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How exactly does time slow down near a black hole? I have heard this as a possible way of time traveling, and I do understand that it is due in some way to the massive gravity around a black hole, but how exactly does that massive gravity slow down time?
This web page provides a good explanation.
To oversimplify the explanation, you have to understand the curvature of space time around a black hole. The basic principle is that because of the curvature of spacetime around a black hole, the amount of "distance" a beam of light has to cover is greater near a black hole. However, to an observer in that gravitational field, light must appear to always be 300,000 km/sec, time has to slow down for that individual as compared to someone outside that gravitational field as related by the time/distance relationship of speed.
Or as the web page says:
This web page provides a large series of links for further research into the subject: http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/relativity.html
A good analogy for the strangeness of space and time around a black hole is traveling from the US to Canada. You feel about the same and the surroundings look the same (like nothing special happening to you when you cross the black hole's event horizon), and the prices in the stores look about the same, but if you try to use the money you brought with you, you suddenly have to make these non-local corrections. Likewise, your own personal time always "feels" the same when you explore a black hole, but your clock runs slower than someone else's clock that is farther from the black hole.
And in fact, crossing the black hole's event horizon is the equivalent of changing your money over to (worthless!!!!) Zimbabwean dollars- your clock seems to stop entirely, from the point of view of someone far from the black hole, even though things seem just fine from your own point of view.
PS- A black hole can be used only for time travel into the future! Just hang out close to the event horizon for a while and then return. Much more time may have passed for everyone else because your clock seemed to run so slowly.
Time slows down near any massive body; black holes are merely the most extreme example. GPS satellites orbiting the Earth have to correct for the fact that time passes very very slightly more slowly on the Earth's surface than it does in geosynchronous orbit -- by about one second per every 60 years.
In a sense, gravity and time dilation are the same thing: they are both consequences of the curvature of spacetime near a massive body. You can't have one without the other.
Consider the question: Time slows down? Do we know what is time? That is the first problem. Without going into details consider this definition: "Time is presence of motion and forces." This definition is derived as follows: Consider two masses orbiting around each other held together by a force. Now imagine that time slow down in this system. You expect slowing of motion. What about forces between the two masses they should weaken at the same rate to keep in the same orbit. If the time and motion stopped completely the force should disappear.
Now the next question is where does time come from or how is it produced? We live in an expanding universe and time is slower near intense gravity where expansion of space is slower. So time is related to expansion of space or caused by expansion of space. So around neutron stars and black holes expansion of space is slow causing slowing of time. You may ask why does time slow with motion? Well if total motion allowed by expansion of space is constant then if you increase the external motion of a mass then internal motion slows down. This we seee as slowing of time.
I know that black holes are formed by the collapse of stars and a black hole has an enormous attracting force. The gravitational pull is so powerful that even light cannot escape. As we all know, gravity also affects light. So, due to gravity, time slows.
Time indeed slows down around a black hole according to Sir Stephen Hawking. Now this phenomenon happens because of the super gravitational force of the black hole. By virtue of this enormous force the black hole warps the spacetime present all around it to such an extent that time around it slows down considerably. You may imagine that due to its attractive force the black hole would hold down the spacetime so hard to itself that even flow of time slows just because the black hole has bent the fabric of spacetime so hard.
protected by Qmechanic♦ Jun 27 '13 at 15:12
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Sun to Cheese Tour
A behind-the-scenes look at dairy farming and cheesemaking! Hear our farmers and cheesemakers explain the process of turning fresh milk into farmhouse cheddar; tour the dairy and taste cheese with the cheesemakers. Tours leave the Welcome Center promptly at 1:30 pm.Registration Details:
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subset: commoncrawl


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Expert Database Of Psychologists, Psychiatrists And Therapists
We maintain a database of psychiatrists, psychologists and therapists in Florida. Call us and we will give you a choices of experts for evaluations, defenses and trial. We are in the process of obtaining their CV's and collecting input from more than 350 lawyers in Florida who defend juveniles in delinquency court. Due to the sensitive nature of this information, please call us at 407-681-5411 for our list.
Other useful resources:
Human Trafficking
Building Empowerment by Stopping Trafficking from aiding the victim to pursuing and prosecuting the trafficker, nationally and internationally.
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Find a residential mental health program in Florida for your client:
Department of Health Residential Programs
Kid Care Health Insurance
Assist the parents apply for Kid Care health insurance for your client:
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Check on credentials and whether disciplinary action has been instituted on a psychiatrist in Florida:
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List of Florida Non-Reform Medicaid Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and Provider Network Organizations (PSNs)
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To contact your client's Medicaid HMO to find a provider:
Medicaid HMO providers
Who do you use?
Please email us with who you are using in your county, email:
Carrie Lee at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Showing 1-24 of 43 items found in Food & Drink
- Sort by:
Whitey's Ice Cream Stores - Quad Cities
Created in the Quad Cities, outstanding flavors of ice cream, malts, shakes of every kind, banana splits, sundaes. Squeeky clean Ice Cream Shops all done up in White and Red and the ice cream servers are dressed white uniforms with red and white caps.
Theo's Java Club
Coffee house with deli sandwiches, pastries, soups and light fare. Located in the heart of the Downtown Rock Island Arts & Entertainment District.
CITY:Rock Island
The Speakeasy
Enjoy comedians, big bands, burlesque, drag shows, and more at the Speakeasy. This intimate club offers live performances throughout the year to fit a variety of tastes. The Speakeasy features a bar, simple menu, and performance seating at small and large tables. To see what's coming up next at the Speakeasy visit http://circa21.com/speakeasy.asp
CITY:Rock Island
The Original Huckleberry's Great Pizza and Calzones
A fun, casual Italian restaurant featuring good pizza, pasta and calzones in the heart of the District.
CITY:Rock Island
The Bier Stube
German Restaurant with a large German menu and beer selection. Enjoy the outdoor Beer Garden and live music on weekends.
State Street Café
Homemade soups, daily specials, and freshly baked goods are just a few of the reasons to give this locally-owned stop a try.
Pasteur Restaurant
Fine dining featuring gourmet French Vietnamese cuisine. Family-owned and operated.
Osaka Japanese Restaurant
Dependable and delicious Japanese cuisine. Sushi and bar area. Located right across from shopping at SouthPark Mall - serving lunch and dinner Monday through Sunday.
O'Melia's Supper Club
Enjoy dining in an old-style Supper Club setting with delicious steaks, seafood, and traditional American cuisine. Family-owned for over 30 years.
CITY:Rock Island
Ming Wah
Family-owned restaurant featuring homemade Chinese cuisine with lots of fresh vegetables. Delicious lunch and dinners! Great soups, appetizers and entrees. A local favorite!
Martini's on the Rock
Indoor and outdoor dining at this restaurant located on the banks of the Rock River. Featuring steaks, seafood, salads, sandwiches, burgers, pizza, and more. Lunch and dinner specials, live music on the weekends. Great riverfront setting and delicious food!
CITY:Rock Island
Maid Rite
Old time diner featuring breakfast, lunch and dinner. Well-know for their famous loose meet sandwiches (Maid Rites). A Quad Cities original. Enjoy malts, fries and so much more at this 50's-style diner. A variety of locations throughout the Quad Cities.
Lionstone Brewing Company
We are a family owned brewery operating in our hometown of Geneseo, IL. Our brewery is in full operation and our taproom and gastropub is a great place to enjoy unique food and beer combinations.
Le Mekong
Featuring Vietnamese Gourmet food during lunch and dinner hours. Set in a more formal dining atmosphere but casual dress is allowed. Full and delicious menu of wonderful appetizers, soups and entrees. Family owned for over 20 years. Restaurant also features a very nice selection of teas and a full bar selection.
Le Figaro
Enjoy wonderful, French-gourmet dining at this restaurant located in the heart of the Downtown Rock Island's Arts & Entertainment District. Family-owned and operated for over 20 years, this restaurant features delicious French cuisine. The restaurant is open Tuesday through Saturday for dinner, only. You may dine in the Star Bar or in the formal dining area. Banquet space is available for parties.
CITY:Rock Island
Lavender Crest Winery
Lavender Crest Winery opened its doors for the first time in November of 2004, introducing customers to an opportunity for a unique way to taste wine that is produced in the Midwest. Lavender Crest Winery features a wine tasting room, gift shop, an espresso bar that serves lunch, entertainment, tours and more.
Lagomarcino's has been creating fine chocolates in Moline since 1908. A family run business, you can't help but feel the love and dedication to all things sweet in their historic location. This authentic, turn-of-the-century ice cream parlor and confectionery is renowned for homemade chocolates and ice cream. Stop by and get a taste of history for yourself; your life will be a lot sweeter for it.
La Rancherita
Family-owned Mexican restaurant featuring a fantastic array of homemade recipes.
CITY:Rock Island
La Flama
Family-owned restaurant featuing homemade Mexican cuisine in a festive atmosphere with plenty of seating and parking nearby. A full bar is available at the restaurant and features delicious, traditional drinks.
Jumer's Casino & Hotel - Rock Island
Jumer's Casino & Hotel is one of the largest land-based casinos in the state of Illinois. Jumer's is where Art Deco meets 21st Century gaming. The all on one level casino floor features the latest in gaming fun. Over 1,000 slots, 25 table games, and a live Poker Room. In addition, you will enjoy a night club, sports bar, and four distinct restaurants featuring everything from steak and seafood, to outstanding buffets, and deli-style menus. The luxurious hotel offers 205 hotel rooms, an indoor pool, fitness center, and a full-service Spa. We're the perfect place for leisure travel and for meetings, conventions, parties, or banquets. Our luxurious hotel has all the modern amenities guests expect. Oh! What a feeling! You are going to love the new Jumer's Casino & Hotel.
CITY:Rock Island
John Deere Commons at Moline Centre
A tourism destination offering a variety of restaurants, concerts, special events, top name entertainment at "iWireless Center," and live music at the many pubs and bars. Also visit the famous John Deere Pavilion and John Deere Store, Lagomarcino's old fashioned soda and candy shop. Celebration Belle Riverboat and Channel Cat Taxi is nearby so you can explore the mighty Mississippi River. The downtown area also includes gift shops, antique stores, restaurants and hotels!
Jim's Rib Haven
Family-owned restaurant for over 30 years featuring the best ribs in the Quad Cities. Definitely a favorite among the locals. You can bring your own beer with you to drink at the restaurant. Also features great sides to go with your ribs.
CITY:Rock Island
Harris Pizza
A Quad Cities tradition for the finest pizza around. Voted a Quad Cities favorite, this restaurant has been around for over 30 years.
CITY:Rock Island
Happy Joe's Pizza & Ice Cream Parlor - Quad Cities
Original pizza parlor started in the Quad Cities featuring the first Taco Pizza, along with dozens of topping choices that will suit the tastes of all its customers. Also, enjoy the pizza and pasta bars available at select locations. Dine in or have this delicious pizza delivered to your hotel.


