text: Hey guys! I'm quickly submitting a tutorial that will basically guide you through on "how to draw Eragon", step by step! I had so much fun with the painting process as well as the tutorial layout. This lesson will definitely help you to "draw Saphira"! I hope you'll enjoy and have fun!


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| Bloch, H. P., Hydrocarbon Processing Staff,
Each pipe or control line should be traced to its origin, the design intent must be well understood, and all owner-purchaser questions answered by the vendor-manufacturer.
[lubrication system]
[seal oil]
Auxiliaries are responsible for more downtime events than
the main components of a compressor. To improve unit reliability, auxiliaries deserve
closer scrutiny; unfortunately, they are often upgraded from
the traditional vendors standard configuration.
Compliance with an applicable American Petroleum Institute
standard (API-614) is helpful. However, engineers should
remember that various API standards are intended to explain the
minimum requirements. Minimum requirements are not to
be confused with best available technology.
As of 2012, only a small percentage of the many thousands of
centrifugal compressors operating in modern industry were
equipped with magnetically suspended or gas-lubricated
bearings. The overwhelming majority of compressors continues to
use oil lubrication for bearings that either support the
compressor shaft (radial bearings) or limit shaft axial
movement (thrust bearings). This article deals with these
lubrication systems only. It will emphasize factors that are
commonly overlooked.
Seals are used to prevent migration from the pressheaurized
compressor interior volume (the compression space) toward the
bearings. These seals are available in a variety of
configurations, and most seals require oil as a coolant and
lubricant. The auxiliary systems that feed oil to the bearings
and seals are often combined, in which case, they are aptly
called lube- and seal-oil systems. Separate systems are more
common and are required if the seal oil is contaminated by
entrained sour gases, such as hydrogen sulfide.
Fig. 1 shows a simplified schematic of a plain
lube-oil system. Several of the most common system instruments
are also listed in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. The simplified, but
typical, compressor lube-oil system
includes many auxiliary components in addition
to the
compressor. The multi-unit systems require
provisions to
separate (to valve-off) one system from another.
In the combined
lube- and seal-oil systems with turbine drivers,
the compressors
outer seal-oil drain must be separate from the
lube-oil drain.
Oil reservoirs must include valve and space provisions for
temporarily or permanently connecting oil purifiers to the
low-point drain. In addition to removing water contamination,
modern oil purifiers will also remove undesirable gases from
the seal oil.
If both drivers are electric motors, different feeder
connections are recommended by API-614. It should be of
interest that Note 1 (see Fig. 1) also alerts
purchasers to locate the suction piping away from reservoir low
points where dirt can easily accumulate. A reliability-focused
user will take a very active part in the selection and design
process for these compressor-support systems. An infinite
number of component combinations are possible, and user
preferences will be discussed in this article. Guidance can be
found in various API specification documents. However, the
instrument nomenclature chosen by vendors and manufacturers
often differs. Table 1 is one of many hundreds
of feasible listings of instruments typically found on lube-
and seal-oil systems. The owner-purchasers engineer must
understand the purpose and functionality of each of these
All systems must be properly laid out, and supply piping
sized for maximum velocities that do not exceed 7 fps
(approximately 2 m/s). Stainless steel (SS) is used for all
piping, both upstream and downstream of the filters. SS is also
needed for vessels, housings, tanks and their respective tops.
Only certain valves and a few instruments are
(possibly) exempted from this requirement. With high
reliability being the first and foremost goal, all supervisory
and control instrumentation elements should include stainless
Cost-cutting has made inroads here, although some
savings are false economy that will often cost more
later. To avoid unavailability, here are some of the key areas
to address:
A small- to mid-sized lube skid is shown in Fig.
2. The photo depicts two horizontally arranged rotary
positive displacement lube pumps, which have been sized for oil
requirements that include unusual upset conditions. When both
pumps are motor-driven, different feeders or a DC supply source
are generally specified. The direct-current source must last as
long as it takes to secure the main compressor and manipulate
all associated valves.
Note how the principal components are readily accessible, as
shown in Fig. 2. The suction pipes must be
arranged to provide positive suction head for these horizontal
pumps, with the line sloped down from the reservoir to the
pump. While this recommendation is sometimes contested by pump
manufacturers, it will allow gas to be vented back to the
Fig. 2. In this accessible
skid-mounted lube-
oil system, the filters are in the right
foreground; the coolers are horizontally
arranged on the left.1
To rule out unexpected surprises and the occasional
finger-pointing, the compressor manufacturer must be directly
responsible for the design, although the manufacturer often
asks third parties to fabricate and test the entire skid.
Reliability-focused users specify lube- and seal-oil systems
that comply with the applicable standards of the American
Petroleum Institute (API-614). These standards constitute a
detailed and enhanced bill of materials, as well as a
description of the redundancies required to ensure years of
uninterrupted uptime to such systems. Appropriate
instrumentation must be provided. An experienced compressor
operator should be involved in selecting these instruments and
determining their operator-friendly, optimum mounting
locations. Ease of maintenance and accessibility compete with
the desire to keep things compact. A measure of judgment must
be exercised by both the purchaser and vendor.
With few exceptions, systems that do not comply with API
standards will require more frequent maintenance. Regardless of
the standards applied, the purchaser should review several
pertinent details, as listed here:
Pumps must be centrifugal or rotary positive displacement.
Driving off the main driver or compressor shaft is rarely
acceptable, because pump failure would mandate equipment
shutdown. If two or three pumps are used, at least one is
usually driven by a small steam turbine. Pumps must have carbon-steel casings, and cast-iron
casings are allowed only inside the reservoir. Exposed
cast-iron pumps would be brittle and more prone to failure when
involved, directly or indirectly, in a fire event.
A decision must be made as to which pump is normally on
standby (although the turbine-driven pump is usually selected
for standby duty). Still, someone must define how quickly the
turbine will come up to speed and reestablishes the required
oil pressure. The correct electrical classification must be
selected for motor drivers. Suitable electronic governors
should be chosen even for small steam turbines. If the steam
turbine driven pump is in standby mode, it should be kept warm
and slow-rolled. But slow-rolling consumes energy.
Some bearings will not allow slow rolling at speeds below 100
rpm. Pumps being slow-rolled should have a return line with a
restriction orifice back to suction, and dewatering of piping
and steam turbine casing must be accomplished by using the
right steam trap type and model.
Standby equipment deserves more attention than it
usually seems to receive. Pumps and their respective
driver shafts must be easy to align.2 Couplings
should be designed with a service factor of two or more, and
they must be virtually maintenance-free.
The start switch or actuator component for the auxiliary
pump must have a manual reset provision. A steam condensate
exhaust hood will be needed for steam exhaust lines vented to
atmosphere. Without it, operators risk being showered with
scalding water whenever the auxiliary steam turbine-driven pump
kicks in.
For some steam turbine models, slow-rolling below 150 rpm
will not allow establishing an oil film between the journal and
bearing bore. Also, consideration must be given to an emergency
oil source to be fed to the turbocompressor train during an
occasional power failure event. If there is even a remote
possibility of neither oil pump being available, an overhead
rundown tank should be provided to gravity-feed the
turbomachinery bearings.
A pressurized overhead tank is shown in Fig.
3, but non-pressurized (atmospheric pressure) tanks
are quite often used as well. An atmospheric breather valve or
vent must be used with nonpressurized models, and the
user-purchaser must address issues of airborne dirt and birds
trying to build nests in or near such vents. A drilled check
valve is then used between the lube supply header and
atmospheric pressure overhead rundown tank. Regardless of the
type of rundown tank selected, elevations should be such that
the static head is less than the equipment lube-oil trip
pressure. API-614 gives guidance on these and other important
matters dealing with lubrication, shaft sealing and control oil
systems for special purpose applications.
Fig. 3. Pressurized overhead
rundown tank for
centrifugal compressors lists
the instrumentation.3
The anticipated time needed for the machine to coast to a
stop is 8 minutes, with 15 minutes used as a more conservative
limit. This rundown tank should be vented, and the vent
oriented and configured to prevent entry of birds and debris.
Does the overhead rundown tank need to be heated or insulated
for operation in cold weather? Are suitable auto-start facilities provided? Designers
should verify that proper dewatering facilities are provided at all
points of the steam piping and at the turbine casing.
In installations with two electric motor-driven pumps, the
power should come from different feeders or substations.
Temporary power dips during the pump switch-over are bridged by
using a hydraulic accumulator in the lube supply line. The
bladder of the accumulator is usually filled with nitrogen, and
the configurations and functionalities of such accumulators are
well known. Yet, although widely used, typical bladder-type
accumulators (Fig. 4, left side) risk
premature failure from the rubbing action of the neoprene or
buna-rubber bladder against the accumulator walls. This failure
risk is further amplified when dirt particles are carried in
the oil.4 Diaphragm-style accumulators (Fig.
4, right side) were used in reliability-focused user companies
after 1975 to facilitate condition monitoring and to avoid
rubbing-induced failures. Note: The standard diaphragm-type
accumulator (Fig. 4, right) is fitted with a
vertical indicator rod and a transparent dome at the top.
Fig. 4. Bladder-type
accumulator (left) and a rod-
equipped surveillable
accumulator (right).5
Reliability-focused plants modify the standard diaphragm
accumulator, as shown in Fig. 5, by removing
the seal ring and screw plug and tightly fitting a tall
transparent high-strength plastic dome at the top of the
accumulator. A tapped hole is machined into the center of
the shut-off button and a long gauge rod is
threaded into this tapped hole. The gauge rod extends through
the opening created by removing the screw plug. The tip of the
gauge rod is seen by the operators making their surveillance
rounds. The integrity of the flexible diaphragm and its
properly proportioned nitrogen vs. oil fill volumes are
visually ascertained, as shown in Fig. 6,
which shows a large field installation. The wire-mesh screens
are installed to guard against a careless overhead hook or a maintenance tool accidentally
hitting the polycarbonate sight-glass dome.
Fig. 5. Cross-view of the
Fig. 6. Diaphragm
accumulators installed at a
best-of-class facility.
If bladder-type accumulators are deemed acceptable, be sure
that they have a 10-second or greater capacity and are equipped
with fill valves and isolation valves that
permit monitoring of bladder condition. Bladderless
accumulators will require high-level alarm, low-level alarm and
low-level cut-off provisions.
An armored sight glass must be supplied for the reservoir.
Because the reservoir should be constructed from stainless
steel, its interior should not be coated or painted. Minimum
standard practice calls for oil reservoirs to be sized for at
least 2.6 minutes of maximum flow. A lube-oil system with pumps
supplying 100 gpm would be sized for an operating volume of 260
gallons (1,000 l) or more. A more conservative high-reliability
practice defines the system operating range as 2.6 times gpm,
to which the greater of 40 gallons or one weeks oil
leakage rate is being added. Other rules-of-thumb are
noteworthy; one calls for an oil-free surface in the reservoir
of at least 0.25 ft2/gpm to promote air
disengagement from the oil.
Oil reservoirs are typically rectangular and are provided
with a sloped bottom, sometimes called a false
bottom. The volume below the sloped false bottom is
filled with a heat-transfer fluid for pre-startup heating or
for maintaining a controlled temperature. The volume above the
false bottom is, of course, the actual working volume of the
oil reservoir. Convention calls for a reservoir vent to be one
pipe size larger than the sum of the areas of all seal
In installations where steam is available, a thermal fluid
with high-temperature capability and low volatility should fill
the space below the sloped bottom. If no steam is available,
electric heaters sized not to exceed 15 watts/in.2
(the watt density) can be used to heat the thermal
fluid. Electric temperature control switches should be provided
if electric heat is selected. A high-capacity vent is needed to
accommodate thermal expansion of the heat-transfer fluid
below the sloped bottom of an oil reservoir. A side-mounted
gauge glass or dipstick is required to verify or to monitor the
height of thermal fluid under the false reservoir bottom. If a
steam coil is used for heating, there should be suitable steam
In some climates, heating will be needed only at startup or
in low-temperature ambient conditions. Heaters are generally
sized to effect heating from the lowest average ambient to a
minimum allowable oil temperature73°F (20°C), for
the very typical ISO VG 32 lubricantin four hours. It is
possible to pre-heat the lubricant by simply admitting steam
into the water upstream of the coolers. However, temperature
indicators should be installed, and a responsible operator must
be assigned the task of emergency heating operation. For
cold-temperature regions or in situations where large ambient
temperature swings are common, the reservoir may require
external insulation. Such insulation has the associated benefit
of reducing condensation of water vapors in the reservoir.
The return oil from the turbocompressor may be at
sufficiently elevated temperature to flow freely without
further heating. The drain valve at the low point of the
working volume serves also as a connection for an onstream
lube-oil purifier. Such purifiers are normally sized to handle
the entire systems working volume in 24 hours. They must
be provided with a piping leg that prevents emptying the
reservoir. Some will also require a condensate-removal
All reservoirs must be fitted with internal baffles or
stilling tubes that allow for contaminants to settle out. Oil
returning from the turbocompressor bearings or bypassed from
the pressurizing pumps should not fall into the reservoir; this
would risk static electricity buildup. The vents from filter
housings and other points in the installation should feed back
into the reservoir.
Suitable instrumentation is also needed on the filters and
coolers. The layout should permit the system to operate while
maintenance personnel are safely
performing routine service on nonoperating redundant elements.
Except for the transfer valve (main switching valve) and the
structural parts of the mounting skid, stainless steel is the
required material of construction. Block valves and check
valves are needed, and the user-purchaser must devote time and
effort to review the piping and instrumentation diagram for
functional completeness.
Kickback valves that route excess oil back to the reservoir
must be located upstream of the filters and coolers. They
should be sized to pass excess capacity of one pump plus the
full capacity of the standby pump. Dual valves may be needed to obtain
proper valve coefficients in certain seal systems.
It is usually considered a good move to involve plant
operators in the selection process before specifying and
purchasing filters and coolers for an existing facility.
Blotter paper-style filter cartridges are not acceptable. Allow
the operators to ask if they are satisfied with the
instrumentation package as shown on the schematics, or on a
mockup of the system. Obtaining buy-in from operations staff at
this stage will provide great value.
Normally, coolers are bought in compliance with TEMA Class C
shell requirements and have removable bundles. Experienced
users will not permit tubes with less than 5⁄8-in. OD 18
BWG, but will allow double pipe fin-tube exchangers for small
systems. It is usually best to make an experience check and to
ask questions. Unlike pumps, coolers are pressure vessels that
must be designed and manufactured in accordance with applicable
codes. Water should be on the tube side, oil on the shell side.
The oil pressure must exceed cooling water pressure to
preventor at least reduceleakage of water into the
oil system in the event of tube failure. The oil-side design
pressure should be equal to, or greater than, the pump relief
valve setting with PD pumps and shutoff pressure with
centrifugal pumps. Table 2 summarizes the
material selection guidelines.
Each cooler must have an oil fill line, a drain and a
high-point ventall suitably valved and generously sloped.
Cooling water flow enters at the bottom and exits at the top.
Drain piping is typically sized for a maximum velocity of 1 fps
(approximately 0.3 m/s).
High-pressure gas piping should be seal welded, and all
piping should be configured to allow for thermal expansion. Remember: The piping may
have to be removed for cleaning prior to compressor
commissioning. Flanges and special locations (such as near
bearings and seals) are required to insert temporary strainers.
Flexible expansion joints are not allowed in
the piping due to the danger of fatigue failure. Flexible
joints and hoses are also not allowed because they tend to be
the first stationary elements to fail during a fire.
To facilitate oil drainage back to reservoirs in gravity
systems, each compressor bearing housing typically requires a
1-in. minimum vent. Gear boxes and couplings are generally
equipped with 2-in. vents. Coupling guards may require special
air exchange provisions to prevent trapped air from overheating
the coupling components.
The static electric charge generation mechanism was
investigated by prominent users in the mid-1970s. Static charge
buildup in filters was determined to be the root cause; it was
confirmed by careful measurements. Several systems that had
experienced explosions were equipped with pressure-controlled
recycle lines downstream of the seal-oil (or lube/seal-oil)
filters. In obvious contrast, systems with recycle lines
originating upstream of the filters and with line lengths that
allowed relaxation of charges remained trouble-free.
Safe designs allow 30 or more seconds for the oil to travel
from the filter outlet to the reservoir inlet. Because
undesirable agitation of the oil surface must be avoided, the
return line should enter the reservoir below the oil level.
Pressurized return lines should not be vented inside the
Seal-oil system gas reference lines should be provided with
a drilled check valve to prevent disruption of overhead
accumulator level control during compressor surge. There is
also a need for provisions that allow introduction of a
simulated gas signal (sometimes called a false buffer
gas) during startup when running a compressor on air, or
with a suction pressure below design. These provisions may
require control systems that can fully accommodate prevailing
running-in conditions.
Lube- and seal-oil systems must be carefully and
conservatively designed. A review of the system design and
limitations must begin at the proposal stage. The
owner-purchaser must thoroughly understand each design element.
Each pipe or control line should be traced back to its origin,
the design intent must be well understood, and all of the
owner-purchasers questions must be answered by the
Reliability-focused owner-purchasers go beyond the minimum
requirements of API-614 in their efforts to impart the ultimate
in maintainability and surveillability to these very important
Special diaphragm-style accumulators are one of many
examples where reliability-focused thinking is translated into
component selection. They represent best available technology and have been used by
best-of-class companies for many decades.
This article is based on the book entitled, Compressors:
How to Achieve High Reliability and Availability, authored
by Heinz Bloch and Fred Geitner. The book was released by
1 IMO-Demag-DeLaval, Trenton, New Jersey,
Commercial Literature, 1991.
2 Bloch, H. P., Pump Wisdom: Problem Solving for
Operators and Specialists, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken,
New Jersey, 2011.
3 American Petroleum Institute, API Standard
4 DInnocenzio, M., Oil
SystemsDesign for Reliability, First Texas A&M
University (TAMU) Turbomachinery Symposium, College Station,
Texas, 1971.
5 Bloch, H. P., Making machinery
surveillablePart 2, Hydrocarbon Processing, July 1993,
p. 23.
6 Doddannavar, R. and A. Barnard, Practical
Hydraulic Systems, Elsevier Publishing, Burlington,
Massachusetts, 2005.
All comments are subject to editorial review.
All fields are compulsory.
Muhammad Aslam
please inform me, why install run down tank for lubrication
Lubabalo Striker
The PCV how those it control the pressure the lube oil on the diaphragm
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Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
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July 2016


