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Turkington D, Morrison AP. Cognitive Therapy for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Oct 3 ; Pubmed Abstract
Turkington D, Morrison AP. Cognitive Therapy for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Oct 3 ; Pubmed Abstract
This study of a well-established, psychosocial treatment, which has been documented to be effective for depression, anxiety disorders, and positive symptoms of schizophrenia (Salkovskis, 1996; Kingdon and Turkington, 2004), presents credible evidence of efficacy for some, but not all, negative symptoms and possibly for social functioning in schizophrenia. The study has a number of strong methodological features; for example, protecting the blind for assessors, appropriate frequency and duration of treatment sessions necessary to achieve therapeutic outcomes in this population, controls for differences in types and doses of antipsychotic medication, a standard treatment comparison group which is consistent with the vast majority of community mental health, a sample that includes different racial and ethnic groups consistent with an inner-city population, and appropriate statistical analyses for measuring outcome. My comments address a number of concerns that may attenuate the clinical significance of the authors findings and interpretations.
Selection Criteria for Subjects
There is no indication whether the subjects had primary negative symptoms (i.e., the deficit state defined by enduring negative symptoms not related to positive symptoms including anxiety and depression, under-stimulating environments, side effects of medication (e.g., sedation, akathisia, akinesia, weight gain) or negative symptoms secondary to the above listed remediable interferences. In fact, it is likely that they had secondary negative symptoms because, as noted by the authors, the subjects showed significant reductions in positive symptoms and social anxiety, which often are associated with reductions of negative symptoms.
While the subjects were described as low functioning and highly regressed, the eligibility criteria for entry into the study did not use a well-established and psychometrically sound assessment instrument for measuring social functioning. For some inexplicable reason, the Global Assessment Scale was chosen as the measure of social functioning, despite the authors appropriately pointing out how the GAS confounds symptoms with functioning and has woefully inadequate anchor points for rating psychosocial adjustment and poor inter-rater reliability. The finding that, at baseline, their subjects were rated by the GAS in the mid- to high 40s suggests functioning that reflects serious symptoms and serious impairment in social occupational or school functioning, with the latter exemplified by no friends and unable to keep a job. This range in the GAS is hardly consistent with schizophrenia patients who are repressed and severely socially impaired. Individuals with schizophrenia who are low functioning would ordinarily fall into the 25-40 range on the GAS (e.g., unable to work, socially isolated with little contact with other persons outside the family). Many persons with schizophrenia who would not be considered low functioning, even those in remission of their positive and negative symptoms, have no friends and are unable to keep a job.
While the authors point out in their discussion that the GAS is a poor indicator of social functioning, it is not clear why they chose this instrument for their design, since it is well known that the GAS has poor inter-rater reliability, poor anchor points, and confounds symptoms with functioning (Dickerson, 1997).
The authors fail to describe specific improvements in social functioning that would convince readers that the cognitive therapy resulted in clinically significant improvements in work, school, friendships, family life, self-care skills, medication and money self-management, independent living, and other convincing examples of successes in community living.
The therapeutic methods as described by the authors clearly confound cognitive therapy procedures with those developed and validated for social skills training (Liberman et al. Social Skills Training for Psychiatric Patients, 1989; Bellack et al. Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia, 2006; Liberman. Recovery from Disability: Manual of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 2008). For example, as described in the description of cognitive therapy, the following techniques were used that are key elements of social skills training in particular, and other evidence-based practices for the treatment of schizophrenia as well (e.g., supported employment, behavioral family therapy and its variants, assertive community treatment, cognitive adaptive therapy):
Specificity of Cognitive Therapy for Negative Symptoms
It is possible that the many elements in the experimental treatment condition that were similar to those used in social skills training, rather than the specific cognitive interventions, could have brought about the improvements reported in negative symptoms and social functioning.
Contrary to the assertion of the authors that studies of other psychosocial, behavioral, or cognitive remediation interventions [have failed] to find that treatment effects generalized adequately to psychosocial functioning, there are a number of evidence-based, psychosocial treatments that have been shown to significantly improve psychosocial functioning and negative symptoms. These include social skills training, behavioral family management, supported employment, and assertive community treatment (Bellack, 2004; Liberman et al., 1998; Glynn et al., 2002; Bellack and Mueser, 1993; Heinssen et al., 2000; Kurtz and Mueser, 2008; Kopelowicz et al., 1997; Falloon et al., 1987; Falloon et al., 1999; Drake et al., 1999; Drake et al., 1996; Stein and Test, 1980).
The authors give examples of how subjects symptoms interfered with social functioning, such as social anxiety and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Since anxiety disorders are very common comorbidities in schizophrenia and have been shown to be responsive to cognitive therapy (Rector and Beck, 2001), it is possible that the cognitive therapy improved social interaction and adjustment by reducing anxiety. It is also possible, as noted by the authors, that the cognitive therapy brought about reductions in three of the four domains of negative symptoms secondarily as a function of rather marked decrease in positive symptoms. The reductions in positive symptoms were much greater than the rather small reductions in negative symptoms. This reverse direction of causality is acknowledged as a possible explanation of their results on negative symptoms by the authors in their Comment section.
One finding of the authors strongly suggests that the cognitive therapy did not produce improvements in psychosocial functioning by reducing negative symptoms. In Figure 3, it is clearly seen that the cognitive therapy had nil therapeutic impact on alogia, which is the critical negative symptom that would be expected to mediate improved social functioning. If subjects speech and conversational skills showed little improvement, it is questionable to attribute improvements in social interaction and relationships to the other three negative symptoms. The non-specific effects of 18 months and 50 sessions of community-based activities and homework assignments to attain incremental goals, instigated by competent, upbeat, and engaging therapists, would be expected to reduce apathy, anhedonia, and flat affect temporarily—which might rapidly erode once the spirited and therapeutically active sessions ended.
Also acknowledged by the authors in their Comment section is the possibility that improvements in three of four negative symptoms and marginal changes in social functioning (difficult to conceptualize without more behaviorally specific examples and typologies of goals attained in the arenas of social functioning) might be attributed to non-specific factors in the therapeutic relationships and instigative array of interventions used in the active therapy condition. As they point out, it may be appropriate to withhold an evidence-based attribution of the therapeutic benefits found in this study until a study is conducted with a comparison treatment equated for therapist enthusiasm, duration, time involvement, and other elements not specifically related to cognitive therapy.
Finally, one further cautionary note stems from the failure of the investigators to assess adherence to medication in the two treatment conditions. While the prescribed types and doses of medication did not differ between the conditions, it is well known that adherence to medication regimens is rather poor among persons with schizophrenia. Improved adherence to pharmacotherapy may have contributed to the superior therapeutic outcomes, given the fact that the therapists in the cognitive therapy program offered personalized treatment that included laminated cards and colorful signs that patients posted at home to remind them of daily activities and other therapy assignments which may have included concrete or implicit reminders to take their medication.
Salkovskis PM: Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy. New York: Guilford Press, 1996. Kingdon D and Turkington D: Cognitive Therapy of Schizophrenia. New York: Guilford Press, 2004.
Dickerson FB. Assessing clinical outcomes: the community functioning of persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv . 1997 Jul 1 ; 48(7):897-902. Abstract
Liberman RP, DeRisi WJ, Mueser KT: Social Skills Training for Psychiatric Patients. Norwood MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1989.
Bellack AS, Mueser KT, Gingerich S and Agresta J: Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia. New York: Guilford Press, 2006.
Liberman RP: Recovery from Disability: Manual of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. Arlington VA: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., 2008.
Bellack AS. Skills training for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Rehabil J . 2004 Jan 1 ; 27(4):375-91. Abstract
Liberman RP, Wallace CJ, Blackwell G, Kopelowicz A, Vaccaro JV, Mintz J. Skills training versus psychosocial occupational therapy for persons with persistent schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry . 1998 Aug 1 ; 155(8):1087-91. Abstract
Glynn SM, Marder SR, Liberman RP, Blair K, Wirshing WC, Wirshing DA, Ross D, Mintz J. Supplementing clinic-based skills training with manual-based community support sessions: effects on social adjustment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry . 2002 May 1 ; 159(5):829-37. Abstract
Bellack AS, Mueser KT. Psychosocial treatment for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull . 1993 Jan 1 ; 19(2):317-36. Abstract
Heinssen RK, Liberman RP, Kopelowicz A. Psychosocial skills training for schizophrenia: lessons from the laboratory. Schizophr Bull . 2000 Jan 1 ; 26(1):21-46. Abstract
Kurtz MM, Mueser KT. A meta-analysis of controlled research on social skills training for schizophrenia. J Consult Clin Psychol . 2008 Jun 1 ; 76(3):491-504. Abstract
Kopelowicz A, Liberman RP, Mintz J, Zarate R. Comparison of efficacy of social skills training for deficit and nondeficit negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry . 1997 Mar 1 ; 154(3):424-5. Abstract
Falloon IR, McGill CW, Boyd JL, Pederson J. Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia: social outcome of a two-year longitudinal study. Psychol Med . 1987 Feb 1 ; 17(1):59-66. Abstract
Falloon IRH, Held T, Coverdale J, ARoncone and Laidlaw T. Family interventions for schizophrenia: A review of long-term benefits of international studies. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills. 3:268-290, 1999.
Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Bebout RR, Becker DR, Harris M, Bond GR, Quimby E. A randomized clinical trial of supported employment for inner-city patients with severe mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1999 Jul 1 ; 56(7):627-33. Abstract
Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Becker DR, Anthony WA, Clark RE. The New Hampshire study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol . 1996 Apr 1 ; 64(2):391-9. Abstract
Stein LI, Test MA. Alternative to mental hospital treatment. I. Conceptual model, treatment program, and clinical evaluation. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1980 Apr 1 ; 37(4):392-7. Abstract
Rector NA, Beck AT. Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia: an empirical review. J Nerv Ment Dis . 2001 May 1 ; 189(5):278-87. Abstract
View all comments by Robert Paul LibermanComment by: Alan S Bellack
Submitted 10 November 2011
Posted 10 November 2011
Grant and colleagues are to be congratulated on their noteworthy trial. Anyone who has conducted clinical trials with seriously ill schizophrenia patients must be impressed by the ability of the research team to recruit a large cohort in an intensive treatment and keep them engaged over such a long period of time. The team also deserves credit for demonstrating that a psychosocial intervention can have a meaningful impact with this population. Added to the increasing literature on cognitive therapies with schizophrenia patients, and on recovery-based interventions, this report reinforces the argument that people with schizophrenia can and should be engaged as partners in the treatment process.