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Proenza Schouler
PS1 Large Chain Wallet
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Leather clutch-sized wallet with removable gunmetal-tone chain link shoulder strap and zipper pocket at back. Embossed Proenza Schouler logo underneath slide close front flap. Jacquard fabric and leather lined interior with front slit pocket, zipper compartment, six card slots and two pouch pockets. Mirror on inside flap.
In 2002, designers Jack McCollough and Lazaro Hernandez combined their mothers' maiden names to create Proenza Schouler. The duo attended Parson's School of Design where their senior thesis became their first formal collection and was bought in its entirety by Barneys New York. Inspired by youth culture and modern art, the designers continually wow their worldwide following while using custom-developed materials to skillfully craft their womenswear, accessories and, of course, signature handbags.
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Cable versus broadcast ratings
The ratings gap between cable and broadcast TV shows keeps shrinking. This season, many hit series on ABC, CBS, NBC and Fox have slumped to record lows. But cable shows are at or near all-time highs. A few examples:
This photo gallery is featured in these articles:


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When should you plug gear into your amplifier's effects loop and not into the standard input?
It is useful because it allows you to add effects to your sound after it has been through the amps EQ and pre-amp; What this means; the pre-amp can do its magic on a clean signal from your guitar; before effects are added.
Adding effects which boost(overdrive/distortion) the signal into the effects loop can be dangerous for the amp, as the signal has already been boosted by the pre-amp; it should be ok if you experiment with it and are careful, but is not advisable. Generally these things(boosters) should go in front of your amp; though if your preamp is up high; they will have little effect.
Modulators like phasers/chorus/delay can go in the effects loop; and will probably be better for your tone if there, since the your applying the effect to the already boosted signal from the preamp, instead of boosting a signal with an effect on it.
Unless you specifically want your modulators before the boosters this is a good rule of thumb: boosters -> preamp -> modulators.
In addition to @DRL's good answer, another use for the effect loop on an amp is to provide access to the power-amp in, avoiding the tone-messing-up circuitry, when you're using some modeling effects. For instance:
I have a Pod X3, which was Line6's bad-boy floor unit until recently. A modeler simulates the chain of effects, preamp, amp, cabinet, speakers, and microphone capturing the speaker's sound, if you want to enable all those things. Because they've already been factored into the sound, passing the output of the modeler into a regular guitar amp's input, through its preamp and tone controls will only screw up the sound you've worked hard to generate.
A good power-amp shouldn't modify the sound at all, except maybe add a bit of power-tube saturation or distortion, but again, the modeler has taken that into account, so we want to avoid that as much as possible.
Sticking with an overly anal/purist attitude, I also want to avoid speaker and cabinet coloration of the sound.
So, for me it made sense to buy one of Line6's Flextone III combos, and plug into its power-amp-in (effects loop return). That amp does some modeling internally but I skip past it, by going into the X3, then into the power-amp, and out its speaker. I also have a direct-out feed on the X3 if I need to go to a board.
It's kind of a waste of a pre-amp in an amp, but they're cheap now, pretty loud if need be, and very neutral sounding so the modeling is not effected.
It's just another use of the loop and ability to get between the pre-amp and amp.
Use the fx loop to insert delays and reverbs as the loop is after the preamp circuit. I've tried delays and verbs straight into the front of the amp and the sound can get messy when distortion is used as each repeat generated by the delay gets distorted (by the distortion). I would always put delays/verbs after distortion either using fx loop or a chain of stomp boxes. If you play clean all the time and don't use distortion then you insert the delays or verbs straight in the front of the amp. Reading previous posts the use of modulation and where to place it is upto your taste and place where it sounds and feels good to you.


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2010 Research Summary
The Path of the Blind Watchmaker: A Large-Scale, Interspecies Markov Model of Evolution (LIMME)
View Current Project Information
Andrew Anthony Poggio, David A. Patterson, Christos Papadimitriou, Adam Arkin1 and Brent Mishler2
Evolution from a very primitive organism to Homo sapiens has been a significant biological process and thorough knowledge of it is vital to understanding all aspects of biology including disease treatment. This project attempts to take a large scale approach to evolution. To do so, we will reconstruct the genome of a small number of reference species and create an overall model comprised of a unique Markov model between each adjacent reference species pair that represents the specific mutations and probabilities of the potential evolutionary paths between the two species. The model will include an analysis of genome alignments, mutation mechanisms, population models, and other relevant factors. The result will allow us to describe the likely path that was taken by evolution between sample species and to calculate the duration of that process. This model will provide an ongoing, computational test bed for evolutionary biology theory, results from which can often be directly compared to fossil and experimental data.
Figure 1: LIMME path overlaid on tree of life image.
2Integrative Biology


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Several of our development servers have flaky SSDs that need to be replaced. The machines are still usable, but we see lots of errors in
dmesg, and every once in a while they need to be rebooted because of I/O errors. We have new SSDs (proven to be reliable in other servers) ready to be installed.
Some facts:
The servers run both Ubuntu 10.04 and 12.04.
There are about half a dozen different accounts that ideally would be restored to the new disks.
Much of the data is in git repositories, but there are also many files not controlled by git.
Many extra packages have been installed, most of which are documented in the various readme files of the projects.
There is still time to make backups of any and all files, and plenty of other servers on which to store the backups.
If restoration is too difficult, we can simply pull down the git repositories and reconfigure the new systems manually, though we would prefer not to.
What I am looking for are recommendations for approaches to restoring the machines to their current state after the new drives go in. Some more specific questions:
Should I just tar up
If I tar up
/home, how do I preserve the user IDs?
Is it better to just tar up individual accounts (
tar zcvf user.tgz /home/user/*) and restore them after adding each user to the new system?
I am hoping that there are standard approaches to this problem I can take. I read this question, but it wasn't quite my problem. This other question recommends clonezilla or
dd. Is that the way to go? I am a little leery of cloning the disk because I want to avoid propagating corrupt files that went bad due to the flaky nature of the current disks.


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Portland Trail Blazers vs New Orleans PelicansSat, December 21, 2013 - 7:00 PMModa Center at the Rose Quarter Arena in Portland, OR
We are sorry, the date for this event has already passed. This event took place on 12/21/2013. Click here to view upcoming events for Portland Trail Blazers.
Still unsure? Check out our user reviews for:
Have a question? Need help? Call us at 800.477.5285


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Let G be the (non-principal) ultraproduct of all finite cyclic groups of orders n!, n=1,2,3,... . Is there a homomorphism from G onto the infinite cyclic group?
I think the answer is no. The ultraproduct $U$ is naturally a quotient of ${\mathbb Z}^{\infty}$, the direct product of countably many copies of ${\mathbb Z}$. In the obvious quotient map, the image of the direct sum is zero. Now, it is enough to show that:
Claim: Any homomorphism $ \phi: {\mathbb Z}^{\infty} \to {\mathbb Z}$ that vanishes on the direct sum is identically zero.
Proof: (I learned this from a book by T.Y.Lam):
For a prime number $p$, let $A_p$ be the set of elements in ${\mathbb Z}^{\infty}$ of the form $(a_0, pa_1, p^2a_2,...)$, i.e. the elements whose $i$-th coordinate is divisible by $p^i$. Any element $x \in A_p$ can be decomposed as
$x= y+z= (a_0, pa_1, \dots, p^{n-1}a_{n-1}, 0,0, \dots ) + p^n (0,0,..,0, a_n, pa_{n+1},..)$
Now, $y$ is in the direct sum, hence $\phi(y)=0$. Also $\phi(z) \in p^n {\mathbb Z}$, which implies that $\phi (x) \in \cap_{n=1}^{\infty} p^n {\mathbb Z} = \{ 0 \}$
Now, choose two distinct primes $p$ and $q$. Since $\gcd(p^n,q^n)=1$, it is easy to see that $A_p+A_q= {\mathbb Z}^{\infty}$. This implies that $\phi \equiv 0$.
One can at least show that there exists a non-trivial homomorphism to the rationals.
Call a sequence $a=(a_n)_{n \in {\mathbb N}}$ with $a_n \in {\mathbb Z}/n! {\mathbb Z}$ bounded if there exists a constant $C$ such that $|\tilde a_n| \leq C$ for all $n$, where $\tilde a_n$ is the representative of $a_n$ with $-n!/2 < \tilde a_n \leq n!/2$. Let $L$ be the set of bounded elements in the ultraproduct.
For $a \in L$, $\phi(a):= \lim_{n \to \omega} \tilde a_n$ defines a homomorphism $\phi \colon L \to {\mathbb Z}$. Considered as a homomorphism to ${\mathbb Q}$ it has an extension to the whole ultraproduct, since ${\mathbb Q}$ is an injective abelian group. Hence, there exists a non-trivial homomorphism from the ultraproduct to the rationals.
I think in certain cases, say if the set of prime numbers belongs to the ultrafilter, $G$ becomes a vector space over the field of rational numbers.
I agree with the first answer.
The ultraproduct in question is pure-injective (by a theorem of Jan Mycielski, Some compactifications of general agebras, Coll. Math., 13 (1964), 1-9). If an abelian group G contains a non-zero homomorphic image of a pure-injective group, then G is not slender. However, the infinite cyclic group is slender (by a theorem of Specker from 1950 (E. Specker, Additive Gruppen von folgen ganzer Zahlen, Portugaliae Math. 9 (1950), 131-140)), which is proved above as the Claim.
One might add: by a theorem of Sasiada (in L. Fuchs, Infinite Abelian Groups, vol.2, 1973), no reduced torsion-free abelian group of power less than continuum contains a non-trivial homomorphic image of the ultraproduct in question.
The results quoted above are also to be found in P.C. Eklof, A.H. Mekler, Almost Free Modules, rev. ed., 2002.


