models are more of a theoretical exercise or a thought experiment.
Leonardo's already given you an excellent answer, but I thought I'd add my perspective. I'm a mathematical epidemiologist, so I'd at least like to believe these types of models are useful.
For me, there are a number of things population dynamics models are especially useful for:
Two previous answers listed many applications of population dynamics models. I want to add that they are also important for conservation of endangered species. For example classical stage-class model (Crouse et al 1987, free copy) indicate that the most effective way to protect sea turtles is reducing mortality of large juveniles.
Moreover, you don't have to perform such drastic experiments as killing 50% of a population to estimate your model parameters. Information about number of offspring, breeding success, natural mortality, etc can usually be gain without serious perturbation of wild populations. The number of individuals in every natural population fluctuates because of random reasons, so it is possible (but sometimes needs more field work) to calculate, (possibly nonlinear) regression between density of population and some demographic indicators and then extrapolate it to non-examined densities. For some small, short-living species it is sometimes possible to measure that correlations in laboratory or semi-wild conditions. For some long-living species, especially if they are sedentary, like trees, it may be better to compare specimens living in different distance from its neighborhoods. For poorly-known species it is possible to take missing information from related or similar species.
I'll throw one more application into the pot. Population dynamics also forms the foundations of population genetics, population ecology, and more recently plays an important role in frameworks such as evolutionary game theory and eco-evolutionary dynamics.
Here the models are also used as a type of theoretical exercise or thought experiment (as a previous answer suggests). In the development of evolutionary theory we simply cannot observe the process over the timescales we require to test the hypotheses we make. Thus, the development of population models allows us to explore 'possible worlds', as Robert May once put it, to see what kinds of adaptations or population structures we would expect to see, given the assumptions we put in.
We are also seeing an increasing number of population models and dynamical models used in conjunction with experiments on microbes in the field of experimental evolution. Here we can observe evolution in real time, and many of the assumptions about well-mixedness and large population sizes that are often made in modelling populations are actually fairly accurate.


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Gynecology deals with the health of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, vagina and ovaries. Our services focus on preventive care and regular screenings to keep you healthy. We take the time to talk with you about your health, your concerns and your goals.
Our well-woman health care providers provide the majority of your health care and refer you to appropriate specialists, if necessary. Well-woman care is provided by our OB/GYN and family medicine physicians as well as our certified nurse-midwives and nurse practitioners.
Even if you look and feel healthy, getting your annual well-woman exam is important to your health.
Well-woman care should be a regular part of your health care routine and for most women that means a once-a-year visit for a general health check. This visit could include a:
When should you see your well-woman care provider?
Results of your well-woman care can sometimes lead to the need for more specific care. Test results, symptoms you're having and findings from your health history can indicate a problem that requires a closer look. Our women's specialists have the expertise to address these concerns and treat them if necessary.
These conditions can include:
We offer selected women's health services at UI Hospitals and Clinics - Iowa River Landing. Located at the Coralville interchange on Interstate 80 (exit 242), UI Hospitals and Clinics - Iowa River Landing offers patients easy access, free parking, several amenities, and a state-of-the-art building for delivering outstanding patient care.
Our midwives provide gynecology services at UI Hospitals and Clinics - Iowa River Landing.


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Glass Cloche
- Summary
Provide an ideal growing environment for our edible mushroom logs—and a dramatic way to observe the growing process as they fruit—with our clear glass cloche. A hand-cut hole in the domed top allows for air circulation and preserves humidity. Simply follow the soaking instructions that come with your log, then place the prepared log on the wood base and cover it with the dome. Mist occasionally and you'll soon be enjoying your edible harvest!
- Protects and showcases edible mushroom logs as they fruit.
- Removable glass dome fits securely into grooves on the base.
- Wooden base has a protective lacquer finish.
- Dimensions & More Info
- 12 1/2" diam., 16 1/4" H; 9 lb.
- Made in China.
- Use & Care
- Hand-wash dome.
