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I have been wondering recently how useful programming is to a physicist. It seems fairly useful (simulations are a lot cheaper than the actual thing in many cases) in some areas (say space programs), but in other areas (for example at CERN) it seems pointless. So is it useful and perhaps how do you use it?
closed as primarily opinion-based by Kyle Kanos, Sebastian Riese, Daniel Griscom, Gert, Bill N Jan 28 at 23:33
Many good questions generate some degree of opinion based on expert experience, but answers to this question will tend to be almost entirely based on opinions, rather than facts, references, or specific expertise.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
Programming is immensely useful in any branch of physics. I don't know where the notion that programming is not useful at CERN comes from (? Home of the ROOT package, and the internet? Really? TeraGrid, eh? 1 GB/s of data from the detectors at the LHC won't analyze themselves!), but you may wish to revisit your research on that matter.
I can say that in my 10 years working in physics, there isn't a day that I haven't encountered something related to programming. From writing scripts to help move along my data processing, to writing applications to interface with a network to collect data, to writing code to analyze data, to, the current bane of my existence, troubleshooting other people's code, I interact with computer programming every day. And I have never identified with a cartoon more than this one.
So - yes. I would say that computer programming is immensely useful. Perhaps my experience is unique, but I doubt it.
Programming is extremely important in almost every area of physics. Not every physicist has to be an expert programmer, but many are, and virtually all physicists are at least competent programmers.
In most experiments, the process of data analysis is complex enough to require some programming. More importantly, in many situations, the best (or only) way of telling whether your results are consistent with any given model is to simulate the experiment.
In particular, CERN is absolutely chock-full of programmers analyzing and simulating.
Programming is a skill that some physicists need and others do not. Ditto for knowing your way around a mill or a lathe. Ditto for digital electronics, or contour integrals, or writing popularizations, or vacuum systems.
An addition to the above answers: I believe there are a couple of ways modern physicists use computers. On the most theoretical level, people use computer algebra systems (CAS) to do lengthy calculations completely or to check results. If you're into theory, you can think of software packages to do tensor manipulations in GR or software that calculates perturbative expansions (trace formulas...) in QFT. Most of the time, these packages don't have an extremely user-friendly interface, so some amount of 'programming' is needed in order to work with them. Furthermore, a lot of theorists use Maple or Mathematica to do/check difficult integrations, solve ODE's, plot graphs quickly...
Then there's the data analysis part: at the end of the day, you're stuck with a heap of data and you'll need to analyze it (manually, in Mathematica, in the language R, ...) and visualize it (in Matlab, using GNUplot, ...).
Next, almost all physicists use simulations once in a while. Theorists like to get a feel for what a non-toy model does, people in hydrodynamics like to see how a flow runs past an obstacle, geophysicists look how the Earth's magnetic field flips chaotically etc. Most of the time, these things can be done using comprehensive software packages (Matlab, Mathematica, ...), but you do need to set up your simulation properly.
Finally, a minority of physicists do simulations for a living. Think of people who calculate collision outcomes at CERN, cosmologists working on numerical relativity, lattice people calculating quark masses etc. This is all typically done in actual programming languages, like C++ or Python, and most of the time on computer clusters.
In addition to all has has already been covered, I would like to tell a word about my own programming experience.
I am an experimental physicist and I've spent a significant fraction of the past few years programming on the experimental side. A few of the experiments in our team use non-trivial experimental protocols or feedback loops, and some have real-time constraints. I spent quite some time writing and maintaining the software we use for instrument control and data acquisition, helping others with their scripts (the software is scriptable and experimental protocols are implemented as scripts) and interfacing with other instruments that use a variety of protocols and buses.


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I watched too many BBC cozy mysteries lately - Midsomer Murders, Rosemary and Thyme reruns etcc..
I am stuck in a viewing loop
i pulled some discs from the library American versions this time.
Adventures of Ellery Queen (1974)
Nero Wolfe (2001)
Neither of which suck. btw.
surprisingly after years of watching BBC vintage whodunits and Mystery! series.
i am afraid i have neglected home grown shows that really hold up in comparison.
Because both series are deliberate efforts to emulate the experience of reading a whodunit
and NOT an effort to CONVERT the material to a new medium
they are both surprisingly clever
Sadly this version of Ellery Queen with Jim Hutton only lasted 1 season in american years - 22 episodes
which would have converted to 4 - 6 years of a BBC show.
And in that one season become ICONIC for both the character and the actor
Very clever, smartly executed...with a loveboat full of guest stars playing victims and suspects.
I had completely forgotten about the breaking of the fourth wall (which they do in the books too)
the 1st time Hutton turned to the screen and asked if i knew whodunit made me laugh outloud.
a lot of fun. very very few anachronisms that only goofuses like me would notice.
(hutton most often in bell bottoms?..but then he was 6'5" i am sure it was a cost cutting measure)
Nero Wolfe staring the son of Ellery Queen Timothy Hutton also an exec producer and a frequent director
followed the novel style with Voice over narration
and then does something strange which in retrospect seems enlightened
every week may have new Mystery but they use a revolving TROUPE of actors
i am sure that is a great shortcut and reminds one of practically the entire 1960s on television.
the production value is great and the scripts are smart and just modern enough to hold up well.
but i do find the ACTING is retro-style and tends toward the histrionic but that may be Nero Wolfe i don't know
27 episodes over 2 seasons of discs - seems just about right length.
I am now thinking of the HBO version of Philip Marlowe, Private Eye (TV Series 1983–1986) with Powers Boothe
now THAT Was pretty damn sweet. Good production values, great acting and very faithful to the material.
now a whodunit is a VERY specific thing....just being a detective series DOESN'T make it a whodunit.

subset: commoncrawl


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When Beijingers use words like 一点儿, the ending syllable will be very pronounced as far as I understand, and I'm aware that this is a typical feature of the Beijing dialect. But how is it pronounced in the rest of China? Is there no "er" sound there at all, or is it only there for special cases "e.g. 一点儿"?
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Answer to each question
Pick one recent video program "老友记 第二季 不做传统的奴隶" from YouKu.com that films a conversation between two directors, 吳念真, Wu Nien-jen (his Facebook), born in 台灣台北縣瑞芳鎮, Ruifang District, New Taipei City, Taiwan in 1952, and 林兆华 (his Sina Weibo), born in 天津, Tianjin in 1936, giving us some clues about how 儿 is used by native people from different areas.
Here are some excerpts containing 儿. If English translation is needed, I'll update it.
From 00:50 to 01:02
From 02:42 to 03:03
From 05:14 to 05:21
From 09:34 to 09:35
In MOST cases... Outside of Beijing, in texts, I believe the 儿 is still pronounced. But you can be sure that in spoken Chinese, it will never be pronounced (unless some kids are trying to mock the access by over accentuating it).
I said in MOST cases because there are some words that have simply been adopted by non-Beijing'ers and will always be pronounced with a 儿, and would sound weird otherwise.
Examples: Some Beijing phrases may be somewhat disseminated outside Beijing:
So whether you're from Beijing or not, you will always pronounce and write this word as
The closest I can come to describing this in American English is how we pronounce certain areas/things in the actual dialectical origin of that word. For example, we say "New Orleans" as someone from New Orleans would say it: "Norlins" even though we're not from New Orleans necessarily. If you say "New Orleans" and pronounce every syllable, it would sound weird to anyone... native or not to New Orleans.
EDIT: a better example is Louisville Kentucky. EVERYONE pronounces Louisville as "Louville".
Across the Northern China, 儿 is usually realised as an /r/ sound gluing to the previous sound (and may affect the previous sound in some accents). It is not pronounced independently as a character.
In southern China, -儿 construction (or the so-called 儿化) is much less common, which only exists in a few phrases such as 一会儿 (actually I cannot think of a second example at the point), and 儿 is usually realised as a separate character. People tend to say 一点 instead of 一点儿 in southern China. (This could be used as a linguistic marker to tell if one is from northern or southern China.)


