text:
Shock Therapy
By resigning, Pope Benedict served the church well. He has spared it another prolonged period of mounting disarray. He has "humanized" the papacy, as Joseph Komonchak and others have pointed out. He has jolted the church into allowing that something generally considered unthinkable for centuries is really not beyond doing after all. And he has set the stage for his successor to do likewise.
That is important. The Catholic Church needs shock therapy. True, among the world's 1.2 billion Catholics, millions of saints are leading lives of prayer and charity so ardent, brave, sacrificial, creative, and enduring that they bring tears to normal eyes. They are the best of us—and then there are the rest of us. Except in parts of Africa, the much-heralded growth of Catholicism is simply in line with the growth in population—or not even that. Latin American Catholics are increasingly turning to Pentecostalism or drifting away from religious practice and affiliation altogether, although not yet to the extent occurring in Europe and North America. It would be comforting to think that what might be lost in numbers is being gained in depth, but as Catholic identity, floundering in a sea of alternative visions, weakens from generation to generation, that seems unlikely.
The church needs shock treatment, and until the mini-shock of his resignation, Benedict, to the relief of many, did not seem like the man to administer it. Ratzinger, yes; Benedict, no. What shocks have come during his papacy were usually by blunder rather than intention. Evaluations of his tenure have balanced the pros and cons of his deeds according to the lights of the balancer. What is still untallied, except for his failure to unmistakably demand accountability in regard to clerical sexual abuse, is what has remained undone. Underlying conditions like the limitations, in numbers, quality, and age, of the clergy or the massively eroding credibility of church teachings on sexuality are no better than when he took office in 2005. Much of the hierarchy deludes itself with slogans in search of substance like "The New Evangelization," or rationalizes inaction with the familiar alibi, "The church works in centuries." In fact, history teaches that the church often suffers for centuries from its failure to act during critical passages.
Will Benedict's successor do any better? Back in 2005, observing the long painful and paralyzing decline of John Paul II, some of us felt that the next pope should immediately establish a procedure for a pope to conclude his service while still alive. Establishing such a rule for the surrender of papal power at the very outset of a papacy would forestall suspicions of behind-the-scenes manipulation in the case of an ad hoc resignation like Benedict's. (It is remarkable that so few such speculations have arisen, at least to date, in Benedict's case.)
This time the white smoke will presumably greet us almost on the brink of Holy Week, so first things first. The new pope should focus his own and the world's attention on the Paschal Mystery. From entry into Jerusalem through Last Supper, passion, death, and Resurrection, from palms to holy oils, consecrated bread and wine, shrouded statues, venerated cross, new fire, and baptismal water, let the new pontiff simply be vested in the sacred rites.
Between Easter and Pentecost he can deliver the necessary shock therapy. To begin, Pope Novus, as we might call him, should declare that his predecessor's wisdom in resigning reveals a permanent insight into the realities of a modern papacy. Henceforth, popes will either serve a term of twelve years or resign at the age of eighty-two, the choice depending on each pope's reading of the church's needs at the moment. Papal interventions to determine the church's choice of a successor, something Benedict has adjured but another pope might not, will be formally prohibited.
Because the beginning of a papacy is the opportune time to deal with the delicate question of such transitions, Pope Novus should move to make future conclaves more representative. He might create a new position of "cardinal electors"; their only function would be to vote in a conclave. Cardinal electors would constitute one third of those voting. They would include the heads of the ten largest religious orders. The rest would be chosen biannually—and their names kept in petto—by the presidents of the bishops conferences of each continent. The number of cardinal electors would be proportionate to each continent's Catholic population. At least half of them would be women. Heads of Vatican offices, although eminently eligible for election to the papacy, would not participate in the conclave unless they had become cardinals while serving as ordinaries.
The specifics are arguable, but the general idea is clear: continuity but not cloning.
Reforming the tenure and election of popes would signal that the church is open to change, even though it only affects the future. That needs to be complemented with a dramatic gesture of immediate consequence. One idea would be a papal establishment of a massive Catholic Pietà Fund to be devoted to the health, education, and safety of women around the world. The goal would be to raise $1.2 billion, or a dollar for each of the world's Catholics. While pledging to maintain the church's role as a steward of artistic heritage, Pope Novus might initiate this fund by offering to sell one or several of the Vatican's signature artworks (the Pietà itself?). Perhaps Catholics or others could outbid buyers to keep these objects in Rome. In any case, contributions to the Pietà Fund would become a feature of papal journeys and international events like World Youth Day. Would this diminish Peter's Pence? On the contrary, it would probably swell it. And by placing administration of the fund in the hands of Catholic women, Pope Novus would also signal openness to reexamining the role of women in the church. Had John Paul II taken a dramatic initiative like this early in his papacy, the church's voice on several major issues would have won a much greater hearing.
Two other initiatives could be reserved for Pentecost, May 19. On that day, the pope would invite bishops, theologians, and knowledgeable laity to submit their thoughts on two topics. One would be very practical: how to make the world synods of bishops an effective institution. The other would be very fundamental: aggiornamento and ressourcement on the church's understanding of sexuality.
Pope Novus would pledge to act within several years to reform the synods. He would be wise to warn that the discussion of sexuality would take time and no one should expect hasty conclusions about specific norms.
Is all this fantasizing? Obviously. Is it fantastic? These initiatives are moderately disruptive insofar as they admit of change in the church, hardly a heretical notion. They are only slightly more controversial in encouraging broader participation in the shaping of that change. They are otherwise open-ended—and about as unthinkable as a pope resigning.
Pope Novus, whoever he turns out to be, will preach many words between his election and Pentecost. They will evoke familiar images and stir familiar sentiments. But unless they are accompanied by a few vivid, imaginative, and substantial initiatives, they will wash over the listening world and the listening church, with at most an arresting phrase or two lodged in our hearts. We will stumble on. The church does not live by popes alone. The opportunity to build on Pope Benedict's startling gift will have been squandered.
About the Author
Peter Steinfels, co-founder of the Fordham Center on Religion and Culture and a former editor of Commonweal, is the author of A People Adrift: The Crisis of the Roman Catholic Church in America.
10 comments
- All
- Editor Featured
Whereas several of these initiatives may be perfectly acceptable or even advisable, most of them sound like trying to improve the image of the Church in front of the world rather than any kind of shock terapy.
At the end of the day, the only effective 'shock terapy' was the one administered by the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. Veni Sancte Spiritus.
All of these ideas sound doable, although some more advisable than others. Really, I think the last thing the Church, or any organization, needs is another commission set up to "study" issues, especially moral issues, and even more especially, moral issues involving sexuality. Moralists have, in fact, been debating these matters for centuries, and given the latitude to argue they used to take for granted, they'd undoubtedly come up with answers Church authorities approve...in time. The problem is the current shutdown of all argument, the refusal to allow scholars the freedom to venture a serious "it has been taught, but I say," something our predecessors in faith did so well, and often. If the next Pope continues the theme of returning to our roots, let's hope he means all of them.
Clarification: Lest anyone think I'm looking at the Church through rose-colored micrographic lens enlargers, I should note that I'm simply taking the Church at its word regarding heretics, namely, that they were persecuted for leading the innocent astray, not for merely coming up with scholarly arguments that might be judged wrongheaded in the long run. The fact is no theological position could ever be argued if theologians had to fear the possibility of being wrong. Arguing is what scholars, including theologians, do. Persecuting heretics is what authorities do when they fear possibilities. Vatican II put an end to that, or did it?
Heresy may be the result of poor timing. Jaroslav Pelikan,
"The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development
of Doctrine", Vol I, "The Emergence of Catholic Tradition."
One fantasy Steinfels did not entertain was that of ending the centuries-old mandate for clerical celibacy. Contrary to many Catholics' belief, this practice is not rooted in St. Paul's suggestion (1 Corinthians 7:8) that all Christians should remain celibate. Rather, it comes as a result of Pope Gregory VII's denunciation of simony and nepotism during the Synod of 1074. While that august pontiff's inspiration may well have been rooted in the Corinthian Epistle, his practical motivation was purely economical. He simply did not want clerics to create dynasties for themselves by lavishing ecclesiastical offices and investitures on their progeny and those of their relatives. Given that, in the very next verse (1 Corinthians 7:9), St. Paul exhorts his disciples to "marry rather than burn with passion", it seems to this humble observer that much priestly temptation would be turned away were clerics permitted to marry.
The answer is blowing in the wind: Vatican III. A more propitious time cannot be found. The church in the world is called to proclaim a gospel of good news and love, not persecution and inquisition. The role of the married, of women, of collective action and continuing dialog with other religions, especially Christians, cries out for resolution. A celibate and increasingly scarce clergy to serve the people of God is our number one current problem. A new look at birth control and human sexualty in light of our modern knowledge would engender a new inclusiveness of aspiring faithful. And if the new evangelism does not concentrate on re-attracting youth and young families, the future of the church is to become an antique museum piece and generally irrelevant anachronism.
Peter Steinfels, I thought you were channeling me. Instead of the usual theological generalities (some of these are good), you presented concrete proposals for important changes in Vatican governance. Theological generalities (like those in today's "America" blog by the USF Jesuit) fly over the heads of hierarchs. The specifics you propose, including participation of women at all levels, prod hierarchs. They even disturb them because such changes upset their world and life style. But there is no progressive reform without the prodding. Thanks. Gene Bianchi
Peter's suggestions seem perfectly "do-able" and full of common sense.
I might suggest that if we really wanted a "change of course" in today's floundering "Bark of Peter", let's just have the Holy Spirit find us a new pope willing to accept on his masthead and in his mind and heart: "HONOR OUR SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL WITH ALL MY HEART AND MIND EVEN UNTO DEATH." The Church has already spoken. Of the 4 pos-Vat. II popes: one tried -- and woke up dead in bed. The other 3 popes worked at castrating our council, each with his own particular knife.
This suggestion is from this 85 year old practicing Catholic: 37 years a Capuchin Franciscan Religious; 25 years a missioner priest to the campesinos and original peoples of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua and now 32 years into a Catholic ecclesiastic sacramental marriage and family life. ¡Que viva Un Papa al gusto de Jesus!
Justiniano de Managua
I want a pope who will actively lead pilgrimages to care for suffering people wherever the need is most urgent and to stay there until the resources are in place to continue the healing. Get rid of the robes and get down on his knees to help those who have been forgotten and marginalized. That would be true humility in my opinion and it would also be a true expression of God's Love which is the foundation of our faith. I do not want to see more encyclicals or theological musings, I want to see action. It is through our actions and especially the actions of our leaders which impacts and influences others.
These are wonderful ideas. If only!
I do think nothing of the sort can take place until the bureaucratic system within the Vatican is reformed, and it will take more than one man to do that--even if he is the Pope.