- Wipe base clean with a damp cloth.
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This item is shipped from our warehouse by UPS to arrive within five business days of our receiving your order.
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The shipping rate varies depending on your order total and shipping destination. View Shipping Options and Charges.
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For an additional charge of $17.50 per address, we can expedite delivery to most destinations. This service is not available for some oversize items, items shipped directly from the supplier (including perishable and custom-manufactured items), out-of-stock items and items to be shipped outside the contiguous 48 states.
Orders received by 9:00 p.m., Eastern time, Monday through Thursday will arrive the next business day; orders placed Friday through Sunday will arrive on the following Tuesday.
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At Williams-Sonoma, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction are our priority. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement.
If within 30 days, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value. An original receipt or gift receipt is required for all returns and exchanges. Returns with a gift receipt will be refunded in the form of a Merchandise Credit for the amount indicated on the gift receipt. Returns with original receipt will be refunded in the original form of payment, cash and check refunds over $100 will be issued as a company check (may take 14 business days from time of request).
For all cutlery returns (knife sets, single knives, cutting boards, knife sharpeners, and knife storage) please contact us at 888.922.4108 to initiate the return.
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Speaker, trainer, writer and mentor are just a few words to describe Uneeka Jay, the founder and CEO of Powerful U Media Group and Editor of PowermommyNation.com. She is married to an amazing man and has a blended family of thirteen children ranging in ages from 22 years old to 11 years old. Uneeka and her family live in the Greater Philadelphia area. Uneeka works as a senior executive at a medical device company and sits on the board of a small non-profit organization.


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Cherished time with her family
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Alien Anthology [Blu-ray] for $18.92
Price if after shipping and amazon conversion.
Site states region 2 but there are many reviews saying these are actually region free.
In the first chapter of the terrifying Alien saga, the crew of the spaceship Nostromo answers a distress signal from a desolate planet, only to discover a deadly life form that breeds within human hosts. Now the crew members must fight not only for their own survival, but for the survival of all mankind.
The terror continues as Ripley (Sigourney Weaver) returns to Earth after drifting through space in hypersleep for 57 years. Although her story about the alien encounter is met with skepticism, she agrees to accompany a team of high-tech marines back to LV-246... and this time it's war.
Alien 3
Alien Resurrection
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Is $18.92 worth it to chance whether or not the amazon description is correct or not? It doesn't state Region Free, so I am going to have to pass.
I mean, I could post a review stating that it is really the Harry Potter Box Set.. doesn't make it true
@devexityspace: Unless there are different releases over there, this is Region Free. I just received a set from Amazon UK (mine was slightly more than 20 dollars converted, about 13 GBP plus shipping originally). Works flawlessly in my PS3. Took about 3 weeks to arrive, Royal Mail. IMO, no real risk ordering these, especially considering the price differential.
The site says it's 17.49 GBP, not sure where the poster got 18.92 as a conversion from, it's going to be around 30 bucks I believe, with shipping. Still 20 dollars less than our Amazon.
Actually I see the difference, this is a 4 disc version, mine was the 6 disc anthology. Guess I got a couple extra Special Feature discs. My set, which is also available, also has this thing called Muthur Mode, that basically let's you bookmark special features as you watch the movies, then loads those specifically when you put in the Extras discs. It also acts as a movie overlay if you switch discs, so the player doesn't exit, which speeds up load times. Lot's of Weyland Yutani branding.
I like how you didn't put any descriptions after the first two.
I see 9.97 GBP, but even with my region free player would rather not have non-US region discs.
It's definitely region-free folks. I got my set a few weeks ago and in works flawlessly in by BD player.
the posted link is for a re-issued version of the set which only includes 4 discs. the original 6 disc version is also available on amazon.co.uk and looks like it's $30USD after shipping to USA (compared to $50 on amazon.com). the 6 disc version is listed on the site as region free and there is also a customer shot of the back of the case showing thats it's an all region set.