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Weekend Trout Fishing
Posted 07 August 2012 - 08:47 AM
On the way up we stopped off at a few spots to just explore. We ran into some wild desert donkeys that clearly thought we were there to feed them. At one point four of them had their heads in the truck. We took a few photos and got out of there.
We got to the lake late, set up camp and grabbed dinner. The next morning we hit the lake to catch some trout. We met my friends Rito and Jose and their friends and family up at the camp ground.
There was a total of seventeen of us, with nine kids.
That first morning Jessica was on fire, catching two of the first three. We broke for lunch and were back on the lake at 3:30 PM for the evening bite. We eneded up catching eight more before calling it a day. Jessica caught four, Alyssa four and me three.
The next morning we were back at it. I was all set to make pancakes for breakfast, but the girls wanted to fish and 'volunteered' to snack on pop tarts to get to the lake earlier. Once we got there the catching continued. Jessica once again lead the way catching the first three. We caught eight total that morning and again broke for lunch. After lunch and a hike, we were back on the lake for the afternoon bite. Jessica again scored first with her fourth and fifth fish. It was her first ever trout limit, so after a quick photo, we let the trout go. In fact that second day we let all the fish go.
Early Sunday morning we had to deal with a pretty intense thunder and lightening storm, but all remained dry in the tent and the girls braved through it. Probably the best camping trip I've ever been on. Jessica took first place in the kids fishing contest and took home her first fishing trophy. I don't know what we were doing, but our group out fished the other group 24 to 5.
The crazy donkey encounter.
At camp eating breakfast in Tawnoper Camo getting ready to go fishing.
Jessica showing us how it's done.
Alyssa trying to keep up with her younger sister.
I couldn't let them have all the fun.
Jessica's very first limit fish. Can you tell how proud she is?
Our group photo at the end of day one. This one's going up on the wall.
I will say this, these two girls can fish! We had a blast!
Posted 07 August 2012 - 09:11 AM
I wish my daughter had the patience to sit and fish. She is only seven though and right now cares more about playing than sitting still. When I take her fishing she does catch fish, but she misses catching allot of fish too because she's not anywhere near her fishing pole when the fish are bitting. One of these days I'll have to take her fishing for trout though, she might be more excited about bigger fish.
Posted 07 August 2012 - 09:35 AM
I started taking Alyssa target shooting at age seven and she took to it. The following week we went coyote hunting and she made eight stands with me, and she just wanted to keep calling. Jessica is slowly getting into hunting/shooting, but she is a fishing machine. She'd still be out there if we didn't have to come home.
Of the nine kids, Alyssa and Jessica were the only girls. Once they started catching trout and beating the boys, they didn't want to stop. At 24 to 5 it wasn't even close...and they liked that.
Posted 07 August 2012 - 11:15 AM
Great story, photos and sounded like a fantastic time! It's great that you take the time to spend time with you children in the outdoors. So many kids are glued to the TV and their video games systems anymore that many of them don't even know what fishing or hunting are. It looks like you are doing a great job. It looks like the wild donkeys were a little bit scary from the photo. Maybe?
I wish my daughter had the patience to sit and fish. She is only seven though and right now cares more about playing than sitting still. When I take her fishing she does catch fish, but she misses catching allot of fish too because she's not anywhere near her fishing pole when the fish are bitting. One of these days I'll have to take her fishing for trout though, she might be more excited about bigger fish.
WHy I did Hat Creek - Stocked weekly. My girls have no patience yet either, so we go and if we get a couple in teh first 30 minutes or so, we are good!
Posted 07 August 2012 - 12:32 PM
Posted 07 August 2012 - 01:28 PM
Posted 07 August 2012 - 01:47 PM
Good stuff Tim. I love it up there.
Ed, I will say that I haven't spent a whole lot of time up there in my youth, but these last five years, as you know, I've made a handful of trips up there. I have to say I've enjoyed it. I'm glad I can share that with the girls.
Posted 08 August 2012 - 08:32 AM
Posted 08 August 2012 - 03:48 PM
Posted 08 August 2012 - 07:50 PM
Posted 08 August 2012 - 08:27 PM
Posted 10 August 2012 - 06:45 PM
If you have never done so, you should do yourself and the kids a favor and stop by either the Mt Whitney or Black Rock fish hatcheries (or both) right out of Independence. It is really a treat, even for the grown up kids. Nothing like seeing the brooders in the Whitney pond or the tons of stock fish in the runners. And if they still have them, the hybrid Tiger Trout are really a sight to behold. They used to raise them at Black Rock. Just a thought for the next time you head up there. Most everybody tends to enjoy the stop.
Posted 13 August 2012 - 09:47 AM
Posted 13 August 2012 - 11:45 PM
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Is it possible to find out which ssh key was used to access an account? I have an account on a server that I let several (trusted!) people have access to via ssh. I'd find it useful to be able to know who logged in and when. I have root access so I can look at the logs, but there doesn't seem to be anything there. Is there some configuration switch that will put some way of identifying the key in the logs?
If you go into the sshd config file (usually
...you can see something like this in the logs:
Some scripts for proper installation
There is a full useable method to track/log ssh connections by key with expention to username.
In addition to @Caleb 's anwer, I would like to share some little tricks there:
Nota: I'm working on Debian 6.0.
Server installation
SSHD Log level
First ensuring that server config has sufficient logging level:
as root, this will set and active verbose loggin:
Or more precisely (this will modify sshd_config file only if needed and comment out old config):
Could be written:
or in a sed script:
Which could be run as:
Than for activating this:
Syslog: making fingerprints user readable
Now take fingerprints in user readable file:
This will print current sessions's fingerprint:
Plug-in for
When this was published I was under GNU/Linux Debian 6, but this work quite same under Debian 7... – F. Hauri Jan 29 '14 at 16:55
This is linked to Record bash_history to private database for all users – F. Hauri May 9 '14 at 12:03
Somewhat similar to @user37161's answer. If the shared account is running a custom shell and the shell needs to know what user is there, then running the "wrapper" script might not be sufficient, since information there isn't passed into the custom shell except through methods that could cause race conditions.
Instead you can use the
Inside your
Then the custom shell, or any of the various rc scripts, can read the
However, note that if you're using a standard shell, then the logged-in user is capable of modifying the file to thwart various things. Also, there is some risks in allowing users to set environment variables such as
Suppose that users "joe" and "deb" have access to account "x". Then in account x's
Also in the wrapper script you can do anything you want, logging that joe's private key has been using
You can try this:
In addition to @F. Hauri answer, I prepare useful "LoggedIn prompt".
One additional file is optional ($HOME/.ssh/users):
This part should be pasted to
On fedora 20+ the login attempts and successes are saved in /var/log/audit/audit.log . This log saves the login attempts (failures and successes), and the key fingerprint used for login attempt is saved in the field named fp.
You can compare the logged in key fingerprint with the fingerprints in the authorized_keys by running it line by line through ssh-keygen -l
A detailed explanation with respect to ssh logins and their security and intrusion detection is here: http://vpathak.tumblr.com/post/121343814158/fedora-audit-log-with-love-from-russia


text: Stay protected in wet conditions with the Game Winner® Men's Red River Mossy Oak Break-Up® COUNTRY Rain Pant, which features 100% polyester construction with Dura-Stop wind-blocking technology and Dura-Proof waterproof technology. The pant features a polyester mesh lining for breathability and a waterproof leg zipper for ventilation and easy on and off. 3-pocket design.