In a previous post, Bob Liberman identified a number of crucial limitations of this trial that raise questions about the findings and limit enthusiasm for the intervention. I concur with almost all of Bob's observations and analysis. The primary outcome variable (the GAS) has marked limitations and does not provide objective or detailed information about any changes in social or occupational functioning in the community. Thus, the authors' conclusion that "cognitive therapy can be successful in promoting clinically meaningful improvements in functioning" is not supported by the data. We simply do not know much about community functioning beyond what the patients report, and the reports are especially suspect given that subjects receiving the cognitive therapy attended weekly sessions with a study therapist in which a primary focus of discussions was enhancing community activities and role functioning. A related concern pertains to the course of change noted on both the GAS and SANS ratings. The graphic representation of the data indicates that most, if not all, of the change manifested across measures occurred before the first (six-month) assessment. This raises questions about the operating mechanism of the CT intervention, as well as the value of the succeeding 12 months of treatment. As stated in the article, "Early sessions focused on engaging the patient and strengthening the therapeutic relationship." This implies that any changes induced during that early period may have resulted from non-specific effects rather than any specific cognitive therapy activities. Given that (almost) no community program could afford to administer a weekly individual treatment for 18 months, it should be underscored that at best, the data do not support anything beyond six months of treatment.
Another important issue noted by Liberman was the multifaceted composition of the CT intervention. It included elements of cognitive therapy, skills training, behavior therapy, motivational enhancement, and cognitive remediation, among others. In fact, it is difficult to justify calling the intervention "cognitive therapy" when so little of it entails cognitive therapy per se. While most of the elements have face validity and independent empirical support, the resulting combination has two significant limitations. First, it is impossible to determine the active components of the treatment. Second, it would be virtually impossible to replicate or disseminate the intervention. This latter point is of particular concern, as the trial has been reported in the media (e.g., The New York Times) as demonstrating that cognitive therapy is effective for schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms. To the contrary, this trial does not demonstrate that CT is effective for reducing negative symptoms, or that CT is a cognitive therapy.
In sum, this is an important trial that should and will have an important heuristic role for the field. It is a trial that should have been done and probably could not have been done by any other research group. While acknowledging and applauding its strengths and value for the field, it is important to consider its limitations and be cautious about what conclusions can be drawn from the results.
View all comments by Alan S BellackComment by: Paul Grant
Submitted 31 January 2012
Posted 2 February 2012
We thank Professors Liberman and Bellack for their thoughtful critiques of our work and welcome the opportunity to answer their questions and concerns, and thereby clarify our study beyond the space limitations of the original paper.
Liberman and Bellack express several concerns regarding the number and types of techniques employed in therapy, as well as the length of therapy. Liberman states that our therapy is confounded with other treatment approaches because the intervention contains many treatment techniques (e.g., skills training, cognitive remediation, motivational enhancement) that overlap with other psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia; Bellack indicates that he does not believe our treatment should properly be called cognitive therapy because so little of it entails cognitive therapy per se. We appreciate that they have raised this issue because it affords us an opportunity to explain in greater detail why we use the term cognitive therapy and what we mean by it.
Our formulation of cognitive therapy is based on the cognitive model of schizophrenia (Beck et al., 2009) rather than specific techniques. Basically, we view the low-functioning problems in these patients as due to the interaction of neurocognitive deficits and negative attitudes about performance and social relations. Our basic research has shown both in cross-sectional (Grant and Beck, 2009; Grant and Beck, 2009) and longitudinal (Grant and Beck, 2010) studies that these low-functioning patients have very powerful negative attitudes about the possibility of achieving any goals (e.g., there is no point in trying because I will only fail), as well as negative attitudes about the desirability of social contact. In non-technical terms, these patients have given up and have walled themselves off from usual activities of everyday life because of their expectations that they are only going to fail if they try something. While there evidently is an upper limit on how much they can achieve due to their neurocognitive deficits, they do have considerable latent capacity that they are not utilizing. Since the negative attitudes seem to account for their loss of motivation, we use a variety of methods to ameliorate them. Since we frame the problems in cognitive terms, and our understanding of each case is based on a cognitive model, we utilize the term cognitive therapy. We would, therefore, expect that any change would be mediated by cognitive variables. To produce this change, we formulate each case in terms of the individuals goals and identify the various obstacles to reaching these goals. We select specific techniques ranging from skills training, problem solving, explicit cognitive restructuring, etc., to overcome these obstacles. If the patient is blocked by social inhibition, we use assertiveness training; if the problem is fear of failing, we use cognitive restructuring. According to our thesis, each specific successful experience tends to undercut the negative attitudes that sap the patients motivation. Support for our formulation is based on an experimental study which showed that success experiences not only modify negative attitudes, but increase motivation and performance (Perivoliotis et al., 2011). Once the patients start to modify their attitudes, they become more engaged in real life and begin to take advantage of various rehabilitative services that are offered. The question of when and how to apply these strategies is described in the volume by Perivoliotis, Grant, and Beck (Perivoliotis et al., in press).
The multifaceted nature of our CT intervention prompts both Bellack and Liberman to wonder about the mechanism of change. In response to Bellacks concern that it would be impossible to determine the active ingredients of the treatment, we propose that the beliefs targeted by the formulation-driven interventions are producing change. Mediation analysis (beliefs as mediators) would allow us to test this hypothesis. Liberman, in a similar vein, proposes several alternative explanations for our results: behavioral methods, social anxiety, positive symptoms, and medication adherence. He also proposes that, since we did not observe changes in alogia, we did not really affect social functioning. In regard of this last point, we think it is notable that the mean alogia ratings were in the questionable to mild range at baseline and remained in this range throughout the course of the trial. This finding suggests that if improvements were made, it is unlikely that they would be clinically meaningful due to a floor effect.
Additionally, it does not seem likely that the global improvement in the patients functioning was due to compliance with medication, since previous research has shown minimal impact from medication (Swartz et al., 2007). However, if medication compliance was improved, this would indicate a positive result from our multifaceted intervention. A similar argument extends to positive symptoms and social anxiety. Finally, while it is possible that behavioral methods could be the mechanisms of change in our study, it is also possible that cognitive change is produced by social skills training and cognitive remediation. We think that exploring beliefs in psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia is a rich area to pursue.
Bellack makes three final points regarding the CT treatment: he questions whether it would be possible to replicate or disseminate the intervention; he proposes that our data do not support providing more than six months of CT; and he suggests that all of the changes induced during that early period may have resulted from non-specific effects rather than any specific cognitive therapy activities. In regard to dissemination, we have already successfully trained masters-level community therapists in the manualized intervention, and have applied for funding to conduct a systematic study. As to the length of treatment, 50 sessions was the average for the entire group in the study: some participants completed therapy in fewer sessions and some required more. Thus, consistent with an individualized recovery orientation, we argue that some patients can benefit from shorter course of therapy whilst others will require more sessions. This is a matter for future study. And, in regard to non-specific factors, the best way to test this alternative hypothesis is to conduct a new study that compares CT to a supportive therapy control group.
Turning to the methods of the study, both authors are concerned about the measurement of functioning in our study. Liberman states that we did not use a well-established and psychometrically sound assessment instrument measuring social functioning for inclusion, while Bellack and Liberman both criticize our outcome measure as inadequate. We did not specifically describe social functioning as a key outcome, but rather global functioning. The Global Assessment Scale (GAS) was a conventional measure of global functioning at the time we initiated our study. Since that time, new measures have been developed, such as the Schizophrenia Objective Functioning Instrument (SOFI; Kleinman et al., 2009), and research by Phil Harveys group (Harvey et al., 2011; Leifker et al., 2011) has indicated that the preferred measure of functioning is the Specific Levels of Functioning scale (SLOF; Schneider and Struenging, 1983). In our next study, we plan to use the SLOF as the primary outcome measure.
Liberman proposes that our sample may not have been composed of patients with primary negative symptoms. In other words, the patients in the study had negative symptoms that were secondary to positive symptoms, with the observed improvement in negative symptoms being produced by improvement in positive symptoms. We did not formally assess primary versus secondary negative symptoms in the clinical trial. However, clinically, we observed that defeatist beliefs occurred independently of the presence of positive symptoms. And, as the beliefs were modified by the CT treatment, patients improved.
Finally, Bellack suggests our data do not support the conclusion that cognitive therapy can be successful in promoting clinically meaningful improvements in functioning. We disagree with his inference. We believe the intervention, by whatever name, produced successful results, as was evident in the collateral reports factored into the ratings of functioning.
The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Drs. Jessica Murakmi-Brundage and Yael Perry in developing this response.
1. Beck AT, Rector NA, Stolar NM, Grant PM. Schizophrenia: Cognitive Theory, Research and Therapy. NY: Guilford Press; 2009.
2. Grant PM, Beck AT. Defeatist beliefs as a mediator of cognitive impairment, negative symptoms, and functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. Jul 2009;35(4):798-806. Abstract
3. Grant PM, Beck AT. Evaluation sensitivity as a moderator of communication disorder in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. Jul 2009;39(7):1211-1219. Abstract
4. Grant PM, Beck AT. Asocial beliefs as predictors of asocial behavior in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2010;177(1-2):65-70. Abstract
5. Perivoliotis D, Grant PM, Beck AT. The impact of success in low-functioning schizophrenia: an analogue study. International Conference on Schizophrenia Research. Colorado Springs, CO. April 02, 2011.
6. Perivoliotis D, Grant PM, Beck AT. Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia: a comprehensive treatment manual. New York: Guilford; in press.
7. Swartz MS, Perkins DO, Stroup TS, Davis SM, Capuano G, Rosenheck RA, Reimherr F, McGee MF, Keefe RSE, McEvoy JP, Hsiao JK, Lieberman JA, Investigators ftC. Effects of antipsychotic medications on psychosocial functioning in patients with chronic schizophrenia: findings from the NIMH CATIE study. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(3):428-436. Abstract
8. Kleinman L, Lieberman J, Dube S, Mohs R, Zhao Y, Kinon B, Carpenter W, Harvey PD, Green MF, Keefe RSE, Frank L, Bowman L, Revicki DA. Development and psychometric performance of the schizophrenia objective functioning instrument: an interviewer administered measure of function. Schizophr Res. 2009;107(2-3):275-285. Abstract
9. Harvey PD, Raykov T, Twamley EW, Vella L, Heaton PK, Patterson TL. Validating the measurement of real-world functional outcomes: phase I results of the VALERO study. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:1195-1201. Abstract
10. Leifker FR, Patterson TL, Heaton PK, Harvey PD. Validating measures of real-world outcome: the results of the VALERO expert survey and RAND panel. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37:334-343. Abstract
11. Schneider LC, Struenging EL. SLOF: a behavioral rating scale for assessing the mentally ill. Soc Work Res Abstr. 1983;19:9-21.
View all comments by Paul Grant