text:
Is catch and release fishing permitted? I've heard different opinions on this matter. Whats the official halacha?
Sign up
- Anybody can ask a question
- Anybody can answer
- The best answers are voted up and rise to the top
Rav Moshe Feinstein has a great responsa in which he says that if it gives you pleasure you may hunt. Fish are generally considered to be lower life forms in that we grant fish fewer halakhic protections (for example eiver min ha'hai does not apply to fish). Though Rav Moshe does say in his responsa that it is not something that he thins is great to do it is not assur. Based on that I would say that in the case of fishing where the fish is not permanently hurt and that fish are generally afforded fewer protections it would certainly be permissible.
My sense is that Rav Moshe would not feel that C&R fishing would be considered unadvisable as he says hunting mammals is.
שו"ת אגרות משה חושן משפט חלק ב סימן מז
כי כל דבר שהוא לצורך האדם ליכא איסור צער בע"ח =בעלי חיים= דהא התירה התורה שחיטה ולא רק לאכילת ישראל אלא אף לאכילת נכרים מותר לשחוט, ואף לכבוד דאדם בעלמא
There are a number of opinions that state that catch and release is forbidden halachically on account of צער בעלי חיים - causing the animal pain.
For example, according to the Rav Menashe Klein, Zt"l - Mishneh Halachot - Choshen Mishpat - Chelek 12, Siman 432, it is asur (forbidden) to fish for sport if the fish will not be used for food, and even if the fish is released and survives, hooking the fish's mouth is asur because it inflicts tza'ar (pain):
The following internet sources also maintain that catch and release is forbidden:
HaRav Yitzchak Yosef Shelit"a holds it is asur to fish simply for pleasure. If I remember correctly, it is because of Saar Bale Hayim

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Frequently Asked Questions
Charging Options
Most electric vehicles (EVs) will charge at one of three charging "levels."
|Charging Level
|PHEV Charge Time
|BEV Charge Time
|Level 1
|120 volts
|3-7 Hours
|9-20 Hours
|Vehicles plug directly into a typical 120‐volt outlet. Electrician should evaluate circuit to determine if upgrades or modifications to the property's main electric panel or circuits are required.
|Level 2
|Residential, Public
|240 volts
|1-3 Hours
|4-8 Hours
|Requires a charging station. Electrician should determine if upgrades or modifications to the property's main electric panel or circuits are required.
|DC Fast Charging
|480 volts or higher
|5-20 minutes (80% charge)
|10-30 minutes (80% charge)
|Requires significant installation and electrical infrastructure upgrades.
The Society of Automotive Engineers has established a uniform "connector" standard (J1772) for Level 1 and Level 2 charging. Most electric vehicles currently on the market or due to launch over the next several years comply with this standard. DC fast charging connectors are available in several standards and will vary depending on the make and model you choose.
A charging station connects premises wiring to on-board EV battery chargers. This enables communication between the two to assure that current passed to the vehicle is both below the limits of premises electrical equipment and what the vehicle can receive. Charging stations also include safety lock-out functionality preventing current from flowing unless plugged and ordered by the vehicle.
It is important to understand that most EV charging occurs at home, unlike conventional vehicle fueling that requires frequent trips to the gas station.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have gasoline engines as well as electric motors, so you can utilize the gasoline engine to extend the range of your vehicle. With battery electric vehicles, to avoid inconveniences, you may want to fully charge your vehicle before you leave home, especially if the round trip you are taking is close to the range of the vehicle. If the trip is longer than the range of the vehicle you will need to plan ahead where you will be able to recharge your vehicle.
You may find public charging stations in your area, by visiting the Department of Energy's list of electric vehicle charging stations, or visit one of the many other web sites with maps and listings of charging stations.
Rates & Costs
Several electric rate options are available for residential customers. We encourage anyone who owns an EV, or has firm plans to purchase or lease an electric vehicle, to first start with our EV Rate Assistant. Second, call us at 1-800-4EV-INFO when you are ready to switch plans or have questions about the plan that best meets your needs.
|Change Requirement
|Residential Time-of Use Plan (TOU-D)
|There is no initial minimum commitment period. Customers can move one time from one of the two rate options available under the plan to the other rate option. Customers may also move back to the Residential Plan. In either case, customers must remain on the rate they switched to after their initial selection for 12 months before they are eligible to change to another rate again.
|Electric Vehicle Plan (TOU-EV-1)
|You can change rates after receiving service on this rate for at least 12 consecutive months.
It depends upon your rate plan. Please reference the chart below for the meter charge.
|Residential Time-of-Use Plan (TOU-D-TEV)
|$0.93/month based on a 30 day month
|Electric Vehicle Plan (TOU-EV-1)
|$16.00/month based on a 30 day month
Note: Rates are effective January 1, 2015.
Electric vehicle owners with solar systems are eligible for the same rate options as all other electric vehicle customers.
The electricity generated from a solar generating system could help offset the costs of electricity used to charge an electric vehicle. The net effect of the solar generating system will depend on the system's efficiency, the weather, the amount of energy used to charge the vehicle, and other factors.
Electric vehicles usually operate at the equivalent of about $1 per gallon of gasoline or less, if recharged at the lowest non-peak rate.
The incremental cost for charging an electric vehicle is different for everyone. The size of the increase will depend on your electricity rate plan, current monthly electrical use, amount of electric vehicle charging that occurs, and time the charging occurs for customers on a time-of-use-plan.
The cost to charge the battery depends on the size of the vehicle battery, the miles driven between charges, the electric rate plan, the time of day, and the time of year charging occurs. Electricity rates are higher in summer than in winter. Similarly, customers on a Time-of-Use rate will pay more for each unit of electricity (kWh) during daytime hours, when demand for electricity is at its greatest, than they will during evening hours.
If you are adding electric vehicle charging to your existing electrical load with a single meter, you will continue to receive one bill. If you have selected the Electric Vehicle Plan, your electric vehicle charging load will be separately metered and you may choose to receive either a single monthly statement or two separate bills (one for each meter).
Some public charging station operators may require a payment for EV drivers to charge their vehicles. Access policies and pricing of charging services vary among operators and are not managed or regulated by SCE.
When an electric vehicle driver charges at a friend's house, the electricity usage will appear on the friend's bill.
There is no charge for canceling service. If you no longer want to receive service on this rate you will need to contact us at 1-800-4EV-INFO and request that the electric vehicle service be turned off.
For links to resources, visit the Residential Customer Tools and Resources Page.
Unfortunately we do not provide, sell, or install charging equipment. A qualified electrician should be contacted to inspect your garage, upgrade your wiring and panel as needed, install any new equipment, and obtain required city permits and inspections.
Currently, the marketplace includes a broad array of charging station manufacturers and installers. While we do not offer specific company or product recommendations, our website has links to many organizations in the Residential Customer Tools and Resources Page.
Charging equipment and installation costs will vary significantly according to the charging unit selected and any other equipment and electrical work required at your premises. Charger location and metering arrangements may also affect installation costs. Be sure to identify all your costs by working with a licensed electrician before making a decision.
Electrician FAQ
We strongly suggest electricians provide customers with cost estimates for both single and two‐meter installations. Two estimates will allow the customer to compare the total cost and payback period for each rate option and make a final decision. Additionally, a significant percentage of SCE's EV customers change their mind while preparing their home for an EV. They often call SCE to cancel their initial rate request to select one of SCE's other available rate options. Initially providing the customer with two estimates will help ensure you do not have to make a second visit to prepare a second estimate for the customer. Providing two estimates during the initial visit eliminates delays and potential frustration if a customer changes his/her mind.
We do not charge customers to change a meter from one to another, if necessary, or to install a second meter. To support EV charging, however, a home may require electrical system modifications such as panel or wiring upgrades. The customer is responsible for the cost of these upgrades.
All residential customers are provided an allowance for any necessary upgrades to the SCE electrical infrastructure at their site. An SCE Service Planner can provide specific information about the allowance amount a customer may be eligible for and any additional costs the customer may incur.
We do not verify the acquisition of permits for home electrical system upgrades. However, local codes and regulations should be followed and city permits, if required, should be obtained before work is initiated.
We have studied this question and have concluded that it is not possible within the current EV process to coordinate the Service Planner's participation in the electrician's home assessment. SCE strongly recommends that the electrician become familiar with SCE's Electric Service Requirements (ESR) before providing the customer an estimate and seek Service Planner approval, as necessary, before proceeding with the installation.
Please check with your city for applicable requirements and procedures before initiating any electrical work.
Where at all possible, the second panel or meter socket box shall be placed at the same location and directly adjacent to existing metering. Examples of various panel configurations for second panels / meter socket boxes with both overhead and underground electric service can be found in SCE's Electric Service Requirements in Chapter ESR‐1 "General Information", Section 5.0 "Plug‐in Electric Vehicles." Other relevant sections of the ESR may contain important information about requirements and should be reviewed. For example, ESR‐5 "Meters – EXO Installations", Section 5.0 "Metering Equipment Installations" specifies, "The centerline of any meter socket shall not be more than 6'‐3" or less than 4 feet above the standing and working surface…," as well as additional meter socket location requirements.
Yes, but we suggest consulting with the local authority to determine any specific requirements.
Customers can choose to install a meter socket box and a disconnect device, but SCE suggests consulting with the local authority to determine any specific requirements.
Customers can choose the size for their 2nd panel or meter socket box, but they should consult with the local authority regarding any specific requirements. SCE has established maximum panel sizes for residential customers and minimum load requirements for available voltages specified in Tariff Rule 2.
Yes. However, it is SCE's goal to educate and work with you to keep this from happening. Ultimately, it is your responsibility to ensure compliance with SCE's ESR.
When a customer selects a rate and panel option, SCE will evaluate the SCE infrastructure serving the customer. SCE will not inspect the electrical infrastructure on the customer's side of the meter. However, if a second meter panel or meter socket box is going to be installed, a Service Planner will review the plans to ensure the installation follows the guidelines found in SCE's Electrical Service Requirements (ESR).
Either the customer or the electrician may request an inspection from the city or other local authority having jurisdiction in these matters. SCE will not coordinate requests for inspection.
No, we provide only a single service line for all residential panel configurations, whether one or two panels are installed.
There are different EV charging levels or voltages, for you and your customer to consider. Higher voltage levels mean the vehicles "fuel" faster, but there may be associated equipment and infrastructure costs to consider.
- Level 1 Charging — at this level, vehicles can charge on a typical 120‐volt outlet. Upgrades or modifications to the property's main electrical infrastructure may not be required. There may be some costs associated with installing additional 120‐volt outlets and/or "dedicating" parking spaces for EV charging use.
- Level 2 Charging — this level requires a 240‐volt charging station and may also involve making upgrades to the property's electric panel or circuits.
Please remember you can always contact an SCE Home Fuel Advisor at 1‐800‐4EV‐INFO for any questions on these charging levels.


