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First, I would like to thank the Kansas State University Saudi Club for the invitation to speak here this evening. Such an organization contributes a great deal to promote understanding about Saudi Arabia, its people and culture, and I appreciate all your work.
And I would like to thank all of you for joining me here tonight. This is quite a crowd. I must admit that am very glad the NCAA tournament is over and there isn't a basketball game on this evening. I'm sure I would be talking to empty chairs otherwise.
Truly, I feel fortunate to be here speaking with you. During the last few months, I have been traveling throughout the United States talking with Americans. I have been listening to their questions and concerns. And each visit to a new town affords me an opportunity to address directly the perceptions and misperceptions that are out there about Saudi Arabia, which, I am sure, many members of the Saudi Club do every day by virtue of being Saudis in the US.
Like them, I was educated in the United States. My parents sent me to a boarding school in New Jersey at age 14. And I remember when I went to school on the first day, a young boy came up to me, slapped me on the back and introduced himself. I introduced myself in return, and from that point on, he kept asking me questions: Where are you from? What is it like? How many family members do you have? Can you ride a camel? Do you live in a tent?
He was very much like the Bedouins when they meet – very engaging, very appealing and very inquisitive. That interaction made me feel at home immediately.
I believe this is the type of feeling Saudis have had for Americans since we first developed our relations some 70 years ago. Long before our governments formed their strategic relations, citizens of our countries were forming friendships and business partnerships on their own. We found that despite some of our cultural differences, we are in fact a great deal alike. We're plainspoken and straightforward, and we both believe in the importance of faith and family.
I know these values are shared by the people of Kansas. Perhaps it is the vast, open spaces that draw us close to our God and our loved ones. And like Manhattan, Saudi Arabia was founded by travelers and pioneers. Your fine city weathered the travails of frontier life, the politics of a young nation, and the economic growth and prosperity that came with the railroad and modernization.
Through all of this, Manhattan, Kansas was able to retain its heritage and identity, and despite there being another Manhattan in the United States, no one mistakes the Little Apple of the Midwest.
Similarly, Saudi Arabia has undergone a great deal of change, especially during the past 50 years. But we have worked hard to stay true to our Arabian heritage and Islamic identity. And I'd like to discuss with you tonight where Saudi Arabia is now, where we are headed, and how our history influences the direction ahead – whether that is our recent accession to the World Trade Organization, the broadening of political participation, or our new education initiatives.
In many ways, all that Saudi Arabia continues to accomplish is never wholly conveyed to the American people. Unfortunately, the news media and popular culture provide a poor window through which the Kingdom is viewed. As I travel throughout the US, I find that there are still people out there who believe Saudis ride to work on camels, that our women are all oppressed and chained to the kitchen, and that our countryside is only filled with gushing oil wells.
Saudi Arabia is, indeed, a unique country, but our reality defies our stereotypes. We are a burgeoning society, striving for modernization. Believe me, ladies and gentlemen, a great deal has been going on under the desert sun – and our history proves this.
Saudi Arabia, in the official sense, is a young country, almost 75 years old. But the Saudi political order traces its origins back to 1744, some 32 years before the American Revolution, when the first Saudi state was established by unifying the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. And, like modern Saudi Arabia, it was governed on the basis of the Islamic Shari'ah and Arab tribal custom.
The modern Saudi state, which was founded in 1932, evolved from this blending of order, unity, and Islamic legitimacy. And at the heart of it lies a social contract between the sovereign and the people. Islam enjoins on the ruler to protect the religion, safeguard the people, and provide justice for all. Bedouin tradition regards the ruler as a first among equals. He is judged by his ability to provide leadership and preserve unity.
Even today, the King rules by consent, and virtually no important decision is taken by him without extensive consultation with the various elements of society. His sole goal is to promote the welfare of his people.
When King Abdulaziz, the founder of the modern Saudi state, wanted to introduce radio broadcasting to the Kingdom in the 1940s, a number of prominent citizens opposed the idea. They felt radio would be disruptive to society and would cause the faithful to deviate from the path of righteousness. In short, they said, radio was the work of the devil.
By virtue of his position, King Abdulaziz could have forced the issue on society. But what he did instead was assemble those same notables who opposed radio broadcasting, and, at the time of prayer, turned the radio on. When the recitation of the Qur'an was heard through the radio, King Abdulaziz asked those assembled: "How could the work of the devil carry the word of God?"