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Head Coach Gokhan Yilmaz enters his second season at the helm of Charlotte volleyball after completing a 17-win campaign in 2014. Yilmaz helped turn around a struggling program in his first season posting the most wins since 2006 while clinching the team's first conference tournament berth since 2010.
Yilmaz made an immediate impact guiding the Niners to three tournament team titles in his first four weeks claiming the Charlotte Invitational with a 3-1 record, Wildcat Classic going a perfect 3-0 over three in-state rivals before recording a 3-1 mark in the North Florida/Jacksonville Invitational. Of the four total non-conference tournaments, Charlotte saw eight players land on all-tournament teams, three of those named MVP (Semen Sen, Britney Leigh Held and Savannah Gaster) while snagging two Conference USA Player of the Week (Held and Shelby Green) awards.
In his first season, Yilmaz's 49ers routinely led the Nation in five offensive categories including team assists, digs, kills, aces and attacks. Charlotte ended the 2014 season leading Conference USA in all five of those same categories. The Niners were the only C-USA squad to record at-least 2,000 digs with 2,154 which became the fourth-highest total in school history and most since 1993. Charlotte broke the century mark for digs with a season high 103 during a 3-2 win over Nicholls State on September 20th. The Niners nearly did it two weeks earlier with 98 at Western Carolina.
Yilmaz brought life back into the program putting up some historic team numbers for the first time since as far back as 2002. Charlotte's 1,782 kills in 2014 were the most since 2006 while their 12.91 kills per set was the best mark since 2007. The fast-paced Niners offense threw out nearly 5,000 attacks (4,941) for the first time since 2002 and hit .202 on the year which was the best percentage since 2006. The offense can't roll without assists in which Charlotte posted 1,668 equaling the most since '06 again averaging 12.09 per set which goes back to 2007. To round out, the Niners served up 80 more aces from 2013 to 2014 with 183 which became the most since 2004. In blocking, Charlotte's 73 solo blocks were the most since 99 were recorded in 2003 while the 376 block assists and 449 total blocks were the highest since 2010.
Yilmaz would win his first three matches of the season during the opening weekend Charlotte Invitational with 3-1 victories over Morgan State and ETSU with a 3-0 sweep of UNCG sandwiched in-between. The Niners scored their first Conference USA win of the year with a convincing 3-0 sweep over UAB at home on September 26th hitting a season-high .440 over the three sets. Charlotte concluded the 2014 regular season on a season-high four-match win streak helping them clinch the eighth and final spot in the Conference USA tournament. The Niners would post four different win streaks throughout the year consisting of at-least three victories in a row.
The 49ers announced the appointment of Yilmaz as the volleyball program's 11th head coach on January 9, 2014. The former Turkish Junior National Team coach joined Charlotte after six years as the Associate Head Coach and Training Coordinator with Florida State University, which captured three Atlantic Coast Conference titles in the past five seasons, advancing to the National semifinals in 2011.
In addition to the 2011 National Semifinal appearance, the Seminoles achieved a pair of NCAA national quarterfinal appearances and three times advanced to the round of 16 in the NCAA Volleyball during his time there. As the lead recruiter at FSU, the Seminoles' turned in the number-three recruiting class in the nation in 2012, and the program had a 151-41 overall record and an 11-5 NCAA Tournament record during the last six years with him on the staff. In his years as the training coach, he cultivated 13 All-Americans, five league Players of the Year, one league Freshman of the Year and 24 All-Conference performers.
Previous to FSU, Yilmaz had sandwiched two stints as an assistant at Arkansas around a coaching stop as an assistant at Northwood University in Florida, which reached the NAIA Regional semifinals in 2005. He had previous collegiate coaching experience as an assistant at Division II programs Cameron University and Western New Mexico.
Prior to his years of collegiate experience in the U.S., Yilmaz coached volleyball at five institutions in his native Turkey, as well as serving as the head coach of the Junior National Champions. While the head coach of Uskudar Cmh High, his Youth Boys team captured the National Championship in 2002, with his high school team capturing the City Championship and finishing as National Runners-Up. Both his Youth and High School teams at Besiktas were National Finalists in 2001. He coached National Champions with the Youth team in 2000 and the Middle School team at Galatasaray in 1998. He started coaching on the professional level in Turkey in 1999, helping his team to the quarterfinals in the playoffs in 2000 as the second assistant.
In addition to the National Turkish program, he has worked with national team coaches of Cuba, Russia, and Bulgaria, staffs that work on both national and Olympic levels. He was the guest coach on the Turkish Junior National Team in Alanya, Turkey, which was the World Runner-Up in the World Championships in 2009. In 2012, he was among a group of coaches facilitating a coaching clinic with the Turkish Volleyball Federation as part of that country's coaches education program.
Yilmaz got his start coaching in 1995 after his final playing year with Besiktas, which followed four seasons playing with the Eczacibasi Sports Club.
He earned his Bachelor's in Eastern European Studies in 2002 from Istanbul University, adding a Master's in Sports Psychology from Cameron University in 2005.


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A Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ is locally conformally flat if it is locally conformal to $\mathbb{R}^n$ with the flat metric. I learn that Weyl tensor of a locally conformally flat manifold must vanish. I would like to ask: Is there any example of manifold $M$ such that it cannot be equipped with a metric $g$ with $(M,g)$ being locally flat? Is there any topological restriction on locally confomrally flat manifolds? Is there any classification theorem for locally conformally flat manifolds?
The simplest example is $S^n$, it is locally conformally flat with the standard metric, and is not flat for obvious reasons.
While flat manifolds are precisely quotients of $\mathbb R^n$ by discreet group of isometries, one should not expect to have a classification of conformally flat manifolds in higher dimensions. For example, already in dimension 4 it was proven by Kapovich in
M. Kapovich. Conformally flat metrics on 4-manifolds. J. Differential Geom. 66 (2004), no. 2, 289–301,
that arbitrary finitely presented group can be a subgroup of a fundamental group of a conformally flat manifold.
The article of Kapovich is and from its introduction you will learn a lot on the question. 4-dimensional manifolds with LCF structure have zero signature, in dimension 3 it is known that some manfiolds don't admit conformally flat structure, first example was constructed in W. Goldman, Conformally flat manifolds with nilpotent holonomy, Transactions of AMS 278 (1983).
One more remark -- all hyperbolic manifolds (of constant negative sectional curvature) are all conformally flat. A connected sum of two conformally flat manifolds is conformally flat and so this already gives you a large collection of examples.
A simple obstruction is this: No compact (without boundary), simply-connected $n$-manifold that is not diffeomorphic to the $n$-sphere carries a locally conformally flat structure. The reason is that the developing map construction shows that any locally conformally flat metric $g$ on a simply-connected $M^n$ is, up to a conformal factor, the pullback of the standard metric on $S^n$ under some immersion $\phi:M^n\to S^n$. If $M$ is also compact without boundary, then $\phi$ is a covering map and, hence, a diffeomorphism.


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Our baby is going to be born in a few months, what should we make sure we have before she gets here?
A good question might be some things not to buy.
I'd avoid too many of the smaller clothes — you'll quickly find a shortage of the larger clothes when you need them and brand new smaller clothes unopened when the child has already outgrown them. Also, hard to predict what season your kid might be in for long sleeve sizes etc.
I'd avoid buying a dedicated changing table — we have used regular changing pads on a dresser and a trunk, and at the grandparents they just use a towel on the bed.
I'd avoid diaper pails with the fancy bags — we just used a simple one trapdoor one with ordinary kitchen bags.
Real shoes are basically pointless, I'd avoid wasting money on those until they can walk. The Robees are fine for crawlers. I wouldn't buy anything until you need it — who knows what season it will be when they are that size.
You will need a stroller, I would get one which works with the car seat. You'll use it heavily for the first two years, so you'll really get your money's worth out of that.
You'll want a bjorn, but not right away.
Assuming breast-feeding, you won't need bottles or anything like that for a while, but at some point you will need a breast pump and bottles. We never used a special bottle warmer or wipes warmer.
Also, a lot of stuff you may only use for 6 months to a year. Unless someone gives it to you, get it second-hand. Things like bouncers.
A rocking chair can definitely be good (we got one second hand).
Make sure in the baby's room you have a way to get subdued lighting with a dimmer or lamp or something. Maybe music. You can't tell what you'll really need on that front, so I wouldn't buy anything until you see what the kid is partial to.
Those various swings and bouncers can be good, but the newborns aren't going to really use them for a while (a couple months). We got a lot new and gave them away and got others second hand and gave them away.
Diapers, car-seat, onesies, burp cloth, wipes. That's it.
Steal a few swaddle blankets from the hospital (they'll usually give them to you for free). Don't buy needless furniture: change diapers on the bed, or the ground (you don't need to waste money on furniture that will only last 6–8 months). Breastfeed so you don't have to buy formula.
Forget everything else, because you can buy it when you need it.
Another strange thing that I wish I had the foresight to buy earlier are "Pool noodles". They are logs of some kind of high density foam plastic, and are commonly used to secure car seats. Properly securing a car seat is more difficult than the instruction manuals lead you to believe. You can also use rolled up towels, but pool noodles work better for some reason.
It's an even better idea to find a fire department or similar institution that provides car seat installation inspections.
Buy a wall-mounted hospital-style sanitizer dispenser or two. I have two PURELL NXT brand dispensers and use them a good deal. In a rush somewhat sanitized hands are better than nothing.
One popular item is a baby monitor. However, most cordless home phone systems have a built-in room monitor feature that you can use to the same effect. I found that it was much more convenient than the baby monitors as it was a lot easier to move a handset from room to room. Not to mention saving money.
General rule: If you find yourself asking whether or not you need something, you don't need it.
My wife put together a list, you can find that content at http://notepad.cc/babystuff
I'm a bit surprised that no one has so far stated one of the obvious things you'll need — clothing, and lots of it (yes, people will give you clothing as gifts, but not all of them will be for when you need them, and you don't want to rely on other people's gifts, especially if they give the gifts late).
Babies will puke up on their own clothing. Babies will also grow out of their clothing very quickly. You'll want to make sure you have clothing for newborns and size 3–6 months for starters. You can also get bigger clothing, but newborn clothing is essential.
What types of clothing should you get?
For baby clothing, give them a quick wash in the washer to get rid of any residue it may have from sitting on a shelf.
Another thing you may want to consider getting is a hot water bottle and a cloth cover for it. I don't know if they have them in America (I'm assuming they do, but I haven't actively shopped for them when I was there), but essentially you want something you can put on your baby's crib to keep the sheet warm when the baby is not there. The key here, though, is warm — not hot.
I wouldn't say this was an absolute necessity, but I absolutely love having a video baby monitor. It makes me feel so much better since I can just glance at it and see how baby is doing. I really use it now (around 6-18 months) a lot more than right after birth since he's sleeping in his own room now.
To expand on tnorthcutt's answer:
Clothes — babies grow so fast. The first size that seemed to last more than a week for us was 3–6 months, but our baby was big. They will outgrow the newborn sizes fast, so just make sure that you have 6 or so onesies in the small sizes and get more as you need, if you don't get plenty as gifts.
Pajamas — I recommend looking for pajamas that zip instead of snap. Trying to match all the snaps down the front and legs of snap pajamas in the middle of the night is no fun. Also, babies can pretty much live in their pajamas for a while.
A carrier — I liked the Moby Wrap. It is difficult to figure out, but very comfortable with a little one.
If you don't have a church or other group or family planning to brign you meals, I would start stashing restaurant gift cards to get to-go meals. Or start pre-cooking casseroles that you can just stick in the oven.
This may sound silly, it is not precisely for your baby but it will help you during those last months where your belly is getting really big. I bought my wife a very cheap plastic hand reacher and she used it a lot to pick up clothes or any stuff from the floor or from the washing machine/dryer (whenever I wasn't around, obviously). It saves you the pain of kneeling down or doing too much effort to reach things which could make your baby uncomfortable.
The other gadget we found extremely useful was the itzbeen. It is a multi-purpose timer that costs around 17-20 dollars and helps you keep track of when was the last time you fed your baby, changed diapers, or fell asleep. It also lets you set alarms for each category and it is very easy to use, it also has a very bright built-in lamp which helps you find your way to your baby at night. This thing is very small and ergonomic and it has a clip you can attach it to your pants or any clothes.
I know as parents we want to save as much as we can so you may find some app for your smartphone that does the same thing for much smaller price. We bought this one 'cause we don't have smart phones and our ipad is too big to carry it it around. So this pocket-size thing was the way to go. It is important to mention that my wife's and my own memory got very affected by sleep deprivation during the first weeks of our baby so you may need an aid there.
Finally, I would avoid buying a bassinet. Even though there are some very nice ones their real use-span is just a few weeks. Instead I would recommend buying a good and affordable multi-purpose pack-and-play like this Napper and Changer form Graco. We had one of those and put it right next to our bed and it was very useful to sleep and change the baby, you just push a button and turn the napper into a changer, then when they grow older you can use as a normal play yard. So instead of paying $100+ in the bassinet + $100+ in the play yard + changer you only pay half and it is a great product to transition between baby sleeping in parent's room and sleeping in his/her own room.
Noone mentioned breast pads - which may be useful if you're breastfeeding. My wife uses about 2 pairs per day.
A few blankets scattered around the house really helps making sure the baby has a clean and comfortable place to lay. We have 4 of those, but I guess 3 would be sufficient.