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TrialNet recognizes the importance of ancillary studies in the overall mission to better understand the Pathway to Prevention (Natural History) of type 1 diabetes, to devise means to prolong the honeymoon phase in subjects with new onset disease, and to prevent diabetes altogether. Ancillary studies that complement the objectives and thereby enhance the value of TrialNet studies are strongly encouraged.
Ancillary studies will be evaluated with careful consideration for their potential impact on the objectives and performance of TrialNet studies. Further, ancillary studies must not interfere with the continued interest and participation of the study subjects and investigators. To protect the interests of TrialNet, each ancillary study must be reviewed and approved by the Ancillary Studies Committee before its initiation. If an ancillary study is considered highly worthy by the Ancillary Studies Committee, but may cause deviation in the study protocol, or may interfere with the subjects' interest or participation in TrialNet, then the study must be additionally reviewed and approved by the TrialNet Steering Committee before formal approval is granted. All approved ancillary studies will be reviewed yearly to evaluate their progress, and impact on TrialNet as a whole.
TrialNet welcomes the submission of ancillary studies as an adjunct to ongoing protocols.
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Steinbeck Innovation Success StoriesUPDATED 7:11 PM PST Nov 28, 2013
Entrepreneurs bolster Salinas Valley economic development.Video Transcript
NEWS: SALINAS IS NOW HOME TO A NEW BUSINESS CENTER DEVOTED TO TRAINING THE NEXT BATCH OF ENTREPRENEURS. HOUSED INSIDE THE NATIONAL STEINBECK CENTER, THE INCUBATOR WILL MENTOR AND PREPARE LOCAL RESIDENTS ON HOW TO PITCH THEIR START-UPS TO INVESTORS. ACTION NEWS REPORTER MAY CHOW INTRODUCES US TO SOME OF THE CENTER'S SUCCESS STORIES. ### JESSICA LANDA AND JHANIC RAMOS HAVE ALL THE DRIVE, PASSION AND TALENT TO START A BUSINESS. THE TWO HARTNELL COLLEGE STUDENTS ARE STUDYING ENGINEERING AND NOW, LEARNING HOW TO GET THEIR START-UP IDEA OFF THE GROUND. JESSICA 18:41-18:48: "our start- up is solar blinds, regular vertical blinds with solar panels, produce excess energy for a house." THE TWO ENROLLED IN An 8-WEEK PROGRAM SPECIFICALLY TAILORED FOR ENTREPRENEUERS WANTING TO LAUNCH THEIR BUSINESS AND GET SEED FUNDING. JESSICA 20:20-20:27: "i've always had different idea, never thought make business, what I got mostly out of this." JHANIC 23:13-23:24: "there's a lot of talent here in salinas, monterey county, there's also the product." THE "FAST-TRAC NEW VENTURE PROGRAM" WAS STARTED BY THE STEINBECK INNOVATION FOUNDATION TO GET BUDDING ENTREPRENEURS' FEET IN THE DOORS OF VENTURE CAPITAL FIRMS IN SILICON VALLEY. BRENT 12:38-12:49: "it was a good thing for me, thinking of doing something on my own, start my own company and I need vehicle like this to bring me focus, bring me assistance." LAST YEAR, BRENT VIRGIN LOST HIS JOB AT CAPITAL ONE IN SALINAS. NOW, HE'S HOPING TO START HIS OWN BUSINESS IN SALINAS AND CREATE NEW JOBS. BRENT 13:56-14:07: "what i'm trying to do is different own wine, totally personalizing label and packaging." BRENT sot where he talks about ridgeback red" VIRGIN, ALONG WITH 21 GRADUATES OF THE FIRST CLASS OF THE FAST-TRAC NEW VENTURE PROGRAM WILL HAVE A SPACE INSIDE THE STEINBECK CENTER TO ACCELERATE THEIR IDEAS, DEVELOP PROTOTYPES, AND EVENTUALLY HAVE A PRODUCT THAT THEY CAN PITCH. JESSICA 21:06-21:15: "our goal is to get funding...try mass producing them." REPORTING IN SALINAS, MAY CHOW KSBW ACTION NEWS EIGHT.###
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Rain Man is an Oscar-winning 1988 drama film, tells the story of an abrasive and selfish yuppie, Charlie Babbitt, who discovers that his estranged father has died and bequeathed all of his multimillion-dollar estate to his other son.
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I've played a decent amount of Shadowrun 3rd edition, and recently joined a group of players who play 4th ed. I know I'm going to get confused and turned about- In summary, what's changed that I should reread about, and what's similar enough (but different in an important way) that I would otherwise assume is the same and would get tripped up about?
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Shadowrun 4 uses a largely different mechanic from Shadowrun 3: SR4 uses the new World of Darkness dice mechanic rather than the classic Shadowrun mechanic (except they use d6 instead of d10, but 66.7% and 70% are basically the same probability...). The justification for the change was to speed up combat and other conflict resolution, which it does to some extent, by not having to keep track of both target number and number of successes (all target numbers are now 5; some things have thresholds for the number of successes you need--all the math is just done on # of successes). Also, dice pools are gone, so there are many fewer tactical decisions to make, also speeding up the process. (If you enjoyed selecting just how many combat pool you were going to use for soaking so you had enough left to take out your next opponent with one shot, you will be disappointed. If you were annoyed that you had all these extra decisions to make when you really just wanted to kill the bad guy as quickly and effectively as possible, you will be pleased.)
Because of the drastic change to mechanics, SR4 is a dramatically less versatile system; it works with a much narrower range of abilities and difficulties. On the other hand, the game has been balanced so that a normal run will be right in the middle of the sweet spot where the outcomes in SR4 do not feel drastically different from SR3. So if you were doing standard runs before, and will be again, you can take advantage of the simpler mechanics without much loss. SR4 breaks badly as characters or NPCs become extremely powerful (e.g. you need an impossible number of successes to defeat them, with d20-style "I stand in the middle of a room full of goblins for hours and they can't hit me" scenarios), so there are various caps and limits that were much softer before; starting out, you can make a runner who comes pretty close to the best in the world in something. Whether you like that or not is personal taste, but it is definitely a difference.
Anyway, the take-home message is that you should be prepared to feel like you're playing with different mechanics. The same concepts are mostly there in some guise, but it scarcely would have been more different if they had switched to d20.
Despite the mechanics changes, the setting feels much the same as before. Otaku are now Technomancers, and the old separate-worlds idea of the matrix has been replaced by a parallel augmented reality version that greatly helps with integrating deckers (now hackers--no more decks!) into the flow of gameplay. The timeline has advanced another decade or so, but aside from the crash of the old Matrix and replacement with the new augmented reality stuff, there's nothing that will radically change how your character approaches the world. The new mechanics are balanced to yield similar outcomes for standard runs, so you'll be approximately equally worried about a team of security guards or whatnot; if you were using SR3 the way you were "supposed" to be, you'll mostly just notice that SR4 runs a bit faster and that you can see your decker face-to-face.
A major change setting and mechanics-wise has been made to the Matrix.
In 2064, the Matrix was brought down worldwide by the epic battle between a rogue megalomaniac AI and those who would prevent it from attaining virtual godhood, flatlining a number of the deckers connected at the time (cf. System Failure). This led to a move to wireless technology, with the Matrix now being an Augmented Reality layer accessible from everywhere Wi-fi is available. Connection to the Matrix is commonplace enough that not being visible on the grid can raise suspicions.
As a consequence of the change in technology, interaction with the Matrix is now on the same time scale as the rest of the game (though VR and hot-sim grant additional Initiative passes), so the other players are not put aside while you're hacking.
From a friend who plays extensively, I understand the setting is quite different - in his words, the one mistake they made was making everything wirless-enabled, including cyberware. A good hacker can essentially neuter a street sam.
Copying some details from a forum post I found about mechanics...
Difference from 3rd to 4th: Complete system change, None of the books are compatible with older systems. Instead of having different target numbers you have a static target number with differing dice pools. The magic, decking, rigging and other systems have pretty much been copy pasted with just a few name changes put in (or thats how i read it anyways), it makes it easier for new players though. Also character gen has gone from a priority system as basic to being a point buy system as basic.
History wise the time line pretty much gets advanced with each edition.
1st and 2nd was late 2040's - mid 2050's (i think) 3rd was mid 2050's - mid 2060's 4th is 2070+
Just copying my answer from this very similar question:
We have been playing a Shadowrun 4th Edition game for a very long time now. I find the rules system to be much easier to understand/operate, and the dice rolling is pretty straightforward. I have been playing Shadowrun since 2nd Edition, and personally, I think 4th is the best yet.
Setting wise, the biggest new addition (as Numenetics stated) is the wireless Matrix. Also, now that machines are talking with WiFi, so are Meta-Humans - The Technomancer, a "hacker" that uses a Magic like stat called Resonance to "Thread" bonuses to programs, and summon "Sprites" to do their bidding is now a character option.
There are a lot of great optional rules, like taking "automatic successes" (your dice pool / 4 = number of hits) which allows you to quite easily run a diceless forum game alongside your sit down game. We have taken full advantage of that system in our very long campaign...
The main system difference is that the "Target number" for rolling is ALWAYS 5... I.E, 5 and 6 are the only #'s that ever "hit". 6's do not "explode" like in previous versions unless you use your "Edge" stat. Also, instead of increasing or decreasing target numbers, things increase and decrease Threshold/Pool size.
I would be happy to try to address more specific inquiries into the 4th edition as well, if there is something you were interested in knowing that I didn't mention...