Does anybody know if this 4-disc set includes the additional "directors cut" of the original "Alien" and "Aliens"? Aside from that, I don't see much point in all the extra material; maybe it's just me....
I have the UK 6-disc set. It has a fold out set of coasters instead of the US's cheap book version with cardboard pockets.
It's region free and I have played the discs on multiple players including Sony with no issues.
Also, I enjoyed the extras. If you like enough to add it to your collection, I think it's worth paying a little bit more. I wish Star Wars had been handled this way in terms of theatrical and directors cut offerings.
No free two-day shipping for prime... I guess it makes sense. I'm still a little disappointed, but I can't wait to watch them on my big new led-tv! And if I can't find anyone to watch with me, I'll test out my 5.1 surround headphones. I'm such a consumer whore.
This is worth it for the Blu-Ray version of Aliens alone
Just as information,
Taken from the Product details, for this 4 disc set:
Region: Region B/2 (Read more about DVD/Blu-ray formats.)
2 - UK, Europe, Japan, South Africa and Middle East
Guess I am gonna show my nerd-dom and fan-dom for this series. There's an error in the description of Aliens. It says:
"The terror continues as Ripley (Sigourney Weaver) returns to Earth after drifting through space in hypersleep for 57 years. Although her story about the alien encounter is met with skepticism, she agrees to accompany a team of high-tech marines back to LV-246... and this time it's war."
The planet they went back to was actually LV-426 (not 246). C'mon Amazon, get it right!


text:
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Plum Owl Meadow Bedding By Baby's First


text:
Fire safety is everyone's responsibility. Fire can strike at any time and in any place without warning. Below are some best practices you can follow to maintain a safe environment and be prepared.
In the event of a fire, or if you smell smoke, the acronym R.E.A.C.T. provides a guide to follow:
R - remove persons in immediate danger.
E - ensure doors are closed.
A - activate the building alarm.
C - call the Fire Department (911, if in the US).
T - treat ALL fires as DANGEROUS.
Additional resources:
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) fire safety information
Department of Homeland Security fire safety


text:
GENESEO, N.Y. - The SUNY Geneseo Symphony Orchestra and Festival Chorus are joining forces for a program titled "AT SEA" Nov. 20 at 3 p.m. in the college's Wadsworth Auditorium. The concert is free and open to the public.
On the program are "Fingal's Cave Overture" by Felix Mendelssohn and two works by former Eastman of Music Director Howard Hanson: "A Sea Symphony" and "Song of Democracy."
James Walker, distinguished service professor of music, and student Louis Lohraseb, are orchestra conductor and assistant conductor, respectively. Gerard Floriano, professor of music, is director of the chorus.
"It's a coupling of three wonderful works, all with allusions to the sea," said Walker. "Mendelssohn's famous "Fingal's Cave Overture" begins the journey. Fingal's Cave is a sea cave in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. Mendelssohn was inspired to write the overture after hearing the sounds of the sea as it passed through the cathedral-like structure of the cave. The cave actually became a very popular tourist destination because of the overture!"
Hanson's inspiration for his "Sea Symphony" and "Song of Democracy" was the poetry of Walt Whitman with its many references and allusions to the sea. Hanson was a formidable force in American music. As the first director of the Eastman School of Music, he influenced and guided the path of hundreds of well-known American composers for many decades.
For more information on the concert, call 585-245-5824.
Media Contact:
David Irwin
Media Relations Manager
(585) 245-5516


text:
I wand to develop http client in Java for college project which login to site, obtain data from HTML data, complete and send forms. I don't know which http lib to use : Apache HTTP client - don't create DOM model but work with http redirects, multi threading. HTTPUnit - create DOM model and is easy to work with forms, fields, tables etc. but I don't know how will work with multi-threading and proxy settings.
Any advice ?


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One of the most controversial aspects of Star Trek is the idea touted in many episodes that there is no money in the 24th century. Somewhat surprisingly, fans who have no problem accepting the idea of faster than light travel, time travel, phaser weapons and subspace anomalies find that the idea of a society operating without money is 'unbelievable'!