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Romans 9:17
17 In the Scriptures God says to Pharaoh: "I made you king so that you could do this for me. I wanted to show my power through you. I wanted my name to be announced throughout the world." [d]
God purposefully created the Pharaoh, the Canaanites, and every other enemy in real life at that time — to challenge His people to show His Glory.
Are his creations who are made enemies, have His salvation and blessings or are they cursed?
Does this have anything to do with why we are commanded to love our enemies?


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The plans went back and forth for weeks with him changing his mind and not being able to commit to a meeting location or city. Do we meet up by him? A few hours south, down by where I was staying? Or someplace neutral like Miami where we could go on a fun date of sorts. He seemed flustered and unable to make a decision and I was trying to set him at ease, so we decided to wait until I arrived.
By the time I got to Florida and we were in the process of coordinating when he could leave his mom unattended, we had arranged to meet up in the afternoon for lunch and he made a hotel reservation nearby for two nights. We had it all planned out. We would meet for lunch, he then had a job interview or meeting or something he would attend, and then we would meet up again for dinner. Regardless of how it went I would NOT be staying at the hotel and he wanted to have a traditional first date, regardless of our untraditional situation. Next day he would pick me up, we'd spend the day together and if things meshed, maybe I'd stay at the hotel on night two. No pressure, no expectations….in theory anyhow.
Somehow this turned into us meeting at Starbucks for a coffee and from the get-go I knew he was nervous. I wasn't attracted to him per se, but since we had gotten to know one another on a much deeper level, I didn't pass judgement and treated it like we were old friends, open to whatever may or may not happen. We had a nice lunch and gave me a gift bag with two cards. One was a sweet friendship card about how often he thinks about me and the other a thoughtful birthday card. At least one of them mentioned the phrase girlfriend inside. When he handed me the bag he said "Happy Belated Birthday" and I was touched by his thoughtfulness.
I opened it up and started pulling out the wads of tissue paper stuffed inside. I reached in to find a chocolate Toblerone candy bar. One of my favorites that I had mentioned in a previous conversation. Oh I wonder if he is giving me all of my favorite things or something sweet like that! I now excitedly dipped back in for what other surprises awaited me, grabbing more and more tissue each time. "Oh, that's it. There's nothing else in there," he replied in a matter of fact fashion." "Oh thank you that was very sweet" I said on the outside while my inner voice just wondered, did you just give me a big gift bag filled with tissue….and a candy bar for my birthday? Way to build up expectations dude!
Lunch was pleasant and we sat for a few hours before he needed to head off for his meeting. I wasn't sure if I wanted to kiss him or how I felt, but I figured things would be more casual over dinner after a cocktail or two and we would both let our guard down. We hugged goodbye and said we'd talk in a few hours about the evening schedule.
About two hours passed and he phoned me from his cell, immediately sounding fidgety and uneasy. "Uhhhh listen….I need to be honest with you….I had a great time, but I just didn't feel butterflies. I didn't want there to be any pressure so I uhhhh…..gave up the hotel…..and I'm going home instead."
So you mean to tell me you are in the car now driving home and didn't even feel comfortable enough to stay and hang out or have dinner?
"Uhhhh…..I just felt like I was having lunch with my best friend and not someone I wanted to fuck."
Let me tell you, when someone says that to you, you are no longer obligated to use any filter whatsoever so I told him exactly what I was thinking as well. That I didn't know how I felt or if he was my type but after investing 3+ months of intense conversation EVERY SINGLE DAY, I thought it was worth t least having dinner before coming to any conclusions. Thing is….I was a little relieved (albeit annoyed and slightly insulted) and he actually thought I was saying all that to cut him slack and make him feel better. Unfucking real, men and their egos.
So here's where the bizarre quota goes up again, let me give you the basic stats at this point.
1. He gave me cards and referred to me repeatedly as his girlfriend
2. We never so much as even kissed or had any sexual relationship
3. After "courting" for 3 months when we were finally going to spend some time together, he bolted after lunch and went home…to his mom
4. He told me he did NOT in fact want to fuck me (but to not take it personally of course or think it had any impact on my overall fuckability)
5. He followed up by continuing to call me numerous times a day, texting etc…..like none of the above had happened
6. He became hostile and jealous at the mere mention of other men, me going out with any male friends or the mere mention of any of my exes
7. He mentioned how disappointed he was that I never referred to him as baby or sweetie (post "fuck" comment mind you)
Ugh, you know, this is merely scratching the surface of the shenanigans that went on with him for 4 months including when I returned to NY. Call it head games, nonsense, man-child jealous hijinks, I really want no part of it.
Here's the crazy part, I wound up deciding to move back to Florida and we WOULD have been able to carry on a relationship. About 3 weeks before I was set to move he suddenly stopped all communication. Cold in his tracks, never to be heard from again.
I suppose the thought of a real girlfriend isn't nearly as easy or comfortable as having a virtual one.


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SUNY Geneseo President Christopher C. Dahl is applauding reforms to the state's system of public higher education that Governor Paterson is proposing in his 2010-11 budget. The governor said the state must provide its institutions of higher education with freedom and flexibility to drive development both on and off campus, preparing students for the jobs in the new economy to propel New York forward.
"This act is the most significant legislative event for SUNY in a generation and calls for almost all of the things Geneseo has been asking for in recent years," said Dahl. "Control over tuition, efficiencies in procurement, the ability to do public/private partnerships, and additional flexibilities would be a tremendous boon for New York."
The official name of the act in the governor's budget is the Public Higher Education Empowerment and Innovation Act, which affects both SUNY and CUNY. More information on the legislation can be found at SUNY Advocates.
The president cautioned that the New York state budget is still in serious trouble with Geneseo facing a $3.2 million shortfall in the 2010-11 budget, but was optimistic that the proposed empowerment legislation would advance SUNY in a positive direction.
"Our budget situation brings into sharp focus the need for the kind of flexibility specified in this act, especially as state support for higher education continues to dwindle," said Dahl. "I will be strongly and actively encouraging legislators to support it as part of the budget."
Geneseo Provost Carol S. Long emphasized the campus cannot depend entirely on the act for solutions to budget problems.
"We must continue to identify areas of cost savings, new income and quality improvement so we may thrive," she said.
The legislation also is getting widespread support within SUNY administration, including praise from Chancellor Nancy L. Zimpher, who commended the governor for his leadership in bringing the act forward.
The deadline for the state legislature to pass the 2010-11 budget is April 1.
Media Contact:
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So I heard this sentence and also few contradictions about that. Does it mean that when they entered, he was already gone because he had there been before them? Or he just was there before them and still is..
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It looks as if something has been left out from this sentence, the meaning isn't clear as it is. It would look natural like this:
When we entered, we realised he had already been there.(Meaning: he went there and left before we did.)
I suppose it is the choice of the verbs used in the initial sentence that doesn't make the meaning clear. If you want to express that he was there before we went to the particular place, then you should say "When we entered he had already arrived" or "When we entered he was already there."
In general any place that you have been to is a place where you no longer are. So:
implies I went the bank and am now back. Similarly:
implies that I am no longer wherever there is.
If, however, a time adverbial is added to the sentence, then the verb to be probably no longer has the meaning of going to and returning from a place but simply of being in a place. In such a case,
is, by itself, ambiguous. It could mean he was still there, or that he had been there and was now gone - although the former is more likely.
The statement on its own is ambiguous, but it read to me as when we entered, we saw evidence that he had been there but was now gone. That's how I would read it without further information.