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Total Recall Dublin Premiere
Total Recall Dublin Premiere
Total Recall
Colin Farrel
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12 July, 2013
Hilary talks to the stars on the red carpet of the European Premiere of Total Recall in Dublin. Colin Farrell is ever charming, Jessica Biel and Kate Beckinsale are as glamourous as ever and Len Wiseman... is also there... being married to Kate Beckinsale... Came 'this' close to asking her "how did you get the part - Sleep with the director?" http://www.facebook.com/clickmediaonline- Become a Fan! http://twitter.com/ClickOnline__ - Follow Us! http://www.clickonline.com/- All the latest Movie news, reviews, interviews and previews!
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Espresso Machines
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MARION COUNTY, Kan. (WIBW) -- New details are emerging following a deadly head-on collision in Marion County involving a military family. Troopers have confirmed that a Fort Riley soldier is the only member of his family who survived the accident.
Kansas Highway Patrol reports indicate that on Friday, August 10th, 2012 at 11:43 AM, a car driven by Bryan Alfred, 21, of Junction City, was southbound on US Highway 56 (four miles south of Herington) when his vehicle went left of center and struck a Chevy Silverado going northbound. Alfred's Nissan entered a ditch and overturned. The truck came to rest in the roadway.
Fort Riley officials confirm that Alfred is a specialist in the U.S. Army, assigned to the 101st Brigade Support Battalion, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Infantry Division. He was listed in serious condition at Saint Francis Hospital in Wichita after being airlifted there after the accident. Hospital officials say he has since been released.
His wife, 20-year-old Amber Alfred, was ejected from the car and killed in the crash. The couple's 2-year-old son, Josiah Alfred, also died.
Another child, six-year-old Keith Johnson, who police also identified as the couple's son (Bryan Alfred's stepson), was also airlifted to Saint Francis Hospital in Wichita and was listed in critical condition in the days following the accident. He passed away from his injuries six days after the crash on August 16th, 2012 at 4:55 AM.
It is unknown where the military family was going at the time of the deadly rollover.
Four passengers in the Chevy Silverado received what officials referred to as "limited" injuries. Troopers believe one of the occupants suffered a broken ankle. They were treated and released from Herington Hospital.
What caused Bryan Alfred to cross over into oncoming traffic remains unknown. An official accident report from the Kansas Highway Patrol headquarters office in Topeka should be available in upcoming weeks.
Marion County Attorney Susan Robson said she had no comment when asked if Alfred could face any charges in the crash. She said she has not received any official reports on the accident.


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Branch-Hillsdale-St. Joseph Community Health Agency has lifted the no-body-contact advisory for the St. Joseph River, between the sanitary river crossing at Broadway Street in Three Rivers to the Constantine Dam in Constantine.
The agency issued the advisory on April 22 following sewage discharge into the waterway due to a faulty manhole.
The manhole is no longer discharging sewage into the river. In addition, river levels have receded, officials said. Water quality data samples collected by Three Rivers Clean Water Plant indicate the water quality is now acceptable for human contact.
The health agency continues to urge all residents to use caution when using local waterways. Sewage spills and storm runoffs are common when rainfalls are heavy.
Location, ST | website.com


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Looking Ahead
The increasing overlap of various legal systems throughout the world has resulted in a new set of complex considerations for attorneys of all stripes, and law students are taking note. For young lawyers, the ability to thrive in a rapidly globalized environment is more important than ever before, and that's where the first-year elective Lawyering Across Multiple Legal Orders comes in.
It is mid-afternoon on a Tuesday in early spring, and Professor George A. Bermann '75 LL.M. stands at a lectern asking questions about procedural rules for which there are no answers. In some first-year classes, questions without answers might be considered tricks, problems posed in mischief intended to stump students like those typing up notes during Bermann's lecture. But this is Lawyering Across Multiple Legal Orders. The questions are not tricks, and, in this first-year course, even the most thorough note-taking will only get you so far.
"The class is not about writing information down," says Bermann, who directs the Center for International Commercial and Investment Arbitration and co-directs (with Professor Anu Bradford) the European Legal Studies Center, and who has co-taught Lawyering Across Multiple Legal Orders with Professor Katharina Pistor since 2007. "It's about learning how to think and use techniques that help students ask the right questions in a world with overlapping legal orders."
In other words, Pistor, who directs the Center on Global Legal Transformation, says the class is more about process than substance. "Our students don't become experts in any foreign law system," she adds. "They develop a skill set that helps them navigate across, and play in, multiple legal orders."
That skill set is increasingly a prerequisite for practicing law in a globalized world of ever-evolving jurisdictional complexity. This day's lecture, for example, deals with civil procedure. But not the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that students learn during the first semester of law school. In this class, civil procedure is seasoned with a dash of chaos. It bounces around on contested and untested ground, where national courts, supranational bodies, and international conventions vie for supremacy, often without the benefit of clear precedent. In international relations terms, it holds the law up to the reality of "anarchy," which accompanies the lack of a single, universally recognized global legal authority.
As the class session proceeds, Bermann tests the critical thinking skills of his students with a case involving overlap between the German civil code, EU law, and various Hague Conventions.
"This is a classic paradigmatic interface," says Bermann, challenging the class to work through numerous possible points of cooperation and conflict that arise between courts of two or more legal systems. "What is internationally negotiable? What is the least nebulous jurisdiction?"
With its lack of fixed answers, Lawyering Across Multiple Legal Orders encourages modes of thought (and teaching) that can resemble non-law classes in the humanities—for example, art history. "We sometimes compare class session scenarios involving foreign legal systems to the study of Gothic cathedrals," says Pistor. "It's crucial to recognize the elements and structures, even if you can't master the particulars."
Why are Katharina Pistor and George Bermann spending so much time and energy training first-year students to think differently than first-year students of the past? Delyan Dimitrov '08 and Erik Lindemann '11 know exactly why.
Dimitrov, an associate at the New York City law firm of Holwell Shuster & Goldberg took the class during its inaugural year and says the lessons he learned continue to inform his work—both in terms of general theory and the continued relevance of model cases discussed during course sessions.
"For instance, when teaching us about the various property regimes abroad, the professors used the expropriation of one of the largest oil companies in Russia as a vehicle to discuss Russian concepts of property law and, more generally, the Russian concept of the rule of law," Dimitrov explains. "Little did I know then that, only a few years after taking the class, I would be actively working on a number of cases arising directly out of the expropriation of the same Russian oil company."
Lindemann, another former student, likewise describes the course as uniquely valuable in preparing him for future career endeavors. He says he repeatedly referred to notes from the class while completing a masters program at the London School of Economics. And Lindemann now works as an associate in Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer's international arbitration group, advising clients and foreign colleagues on cross-border disputes and international sanctions compliance.
Applying static, one-dimensional legal analysis in that setting would be a recipe for disaster, he says."In my work, I routinely employ the comparative tools I learned to wield in Bermann and Pistor's class," Lindemann continues. "Like an impressionist painting, it's a course that analyzes the specific and the discrete to paint a broader and more colorful picture of the whole, often in ways that cannot be articulated in a top-down approach. The course demands that you not only understand foreign legal principles, but that you stop along the way to contrast them with your own. You come to embrace the subtle distinctions of international law, transnational or cross-border legal theory, and the structure and system of law, both foreign and domestic, as it is invoked around the world."
Lawyering Across Multiple Legal Orders begins with an overview of the history of legal theory, starting with English-born common law, expanding from the Justinian to Napoleonic codes, and across the globe as German legal thought is embraced in Asia. The course is then divided into sections familiar to first-year students entering spring semester: contracts, civil procedure, torts, criminal law, regulatory law, and constitutional law. But that is where the familiarity ends. In this course, the ground rules learned in other first-year required classes are thrown out the window.
Instead of memorizing the facts and holdings of major cases from a single system, students grapple with a heady mix of scholarly articles and competing statutes, civil codes, and cases that are culturally diverse. For example, a lecture on contracts may examine a dispute between American and Chinese firms that has landed in a Shanghai court. And after the explanation of a fact pattern during class sessions, a seemingly simple question usually follows: What now?
Students may have learned something about U.S. contract law earlier in the year, but that knowledge will be of little use in determining why the case is being heard in Shanghai, or which Chinese laws are applicable.
The goal of these exercises, according to Pistor and Bermann, is to get students thinking critically about contested jurisdiction and foreign legal orders. "Unless they understand that [other legal systems] come with a very different framing of what looks like the same issue, they can't even have a meaningful conversation," explains Pistor. "Most top foreign lawyers know something about the American legal system, but American lawyers don't know as much about the rest of the world. The idea of the course is to give them a comparative advantage over [foreign-trained lawyers] who come here and get a glimpse of the American system."
There is inevitably an anthropological aspect inherent in comparing systems that stretch across the world's cultures. Students learn the legal families, from legal structures used in countries throughout Asia to the variegated systems within the Napoleonic Code–based legal families of Latin America and Europe. Often these systems are closer than geography would suggest. In terms of common law, for example, students are sometimes surprised to learn there is more similarity between the German and Japanese traditions than between that of France and Germany.
Initially, the challenge of analyzing and understanding the global mesh and friction between legal orders can be disorienting. "The first month, I was thrown into it, and I felt a little lost," says William Hackett '12, one of two TAs for this past spring's class. "It's unlike any other course, especially first year. It forces you to shift between modes of thinking. Some classes talk about harmonizing international law, but in this course you face questions about whether a court will apply foreign or domestic law, and the questions only multiply from there. This class is the best opportunity for a 1L to get exposure to cross-border law."
The fruits of that unique opportunity do not come easy.
"This course's greatest strength is also its greatest challenge," says Ramya Ravishankar '14, a second-year student. "It requires us to approach areas in foreign law with a critical lens, even though we are just learning the nuances of that area of law domestically. Unlike our more doctrinal 1L classes, Lawyering Across Multiple Legal Orders surveys how property, torts, constitutional law, and civil procedure are practiced, interpreted, and otherwise enjoyed across jurisdictions. It's refreshing, but it means swimming in some deep waters."
Just as international travel can help one better appreciate and understand his or her native culture, so can Lawyering Across Multiple Legal Orders help students with their required first-year classes. Pistor and Bermann say the course chapters are designed to explore and"In Lawyering Across Multiple Legal Orders, I figured out what civil procedure, torts, and contracts were really about," says Jacob Johnston '12, the other TA for the course this past spring. "I took those classes, but only after Professors Bermann and Pistor broke things down in this course, and we looked at how another system has made different choices, did I really understand the core concepts. The use of juxtaposition sharpens the contrast and focus on the key concepts."
Because the economy is increasingly global, each new year brings new international legal regimes. As a result, the course rapidly adjusts to reflect the acceleration of global legal change. There is no corpus or static nutshell from year to year. The class syllabus is always combining and recombining disciplines and exploring new inter-systemic issues as they arise.
"We're doing comparative and international law at the same time," says Pistor. "We have all of these legal orders stacked on top of each other, coexisting with one another, relating in interesting ways. And the complexity is growing. The students realize how the world is changing. Even civil divorce cases can involve people living in different countries. Students need to learn the techniques to navigate these complexities."
If students somehow fail to fully grasp this truth while progressing through the difficult first-year elective, they will quickly get the picture upon entering the real world of lawyering across multiple legal orders as practicing attorneys.
"Most firms in New York do exactly this kind of international law," Johnston says. "The class gives you a sense of what you'll be covering in upper-year courses and helps you figure out exactly what aspect of transnational law you're interested in.


