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West Seizes On Iran's Currency Woes
WASHINGTON—The U.S. and Europe are working on new coordinated measures intended to accelerate the recent plunge of Iran's currency and drain its foreign-exchange reserves, according to officials from the Obama administration, U.S. Congress and European Union.
The first salvos in this stepped-up sanctions campaign are expected at a meeting of EU foreign ministers on Oct. 15, including a ban on Iranian natural-gas exports and tighter restrictions on transactions with Tehran's central bank, European officials said.
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A number of additional banks are also expected to be targeted, in the continuing effort to press Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to curb his country's nuclear program.
The U.S. and EU are also considering imposing a de facto trade embargo early next year by moving to block all export and import transactions through Iran's banking system—which could further choke off Tehran's access to foreign currency, U.S. and European officials said.
Financial Squeeze
On Oct. 15, European Union ministers are expected to pass:
- Embargo on Iranian natural gas
- Ban on graphite exports to Iran
- Sanctions, asset freeze on additional Iranian banks
- Officials are also looking at possible full asset freeze of Iran's central bank
U.S. lawmakers are working on legislation for:
- Possible ban on transactions with Iran's central bank
- Possible ban on international insuring of Iran
- Possible ban on trade with Iran's energy sector
To that end, U.S. lawmakers are drafting legislation that would require the White House to block all international dealings with Iran's central bank, while also seeking to enforce a ban on all outside insuring of Iranian companies. There is also a legislative push to block investment in Iran's energy sector by closing off loopholes in existing sanctions.
The EU could follow up on implementing these U.S. measures, just as it backed the White House's moves to impede Iran's oil trade this year, officials said.
"You could see a move for a total embargo," said a senior European official involved in the sanctions debate. "This could fall in line with what Congress is thinking."
A nearly 40% drop in the Iranian rial's value against the dollar since Sept. 24 has increased confidence in Washington and Brussels that Western sanctions are starting to significantly erode Tehran's finances, senior U.S. and European officials said.
The rial's fall, which traders blame in part on mismanagement by Iranian authorities, is also seen to be fueling splits among Tehran's political elites. President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has publicly feuded with Iranian lawmakers and bureaucrats over who is to blame, and on Tuesday attributed the crisis to illegal currency traders as well as U.S. and EU sanctions.
On Wednesday, the Iranian government moved to shut down black-market foreign-exchange houses in a bid to restore financial calm, and antigovernment protests broke out in central Tehran.
It is unclear if the financial panic will force Tehran to make concessions on its nuclear program—the ultimate aim of the West's sanctions campaign. But the rial's plunge is undercutting views held by some in the U.S. and Europe that Tehran's oil wealth could make it immune from financial pressure, U.S. and European officials working on Iran said.
"There has been the perception that Iran is unmovable because of its oil resources," said a European official. "This perception is quickly shifting."
Iranian oil exports have fallen by more than 50% this year, according to Iranian officials and independent shipping trackers. U.S. and European officials said their moves to cut off those exports have been aided by ramped-up production in the U.S., Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Libya and other countries, which has helped keep global energy prices stable.
U.S. officials and analysts see Washington and its allies now in a race with Tehran to see what is achieved first—a balance-of-payments crisis in Iran or its acquisition of a nuclear-weapons capability. Tehran says its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes.
"The currency is dropping like a stone, there are riots, and Obama has harangued [Israeli leader Benjamin] Netanyahu not to bomb because there is time to economically cripple Iran," said Mark Dubowitz of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a conservative think tank that advises U.S. lawmakers on sanctions policy. "So if the economic cripple-date occurs before the nuclear red line, then great, economic warfare may work."
U.S. and European officials believe Western sanctions and the EU's oil embargo, instituted in July, are costing Tehran $15 billion in lost energy revenue every quarter. This, in turn, is helping to force down the government's foreign-exchange reserves, which were estimated to be between $90 billion and $110 billion at the start of the year.
U.S. officials also believe that the widening financial penalties on Iran are making it harder for Iran's central bank to gain access to as much as 30% of its reserves, which are invested overseas. Outside economists now estimate inflation is running as high as 70% annually.
These developments, said U.S. and European officials, explain why Iranian financial officials appear reluctant to try to prop up the value of the Iranian rial by selling dollars into the local currency market. Mr. Ahmadinejad has publicly criticized Tehran's financial planners for not taking these steps.
Some member states still have concerns about taking steps that could disproportionately harm the Iranian population. There have been reports of food and medicine shortages in Iran in recent days, fueled by the weakening of the rial and dwindling imports.
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Wednesday sought to deflect charges that sanctions are harming the Iranian people, saying Tehran's decisions were responsible for any economic hardships. "They have made their own government decisions—having nothing to do with the sanctions—that have had an impact on the economic conditions inside of the country,'' Mrs. Clinton said. "Of course, the sanctions have had an impact as well, but those could be remedied in short order if the Iranian government were willing to work with…the international community in a sincere manner."
In Brussels, the U.K., France and Germany have been pushing for broad new sanctions. Ministers from the three countries wrote to their counterparts last month, urging them to consider sanctions on energy, finance, trade and transportation, according to the letter, seen by The Wall Street Journal.
"The urgency of the matter requires that the EU demonstrates resolve and unity through quick and decisive action," they said in the letter, calling on the measures to be in place by Oct. 15.
Among the proposals being discussed in Europe is a widening of items on the prohibited-trade list, which would mainly affect energy-related products and services, according to several EU diplomats.
On Thursday, the 27-nation bloc was close to agreement on banning imports of Iranian natural gas and prohibiting exports of graphite to the country because of its possible use in the country's nuclear program, officials said.
The Europeans are also discussing broadening sanctions on a number of Iranian financial firms and imposing a full asset freeze on Iran's central bank. The Oct. 15 measures would likely fall short of a complete ban, an official said Thursday.
Other ideas under discussion include banning the export of marine equipment and the construction of Iranian oil tankers.
There is also a proposal to ban euro transactions with Iran through third parties, two diplomats said, although the details of how this could work are still being hammered out.
Last week, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, plus Germany, said they were eager to resume direct negotiations with Tehran over its nuclear program, which have stalled since June.
Israeli leader Mr. Netanyahu, meanwhile, told the U.N. that the international community needed to be prepared to take military action against Iran by next summer to guard against it acquiring the fissile materials needed to assemble an atomic weapon.
—Benoît Faucon contributed to this article.
Write to Jay Solomon at email@example.com and Laurence Norman at email@example.com