text:
I'm trying to learn about forcing, and have heard that there are several equivalent ways to define genericity. For instance, let M be a transitive model of ZFC containing a poset (P, ≤). Suppose G ⊆ P is such that q ∈ G whenever both p ∈ G and q ≥ p. Suppose also that whenever p,q ∈ G then there is r ∈ G such that r ≤ p and r ≤ q. Then the following are equivalent ways to say that G is generic:
(1) G meets every element of M dense in P. That is, for all D ∈ M, if for all p ∈ P there is q ∈ D such that q ≤ p, then G ∩ D is nonempty.
(2) G is nonempty and meets every element of M dense below some p ∈ G. That is, for all p ∈ G and all B ∈ M, if for each q ≤ p there is r ∈ B such that r ≤ q, then G ∩ B is nonempty.
Proving this equivalence seemed like it would be an easy exercise, but I think I'm missing something. Can someone point me toward a source where I can find a proof? I hope this is an acceptable question; this is my first time posting.
EDIT: Typo and omission fixed.


text:
Let $G$ be a cyclic subgroup of order $n$, generated by say $a\in G$ where the identity of $G$ is labelled $e$. Let $H$ be the cyclic subgroup of $G$ generated by some $a^{m}\in G$. Then I want to show that the order of $H$ is equal to $n/d$ where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $n$ and $m$.
So far I've got:
This can be reduced to the statement: If $b = a^{m}$, the smallest positive integer $k$ such that $b^{k} = e$ is $n/d$, where $d$ is the greatest common divisor of $n$ and $m$.
Step 1: I've shown that $b^{n/d} = e$ (the easy part).
But this step is giving me problems.
Step 2: Show that there is no $k < n/d$ such that $b^{k} = e$.
I'm reading this from the book "A First Course in Abstract Algebra" by John B. Fraleigh, but I cannot follow his proof. I can supply his argument if anyone requests it.


text:
3 Jan 2012 10:58 AM #1
Answered: Web Desktop Scrolling Issue
Hey all,
I have encountered a problem in the Desktop example and just wanted to see if anyone else may have run into the same issue and found a fix. If part of a window is displayed below the start bar you can scroll (using middle-mouse click) down and see below the start bar. This isn't really a big deal, I was just curious if someone else may have seen this and had a fix (possibly disable this middle-mouse click scrolling?) Thanks!
If you don't want a window to be able to be dragged outside, set constrain to true.
3 Jan 2012 11:15 AM #2
- Join Date
- Mar 2007
- Location
- Gainesville, FL
- Posts
- 39,174
- Vote Rating
- 1258
- Answers
- 3855
If you don't want a window to be able to be dragged outside, set constrain to true.Mitchell Simoens @LikelyMitch
Sencha Inc, Senior Software Engineer
Check out my GitHub, lots of nice things for Ext JS 4 and Sencha Touch 2
Think my support is good? Get more personalized support via a support subscription. https://www.sencha.com/store/
Need more help with your app? Hire Sencha Services firstname.lastname@example.com
Want to learn Sencha Touch 2? Check out Sencha Touch in Action that is in print!
When posting code, please use BBCode's CODE tags.
3 Jan 2012 3:05 PM #3
This looks to be this bug: http://www.sencha.com/forum/showthre...w-overflow-bug
I am running into this too. I don't wan't to constrain the window, but I also don't want the problems shown above.
Any ideas?


text:
I am using Light-on-dark color scheme (dark background with light text) in my application.
My question is, what are the negative and positive aspects of this color scheme and why this color scheme is not widely used?
I am using Light-on-dark color scheme (dark background with light text) in my application.
My question is, what are the negative and positive aspects of this color scheme and why this color scheme is not widely used?
Darker color scheme are often used effectively in software that focuses heavily on visual content. For example Adobe Lightroom, Adobe After Effects, Microsoft Expression Blend, and Kaxaml are interfaces that have a dark color theme. This allows the interface to fade into the background and let the content come alive
Why is it not widely used? I guess it depends on your crowd. For these applications, it tends to work out great but many people don't like dark interfaces. At my company I created an interface for a very complicated piece of software using a dark UI. It helped to simplify everything and bring attention to the necessary elements at specific times. The problem was, a lot of people complained. "It's too dark," "it doesn't look good on my laptop when I am using in the bright sun" etc. Some people just hate dark interfaces.
Bottom line: if your application is very content driven, esp with visual content, consider a dark interface but be prepared for some opposition.
Alternative solution: provide 2 themes, one light and one dark. This is done in Microsoft's Expression Blend (although the light theme looks quite awful, IMO)
Also, it is important to note that it is often a bit more difficult to get a dark interface that works well. A little more care must be given to legibility of text on the dark background (i.e. making it bright enough to be legible but not so bright that it is distracting to read).
Dark on light vs light on dark themes can have multiple affects, such as:
Good question without an obvious answer. You could claim all sorts of trends are involved, but I think it would be a brave move to accept any one reason for why we tend to go with dark on light. I think your best bet is to develop the scheme that best suits your site's purpose and its users.
For a quick overview of the conflicting studies/opinions:
This study found dark on light to be the best - sort of. They feel that an aesthetic preference may be in play influencing the outcomes. They also found a light on dark scheme to perform almost as well - per Nielsen's quote (see page 19).
This study found that dark text on light backgrounds was more readable - most designers will go for a design that is better for their users.
And for just a general look at the issue, this article describes some of the issues in choosing dark on light versus light on dark.
Note that in the case of this last article, they have some examples that I don't believe follow generally accepted guidelines for light-on-dark with regards to font settings (spacing, etc). IMO the examples are a little off.
The main reason a light-on-dark user interface can break down is when the text becomes glaringly bright compared to the dark background. This is one fundamental reason white text on a black background can be hard to read for long periods of time.
Applications like Adobe Lightroom use a light gray on dark gray colour scheme and this seems to greatly reduce glare with the text. The great thing about light on dark interfaces, however, is that they reduce overall glare when using the software for a long period of time.
It comes as no surprise that software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Lightroom, AVID Media Composer and in the upcoming Final Cut Pro X use a dark interface as they are typically used for extensive periods of time.
The difference between long exposure to a bright screen than to a dark screen with some bright areas is quite significant. I can work in Premiere Pro and Lightroom for a long time and feel much better than using Microsoft Outlook and Visual Studio at work all day. I find myself squinting at the end of the day when at work.
I wouldn't discount the possibility that both Windows and MacOS default to a "light" scheme and people tend to want their applications to all be consistent. I use a dark theme on Windows and too often run into applications that can't handle it (they hard-wire colors or, worse, hard-wire some of them), so if this were just a casual preference and not a real visual need I would probably give up and go back to the scheme that "everybody" wants me to use.
If you can make your application honor the system colors (whatever they are), that would be best. If you need to choose specific colors, as is often the case, then you can either offer themes or provide an easy configuration interface. Users are generally willing to do some one-time configuration of applications they'll use often.
According to the Web Style Guide, black on white is best:
Black text on a white background has the highest level of contrast.
In my opinion, dark background apps with a light foreground look sexier and more edgy than their counterpart light background apps which are possibly more traditional or conservative.
That said, in my opinion, due to the volume of graphics, controls and icons around which are normally designed to be used on a light background, dark background apps may be slightly more time consuming to build (depending on your environment).
I guess these are few common reasons for and against dark backgrounds. Anyway in the second case it is very beneficial to set up your display to decrease the PWM blinking.
According to color theory! Color Theory
But personaly most of the users avoid black and other dark screens screens, in daily routine Wearing black will allow you to keep a low-profile in social settings if that is your intention. Don't wear black if you want to stand out amidst a crowd. Most folks don't even bother to wear black at funerals anymore, it's just too sad to wear dreary and dark colors.
the last part is Taken from ask.com
I would say that this is mostly dependent on the user's perception. Many users are comfortable in dark themes whereas may are comfortable on light themes.
The dark on light themes are more widely used now a days as the user who is using the system will be at ease while using it. The light color does not stress the user's eyes much. The light color should also be of mild shade to improve the UI satisfaction of user.
The dark on light will help the user to highlight the important content and it is also easy to use it.
I think, both (dark and light) are good. But this is very individually and both variants with switcher good for all. Dark gamma is more safe for eyes at night, but i can't see anything at day with dark gamma. Light gamma good at day, but it hurt my eyes at night. Dark global gui and web css at night. Light for day. Simple. And they are should have fast switcher :)
Sorry for my Eng
It depends on the environment. Brighter themes are better in bright environments and dark themes are better in dark environments.
Therefore e.g. navigation systems for cars switch the theme at night or in tunnels to a dark theme.
It depends on the user. Some people can better see in dark conditions and some users vice versa. I think this has to do with the circadian rhythm but I don't want to overcomplicate things here.
I find a dark on light works well, but not a white background. I find a muted light color or grey works better than pure white when using backlit LCD or LED monitors. I find black on #DBD2BF, #C5D3D6, #D6C7CB, #BDC7BD, or #C2C2C2 work as good examples.
Thank you for your interest in this question.
Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