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Hello all,
I received the NN5L, have mounted my E-30/Zuiko 11-22 lens, and followed various types of instructions (found on this forum/website and Google) to try to set the upper and lower rail settings. Since I do real estate photography, and upload to a viewer that puts the pan into a cylindrical 360, it's imperative that there are no stitching flaws. It's easier when you are shooting outdoors, but not so easy when you have straight walls (especially when the home is empty - which is common these days). So in saying this I have been using the detent ring that requires 8 shots and have stitching problems. How do you determine which ring is best for the type of camera/lens you are using? Maybe I need to stick with more shots? I have an old pan head that is very clunky/heavy which I had to take 12 portrait shots with, but I rarely had any stitching problems. Can someone explain to me how you determine how many shots you should use for a particular camera/lens? I apologize if this has been asked previously. Advise is appreciated.


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I'm studying the Kryptos sculpture with its cryptographic puzzles K1 to K4.
I understand that the keyword "palimpsest" was reverse-engineered using the tableau (and brute-force computer processing), but Sanborn always said that all sections could be solved using pencil and paper.
There are theories about the Morse, but I haven't come across a good explanation of how to tease "palimpsest" out of it.
I've been frustrated trying to find this in the Kryptos Yahoo group.


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Regarding the sphere as complex projective line (take $(0,0,1)$ as the infinite point), the Gauss map of a smooth surface in the 3 dimensional space pulls a complex line bundle back on the surface.
My question is, what the bundle is? (In the trivial case, if the surface is sphere itself, the bundle is just the tautological line bundle.)
Does the chern class (Of course the first one) of this bundle depend on the embedding of the surface? (The Jacobian determinant of Gauss map is just the Gauss curvature, hence is intrinsic. Also its degree is the Euler $\chi$, so I ask for more...)
If yes, how much does the chern class/bundle reflect the geometry of embedding?
There may be something to make the question meaningless, such as there is no cannonical way to identify a sephere with the projective line... But as a beginner in learning geometry, I am still curious to it...
edit Thank Sergei for your answer, thank you


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The problem is:
Let G and G' be groups, and let H and H' be normal subgroups of G and G', respectively. Let $\phi$ be a homomorphism of G into G'. Show that $\phi$ induces a natural homomorphism
$$\phi_*: (G/H) \rightarrow (G'/H)\ \text{if}\ \phi[H] \subseteq H'.$$ (This fact is constantly used in algebraic topology.)
Attempt at a solution:
$\phi: G \rightarrow G'$
$\phi_*(gH) = \phi(g)H'$ where $gH$ is the class of $g$ in $\frac{G}{H}$ and $\phi(g)H'$ is the class of $\phi(g)$ in $\frac{G'}{H'}$.
$$\phi_*((aH)(bH)) = \phi_*((ab)H)$$
$$ = \phi(ab)H'$$
$$= \phi(a)\phi(b)H'$$
$$= \phi(a)H'\phi(b)H'$$


text:
In a public group, photos can be tagged and the tags are shown within the group. Though, when viewed from a profile these tags do not appear. Is this the proper behaviour that photos within group are not connected to the profile? Or am I missing something?
It seems Facebook has this set as the default design.
An exhaustive search across the internet has led me in circles. It is not possible to get group tagged photos to appear in a Facebook profile/timeline.
I guess there's some issue with your album/picture sharing security settings. Just confirm whether you've set them to share with everyone/friends.
protected by Community♦ Feb 17 '12 at 16:07
Thank you for your interest in this question.
Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


text:
So much like the title says I would like to convert a 3-band infrared image TIF file of vegetation into distinct vector feature zones using ArcGIS. I'm guessing the only way to do this is with Spatial Analyst extension which is fine. The result goal would be having a feature class that would have polygon features of different vegetation levels based on the original raster image. Basically I don't want to have to hand draw my own polygon features by using the raster image as a base layer. Steps and tools involved would be appreciated.
The model below should get you started in the right direction. I used 4-band 1m NAIP imagery as the model input. The imagery below shows the CIR tiff on the left followed by the generalized raster in the middle and the final vector product with four vegetation zones is on the right. Unsupervised maximum likelihood classification was used on the CIR imagery. Keep in mind that you will get better results if you use supervised maximum liklihood classification, although this skill takes practice (Hint. Use the handy image classification tool bar located in Customize > Toolbars > Image Classification). In order to keep the processing to a minimum, I generalized the raster through resampling to 2 meters and ran a majority filter over the raster. Once the raster is generalized, convert to polygons and then dissolve polygons.
Run the model on a small sample of data first to work out the parameters, then add the full dataset. If you are interested in more coarse scale visualization try exporting the zones of interest to a new feature class, then aggregate and smooth the polygons. I hope this helps and best of luck!
Here's the Python code:


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New Orleans braces for fallout from blackout
Plenty of questions (EXCLUSIVE video)
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In the 1990's, Henri Cohen asked whether the map $(x,y) \mapsto (\sqrt{1+x^2}-y,x)$ from $\mathbb{R}^2$ to itself is integrable. In other words, are the orbits confined to the level curves of some nice function? It certainly looks like they are if you make plots (the postscript file at http://www.math.washington.edu/~cohn/cohen.ps shows some orbits and is easy to modify), [Image (rotated) added by O'Rourke:]
but no algebraic function could play this role (a result of Rychlik and Torgerson; http://nyjm.albany.edu/j/1998/4-5.html). Years ago, someone told me it was unlikely that it was really integrable, because careful investigation identified hyperbolic periodic orbits, but I never learned more and I didn't see this in my crude plots. Unfortunately, I don't remember who told me.
Is the map actually integrable? This may well be an open problem: I looked at the papers that cite the Rychlik and Torgerson paper, except for one I couldn't access, but I found no evidence that this question has been resolved. On the other hand, there don't seem to be many papers on this topic, and perhaps that's because the conjecture turned out to be false, with a disproof that was never published.
If it isn't integrable, then what could explain the near integrability? From my naive perspective, a simple system like this that looks integrable but isn't would be really amazing. Are such things more common than I realize?