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Forgive me if I am not using all the proper terms but I have databases that will detach themselves from SQL Server. In SQL Server Management Studio the plus sign will be missing next to the database, or the database will have no tables.
Now the fix for this is easy, simply detach and attach the database and we're back up and running. BUT what is the cause for this?


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While I was Unpacking...the Penguin marched on
By barton808 on Mar 15, 2007
Well while we've been moving the family to Austin -- driving across country, flying back across country, packing boxes, unpacking boxes, looking for local doctors, finding dry cleaners, dealing with the stomach virus (all 5 of us in succession, like dominoes) etc. -- the GNU/Linux world has churned on.
Here are a few of the interesting events that have taken place while Ive been distracted:
- Cold water has been liberally sprinkled on Oracle's Linux efforts. First IBM voiced some hesitations and then analysts more directly questioned the viability of Oracle's strategy. Hey Oracle we feel your pain. Sun tried to do this exact same thing a few years ago and failed. We then saw the light and have gone with named brands ever since.
- The Cathedral and the bizarre dude dissed Fedora and found solace in Ubuntu -- Linconspiracy theories abounded.
- Speaking of Ubuntu, Spike Source agreed to certify Ubuntu stacks next quarter
- Speaking of Spike Source, it along with 9 other founding members created the Open Solutions Alliance (OSA) to drive interoperability standards above the OS.
- They dont call it "IdeaStorm" for nothing. When Dell asked its customers what they wanted they were deluged by over 110,000 requests for GNU/Linux on Dell systems. Their first dazed response was to say they would certify but not install. Now they're looking a bit deeper into the subject with a survey that launched yesterday.
- And last but not least, Sun announced that it has become a patron of the Free Software Foundation. This was a logical next step after I presented on the same bill as Richard Stallman in Hawaii. OK, the real event that helped bring the two sides together, whom in the past havent always seen eye to eye, is the freeing of the Java platform under the GPL. I personally look forward to working closely with them going forward and maybe more trips to Hawaii.


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I used cake php with twitter datasource to post some info on a certain twitter account. Twitter changed the authentication method towards oauth.
I can't find an example of a cakephp app, where a certain message is posted in a certain twitter account. For example when publishing an article in the site, I want site's twitter account to get updated.
I have read some examples but in these the user accessing the page gets redirected to twitter to be authenticated and to publish something on his/hers account, which is not want I want.
Anybody has an example on that?
thanks a lot.


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When playing Teemo top I often get "counter" picked by Swain. I've had trouble playing against Swain because of his high damage and not being able to harass him down like most other ad bruiser tops. Any tips on how to play against him?
There are three basic tips for laning against Swain with Teemo. You have to understand, however, that just based on the match-up this will probably be a fairly passive/defensive lane for Teemo.
If you can do all three of these well, you can stay competitive in top lane as Teemo (regardless of the Teemo build you're choosing to go with).
Let me preface this by saying that Jeff's answer is great, and this is merely an addendum.
1) You're probably not going to kill Swain. By the time you get enough items to be annoying-Teemo, Swain will probably have his six. At that point, you just can't stop him.
2) Boots first. This should go without saying against any skillshot champ, but it's absolutely vital for getting away from Swain stun.
3) Get an early null-magic mantle. You're going to be in this lane for the long-haul, and you'll probably want merc treads (unless the rest of his team has absolutely zero cc, in which case you'll build it into something else. Like Wit's End).
4) Farm farm farm. When Swain leaves the lane, push and push hard.


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Forklift terminals still hold up to heavy use for City Furniture
City Furniture had been using the same reliable forklift terminals for more than nine years at a distribution center supporting its 15 stores and nine showrooms. When the time came to evaluate newer models from the same vendor against two competitive offerings, the company tested all three systems in the live environment of the DC.
The company ultimately upgraded to newer models of the reliable but aging terminals. The new rugged industrial computers keep the company's state-of-the-art distribution center running at peak efficiency.
"Support issues around the warehouse pickers have dropped tremendously, allowing us to focus on other aspects of the company," says Ricky Maharaj, network administrator for City Furniture. "In a fast-paced, rugged environment, operations depend on equipment that is durable, able to sustain rough usage, and can maintain superior efficiency."
The customer and supplier worked closely to design a customized interface on the new operating system, which works seamlessly with the existing warehouse management system (WMS). The interface reduces configuration, maintenance time, and the risk associated with moving to a new operating system.
Whether employees are pulling product for pick-up or delivery, assembling a showroom display, or putting away new merchandise, the system maintains an accurate, real-time inventory. The customer was also able to eliminate licensing costs for anti-virus software it no longer needed. The terminals also feature battery technology to enable uninterrupted operation of WMS applications during forklift battery changes.
Glacier Computer
Read more Casebook 2013


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20 Sep 2012 9:39 PM #1
iOS6 Caching Post requests also
I've spent last 3-4 hours pulling my hair as some of our sites/ sencha touch apps have stopped working properly. On further investigation and search on the internet, found out that iOS 6 - Safari seems to be caching POST requests also. Here is a small fix I did for connection request to add the caching parameter on POST requests also in Sencha Touch:
Ext.define('Df.data.Connection', { override: 'Ext.data.Connection', setOptions: function (options, scope) { var result = this.callOverridden(arguments); result.url = Ext.urlAppend(result.url, (options.disableCachingParam || this.getDisableCachingParam()) + '=' + (new Date().getTime())); return result; } });
20 Sep 2012 9:47 PM #2
This seems to have started with the GA release. Up to beta4, everything was working fine.
21 Sep 2012 6:23 AM #3
Same issue and fix as well.
4 Oct 2012 3:40 AM #4
Same issue, override suggested works for me too.
There is lots on iOS 6 and caching post requests with a quick Google! Hopefully they will bring out an iOS patch some time soon.
4 Oct 2012 4:49 AM #5
came here to report the same thing. Thanks for the fix.