text:
Nénette is an old lady: born in 1969 in the forests of Borneo, she has just turned 40, a venerable age for an orangutan, as this film begins.
A resident of the menagerie at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris since 1972, she has spent more time there than any member of the staff. The unrivalled star of the place, she sees hundreds of visitors file past her cage each day. Although focused on Nénette, this completely unique documentary is as much about humans as it is about the animals they come to visit. Two men, discussing her small habitat, rationalize: "It's Paris. Rent is expensive." A child points out: "She is the same age as daddy." Lovely and philosophically inquisitive, Nénette is a portrait you won't soon forget.
Director Nicolas Philibert, who became engrossed with Nénette when he visited the zoo, previously charmed audiences around the world with To Be and To Have (2002), his documentary portrait of a one-room school in rural France, and challenged all preconceptions of communication with In the Land of the Deaf (1994). Also showing is Night Falls on the Ménagerie, Philibert's short film about the rest of the zoo during off-hours. (81 mins., video)


text:
On the Mac if you three-finger tap a word, a dictionary definition appears. I'd like to know if I would be able to get this on an iPad specifically for the Japanese dictionaries.
Yes, on iPad on iOS5.1.1. At the moment, I am having trouble getting the same functionality on iPhone on iOS6.0.1, though. Japanese dictionary is there, but I can't get the English-Japanese one. Your mileage may vary, of course.
EDIT May 27 2013: To restore Japanese<->English dictionary, you will need to jailbreak the device and delete the Japanese<->Japanese dictionary. These dictionaries conflict, and the Japanese<->Japanese dictionary wins almost every time.
I have also asked if it is possible to only temporarily jailbreak an iOS 6.1.2 iPhone 4 for purposes of removing the mentioned dictionary. As of the time of this edit, this has not been answered; I am nonetheless linking to that question in case someone answers it by the time someone reads this.


text: Beauty True Minimalism 08 February 2012 Lisa Niven "NATURAL -LOOKING" make-up often translates as switching to a palette of taupes and browns, but for spring/summer 2012 the minimalistic beauty trend really does mean paring things right back. At Proenza Schouler, Missoni and Peter Pilotto, make-up artists shunned mascara in favour of a pretty, bare eye look, whilst flawless bases and conditioned lips had the models looking healthy and radiant. So, if you can bear to be parted from your extra-volumising mascaras and bright lipsticks this season, take a look at our round-up of the prettiest minimalistic beauty looks from the catwalk.SEE THE BEST PARED-BACK BEAUTY Related Reading Spring 2012 Beauty Trends 12 Jan 2012 Chanel Couture 29 Aug 2012


text:
expert advice MORE
Nine-Year-Old Bed Wetter
Q: What can you do for a child that still bed wets at age nine?
A: Bed wetting is a common problem that affects about five percent of nine year olds. It's more common in boys than girls. Since you said your child "still" wets the bed, I'm assuming that he's never had a significant period of time when he was dry at night. Children who used to be dry at night and suddenly start wetting need to be seen by their physician before embarking on any specific treatments.
Most children who bedwet have no underlying physical abnormality. They are also not doing it because they are "lazy" or uncooperative. It is important that the first step in managing the bedwetting be the removal of any guilt or punishment toward the child. It is useful at this age, however, to let him start taking responsibility for cleaning up after himself when he does wet. You can also help by making sure he has a plastic cover for the mattress, and a clean supply of pajamas to change into.
Bedwetting alarms tend to work well for children this age, particularly if the child is motivated. The alarm senses the wetness from the urine and sets off a buzzer that wakes the child up, and over time, conditions him to go to the bathroom before his bladder empties. The alarms cost about 70 dollars and are available from medical supply companies and some drugstores. There are some drugs that are available for bedwetting, but I would not recommend them in a child this age, as they can have significant side effects.
Most children outgrow their bedwetting over time, and I generally reserve medication for adolescents who are still wetting.
More on: Expert Advice
Shari Nethersole is a physician at Children's Hospital, Boston, and an instructor in Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She graduated from Yale University and Harvard Medical School, and did her internship and residency at Children's Hospital, Boston. As a pediatrician, she tries to work with parents to identify and address their concerns.


text:
The media's silence on the March for Life
posted at 5:25 pm on January 24, 2012 by Tina Korbe
My hopes for a Time magazine spread about the March for Life protesters are fading fast. For the fifth year in a row, The New York Times ignored the March for Life, which drew at least a hundred thousand participants in D.C. alone. NewsBusters reports:
For the fifth year in a row, there was no story in the Times print edition on the annual March for Life against abortion in Washington, D.C., which every year draws massive crowds in unpromising weather on the anniversary of Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court's decision legalizing abortion. …
As Times Watch reported last January, the 2011 print edition of the Times did not feature an actual news story of the thousands who marched in frigid weather, just two photos with the caption "Abortion Opponents Rally On the National Mall," above a three-sentence description that led to a link to photographs online. That was actually a vast improvement; the Times in print absolutely ignored the March for Life in 2010, 2009, and 2008 (a 300-word story marked the 2007 March for Life on January 23 of that year).
The Times is far more eager to publicize protests in support of liberal causes, no matter how puny. When four protesters marched in support of the doomed Dream Act to grant amnesty to illegal immigrant students, the Times marked the occasion with a 780-word story.
Believe it or not, it gets worse. The NYT has a special standing feature on its blog, The Caucus, to document "Happenings in Washington" and not even that included a reference to the March. It did, however, mention that the N.H.L. Stanley Cup Champions, the Boston Bruins, would be honored by the president at the White House. Important stuff.
Meanwhile, about 50,000 people participated in the West Coast March for Life and, according to a tweet from Michelle Malkin, not even the local media turned out to cover it.
As a reminder to journalists who've forgotten, in general, the bigger the size and scope of the event, the more newsworthy it is. That means a protest of 100,000 is generally more newsworthy than a protest of 10.
As always, I'm less troubled by media bias than I am by the media pretense of objectivity. Even if "objectivity" refers more to "a unity of method … than aim," as the authors of The Elements of Journalism suggest, the NYT clearly lacks it. A "unity of method" would require that reporters go about determining newsworthiness using the same standards every time. Unless one such standard at The Times is "Is this a liberal event?" then the NYT reporters clearly don't reliably follow the same method in their selection of stories.
Then again, if NYT editors are willing to admit that the political ideology behind an event does partly determine the amount of coverage they give an event, then I'd be more willing to admit they're objective in the sense of using a uniform method. ThinkProgress, for example, uniformly and reliably covers news of interest to a left-leaning readership — and ignores news that runs contrary to the political principles its editors espouse. That, in a way, is both more transparent and more objective than purporting to be a paper of national record that only haphazardly records events according to the whims of reporters and editors.
Related Posts:
Breaking on Hot Air
- How To Challenge Obama, All Pro-Abortion Politicians, Expose Their Hypocrisy – And Ruin Their Political Careers « The Neosecularist
- Why The Mainstream Media Ignores Or Distorts The March For Life
- Pro-Lifers: Use New Media to Protest March for Life Blackout | LifeNews.com
- The Tired Refrain of Class Warfare + More « PA Pundits – International
- Friday Digest: The Tired Refrain of Class Warfare | therightplanet.com
- Patriot Post | Congress Arizona
- Mainstream Media, Just Doing What They Do (UPDATED) « The Reformed Pastor
- Datechguy's Blog » Blog Archive » ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, MSNBC PBS Intimidation of Black Activist, nothing to see here » Datechguy's Blog
- L'Audace: I Will Not Be Silent Today « The Camp Of The Saints
- Bob Belvedere quotes Patton: 'We're NOT digging foxholes!' « The Radio Patriot
- The Failure of the Modern Media to Champion Human Rights
- Hundreds of Thousands Marched for Life… Mainstream Media Ignored | askmarion
- Why We March « Oddly Said