The late King Abdulaziz indicated to them that the radio would be used to educate the faithful about their religion and about the world. Once he established that the radio could be beneficial to society, the rest was simply a matter of programming.
If we look at where Saudi Arabia is today, the Saudi government still strives to strike this balance – to provide for the welfare of our people while obtaining a consensus from our citizens about what they can manage. And we have been successful.
During the last 30 years, we have built the infrastructure to support a modern society. The wealth derived from our natural resources has been used to develop our nation. The government has put in place a social welfare system that takes care of its citizens: free education, free health care, interest-free mortgages for first-time homebuyers, interest-free loans for small businesses, and subsidies for farmers.
Such support has produced a great deal of development in the Kingdom in recent years. We have hospitals and schools, skyscrapers and malls, highways and airports – where a few decades ago only desert existed. Saudi surgeons are pioneering new techniques to separate conjoined twins and perform organ transplants. Saudi women are opening businesses in new industries every day, and they now have ownership stakes in almost 25,000 companies in the Kingdom.
Last year the Saudi stock exchange set records, and is now, by far, the largest emerging market in the world, with a market capitalization exceeding $700 billion. Technology has been integrated into our society and economy, and is driving our performance. In the last five years, internet usage has grown by more than 1,000 percent, and this year, we are sending into space six communications and observation satellites.
Our nation is taking off, and we are reaching out to the world around us.
But as we continue to build our society and actively participate in the global community, we are making sure we are doing so in a way that is consistent with our traditions. We may have modern technology and all the worldly goods that come along with it. But what are we as a nation in the eyes of the world, if we trade on our values?
One of Saudi Arabia's most significant steps to participating in the global economy was to join the World Trade Organization last December. As a consequence, more Saudi products will have access to the global marketplace, creating jobs and opportunities for our citizens. And it will also encourage more international investments and products to come to the Kingdom. The WTO accession process took Saudi Arabia 13 years to complete, but it was critical that every last condition was met without undermining our faith, values and tradition.
The building of a global community does not mean that all countries must be alike. Rather, it means we are all able to engage this shared system in our own way.
A good example of this is that all forms of governments are not the same. And the pursuit of participatory government does not have to be uniform. It comes in many shapes and forms: the American system, the British system, the Indian system, and so on. In Saudi Arabia, we are forming our own system.
Last spring, Saudi Arabia conducted elections in 178 municipal councils throughout the Kingdom. And in December, the councils officially convened for the first time. These elections are only a step in the Kingdom's continuing efforts to ensure that the government provides for the needs of its people. We are changing, but in a way that is consistent with our traditions and faith, and at a pace that is not disruptive to our society.
Our heritage dictates that our plans should be studied and meaningful. We have learned, over the centuries, that in order to survive in the desert, we must be able to differentiate between a mirage and reality.
So the pursuit of successful and lasting change must be deliberate to be real. The formation of municipal councils and the corresponding elections represent an important step in the Kingdom's ongoing efforts to broaden political participation. And there are more steps ahead.
Participating fully in the global community also requires that we be honest and transparent with each other about our concerns. Our special relationship with the United States, for example, does not preclude our having special differences. As long as we are open in our communication, we will be rewarded by a variety of outlooks and solutions, and a process that can only bring us closer.
We are working very closely with the US to find solutions to many complex issues facing the world today – including the war on terrorism, peace in the Middle East, and a stable energy market, among others. Our distinct viewpoints provide us with the unique perspectives needed to obtain greater understanding and lasting solutions to these issues. It is important that your generation is aware of the complexity of these issues, because you will soon be playing a role in their resolution.
Ladies and gentlemen: As Saudi Arabia moves forward as a nation, our growth will be rooted firmly in our heritage and faith. As we align ourselves ever more closely with the global community, our citizens will continue to share and learn about the world around them, as we hope others can share and learn and appreciate our culture.
We are so committed to this type of growth that the Saudi government has launched a scholarship program to send Saudi students to colleges and universities abroad to learn, to make friends, and to experience foreign cultures. In the first phase of the program, 10,000 students were offered full four-year scholarships. Most of them will study in the United States.
When I look out at the Saudi students in the audience, I think about how important their representation here is to the Kingdom and to the Saudi people. They are the true Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia. They are the ones who will be going out to form friendships and relationships that will break down barriers of misunderstanding between our cultures. They will be out here explaining the details of the heritage of which I speak. They will be actively demonstrating what we have in common.