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I'm building a site that I plan to grow to the size of SO.
I'm only planning to have one prodcuction server to start off with. This will host everything including the database.
I know it's very hard to say but am I likely to run into trouble quickly (if the site takes off) and if this is the case should I start out with more than one server so I can load balance everything from day 1?
If no, should I be looking for something a little bigger than this spec?: http://www.123-reg.co.uk/dedicated-server-hosting/

subset: commoncrawl


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Car parking is available at all three terminals. There are two car parks at Terminal 2 (premium and standard parking); a premium car park is also situated outside Terminal 1 (hall B). Free transfer is provided between Terminal 2 and the car park. In addition, there is space for 4,300 cars at an air-conditioned car park at Terminal 3.
Car hire
Car hire is available outside the customs halls in Terminals 1 and 2; however, there is no facility for hiring self-drive cars at the airport, as these are not generally available in India.


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Chinese New Year Recipes (Slide 20)
(Slide 20 of 33) Start at the beginning | View recipes as list
Recipe: Sichuan-Style Shrimp
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text:
I asked a question regarding popping the last line of a text file in PHP, and now, is it possible to re-write the logic in shell script?
I tried this to obtain the last line:
tail -n 1 my_log_file.log
but I am not sure how can I remove the last line and save the file.
P.S. given that I use Ubuntu server.


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3 "Magic" Breakfast Ingredients to Kick-Start Your Metabolism (Slide 1)
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"I believe that if America does not lead, others will, others who do not share our interests and our values."
— Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney, at an Oct. 8 speech in Lexington, Va., criticizing President Obama's foreign policy
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Funeral services for Charles R. York, age 79, of Springerton, were held at 10:30 a.m. Saturday, Sept. 29, 2012 at Springerton Christian Church. Friends and family visited together from 5 until 8 p.m. Friday at Stendeback Family Funeral Home in Enfield.
Pianist Hyla Lamp provided the prelude and postlude music for the service. Dennis Woodrow sang, "Small Town Southern Man." Pastor Ron Lamp shared scripture and prayer. Hope Williams shared memories of her father. Pastor Ron and Hyla Lamp then sang several hymns. Pastor Lamp then delivered the message. The service closed with the song, "Daddy's Hands."
Jeff Phillips, Bob Phillips, David Smith, Scott Clark, Bruce York, Barry Warmack, Jack Baker, and Brian Flowers served as pallbearers at Hammack Cemetery where the burial took place. A funeral meal was then enjoyed at the church.
Condolences may be left at stendebackfamilyfuneralhome.com.
Location, ST | website.com