text:
UPGRADE: Please report anything out of the ordinary post-upgrade in this thread: http://www.orthodoxchristianity.net/forum/index.php/topic,66430.new.html
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
And FWIW, these are our Fathers too, you know.
Christ's headship over the Church is not enough; plan hiring an assassin.
She's in the hospital in ICU with her blood pressure at 60/0. She had a blood clot in her leg that moved to her lung, if she had been a couple of hours later getting to the hospital this would probably be a prayer for the departed.O Christ, Who alone art our defender: Visit and heal thy servant Maryanne delivering her from from sickness and grievous pains. Raise her up that she may sing to Thee and praise Thee without ceasing, through the prayers of the Theotokos, O Thou Who alone lovest mankind.
What does that mean? I hope that's good news?
Thank God he said I was a politician because Aristotle defined the human person as 'animal politicus.' So at least I am a human person.
A memorial service done for her.
Page created in 0.114 seconds with 25 queries.


text: I come across a lot of characters I wish the author would just kill off in fantasy books- and more often the good ones than the evil ones. My top pick for most annoying, most hated character: Faile (WoT)! She's so obnoxious and she absolutely ruined Perrin. Anyone else have any characters they hate?


text:
15 Dec 2009 8:09 AM #1
I need a component acting/looking like a JSpinner in java Swing, so I made it
Here you can find the full eclipse project : http://www.2shared.com/file/10006617...7/Spinner.html
Real usefull things are :
- war/css/gxt-spinner.css (must be added to you HTML page like gxt-all.css)
- war/images/default/form/spinner_down.gif
- war/images/default/form/spinner_up.gif
- src/com/wcs/client/SpinnerField.java
This version is built with GXT 2.1.0 sources, you're free to use this code. Css file and images are home made but based on existing one in GXT.
22 Dec 2009 9:48 PM #2
Thanks for your work.
Is it possible to post the code as an attachment here in the forum.
Varun Tamiri
23 Dec 2009 5:29 AM #3
23 Dec 2009 6:41 AM #4
Thank you very much,
But i'm found some errors in the file
ensureVisibilityOnSizing = true; at line 99
} elseif (ce.getTarget() == input.dom) { at line 175
el().setStyleName(readOnlyFieldStyle, readOnly); at line 243
protected Size adjustInputSize() { at line 251
input = new El(DOM.createInputText()); at line 358
input.addStyleName(fieldStyle); at line 362
el().appendChild(input.dom); at line 372
if ((y = input.getY()) != spinner_up.getY()) { at line 393
The underline items are the one showing the errors
Varun Tamiri
26 Dec 2009 4:11 AM #5
I'm sorry but I do not understand what you mean by errors.
It does not compile?
The spinner is an adaptation of one of the TriggerField GXT 2.1.0, maybe I made some mistakes, feel free to correct them and explain to everyone how.
27 Dec 2009 11:25 PM #6
i hav some problem with down arrow of the field
it goes up some where in the page and it is not working for any fields(integer,double or disabled).
i'm trying to upload the screenshot but i facing some issue with uploading the image so i'm compressing it and uploading.
Thanks & Regards,
Varun Tamiri
28 Dec 2009 12:45 AM #7
Are you sure you have added gxt-all.css to your HTML page ?
<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <!-- --> <!-- Consider inlining CSS to reduce the number of requested files --> <!-- --> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="Spinner.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/gxt-all.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/gxt-spinner.css" /> <!-- --> <!-- Any title is fine --> <!-- --> <title>Spinner Project</title> <!-- --> <!-- This script loads your compiled module. --> <!-- If you add any GWT meta tags, they must --> <!-- be added before this line. --> <!-- --> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" src="spinner/spinner.nocache.js"></script> </head> <!-- --> <!-- The body can have arbitrary html, or --> <!-- you can leave the body empty if you want --> <!-- to create a completely dynamic UI. --> <!-- --> <body> <!-- OPTIONAL: include this if you want history support --> <iframe src="javascript:''" id="__gwt_historyFrame" tabIndex='-1' style="position:absolute;width:0;height:0;border:0"></iframe> </body> </html>
28 Dec 2009 1:31 AM #8
4 Jan 2010 4:15 AM #9
s i got when i dnld'd full project
Varun Tamiri
10 Feb 2010 3:48 AM #10
Firing events
Thanks for the nice component.
It work fine in my program, however, one thing I could not get working is to respond to some of the inherited events. For example Events.Change or Events.TriggerClick.
Here is the code sample:
SpinnerField seqSpinner = new SpinnerField(); seqSpinner.setSize("65px", "22px"); seqSpinner.setStepValue(Integer.valueOf(1)); seqSpinner.setMinValue(1); seqSpinner.setMaxValue(5); seqSpinner.setEditable(false); seqSpinner.setPropertyEditorType(Integer.class); seqSpinner.setFormat(NumberFormat.getFormat("0")); seqSpinner.addListener(Events.Change, new Listener<FieldEvent>() { @Override public void handleEvent(FieldEvent be) { doSomething(); } }); add(seqSpinner, new AbsoluteData(123, 45));


text:
Home > Food > Recipe Slideshows > 12 Birthday Cakes for All Tastes
12 Birthday Cakes for All Tastes
Planning a child's or adult's birthday party, a baby shower or bridal shower, or another special event? Think outside the box, and try these deliciously different cake recipes from scratch. There's a moist, tasty flavor for everyone's special day.
Strawberry and Cream Cake
Kids and adults alike will go crazy for this simple layer cake.
Get the recipe for Strawberry and Cream Cake
More on: Birthdays
Sign-Up Now!
Sign up to save recipes or create shopping lists online.
Already registered? Login here
Cooking Tips
Loading the player...
More Videos:


text:
You can create an infinite well using two buckets of water and a hole that is one block deep and two blocks by two blocks wide. I'm wondering if it's possible to do a similar thing with lava, now that obsidian is so valuable for making portals. I have an idea for making it easier for creating portals, but it's dependent on having an effectively infinite source of lava very close to where I want to create the portal. So is this possible? If so, how?
Note: This answer exploits an old bug which has been patched in the current version of Minecraft.
No, lava can't replicate, but you can create unlimited obsidian from one lava block using a glitch involving lava flow onto redstone wire:
Not Any More
In Minecraft Beta 1.9 pre-5, you could make infinite quantities of lava by placing 4 lava sources around a central block as so:
As pointed out by Ben Blank, this behavior was scheduled to be reverted, and no longer works.
Both top answers rely on bugs that existed in previous versions of MineCraft, but have since then been fixed.
In the current version (MineCraft 1.7.4), there is no way to get infinite lava source blocks or lava buckets.
However, you can get infinite obsidian by exploiting the fact that portals between the nether and the overworld are re-created (offering "free" obsidian) if no existing portals are in range. This mechanic is described about half way through this video, and still works in 1.7.4:
There is no way to replicate lava, like water, in actual Minecraft.
However, I found a way to get lava infinetly. In the Nether, the netherrack walls contain lava patches. I also noticed that netherrack walls regenerate if you go too far away from the mined channels. So, lava might also re-generate in them.
I'm playing the newest update in multiplayer and I've noticed that while farming cobblestone, sometimes a lava flow block turns into a source block when the surrounding flow blocks turn into cobblestone.
My hypothesis is that this has something to due with the lag (I play on a very busy server). I play on a Skyblock server so being able to duplicate lava source blocks (even if the result is uncommon and unpredictable) is very useful because of the limited resource availability.
A top view diagram of my cobblestone farm:
It's not actually possible to recreate lava with other lava. There is no real reason to worry about getting lava sources if you have a lot of iron and a nether portal, although getting it is a hard job and I recommend to get potions before you start collecting lava in the nether.