As with many aspects of Star Trek, the creators of the show have been less than consistent in their approach to the use of money. Some episodes have statements that there is no money, whilst others have characters talking about how they have bought a particular item or service. This purpose of this article is to list the canon statements made regarding money and its use within the various incarnations of Star Trek and suggest possible interpretations which would paint a consistent picture of this aspect of the show. It is not my intention to explain how a future society could function without any form of currency; I do believe that this would be possible, but it's not what this is about.
The Original Series
In the original Star Trek series there are few comments concerning money, but there are occasional mentions. The first comes in the episode 'Mudd's Women'. At the beginning of this episode Harry Mudd is beamed aboard the Enterprise with three beautiful women. Whilst riding in a turbolift with Spock, asks if the First Officer is 'part Vulcanian' and when Spock replies in the affirmative the following conversation ensues :
|Mudd :
|"Ah well then a pretty face doesn't affect you at all does it! That is not unless you want it to. You can save it girls, this type can turn himself off from any emotion."
|Evie :
|"I apologise for what he said sir, he's so used to buying and selling people-"
|Mudd :
|"Oh, you beautiful galaxy! Oh that heavenly universe! Well girls, lithium miners! Don't you understand? Lonely, isolated overworked, rich lithium miners! Do you still want husbands? Hmm? Evie, you were going to be satisfied with a ship's captain? I'll get you a man who can buy you a whole planet!"
|Kirk :
|"A large deposit of diamonds on the surface; perhaps the hardest substance known in the universe. Beautifully crystallised and pointed, but they are too small to be useful as a weapon. An incredible fortune in stones, yet I would trade them all for a hand phaser, or a good solid club!"
|Vanderburg :
|"About three months ago we opened up a new level. Sensors gave us an unusually rich pergium reading. Not only pergium, anything you want. Uranium, cerium, platinum. The whole planet's like that - it's a treasure house!"
|Vanderburg :
|"Just wanted to tell you the eggs have started to hatch, Captain. First thing the little devils do is start to tunnel! We've already hit huge new pergium deposit. I'm afraid to tell you how much gold and platinum and rare earths we've uncovered."
|Kirk :
|"I'm delighted to hear that chief. Once mother Horta tells her children what to look for, you people are going to be embarrassingly rich!"
|Kirk :
|"The Federation has invested a great deal of money in our training, they're about due for a small return. We have two hours in which to do it."
|Uhura :
|"Are you selling them?"
|Bartender :
|"That's what we're trying to decide right now."
|Jones :
|"My friend, ten credits a piece is a very reasonable price, now you can see for yourself how much the lovely little lady appreciates the finer things."
|Bartender :
|"One credit a piece."
|Chekov :
|"He won't bite will he?"
|Jones :
|"Sir, transporting harmful animals from one planet to another is against regulations, or weren't you aware of that? Besides, Tribbles have no teeth!"
|Bartender :
|"All right, I'll double my offer; two credits."
|Jones :
|"Twice nothing is still nothing."
|Uhura :
|"Well if you're not going to take him I'm going to take him, I think he's cute."
|Bartender :
|"Four credits."
|Jones :
|"Is that an offer or a joke?"
|Bartender :
|"That's my offer."
|Jones :
|"That's a joke."
|Bartender :
|Jones :
|"I can see you're an honest man, I can tell you what I'm going to do. I'm going to lessen my price to eight and a half credits."
|Bartender :
|"You're talking yourself out of a deal friend. Six credits, not a credit more."
|Jones :
|"Seven and a half! Seven? All right you robber, six credits."
|Bartender :
|"Done, when can I have them?"
|Jones :
|"Right away."
|Uhura :
|"All right, what are you selling them for?"
|Bartender :
|"Well let me see little lady, six credits. I figure a reasonable mark-up for a reasonable profit, say ten percent mark-up, ten credits."