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STEUBENVILLE - Nearly 84 years after residents of Steubenville and Weirton celebrated the opening of the Fort Steuben Bridge with parades, processions and ribbon cuttings, the final curtain is coming down on the aged span with much less fanfare.
Tuesday morning, strategically located explosives will be detonated by demolition specialists and the bridge will quite simply cease to be.
Originally privately owned, the Fort Steuben Bridge cost $1 million, took more than a year to construct and shaved as much as 15 miles from the Pittsburgh-to-Columbus route. It was to have been named Stanton Bridge in honor of the late Edwin M. Stanton, who had been President Lincoln's Secretary of War, but at the last minute officials in Steubenville decided to call it the "Fort Steuben" bridge instead.
Article Photos
CELEBRATING THE OPENING — In was a joyous day in Steubenville nearly 84 years ago when a dedication day parade was held to mark the opening of the Fort Steuben Bridge. - Contributed
"They crossed on the ferry boat and drove horse and buggy when May & Leopold first furnished homes across the river," the retailer, founded in 1902, had said in an ad published that day. "Now we have the magnificent Fort Steuben Bridge."
Weirton Steel Co. offered its felicitations to residents of both communities, and said the bridge "should create a closer affiliation between the two cities and is a further indication of the progressiveness of the community."
On the Ohio side, Wheeling Steel Corp., said "industry thrives through transportation and communication ... and the new bridge is another forward step," while the Ohio Power Co. pointed out that transportation and power go hand-in-hand. "Without them, progress, development and the general well-being of the community cannot prosper," Ohio Power said.
Other ads touted the 800 acres of scenic vistas that could be had for $25 to $35 a foot front for homesites in the Half Moon Allotment.
"I think most people would probably agree that without the Fort Steuben Bridge, you wouldn't really have a Half Moon Industrial Park, which is one-third of the tax base for Brooke County," said John Brown, director of Brooke-Hancock-Jefferson Metropolitan Planning Commission. "Freedom Way obviously developed because of the bridge."
The bridge alleviated congestion in business commercial areas, like Market Street in Steubenville, and eliminated tough-to-navigate twists, turns and grades.
Of course, in those days Freedom Way was known as "Ferry Road." Local historian Dennis Jones said there were three ferries - Upper Ferry, Middle Ferry and Lower Ferry. "Upper Ferry was pretty close to where the bridge went in," he said. "The road that went up there was known as 'Ferry Road.' It was renamed Freedom Way back in the 1950s."
Jones said the industrial park began to evolve several decades later. Prior to that, "it was mostly undeveloped," he said. "There was an airport and farms, (there's no record) of anything industrial being there."
"That bridge probably enabled a lot of trucks, a lot of people, to go" east and west, said Gene DelGreco, a former BHJ planner. "Everything back there was farmland to begin with, then a lot of industries went in there. People specifically located there to use Weirton Steel products."
Weirton resident Bill Cattrell's grandfather, C.S. Cattrell, was mayor of what was then known as Hollidays Cove when the bridge opened, and his aunt, Helen, was designated "Miss WestVirginia" and helped cut the ribbon.
"You've got to remember, back then it was called 'Ferry Road' and it was the way to get to Pittsburgh or west to Columbus," he said. "It was the way to go. The bridge would have been an important line for east-west traffic."
Cattrell said his father, C.R. Cattrell, was about 9 when the bridge opened. Though he doesn't remember much of what his father told him, he did remember a small landing strip on the West Virginia side where planes used to land.
On the day the bridge was dedicated, in fact, a Weirton merchant was killed and two others injured when their plane "crashed over Half Moon farm," according to news stories in the Aug. 29, 1928, edition of the Herald-Star.
Weirton resident Gene DelGreco recalls attending a planning session early in his career, and "the No. 1 priority was getting a new bridge built" to replace the aging Fort Steuben span.
"Public officials on both sides of the river were in support of it," he said. "It took years, and finally, both states pulling together with the backing of a lot of important people to get it done. I think a lot of people would recall just how terrible it was to get (through) Weirton to Steubenville, so I would imagine the old bridge solved the problems they had in 1928, but by 1978 those problems had multiplied and they needed a new one."
Despite being a newcomer, Pat Ford, executive director of the Business Development Corp. of the Northern Panhandle, said it's obvious the bridge was "probably one of the most vital transportation links between West Virginia and Ohio, if not the transportation link."
"From what I understand, after it was built they saw the explosion of business and industry in Half Moon," he said. "What's interesting is if you owned a business or industry in Half Moon, for years you could go out your front door and go right across the river whereas now, you're looking at what, a six-mile circuitous route to get to that same point where they would have gotten off the (Fort Steuben) bridge. Clearly, it made it very attractive for Weirton Steel and all the other industries in Half Moon."
And in those days, he said both local mills - Weirton Steel on the West Virginia side and Wheeling Steel on the Ohio side - employed thousands of people. "From talking to people who grew up in the area and worked around here, the road was packed on a daily basis, there'd be car after car."
The much wider, much more modern Veterans Memorial Bridge opened on May 4, 1990, and the Fort Steuben fell out of favor with most motorists. In 2009 it was closed altogether after a dip in the floor of the bridge was spotted during routine maintenance, rendering it unsafe.
"I was at a meeting Friday with representatives of Half Moon industries, and one of them pointed out that a whole generation of young people who now live in the Weirton area don't know where or what Half Moon Industrial Park is now," Ford said. "When the Fort Steuben Bridge was open, all of the traffic in the region drove by the park. Once the bridge closed, people didn't really have a reason to drive down Freedom Way or into the park. When you talk about the businesses we have back there, the younger generations have a blank look on their faces - they don't know what the industrial park is or even where it is."
They also talked about having to replace truck windows and mirrors on almost a daily basis because the bridge was so narrow, "trucks would hug the center and cars would go as far to the right as they could."
"They also talked about how people used to sit in a traffic jam for 45 minutes just to get across the bridge," he said. "Now there's a whole new generation that doesn't know how much a part of history it was."


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The 6 Creepiest Places on Earth (Part 2)
#3. Kryziu Kalnas
Kryziu Kalnas started out like any other old Lithuanian hill: green and hilly, not too creepy. But beginning around 1831, the mini-mountain somehow became a hot spot for remembering failed uprisings, lost independence and how much the Soviet occupiers sucked. After years of conflict with the Russian empire, the family members of fallen soldiers turned the little mound into a sort of memorial to their loved ones. And what do you do when you want to memorialize someone? You plant a cross, of course. Or two or three or four.
After 100,000 crosses and crucifixes, shit can start looking creepy.
"Fuck you guys soo hard." - Count Dracula
Today Kryziu Kalnas is a home to enough religious imagery to resemble the universe's cemetery. And the Soviets didn't help matters when they bulldozed the place twice, guaranteeing the Hill of Crosses will be nice and haunted for all eternity. And every time the Soviets bulldozed, the Lithuanians rebuilt with a holy vengeance. Kryziu Kalnas ultimately became a symbol of enduring Lithuanian Catholicism, in spite of the heavy hand of the Soviets. In fact, in 1993, Pope John Paul II came out and blessed the place.
As if it needed it.
#2. Candido Godoi
Way down in southern Brazil, about 20 miles west from El Bumfuck Nowhere, there lies the peaceful little town of Candido Godoi, also known as the twin capital of the world. That's not the creepy part.
After all, we have nothing against twins. And that's good, because Candido Godoi is actually nicknamed "The Land of Twins" because of the unnaturally high rate of identical twin births among its inhabitants. What exactly is an "unnaturally high rate"? About 18 times higher than the world average, meaning that one in five pregnant couples in the town are guaranteed a two-for-one deal on their future bundle of joy.
Here's the creepy part:
Incoming Nazis!
There is a distinct possibility that all those twins are a direct result of the experimentation of famous Nazi doctor Josef Mengele.
That is the theory proposed by Jorge Camarasa, an Argentinean historian and an expert on Nazi war criminal and Auschwitz chief physician Mengele, aka the Angel of Death. Mengele -- a bona fide mad scientist who was fascinated with twins and fled to South America after WWII -- was identified by Camarasa and a few Candido Godoi elders as the mysterious German doctor who appeared in the area around 1963.
He first posed as a vet but soon started offering medical services to the ladies of the predominately German settlement. Soon after that, the bizarre twin births supposedly started.
Looks like someone is having a great birthday party!
Unfortunately science, being the party-pooping nerd that it is, chipped in by claiming that Mengele couldn't have had the means to orchestrate a genetics experiment of these proportions. Whew!
No, according to a group of Brazilian scientists, the unusually high twin birthrate can be easily explained by inbreeding or exposure to toxic waste.
Or Nazis.
So, take your pick. Either Candido Godoi was an experiment to create a race of perfect Aryan children, performed by a Nazi nicknamed the Angel of Death, or it's "just" a secluded Brazilian town full of identical blonde twins whose hobbies include inbreeding and hanging around toxic waste.
#1. Bones, Bones and More Bones
In the 12th century, the Austrian city of Hallstatt faced a serious problem. Like everyone else in the 12th century, they were running out of room to bury their dead, so they came up with a genius solution: They started renting out graves. Bodies over there were only laid to earth for 10 to 15 years, after which time the bones were exhumed, bleached and displayed in the ossuary.
Before your bones were displayed, your family would totally graffiti the shit out of them.
The reason for this eerily beautiful desecration was the obvious lack of any grave to put flowers on or something. On the other hand, it's way harder to explain the desecration that's going on in Capela dos Ossos, a small chapel in Portugal that in addition to cementing human bones in its walls proudly exhibits two full skeletons (one of a small child) suspended on chains.
The best images are the ones that stay with you when you close your eyes.
The chapel was in fact the work of a single 16th-century Franciscan monk who wanted to make his fellow Christians contemplate the transitory nature of life. Nonetheless, we think he was just trying to be dickhead when he wrote the following over the entrance: We bones, lying here bare, are awaiting yours.
Is that skeleton jerking off? Spooky!
But the unquestionable Grand Masters of recycling humans as building materials have to be the Catacombs of Paris. Located in the remains of Paris' stone mines, the Catacombs were established in the 18th century when the sanitary conditions in the capital became too unbearable even by French standards.
To avoid an epidemic, city officials started gathering human remains from various cemeteries and storing them underground, which was actually a wise and understandable decision. Though why they decided to rearrange them in a style that can be only described as Early Temple of Unspeakable Evil is anyone's guess:
Sweet dreams.
Cezary Jan Strusiewicz is a freelance online journalist and Japanese-English-Polish translator. Contact him at email@example.com
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We want to (finally) install a pet door for our cat. It will most likely be a model that will install in the laundry room door, the optimal location for it in our house. This brings me to my first issue: The laundry room door in the winter is on the side of the house that gets the most wind and rain. So we need a pet door that the cat can use and won't let in the cold wind and rain in the winter.
What kind of door is best in this situation? Should I go with an electronic model? Where is the optimal position to place the door? What else do I need to know that I didn't ask?