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By Emma Shakarshy This Sunday the Olympic flame will be extinguished, marking the end of the 2012 summer Olympic Games in London. In addition to honoring and celebrating the achievements of all the Olympic athletes, the Closing Ceremony unites the world's athletes who will march together as 'one nation'. It's been a rousing few … [Read more...]
Olympic Women Succeed, but is it Really Fair Play?
August 9, 2012 By


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Which of the sentences below looks more natural?
- Question answering systems that appear with the aim of providing precise textual answers.
- Question answering systems that appear with the aim of providing exact textual answers.
Which of the sentences below looks more natural?
closed as off topic by Kris, MετάEd, Bill Franke, tchrist, Robusto Jan 9 '13 at 16:08
Questions on English Language & Usage Stack Exchange are expected to relate to English language and usage within the scope defined by the community. Consider editing the question or leaving comments for improvement if you believe the question can be reworded to fit within the scope. Read more about reopening questions here.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
In the physical sciences, a series of measurements are precise if they cluster tightly around a single value, with a low variance relative to the magnitude of the mean value. In slightly more casual usage, both precise and exact mean "reported with a low level of uncertainty." If, for example, a politician is asked to give a number for how much a proposed project will cost, the response is:
Meaning that he might be able to give at best an approximate value. As for the sample sentences given,
Both precise and exact are, in careful usage, different from accurate. An accurate measurement is one which is close to the "true" value of the measured quantity, and an accurate answer is a correct answer. It may be worth considering whether accurate is what is wanted.
The words precise and exact do not mean the same.
The phrase therefore can mean different things depending on which of the words is used. Both are correct and both are "natural".
The above would be logical, and makes more sense, to the extent that the answers are expected to be more well-defined or less ambiguous.
The above presumes there exists an answer to every question dealt with, and the system provides just that answer and nothing less or more. This may be the case where there are sets of questions and answers that the system merely implements faithfully.
Note that this is an interpretation from the language point of view. (Popular) Usage in the field may vary.
I'm guessing Benyamin's answer isn't being endorsed because of the supplementary explanation, not because people disagree with the word-choice itself for OP's context.
There's certainly sufficient overlap that exact could reasonably be used, but precise is marginally "better" simply because it has more appropriate connotations (accurate, careful about details, etc).
In some more restricted variants on OP's context, it's possible exact might actually be the better word. For example, suppose you're trying to emphasise the fact that there's one and only one "correct" answer, which can be expressed very succinctly. If two answers have been posted, you could reasonably say the shorter one is more exact if the longer one contains a wealth of precise detail that's not really relevant to the answer.
I'm sure some people would say that precise always implies short and to the point in all relevant contexts. But to me at least, if I'm postulating that there is in principle a single "idealised" correct answer, it's possible for someone to come up with exactly that.


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Bay Creek Elementary in Loganville won top shooting honors at the second of six regional archery tournaments Saturday at Loganville High School.
Bay Creek shot a team score of 3,131 to outscore 12 other school teams and win the overall highest-scoring team award at the second Georgia regional. Bay Creek's top overall score also qualified the team for the 7th annual Georgia-NASP State Tournament March 13 at the Georgia National Fairgrounds in Perry.
Morgan County Middle School won the middle school division with a team score of 2,979 and Lafayette Christian School captured the high school division regional title with a score of 2,970. Both teams qualify for the state tournament by virtue of winning their region's division.
Individually, Gerard Prep School's Evan Lubbess arrowed a 278 (out of 300) to win the overall high-scoring male title. Bay Creek Elementary's Kamra King shot a 271 to win overall high-scoring female, winning a three-way tiebreaker by virtue of bulls eyes shot. Bay Creek's Jillian Heaster and Lafayette Christian's Rebekah VanLaarhoven also shot 271, but King's 11 arrows in the 10-ring broke the tie.
Other top individual shooters included: Lafayette Christian's Hudson Powell (274, top high school male); Gerard Prep's Brielle Lubbess (267, top high school female); Bay Creek's Zachary Patterson (276, top elementary male); and Victory Baptist School's Kenley Swain (248, top middle school female).
More than 290 students in elementary, middle and high school competed at Regional No. 2. Schools that did not win an automatic berth to state at the regional tournament can still be selected as a high-scoring wildcard team after the final regional tournament is completed in late February. Individual male and female shooters finishing in the top five in 4th, 5th, 6th grades and the middle and high school divisions all qualify for state.
Tournament results are posted online at www.nasptournaments.com.
The National Archery in the Schools Program is an in-school archery curriculum that meets all education department standards. Only schools that are certified in NASP through the Georgia Department of Natural Resources are qualified to compete in the Georgia Tournament. Schools in more than 100 counties in Georgia are NASP certified.
The program promotes instruction in international-style target archery to improve educational performance and participation in shooting sports. Research has shown that the program, administered through a minimum two-week course during the school year, improves class attendance and behavior. NASP universal fit bows make it possible for students of all sizes and genders to succeed in archery while raising self-esteem levels and improving hand-eye coordination during physical activity.
NASP is taught in 48 states as well as seven countries. To date, more than 10 million students have gone through the program.
For more information on NASP in Georgia, recreational shooting sports opportunities or to find a range near you, visit www.georgiawildlife.com, contact a local WRD Game Management Office or call (770) 918-6416.


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The long-awaited arrival of video gaming terminals have arrived in Carmi. The first five machines within the city limits of Carmi were installed by J and J Ventures in Carmi Monday, Jan. 28 and went "live" Monday, Feb. 4 at Danny's Pool Room. The facility can offer a maximum of five machines and area residents were waiting patiently as the machines went online Monday morning around 10:30 a.m.
"We started the application process last June," said Lindy Satterfield, owner and operator of Danny's Pool Room. "Then, I was fingerprinted and cleared by the Illinois State Police, FBI and Homeland Security. We received our permit for operation from the Department of Justice in D.C. It is quite a process."
Satterfield, longtime owner of the establishment on Main Street, noted there are several requirements before permits are issued. The facility must have a video system and burglar alarm. Danny's Pool Room received their final license Jan. 24 with the "okay to go."
"We've had quite a few asking about the machines," said Satterfield. "It is a voucher system. The machines accept paper money and shoot out a voucher. We pay out from the amount on the voucher through the terminal connected into the system. We aren't in charge of taking money in or out. That is all regulated by the state. My money from them comes in the form of a check."
The maximum bet on each of the video gaming terminals is $2 maximum per spin. Of the money inserted into the machines, 35 percent goes to the operator, J and J Ventures, 35 percent goes to Danny's Pool Room and 30 percent goes to the state with five percent of that amount coming directly back to the city. Bars are limited to five machines per location while clubs can have up to seven machines installed.
Within the first 30 minutes of play, a winner cashed out a voucher. Steve Anselment was the first official player and the first official winner at Danny's Pool Room, cashing in a $20 voucher.
"I'm glad the machines are here," said Satterfield. "It's a good way to keep the money in the state and in the city instead of out of state for the riverboats and casinos."
Satterfield has been involved with Danny's Pool Room almost since its inception in the mid 1970s. His older brother, Danny, eventually purchased a portion of it and Satterfield has been part of the operation and ownership for the past 30 years. He now owns all of it and the business has been steady for him throughout the past three decades.
In addition to the video gaming terminals, Danny's Pool Room offers weekly pool tournaments at 7:30 p.m. each Wednesday. An entry fee of $5 is charged and the prize money varies depending on entries into the weekly tournament.
The four pool tables in the facility also host an annual Broomstick Tournament set for Saturday, Feb. 23. All billiards players will use broomsticks in the contest and a portion of the proceeds from the event will go to Brownsville Attendance Center.
Page 2 of 2 - Satterfield is very in tune with supporting local causes. Danny's Pool Room also supports a local Poker Run each June with proceeds going to the Guardian Center.
Danny's Pool Room is open Monday through Saturday 7:30 a.m. until 11:30 p.m. The video gaming terminals are available during that time as well and are turned on and off to match operation times of the facility by the state.
For more information, call Danny's Pool Room at 382-9987 or visit them on Facebook at Danny's Pool Room.
Tammy Knox can be reached at 382-4176. Follow her on Twitter @tammycarmitimes.
Location, ST | website.com


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The jury also give permission for President Terry Matthews to enter a cooperative endeavor agreement with the Ouachita Parish Police Jury for the overlay of the bridge over Bayou Bartholomew leading into Bartholomew Woods. Ouachita Parish will supply the machinery and the manpower for fixing the bridge and Morehouse Parish will pay for the materials. The parish lines runs directly in the middle of the bridge.
Don Costin's contact for manager of the Farmer's Market was renewed for another year, without any opposition and discussion was began on updating the ordinance books in Morehouse Parish.
As this is a costly and lengthy endeavor, permission was granted for Shasidee Phillips, jury secretary to investigate and find out the actual cost of updating the manuals. It was decided that the cost of the books would be split among the four entities of drainage, road, solid waste and the general fund, as there are ordinances concerning each of these to update.
Location, ST | website.com


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V - The Ultimate Variety ShowTue, April 16, 2013 - 7:00 PMV1 Theatre in Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, NV
We are sorry, the date for this event has already passed. This event took place on 4/16/2013. Click here to view upcoming events for V - The Ultimate Variety Show.
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Have a question? Need help? Call us at 800.477.5285


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"We fly together through thick and thin!" – an exclusive interview with Lu and Cosmo
Lu & Cosmo, their adventures and what they know about flying
Have a good trip: flying with children
To travel preparation with children
In-flight entertainment for children
Games for children on board
Friendship at first sight
This is how Lu & Cosmo got to know each other:
Facts & Figures
What do you need to consider if you wish to fly with babies and toddlers?
Information about booking and seat reservation
Taking the pushchair right up to the aircraft
What happens with the pushchair and what is the free baggage allowance for children?
Information about the free baggage allowance and carry-on baggage when travelling with children
Entertainment on board
What is the entertainment programme for children on long-haul flights?
To the entertainment programme
New app for children: Take-off!
The fun voyage of discovery for young passengers
Find out more


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TEMPLE (February 25, 2013)—Temple police arrested a teenager early Sunday after a break-in at El Dorado Restaurant at 715 South 1st St.
The burglary was reported at around 1:30 a.m. Sunday.
The business provided officers with a description of the burglar from a surveillance video.
About an hour later an officer on patrol on West Avenue G found evidence from the burglary and then located a teenager matching the description of the burglar walking in the 600 block of North 4th Street, police said Monday.
The officer took the teenager into custody, handcuffed him and placed him in the rear of his patrol car, police said.
As the officer photographed and gathered evidence the teenager somehow managed to slip his hands in front of his body and climb through the Plexiglas divider into the front seat of the car, police said.
The officer pulled him out, but the teenager resisted the officer's efforts to place him back in custody, police said.
Joaquin Garza, 17, of Temple, was in the Bell County Jail Monday charged with resisting arrest or search, but has not been charged in connection with the break-in.
His bond was set at $2,500.
The burglary remains under investigation.