|Jones :
Star Trek IV
Later on during the evolution of Star Trek, Gene Roddenberry apparently decided that in the post-TOS era the Federation had progressed to a point at which most of the everyday problems of life had been solved. He projected a time in which people only worked to improve themselves and the rest of humanity. The first sign of this in terms of the Star Trek timeline came in Star Trek IV. During this movie, Kirk and his crew go back in time to late 1980s Earth in order to retrieve a pair of humpback whales. Shortly after his arrival, Kirk notes :
|Kirk :
|"They're still using money, we gotta find some."
|Taylor :
|"Don't tell me, they don't use money in the twenty third century."
|Kirk :
|"Well we don't."
Star Trek VI
At the beginning of the conference scene, Scotty declares that he has 'just bought a boat'. No details are given regarding whom he purchased it from ot what mode of payment were employed.
The Next Generation
Unfortunately, it is here that the contradictions started. The such came in the first season's final episode 'The Neutral Zone'. The Enterprise-D rescues three Humans who have been frozen in time for several hundred years. One of them is a stockbroker who is eager to check out how his accounts have been doing whilst he has been gone. Picard has some bad news for him :
|Picard :
|"A lot has changed in the last three hundred years. People are no longer obsessed by the accumulation of things. We have eliminated hunger, want, the need for possessions. We've grown out of our infancy."
|Sovak :
|"I have a proposal I believe you'll find most interesting."
|Vash :
|"Save your breath!"
|Sovak :
|"I'm willing to pay you your weight in gold in exchange for the disk. Is that not a generous offer?"
|Sovak :
|"Do you know how she acquired the disk in the first place?"
|Vash :
|Sovak :
|"I paid her to steal it! But instead she betrayed me and used my money to make her way here."
|Vash :
|"It didn't happen that way."
|Sovak :
|"She's a greedy and unscrupulous woman. A perfect mate for a Ferengi!"
|Vash :
|"Jean Luc, I'm afraid I haven't been entirely honest with you."
|Picard :
|"Forgive me if I don't act surprised."
|Vash :
|"Sovak did pay me to hand over the disk."
|Picard :
|"So you did steal it."
|Vash :
|"It wasn't stealing. The Professor had died; I had spent five years of my life tracking down the Utat!"
|Picard :
|"But you took Sovak's money?"
|Vash :
|"It was the only way I could afford to get to Risa! As for Sovak, he got exactly what he deserved."
|Soong :
|"Well what's so important about the past? People got sick, they needed money. Why tie yourself to that?"
Star Trek First Contact
Another statement is made regarding future Economics in this movie. Picard is wandering the Borg-infested Enterprise-E accompanied by Lilly, a Human from the year 2063. Lily is mightily impressed by the size of the ship, and the following dialogue takes place :
|Lilly :
|"It took me six months to scrounge up enough titanium just to build a four metre cockpit! How much did this thing cost?"
|Picard :
|"The economics of the future are somewhat different. You see, money doesn't exist in the 24th century."
|Lilly :
|"No money? You mean you don't get paid?"
|Picard :
|"The acquisition of wealth is no longer the driving force in our lives. We work to better ourselves and the rest of Humanity."
Deep Space Nine
Deep Space Nine makes an interesting set of contributions to the issue. There is frequent mention throughout the series of 'gold pressed latinum' as a valuable resource. So frequent, in fact, that I will not even attempt to list all mentions of it here - see 'Who Mourns For Morn?' for an episode which involves extensive use of latinum.
Latinum comes in at least five denominations - isiks, slips, strips, bars and bricks. In "Body Parts" we find out the exchange rate :
|Quark :
|"Five hundred bars of latinum, for the entire set. Come on Nog!"
|Rom :
|"That's ten thousand strips!"
|Quark :
|"Or one million slips."
|Jake :
|"Come on Nog!"
|Nog :
|Jake :
|"Why not?"
|Nog :
|"It's my money Jake. If you want to bid at the auction, use your own money."
|Jake :
|"I'm Human, I don't have any money."
|Nog :
|"It's not my fault your species decided to abandon currency based economics in favour of some philosophy of self enhancement."
|Jake :
|"Hey, watch it! There's nothing wrong with our philosophy. We work to better ourselves and the rest of Humanity."
|Nog :
|"What does that mean, exactly?"
|Jake :
|"It means... it means we don't need money."
|Nog :
|"Well if you don't need money then you certainly don't need mine."