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i have dell inspiron N4010 laptop with broadcomm 4313 wifi chip,and the driver for wifi is installed and i am able to switch on wifi,but it does not detect access points,even ad-hoc networks created to test.I dual booting Ubuntu with windows and i had the same problem with 10.10 before,but a restart with wifi switched has solved the problem but not know.I am including the output of the following commands.
saikiran@saikiran-Inspiron-N4010:~$ sudo lshw -class network
description: Wireless interface
product: BCM4313 802.11b/g/n Wireless LAN Controller
vendor: Broadcom Corporation
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:04:00.0
logical name: wlan0
version: 01
serial: 70:f1:a1:8b:7a:38
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless
configuration: broadcast=yes driver=brcmsmac driverversion=3.0.0-12-generic firmware=N/A latency=0 link=no multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bgn
resources: irq:17 memory:f0300000-f0303fff
description: Ethernet interface
product: AR8152 v1.1 Fast Ethernet
vendor: Atheros Communications
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:05:00.0
logical name: eth0
version: c1
serial: b8:ac:6f:5a:6f:a6
capacity: 100Mbit/s
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=atl1c driverversion=18.104.22.168-NAPI firmware=N/A latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair
resources: irq:45 memory:f0200000-f023ffff ioport:3000(size=128)
saikiran@saikiran-Inspiron-N4010:~$ iwconfig
lo no wireless extensions.
eth0 no wireless extensions.
wlan0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:off/any
Mode:Managed Access Point: Not-Associated Tx-Power=19 dBm
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off
Power Management:off
ppp0 no wireless extensions.
saikiran@saikiran-Inspiron-N4010:~$ rfkill list
0: dell-wifi: Wireless LAN
Soft blocked: no
Hard blocked: no
1: dell-bluetooth: Bluetooth
Soft blocked: no
Hard blocked: no
2: phy0: Wireless LAN
Soft blocked: no
Hard blocked: no
3: hci0: Bluetooth
Soft blocked: no
Hard blocked: no
saikiran@saikiran-Inspiron-N4010:~$ sudo iwlist scan
[sudo] password for saikiran:
lo Interface doesn't support scanning.
eth0 Interface doesn't support scanning.
wlan0 No scan results
ppp0 Interface doesn't support scanning.
does ubuntu scan for networks at the time of boot?
UPDATE:I reinstalled the OS,while trying liveCD wifi is working and detecting AP(access points) without installing properiteries drivers.after installing the same problem recurred.
UPDATE:I reinstalled the OS and driver and also installed ia32-libs,suddenly wifi detects access points,but some what erratic and have to restart with wifi off whenever it does not detect.Sometimes when you switch off and on wifi,it is saying device not ready and i have to restart to make it work.Can anyone explain the debacle.


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Currently I am using a Manfrotto panorama head, which is quite heavy and bulky a load to carry. I am therefore considering to buy a R1. On the website I found, that the +/- 90 degree shots are off the NPP. So I thought about some different setup. Could you please comment on whether this is at all realistic/possible? BTW I am using PTGui as a stitcher.
The 5D with the Canon 15 mm lens will cover nearly 180 degrees when rolled diagonally. So I am considering to mount the camera/lens diagonally in the R1. When the camera is then tilted upwards 7.5 degrees, there should no zenith shot be needed. It would then take 6 shots around. There should be an area of approximately 15 degrees missing in the Nadir. The nadir shot could then be taken with the -90 degree off NPP setting.
So, is there anyone, who has got some experience with a similar setup, or will this setup not work anyway? Thank you very much for comments on this.


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The FD1-F Series is Pelco's entry-level indoor fixed dome camera. It integrates a camera and lens package into a small, versatile indoor enclosure that can be mounted directly to a ceiling and positioned using a 2-axis gimbal. The FD1 Series is shipped completely assembled, making installation fast and easy. To surface-mount the unit, remove it from the box, attach it to the mounting surface, and connect video and power.
- 540 TV Lines
- 0 Lux Sensitivity
- Sony 1/3-Inch Super HAD CCD II 760H
- NextChip Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
- Color Indoor Dome
- 3-9mm Varifocal Lens
- Shipped Completely Assembled, Easy to Install
- 12 VDC Power with Internal Synchronization
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TechNet Radio: Virtual Lab Insider – System Center 2012 Configuration Manager: Managing Clients
- Posted: Sep 30, 2012 at 5:58AM
- 18,410 views
Right click "Save as…"
In this Virtual Lab Insider, Blain Barton shows us how you can easily start learning about how to manage clients within System Center 2012 Configuration Manager.
Click here to try out the Virtual Lab.
If you're curious about client management capabilities within System Center, the TechNet Virtual Labs allow you to quickly and easily try out Microsoft's newest products for free in 90 minutes or less. No complex setup or installation required.
After watching this video, follow these next steps:
Step #1 – Download Microsoft Private Cloud Evaluation Software
Step #2 – Download Windows Server 2012
Step #3 – Download Your FREE Copy of Hyper-V Server 2012
If you're interested in learning more about the products or solutions discussed in this episode, click on any of the below links for free, in-depth information:
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I am a student of Computer Science and currently learning about optimization. We've been introduced to the Fritz-John and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions for convex optimizations.
I think I understand what they mean, in the sense that these conditions have to be fulfilled in order for a point to be an optimum.
However, I don't really understand the difference between both and my lecture notes are not very good at making a clear point of this difference. In fact, I am allergic to mathematical notation, so I would appreciate a concise and short answer in plain English, maybe with an example.
Thank you!


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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Qualtrics is a powerful survey-building tool that is highly customizable and easy to use. With Qualtrics, you can design and distribute surveys, manage the responses, track the participants, and analyze the data, all in an easy-to-navigate web-based interface. The survey tool is available at http://www.sandiego.edu/qualtrics/ Note that the process and procedures for using Qualtrics are controlled through the division administrator.


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Can we use slash in the phrase "over the two periods, 2000/01 and 2001/02"? If not, what is the appropriate punctuation in this case?
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No, no one will understand you. Write instead:
I'm not entirely sure those are "periods", per se. It seems better to just say the two months:
Perhaps you mean from the start of the first month till the end of the second one; if so, write this:
People used to ISO dates might instead write that in this fashion:
Anytime I've run across this being done, it is usually with both years in full and a dash/hyphen between them. Ex. The 2001 - 2002 school year
Actually, I take that back- I see it done without the full second date as well.
Ex. The 2001-02 school year.
If you were to ask me, I would tend to prefer the second way over the first; I just think it looks better. I don't know if the first way is considered "correct" but I do believe the second way is, if not "correct" then at least in acceptable common usage.
I could maybe get with using a hyphen when referring to a period of time- from 2001-04 for example... and using a slash to mean a year-period which starts and stops in the middle of the year. It is also treated as one thing; the 2003/04 school year is said, "the two-thousand three (/) four school year" while 2003-06 would be "Two thousand three TO six"
So I guess my final word is that you may use a slash when referring to a year long period of time that starts in the middle of, say, 2002 and ended in the middle of 2003. "The two-thousand-two (/) three school year" is referring to one year's length of time and therefore the slash is used to join the two school years into one length of time.
Make sense? Hope so! :)


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NEW YORK — The Super Bowl XVII champion Baltimore Ravens will be involved in one of 11 games televised nationally during the NFL's 2013 preseason schedule, which was announced Thursday.
The Ravens will host the Carolina Panthers on Thursday, Aug. 22 during the third week of the preseason, when teams generally play their regulars into the third quarter.
The league had already announced last month that the Dallas Cowboys and Miami Dolphins will open up the slate in the annual Hall of Fame Game in Canton, Ohio, which will be held on Sunday, Aug. 4.
All 12 of last year's playoff participants will have one preseason contest broadcasted nationally, with three games featuring clubs that both reached the postseason in 2012.
The defending NFC champion San Francisco 49ers will host the Minnesota Vikings on Sunday, Aug. 25, with another headliner taking place two days earlier when the Seattle Seahawks visit the Green Bay Packers in the teams' first encounter since last September's controversial last-second win by the Seahawks in Seattle.
A clash between the reigning NFC South champion Atlanta Falcons and the Cincinnati Bengals at the Georgia Dome highlights the preseason's opening week, with that game to take place on Thursday, Aug. 8.
Other notable nationally televised matchups include Indianapolis visiting the New York Giants on Sunday, Aug. 18; Washington hosting Pittsburgh on Monday, Aug. 19 and Peyton Manning's Denver Broncos taking on the visiting St. Louis Rams on Saturday, Aug. 24.