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Home > Novitec Rosso > Novitec Tridente Maserati Quattropote
Below you will find the high resolution car pictures for Novitec Tridente Maserati Quattropote. You may use the car pictures for any of the following widescreen screen resolutions:
1920x1200 | 1680x1050 | 1440x900 | 1280x800
Novitec Tridente Maserati Quattropote
When it comes to customizing exotic cars, Novitec is one of the names that comes to the mind. Novitec has enhanced the Maserati Quattroporte's appearance the driving dynamics. The modified Novitec Tridente Maserati Quattroporte has a rated power ouput of 590 hp/434 kW, a peak torque of 572 Nm, 3-piece 21 inch wheels, a height-adjustable coil-over suspension and a carbon-fiber rear spoiler. The tuner package is available for 19,900 Euros.


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MOORE, Paul S. Sr., 56, of Weirton, WV, passed away Monday, December 3, 2012, at the Valley Hospice Care Center North, Steubenville, OH.
He was born August 29, 1956, in Weirton, WV., the son of the late Edison J. and Marjorie Pauline Church Moore.
Paul was a member of the Colliers Way Church of Christ, a member of I.B.E.W., a 1979 graduate of Freed-Hardeman Christian College, Henderson, TN with an associates degree in Bible. He also was a present employee of MonPower/First Energy, Weirton with 23 years of employment. On August 4, 1979, in Wheeling, WV, Paul married Cheryl Higgs, who survives.
Surviving are his wife Cheryl Higgs Moore; sons Paul S. Moore Jr. (Judith) of Follansbee, WV, Justin W. Moore of Weirton, WV; grandchildren Payton and Ashlyn; sister Kay Blair (Charles) of Reader, WV.
Visitation will be at the Colliers Way Church of Christ, 612 Colliers Way, Weirton, WV on Tuesday from 1-3 and 6-8 p.m. and on Wednesday, December 5, 2012, from 10 until time of service at 11 a.m. Minister Tom Derby will officiate. Burial will follow at Chapel Hill Memorial Gardens, Weirton, WV.
In lieu of flowers, memorials are suggested to Valley Hospice, Inc., 10686 State Route 150, Rayland, OH 43943; or Mid-Western Children's Home, 4585 Long Spurling Road, Pleasant Plain, OH 45162.
Arrangements have been entrusted to Steel & Wolfe Funeral Home, Inc., Weirton, WV.


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I spent an hour or so yesterday trying to solve the inequality $x^2 + x + 1 > 0$. Since I'd spent so long on a problem didn't seem like it should be that difficult, I decided I'd call it a day and try it again later.
I just had another look at it and this solution became immediately obvious:
$$x^2 + x + 1 > 0 \ \ \forall \ \ x \in \mathbb{R}$$
I'd justify this by stating that $x^2 > x \ \ \forall \ \ x \in \mathbb{R}$. Because of this, even if $x < 0$, the right hand side of the inequality will always be positive. Am I correct?


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Jacob was in the background trying to pull my pants down! Let me explain. My kids are up by no later than 0530 each morning. We started the pinwheel board around 0600 Sunday morning. I was still in my pjs when it came time to take the picture. Lauren started out with a sullen face. Jake came over and grabbed the leg of my pants and was saying, "Milk, Mommy." He tugged a bit too hard, my pants went south, Lauren began to laugh and it was all over from that point. He thought it was hilarious and kept following me around tugging. Thus, the giggles from Lauren and the blurry picture from Mommy. Hehehe.
100th day of school
Goodness, that 100th day of school seems to get here fast, doesn't it?? Next thing you know, we'll be at spring break and then it's summer. So far, both girls are having a really good school year. I'm very thankful for that. For Lauren's 100th day project, we decided to make a few pinwheels. They're so easy and fun. Originally, I wanted to adhere them to the board in a manner that would still allow them to turn. In the end, it was much easier just to cut them, fold them, and glue them on. We didn't even glue the folded edges down in the center but I think it turned out really cute anyway.
Posted by Sandy and Anna at 9:43 AM
Labels: 100th day of school project, Lauren, pinwheels
4 comments:
- Nana on Clements Hill said...
I Love the photo of Lauren and also the project. I also love the pj job also, that was cute....Love you all Nana. Talked with Wes and Amy this morning and they are snowed in. That is a bummer.
- February 2, 2011 at 2:18 PM
So fun! The project looks great. Jacob- what a stinker!
<3 Trish
- February 2, 2011 at 8:01 PM
- María Corcuera said...
Dear Sandy. After seeing your fantastic blog I decided to make my own about kids creativity in Spain. I Think you are a very special person and I wish you all the best. At the moment I am preparing my sons red party.
- February 5, 2011 at 12:19 AM
- Mrs. Hein said...
I'd like to try these, but can't figure out how you made them. Any chance you could email me the pattern for the pinwheels?
- February 6, 2012 at 1:41 PM
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Ending Violence Against Native Women Training Institute
The Ending Violence Against Native Women Training Institute provides a strong foundation for advocates and their allies to work effectively within their own programs and within a coordinated response. The Institute begins with a two day plenary session to help build a shared understanding of the dynamics of violence against Native women and highlights coordinated community response initiatives. The last 2 1/2 days you will attend one of the
five workshops offered and one closing ceremony.
Plenary Topics include:
• Historical and Cultural Roots: Colonization and Violence Against Women
• Internalized Oppression
• Battering: Definition and Dynamics
• Federal Laws Impacting Native Women
• Effective Coordinated Tribal Community Response
Please register for one of the five following workshops to attend on days 3 and 4:
• Role of Law Enforcement: Law Enforcement Response to Domestic Violence.
• Role of Batterers' Program: Batterers' Re-educate Program Facilitation.
• Role of Criminal Justice System: Tribal Court and Prosecution Response to Domestic Violence.
• Role of Advocates: Advocating for Women Who Have Been Battered/Raped and their Children.
• Advocacy For Native Women Who Have Been Raped - NEW
If this is your first time attending the Institute, please consider attending the Role of Shelter and Advocacy workshop first to gain an integral understanding of effective response to violence against Native women and appropriate relationships with women who are battered. Men are encouraged to attend the Role of Batterers' Program workshop to best understand their role as men in ending violence against women.
Karen Artichoker, Management Team Director - Cangleska, Inc.,
Director of Sacred Circle
Brenda Hill, Education Coordinator - Sacred Circle
BJ Jones, Chief Judge - Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe
George Twiss, Management Team Director - Cangleska, Inc.
Wayne Weston, Men's Program Coordinator - Cangleska, Inc.
Elena Giacci, Anti-Sexual Violence Education Specialist, Sacred Circle
REGISTRATION FEE RAPID CITY: Before September 5th:
$350; On or after September 5th :$450


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The Fiery Furnaces
Performing Arts
Marvel at the "carnival sideshow wonder of the Fiery Furnaces in concert."—Magnet
Miss Alex White & the Red Orchestra open the show.
The Fiery Furnaces (Eleanor and Matthew Friedberger) continue to confound easy expectations with willful glee. The sister and brother duo work their strange sonic magic with songs that resist conventional structure and range from poetically elliptical and airy to spiky and manically frenzied. The two are touring in support of their new album, Rehearsing My Choir, which features guest vocals and other contributions from their grandmother Olga. .)
Experience Columbus Days
Save on tickets to The Fiery Furnaces and The River, screening in the Film/Video Theater October 8-9 at 2 pm, and save on merchandise in the Wexner Center Store during Experience Columbus Days, October 7ñ10. Click on the link at left to find out how.
Admission$12 students (tickets required)
$10 members


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Top Definition
When you tuck your ballz between you, or someone else s asshole, and then poop, hence leaving your ballz covered in a shit skid-mark.
Person 1. "Yo dude i pulled an Amici on some slut last night and she got so wet, and it was awesome and yeah cool."
Person 2. "HEY GUESS WHAT?!!!"
Person 1. "What?"
Person 2. "I DON'T FUCKING CARE!!!
Person 2. "HEY GUESS WHAT?!!!"
Person 1. "What?"
dodane przez poopamici styczeń 26, 2014
Trending Now


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22 Jan 2013 5:39 PM #1
masking objects
is there a way to mask objects in animator?
for example
lets say i want to animate a shape that moves across from left to right, but i want it all to be contained with in the shape of a button.
is there a way to do that?
23 Jan 2013 9:20 AM #2
1) If your background is uniform, you could overlay a image with the same color as the background that has the button shape transparent in the middle
2) Using the overflow property, you can get a square mask.
3) Since -webkit-mask aren't standard (but now it looks like it might become in the future) we don't have any direct controls for it, but you could potentially add the rules yourself to the custom css part in the properties panel. This is "real masking", however it only works on webkit browsers.
23 Jan 2013 9:57 AM #3
31 Jan 2013 12:55 PM #4
31 Jan 2013 1:06 PM #5
You can find the overflow property in the Properties Panel under Transforms when an object is selected in base mode.
31 Jan 2013 1:12 PM #6
26 Nov 2013 7:25 PM #7
Can you be more specific on this implementation? How do you use one shape to mask another with the overflow property?
27 Nov 2013 9:23 AM #8
Take a look at this thread: http://www.sencha.com/forum/showthread.php?275296
There is more explanation there and a sample project with a different masking method.
27 Nov 2013 2:01 PM #9


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I want to record voice/text chat of my website users who communicate through Skype. Can anybody help me how can I accomplish this task using ASP.NET or PHP code?
Record Skype audio/text chat using ASP.NET website
Unless skype allows such an API it would not be possible to be doing it using any web language. Application can do something with it provided user is ready to install your application.
To record skype telephone and cellular phone calls i use SkypeCap:lets you know when it recognizes that Skype audio and video sessions are occurring so that you can record them.
it helps me at work)
it helps me at work)
agree with nika
SkypeCap ( skypecap.com) nice program...
SkypeCap ( skypecap.com) nice program...
That's what I use too.
It's one of the best Skype recorders I have had to deal with. Highly recommended!
It's one of the best Skype recorders I have had to deal with. Highly recommended!
I prefer use the program IMCapture for Skype (Win), it's very simlpe tool for me.
I also prefer IMCapture for Skype. It is very easy to use.
oh i used IMCapture for Skype on my mac,it's really good .you are right.
yeah, IMCapture for Skype good prog too...
I prefer to use IMCapture for Skype. It records audio and video conversations in different formats and in high quality.