Although our nations have come from different places, we're headed in the same direction. But each in our own way.
Some of our experiences will closely resemble yours. Some will be different. But it is critical to remember that although our language, our dress, and our customs may be different, our hopes, our aspirations, and our dreams for our children are all the same.
Ashkurukum shukran jazeelan – thank you all very much – and barak Allah feekum – and God bless you all.


text:
Snapshots of CBI policy across a range of business areas
Viewing All
Maximising the potential of green business: Recommendations for government
Energy and climate change
Blazing a Trail: The UK Communications Sector in a Global Economy
An appropriate communications framework will be vital for the sector to flourish. Our report sets out the conditions that must be right if the UK is to become the global trailblazer in the communications sector
Making cities smarter
CBI Director for Business Environment Rhian Kelly has called for our urban spaces to be used to pilot new ideas and involve consumers in the changes being made to national infrastructure
Eurozone crisis: The route to Cannes
Eurozone meltdown is not inevitable
CBI comments on the government consultation on the patent box
We welcome the government"s intention to introduce a patent box in 2013 as part of its commitment to providing the most competitive tax regime in the G20
Protecting the UK's foundations: a blueprint for energy-intensive industries
A successful low-carbon economy will include industries that require a lot of energy. But the UK's energy intensive industries are at risk of being undermined by increases to their energy costs. If we do not secure the future of these industries, we will be forced to import what we should be exporting.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Web Design
Perth Web Design includes a Content Management System (CMS) with all of our websites. This allows you to update the features of your website when its convenient for you.
Perth Web Design can assist you with your E-commerce website requirements. Our secure online stores allow you to have full control of Products, Prices, Promotions & more.
More users are reaching for their mobile devices every day when searching online.
Online Advertising
Perth Web Design offer a range of search engine optimisation services, from local SEO to highly competition SEO.
We provide secure, fast and reliable hosting for your website. 24/7 Technical Support is available with no setup fees or hidden charges.
Domain Names
Your domain name registration will be processed once the domain application form has been completed and this process takes only minutes.


text:
Please enter a maximum of 5 recipients. Use ; to separate more than one email address.
| HP News
The nations are hoping to reduce costs for carbon capture and storage, bridge the gap between R&D and commercial deployment, and boost confidence in the technology.
The US and Norway have announced their
commitment to support the global carbon capture and storage
(CCS) test center network, the countries announced on
In a joint release, the two countries affirmed their
continued commitment to enhance the development of technologies
that will merge the need for reliable and cost efficient power
production with sustainable deployment at large scale to meet
the worlds growing demand for energy.
The announcement was made at the Carbon Sequestration
Leadership Forums (CSLF) Ministerial Meeting, an
international ministerial conference on carbon capture held
this week in Washington, DC.
Under the agreement, US Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz and
Norweigan Minister for Petroleum and Energy Tord Lien will
strengthen cooperation between the test centers for carbon
capture. The aim is to accelerate the development of
technologies that are needed to succeed.
The CCS Test Centre Network was first launched by the CO2
Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM, Norway), NCCC (US) and other
carbon capture test facilities in late 2012.
The eight founding members of the Test Centre Network are: CO2
Technology Centre Mongstad (Norway),
National Carbon Capture Center (Alabama, US),
Southern Companys CCS demonstration facility (Alabama,
US), J-Power (Japan), ENEL Engineering and Research (IT), E.ON
(Germany), DOOSAN Power Systems (UK) and SaskPower
(Canada). Membership in the network is open to any
large-scale CCS test centers.
The CCS Test Centre Network will be holding its first official
meeting on November 25, 2013, in Brussels. In the portfolio of
technologies needed, capture and use or storage of CO2 (CCS)
from large point sources will be key, along with renewables and
other measures to address climate and environmental concerns.
A number of countries are involved in addition to Norway
and US," said Dr. Moniz. "This provides enhanced technology
learning which is beneficial to many, a base of factual
evidence, increased awareness, acceptance and reduced
CCS is still at an early stage of commercial deployment, and
there is a need for enhanced testing at large scale of CCS
technology solutions worldwide in order to reduce cost, bridge
the gap between R&D and commercial deployment, and increase
confidence in the technology.