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The Social Psychology Program at Ball State University is the only social psychology program in the nation to be located within a counseling psychology department.
Due to its unique departmental location, it is infused with a multicultural approach, which is commonly found in counseling psychology. In fact, the program's specialty is cultural psychology. Ball State University also offers the only dual Social Psychology/Clinical Mental Health Counseling program in the nation. Class sizes are small for all 3 tracks (general social psychology, applied social psychology, and the dual track), which allows for more individualized interaction between faculty and students.
Further, the Social Psychology Program at Ball State is one of very few master's programs to offer full funding to the vast majority of its students. There are many opportunities for research both within and across departments. Our students end up in PhD programs in social psychology, marketing, counseling, and other fields, as well as in jobs in non-profit organizations, human resources departments, and many other areas.
If you are interested in the program, we encourage you to e-mail the acting Program Director, Dr. Justin Lehmiller (email@example.com), and to get in touch with current students. Many of our current students thoroughly enjoy the program and would be happy to assist you in making your decisions. We look forward to hearing from you soon!
Social Psychology Information
Program Options:
General Social Psychology Track
Applied Social Psychology Track
Dual Major in Social Psychology and Clinical Mental Health Counseling
Copyright © 2016 Ball State University 2000 W. University Ave. Muncie, IN 47306
800-382-8540 and 765-289-1241


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Capitol Theatre, Riffe Center
A Modern Space
Managed by CAPA, this state-of-the-art, 903-seat facility opened in 1989 as part of the Vern Riffe Center for Government and the Arts. It offers intimate performance experiences including CAPA presentations of comedy, music, dance, theater, family entertainment, and cultural programming.
In addition, BalletMet, The Columbus Gay Men's Chorus, The Columbus Symphony Youth Orchestra, and The Ohio State University Department of Dance all perform regularly at the Capitol Theatre.


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School and Camp Group Reservation Form
Use this worksheet to prepare for your field trip. When you have completed this worksheet, SAVE or PRINT it, and have it handy when you call Central Reservations at (212) 769-5200, Monday-Friday, 9am - 5pm. Faxes/e-mails will not be accepted for school group reservations. Please make your reservation at least 5 weeks in advance.


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Today Simply Ali welcomes Cat Johnson to the Authors After Dark Birthday Bash!
Take a look at Cat Johnson's Sexy New Release Bobby
Red, Hot & Blue, Book 6
Samhain Publishing
Western, Men In Uniform, Romance
March 20, 2012
When the reality TV cameras stop rolling, things really start to heat up.
Deputy Sheriff Bobby Barton agrees to put up with a reality TV show in his town for two reasons: it'll be good for local business, and the producers promise to keep out of his. Except the show keeps creeping into his personal life. Plus, against his better judgment, he finds himself hoping that the show's assistant producer, Christy Dunne, will creep into his bed.
Christy never mixed business with pleasure, but Bobby has her breaking all her own rules. When she makes a decision that can cost her job, suddenly she's scrambling to keep her career from crashing. Though landing in Bobby's bed might make it worth all the uproar.
With cameras all over town, a meddling executive producer manipulating everyone's lives, their own scruples getting in the way, and the show's deadline looming, Bobby and Christy can't think about love. Then again, how can they not?
Ali: Is there an author that makes you go all "fangirl?"
Cat: I almost lost it when I interviewed Carly Philips at BEA a few years ago for an ARe BlogTalkRadio show and told her that years ago, reading her The Bachelor inspired me to try a hand at writing romance.
Ali: If you could co-write with another author who would it be and why?
Cat: Those of us who write alone are fascinated by those who write with partners, but if I were to do it, I think Alison Kent and I could write a kick-ass erotic military romance!
Ali: What are you looking forward to most about AADNola?
Cat: Personally, seeing New Orleans for the first time. Professionally, it would be meeting in person the people I only know online, and seeing old friends again--both authors and readers.
Ali: The world is under attack and you are forced to run for your life. You only have room for one book in your survival kit, what book do you take?
Cat: It would have to be a classic. Perhaps the complete works of William Shakespeare, then we could occupy ourselves after the apocalypse acting out the plays and writing Shakespeare fanfic!
Ali: Who are your favorite literary characters? (Yours or someone else's)
Cat: I always loved JD Robb's Rourke. Rich, sexy, Irish, owns resorts on other planets--what more could a girl want? LOL
Ali: Are there any of your secondary characters you would like to give more life to?
Cat: I think the young bull rider in my Studs in Spurs series, Skeeter, needs a story. And though he had a teeny tiny role in A Cowboy for Christmas, I think the male executive assistant from Maverick Western's headquarters in NYC has all the makings for a great fish out of water story if I pluck him from Manhattan and send him to the Colorado cattle ranch. (Don't get excited, though. There are no immediate plans for that story.)
Ali: If your friends were asked to describe you in one word what would it be?
Cat: My friends? That's easy. It would be Bitch. (I'm currently interviewing candidates for new friends...LOL Just kidding...I think.)
*Favorite color: Chocolate Brown
*Favorite food: Macaroni & Cheese
*Boots or heels BOOTS!!
*eReader or Print eReader (specifically iPad for indoors, B/W Nook for bright sunlight)
*Beer, Liquor or Wine: WINE-red, dry, with chocolate undertones. My current fav is a Malbec from Argentina
*Favorite place to get it on besides the bedroom The ocean
*Favorite TV Show: Big Bang Theory
*Favorite Book series (besides your own): I always loved Suzanne Brockmann's Seals and Troubleshooters series. They inspired me to try my hand at military romance.
*Pj's or Lingerie: PJs - specifically flannel.
*Vampires vs. Shifters: Shifters-I like my men to run hot, not cold
Want to learn more about Cat Johnson? Here are some links.
Website Blog Facebook Twitter
Thank You to Cat Johnson for stopping by Simply Ali and for giving away a copy of her Hot story, Bobby to a lucky commenter!
A Kindle Fire & One AAD Nola Registration!


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SCHUMACHER, Edward A. "Ed," age 60, of New Philadelphia, passed peacefully, with his loving family around him, Wednesday, March 20, 2013, in Community Hospice House, after a hard-fought battle with colon cancer.
Born August 31, 1952, at Wheeling, WV, he was a son of the late Charles P. Schumacher and Marie Conaway Schumacher Dobranetski of New Philadelphia.
Ed graduated from Warren Consolidated High School at Rayland, and earned his bachelor's degree in Broadcast Communications from Ohio University. He was the president and general manager of WTUZ-FM in New Philadelphia.
Besides his mother, Ed is survived by his fiancee, Joanne Obermiller; his "step-sons," Jason Slabaugh of Jacksonville Beach, FL, and Jarrod Slabaugh of New Philadelphia; his brother, Keith (Carolyn) Schumacher of Acworth, GA; his nieces, Gracie (Ed's goddaughter) and Anna Marie Schumacher.
In addition to his father, Ed was preceded in death by his step-father, Edward Dobranetski.
Fr. Jeff Coning will celebrate Ed's funeral Mass Monday, March 25, at 10:30 a.m., in Sacred Heart Church, 139 Third St. NE, New Philadelphia. Following the Mass, there will be a luncheon in the Toland-Herzig Monarch Center on the Boulevard at Dover.
To sign an online guestbook and share a fond memory of Ed, please visit the Obituaries and Flowers link on the Toland-Herzig website.
The family requests that, instead of flowers, contributions in Ed's memory be made to Community Hospice House, 716 Commercial Ave. SW, New Philadelphia, OH 44663.
Further, Ed's family would like to remind everyone that March is Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, and, if you are over 50 years old, please get tested. Thank you.