text:
I am helping a friend switch hosting provider. He bought the domain through GoDaddy and currently hosts the site at http://www.wix.com/. Where do I need to update the ip address so that the domain now points to the new hosting provider (winhost).
Your new service provider(wix.com) should give you their nameservers value.
Look here for more information Godaddy -Setting Nameservers for a Domain Name Registered with Us
You need to update your DNS records, namely the A record (assuming you're not moving the email, if so, you need to point the MX record at your new IP as well).
You can find more details (specific for GoDaddy) here http://support.godaddy.com/help/article/680/managing-dns-for-your-domain-names and assumes you're still using the nameservers on the GoDaddy server.

subset: commoncrawl


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How does 丼勘定 {どんぶりかんじょう} (sloppy accounting) related to 丼 {どんぶり} (bowl of rice with toppings)? I mean, why どんぶり of all foods and things? Was there special history for the origin of this set phrase?
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Judging by the following link, どんぶり in this phrase didn't originally refer to the bowl, but a pocket in the front of an apron, where money was kept: http://gogen-allguide.com/to/donburikanjyou.html
If someone was throwing all the incoming money into one pocket and fishing out change for customers from same, they probably didn't have a great idea at any one time of how much they had or any way of keeping track.
http://www.samue.co.jp/shop/haori/ooedo4/ooedo4.html - this has an Edo-style "どんぶり" for a little visual reference (you'll note they use どんぶり勘定 with the hiragana).
First, let's be a bit more precise. saiga-jp.com gives
丼 a china bowl
丼勘定 sloppy accounting, spending money unsystematically
i.e. the character refers to the bowl itself directly, and only by extension to food served in such a bowl.
Seems to me like it's a metaphor, and a fairly arbitrarily selected one. You might as well ask why English speakers "hit the nail on the head", as opposed to (doing anything else properly), when they get something right. 勘 has meanings like 'intuition' and 定 like 'determine', so (my guess!) the metaphor is of putting all the numbers (receipts?) into a bowl, swirling them around and pulling out a result that looks right.