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'Becky's New Car' At The North Coast Repertory Theatre
- When Multiple dates from Sep 1 - Sep 26, 2010 [days & times]
- Where North Coast Repertory Theatre, 987 Lomas Santa Fe Drive, Ste. D, Solana Beach, CA Map | Website
- Age limit 13+
- Categories Theater
- Cost $37 - $50
Above: Promotional graphic for "Becky's New Car," a play by Steven Dietz, directed by David Ellenstein, at the North Coast Repertory Theatre, Wednesday, September 4 through Sunday, September 26, 2010. Previews: September 1 - 3, 2010
"Becky's New Car", a play by Steven Dietz and directed by David Ellenstein, will take the stage from Wednesday, September 4 - Sunday, September 26, 2010. Previews: September 1 - 3, 2010
Written by award-winning Steven Dietz, this frothy, poignant and fresh new comedy is a perfect side trip from the daily woes of modern life. Forty-something Becky Foster has a decent job at an auto dealership, a solid husband, and a freeloading psych-major son living in her basement. Her life is pleasant enough, but through a twist of fate Becky gets to test drive an exciting new life.
"Becky's New Car takes the audience on a smart, comic cruise through the perils of middle-aged longing and regret." (Variety.)
Box Office: (858) 481-1055
Location: North Coast Repertory Theatre, 987 Lomas Sante Fe Drive Suite D, Solana Beach, CA
Google Map


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Maston Eugene "Gene" Bailey, 76, of Belding, formerly of Saranac, passed away in the early morning hours of Friday, Dec. 21, 2012, under the care of his loving family and Ionia Area Hospice. He was born on May 10, 1936 in McGuffey, Ohio, to Adam and Dora (Sparks) Bailey.
Gene relocated to Michigan with his family while still in his youth and attended Lake Odessa Schools. He attended Galilee Baptist Church in Saranac and worked as an Operating Engineer with Local 324, retiring with more than 30 years of service. Gene was highly skilled at his trade and was often given the most difficult projects to complete.
He loved his dear family and will be missed by all who knew him.
He is survived by his loving wife, Josephine; children, Randy Bailey of Saranac, Rick Bailey of Belding, Ron (Mary) Bailey of Hawaii and Denise (Tim) Rowe of Saginaw, Texas; 17 grandchildren including Brandon Bailey and Derick (Stormy) Bailey both of Grand Rapids, Matt Bailey and Holly (Sam) Smith of Saranac; seven great grandchildren, including Bailey, Ayrella, Gracie, Parker and Ahsley; siblings, Imogene (Leon) Sutfin, of Harrison, Vonda (Ron) Chick-Morea of Flint, Charlotte (Denny) Morrell of Gladwin, Linda Makeinda of Springfield, Mo., Brenda Bailey of Lima, Ohio, and Ray (Julie) Bailey of Mason; two aunts, Fannie (Loren) Blocker of Lowell and Kizzie Lawrence of Ada, Ohio; many nieces, nephews cousins and friends from Belding and Saranac; special friends and business associates from the Maple Rapids Sawmill and Lumber company including Dick Grubaugh, his son Randy and the entire family.
He was preceded in death by his parents; a brother Joe Bailey in June of 2012; and two aunts, Edna Doyle and Hazel Oatten.
There will be no visitation or funeral services scheduled at this time, but a Graveside Committal Service is being planned for spring. Those wishing to express their sympathy are welcomed to consider a contribution in Gene's memory to Ionia Area Hospice.
For additional information, please contact Verdun Family Funeral Home, 303 S. Bridge St., Belding, at (616) 794-1300 or verdunfh.com, who is caring for the arrangements.
Location, ST | website.com


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Reed Fischer
Latest Stories
1 year ago | Farewell
At age six, I wanted to play professional soccer when I grew up. At seven, I dreamed of becoming an editorial cartoonist. At 15, I considered politics. At 20, I finally started heeding suggestions that I should write about music for a living. At s...
1 year ago | Film and TV
The plucky, energetic guys in Hippo Campus had their biggest show yet this week. Following a busy SXSW and signing to New York label Grand Jury, the Woodbury-bred indie-rock foursome made their network TV debut on Conan the evening of Tuesday, Mar...
1 year ago | Just Announced
The Memorial Day Weekend bliss ahead is taking shape with the announcement of the yearly Memory Lanes Block Party lineup. On May 23-24, South Minneapolis's most-punk bowling alley will host 18 bands and five DJs. Tickle Torture, who have emerged a...
1 year ago
Is my time as valuable as Prince's? Certainly not, said a journalist to himself as he drove 35 miles an hour on an ice-and-slush mixture that had already claimed several victims along Highway 212. Any of the ditch-nestled cars could've been headin...
1 year ago | Record Store Day
Hymie's Records was named Best Record Store Day Location last year for good reason. For the fifth year, the pride of Longfellow and beyond will host another huge block party on April 18 with a slate of 14 acts planned for the indoor and outdoor st...
1 year ago | A Compelling Visual
As the symptoms of winter subside, Art-A-Whirl weekend approaches. In recent years, the NEMAA-organized showcase of some of the best local visual art talent has become a time for unofficial AAW block parties that conveniently coincide with the off...


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Leg Wraps
Dover's extensive selection of horse supplies makes it easy to give your horse the right support with quality horse leg wraps including polo wraps, stable bandages, quilted leg wraps and more. Polo wraps and stable bandages are available in a wide range of colors and patterns to suit your barn colors or personal preference. Give your horse the protection he needs and ensure you have all the horse leg wraps you may require today.