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An odd cross between a killing robot and a can of spam.
killbot si hte haut11
by killbot January 19, 2003
Trending Now
Top Definition
Victims of one of Zapp Brannigan's most brilliant tactical maneuvers. Killbots have a preset kill limit, so Zapp sent wave after wave of his own men at them until they shut down. A grim day for robotkind.
"But hey, we can always build more Killbots!"
by Joe Shizzle May 04, 2004
A robot programmed and designed to kill. Made TV debut on the futurama episode "Love's Labours Lost in Space". Zapp Branigan begame famous for saving a planet from a herd of rampaging killbots.
Oh my god! Billy built a killbot out of a toaster... quick, get my shot gun!
by Pepsi X-treme July 09, 2005
A hellbent race of robots designed to kill humans. When their Kill-o-Meters run out, they stop killing.
It was a sad day for robots everywhere... well, we could always build more killbots.
by Bastardized Bottomburp August 08, 2003
A killing machine. Resembles a COG on Gears of War. Will Kill if nessecary....will also kill if unnessecary. A bot programmed to kill.
Guy 1: Oh shit a killbot!
Kill Bot: KILL BOT!
Kill Bot: KILL BOT!
by The Danimal 1993 April 02, 2010
Ben Strapp a sophisticated sex robot sent back in time to change the future for one lucky lady
hey killbot lets go beat up buckweat
by kin folk May 19, 2006


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Possible Duplicate:
How can I find out the make and model of the chips in my device?
I'm now working on a research topic about Hotspot 2.0. However, it's really difficult to find an Android smartphone or tablet using the Atheros chipset.
Does anybody know what Android product is using the Atheros chipset?


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Zachary Burhenn and Cody Taylor, both from of El Dorado, hooked into a monster flathead last Sunday morning as they were checking their lines from their kayaks in a private Butler County watershed.
After several intense minutes of trying to keep the fish from completely pulling away, they finally landed the large flathead with a combined effort. This fish was the largest of several they have caught this summer including flatheads of 16, 27, and 31 pounds.
They have also landed numerous channel cats in the 2 to 9 pound range and placed third along with their friend Bryce Morgan in a local tournament.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article
Location, ST | website.com


text: Variable temperature and versatile bending radii. Here's a well-made iron that's ideal for bending wet or steamed sidewood in the small shop. Crafted from 6-1/4" long cast aluminum, it features variable temperature control and a versatile shape allowing a wide variety of bending radii.Tip: Bending wood successfully requires practice, and we recommend using stainless steel Side Bending Straps to support wood sides during bending. We offer inexpensive practice wood and free instructions to help you get started. The Bending Iron's highest temperature is approximately 500° (good bending temperature is between 350° and 400°). A surface thermometer placed on the aluminum iron is the best way to monitor the temperature.To bend the tight curved sides of a mandolin or violin, screw on our unique #0688 Mandolin/Violin Side Bending Extension.The sturdy wooden base can be clamped to your workbench horizontally or vertically.#0689 Domestic model is a 120-volt (200 watt) AC electrical appliance. It has a U.S. standard Type B plug with two flat parallel prongs and a grounding pin.#4049 International model is a 220-volt (200 watt) AC electrical appliance has international plug CEE 7/7 (compatible with Type E and F receptacles) with two round prongs and two grounding clips on the sides and female contact to accept the grounding pin.


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Heard on the Field
All-America Burke Is Last Man Standing
Of the five men's basketball players named to the NCAA's "consensus All-America" team, only Michigan's Trey Burke is still playing. Creighton's Doug McDermott, Indiana's Victor Oladipo, Gonzaga's Kelly Olynyk and Georgetown's Otto Porter Jr. also made the team, composed of the most voted-for players by the Associated Press, U.S. Basketball Writers Association, National Association of Basketball Coaches and The Sporting News.
No. 1 seed Indiana lost in the Sweet 16. No. 1 seed Gonzaga lost in the Round of 32, as did No. 7 seed Creighton. No. 2 seed Georgetown lost its opener to 15-seed Florida Gulf Coast. Burke and the Wolverines face Syracuse on Saturday in the Final Four.
—Rachel Bachman
An Early Favorite For the 2016 Derby?
Superhorse Zenyatta bore a colt sired by Tapit, one of the nation's leading stallions, late Monday night. The foal was standing and bucking within an hour, according to owners Ann and Jerry Moss, who were at Lane's End Farm in Kentucky for the birth on April 1, which is also Zenyatta's birthday.
Jerry Moss said they typically wait about two years to name a horse: "It's a hard thing. It's also personal." One idea—Blazen, a reference to the foal's facial marking and Zenyatta's name—but the moniker has already been taken.
The chestnut colt was described as angular and a good combination of both parents, making him an early favorite for the Kentucky Derby—in 2016.
—Pia Catton