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Child Employment
This page is known as: www.birmingham.gov.uk/child-employment
A child of school age is not allowed to work more than 12 hours per week during term time.
Work Permits
School pupils involved in employment and entertainment need to have a Work Permit issued to them before they can work. The Safeguarding and Development Service has a Child Employment team.
If you are a school pupil, the information on this page is for you. It should answer most of the questions you have about doing a part-time job.
How old must I be to work part time?
13 years old.
What do I need when I start work?
Your employer must register you with the Local Authority.
How much should I get paid?
Your rate of pay is set by your employer. You may want to talk to another adult to ask what they think is a fair wage.
I've received a national insurance card, when can I start work full time?
Sample National Insurance number: NW/65/67/74/S
You can only start full time work after you have officially left school which is the last Friday in June of your final year.
Can I be stopped from working?
- if your school attendance suffers
- if you are continually late for school
- if your school work suffers
- if your health suffers
What times am I allowed to work?
You can work after 7 o'clock in the morning and before 7 o'clock in the evening.
More information about employment while still attending school is given on the DirectGov website.
More information can be obtained from the Child Employment Team:
email: email@example.com
Tel: 0121 303 8900
If you need to see a member of the team a prior appointment is necessary.


text:
NYU Hosts The Global Metropolis Conference of Urban Experts, June 18-19
Jun 12, 2013
NYU will host The Global Metropolis, a unique conference featuring more than 250 urban experts from cities across America and around the world to discuss how to design, build, and run the world's metropolitan areas in a time of great environmental and social change. Speakers will examine how cities face a wide range of issues, including innovation and entrepreneurship, infrastructure and resiliency, design and creativity, and density and sustainability.
Read More
School of Law, Furman Center, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service | Press Release


text:
Please enter a maximum of 5 recipients. Use ; to separate more than one email address.
The planned pipeline from the Agua Dulce gas hub in Texas to central Mexico is in three parts, and Pemex is currently seeking bids for the longest section, which runs from Los Ramones in the northern state of Nuevo Leon to Guanajuato and is expected to cost around $1.8 billion.
MEXICO CITY -- Sempra Energy is looking at new projects in Mexico, officials said,
including a possible bid on a 740 km natural gas pipeline that
Pemex is putting on a fast track in order to get cheap gas from
the southern United States to growing industries in central
"Yes, it interests us," said Carlos Ruiz Sacristan, the
chairman and CEO for Sempra's Mexico unit Ienova, which was
listed on the local stock exchange in March.
The planned pipeline from the Agua Dulce gas hub in Texas to
central Mexico is in three parts, and Pemex is currently
seeking bids for the longest section, which runs from Los
Ramones in the northern state of Nuevo Leon to Guanajuato and
is expected to cost around $1.8 billion.
Sempra already has a contract with Pemex for the second part
of the pipeline, which was not put out to bid because it is
being constructed as part of a Pemex joint-venture.
Sempra is also working on pipeline projects for the state electricity
company Comision Federal de Electricidad, or CFE, which is
building a natural gas pipeline down the Pacific side of
Mexico. Pemex's pipeline runs down the Gulf side.
Debra L. Reed, Sempra Energy's chairman and Chief Executive,
said at the news conference that the company is currently
working on investments worth $1.5 billion in Mexico, including
sections of the CFE pipeline. Sempra already has $2.5 billion
invested in the country, including a LNG regasification
terminal in Baja California that supplies CFE.
Ms. Reed said the United States shale gas boom has been a
game changer for the North American energy market, including
Mexico, which will benefit from the lower cost gas, which is
also more environmentally friendly that fuel
oil or coal.
Mr. Ruiz said the company sees lots of opportunities in
Mexico, including wind farms and solar energy.
While Mexico maintains a state monopoly on oil and gas
production, the transportation and distribution of natural gas,
including LNG plants, has been open to the private sector for
years. The new pipelines will provide greater opportunities to
build distribution networks in more Mexican cities to provide
piped-in gas to homes, Mr. Ruiz said. Currently most Mexican
homes use tanks of liquefied petroleum gas.
Mexico's natural gas production has fallen in recent years
along with a drop in oil production by Pemex, which hasn't been
able to meet demand for the fuel by industry.
Pemex estimates natural gas imports from the United States
will more than triple by the end of 2015 as the new natural gas
pipeline projects come online.
All comments are subject to editorial review.
All fields are compulsory.
he had title, the ejido said no, they had title, signedby a then piserdent, and had tax records as well. The developer-(whose last name is Villalobos- house of the wolves- can you believeit? ) who wanted to build a luxury hotel complex, found a judge whoagreed with him, and with the help of state police, he violentlyevicted all the people who lived there, or had palapa restaurants orstores. The buildings were bulldozed. He put up a fence around theland, patrolled by guards, in violation of Mexican law. This being abeautiful beach with great snorkeling, and with one of the fewremaining free RV campgrounds, right on the beach. Well, it went tocourt, and, after much delay, in a series of legal decisions, it nowlooks like the developer has lost everything, and will have to returnthe beach back to the previous state! The judge who made the originaldecision was found to not have the legal authority to do so, and he-the wolf- has never paid taxes on the land he claimed to own. SeePacific Coast Forum, Melaque for more info. Gene
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A searchable database of project activity in the global hydrocarbon processing industry
Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
Too soon to tell
July 2016