Voyager has made a couple of interesting contributions to this issue. The first comes in 'The Gift', where the Janeway says the following to Kes :
|Janeway :
|"Ah! Tuvok's meditation lamp! I was with him when he got it, six years ago, from a Vulcan master - who doubled the price when he saw our Starfleet insignias."
|Paris :
|"Fort Knox--the largest repository of gold bullion in Earth's history. Over 50 metric tons, worth over $9 trillion U.S. dollars... When the New World Economy took shape in the late 22nd-century and money went the way of the dinosaur, Fort Knox was turned into a museum."
To summarise some of our data points :
By 2200 :
|Money goes 'the way of the dinosaur'.
2265 - 2267 :
|Credits in use within the Federation.
By 2286 :
|Kirk states that 'we' do not use money in his time.
2293 :
|Scotty buys a boat.
By 2364 :
|Picard states that greed has been eliminated.
2364 :
|The Ferengi offer bribes to Enterprise-D personnel, state that gold is precious.
2366 :
|Vash takes payment from a Ferengi, is later offered a further payment in gold.
2369 - 2375 :
|Humans on DS9 use money when dealing with Ferengi or other aliens.
2373 :
|Jake states that it is Humans who do not have money.
Picard states that money does not exist in the 24th century.
2374 :
|Quark states that gold is worthless.
One of the first conclusions here is that, contrary to popular belief, it was not actually during TNG that the fact that there was no money in the future was established. Picard says in 'The Neutral Zone' that people are no longer obsessed by the need to accumulate possessions, and that want has been eliminated, but he does not claim that there is no such thing as money. 'Captain's Holiday' shows that money does indeed still exist and is in use within the Federation else Vash would not have needed some to travel to Risa, a Federation planet.
During the series Soong comes closest to stating that there is no money by stating that it was something people needed in the past, but even he stops short. It's quite possible to interpret his words as meaning that all basic needs are supplied for free so you don't need money, but that it still exists for buying luxuries.
So the first definitive statement that 'we don't have money', in both the real and Trek timeline, actually comes from Kirk in Star Trek IV. This movie was produced in 1986, about a year before TNG debuted, so it seems that the move towards showing the future as a less capitalistic society came around this time. Roddenberry had relatively little creative input to the movies after 'Star Trek : The Motion Picture', but he did have a big influence on early TNG and so it seems at the very least that he was happy to endorse the idea that money played a much reduced part in the future.
The no money philosophy takes its first knocks during 'Captain's Holiday'. Vash is not positively stated to be Human in this episode, but Worf identifies her as such in 'Qpid'. Yet she is clearly motivated at least partially by greed. Further, the fact that she was unable to travel within the Federation without funds to buy passage destroys the idea that there is a Federation-wide no money policy.
Deep Space Nine has many examples of money being used, but as mentioned most of these are not a problem because they take place with Quark, who is not a Federation citizen. There are one or two examples of Humans wanting to acquire money, principally Tom Riker in 'Defiant' and Vash in 'Q Less', but Deep Space Nine contains no example of Humans buying or selling items between one another.
Deep Space Nine does have what is certainly the most pivotal episode in this whole debate, i.e. 'In The Cards'. Up to this episode the idea that the future has no money rests almost solely on Kirk's ST IV quote. It would be more than a little tempting to remove the whole problem by a creative 'reinterpretation' of this single quote. However, 'In The Cards' makes the most positive statement ever on the matter. It is not possible to interpret Jake as meaning that physical currency has been eliminated in favour of wireless transfers or some such, for Jake would still be able to bid on the baseball card no matter what form his money was in.