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Proving the security of a scheme with the random oracle model (ROM) involves two steps: first you prove that the scheme is secure in an idealized world where a random oracle exists, and then you implement this scheme in the real world by replacing the random oracle with a hash function. Why wouldn't you prove the security of the scheme with the hash function that you end up implementing the world with? Is it because no proof has been found or are there any other reasons? Could you give me some examples?
Could you explain to me the "programmability" feature of the random oracle model? In my book (Katz-Lindell) it says: The reduction may choose values for the output of H as it likes (as long as these values are correctly distributed, i.e. uniformly random).
If I understand correctly, the function $H$ that will act as a random oracle can be fixed beforehand or it can be generated "on the fly", by generating a table of inputs and outputs and when there is a new input the function generates a new output and enters it into the table. What is the theoretical difference between the two?
Your second question was about programmability. This hasn't been directly addressed yet by Thomas' answer or the comments, so I'll focus on that question only. Unfortunately I don't know of a simple primitive that is secure in the random oracle model that requires programmability, but I'll use one that is hopefully clear once I explain the background. It's called the Fiat-Shamir heuristic; it's a nice trick to make non-interactive zero knowledge proofs.
Before getting to Fiat-Shamir, consider how your favorite basic zero-knowledge proof works. Since this is Crypto SE, not CSTheory SE, hopefully you are thinking about proving knowledge of discrete logarithms and quadratic residues, not graph isomorphisms or 3-coloring graphs. ;)
[Aside: technically these are not true zero-knowledge proofs, they are honest-verifier zero-knowledge proofs (sometimes called $\Sigma$-protocols) but we don't care about that distinction here]
Schnorr's proof of knowledge of a discrete logarithm
$P$ (for prover) comes along with two values $g$ and $y$ in some group $\mathbb{G}_q$ where the discrete logarithm is hard. She claims: I know the value $x$ such that $y=g^x$. As $x$ is the discrete logarithm of $y$ base $g$, computing $x$ directly is infeasible so $V$ (verifier) cannot initially be sure if she really knows $x$ or not.
The Schnorr protocol lets $P$ prove knowledge of $x$ to $V$ in a way that does not disclose anything about $x$. It goes as follows:
Security Analysis
We can ask ourselves, what do you we want in terms of security from such a protocol? $V$ is concerned that sending a bunch of numbers back and forth might not actually constitue a proof that $P$ knows such an $x$. If he can actually conclude that $P$ must know $x$ if $P$ can produce many accepting $\langle b,c,d\rangle$ transcripts, the proof is said to be sound.
$P$ may be concerned that $V$ might learn some information about $x$ from seeing one or more accepting transcripts. This is supposed to be a proof that leaks zero information about $x$ (glossing over the honest verifier technicality). If it leaks zero information, it is said to be zero-knowledge.
Soundness (via Extraction)
To show the Schnorr protocol is sound, we are actually going to do it indirectly. We are first going to show it is something called "extractable" and then show that extractability implies soundness. I'm not going to give actual definitions or proofs, just a sketch of what is going on.
Schnorr protocols have a special soundness property (called, you guessed it, special soundness): if there are two accepting transcripts $t_1=\langle b,c,d \rangle$ and $t_2=\langle b,c',d' \rangle$ where $t_1$ shares the same value of $b$ with $t_2$ but $c$ (and thus $d$) are different, then it is possible to calculate the value of $x$: $x=(d-d')/(c-c')$. If $P$ can reliably generate accepting transcripts, then there is no reason to suppose she couldn't generate $t_1$. Likewise $t_2$. And if she can produce both, then she "knows" $x$ in the sense that the knowledge required to produce $t_1$ and $t_2$ is sufficient to produce $x$ itself.
When we eventually get to Fiat-Shamir, it will be important to have formalized this notion of "extractability" a little bit. Consider the situation where $P$ is a compiled binary program instead of a person. You can run $P$ which will perform the protocol and you can rewind $P$ to a previous internal state, but you can't decompile it or look at the internal state (this is called rewindable blackbox access; why these special powers are allowed in proving extractability is a topic for another time).
We say that a protocol is extractable if you can get $x$ from interacting with such a black box. And we say a protocol is sound if it is extractable in this way (a blackbox that you can rewind). Both of these propositions have proofs in the literature with lots of fine-print I am omitting. Note that you can prove soundness in other ways than extractability or other flavours than blackbox-rewindable extractability (extractability is sufficient but not necessary).
For Schnorr, it should be obvious how, but you do the following:
Zero-knowledge (via Simulation)
Similarly, we can indirectly prove the protocol is zero-knowledge by showing it has a different property: simulatability. In this case, we get a compiled binary of $V$ and have to reliably supply it with acceptable $b$ and $d$ values for the $c$'s it gives us. However the protocol is for knowledge of an $x$ we do not actually know! If we can simulate acceptable protocol runs without knowing $x$, then the values in the protocol must not really be leaking any information about $x$. So if the protocol is simulatable in this regard, then it is zero-knowledge.
I mentioned before that Schnorr is not actually a zero-knowledge protocol. This creates some problems with simulating Schnorr transcripts that will get resolved when we use a random oracle with Fiat-Shamir. To simulate Schnorr protocols, we do the following:
If the values of $c$ are really short (say a bit), then the simulator is efficient. For longer values, you can't prove the zero-knowledgeness of Schnorr with this method. There are a handful of tricks to convert Schnorr into something that is true zero-knowledge.
Fiat-Shamir Heuristic
Reading the above, you might do a double-take: on one hand, you can show that $x$ must be known if transcripts accept and on the other, you can generate transcripts that accept without $x$: what gives? If you look closely, you'll see that the simulated transcripts are generated out of order while the extractable ones are generated in order. In fact, by generating out of order, we cannot produce $\langle b,c,d \rangle$ and $\langle b,c',d'\rangle$ transcripts since the value of $b$ is no longer being chosen: it is determined by $d$ and $c$.
The idea of Fiat-Shamir is to make Schnorr (and related) protocols non-interactive. This means $P$ can produce all three values $\langle b,c,d \rangle$ instead of relying on $V$ to provide $c$. Furthermore, since we know transcripts are simulatable, $P$ can produce a value of $c$ that has to have been generated after the value $b$ thus ruling out any simulation. How? It is really easy actually: set $c=\mathcal{H}(b)$. The verifier additionally checks that $c=\mathcal{H}(b)$. [Aside: there is actually a neat optimization here where you don't have to send the value $b$ at all but leave that aside].
Finally we can introduce random oracles. It turns out that if you use regular hash functions, you can't wrestle extractability or simulation out of the protocol. We'll try but ultimately we will require a random oracle that can be programmed.
Extraction with Fiat-Shamir heuristic
Recall that extraction relies on pairs of transcripts like $\langle b,c,d \rangle$ and $\langle b,c',d' \rangle$. With Fiat-Shamir, $c=\mathcal{H}(b)$ so if the values of $b$ between two transcripts are identical, then $c$ and thus $d$ will be as well. Therefore, we cannot get two such transcripts with a regular deterministic hash function. But if $\mathcal{H}$ is a programmable random oracle, we can get it to produce different values for the same input. Once again, we play the game of having rewindable blackbox access to $P$ but this time we also get the random oracle:
A few notes: (1) because this is non-interactive, $P$ does not output $b$ after step 1, so we rely on the ability to see queries to the random oracle; (2) if the oracle generates answers "on the fly" (instead of entering the protocol with a codebook of all queries/responses), we don't actually have to program it with different values of $c$. We just rewind to before the point it is about to generate a response and let it generate a random value (which will overwhelmingly be different than in the first execution). This sheds some light on the original poster's third question.
Simulation with Fiat-Shamir
Similarly to extraction, the use of a random oracle makes simulation a breeze. Assuming you've read this far, you can probably see how so I will just say it in a sentence: Set a random value for $c$, compute $\langle b,c,d \rangle$ by choosing $d$ first, and when the verifier checks with the oracle that $c=\mathcal{H}(b)$, program $c$ as the response.
A random oracle is an ideal object; see this previous question for some details. What makes a random oracle convenient for proofs is the part about knowing nothing on the output for a given input if you do not try it. For instance, consider the following encryption scheme:
If $H$ is a random oracle, then it is reasonably easy to prove that the encryption is secure up to a work factor of $2^{k-1}$ invocations of $H$: for any index $i$, you can learn nothing on the bit $i$ of the generated stream ("nothing" as in "not even the slightest statistical bias") unless you do invoke $H$ on the exact input which yielded it; since there are $2^k$ possible values for $K$, the best possible attack is just trying them out (in any order), which, on average, will hit the right key after $2^{k-1}$ guesses. Each guess involve invoking $H$.
Now, with a cryptographic hash function, things are not that easy. A cryptographic hash function is defined as being resistant to preimages, second preimages, and collisions. These are much weaker properties. A function could be a good hash function and still fail to be a random oracle. This is especially true with the commonly used Merkle-Damgård function such as SHA-256 and SHA-512: these functions suffer from the so-called "length extension attack". Given $H(x)$, it is possible, under certain conditions but without knowing $x$, to compute $H(x||x')$ for some values of $x'$. A random oracle would not allow that. And this specific property totally destroys our attempts at proving the security of the encryption scheme described above. Nevertheless, the "length extension" does not seem to help in any way when you try to compute preimages or collisions. Indeed, no efficient preimage or collision attack is currently known on SHA-256 or SHA-512.
To sum up, a random oracle is an ideal object which allows for easy proofs of constructions in which they are used, proofs which rely on properties that actual hash functions do not necessarily exhibit (even if they are "secure" hash functions).
When we "implement" a random oracle, we use hash functions and other primitives in such a way to mimic the ideal properties of a random oracle. Existing hash functions are not good enough for that by themselves, as seen above. A common tool is HMAC, which uses a key and is built over an existing hash function, but invokes it twice in a specific way so as to avoid known shortcomings of concrete functions such as SHA-256. This is why, for instance, when building a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator as described by NIST, you may prefer the "HMAC_DRBG" construction over the faster, but "less proven" Hash_DRBG.
There is still a bit of technicality, intuition, and downright faith, in using a given construction with hash function in a protocol where a random oracle should be used. But we have nothing better: we do not know if random oracles really exist (or even secure hash functions, for that matter).
Whether a given implementation uses tables to store precomputed results has no influence whatsoever on theoretical security: a proof in the random oracle model relies on the number of times the oracle must have been invoked (on distinct inputs), but not on when the invocations took place. You can use internal tables as you wish.
There is a subtlety on the birth date of the function: if the oracle is HMAC with a key, then the oracle "exists" since the key was generated, and all oracle invocations must have used that key; on the other hand, a key-less hash function such as SHA-256 can be thought of as a kind-of random oracle which has existed since SHA-256 was first defined, more than ten years ago, and the whole World may have been busy invoking it during the last decade. So using raw SHA-256 as a random oracle (if we ignore the bit about length extensions) is equivalent to considering that the attacker could be as powerful as the whole World with a ten-years computational head start. To avoid that, it is commonplace to define protocols which use a keyed function as random oracle.