text:
Come join the Craft Beer Club for a tasting of several fall beers! Explore familiar and new seasonal offerings - historic Oktoberfest lagers, American pumpkin ales, rich dark stouts and porters for cold weather, celebratory and strong German bocks, and more. Snacks and drinks will be provided. Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com
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For questions or comments, please contact the web administrators.
435 West 116 Street, New York, NY 10027 — 212-854-2640


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Did she go inside that pillow case? That's so funny! She sure is relaxing right into a normal cavalier life.
Cavaliers: Jaspar Tansy Libby Mindy Connie
In memory: Lucy Leo Lily
Cavalier SM Information site:www.smcavaliers.com
too cute!
Mom to ruby Cavalier Sparky & red Lhasa Apso Caroline
RIP my sweet angel dog Lucky
It looks like a case of "Oh, this sofa is soooo soft.... I... just.....cant....stop ..... rubbing .......ohhhhhh"
Cedar (tri), Willow (blen), Holly (ruby), & Bella (blen)
That was so cute!!
Loving mom to Jake, Shelby and Micah
That's so funny....
Hi Brid, she looks so relaxed and happy - it's wonderful to see how her confidence improves with each passing day Well done you! Hope she doesn't miss Phoebes too much when she goes to her forever home.
Once owned by Rudeepoohs
then rescued by CaraMia and Minnie Moo.
Missing all my girls every day....
Just gorgeous!
Great clip that is hilarious!
Too cute!
Cathy Moon
India(tri-F) Geordie(blen-M)Chocolate(b&t-F)Charlie(at the bridge)