We have agreed to move the cooperation within carbon
capture to a new level," said Lien. "The pilot network will
contribute to the development of carbon capture, and ensure
that relevant technologies are adopted. In cooperation with our
international partners, Norway will work to enhance the
network. We also welcome other countries to join."
Lien stressed that carbon capture is one of several
actions that must be taken in order to reduce emissions from fossil fuels, and
that the technology being developed must be
adopted globally. This requires cross-border cooperation.
We all agree that we need to share ideas, knowledge and
experiences in order to find commercially viable solutions,"
said Lien. "Existing infrastructure must be utilized in an
efficient manner. We must learn as much as possible from each
other. This requires cooperation and joint efforts from the
industry, the research community and governments."
The network's stated goals are to:
provide enhanced technical learning and
confidence that can be beneficial for projects in applying more efficient
CCS solutions
increase insight and awareness of
different technologies for relevant stakeholders that may
reduce risks and increase investments in CCS technology
provide a broader base of factual
evidence which can increase general transparency of CCS, and
thereby enhance public awareness and acceptance of the
increase the value of public and
private CCS research and technology investments through
increased sharing of lessons learned and results from parallel
All comments are subject to editorial review.
All fields are compulsory.
Dear SirsI look for the CO2 capture technology on the industrial level, more efficient than common technologies have. I am waiting your reply.
^^ Won't be much of an economy left if we don't get a hold of our global CO2 emissions over the next 20-100 years. CCS is going to have to play a vital role in reducing those GHG emissions
Chris Paul
In the economic condition of the U.S., why would we ever commit to pursuing carbon capture? The biggest greenhouse gas is water, are we going to remove it next?
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A searchable database of project activity in the global hydrocarbon processing industry
Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
Too soon to tell
July 2016


text:
At the Arab-U.S. Summit today in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, Crown Prince Abdullah recommitted Saudi Arabia's full support to President Bush's drive for a lasting Middle East peace.
Ambassador to the United States Prince Bandar bin Sultan has declared: "No other issue holds greater promise for the future stability of the Middle East than the resolution of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict. American engagement and leadership is essential to moving this issue towards resolution, and we firmly stand behind President Bush to help move the process forward."
A statement read on behalf of the leaders of Egypt, Jordan, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and the Palestinian Authority at today's summit pledged the following: "We shall continue to work for a Middle East that is free of strife and violence, living in harmony without the threat of terrorism or dangers of weapons of mass destruction."
Last year, the Arab League unanimously adopted a peace plan proposed by Crown Prince Abdullah, calling for peace and normal relations between Israel and the Arab world in exchange for Israel's withdrawal from the territories occupied in 1967 and the establishment of a Palestinian State.


text:
What the hack is with all the downvotes?
For more than the past year I've been posting the Kindle Daily Deal: what started as one Kindle book a day for what started out as a buck. Now there are 2 KDDs (regular, Romance, Fantasy/SciFi, and Kids/Teens), and the usual price is $1.99 (except for romance, which usually is $0.99).
I may not like the books (usually I don't) but they are 50-80% off the regular Amazon price. In other words, a deal. So they do up. Normally they are met with a collective "Meh." As I expect.
In the last few days something different is happening. They are being voted down, immediately. I don't even get the third one up and the first already is at 0. Sometimes -1. I've been looking at the fresh section and I'm seeing far more negative ratings.
So WTH is going on here? What is with all the negative waves?
31 Answers answer
Sounds like bots and boredom to me.
I've noticed it too, and just assume it is some people's way of trolling.
I like that you post the Kindle ebook deals. Thank you.
We've apparently go to put more positive vibes out there.
I like your postings. Keep it up. Don't let the trolls get you down.
@wilfbrim, I just voted them all up. I do like to be helpful now and then.
Down votes are not a sign that something actually sucks, and up votes are not a sign that something is any good, sadly. Down voting just shows that some people have too much time on their hands, and are stuck on mean and hateful. I'd rather be funny (or at least funny-looking).
It's Two for Tuesday (or at least it used to be). Maybe I can go vote up your kindle deals twice! :-D
down voting has been high lately....I hope its not because people don't like the books, thats just dumb.
I don't think it has anything to do with the book, I think as stated earlier you will always have haterz. At one point I was taking it personally, I thought I said something to upset a few people. But I have come to realize that people WILL downvote for no reason at all.