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7 Dec 2012 11:05 AM #1
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9 Dec 2012 7:43 AM #2
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Obama & Kennedy
President-elect Barack Obama's charisma, intelligence, and youth often caused commentators to compare him to John F. Kennedy. The endorsement of Obama by Caroline Kennedy and Sen. Edward Kennedy cemented the comparison, as did the obvious parallel between what Kennedy's election represented for American Catholics and what Obama's means to African Americans. I recently had occasion to look back at what Commonweal's editors had to say after certain crucial presidential elections, and I was once again struck by the strong similarities between the two men, and especially the treacherous political landscapes each had to navigate in being elected. Excerpted below are a few graphs from Commonweal's November 18, 1960, editorial:
We regard the decision which has been made by the American people not only as a critical comment on the past, not merely as a desire for a change, but as a sign of their trust in the future--and in this man whose full measure this country and the world have yet to take....Senator Kennedy first had to overcome strong and articulate opposition within his own party. Some of the sharpest thrusts at the Senator were delivered by other Democrats before his nomination. Yet after the nomination he enlisted those people in his vigorous campaign. Although he backed the most liberal Democratic platform yet produced, he gained support in the South. Although many were distressed at his choice for Vice President, he extended his strength in Northern liberal areas. And he convinced those committed people who initially felt they would rather lose with Stevenson than win with anyone else that his battle was worth fighting....We have no desire to turn a man into a legend before his time. Nevertheless, we think that Senator Kennedy promises to be the kind of leader who can accomplish many of these things. Not only has he the qualities enumerated by Mr. [Walter] Lippmann, but he has that intangible quality of charisma. Even while the political commentators were decrying his intellectual, unemotional approach people responded to him with a kind of excitement and enthusiasm that has not been visited upon this country since the days of Roosevelt. In directing his country through the times ahead, this quality can be a factor of incalculable importance.
About the Author
Paul Baumann is the editor of Commonweal.
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"In directing his country through the times ahead, this quality can be a factor of incalculable importance." This is true. That is why I will continue to pray for his conversion of Heart in regards to the Sanctity of Life and the Sanctity of Marriage and the Family. With God, all things are possible.
Uncanny. And that's not even counting the Michelle O./Jackie O. comparison!
Excellent post and echoes some of the earlier comments in other posts. Interesting - here is how Francis Cardinal George outlined the comparison in his opening USCCB address: "We can also be truly grateful that our countrys social conscience has advanced to the point that Barack Obama was not asked to renounce his racial heritage in order to be president, as, effectively, John Kennedy was asked to promise that his Catholic faith would not influence his perspective and decisions as president a generation ago. Echoes of that debate remain in the words of those who reject universal moral propositions that have been espoused by the human race throughout history, with the excuse that they are part of Catholic moral teaching. Interesting historical interpretation - I thought JFK's Houston speech to the ministers clarified that he did not take orders from Rome in terms of US policy. Appears that George is reading into this??
I don't think George's interpretation of Kennedy's Houston speech is exhaustive, but the comparison does seem relatively apt. Even in this campaign season, there were dark murmurs here and there that a black president would be disproportionately concerned about the interests of "his people" (whatever that might mean). But that kind of thinking remained on the fringes; Obama never had to give an address wherein he stated outright that he would not allow his blackness to dictate his priorities as president. It is saying a mouthful, though, to wrap up race and religion and separation-of-Church-and-state in a few sentences!
In 1960, abortion was not legal and no one was trying to legally redefine Marriage and the Family. As Catholics, our Freedom of Religion was not threatened.
Nancy,Your Freedom of Religion is not threatened now, either.
If that is true, David, then those of us who believe that "gay" marriage is not a human rights issue have nothing to fear.Do you believe that Marriage is a Sacrament David?
The only similarities I see between Obama and JFK are superficial. I don't see any similarities at all between Michelle and Jackie. Am I missing something?
Whether we admit it or not we were infinitely happy that a Catholic got elected president (except for Cardinal Spellman who felt threatened). As the O.J murder verdict had really little to do with O.J. that election had little to do with Kennedy the person. Fifty years later it is clear that Kennedy was and is greatly overrated. He was a supreme politician who had few scruples. He truly demeaned women in his personal life despite his public persona. We will leave the judgment to God but women were more sexual conquests than anything else for him. His election was important for breaking a barrier and his speech in Houston was historical. But we should take it easy on the eulogizing. It is truly great and a milestone that a black man was elected president. But we have to assess him on his merits not his mythology.
Barbara: Michelle O. is young, attractive and extremely fashionable, at least as first ladies go. That doesn't remind you of Mrs. Kennedy?Bill: Who's eulogizing? The post (and the comparison) is about how people saw Kennedy at the time of his election.
Without taking anything away from Jackie Kennedy, I think such a the comparison focuses on superficial resemblances and diminishes Michelle Obama's accomplishments (probably Jackie's as well).
Nancy,How is gay marriage a threat to heterosexual marriage? It seems to me that the jury is still out on gay parents. It is so new we just don't know how well the children of such pairs will typically turn out. But how are gay coiples a threat to heterosexual couple's? What aspect or aspects of a herero couple's relationship can be destroyed or even injured by a gay couple?
Newsweek is carrying a lengthy making-of-the-president piece that roots the origins of Obama's campaign in the Kennedy family:"In November 2006, [Washington lawyer Gregory] Craig sat next to George Stevens, an old friend of the Robert Kennedy clan, at another Obama speech. Stevens leaned over to Craig and said, "What do you think of this guy for president? I haven't heard anybody like this since Bobby Kennedy." Craig instantly replied, "Sign me up." Stevens and Craig approached Obama coming out of the speech and asked, "What are you doing in 2008?" Obama gave them a big grin and said, "Oh, man, it wasn't that good." But before long Craig and Stevens were raising money for Obama's political-action committee, the Hope Fund. Obama was amused by the devotion of the two old Kennedy hands. After a while, every time he saw the two men he would say, "Here come the Kool-Aid boys."Later:"Greg Craig was not the only old Kennedy hand to fall in love. At Coretta Scott King's funeral in early 2006, Ethel Kennedy, the widow of Robert Kennedy, leaned over to him and whispered, "The torch is being passed to you." "A chill went up my spine," Obama told an aide. The funeral, he said, was "pretty intimidating." " The full article is at http://www.newsweek.com/id/167582Maybe the Kennedy anointing is just part of the rite-of-passage for a successful Democratic presidential nominee - how many times was that 1963 photo shown of Bill Clinton shaking hands with JFK in the Rose Garden shown when Clinton was the anointed one? But I do think there is something RFK-like about BHO.
Nancy,I believe that marriage is just as much a sacrament in Massachusetts and Connecticut as it is in the other 48 states. I believe marriage is just as much a sacrament in the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Norway, South Africa, and Spain as it is in all the other countries in the world. Do you think any government on earth can pass any law that will stop marriage from being a sacrament?
I admire gay couples but am not all that keen on applying the title of "marriage" -- Kennedy amazed Ike by the depths of his political knowledge, and in his speeches seems to speak from that depth in a way that I do not see in Obama. Obama seems to have rather simplistic foreign policy ideas and to state all his ideas transparently, not suggesting a deep hinterground of subtle reflection. I hope I am wrong about that."Fifty years later it is clear that Kennedy was and is greatly overrated. He was a supreme politician who had few scruples."Maybe, but "supreme politician" is perhaps an epithet that Obama has not yet merited." He truly demeaned women in his personal life despite his public persona."Well, remember when people were wishing that Bush would find a Monica? Obama is puritanically transparent -- not necessarily the best qualification for politicians." We will leave the judgment to God but women were more sexual conquests than anything else for him."Quite so, and for many macho men, especially in those pre-feminist days. It seems to me silly to make a big deal about that when dealing with political leaders.
Joseph, I have a hunch that the simplistic views you have espied are as much the result of the dumbing down of national discourse as they are of any lack of complexity in Obama. McCain had even more simplistic ideas, and there too, I doubt if he would have been quite as simplistic as he conveyed he would be. The unanswerable question is whether Kennedy, for all his political knowledge, would have run aground on Vietnam as Johnson did. It's virtually certain that would not have been as successful in enacting civil rights legislation. One reason I don't like Kennedy Obama comparisons is that I really don't want to relive the 60s.
And Nancy, further to David's comment:whose is to say that the marriage of two gays isn't a sacrament?Remember it is God who blesses the marriage when two spirits join in matrimony. What the institutional Church thinks is happening smacks of misplaced infallibility,
"Whose is to say that the marriage of two gays isn't a sacrament?"John Borst, that would be the same God of our Founding Fathers, Nature's God, not god, but the Creator, God, as referred to from the beginning of this Great Nation in the Declaration of Independence.
Barbara - I certainly agree that there's more to both ladies than their sense of style. But I don't think their individual merits have much to do with their identities as first ladies, which role seems to me to be entirely superficial. I don't think the point here is to compare Obama and Kennedy so much as to compare what was said about both at the moment of their election. Let's hope we're not about to repeat history.
First, I'm going to prescind from the internal arguing (incessant) here about gay marriage and the threat it presents if any.I think the issue is whether there'll be a "new frontier" politically, not Obama and JFK's personal lives.Catholics who voted for Obama voted for amjor chnage, more in keping with the values of many parts, though not all, of the gospel.If ll you care about is one or two neuralgic issues that divide the Faithful, you may repeat yourself her eas often as possible, but the thread strikes me as the politik of the new regime.
I agree with Bob re the incessant arguing about gay marriage but I couldn't resist my dig at Nancy; sorry folks!And I can't resist telling Nancy, He.She is not the God of America. He.She is the God of all humankind and what other intelligent species there exists in the universe whose reproductive systems and forms of sacramentality we can only imagine.
the Creator, God, as referred to from the beginning of this Great Nation in the Declaration of Independence.Nancy,Isn't that the document that says all men are created equal?