text: More from SI New Tampa Bay Buccaneers uniform features throwback ora... New Tampa Bay Buccaneers uniform features throwback ora... 'More menacing skull' highlights Tampa Bay Buccaneers g... 'More menacing skull' highlights Tampa Bay Buccaneers g... NFL now has three legitimate Los Angeles stadium sites... NFL now has three legitimate Los Angeles stadium sites... Everything you need to know about the footballs that wi... Everything you need to know about the footballs that wi... Peyton Manning, other NFL Sports Illustrated Sportsmen... Peyton Manning, other NFL Sports Illustrated Sportsmen... Fans celebrate Halloween at stadiums around league in W... Fans celebrate Halloween at stadiums around league in W... NFL unveils new Pro Bowl uniforms NFL unveils new Pro Bowl uniforms Close Tweet0 Share0 Comment0 Share0 Share0 Stumble It0 Print0 More Audibles Brandon Marshall: I've heard of players using Viagra 'to get an edge' by Chris Burke Add Favorite Favorite Added Twitter Email Posted: Wed Nov. 28, 2012 The NFL's fight against performance-enhancing drug (PED) use amongst its players has focused recently on Adderall -- Tampa Bay's Eric Wright just landed a four-game suspension for taking that drug, while Seattle cornerbacks Brandon Browner and Richard Sherman face similar punishments.Chicago Bears wide receiver Brandon Marshall told reporters Wednesday, though, that Adderall is not the only unusual source of help turned to by some NFL players. From Sean Jensen of the Chicago Sun-Times:#Bears WR @bmarshall said he's heard crazy stories of players trying to get an edge, including use of Viagra. #puzzled— Sean Jensen (@seankjensen) November 28, 2012The Chicago Tribune's Brad Biggs provided an extended version of Marshall's comments:"I don't know too much about Adderall," Marshall said. "I know guys, it is such a competitive league, guys try anything just to get that edge. I'm fortunate enough to be blessed with size and some smarts to give me my edge. But some guys, they'll do whatever they can to get an edge. I've heard of some crazy stories. I've heard (of) guys using like Viagra, seriously. Because the blood is supposedly thin, some crazy stuff. So, you know, it's kind of scary with some of these chemicals that are in some of these things so you have to be careful."Naturally, Twitter erupted with a plethora of quippy responses to Marshall's revelation. But the notion of NFL players taking Viagra may not be as far-fetched or ridiculous as you might think.The use of Viagra by athletes is a phenomenon that's been tackled by many news outlets in the past, including online news magazine Slate and the New York Times. In a 2008 piece entitled "Does Viagra gives athletes an advantage?", the Times examined why the little blue pill might be the next wave of PEDs.Viagra, or sildenafil citrate, was devised to treat pulmonary hypertension, or high blood pressure in arteries of the lungs. The drug works by suppressing an enzyme that controls blood flow, allowing the vessels to relax and widen. The same mechanism facilitates blood flow into the penis of impotent men. In the case of athletes, increased cardiac output and more efficient transport of oxygenated fuel to the muscles can enhance endurance.Viagra provides a different effect than Adderall -- the latter's effect was described by NFL senior vice president of labor law and policy Adolph Birch to USA Today as "a stimulant that can combat fatigue and feelings of fatigue on a playing field." However, for players, the main goal is the same: to find a boost, even an unnatural one.The NFL has been fairly proactive with its attempt to corral PED use, even putting a clause in the league's new collective bargaining agreement (agreed to last year) that allowed game-day testing for those substances. But as Marshall's comments indicate, players, either desperate for a little help improving their play or simply some help making it through a brutal NFL season, will continue to push the boundaries of what is and is not allowed. More Audibles


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TULSA, Okla. (AP) - A federal bankruptcy judge approved an agreement between a subsidiary of SemGroup LP, a group with ties to Sherman that filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection, and two other companies that will allow a 524-mile pipeline project to proceed.
As part of the pact signed off on by Delaware Bankruptcy Judge Brendan L. Shannon, SemCrude Pipeline will have to let another company oversee its work and allow access to records.
General Electric Capital -- part of the pact -- alleged last week that SemCrude defaulted on the terms of a $120 million loan to build the pipeline from Platteville, Colorado, to storage terminals in Cushing.
The creditor accused SemCrude of taking $54 million out of the loan fund and sending it to SemGroup instead of spending it on the project.
General Electric Capital wanted PE-Pipeline Services to be in charge of the effort, but was blocked because SemCrude allegedly wouldn't relinquish records and control of the project.
The three companies agreed today that SemCrude would continue work on the pipeline as long as terms of the agreement are kept.
SemGroup, which has a facility in Sherman, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection July 22nd.
(Copyright 2008 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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Two transported following accident
STEUBENVILLE - Two Steubenville residents were transported to Trinity Medical Center West following an accident involving three vehicles on Sunset Boulevard at about 4 p.m. Wednesday.
City Police reported Kevin O. McConnel, 52, of 108 Braybarton Blvd., and Aimee L. Black, 36, of 244 South Seventh St., were transported by the Steubenville Ambulance Service to the hospital, where their status wasn't available.
Police said Mary J. White, 40, of 209 North Commercial Alley, Steubenville, was turning left from Shirley Circle West onto Sunset Boulevard when her vehicle struck McConnel's in the westbound passing lane, causing it to veer into the eastbound lane and strike Black's vehicle.
White was cited for failure to yield.
Pet pictures with Santa planned
STEUBENVILLE - Hounds' Haven's annual Pet Pictures with Santa Claus event is scheduled for two sessions in December.
The first will be held from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Dec. 8 at Jefferson Landmark on old U.S. Route 22 in Bloomingdale. The second will be held from noon to 4 p.m. Dec. 9 at the Jefferson Landmark on state Route 150 in Dillonvale.
For a $12 donation, your pet can have its photo taken with Santa Claus, and presented to you in a 4x6 holiday keepsake frame. Please have your pet on a leash or in a carrier. Children and family members are welcome to have photos taken also.
Proceeds from this fundraiser will benefit Hounds' Haven Inc., a nonprofit, quality of life animal shelter in Jefferson County dedicated to helping homeless pets from all around the Ohio Valley to find shelter, care and love for a lifetime.


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Jimenez claims Hong Kong title
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FILE - In this Feb. 22, 2009 file photo, Lance Armstrong prepares for the final stage of the Tour of California cycling race in Rancho Bernardo, Calif. The U.S. Anti-Doping Agency is bringing doping charges against the seven-time Tour de France winner, questioning how he achieved those famous cycling victories. Armstrong, who retired from cycling last year, could face a lifetime ban from the sport if he is found to have used performance-enhancing drugs. He maintained his innocence, saying: "I have never doped." (AP Photo/Marcio Jose Sanchez, File)
The Justice Department has joined a lawsuit against disgraced cyclist Lance Armstrong that alleges the former, seven-time Tour de France champion concealed his use of performance-enhancing drugs and defrauded his long-time sponsor, the U.S. Postal Service.
The lawsuit alleges that riders on the postal service-sponsored team, including Armstrong, knowingly violated their agreements with the postal service by regularly using banned substances and methods to enhance their performance.
U.S. Attorney Ronald Machen, whose office is handling the case, said Armstrong and his cycling team took more than $30 million from the postal service based on their contractual promise to play fair and abide by the rules -- including rules against doping. Machen said the postal service has now been unfairly associated with a doping program.


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I am trying to create a simple risk calculation for the portfolio (ignoring correlations for the moment). I have some corporate bonds with limited daily price changes. Any one have ideas how I can get a VaR (95%) for these assets given their limited pricing history? Is there any easy way to use CDS for the name instead of corporate bond prices (if i can find a long enough history)
It's very common to work in spreads rather than price for this calculation. The simplest approach would be to get an implied spread for each bond, and then allow the spreads to vary in simulation according to an equity-style factor model. Each spread simulation can then be mapped back to bond prices by reversing the formula.
A few points:
If you have CDS data, take ( cds spread changes * the dv01 of the cds / cds notional ) to get a percent change in cds. you can use that as a proxy for bond price volatility.
Note that in bad times, cash tends to underperform cds so you need to increase the volatility of your bond relative to the cds. if your cds volatility is 3%, multiple that by say 1.5 to be conservative. additionally, you will need to adjust by the ratio of the cds dv01 to the bond dv01.