text:
Jan Hathorn was named as Washington and Lee's Director of Athletics in April of 2007 and began her appointment as the seventh director in the University's history in July of 2007.
Under Hathorn's direction, the Generals have won better than 60 percent of their athletic contests and 52 conference championships. Additionally, W&L has been awarded the Dan Wooldridge Champions Cup as the top overall athletic program in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference following all eight of her years as athletic director.
During her time, Hathorn has also fostered tremendous academic success by student-athletes as evidenced by 284 students earning scholar-athlete status during the 2014-15 school year. A total of 12 students have also been awarded the prestigious NCAA Postgraduate Scholarship on her watch, while countless others have been named to a variety of Academic All-America teams.
In 2014-15, under Hathorn's leadership, W&L placed five teams into NCAA Division III Tournaments, while 10 individuals were selected to compete for Division III titles as well. A total of 14 athletes received All-America honors while Washington and Lee students claimed the ODAC Scholar-Athlete of the Year Award in six of the 22 sports in which the conference awards the honor.
Hathorn began her appointment as no stranger to W&L, having served as the women's lacrosse coach for 19 seasons and as the women's soccer coach for 14 seasons. She had also been an assistant athletic director and the University's Director of Physical Education since 2002.
Hathorn arrived at W&L in the fall of 1987 and was charged with beginning the school's women's soccer and lacrosse programs. She guided the soccer team to a 129-88-9 (.591) record from 1987-2000 and was named the ODAC Coach of the Year twice.
In lacrosse, Hathorn turned W&L into one of the nation's elite programs, guiding the Generals to a 222-93 (.705) record from 1989-07. Her teams produced 17 winning seasons, nine ODAC titles and eight NCAA Tournament berths, and she was named the ODAC Coach of the Year nine times, including in each of her final five years. Hathorn's 277 career wins (277-112) rank among the most in the history of collegiate women's lacrosse. In the winter of 2010, she received the Diane Geppi-Aikens Memorial Award for Lifetime Achievement, honoring her many years of service to the sport of lacrosse.
Before arriving at W&L, Hathorn spent five years at Denison University, where she coached the lacrosse team to a 55-19 overall record and five conference titles. Her 1985, 1986, and 1987 teams finished eighth in the NCAA Division III National Tournament and she was named the NCAC Coach of the Year in 1987.
Hathorn earned a B.A. in physical education from the State University of New York at Cortland in 1982 and a M.A. in physical education from Ohio State University in 1985. Hathorn makes her home in Lexington, where she is active in the community.


text:
As Christmas nears, several charity organizations are getting presents together for those in need.
Barren River Area Safe Space stopped by a Toys-For-Tots pick-up location this morning.
The toys will be given to children staying in the BRASS shelters, and other families in need throughout the eight-county region.
BRASS Media Advocate, Ryan Braber says Toys-For-Tots provides the most Christmas presents to those they help.
"We really try to put everything that we have into this so we want to make sure that they have that great moment when they open something they didn't expect, a toy that they really wanted. It's just heartwarming to see that happen," Braber says.
BRASS serves more than 40 families each Christmas.
Braber says they want to provide all families with a Christmas they otherwise might not have had.


text:
Money and Communications:
Airport facilities
Money and Communications:
ATMs, bureaux de change and Internet kiosks are situated throughout the airport. Mobile phone hire is available on Concourse B.
Eating and Drinking:
A wide variety of bars, restaurants, fast-food outlets, coffee shops, ice cream parlours and cafés are available.
A wide variety of retail outlets are available throughout the airport. Duty-free is available in the main terminal and on concourses B, C and D.
Left-luggage facilities and lockers are not currently available. Luggage trolleys and a porter service are available throughout the airport. Lost property is handled by the Washington Dulles International Airport Police (tel: 703 572 2954).


text:
eg: existing data retrieve from db field: a,b,c,d,e so now
$data= "a,b,c,d,e";
eg: new data to be added--- cc, gg final value saved into db will be
$finaldatatobeupdatedintodb= "a,b,c,d,e,cc,gg";
Retrieve out and add in few more values.
Then append it back into the comma list.
How to do it purely with implode and explode, without needing to put it into array to for loop to reconstruct/re-add the thing with new values added?


text:
Swatch Collage
I've made it a habit to save my swatches. I think it stems from my knitting classes in college – our homework every week was to develop 4-6 knitted swatches,and at the end of the semester we needed to display all our best swatches so that professors could analyze our progress. After my school days were over, I still found reasons to keep my swatches. Sometimes a swatch I'd previously disregarded as a failure will turn out to be the key to inventing a new stitch pattern, making it the starting point for a new project. Other times I'll knit up a swatch without any idea what it could be used for, keep it, and eventually think of the perfect design months later.
I've continued to save my swatches at work, too. I collect them in baskets, and Norah and Donna both toss their finished swatches into them as well. Here's one of my swatch receptacles:
I started thinking that it would be nice to see a bunch of the swatches all laid out together, so I grabbed a bulletin board and pinned them up together. Here's my board:
It reminded me of a patchwork quilt, so I started duplicating it for different effects. Here it is, repeated four times:
And then I flipped them to mirror each other:
And of course I can never resist applying a kaleidoscope effect, just to see what happens:
These swatches just keep coming in handy!
Very nice! I save all of mine, too, although I have no idea why or what I'll do with them. I just like them very much. I think that one day I'll have a fabulous brainstorm about what to do with them.May 9, 2012
That kaleidescope effect could be the basis for a whole 'nother swatch – it's great! A pillow cover or colorwork cardi, anyone?May 12, 2012
Kathleen #
I use my saved swatches to go inside the clear plastic cover of the many large, white ring binders I keep my printed patterns in. i love remembering what the swatches were for, which garment for which person, for example. Generally I"ll have a small note pinned to the swatch saying what needles were used, which stich and row gauge I achieved, etc. Useful and meaningful info.May 18, 2012
Carole B. #
That almost looks like fair isle, very pretty kaleidoscope.June 16, 2012
Charlotte #
I'm with Kathleen – I have to label my swatches or even a week later I wouldn't remember what the yarn or needle size were. How do you keep track without any labeling?June 24, 2012
Martha Vrana-Bossart #
Very nice work…inspires me to get into the habit of swatching….June 29, 2012


text:
Is there a simple way to farm cash in Bioshock 2? I seem to run out of cash prior to the Big Daddy encounter.
Unfortunately, not really. The best thing you can do is hang around a particular area for a while and kill off splicers. Some of them will drop cash you can loot. But even this isn't particularly efficient.
In pauper's drop, take full advantage of the free drill fuel in the medical pavillion. Where the hotel collapses. Grab the research camera and find a few brute splicers to kill. Do not use the camera to complete the research. If your drill is fuel you should be able to kill it before it is empty. Return to the medical pavillon and rinse and repeat.