I think you are underestimating Jackie Kennedy. She was seriously interested in art, culture, history and France, and she promoted greater respect for each of these while in the White House. She almost singlehandedly saved the Ramses II statues in Egypt -- at least, she initiated the campaign and gave so much effort to it that Egypt gave her some kind of national honorarium (that's also why the Met in New York has some of its great Egyptian works -- as a gift for American efforts to preserve Egyptian heritage).Only time will tell for Michelle Obama's role.
I don't mean to dismiss Jackie K. or any of her accomplishments. It's the "first lady" mantle in general that rankles me, especially now, when so much of this election cycle was spent talking about how we almost had a lady presidential candidate, and haven't we come a long way, and wouldn't it be funny to have a "first dude," ho ho. I'm not ready to go back to patronizing a woman with her own professional credentials, and I sort of hope Michelle O. doesn't choose a pet cause. But God bless the women who've done something positive with their ceremonial power.
Right, but why exacerbate the First Lady's strait jacket by focusing on her clothes?
"who's to say that the marriage of two gays isnt a sacrament?"There is only one authority on this subject: the Church. "Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven".As far as I know the idea of giving gay unions sacramental status is very much not on the agenda of the mainstream Christian churches.
Joseph,In Canada, I'd say both the Anglican and United Church of Canada are very much mainstream Christian Churches and they are both very much in the forefront of blessing same-sex marriages.And anyway, how can we mere mortals know that just because we refuse to bind something on earth, that God doesn't see it in a different light.Are you also implying that if some non-mainstream Christian churches such as say the Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborg) [I really have no idea what their position is but they are out of the mainstream] did bless such marriages and the mainstream did not that God would in fact bless new Church gay marriages. For that matter would he bless mainstream Christian ones in Canada or the Netherlands or where ever and not State ones before say a Unitarian minister or a justice of the peace in the USA?There are some pretty slippery implications to your statement, don't you think?
My partner Joe and I have been together for 42 years. We haven't thought about getting married. I think some day marriages between gay partners will be very common. I live in San Francisco. Many of the Catholics I know favor same sex marriages. I favor them.
Michael, very interesting. My wife and I have been married and are still together for 43 years so I can understand the kind of commitment to one another you and your partner must have.In Canada we have a legal partnership often called "common-law marriage". It simply gives partners now both heterosexual and homosexual who have been living together for two or three years or longer (depends on Provincial and or Federal law ie. pensions are involved.) a division of assets similar to a "married" couple.I was startled to read recently that California does not have such a category. There may be a division of assets but it is very unequal and not the same as for legally married couples. As you might expect for heterosexual couples that means the women is left with little and the guy walks away with most of the bounty.In returning to our thread it is difficult to conceive that a merciful God doesn't shine down upon your relationship in the same fashion as I hope he does mine.
John,There are some laws for domestic partners. These mainly deal with health benefits. These laws are relatively new. When William Levada was Archbishop of San Francisco, the Catholic Church was going to lose any funding from the City of San Francisco if it did not offer benefits to domestic partners of employees. At the time Levada discovered that the Franciscans friars had been offering benefits to domestic partners of employees for a very long time. The Franciscans have many employees in San Francisco because they operate a huge nonprofit named San Anthony's Foundation. The Franciscans offered benefits to anybody who lived with the employee. They didn't care if it was a domestic partner, mother, friend or enemy. It was a very Christian solution. The Archdiocese now does the same thing. We need more laws locally and nationally to financially protect the surviving partner of a same sex partnership if one of them dies. I am sure the Lord shines down on your relationship as much as he has on mine.
John, most (not all) states used to have common law marriage statutes, but phased them out between the mid-60s and the early 80s. I think their reason for doing so is quite instructive regarding the current debate over marriage. Most states discontinued common law marriage when it became apparent that cohabiting was intended by the parties to be an alternative to marriage, and the state was loath to "trap" them into a legal arrangement against their will. Obviously, in some cases one of the parties might have wanted the marriage and the other not, but the states came down on the side of protecting the intentionally expressed interests of the involved parties that they not be married. In addition, because child support laws changed dramatically during the same period to protect the interests of children of unmarried parents, assigning married status to cohabiting parents was not seen as necessary to protect the interests of the children. I know all this because I had a friend who ended up having to get divorced even though she never affirmatively married her spouse. She and he lived together something like two days too long right before the status of common law marriage was abolished in my home state. She was not happy.
So, to end the thought: I think the example is instructive because it shows that states have looked at the institution of marriage quite pragmatically in the past, as a legal arrangement intended to carry out the intentions of people who wish to have the legal status of being married, and changed it as necessary to ensure that it served that purpose.
I must report that our poor editor is bewildered by the trajectory of this thread--just his second post. How did we end up arguing about gay marriage?
Grant, I suspect it had its genesis in Nancy's first comment"the Sanctity of Marriage and the Family" & flowed from there.
"For that matter would he bless mainstream Christian ones in Canada or the Netherlands or wherever and not State ones before say a Unitarian minister or a justice of the peace in the USA?"I have no access to the mind of God, so I rely on the Church to determine what is a sacrament and what not. I think that loving gay unions are blessed, but whether they should be given sacramental status in the strict sense I do not know. A complicating factor is that not many Christian churches, as far as I understand, regard marriage as a sacrament in any case.
Actually, my first comment is what it is. My second comment was in response to the comment by Bill DeHaas on November 10, at 3:35. Today, if John F. Kennedy was running for President on the Democratic ticket, he would be forced to renounce his Catholic Faith regarding the Church's teaching on the Sanctity of Life and the Sanctity of Marriage and the Family.John Borst, the capital G God is the God of all mankind.
My understanding is that Martin Luther objected to giving marriage sacramental status, and that no protestant denomination, except anglicanism and perhaps a few others, currently considers marriage to be "sacramental."
Nancy,RE: the capital G God: I am glad we can agree on that. But what inspired you to post that comment?It is also. however, what makes definitive claims by a segment of mankind so questionable to all of mankind.Much of mankind believes that abortion 1 second after conception is a criminal act, the killing of a human person. Much of mankind doesn't accept that premise. Currently, the latter group, in most countries have the upper hand in a legal sense and whether the first group likes it or not the spread of such laws is increasing not decreasing.What the pro-life argument has done is actually worked in reverse; it has encouraged pro-choice advocates to work with national legislators to get pro-abortion laws on their books.Would it have happened anyway? I do not know. Suffice it to say, pro-life's political campaign and by extension the Catholic Churches campaign has been spectacularly unsuccessful even in the United States.In Canada we just went through an election prior to yours. We have no law at all on abortion. It wasn't even on the radar (much to the frustration of some). Canada is no less religious than the United States. We just know our politicians won't touch it with a ten foot pole. For some reason American's haven't seemed to figure that one out yet.That is why pro-life and the Bishop's have to re-evaluate their political strategy and move to policies which with out saying so will have the effect of lowering the need for abortion. Maintaining their current rhetoric is clearly counter productive. And that is why this week's USCCB's statement to Obama is so counter-productive. It is the same old, same old story.
"Re: the capital G God. But what inspired you to post that comment?"John, I was referring to the same God mentioned in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, the Creator of the the Laws of Nature, Nature's God, from whom the unalienable Right to Life for every Person comes from.From the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary:god- 1.capitalized: the supreme or ultimate reality as a: the Being perfect in power, wisdom, and goodness who is worshipped as creator and ruler of the universe.It is the Mission of the Church to speak the Truth. From the Catechism of the Catholic Church:"Human life is sacred because from its beginning it involves the creative action of God and it remains for ever in a special relationship with the Creator, who is its sole end. God alone is the Lord of life from its beginning until its end: no one can under any circumstance claim for himself the right directly to destroy an innocent human being." (-CCC,no.2258; citing The Gift of Life, Donum Vitae,no.5)This statement from the Catechism of the Catholic Church is consistent with the statement from the Declaration of Independence : "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness -That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among men..."The first Right listed is the Right to Life because without the Right to Life, there can be no other Rights. These Rights are unalienable Rights that can not be transferred to the State.From the Catechism of the Catholic Church: "From its conception, the child has the Right to Life." This statement is consistent with the definition of the beginning of the Life of a Child.From the Merriam-Webster Dictionary: conceive: 1a: to become pregnant with, conceive a child b: to cause to begin.
Nancy,My first response is to say, so! So that is very interesting. I had never seen both in juxtaposition like that and it is indeed interesting. So lets imagine you show that to all of the members of Congress and the majority just say SO!I'm not prepared to act on the decision of the Supreme Court in Roe. So, what do you do at that point.And I believe that is the point at which you are in the USA and have been, since the Roe vs Wade decision. It is no different than the decision here by the Supreme Court which said that the law on the books at the time was unconstitutional. We were left with no law with the result that abortion is legal at any time. A situation no different than you have. So politicians who want to find ways of bringing in laws having nothing to do directly with abortion but by their nature within the social context of a society have proven to reduce the number of abortion are only vilified and slandered by fanatical pro-lifers, including bishops.Isn't that self defeating? If you can't do A, don't you fall back to B. or do you just keep pounding away at a because beating your head against a brick wall feels good. It is soothing. And you do think you are doing something. But when do you stop and say maybe there is another way.
John, from, "The Supreme Court, Roe V. Wade and Abortion Law", by Francis J. Beckwith.http://homepage.mac.com/francis.beckwith/RoeLiberty.pdf"Constitutionally, the unborn is a person protected under the Fourteenth Amendment...In order to justify abortion, the court has to show that the unborn is not a person under the Fourteenth Amendment."Someone needs to bring a case before the Supreme Court challenging the Court to prove that a Child in their Mother's Womb is not a person.