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I am sure that many have seen the television advertisement with a man telling how easy it is to get through a "suggested every 10 years" colonoscopy screening.
I don't know how many people rushed out to get an appointment for this, but it is a safeguard in keeping healthy. And that is what we all planned to do at the start of the new year, didn't we?
Last week was my turn for the once-again procedure. How did 10 years go by so quickly anyhow?
Article Photos
DRESSED FOR THE PART — Carl and Aimee Glenn are dressed much as they would be in a portrayal of Morgan's Raiders entering the community on July 25, 1863, and burning the bridge as they left. He is the son of Virginia and Kurt Glenn.
-- Esther McCoy
KIOSK — Scott Fabian shows the kiosk that will be placed in the tiny community of DeYarmonville, between Smithfield, Dillonvale and Rayland telling about Morgan's visit to the area.
-- Esther McCoy
The not-eating orders are perhaps the worst part for me. When I got up on the morning before the colonoscopy and endoscopy, I realized that breakfast would be a bowl of green Jell-O and two popsicles, and not even my favorite cherry ones, and I got very distressed. Then it was on to clear chicken broth and more of the perky, green gelatin that quivered each time I dipped in the spoon for a bite for my lunch. By 5 p.m., I even forgot about the popsicles and diet 7-Up.
That was when the Gatorade and Miralax marathon began. I had until 10 p.m. to down 64 ounces of the drink that I never did enjoy. But I needed to sip it slowly because I tried to get rid of it at a faster rate of speed 10 years ago, and it protested by coming back up. And that is not good when the potion is supposed to remain in your stomach to do its work. As the man in the ad says, "Go to the john a few times," but that is man's talk for making sure that there is no one even near the bathroom for the next six or seven hours.
You get loads of exercise dashing for that little room at top speed. Once, I encountered Ozzie who felt it was his turn to go for a potty break as I had done it so many times already. But he learned in an instant that it was not going to happen at that precise time.
When we got up the next morning to prepare for the visit to the Trinity Digestive and Nutrition Center for the procedures by 6:45 a.m., our township roads were heavily covered with snow, and I started to get antsi. We left about 15 minutes sooner than the early time we would have departed as Lamont believes that you never leave anyone waiting and is always very early. Thank goodness, as soon as we got to state Route 151, the roads were clear.
I had smacked my Moms Mabley hat, as Mark Fristick called it at a past Apple Festival, on my head because I thought we might slide off the road and would have to sit in the car until help came along. That did not happen, but I did have a terrible case of hat hair when I got to the center and removed my hat. Does the name Phyllis Diller conjure up any images?
So I sat and worried about how my hair looked up until the time I was called into the patient preparation room. And who would care? I laid on a bed covered up to the chin and was attended to by a wonderful crew of medical people. And if crew is the wrong word, to use, please forgive me.
I got to see how they worked as I was the third one to go to "THE ROOM." And the staff went about their tasks like a well-oiled machine and were are all so very friendly.
I was on my way out into the cold air within two hours, and we stopped for a Belgian waffle before departing for Smithfield. I just couldn't go another minute without solid food in my stomach.
At home, Ozzie and I crawled into bed, and I slept until 2:15 p.m. in the afternoon.
So as the ad said, it is easy. That is if you can make do on popsicles, Jell-O and chicken broth for about 24 hours.
Do you still have any type of Christmas decoration hanging around in your home? You know, like something you had neglected to put away when the tree and all the ornaments came down and went to the basement?
We still have a wreath that Dawna Kale made for me with a silver bow, white lights and some red balls. I added a cute, little, stuffed snowman to the wreath to take away the "Christmasey" look, and it is still over the fireplace. And it will be there until we can find the picture that usually hangs there.
We do this every year with household items or pictures that are removed to put out something with a holiday look. It is put in an area where we would be sure to find it, and guess what? It isn't found until spring cleaning takes place.
It has been a year, and I still can't find a portrait taken of Lamont, Ozzie and me that I removed from its frame to put out a holiday picture of the grandkids.
Why I did not put the Christmas picture over the McCoys I do not know. But I didn't, and the picture has never shown up. I think Ozzie hid it. He really didn't want to sit for the photographer in the first place.
Speaking of a Christmas decoration that gets overlooked, I took Ozzie out after dark one recent evening and walked past the dining room where the lights were lit. It was then that I noticed a stained glass Santa Claus still plastered to the window by one of those suction cups. It was partially hidden behind the Venetian blinds, athough I'm not sure they are still called by that name. Am I wrong, Betty Westling? She would know as she was my decorator.
In driving to work along state Route 151, I keep noticing a 2- or 3-foot Santa Claus in the yard where the porch forms a corner. It can't be seen from the porch and maybe they do not realize that it is still there. Much like me with the window decoration.
I spent an interesting morning and into the afternoon with Virginia and Kurt Glenn last week when we went to the Department of Transportation office in Wintersville and visited Scott Fabian, Jefferson County Engineer's Department safety supervisor. This was in regards to the Morgan's Raiders Heritage Trail signs that will be springing up in 80 locations in the county soon.
It will be 150 years since the Kentucky brigadier general by the name of John Hunt Morgan made his ride through Ohio starting in early July 1863 and then was captured July 26 when a white flag was waved to designate surrender.
Virginia is making a thorough study of the raid and is interested in holding a Nebo Commemoration in Bergholz. Actually, Nebo is the former name of Bergholz. She needs interested volunteers to help carry out the commemoration, just as the Mooretown event was staged in the past year with great success.
Scott had us climb up the open, wrought-iron steps to the platform where all the signs for the Morgan's Raid Trail - 80 in all - were stored.
I went up very fast as I don't like looking down and seeing the ground below me. So, no matter how crippled up I feel for the day, I will attack those steps in a big hurry. Virginia commented that I took those stairs much faster than she. She can toss hay bales around like they were a 10-pound bag of groceries, but I can't do that, though.
I was impressed with the Smithfield kiosk that tells about a bragging Gen. Collins who told the combined band of 40 very young and very old men that he was fearless in battle and would do the leading when they went out to meet Morgan's group who were coming into town.
They were captured and Collins was put ahead of the men, on a mule no less, and had to shout that they were Hobson's men, the good guys, and to feed them and treat them well. He was quite embarrassed when Morgan's crew left, and Hobson came rambling in for a good meal.
Each of the other six kiosks tell a tale of something that happened in the town where one of the 36-by-24-inch signs will be located.
I was interested in the Smithfield and DeYarmonville kiosks as they are in my vicinity. It has been told that the raiders rode through the fields later owned by my grandfather Jim Kollar, too. How exciting.
There will be events taking place in July in many localities. Be sure to visit one to learn about local history.
At Christmas time, Misty Greene Senanafes, her husband, Mike, and their son, Zachary, were visitors at the Smithfield Christian Church. It is so nice when those who attended the church as young people come back at holiday time. Zachary was dressed so cute in his Scottish plaid vest, white shirt and dress pants. He is a great looking little man.
I'm sure Barb Wilinski thought of me when she saw the "Bound and Gagged" cartoon in the Sunday edition three weeks ago. It shows a car flying off a ski ramp and the wife is saying, "I told you to use the GPS, but No-o-o-o."
Barb said they once had a GPS like ours that planned the trips on all the back roads of the county, such as we took going to Morgantown in the summer.
She laughed at my story, knowing what we were going through.
(McCoy, a resident of Smithfield, is food editor and a staff columnist for the Herald-Star and the Weirton Daily Times. She can be contacted at email@example.com.)


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Starlight (Hardcover)
Before there is peace, blood will spill blood, and the lake will run red...
The gripping adventure that began with a small housecat in Into the Wild continues with Book Four of the thrilling Warriors spin off series The New Prophecy. These cats' devoted fans have catapulted them onto national bestseller lists, and the support for the series grows stronger with every book.
Now the warrior Clans have finally reached their new home, but their troubles are far from over. Don't miss the next adventure of Brambleclaw, Firestar, and ThunderClan in Starlight, featuring new maps of the Clans' unfamiliar territory at the front.
About the Author
Erin Hunter is inspired by a love of cats and a fascination with the ferocity of the natural world. As well as having a great respect for nature in all its forms, Erin enjoys creating rich mythical explanations for animal behavior, shaped by her interest in astrology and standing stones.