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Aero Tricks You Can UseWritten by Marlan Davis on June 5, 2007 Contributors: Manufacturers, The Primedia Archives, Malcolm Dyer For a Given Aerodynamic Package, It Takes Eight Times the Horsepower toDouble Your Speed. It's Easier to Be Swoopier and Go Faster With theSame Power. We'll Show You How.
Ever stick your hand out the window at highway speed? Do it palm-first,and the air pushes your whole arm backward. Hold your hand out palm downand you can control arm movement, even against the air pressure. Tiltyour hand upward, and air pressure forces your arm higher. Go theopposite way and tilt downward, and your hand gets pushed downward.You've just experienced the aerodynamic properties of drag, lift, anddownforce. Air flowing over, under, and around a car acts the same way.
Drag and Frontal Area
Palm-first, your hand has lots of resistance. That's why air pressurepushed it back. Engineers call this drag. Measured in pounds, total dragis a combination of the vehicle's frontal area, dynamic pressure (airdensity and velocity), and a shape factor that defines how slippery itis. The shape factor is a dimensionless numerical expression called thecoefficient of drag (Cd). Think of Cd as an efficiency factor, likehorsepower per cubic inch (hp/ci) is for engines: A go-cart engine and asupercharged big-block Chevy might make the same hp/ci (be equallyefficient), but the Rat motor's total power output is vastly greaterbecause it has more displacement. Likewise, the Goodyear blimp and apencil have a similar Cd because they have a similar shape. Thedifference lies in the overall size of the object (also known as frontalarea) that is pushing through the air. In car terms, a Corvette has botha much lower Cd (it's swoopier) and less frontal area (it's smaller)than an 18-wheeler.
Also, aero forces go up with the square of the speed, meaning that ifyou double the vehicle speed, you increase the total drag resistance byfour times. What's worse from a gearhead standpoint, AeroDyn's GaryEaker points out that horsepower requirements to reach a given speed goup with the cube of velocity. At 200 mph it takes eight times as muchpower to push the car through the air as it does at 100 mph. If your carneeds 80 rear-wheel horsepower to run 100 mph, for it to see 200 mphrequires 640 hp. Gives you more respect for those 300-plus-mphBonneville racers, doesn't it? Therefore, if top speed is the goal,anything that reduces frontal area and makes the vehicle's shape morestreamlined is crucial.
Lift and Downforce
Returning to our palm test, your upwardly inclined hand experiencedpositive lift; tilted downward it saw negative lift, or downforce.Nearly all stock cars have natural positive lift. Older cars with bluntfront ends generated lift kind of like your hand did--air getsunderneath and pitches the nose up. Pre-'68 Corvettes, old Cobras, andclassic-era GT-40s were notorious for front-end lift at speed. But evenmodern, fuel-efficient, bubble-cars have lift, paradoxically caused bytheir very efficient wing-like shape.
Positive lift is bad; it makes a car float and hard to control,especially at speeds over 100 mph. It's far better to have downforce topush the car down against the pavement, increasing its traction. "It isimportant to be able to steer the car at the speed you want to run at,"says engineer Chuck Jenckes. "You don't want a buoyant car."Unfortunately, many of the techniques used to increase downforce alsoraise drag. As Jenckes puts it, "You need one to generate the other." Itbecomes a fine juggling act--aero drag reduction from betterstreamlining versus increased drag from more downforce--and which one toemphasize is dependent on the vehicle's inherent design, its intendeduse, and (if engaged in organized racing) the sanctioning body's rulesrestrictions.
More Downforce or Less Drag?
What's more important: going as fast as possible, or being able to turncorners? The answer will dictate whether you want more downforce or lessdrag. For anything that must turn, generating downforce usuallyoutweighs any additional drag that might be generated. "You can make upmore time in the corners than on the straights," says Jenckes.Road-racers always want lots of downforce. With oval-trackers, itdepends on track length, whether the rules permit radical downforcemods, and if the cars are power-limited. Today's Nextel Cup teams payclose attention to streamlining because the rules require apower-limiting restrictor plate and closely limit downforce-generatingmods to those that equalize competition and ensure vehicle safety.Short-track cars benefit from downforce enhancers, especially becausethey are usually traction- limited, not power-limited.
On the other hand, for land speed racing, ultimate straight-line topspeed is the goal, so reducing drag reigns supreme in all cases. Thesecars need only enough downforce to hold traction and to keep the frontend planted. Finally, in drag racing you want to add some downforce fortraction, but the majority of drag-car aero mods are to enhance top-endvehicle stability and improve performance past mid-track and through thetraps. "A drag-car should have no more downforce than needed or you'rewasting your potential," says Racecraft's Mark Wilkenson.
Aero Tricks You Can Use
A multiuse street car must be a jack of all trades: stable at highspeeds, sticky in the corners, versatile enough to survive driveways andgas stations, and tough enough for weekend race duty. Realistically,there are limits to what you can do to an average car without going offthe deep end. Unless you go the route of extremecustomization--chopping, channeling, narrowing, and sectioning--it'shard to significantly improve a production car's drag coefficient. Youcould remove the driprails, molding, chrome trim, and antenna; shave thedoor handles; lose the windshield wipers and side mirrors; racer-tapeall the body seams; meticulously polish the vehicle's surface; close theside windows; lay back the windshield; and block airflow through theradiator grille (to the extent the car doesn't overheat, but quitepractical in a short-duration drag race). These things will lessen draga little bit. However, generating more downforce, even on astreet-driven car, is entirely practical, and some of the things thatadd downforce can also aid aero efficiency.
Spoilers and Air Dams
"The two hotspots where there's the most room for improvement on mostcars are the lower front and upper rear," says AeroDyn's Gary Eaker.Racers realized this as far back as the mid '60s and developed rearspoilers and front air dams to help their cars maintain traction. A rearspoiler is a device attached to the car's upper rear surface (usuallythe trunk lid) with no gap between it and the bodywork. If it has a gap,it's considered a wing, which is far more complex.
As its name implies, a spoiler's purpose is to "spoil" the fast, smooth,low-drag airflow coming off the roof. By sticking up into the airflow, aspoiler causes the airflow to detach and separate, reducing its velocityand creating a pressure rise that decreases the rear lift tendencies.Although a rear spoiler primarily adds downforce, in some situations itcan also decrease drag, depending on the spoiler's height, angle, andlength of extension off the deck. The more vertical the spoiler's angle,the more the downforce at the price of increased drag. Exact resultsvary per vehicle and can only be determined by cut-and-try testing, butsome studies suggest that the most downforce is achieved with a spoilerheight that's about 8 percent of the car's wheelbase. That means about8-9 inches for a 106-inch wheelbase. For any drag decrease, the spoilerheight will usually have to be less than 1 inch, but up to 2 inchesthere is usually no drag penalty.
Air dams vary from simple lower-front-valance slab-like extensions tocomplex cowcatchers. An air dam's purpose is to reduce the amount of airflowing underneath the car, which has a number of benefits. Most cars donot have smooth underbodies--exhaust, drivetrain, and suspension hangdown, creating considerable additional drag. In this situation, a frontair dam can improve aerodynamics even though it increases frontal area.More importantly, a front spoiler reduces air pressure underneath thecar. Any air remaining under the car is turbulent, just like air behindthe rear of a vehicle. That's the principle of drafting in NASCAR; guysget hauled along behind the lead car by riding inside its low-pressurewake. A front air dam creates a similar effect under the vehicle,essentially sucking the car into the ground.
Spoilers and air dams work for most vehicles without complexexperimentation. But for the vehicle to perform properly there must be abalance of forces at the front and back. If too much downforce isapplied to the front, the rear might get light; conversely, too muchrear downforce may result in front-end pitch. Most front-engine,rear-wheel-drive cars with correctly balanced suspensions work best withslightly more downforce at the rear than at the front.
It stands to reason that if you turn a wing-like shape upside down withthe flat surface on top and the curve on the bottom, it will work theopposite way it does on an airplane--it should generate downforce. Doneright, upside-down, rear-mounted wings can generate huge amounts ofdownforce, but unless the wing is integrated into the vehicle's overallbody-shape (as on classic Dodge Daytonas and Plymouth Superbirds),there's usually a big drag penalty. However, even though a bulky wingmay reduce ultimate top speed, it increases a car's cornering ability somuch that overall lap times are dramatically lowered. The problem isimplementation. There are literally thousands of potential airfoilshapes, and the wing's interaction with the rest of the body isextremely complex. You cannot just take a generic wing, turn it upsidedown, haphazardly mount it, and expect it to work. Yet if the wing trulyis effective, it can seriously unbalance the car, actually unloading thefront tires. At a minimum, a huge cowcatcher-style front spoiler isusually needed to regain balance.
Bearing this in mind, there are several things to consider when planninga wing. Thicker and/or more highly cambered shapes generally generatemore downforce, but also more drag. On any given wing design, mountingthe wing at a lower angle of attack (flatter) has less drag, but is alsonot as effective. A steeper angle (with the rear higher than the front)yields more downforce, but also more drag. Adding a small 90-degreewicker or "Gurney flap" to the rear edge of an existing wing can adddownforce with little drag penalty, and varying height wickers can serveas a fine-tuning aid for different tracks and conditions. Vertical sideplates at each end of the wing keep air from spilling over the sides,sometimes increasing the wing's effectiveness as much as 30 percent.There are also multi-angle and multi-element wings, which are good ifwing size is limited by class rules, as is often the case.
Ground Effects and Diffusers
Even the best air dam can't fully remove the effects of tires, whichcause over 40 percent of an open wheeler's total drag. Even on afendered car, the wheels and tires remain a major lift and drag source.The tires' rolling resistance makes up a component of drag, and thisresistance increases at higher speeds. Air accelerating over the top ofa spinning wheel reduces pressure on its top surface, creating lift.Tires also add to the frontal area, but no one wants to trade off thestickiness of wider tires for more aero-efficient skinny tires--unlessthey're racing Bonneville. But you can run the tires at higher inflationpressures to reduce rolling resistance, enclose them in fenders, and getair out of the fenders as efficiently as possible. If there are no rulesto obey, bulge out the fronts of the fenders, and tuck in the rearsslightly.
As for the car's underbody . . . clean it up! If you can, make a fullbellypan. At a minimum, extend the front air dam horizontally with aflat plate back toward the front axle and oil pan. This tends to reducethe turbulence and accelerate what air that does get by the air dam,lowering its pressure, which increases front downforce. In a perfectworld, nothing would hang lower than the bottom of the framerails. Aflat, full underbody lowers drag, but according to Jenckes won't alteroverall lift tendencies, which are dictated by overall vehicle shape. Inother words, adding a full bellypan neither appreciably helps norhinders downforce--unless you take advantage of the Bernoulli Principle,which says that air speeds go up when air is forced to flow through atube of reduced cross-section. That's how a carburetor's venturi worksand the same principle can be used underneath the car.
So once you've got the floor flat and the car low, add a slightnose-down rake--1-2 degrees is sufficient. This makes the entireunderbody act like a simple venturi: There's now a narrow throat underthe front--which accelerates the air and produces low pressure--and therest of the body acts like a long diffuser, permitting rapid (throughgradually decelerating) air to flow toward the rear. And out back, curvethe under-panel upward to form a duck-tail integrated with the outerrear taillight panel. This helps the rear low-pressure wake suck air outthe back.
Diffusers are a lot more complicated (look at the underside of anIndyCar), and are beyond the scope of this story.
Air can be either your enemy or your friend, and what works on one carwon't necessarily work on another. Drag can limit the car's top-speedpotential, but correctly managed, drag in the form of downforce canproduce tremendous improvements in traction to the point that the entiresuspension must be stiffened and retuned. Many techniques that helpimprove drag and aero are relatively inexpensive if you have access tobasic metalworking equipment and the patience to cut, try, test, andexperiment. And that's the essence of hot rodding.
Case Study: Maximum Motorsports' Wing
Most of us don't have access to wind tunnels (although AeroDyn is makingit easier-- see www.aerodynwindtunnel.com). The proven alternative is tostick with cut-and-try on-track testing methods. Maximum Motorsports(MM) sells performance Mustang parts and races a '92 Mustang in NASA'sAmerican Iron series as a developmental testbed for its product line.Many competitors in this series bolt on big wings, but few have reallytested them. MM planned to sell the final product to the general public,so the company had to make sure they work. MM started with a generic,store-bought "Johnny Bling" wing marketed to the sport-compact crowd andquickly discovered it didn't do squat. As owner Chuck Schwynoch puts it,"We finally had an aerodynamicist come up with a real wing shape." MMdeveloped the wing through repetitive on-track testing, initially byobserving the behavior of oil droplets on its surface. Later, strips ofyarn were taped to the wing, and a video camera installed on the rearpackage tray recorded their behavior.
Case Study: Teague LSR
Al Teague's streamliner holds two FIA international records over 400mph. It is the world's fastest ground vehicle with a single-pistonengine and two-wheel drive, hitting an average speed of 425 mph over a1-mile course with a 432-mph peak. The old-school car evolved notthrough fancy wind tunnels or book-learned aeronautical degrees, but viathe basic cut-and-try method. Teague's car began life as a 312-mphopen-wheel Lakester. Enclosing the front wheels, narrowing the track,and partially enclosing the rear raised speeds to 354. Six more years ofdevelopment, fully enclosing the rear, and a better engine got the carover 400. It may not be high tech by today's standards, but it sure doesrun. Believe it or not, the car weighs 4,000 pounds (salt racers useweight for traction and stability).
(248) 889-2542
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Aero tricks can even aid boxy '34 Roadsters like Paul Vanderley's213-mph salt racer. Massaged in AeroDyn's wind tunnel, its drag is downthere with Nextel Cup speedway cars. Bellypans are not allowed in theclass, but everything underneath mounts higher than the framerails, therear wheels are pulled in, and the inlet scoop's in the nose. ClassicMoon discs still get it done too.The three most important things the average hot rodder can do to adddownforce are to bolt on a front air dam, install a rear spoiler, anddial-in a slight amount of front-end rake. The rear spoiler causesearlier flow separation over the rear deck. A flat underbody and aslight rake act like a venturi, speeding the airflow under the car.Meanwhile, the air dam reduces airflow under the car to further create alow-pressure wake.With its sleek extended nose, filled-in rear window, and high-mountedwing on streamlined supports, Dodge's Daytona was the firstwind-tunnel-refined stock car to run 200 mph on the superspeedways.Carefully designed to both reduce drag and increase downforce, it andits sister Plymouth Superbird became so dominant that NASCAR killed themoff in 1971.Airplanes fly because of lift generated by their wings. Air moves fasterover the wing's upper curved surface (as shown over the roof of thiscar) than the lower flat surface (the air shown under the car). Thefaster moving air creates a localized low-pressure area. With denser airunderneath, lift is generated. Full-bodied production cars are shapedvery much like an airfoil so they have natural lift. Good for anairplane, bad for a car.One of the most important factors in determining a car's aerodynamicperformance, frontal area is the car's total cross-sectional area asviewed head-on. Think of it as the size of the hole it cuts through theair. It encompasses all projections, including tires, fender bulges,side mirrors, scoops, handles, and front air dams. Compare the sleekGuldstrand Signature Series '03 Corvette with Rich Johnson's boxy '57Chevy. Which do you think has more frontal area?Extractors behind the fenders not only help cool brakes, they also helpget air out of the fenders. Another possibility is hood extractors thatwhisk air out of the engine compartment. If you can create lowerpressure underneath the hood compared to the pressure on top, it's freedownforce with no drag penalty. These are on Guldstrand's 50thAnniversary Corvette.One way to estimate frontal area is by taking a direct frontal digitalphoto at a known scale or with rulers in the shot to establish thescale. Using the rulers as a guide, draw a grid using your computer'sgraphics program or by hand after printing out the photo. Count thefilled boxes plus portions of boxes. To convert square inches intosquare feet, divide by 144.Spoilers on drag racing's quick door-slammers are usually relativelyflat and extend out behind the rear of the car. They're designed toenhance vehicle straight-line stability and improve rear aerodynamicsmore than maximize downforce. Racecraft says the idea is to keep aircoming off the rear of the car as straight as possible.A metal brake and sheet aluminum makes it easy to fabricate custom rearspoilers. This one's on Pro-Tech's '98 S-10 NASCAR UltraWheel SuperTruckoval-tracker. The 2,600-pound vehicles are limited to 330hp specengines, requiring careful juggling of aero versus drag. Spoiler heightis regulated, but angle is free.
Stock Cars aren't allowed complex air dams and must maintain a minimumground clearance--4 inches in the case of Dave Blankenship's truck. Evena basic slab like this significantly improves downforce.Adding a horizontal extension, or splitter, to the air dam's lower frontlip creates virtually free downforce by tapping into a high-pressurearea in front of the nose and putting it to use pushing down on thecar's front. Extending the splitter around the side toward the frontfenders helps keep air out of the wheelwells. This is Don Hartman'sWorld Challenge C5 Corvette.Racecraft's NMRA one-piece front end introduced on Les Baer's Pro 5.0'98 Mustang was a big breakthrough. Back then everyone was runningback-halved cars, but with the new narrowed, overhung front end, Baer'scar (right, compared to a stock '98 Mustang, left) won 16 consecutiveraces. The wedge-shaped front end enhanced both drag and aeroproperties.This cambered carbon-fiber wing on Hartman's Corvette includes a rearwicker and vertical side plates. Multihole mounts allow angle-of-attackadjustments. Extreme fastback cars can mount the wing low, but notchbacksedans with rear roofs much taller than the rear deck should raise thewing higher than the roof into free-stream air to avoid turbulence.The C5 Corvette's ducktail rear and extreme fastback roof work well withlow-mounted wings. The low wing in turn can be integrated with a reardiffuser plate for even greater effectiveness, as shown here upside downfrom its normal mounting orientation for clarity. Generally, the greaterthe diffuser's angle of upward slant, the greater the downforce.