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Why does the signal to noise ratio decrease when using high ISO speeds (e.g 3200) when shooting at night with a digital camera?
The Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) does not decrease when the ISO setting is increased. SNR gets worse because there is less light around at night, and therefore less signal. Also noise will be higher if you use a longer exposure due to dark current and other electrical sources.
The reason to increase ISO is to boost the signal before digitizing to prevent even more noise.
With a digital camera, upping the ISO rating is achieved by aplifying the signal from the sensor. There will always be some random noise, and upping the ISO aplifies this, to the extent that it can start to become noticeable.
Different cameras behave differently in this respect, with the general case that a larger, more modern sensor will have better results then an older or smaller sensor (So a full frame DSLR like the Canon 5D mkII will outperfrom an older Canon 20D or a smaller Canon IXUS)
When you increase ISO you effectively increase amplification of the signal from sensor. There is always some noise present in signal, so when you amplify signal you also amplify this noise.
I'm not sure, but i think amplification process itself may introduce more noise.
Also at night there is little light, so signal to noise ratio is worse - so noise is going to be more noticeable.
As Rowland Shaw stated above sensors differ in they ability to capture light and dealing with noise. In general larger sensors tend to perform better - they usually have larger pixels, which means each pixel gets more light. Manufacturers keep working on sensor technology so newer sensors also tend to perform better than older ones.