And to those people I say....STOP THE E-THUGGERY!
Someone used their right to vote and I don't like it.
Boo Hoo
It's there for us to use. Don't take it personal. People downvote. It happens.
This comment is going to get downvoted. How much do I care. None.
Or it's because people like (mod: personal attack removed, not cool): get some inner self satisfaction by bringing down those around them and being able to hide behind that fancy gaming keyboard. mommy problems? maybe. self esteem issues? likely. either way it's not you, it's them. :-P
@nmchapma: So that begs the question, what kind of keyboard are you hiding behind?
@nmchapma: Really? That's how you want to go about this?
I was just stating that people can vote and will the way they chose to.
I have never downvoted one of his deals, nor have I upvoted one. They don't apeal to me so I leave them be.
What gives you the right to sit and poke and instigate behind your keyboard any more than me? (not saying I ever was or am)
Just because you don't agree with me doesn't mean you have to ensue I have problems in my life that make me not agree with something. I don't agree with his question on the grounds that it makes him unhappy people don't vote for his deal. I was telling him it's nothing personal and it's not the end of the world.
WTF has happened to Woot!? This use to be a community where people helped people and had fun. Not sling insults and ensue things about people they don't know because they don't understand a comment not aimed at you. Now it's all upvotes and rep.
That's all I have to say on the matter. You have a nice day.
@jrpigman: Did anyone notice this kid pissed himself too?
@wickedd365: I don't disagree with your statements, but I think what @nmchapma found offensive was your opening comment. You wrote:
"Someone used their right to vote and I don't like it. Boo Hoo."
We all need to remember that text doesn't have a sense of humor. Your message was actually in the second part of your post:
"It's there for us to use. Don't take it personal. People downvote. It happens.
This comment is going to get downvoted. How much do I care. None."
The unfortunate exchange could have been avoided if you had just stuck to the second part of your post and skipped the first part which, I'm sure, was seen to be, well, snarky.
I hope no one takes offense at THIS comment. I just hate to see my DW friends quarreling.
@blgauthier: Very well said.
@blgauthier: I agree about text, completely. I had an employee who was great at her job, but somehow managed to step on toes with her emails. We finally worked out a deal. For several weeks I proofed all of her emails and memos to management and helped her make them more, well, friendly, She finally got the hang of it, She was a great person, but just couldn't see how she came across until I pointed it out to her over and over for a while.
Regarding the downvoting, I have to agree with the OP. I haven't noticed it so much today, but for the last couple of days the downvoting was wild! I got two downvotes on a few posts within seconds of posting the. I went through all of the fresh posts and saw that EVERY deal had received two downvotes. I assume that someone (or two someones) just went down the page downvoting. Several of the items posted received dozens of upvotes eventually, so they weren't bad deals. Maybe some folks were just having a bad day. You can't take it personally.
@belyndag: I think that I noticed the downvoting spree mostly on your deals. I haven't had a chance to check the fresh tab that frequently the last few weeks, but I did a few days ago and noticed a deal you posted that was at -1 when it was for something that would normally be very popular. I upvoted because I liked it and thought it was a good deal as well, but I remember being surprised by that.
As to the OP, please keep posting those deals, I really appreciate them. If I don't care about a book, I just leave it alone.
@coondogg97: As ridiculous as it sounds, for the last few days the thought has crossed my mind that someone was downvoting every deal that I voted for. Then I realized that there was a bigger downvoting issue and that I shouldn't flatter myself so much. Should we take away the downvote? I'm for it...either vote positive or don't vote.
By the way, OP, don't worry too much. Somehow I have attracted a few stalkers, too. I just have to ignore them. :)
@mkdr: Whew! So I wasn't just being paranoid!
@lll0228: What's interesting about this user is they show only 8 upvotes but 4 pages of downvotes. I thought when they implemented the downvoting there was a ratio algorithm...a wooter would earn the ability to downvote when they upvoted. Am I remembering this wrong?
@ohcheri: And I see that this person has only added two deals, both several months ago, and both Kindle deals! Yet he/she routinely votes down Kindle deals. Very strange. I've had a couple of deal stalkers since I've been here, but neither lasted this long. This person has been downvoting @wilfbrim for 3 months!
@wickedd365: Someone used their right to reply to my post and I don't like it.