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Vasile Petrutiu - (Ballet, Character, Partnering, Pointe, Variations) - was born in Transylvania, Romania, Mr. Petrutiu trained at the Romanian Academy of Fine Arts and graduated at the top of his class with the highest degree in the field of dance. After graduation he joined the Romanian National Opera and Ballet in Bucharest where he was spotted by the great director/choreographer Oleg Danovski, who invited him to join The Classical and Contemporary Ballet of Romania, as principal dancer and touring extensively throughout Europe, Canada and the United States. In 1982 he defected while on tour in USA. In 1984 Mr. Petrutiu established his residency in the United States and later got his US citizenship. He held the Principal Dancer position with several companies including Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, Cleveland-San Jose Ballet, Dallas Ballet, Tulsa Ballet Theatre, Nevada Dance Theatre, Royal Winnipeg Ballet and Alberta Ballet. His distinguished career encompasses an extensive list of leading roles in the great classical ballets and many contemporary master pieces. During his dance career, Mr. Petrutiu worked with noted personalities such as Frederick Franklin, Reid Anderson, Natalie Krassovska, Laura Alonzo and Flemming Flindt. In addition to dancing, Mr. Petrutiu also acted as master teacher, school director, ballet master, choreographer, and artistic director for several companies, most recently Southern Ballet Theatre, now Orlando Ballet, in Florida. Under his direction SBT, now Orlando Ballet, successfully eliminated its trailing deficit of over 400K, tripled season subscriptions and earned a surplus of 100K by the third year of his leadership. In the year 2000, Mr. Petrutiu founded and incorporated The Ballet Academy of Central Florida and the Central Florida Ballet, guiding the two organizations to great success. The Academy reached an enrollment of over 300 students in just four months, and the professional company made its debut with Tutus, Tangos, and More. This program featured several of Mr. Petrutiu's ballets and was a smash-hit debut for the new company. In year 2004 Mr. Petrutiu's Nutcracker Production reached international attention being featured in USA Today and later highlighted by CNN Headline News as one of five outstanding Productions in the nation. Mr. Petrutiu engaged many international stars including Gelsey Kirkland, Fernando Bujones, Angel Corella, Irina Dvorovenko, Maxim Beloserkovsky, Sascha Radetski, Yanis Pikieris, David Palmer and Dragos Mihalcea. Mr. Petrutiu is excited to continue working with professional dancers and students and to bring quality in dance to Central Florida.
Artistic Director
Vladimir Bykov - (Ballet, Character, Partnering, Pointe, Variations) - Mr. Bykov graduated from the Kiev State Ballet Academy (Ukraine) in 1988 and joined the Malyi Theatre of Operaand Ballet in Kiev as a principal dancer. In 1995, he received a Master's Degree from the Kiev National Institute of the Arts. Vladimir has performed in leading roles including The Nutcracker, Sleeping Beauty, Harlequinade, Romeo and Juliet, and the Rite of Spring. Vladimir toured throughout Europe and came to the U.S. in 1996 where he danced with El Paso Ballet, New Mexico Ballet, Albuquerque and Dallas Metropolitan Ballet. He has been a ballet instructor at the University of Texas and was awarded Outstanding Male Newcomer by the El Paso Association for the Performing Arts in 1988. Before joining Central Florida Ballet as Ballet master, Mr. Bykov danced with Southern Ballet Theatre (now Orlando Ballet) and also served as a teacher and coach for the company. In year 2004 Mr. Bykov was appointed and accepted the Artistic Director's position with Central Florida Ballet. In 2007, Mr. Bykov accepted the Artistic Director position with the World Ballet Competition.
Dawn Branch – (Modern) - Certified by Dance Educators of America, Ms. Branch is a guest lecturer at colleges across the state and teaches master classes throughout the country. Ms. Branch is a native New Yorker and graduate of the world-renowned LaGuardia High School of the Performing Arts. She holds a BA in Media and Communications from State University at Old Westbury. Ms. Branch was a soloist with the Bernice Johnson Dance Company and a scholarship student with the Ailey School, the official school of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. She studied under the tutelage of Madame Darvarsh, Penny Frank, Denise Jefferson, Kevin Austin Hunt and Kevin Iega Jeff, Founder and Artistic Director of the Chicago-based Deeply Rooted Dance Theatre and artist-in-residence at Ballet Chicago.
Ms. Branch's career highlights have included co-choreographing with Michael Peters for "On Stage America," performing in New York City with Ben Vereen at Avery Fisher Hall and with Diana Ross in Central Park. She was the rehearsal director for The Chocolate Nutcracker (Orlando, FL), the co-Artistic Director of Momentum Arts (Longwood, FL) and performed with Moore Dance Project, the area's first African-American professional contemporary dance company, founded and operating out of The Center for Contemporary Dance.In May of 2012, Ms. Branch founded Dawn Branch Works Contemporary Ballet Company, a professional ensemble that emerged out of a project sponsored by The Center for Contemporary Dance. She is also the Founder and President of Dawn Branch Master Dance Series and Performances, a workshop program which gives Central Florida dancers the opportunity to work with master instructors from the New York City area. She is also the director of the NAACP's local division of the Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics (ACT-SO), a yearlong achievement program designed to recruit, stimulate, and encourage high academic and cultural achievement among African-American high school students.
Gina Hatch – (Ballet, Tap, Jazz, Musical Theater) - Gina was born in Provo, Utah. She began training at age 4 with Colleen Collins Smith School of Performing Arts. She became a member of The Company at age 15, dancing the lead in Swan Lake, Carmen, Nutcracker, and Jekyll and Hyde. Gina was the recipient of the Willam F. Christensen scholarship to the University of Utah. She went on to graduate with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in addition to teaching at the University for two years. She performed with Utah Ballet and Ballet West, working with Jaque Debois, Atilla Fizzaire and Willam F. Christensen. Soon after graduation, Gina became a member of Hubbard Street Dance Company working with Twyla Tharp, Alonzo King, and Lou Conte. Gina directed the dance department at Payson High School for two years, then moved to Florida to perform with Walt Disney World Entertainment. Gina performed in The Magical World of Barbie, Jolly Holidays and numerous conventions. She became a Radio City Rockette for the 1996 Christmas Spectacular and returned to complete four full seasons. Gina performed for Universal Studios in the Grinchmas show in 2009. She is currently a dance clinician for Disney Magic Music Days Dancing Seminars. She also performs and teaches at Central Florida Ballet and Movement Arts Studio. Gina can currently be seen performing the principal role in "Allure" at SeaWorld Orlando. Most recently Gina has been chosen to choreograph Universal Studios largest and most ambitious live show to date "Universal Studios SUPERSTAR Parade". She has also choreographed Despicable Me, Bikini Bottom, Hop and Macy's High Kick Girls for Universal Studios.
Gina is a mother to Ellexis Skye, Ledger Gregory, London Maurice, and Leyton Cole. Whether performing, judging pageants/competitions, or teaching around the nation, Gina loves participating in the performing arts. She especially appreciates Colleen Collins Smith's patience and gift to learn and to excel. Gina hopes to pass on her knowledge and love of dance to all.
Deedee Sherman – (Ballet & Tap) - Deedee began dancing with Betty Kovach, in Raleigh, N.C., studying the Vaganova method. She received her BFA, in Dance, from the University of North Carolina School of the Arts, in Winston-Salem, NC. After graduation, she had a 15 year stage career in Reno, Nevada dancing with Maggie Banks' newly formed, Nevada Festival Ballet. At the same time, she was performing in the MGM Grand's production, "Hello Hollywood Hello", on the world's largest stage. This was a dream job that allowed her to dance in 2 shows a night, 6 nights a week, for 10 years. While in Reno, she also performed with the Nevada Opera, Karen Burns Productions and numerous special events at MGM Grand and Bally's Hotel & Casino. Deedee has taught dance in the Orlando area for the past 20 years, joining Central Florida Ballet, in 2001. Deedee, also, works with Virginia Trudeau Photography.
Daniela Veliz Wilk - (Ballet) - is from Caracas, Venezuela. She began her training at the Central Florida Ballet Academy in 2003, and since then has performed in various ballets with the company; her favorites being Paquita, La Bayadere, and Swan Lake. She has also trained at the Orlando Ballet, Universal Ballet Academy (Kirov), and Ballet Florida where she received a full scholarship. Additionally she performs at Universal Studios and local theater companies including The Garden Theater and Titusville Playhouse.


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Nintendo DS Games
Zenses Zen Garden Cheats for Nintendo DSHome / Nintendo DS /
This page contains Cheats for Zenses Zen Garden organized by sections for Nintendo DS. This game has "Puzzle" as genre, made by Shin'en, released on Sep 1, 2010. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Shin'en
- Publisher: Knowledge Adventure Inc.
- Genre: Puzzle
- Release: Sep 1, 2010
- ESRB: Everyone
Sorry No Cheats Yet!
If you know cheats, secrets, hints, glitches or other level guides for this game that can help others leveling up, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights and experience with other gamers.
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
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