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Lately I've been more interested in making prints than selling them. My job as an elementary school teacher helps me along and has to be my priority for now. However, I found I was able to sell small nicely matted prints, but only rarely could I sell large sized prints. The problem is I want to print big (well 16x20). I don't want to frame my larger prints because then I have no place to store them and they just get dusty. I think I'll take up boats or golf instead.
mounted by the use of clear corners on foam core and covered by a clear plastic bag
I've seen so many photos done on canvas wrap and the look just doesn't work for me. It's mostly the texture as well as the smearing of detail and necessary matte finish. That and there is so much of it now and mostly dirt cheap and poorly done that it seems it's not far off from buying a poster. Photo paper mounted on aluminum or dibond looks pretty good with a float mount, but I question it's durability and longevity.
Oh, I know that canvases sell well. I just don't like the look of them, so I don't want to offer something I'm not fond of aesthetically. As it happens, I've just sent off a quote for someone who was in on the weekend and wants a 24x36 and three 16x24's. The snow plow and the army truck images. She wants to get them framed herself in Calgary, which is how many of my sales go. Unframed prints. But this may perhaps be changing now that I have a gallery space with more framed pieces hanging. This has been the case since December anyway; more framed pieces selling than prints.
I've spent a bit of time now on the pictureframes.com site and haven't come across many mouldings that I like. They seem to have a lot of fairly ornate stuff and if I think about what customers have told me, it seems contemporary, simple designs would be more popular.
Would love to see some samples! After using your router I assume... do you stain it or what kind of finish? I just started making my own stretcher bars. Incredible what I was paying before compared to now!


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There are many ad and affiliate networks out there, that each try to cover a niche. Please list your favorites and give some reasons why you like them.
closed as off-topic by John Conde♦ Nov 22 '13 at 22:22
This question appears to be off-topic. The users who voted to close gave this specific reason:
RE: What is an affiliate network? Answer: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_network
I use Amazon Affiliate Program on one of my websites, and find their aStore (iframe shop in your website) especially interesting.
But in general, when you have a product that you are writing about -- try going to the company webpage and check if they have a link to their affiliate program at the bottom.
Most big companies use CommissionJunction, some smaller ones use Google Affiliate Network ... but there are hundreds of those out there. The important bit is to read the terms of service and note what will you be getting from the clicks on the affiliate links.
Adscluster: They have a wide range of publishers, tailored websites and blogs and they pay great comissions to affiliates. Contextua: They have an innovative way of advertising via linking words. Google Affiliate Network: Easy to use though comissions are poor.


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Book your room at Skyway Inn
Get an overview of this hotelMumbai hotel in North Mumbai Business District with 24-hour front desk
Collect 400 points
Offer eligible for stays completed between 1 July 2016 and 30 September 2016. Simply enter your Nectar card number when prompted. Your points will be credited 30 days after you return from your trip. *Offers may apply.*Offers may apply
Located in North Mumbai Business District, this hotel is 1.6 mi (2.6 km) from Phoenix Market City Mall and 2 mi (3.2 km) from Powai Lake. MIDC Industrial Estate and R City Mall are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Hotel Features
24-hour room service, a meeting room, and dry cleaning are available at this smoke-free hotel. WiFi in public areas is free. Additionally, laundry facilities, a 24-hour front desk, and limo/town car service are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 18 shared rooms feature free WiFi and pillowtop beds. Other amenities available to guests include 24-hour room service, free newspapers, and ceiling fans.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Skyway InnNo. 21-22, Bernald Market, Noori Masjid Andheri Ghatkopar Link Road,Saki Naka Mumbai Maharashtra 400072
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access. This hotel offers access to limo/town car service and a meeting room. This Mumbai hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, laundry facilities, and dry cleaning/laundry services.
Skyway Inn is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 18
- Number of floors - 2
- ATM/banking
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Laundry facilities
- Limo or Town Car service available
- One meeting room
- Luggage storage
- Year Built 2013
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Ceiling fan
- Free newspaper
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Shower only
- Desk
- Shared accommodations
- Free WiFi
- Room service (24 hours)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Pillowtop mattress
Where to Eat
24-hour room service is available.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at Noon
Check-in time ends at Noon
Minimum check-in age is 18
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is Noon
Payment types
- No pets or service animals allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- No onsite parking is available.
No cribs (infant beds) available
No elevators
No pets or service animals allowed
Noise-free rooms not guaranteed
Optional extras
- Rollaway bed fee: INR 400 per stay
Hotel Name
- Skyway Inn
- Skyway Inn Mumbai
- Skyway Mumbai
We should mention
Couples wishing to share a room must provide proof of marriage. This property offers transfers from the airport. Guests must contact the property with arrival details 24 hours prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. One child 6 years old or younger stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property. Alcohol is not served at this property.


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Definition of intramural in English:
1Situated or done within the walls of a building: both intramural and churchyard graves
More example sentences
- The exact number of subadult burials associated with each house stage cannot be specified, but for purposes of our inquiry the total number of intramural infant and child burials over two building stages is 14.
- However, this failed to occupy the entire area defined by the walls: excavations have shown that extensive intramural quarters were used for market gardens and craft workshops, normally located outside the walls of Roman towns.
- The remains of seven infants within intramural burial pits showed disturbances due to intrusive portholes that caused varying degrees of disarticulation and loss of elements.
1.1chiefly North American Taking place within a single educational institution: recreational intramural games
More example sentences
- Because all physical education classes and intramural practices or games are approximately 1 hour in duration, we described exposure in terms of hours of participation.
- For those of you who like to throw balls at people, this semester has also seen dodgeball added to the intramural program, a game that met its capacity on the first day of registration.
- In September, I served as the captain of the blue team in the Superintendent's Cup, my club's annual two-weekend co-ed intramural golf extravaganza.
1.2Forming part of normal university or college studies.
1.3 Medicine & Biology Situated within the wall of a hollow organ or a cell: an intramural hematoma
More example sentences
- Medically stable patients with intramural hematoma usually are managed conservatively with bowel rest.
- A constricted isthmic portion joins the ampulla to the uterine wall; the length of the oviduct that passes through the wall of the uterus is termed the intramural portion of the organ.
- Evidence also exists that the incidence of miscarriage may be increased in women with an intramural fibroid having in vitro fertilisation treatment.
1.4Situated or done within a community: an intramural social symbol within the tribe
More example sentences
- There is also another odd intramural competition within the first-floor bookstores, as there are some that specialized in importing the books from mainland China into Hong Kong.
- We spice up the action with a bit of intramural animosity between crewmembers, which gives the film an occasional shot of action, but mostly it's scenic.
- The institution may set up chess tournaments and prizes, or provide intramural work for electricians, and thereby increase the likelihood of learning to play chess or attaining competence as an electrician.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: in·tra·mu·ral
Definition of intramural in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
= trending