Boo Hoo
@darkinc: just the normal kind. I don't play games. I do have a fancy gaming mouse (Woot! refurb!) that I use for drafting at work. You can't really hide behind it though. it's a bit too small.
@nmchapma: Really?
Get over yourself already. It's done. Drop it.
@lll0228: I've seen your stalkers at work and always make a point to upvote your deals when I see them.
And, yes, I have a very active anti-fan club. When downvoting was introduced it made me crazy! Before I voted for a deal/comment/question I would scurry around and check that person's voting history. If they downvoted me, I downvoted them. (so there....pfffft!) Then I realized all that bad energy was counter-productive so now I don't bother. Haters gonna hate and I just have to assume they have an unhappy life, otherwise why fill this little website with animosity? Better to feel pity for them than anger.
Okay folks, I dig a great meta discussion like everyone else, but when it starts getting into personal attacks and directly "naming and shaming" people for voting (look! look at their voting record!), we're going too far and need to stop it.
It's true, a fair lot of us have stalkers. It is a big community and that's going to happen.
I assure you all it is not the end of the world.
@jsimsace: You said: "Should we take away the downvote? I'm for it...either vote positive or don't vote."
I do not down vote deals or questions. Never have. Abstaining is my way of down voting. Or maybe it's apathy. Or...maybe I'm saying this deal/question doesn't interest me. I know most do down vote, and that's okay, too. For me, it's a negative feeling. I'd rather not own that feeling & just 'pass on by.'
Apparently the down vote virus has infected deals and it's causing an illness. Then again, this issue (virus?) does come up periodically, doesn't it?
@wilfbrim, I have a question about your daily Kindle deal (and wanted to ask it here, out of the way). It seems that you post either a Fantasy or a Science Fiction Kindle deal. Is it only one or the other, or are you just choosing the one that looks good. You're now part of my morning (I automatically vote up your Kindle deals), and have started to notice a pattern. I have no interest in Fantasy books, but there have been some really good Science Fiction books that you posted back when I wasn't paying attention.
Forgive my laziness, but Amazon is so annoying with deciding what I do and don't like, that I just dread checking it myself. I wish they honored the removal of items from one's browsing history, but they don't.
Just out of curiosity I checked all of the top deals today and every one (at the time I checked) had at least 3 downvotes, despite dozens of upvotes. Some had 7 or 8 downvotes. These are good deals, with no negative comments. I wonder if some unhappy people are just clicking through to downvote everything.
Hmmm. I'm sure there is medication available for this.


text:
I want to try 3d Analyze to see if it can get Battlefield 2 working for me.
When I Google 3d Analyze I get a thousand mirror sites. Not one of them looks like the actual "Home Page" of 3d Analyze.
I have found that going through mirror sites gets you old versions and spyware.
Does anyone know where I can go to get to the Home page of 3d Analyze?


text:
Sorted by:
The Changing States of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
When a substance goes from one state of matter — solid, liquid, or gas — to another state of matter, the process is a change of state. Some rather interesting things occur during this process. [more…]
How Would You Define Chemistry as a Science?
Chemistry is a branch of science that studies the composition and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes. Chemistry is far more than a collection of facts and a body of knowledge. It's all about [more…]
What Chemists Do and Where They Work
Most chemists operate in two worlds of work. One is the macroscopic world that you see, feel, and touch. Chemists also operate in the microscopic world that you can't directly see, feel, or touch. [more…]
How to Distinguish Pure Substances and Mixtures
Chemists can classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas. But there are other ways to classify matter, as well — such as pure substances and mixtures. Classification is one of the basic processes in science [more…]
How Scientists Measure Matter
Scientists are often called on to make measurements of matter, which may include such things as mass (weight), volume, and temperature. A worldwide measurement system has been adopted to ensure that scientists [more…]
The Properties of Chemical Substances
When chemists study chemical substances, they examine two types of properties: chemical properties and physical properties. Some physical properties are [more…]
What Are the Different Types of Energy?
Energy can take several forms — such as heat energy, light energy, electrical energy, and mechanical energy. But two general types of energy are especially important to chemists: kinetic energy and potential [more…]
How Is Energy Measured?