text:
What are the dark powers in Ravenloft?
I'm not asking for a list, but rather a description of these entities.
What are the dark powers in Ravenloft?
I'm not asking for a list, but rather a description of these entities.
They are some form of superdeities, or perhaps a personification of some multiversal axiom about true evil. They are never described in character/deity terms, and in fact have imprisoned some impressively powerful beings, including a couple deities from other D&D game worlds. (Vecna, specifically, being the most noted, but there was another.)
The dark powers are noted only by what they do, and that is, they reward evil acts with more power, but at a price of less freedom. Sufficiently corrupt individuals find a chunk of the demiplane altered to become their own personal hell... LOADS of power, but trapped forever there, and unable to get whatever it is they truly desired in life.
The Dark Powers also search the multiverse (or at least the Prime Material Plane) for certain "worthy" individuals, and set the mists upon them. If they don't flee the mists, anyone near the victim also is transported. The area is removed from where it was, and attached somewhere in the demiplane.
It is worth noting that they control the demiplane, and can affect all within it. They can not, however, prevent Vecna from granting spells nor communing with his clerics, but they can prevent him from making personal appearances. They have moved regions about, deleted regions, and made and deleted borders on an apparent whim.
The dark powers do not use manifestation forms, do not reveal themselves if they use mortal forms, do not grant spells, are not subject to commune spells. Even calling them entities or an entity is a stretch.
Source Note: It is worth noting that the nature of the mists grabbing parts of the Prime Plane was the focus of one of the TSR Retail Play modules for AD&D 2E; in that same module, PC's who do not flee the mists wind up in Ravenloft as well. The demi-plane does not provide inhabitants; it captures them with the evil being.
In the 3E materials from S&S, it's noted that at least one domain dark-lord was originally from the Demi-plane. Another was in the demi-plane already when the Dark Powers noticed them.
This requires answering a few other, related questions
So I wanted to first spend some time declaring my sources: namely, the 2e books Ravenloft Campaign Setting, Darklords, and Islands of Terror, a selection of Ravenloft novels (including Carnival of Fear, Dance of Death, and others whose titles escape me), the 2e and 3.X Dungeon Master's Guide, the 3.X Manual of the Planes, the transitional module Die Vecna Die!. Whenever possible, I will cite my sources and make every attempt to label personal speculation as such. I will begin with the supplementary questions needed to answer this one:
What is Ravenloft?
The simple answer is that Ravenloft is the Demiplane of Dread (Ravenloft Campaign Setting) but as Pratchett wrote, behind everything simple is a huge trailing tail of complicated. Ravenloft is a 'traditional' demiplane - that is to say, it is part of the Ethereal Plane and has defined borders and boundaries (Manual of the Planes; some demiplanes exist on the Astral plane, but most of these are created as the result of the psionic power genesis) that is ruled over by a mysterious cabal of beings known collectively as the Dark Powers. Ravenloft's boundaries are marked by the Mists, which have the power to reach into any plane connected to the Ethereal Plane that is not otherwise sealed off (Ravenloft Campaign Setting). It is possible to enter Ravenloft by walking through the Mists from the Ethereal Plane, but not generally possible to leave in the same way; in point of fact, egress from Ravenloft is usually somewhat difficult.
How can a character enter or exit Ravenloft?
There are many ways to enter the Demiplane of Dread. The simplest is described above - one can simply walk in from the Ethereal Plane - but others exist. Sometimes, for reasons that are not understood, the Mists will simply reach out and take a being or beings into Ravenloft (Ravenloft Campaign Setting, Darklords, Islands of Terror). This action generally tends to follow one of two observed circumstances; the Mists reach out to ensnare a being of great, passionate, and deliberate evil, or the Mists reach out and snare one or more virtuous beings. In both cases, the victim(s) are usually deposited into a pre-existing Domain, though some exceptions exist in the case of powerfully evil beings (examples include Simon Juste, detailed in Islands of Terror, as well as the domain of Saragoss from the same supplement).
Gates into or out of Ravenloft exist as well, though the only supplement to detail them (Ravenloft Campaign Setting) is sketchy on the details of ingress through a gate. However, it is very explicitly stated that gates leading out of the Demiplane of Terror are rare, tend to only open at specific times or under specific circumstances, and can also be well-hidden and well-guarded. No known cases exist of a Darklord escaping through a gate; in a few cases, a published module ends with the adventurers escaping through a gate. It is, perhaps, reasonable to assume that entering Ravenloft through a gate would be easier than leaving one; however, no canonical evidence exists to back up this statement.
The last, most unusual, and most rare consistent method of leaving Ravenloft involves a conjunction (Ravenloft Campaign Setting); a rare and unusual event in which some part of the Demiplane of Dread simply replaces an equivalent area of the Prime Material Plane, switching places with the two for a brief period. Few, even amongst the most learned on Ravenloft and in the Planes, are even aware that conjunctions occur, and among them no pattern to their happening has been discerned. It is theorized that during a conjunction, even a Darklord might be able to simply walk away and abandon the Demiplane forever, and it is certainly possible (and proven) that other beings can wander out - and in - during that time. When the conjunction is over, any beings on the swapped areas of land travel with that land back to its original home - that is, if part of Barovia overwrites the world of Toril, any beings on the transported part of Barovia go to Ravenloft with it when that piece returns to the whole, and vice versa.
Two unique cases of escaping Ravenloft exist, each of them taken by a Darklord. The Darklord Soth was freed of the Domain of Sithicus when his will was broken by the Dark Powers and he was expelled from the Demiplane (Sithicus still exists and is ruled by a new Darklord) seemingly as a result. Vecna, then a very minor god, was also once the prisoner of Ravenloft, but with the aid of an unidentified outside source was able to trick the god Iuz into entering Ravenloft, rob that god of his divinity and catapult himself into Sigil before achieving true apotheosis. The fallout of the damage wrought upon reality resulted in the switch to 3.0 as the laws of magic and reality were restructured (Die Vecna Die!).
So what are the Dark Powers?
It's unknown, though there are some beings that believe they have the answer. Official supplements make no statements on the true nature of the Dark Powers (though the Ravenloft Campaign Setting contains implications that they may be a group of demigods or minor gods with unknown number, acting in concert), though they have made communications known to some beings either directly (such as to Strahd von Zorovich, the arch-lich Azalin, Lord Soth, and others) or indirectly, through the use of omens. Though one novel revolving around Azalin implies that the Dark Powers are a shadowy cabal of fiends seeking to use Ravenloft to attain godhood, this statement does not match up with their implied and demonstrated power levels and further should be checked against the fact that Azalin was thoroughly insane at the time and thus should not be counted upon as a reliable narrator. In the end, the only reliable statement that can be made about the nature of the Dark Powers is that they are the rulers of the Demiplane of Dread.
However, some patterns can be observed
The Dark Powers treat beings that enter Ravenloft differently depending first on how they entered the Demiplane, and secondly on how they behave once they arrive there. Though no explicit statements are ever made, the actions of the Dark Powers can be observed in the backstories of various Darklords (Ravenloft Campaign Setting, Darklords, Islands of Terror) and through the actions of the Mists, which are under their control. The following can be held as generally true:
The Short Version
Essentially, the Dark Powers are as the Dark Powers do.
The Dark Powers are the entities responsible for making the Demiplane of Dread the miserable, morally grey place that it is. They are the ones that dole out magical rewards to those who seek corruption, and keep the Deathlords trapped in their pocket realms. They're the jailers of Ravenloft, and a stand-in for the DM.


text:
Most-Pinned Fall Recipes (Slide 7)
(Slide 7 of 25) Start at the beginning | View recipes as list
View as: Thumbnails List
Roasted Pumpkin-Apple Soup
Apples add just a hint of sweetness to this velvety pumpkin soup. Try it as a delightful first cours…View slide
Caramel Apples
This healthy caramel apple recipe has just enough caramel to give a nice hit of salty-sweet flavor i…View slide
Skillet Gnocchi with Chard …
In this one-skillet supper, we toss dark leafy greens, diced tomatoes and white beans with gnocchi a…View slide
Roasted Apple Butter
Making apple butter in the oven, rather than on the stovetop, produces a delectable spread with a di…View slide
Maple-Pumpkin Custards with…
A Thanksgiving meal wouldn't be complete without pumpkin, and here in Vermont we wouldn't dream of e…View slide
Baked Mac & Cheese
Mac & cheese can be a true comfort on a gloomy day, and our healthy update takes advantage of extra-…View slide
Glazed Chocolate-Pumpkin Bu…
You don't have to have pumpkin pie to still enjoy pumpkin and spice in a Thanksgiving dessert. This …View slide
Chicken Breasts with Mushro…
The secret to a good cream sauce is always the same: not too much cream or it can be overpowering, m…View slide
Orange-Date Pumpkin Muffins
A whole orange pulverized in the food processor gives these nutrient-rich date-pumpkin muffins a won…View slide
Chicken Potpie with Biscuits
In this lightened-up recipe for chicken potpie, creamy chicken stew is topped with flaky biscuits fo…View slide
Gluten-Free Pumpkin Cheesec…
We pulled out a few of our favorite EatingWell tricks to achieve plenty of creaminess in our pumpkin…View slide
Mini Shepherd's Pies
In EatingWell's take on Shepherd's Pie, we replace the potato topping with convenient, delicious fro…View slide
Deep-Dish Apple Pie
With all that delicious fruit an apple pie should be healthy, but the truth is a slice can have as m…View slide
Zesty Wheat Berry-Black Bea…
This rib-sticking chili offers a hearty mix of wheat berries, beans, peppers and onion. Feel free to…View slide
Caramel Cream Cheese Custar…
Every panaderia (bakery) in Puerto Rico has many flavors of flan, from vanilla to guava. Reduced-fat…View slide
Meringue-Topped Sweet Potat…
This lightened-up take on the classic Thanksgiving sweet potato casserole is spiked with crushed pin…View slide
Slow-Cooker Vegetarian Lasagna
Sure, the slow cooker's great for stews and soups, but it also happens to make a mean lasagna! In …View slide
Mom's Apple Squares
Traditional recipes for apple squares often use plenty of trans fat-laden shortening in the crust. W…View slide
Spiced Apple Cider Muffins
Cider doughnuts, a New England harvest treat, inspired these spice-happy muffins. A crumbly streusel…View slide
Wine & Tomato Braised Chicken
Here chicken thighs cook in a simple herb-infused tomato-and-wine sauce. The bone-in thighs give it …View slide
Apple Cupcakes with Cinnamo…
Shredded apple replaces some of the oil and keeps the cake moist in these cinnamon-spiked cupcakes. …View slide
Vegetarian Quinoa & Squash …
An aromatic mixture of garlic, paprika, cumin, coriander, allspice and cayenne flavors this vegetari…View slide
Apple Oatmeal
In this healthy oatmeal recipe, cook apples into your morning oatmeal and you'll start the day rig…View slide
Sauerkraut & Sausage Casserole
One bite of this hearty sausage casserole recipe—full of sauerkraut, apples and kielbasa—and you…View slide
Slow-Cooker Stout & Chicken…
Chicken thighs can take plenty of cooking without getting tough or drying out, which makes them perf…View slide


text:
Top 10 Tips for Paying for College
2 of 11
Although good grades are highly commendable, your child doesn't need a 4.0 GPA to get a scholarship. In fact, thousands of scholarships are available for almost anyone to apply for -- the trick is finding them. Local and community-based scholarships are a good place to start, and your public library or guidance counselor will most likely have all the information your child needs to apply.
Students and parents can also visit fastweb.com to find scholarships and other ways to get financial aid for college.
Next: Work-Study


text:
Source: Automotive News
quote: 22 lbs is about 4 gallons of gas. GOSH! Oh Noes! We switched 100s of gallons of gas for 22 lbs of material!
quote: Friend, I've bolded the whole problem with your reading of these studies. Some not all.
quote: Currently manufactured EV operate on batteries that must be replaced after as soon as three years of use.