Voyager then makes another strong statement on the subject, not only confirming that money has become extinct but giving us an approximate date for this. Yet in 'The Gift', Voyager confirms that money is indeed still in use within the Federation.
First Contact complicates matters somewhat. It gives a strong "no money" statement, but it is a very general one; Picard doesn't limit his claim in any way, so he could be interpreted to mean that there is no money anywhere in the 24th century. Yet he can't mean this, because it's been shown many times that there are many non-Federation powers that still use money.
This apparently tangled web becomes a whole lot simpler to unravel when we consider Jake's 'In The Cards' statement more carefully. He does not state Federation citizenship as the reason he does not have money; rather it is specifically that he is a Human being. We can therefore make the assumption that Humans do not use money with one another, but only when dealing with aliens. This requires some creative interpretation of Picard's "First Contact" statement, but as mentioned we already have to assume that Picard was being somewhat over-general in claiming that there is no money in the 24th century. It's not so great a leap to say that his statement applied only to Humans rather than the Federation as a whole. In this light many of the apparent contradictions vanish. For instance, we can assume that Scotty bought his boat from an alien. Vash's dealings with the Ferengi, Riker winning money from Quark, the Vulcan merchant mentioned in 'The Gift', all cease to be a problem.
Indeed, after several years of talking about this issue I have yet to find a single example of one Human being using money in dealings with another Human being in any post-TOS episode of Star Trek.
Ironically, then, the biggest fly in the ointment then becomes TOS - the series that was the most consistent in its use of money! Paris's 'Dark Frontier' date of 'the late 22nd century' puts the abandonment of money at no later than 2199, which is still at least sixty years prior to TOS. So we have to find some way to reconcile this.
The simplest and neatest way is to say that Paris got his dates slightly mixed up, and actually the transition happened some time between 2267 and 2286. All the TOS references to money being used between Humans fall before this range and all the no money statements fall after it. However, this is not an ideal solution because it involves disregarding a canon statement.
Secondly, we could say that the move to no money happened in stages. Perhaps Paris was referring to the abandonment of physical cash in favour of payment via computer. This would still allow payments via computer 'credits' to exist during TOS. Then in the post-TOS era currency was abandoned altogether. One problem with this is explaining why the move to a computer-money society made the gold in Fort Knox worthless. So long as money of any form exists and gold remains rare, then the metal should retain its value. It's possible that the move to a computerised currency society happened concurrently with some advance which made gold valueless - cheap transmutation, for example. Perhaps the advent of replicators or some other method of manufacturing gold artificially could account for this. But this seems like a clumsy explanation; Paris certainly implied that it was the New World Economy's abandonment of money which made gold valueless, so it seems that this scenario is flawed.
Another way around the problem is to assume that Paris was talking only about Earth. We have already established that the no money thing only applies to Humans. Possibly it was a gradual conversion, with Earth changing over to a no-money economy prior to 2200. Paris does, after all, call it the 'New World Economy' rather than the 'New Human Economy'. If we go with this assumption then during TOS most Human planets may still have used money, including whichever ones Harry Mudd and Vanderburg came from. The difference between Earth Humans and others then mirrors the later difference between all Humans and other Federation citizens; Earth Humans would not use money when dealing with one another, but would do so when dealing with their non-Terran cousins. The rest of Humanity would eventually see the wisdom of the no money system and convert to it sometime between TOS and TNG.
Our final option is to assume that Paris was completely correct. Under this assumption Humanity as a whole would have abandoned money circa 2200. But since this does only apply to Humans, there would still be some motivation for a Humans to enrich his or her self in order to function on non-Human worlds. It's possible that Humans who work for Starfleet would be paid; Lilly asks Picard if he is paid in "First Contact" and although the implication of the scene is that he is not, he actually makes no direct answer to the question.