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At what age should I expect my daughter to form words? When should I expect her to be capable of simple sentences?
I doubt you'll find anything approaching a firm and accurate answer. This depends so much on the surroundings, particular child, etc.
For a general guideline, Mayo Clinic suggests that a child is likely to
They also offer some advice for aiding language development, that worked well for us:
Don't expect anything. Having 5 kids, I'm well on my way towards having my own statistical sample. :-)
15 yo boy - started saying words at 1 year, could speak well before 2.
5 yo boy - pretty much only grunted and pointed at things until over 2 yo then started talking in near perfect sentences. He is now an eloquent speaker in 2 languages.
3.5 yo boy - started saying words at 12 months, made slow but consistent progress until he was speaking fairly well 2 yo. Speaks one language at an average level, the other very little.
18 month twin boy - Says about 15 words now, started at about 16 months. Learning very fast, understands near everything and responds to commands very well in 2 languages.
18 month twin girl - Says about 5-8 words, starting recently. Interacting a bit slower than her twin. Doesn't respond to commands in any language, but that's probably just because she's a girl. :-)
I don't think of speech as a benchmark like crawling and walking. I don't think its any indicator that something is wrong if your child is not talking well into 2-3 yo. I've seen some kids that don't talk until three, but now understand and speak very well at 6-7 years old. The thing is that some kids understand, but just decide that they don't want to speak or interact until they're ready. With our kids, this usually seems to go hand-in-hand with their general tendency to be cautious. For example, our 5yo has a very cautious personality, and only does things when he's analyzed and prepared himself. He probably could have spoken complete sentences at 18 months, but chose to wait another 6-8 months.
It depends on many factors
There are all sorts of things that are going to influence the age that your daughter can understand what language is and the mechanics of being able to talk to you. Listening to her parents and understanding them will come before talking, which is why many people investigate 'baby sign' language as an interim step.
Some of the factors that'll influence your child's speech development include:
However, it doesn't really matter when she talks. If she's not making any noises at all by 18 months, go talk to a paediatrician, but full sentences could take up to 3 years old.
The UK National health service suggests that at 12-18 months a child:
"May start to say words and understand them"
The emphasis is mine, with children there is never a standard answer.
This is a difficult question. It depends on the language spoken, but also on the individual. Some children start talking at the age of 1, others need more time. We have two identical-twin daughters and here it is clearly visible. Daughter 1 was early in talking the second in walking. Both caught up on each other in the following months. I have a cousin who did not say a word before 2 and half, but when he started talking it was immediatly in sentences.


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expert advice MORE
The Benefits of Preschool
Q: How important is preschool?
My son is about to turn three on Saturday. My husband feels very strongly about our son not going to preschool and just starting kindergarten when he turns five.
We both did not attend preschool when we were young, so my husband doesn't feel it's important. I am not that sure. Our son is very bright; he already knows his colors, shapes, and ABC's, he can count to twenty. He's starting to learn how to use an old Macintosh computer that we have. So, my question is, what is he going to learn in preschool that we are not teaching him at home? Besides interacting with other children, what is the benefit?
A: The chance to interact with other children is the benefit of preschool in a nutshell but it is far more than what those few words say. You are so wise to pursue more information when you feel that the obvious may not be all there is to know.
Interacting with other children means learning how to wait, how to take turns, and how to listen. Young children learn social skills when they interact with other children. These social skills are critical to a developing personality and I would not dismiss them lightly.
There are other advantages to preschools -- primarily that they are the foundations for academic learning. In preschool your child will listen to poetry and songs -- building blocks needed to grasp phonics and reading skills when it is developmentally appropriate. The play that takes place with water, sand, and containers form the foundation for understanding some basic math concepts. Matching, sequencing, one-to-one correspondence are all activities that are done over and over in preschool settings and help children get ready to learn academics. Watching other children pursue a challenging task is also helpful. The presence of other children and a wide variety of materials are two big reasons why a preschool is a good thing.
I believe preschool is beneficial and can do many things that will help children be successful when formal school begins. I also feel that there are many schools that are advertised as preschools that are not beneficial, and it requires a concerned parent to interview and observe before placing their child.
More on: Expert Advice
After teaching in California for nearly ten years, Barbara Callaghan moved to New Hampshire in 1985 and became a principal. After 10 years as a principal, she returned to teaching, her first love and true vocation.


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On this trip, my family's third Faces & Places Tour as a Roadie, we were excited to go on a trip closer to our home. I think that's what I've enjoyed most about the 2011 Faces & Places Tour –discovering amazing attractions and fun "right in my own backyard," whether that be a trip across town on a Thursday evening, or a weekend getaway down the Kansas Byways to the other side of the state.
'Start your engines ... '


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RICHMOND - If fans at Cartwright Memorial blinked Friday night, they might have missed a touchdown or two. Seven touchdowns of 30 yards or more were scored in St. Clairsville's 56-27 victory over Buckeye 8 rival Edison.
"The effort was there for 48 minutes," Edison head coach Mike McKenzie stressed. "They simply made plays where they had more speed than us.
"We had a tough week this week. We had about 12 starters out. Our kids stepped up and played. I'm very proud of them and their effort all night long. St. Clairsville just had a few better athletes than us. They are one of the top teams in the state, and there is a reason for that."
Article Photos
Mike Mathison
GOING FORWARD — Edison's Jacob Ross gets yards after catching a pass during the third quarter of Friday's loss at home to St. Clairsville.
Edison surprised the undefeated Red Devils to open the contest.
During Edison's opening drive, the Wildcats converted two third-and-longs. The second conversion was on third-and-13. Edison quarterback Nolan Marcus dropped back to pass and then swung back to his left to throw a screen to running back Chris Graziani. The running back set up his blockers beautifully and the play culminated in a 55-yard touchdown gallop. A Marcus extra point conversion gave the Wildcats' a 7-0 lead with less than three minutes being expended in the game.
St. Clairsville didn't waste any time in responding to Edison's opening salvo. The Red Devils needed one play and 13 seconds to counter.
Fact Box
St. Clairsville 56, Edison 27
St. Clairsville 14 14 21 7 56
Edison 7 6 8 6 27
E: Graziani 55 reception from Marcus (Marcus kick)
S: D.Monteroso 51 reception from Kinnick (Musilli kick)
S: Brown 50 run (Musilli kick)
E: Springer 14 reception from Marcus (kick failed)
S: D.Monteroso 20 reception from Kinnick (Musilli kick)
S: Ferns 17 run (Musilli kick)
S: Brown 40 run (Musilli kick)
S: Marhefka 60 interception return (Musilli kick)
E: Springer 32 reception from Marcus (Springer reception)
S: D.Monteroso 32 run (Skukan kick)
E: Marcus 4 run (kick failed)
S: Thompson 1 run (Skukan kick)
RUSHING: St. Clairsville 23-262-5x (Brown 10-132-2x, Ferns 3-83-1, D.Monteroso 2-40-1, Kinnick 4-22, Thompson 1-1, M.Monteroso 3-(-16)); Edison 43-122-1 (Marcus 16-69-1, Graziani 18-40, Pasek 4-4, Skeeles 2-3).
PASSING: St. Clairsville 6-12-174-2-1 (all by Kinnick); Edison 15-27-192-3-1 (Marcus 14-25-184-3-1, Skeeles 1-2-8).
RECEIVING: St. Clairsville (D.Monteroso 4-128-2, Coleman 1-34, Marhefka 1-12); Edison (Springer 5-127-2x, Graziani 4-68-1, Allese 1-23, Ross 2-10, Pasek 2-14).
First downs: St. Clairsville 15; Edison 18.
Penalties: St. Clairsville 7-59; Edison 5-39.
Turnovers: St. Clairsville 1/1; Edison 1/1.
An onside kick attempt by Edison was easily handled by St. Clairsville at the Red Devils' 49-yard line. Quarterback Matt Kinnick dropped back to pass on the team's initial offensive play of the game and found Dan Monteroso on a post route. Monteroso cut against the grain which prevented two Edison defenders from getting proper angles. The 51-yard strike and corresponding extra point from Zach Mussilli quickly tied the game.
St. Clairsville's quick strike offense plagued Edison throughout the contest. The Red Devils only needed 15 total offensive plays in the first half to score 28 points.
The Red Devils' second possession was a little longer than its first. It took three plays and a Jaylon Brown 50-yard romp to score the team's second touchdown.
Edison wasn't prepared to back down from after building a 14-7 deficit. The Wildcats responded with an 18-play drive. The key play came on fourth-and-15 from St. Clairsville's 28-yard line. A pass interference call on a Marcus pass intended for the endzone gave Edison the ball at the 14-yard line and a first down.
Marcus found wide receiver Rich Springer along the seam for his second touchdown pass of the evening. Marcus missed the extra point, and Edison trailed 14-13 at the 8:48 mark in the second quarter.
Edison entered the game with a puncher's chance, and McKenzie's squad definitely delivered a few body blows. Unfortunately, St. Clairsville proved too much.
The Red Devils rattled off four unanswered touchdowns. Each was of the big play variety. Another Monteroso reception in the endzone this time a leaping snag with the ball behind him was followed by a Michael Ferns' 17-yard romp and a forty-yard run from Brown just after half. Add a Jarrid Marhefka 60-yard interception return into the mix, and Edison was down 42-13 with 5:35 remaining in the third quarter.
"We reacted well to being down," McLean said. "That shows the maturity of this team. We want to put our pants on each week and go full throttle the entire time. We have to learn that lesson. When you get down the road where we hope to be, you can't spot people points and try to work your way back into games."
Springer added his second receiving touchdown for Edison after St. Clairsville's blitzkrieg. The Wildcats' receiver finished with 127 yards as the team's primary offensive threat.
"We were trying to hit a few quick seam (patterns) on them," McKenzie detailed. "We always run a lot of verticals. It's a staple of our offense. We connected more tonight than we have earlier in the year."
St. Clairsville wasn't finished. A Monteroso reverse went for 32 yards to paydirt. And a Logan Thompson 1-yard touchdown plunge rounded out the evening for the Red Devils.
"Overall, we did what we had to do to win," McLean stated. "I think it's great for us to be in an environment early in the game where we had to take punches. We haven't played a lot of four-quarter games this year.
"Are we upset or mad that we didn't play a certain way? No. This is a high school football game, and anything can happen."
Anything might happen next week when St. Clairsville (7-0) hosts Buckeye Local, and Edison (1-6) travels to Martins Ferry.