text:
Main Content
You can remember it like it was yesterday. Walking through the mall and passing by the shoe store and seeing those fresh DC shoes in the window. It was love at first sight. Since that day back in 1994, you've been sporting DC brand stuff because they get your style. Comfortable and relaxed is how you roll every day. Wearing this Alumni tee from DC is the ultimate support of your favorite brand. This tee features a brand logo printed in the middle with "DC Shoes" lettering above and "Alumni Est. 1994" below. This shirt was made for DC loyalists like yourself!
- Screen print graphics
- Imported
- Rib-knit collar
- 100% Cotton fabric
- Tagless collar
- Sewn-on DC clip tag at bottom hem
- DC screen print inside collar
- Short sleeve
- Imported
- Brand: DC
DC Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
We love movies about space, but are continually bored by actual space travel. When's the last time you rushed to the TV to watch a space shuttle take off?
No, we all seem to be waiting for the future of space travel to get here, a future of huge, comfortable starships hauling us to other planets where adventure awaits. Hopefully ships with lasers, that can destroy other ships.
Unfortunately, it appears that even for your grandchildren, space travel will really, really suck. Mainly because...
#6. There is No Sex in Space
The Fantasy:
If Battlestar Galactica taught us anything, it's that the starships are like the Love Boat, if it were filled with never ending robot orgies and counterproductive human sexual drama. It's perfectly natural for the crew to spend their off hours doing some space romance, or as experts call it: "Boldly going where Kirk has gone before."
Places like the cavern o' dicks.
The Reality:
Let's start with the physical challenges. First of all, being in space lowers your blood pressure and slows down the flow of blood overall. That means you almost certainly can't get a boner. So there's that.
"I'll take that challenge."
If you somehow are able to achieve a zero-G erection, you'd better damned well make sure you've got multiple forms of birth control in effect. Think about it; they're not going to stock an interstellar mission with tens of millions of dollars of extra supplies on the off chance an extra crew member will pop out of somebody's womb. But that's not the only reason a pregnancy in space would be bad news.
Experiments done on mice embryos have shown that a lack of gravity messes with an egg's ability to properly develop. Add to that the markedly higher doses of radiation an astronaut is typically exposed to, and the result is not going to be something whose picture you'd want to keep in your wallet.
Of course, we've avoided the most obvious reason: you don't have to have spent time around too many dating couples at the office to know how it screws up the team dynamic. Take the bickering and innuendo and breakups and crying, and imagine being stuck with that while sealed inside a huge metal tube for several years.
Dead. Both of them.
Even now, NASA doesn't allow married couples to go on the same trip (there has been one exception, where the couple got married right before launch and it was too late to change the plans). As NASA knows, the true power of love is its ability to make even brilliant, highly skilled people turn into kidnap/murder plotting, 500 mile driving, diaper wearing crazy people.
That simply can't happen on a starship--romantic entanglements would have to be forbidden. You'll have to be compatible with these people, if for no other reason than to make it less awkward when you're drinking their recycled pee.
"So... how 'bout them sports teams?"
Hey, speaking of recycled pee...
#5. It'll Be More Like a Submarine Than Star Trek
The Fantasy:
Big, comfy chairs, high ceilings, carpet. The Starship Enterprise is basically a damned star-hopping cruise ship.
The Reality:
Remember the Nostromo, the dim, filthy, depressing ship from Alien? Imagine that, but much, much more cramped. The luxurious starship from Star Trek is based on a couple of technologies that, as far as we know, will never, ever be possible:
A. Replicators that can instantly manufacture anything at all--food, clothing, spare parts--out of thin air;
B. A virtually unlimited, self-contained energy supply that requires very little room for storage.
Until somebody invents those things--and that may very well require the work of a wizard--space ships will continue to look more like this:
Many tons of equipment, wires and hoses crammed into every nook and cranny, with the humans basically just in the way.
If you're on a craft that has to take a decades-long trip and come back with something other than two dozen skeletons floating around inside, then every single spare inch of space--even more so than what you see up there--will be devoted to storage. Fuel, food, spare parts, medical supplies, machines to recycle your water and air; those are the systems whose sharp corners you will continually be banging your elbow on every time you make a sudden movement.
Those pics are from the International Space Station, which actually isn't a fair comparison since they aren't having to include all of the stuff it'll take to 1) get your sorry ass to another solar system, 2) accommodate for the fact that you're years away from help or resupply and 3) house lots and lots more people--you'll need doctors, engineers, scientists, etc. So it'd be more like a submarine:
Everybody packed together like sardines. For years. Why wouldn't the designers throw in some extra head room to make the voyagers more comfortable? Because every extra bit of ship is going to cost somebody millions--just getting cargo into orbit on board the space shuttle costs $20,000 a pound. That's also why you'll be drinking your own pee.
Remember to keep your pinky out so as not to appear uncivilized.
Yeah, the pee drinking thing. Water is heavy. You can't store much of it, and what you have is carefully rationed and recycled. The space station recycles sweat, urine, general humidity in the air, everything. Bathing is done with a damp wash cloth. So maybe it's less submarine and more filthy pirate ship.
#4. Life in Zero-Gravity is Horrible
The Fantasy:
Hell, even the Nostromo had normal gravity on board, everybody walking around as if they're back home on Earth. In Star Trek, even their tiny shuttles have it. They're certainly not floating around the cabin like a bunch of dumbasses, slamming their head into a cabinet because they forgot to strap themselves down before they went to bed.
Man, those guys on the Nostromo had it good.
The Reality:
First of all, you do need gravity. Human bodies just fall apart without it. Without that constant working of your muscles due to gravity pulling you to the ground 24 hours a day, those muscles--including your heart--begin to shrink and your bones become brittle. Eventually you become so weak that the exertion of just sitting in a bed in normal Earth gravity will kill you.
Modern astronauts are able to counter the worst of these effects with heavy exercise, but if you're going to be gone for decades (and more on that in a moment), you're going to have to make your own gravity. The only plausible way we've ever come up with for doing this is to spin the freaking ship around so fast that it pins you to the floor.
If you've ever been on a carnival ride you're already familiar with the "centripetal force" that seems to be squishing you against the seat. For all practical purposes, that is gravity. So you'd be living in a spinning ring, where the outside wall is your floor.
If living for years on board a huge carnival ride sounds like a nightmarish puke-a-thon, well, it probably would be. You might also notice that the cartoon man up there is continually walking uphill, no matter where he goes. If you're going to have everybody living in the same area, that's about the only way to do it.
Presumably, if you tripped you would just fall and fall and fall.
Other designs feature multiple separate compartments, spinning opposite each other with a tether in between. Which could also work, until somebody needs to go from one compartment to the next, at which point they get to experience the awesome feeling of gravity shifting half way through their walk down the hall. Again, keep a well-stocked station of vomit buckets along the way.
But hey, who cares about physical comfort? Take one look out the window and your blues will go away! You're in space, baby!
The problem is...


text:
A visit to one of our many wine farms, cycle tours through the peninsula or exploring a National Park within city limits. White sandy beaches, azure oceans and pleasant nature trails. There is plenty to see and do in Cape Town. Download and use these images of Cape Town for free, courtesy Cape Town Tourism, or contact us to request higher-resolution images for print.
Activities Imagery
Click on the heading above to see our gallery of images depicting great Cape Town activities.


text:
We can help
Please choose the type of help
Good Habits, Great Readers™ is a comprehensive balanced literacy program from authors Adria Klein, Doug Fisher, and Nancy Frey. The program provides a balance of flexibility and structure to support literacy learning through whole-group (Shared) and small-group (Guided) instruction.
Aligned to the Common Core State Standards
A balance of quality texts support Common Core rigor. Students will develop content knowledge in science, social studies, and other content areas.
Shared Reading and Guided Reading lessons provide a wealth of strategies, ideas, and options. Use just what you need! The writing strand supports a writer's workshop curriculum.
Ongoing assessments and Assessment Cards help you evaluate students individually or in small groups. Performance-based Assessments align to Common Core State Standards.
Is your school ready to take a digital path? An amazing array of digital support includes online activities, animations, games, and customizable lesson planners.
"The most effective way to transfer to other content areas is to have high degree of nonfiction starting in Kindergarten and continuing across the grade levels."
Dr. Adria Klein
Program Author
Pearson encourages 21st century learning by infusing the core subjects and themes throughout our programs—Life and Career Skills, Learning and Innovation Skills, and Information, Media, and Technology Skills. The ultimate goal—to ensure that every child is prepared for the 21st century with skills like critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, innovation and global competence.
Our fully digital programs and ebooks provide cutting-edge online instruction with a seamless transition from the textbook, allowing students to complete assignments, access videos and activities, and take online tests and remediation.
Language-acquisition expert, Dr. Jim Cummins, has worked exclusively with Pearson to embed powerful teaching approaches into Pearson programs, ensuring that English language learners receive the same high quality education as their peers. Dr. Cummins' expertise in literacy development in multilingual school contexts, as well as the role of technology in promoting language and literacy development, have made Pearson programs the most effective resources for today's ELLs.
Pearson offers complete and cohesive support to help you implement the new Common Core State Standards (CCSS). Professional development opportunities, aligned content, assessment, and school services are available to familiarize you with the standards and help you learn about key changes and requirements. Pearson promises to be with you throughout the transition period—and beyond.
RTI is an ongoing instructional process of using assessments to inform instruction that leads to improved student performance. Pearson's Response to Intervention solution provides a continuum of accelerated intervention strategies that assess, instruct, and monitor at every level for the best possible outcome. Unlike other modular solutions, Pearson's combination of continual progress monitoring and instruction ensure long-term, sustained results.
At Pearson we continue to focus on your needs and on improving our customers' online experience. We invite you to complete the survey below, and greatly appreciate your input as a valued customer of Pearson.
It will only take a minute or two to complete. Your responses are confidential and for research purposes only.
Take the survey now!No Thanks Take the Survey
Learn about Pearson's Terms of Use
And what we're doing to protect your privacy.