You can measure kinetic energy (energy of motion) with a thermometer. Measuring potential (stored) energy can be a difficult task. The potential energy of a ball stuck up in a tree is related to the mass [more…]
The Nucleus: The Center of an Atom
The nucleus, that dense central core of the atom, contains both protons and neutrons. Electrons are outside the nucleus in energy levels. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons [more…]
Atomic Structure: The Bohr Model
There are two models of atomic structure in use today: the Bohr model and the quantum mechanical model. Of these two models, the Bohr model is simpler and relatively easy to understand. [more…]
Atomic Structure: The Quantum Mechanical Model
Two models of atomic structure are in use today: the Bohr model and the quantum mechanical model. The quantum mechanical model is based on mathematics. Although it is more difficult to understand than [more…]
How to Represent Electrons in an Energy Level Diagram
Chemists sometimes use an energy level diagram to represent electrons when they're looking at chemical reactions and bonding. An energy level diagram is more useful and easier to work with than quantum [more…]
How to Depict Electrons in Electron Configuration Notation
Chemists use electron configuration notation to depict electrons in chemical reactions and bonding. Electron configuration notation is easier to use than the quantum mechanical model. [more…]
Why Are Valence Electrons Important?
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom — in the energy level that is farthest away from the nucleus. When chemists study chemical reactions, they study the transfer [more…]
Isotopes: Different Types of Atoms
Atoms in a chemical element that have different numbers of neutrons than protons and electrons are called isotopes. The atoms in a particular element have an identical number of protons and electrons but [more…]
Ions: Atoms with an Electrical Charge
Atoms (or groups of atoms) in which there are unequal numbers of protons and electrons are called ions. Usually, the number of protons and electrons in atoms are equal. But there are cases in which an [more…]
The Periodic Table: Families and Periods
In the periodic table of elements, there are seven horizontal rows of elements called periods. The vertical columns of elements are called groups, or families [more…]
Radioactivity and Man-Made Radioactive Decay
Radioactivity is the spontaneous decay of an unstable nucleus. An unstable nucleus may break apart into two or more other particles with the release of some energy. This breaking apart can occur in a number [more…]
The Process of Natural Radioactive Decay
Certain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes are unstable: Their nucleus breaks apart, undergoing nuclear decay. Sometimes the product of that nuclear decay is unstable itself and undergoes nuclear [more…]
Nuclear Chemistry: Half-Lives and Radioactive Dating
Scientists look at half-life decay rates of radioactive isotopes to estimate when a particular atom might decay. A useful application of half-lives is [more…]
The Basics of Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission occurs when a larger isotope breaks apart into two or more elements. Scientists usually accomplish this task (for some controlled nuclear reactions) by bombarding a large isotope with a [more…]
Nuclear Fusion: The Hope for Our Energy Future
Nuclear fusion is essentially the opposite of nuclear fission. In fission, a heavy nucleus is split into smaller nuclei. With fusion, lighter nuclei are fused into a heavier nucleus. [more…]
What Are the Effects of Radiation and Radon?
Radiation can destroy tissue and ionize and fragment cells. Radon is a radioactive isotope that has been linked to increased instances of lung cancer. Radon-222 is formed naturally as part of the decay [more…]
Ionic Bonds: Why and How Ions Are Formed
Ionic bonding is the type of bonding that holds salts together. To better understand why and how ions — atoms that have a charge due to the loss or gain of electrons — are formed, you can study what happens [more…]
Positive and Negative Ions: Cations and Anions
Cations (positively-charged ions) and anions(negatively-charged ions) are formed when a metal loses electrons, and a nonmetal gains those electrons. The electrostatic attraction between the positives and [more…]


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Website User Agreement
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Aviator Sunglasses
Created specifically for pilots just as the flight industry was starting to take-off in 1937, Aviator Sunglasses became an instant and iconic eyewear classic. The Aviator offers a basic, pared-down and unisex-styling that works for both casual wear and formal dress. You can even pick up a pair that will easily compliment your kid's cool style. The fashionable Aviator design is crafted with a lightweight metal construction that includes comfortable nose pads that are adjustable, and teardrop lenses that are not only available in many fashionable colors and styles, but can be easily replaced with your own prescription lenses if necessary.
Now that's function and fashion in action!
Both the Ray-Ban Aviator and Carrera Aviator Sunglasses offer many fashionable options for men, women, and children alike, including wire, plastic, and wire-in-plastic frames; colored frames; polarized-lenses, which gives the wearer protection from sun glare; and last but certainly not least, 100% protection from harmful UVA and UVB sun rays.