Since Starfleet is a Federation rather than a Human organisation it is possible that everybody in it is paid, or that only the Humans are not. Either way, in a Federation in which Humans do not use money with one another, they may still engage in commerce so as to better their lot within a Federation-wide context.
As an analogy, imagine if Texas came up with a way to function internally entirely without money while the rest of the US remained capitalist. A Texan might choose to stay within the state for the rest of their life and never trouble themselves with money at all, but those who wanted to visit other states would still need some way to pay for things whilst there. Texans who wanted a better time while out of Texas may still choose to engage in commerce with one another to improve their lot.
|Yellow text = Canon source
|Green text = Backstage source
|Cyan text = Novel
|White text = DITL speculation
|Copyright Graham Kennedy
|Page views : 13,557
|Last updated : 1 Jan 1970


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Mother/Son 101: Smart Tips for Raising Boysby Erin Dower
There are a lot of tips out there for a good mother/daughter relationship, but maintaining a healthy mother/son relationship is tricky and less talked about. Learn the keys to showing your son the ropes in life and staying connected as he grows.
1 of 13
Be Affectionate
Parents tend to limit their affection for boys but shower girls with love and hugs. The term "mama's boy" leads us to believe that affection and attachment stunts boys' masculinity. But being a steady source of hugs and comfort for your child (beyond just the baby stage) is one of the best things you can offer as a parent. Knowing that his home and his mother's arms are a safe haven builds up a boy's self-confidence. He will want more space as the teen years approach, but a hug a day goes a long way to show him you care and power him through hard times.


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CENTRAL TEXAS (March 12, 2013)--According to the Texas Department of State Health Services, some local counties experienced an increase in animals who tested positive for rabies in 2012.
Bell, Bosque, and Llano counties all saw a rise in rabies cases while Lampasas and San Saba saw a decline.
Bell County cases have steadily risen by one over the last three years beginning with 6 cases reported in 2010.
Bosque County had no reported cases in 2010 but rose to 5 cases in 2012.
The most dramatic increase was Llano County, west of Georgetown, who went from 6 cases reported in 2010 to 27 cases in 2012.
Of the animals who tested positive in those counties, bats and skunks comprised the highest number.
Only one case was reported in Lampasas County.
In all, a total of 308 cases were reported in 30 counties in 2012, up 50 from 2010 but down 131 from 2011, according to the Department of State Health Services.


text:
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
1a.Objectives (from AD-416)
1) Apply the modified Penn State Integrated Hydrology Modeling (PIHM) system over RCEW using all available data;.2)Selectively reduce input data to determine the minimum input forcing data required to achieve acceptable simulation accuracy;.3)Recommend augmentation of existing measurement facilities and models that would be required to achieve this level of simulation accuracy over the larger Great Basin region.
1b.Approach (from AD-416)
The scientist funded through this project will work with university and ARS hydrologists to integrate the NWRC snow model into the PIHM system, and implement and evaluate the modified PIHM system at the RCEW. Located at the NWRC in Boise Idaho, the scientist would work collaboratively with the WATERS team to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of PIHM simulations using complete and successively limited RCEW forcing data. The 48-year data record will allow testing over a full range of climate conditions. Documents SCA with UC Santa Barbara.
3.Progress Report


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Greenhouse gases keep the planets warmer than they normally would. But, as with electrons trapping photons, I feel that thermodynamics is violated here. Is the violation allowed if energy is trapped for a short period?
Thermodynamics does not prevent the trapping of heat. Here are limitations that thermodynamics does impose on the energy balance of the Earth:
The temperature of the sun is comfortably above $3,000 K$ and the temperature of space is about $2.7 K$, so there is plenty of wiggle room, and we do, indeed, fall in between those two.
Greenhouse gases absorb more long wavelength light than short wavelength. The long wavelength is what we emit into space and the short wavelength is what we receive from the sun. By changing the ratio of what we absorb/emit, these gases can act as a sort of thermostat. This would not be possible if not for the abundant energy and high $T$ differential that our location in space gave us.