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Getting Baby on a Sleep Schedule
In This Article:
Checking in
If your baby has almost always been nursed to sleep, then Daddy should put him to bed when you decide to try to get him to sleep on his own. Your baby will want to suckle if he even catches a glimpse of Mommy. To avoid upsetting the baby further, Daddy needs to go through the bedtime routine and do all the checking in, at least for the first week or so.
An increasingly popular alternative involves periodically checking in to let your child know you're still there and to make sure he's okay. After saying good night and leaving the room, stay away for a set amount of time--say, five minutes to start. After the agreed-upon time has passed, you or your partner should go in, check on your baby, and try to soothe him without picking him up. Instead, offer kind, soft words and perhaps a pat on the back.
Don't stay for more than a minute or two. Then whisper good night and head out of the room again. Continue to check on him every five minutes, but never for more than a minute or so, until he stops crying and falls asleep. On the second night, hold out a little longer, maybe 10 minutes this time. Over the next week or two, gradually increase the amount of time spent away from your baby's cribside before you return.
With enough parental resolve, this method also seems to work most of the time. The only problem is that it may be worse torture for your child to see you every five minutes only to have you refuse to pick him up than to not see you at all. Your baby may cry louder and harder each time you leave. Eventually, however, the crying will stop.
Fade to Black
If you want to ease your baby into sleeping on her own, turn the lights out after her bedtime ritual, put her in her crib, and then sit with her for 5 or 10 minutes. You may want to rock in a chair where your baby can see you, or you may choose to sit right next to her crib and stroke her back for a few minutes. When she seems groggy but not quite unconscious, get up matter-of-factly, whisper good night, and leave. If your baby immediately pops up and starts crying, however, you'll still need to resort to one of the methods described previously: total withdrawal or periodic check-ins.
Still too cruel for you? Well don't do it unless you're convinced it's the best thing for your baby (and you). If you are unable to maintain your resolve, you will send mixed signals to your baby. If you break down and pick her up, she may end up "learning" that if she cries long enough or hard enough, she will ultimately get what she wants.
A Refresher Course: Nap Time
Your baby doesn't get all the sleep he needs at night. To get the other two to six hours of necessary rest, most six-month-olds still take two to three naps a day. The lengths vary from one to three or even four hours. Toward the end of the first year, though, your baby is likely to cut down to just one or two naps a day.
If your child resists taking a nap no matter how tired he seems, then follow a routine similar to your bedtime ritual. First, set the mood by drawing the blinds and/or shutting the curtains to darken the room. Make sure that your baby has a full stomach and a clean diaper. Then play, sing, or read quietly to relax your baby. When you're done with the ritual, leave the room. If you have decided to let your baby cry himself to sleep, use the same method you've chosen for nighttime slumber, but don't let it go on as long. You've got all day, so you can always try again later when he seems more tired.
Feel free to let your baby nap regularly in a stroller or a car seat as long as it's not the only place he can fall asleep. You may find it easiest, especially if your baby tends to resist naptime, to sandwich a nap into long drives or extended walks with a stroller.
Keep in mind that your baby needs the sleep he gets during his naps. Too much napping can sometimes interfere with nighttime sleep, but don't deny your child a nap when he's tired during the day. If your strategy is intended to make bedtime easier and help your baby sleep soundly through the night, it may backfire. An overtired baby tends to sleep much more restlessly than a well-rested one. In addition, overtiredness tends to cause crankiness and may lead to more accidents. If you deny your baby the daytime sleep he needs, he may conk out at bedtime, but he's almost sure to rise sooner and more often during the middle of the night. Instead, try limiting the time he naps to three or four hours (unless, of course, he's sick). It may seem like a sin to wake a sleeping baby, but you're going to need your sleep, too.
It's Crying Time Again: Midnight Wake-Up Calls
Every baby (and every adult) wakes up during the night. REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which involves lots of dreams and movement, often ends with a brief awakening. Waking, however, isn't the problem. It's the inability to fall back asleep that causes all the trouble. Your baby needs to learn, as all adults have, to fall back asleep on her own when she wakes briefly in the night.
To learn how to do it, your baby needs you to give her a chance. Try to stop yourself from jumping up at the slightest whimper or sound. Instead, go to your baby only when she cries loudly and steadily. When you make a midnight visit, don't try to entertain your baby. Just be there and try to calm her down. If she's hungry, by all means feed her. But try to maintain conditions conducive to sleeping: relative quiet (whispers and soft lullabies), darkness (don't turn on the lights), and calm (the middle of the night is for sleeping, not playing).
More on: Babies
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Bringing Up Baby © 1997 by Kevin Osborn. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit the Idiot's Guide web site or call 1-800-253-6476.


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Over the last three days, I have probably had over a dozen birds try to fly through my sunroom, only to be stopped by the 72"X52" sliding windows; three of the birds have died. What can I do so that the birds realize there is a window there, therefore, preventing them from flying into them?
There are two reasons birds fly into Windows, either they can't see the glass or they see a reflection in the glass. The only real solution, is to make the window more visible or less reflective. Unfortunately, making the window more visible to birds also makes it more visible to humans. So the solution may not be exactly... um... fashionable. You'll have to put decals, tape, paint, marker, or some other type of markings on the windows. You could also try hanging wind chimes, or other decorative items inside/outside the window. Some sources recommend decals in the shape of birds of prey, stating that the birds will be afraid to fly towards the the "prey bird".
Another solution that seems to be successful, is to hang fine mesh over the windows. The theory here is that the mesh will reduce the reflection on the windows, so birds will be less likely to fly into the window thinking they are flying into whatever is reflected in the window.
The good news is, you may only need to do this during migratory seasons. So you could pick up a window paint marker (~$5.00), and draw lines, squiggles, or patterns on the windows during migratory seasons.
You could try making up some detachable screens for the exterior of the windows, and put them up during the migration season. This might be a less noticeable solution, while also being temporary.
We bought some nearly transparent window stickers at a bird store that are supposed to help birds "see" the window. Also, if there are windows on the opposite side of the house that can be covered so the birds don't see daylight through the house, that may help.
Edit: It's hard to be 100% sure how effective they are, but I think they work. We still get a few strikes, but they don't seem to be as common. We have 8 36x80 windows, and only have 2 or 3 stickers on each (the ones we have are the size and shape of oak leaves). You can see them from the inside, but they are not too distracting, IMO.
After habitat loss, the greatest threat to wild birds may be glass windows. NYC Audubon started Project Safe Flight in 1997 to address the issue in New York City. Daniel Klem, an ornithologist at Muhlenberg College, estimates that close to a billion birds are killed every year by flying into glass. A study he conducted, with NYC Audubon, found 1.3 birds killed per hectare per year in an urban setting, which works out to over 90,000 birds per year in New York alone. All bird species are vulnerable, although migratory songbirds are the main victims. Most are killed instantly, but others succumb when they are stunned and fall prey to gulls, rats, or other predators. We have rescued over 1,200 birds, persuaded buildings to retrofit their more dangerous windows, and published Bird-Safe Building Guidelines to help architects and designers develop solutions in new buildings.
Private homes as well as skyscrapers endanger birds. Most home owners have heard the unpleasant thump that means a bird has hit a window; many have also found bird carcasses near their windows. Birds do not see the glass as a solid barrier; they see reflections of trees or sky or a fly-through to open space beyond. This should come as no surprise, since even people occasionally walk into glass doors. For a person it is merely embarrassing, for a bird it is often fatal.
Homeowners can reduce the collisions and save bird lives. Bird feeders should be placed within three feet of a window, so that birds visiting the feeder cannot get up enough flight speed to hurt themselves, or further than . Installing a pattern on a window where birds are known to hit can be uncomplicated and expensive. Patterns with negative space no greater than four by two inches, the size of a hand, are most effective. Decals of hawks or other raptors are not particularly successful, unless the decals are spaced very closely— and then it doesn't really matter if they are of birds of prey or an abstract design.
Some suggestions for temporary or seasonal fixes:
For more permanent fixes, ones that keep birds from striking glass or lessen reflectivity and transparency, we suggest:
The ultimate solution would be a glass that is visible to birds but not humans. A product called Ornilux Mikado, manufactured in Germany by Arnold Glas (www.ornilux.com), incorporates an ultraviolet spidery crisscross pattern within the glass visible to birds but nearly invisible to us.
Watching birds and nature from inside your home should be a pleasure. Bird fatalities are an unintended consequence of home design. But with some creativity and imagination, you should be able to see your birds and keep them safe.
We got this window decal:
We have a large picture window in a small room, with a window on the other side, and we have a feeder in the yard outside the window. We were having birds hit the window at least once a week, and though they usually recovered and flew off after a while, they didn't always do so. Once we put the decals up the hits essentially stopped.
The decal is essentally invisible. At certain times of day you can see the vertical stripe in the centre, but otherwise you don't see it unless you are very close to the window. The picture shows it more visible than it is.
We got ours from Lee Valley, but I don't think they make it, you might be able to get it elsewhere too.
A screen on the outside of the windows would seem to accomplish the goals of both reducing visibility and reflection, while remaining attractive. Different screen colors may be available to help it blend in as well.
Hanging wind chimes or a hanging planter in front of the window helps, too.
Close your drapes when you are not home!
protected by ChrisF♦ May 20 '12 at 11:58
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