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In SSL if the handshake is not succesful, does it always end with a handshake alert?
Or are there other ways to finish the SSL connection (acceptable by standard).
I am asking this, because in an HTTPS server configured to require client authentication, if the client does not send a certificate, I see (via network packets) a TLS Finished message from server to client; I was expecting an alert.
In SSL if the handshake is not succesful, does it always end with a handshake alert?
A SSL/TLS connection must always end with an alert message of some kind: a connection which is broken (e.g. the underlying TCP socket is closed) without an alert is said to be improperly terminated. The alert message for a normal termination is
The handshake is only a part of the connection; a handshake occurs at the start and subsequent handshakes can be played on the same connection. The handshake is usually where errors occur, triggering alert messages, but a fatal alert message does not end only the handshake: it closes the whole connection.
In the case of a server requesting client authentication, the client may respond by sending a certificate and computing a signature; however, this is optional. The client is allowed not to honor the request. The server then chooses what to do. The server may reject the client right away, through an alert message which closes the connection. The server may also decide to continue, and handle the lack of client authentication at another level. A server which sends a
See RFC 2246, section 7.4.6 for details:
→ emphasis on "may".
The section on client certificates in the TLS 1.0 specification (RFC 2246) says this:
The fact that it may respond with a fatal alert doesn't mean that it has to.
You've tagged your question with IIS, but here is a bit of background about other servers.
In Apache Httpd, there are three settings for requesting a client certificate:
Note that proceeding with the handshake doesn't mean that the server will grant access to the resource or authorize the execution of the request.
The big downside of the fatal handshake failure alert behaviour is that it closes the connection abruptly. At best, it will appear as a "connection closed - handshake failure" message (or something similar) in the browser. No HTTP exchange will have taken place at all, so there is no opportunity to send an HTTP status code and/or an accompanying web page to describe the problem.
From a usability point of view, this can be very confusing, especially for users who are not necessarily familiar with client certificates (there is often a certain learning curve simply for dealing with certificates). For this reason, many servers only require optional client-certificate authentication, so as to be able to send an explanation if authorization is denied.
I must admit I'm not entirely familiar with the settings in IIS, but the documentation seems to suggest there are three options too:
Another document suggests there is an HTTP status code and error message for failing to provide a required certificate: "403.7 Forbidden: Client certificate required". The fact that there is an HTTP status code for this case implies that it's not a case that causes a handshake failure (otherwise the connection wouldn't be established to send HTTP messages at all). This implies that the "require" mode of IIS behaves like the "optional" mode of Apache Httpd as far as the TLS handshake is concerned, that is, not presenting a client certificate doesn't cause a fatal alert (authorization afterwards is a different matter, of course).
I'm not sure what "ignore" and "accept" are for, then. In SSL/TLS, only the server can request a certificate, by sending a
My guess is that they mean "ignore"/"accept" in terms of account mapping or authorization, further down the line.
As far as I remember, by default, IIS always negotiates client-certificates using re-negotiation: a first handshake is successful, without any client-certificate request, but then, a second handshake is triggered. This means that you wouldn't be able to see the client-certificate exchange by looking at the packets, since this second handshake would be done within the encrypted session (you could see it with Wireshark in some cases, it it's configured with the server's private key and it supports the cipher suite).
You can configure the client-certificate negotiation to be done within the initial handshake using the
I will take an example from OpenSSL, which is used by Apache.
There is a mode flag, called SSL_VERIFY_PEER which when set on the server, it will ask for a client certificate at the handshake. The client is free to send it or not.
Then the behavior of the server, depends on another flag:
Which is explained as follows
If this flag is not set, no alert is created and the handshake goes on as normal and the server has to check for the certificate afterwards and close the connection if necessary.
EDIT: More information about similar configuration options in IIS 7.0:
It seems that there is an sslFlags attribute which can be one of the following
I imagine that the behaviour you notice happens because the SslNegotiateCert is configured instead of SslRequireCert.


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I think my problem is quite easy to be solved by the most postgis-users, but i am a bloody beginner: i have a timestamped point-table representing GPS-tracked places of different cars. To distinguish the cars there is a car-id for every point. So, a simplified version is looking like that:
Now, i want to write a query for connecting the places of each car chronologically with lines so that the track of each car can be displayed. The table is sorted chronologically, so it can be worked with the id's instead of the timestamps. How can I solve it? Thank you in advance!


text:
On Monday, they had their annual baseball game with the residents and employees. The residents also attended the parish wide balloon release with several other nursing homes.
On Tuesday, they had a drive in theatre.
Wednesday, they had 50's day with their old fashion soda shop.
On Thursday, they had their Mer Rouge Fun, Run, Ride, or Walk Event. The residents joined the employees in the walk this year. They had special t-shirts made with a B embossed on the left sleeve in honor of the victims of the Boston bombings.
Friday's special event was a carnival day.
Oak Woods is a nursing home facility at 1400 Davenport Ave in Mer Rouge. They are a nonprofit organization sponsored by the Mer Rouge Lions Club. They provide extended stay nursing care to seniors with varying levels of disabilities. They have a secure alzheimer's/dementia unit. They have occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy and recreational therapy to meet the needs of all residents. Their outpatient therapy now features a new outpatient behavioral health program. Other features include yoga instruction, walking club, cooking classes, art classes and pet therapy.
Location, ST | website.com


text:
How can I install zRam on my Ubuntu 11.10 acer inspire netbook? Seems like it would be advantageous to use zRam. And would it work?
To install Zram for Ubuntu 11.04 and 11.10:
Open terminal and type in:
from: http://www.webupd8.org/2011/10/increased-performance-in-linux-with.html
zram is built into the Linux kernel. I've been experimenting with zram and have a brief script to set it up for swapping, like this:
The machine I was testing on had 1GB of RAM, so I decided to use 256MB*2 for zram swapping. You can also use a similar technique to set up zram as an ext3 filesystem.
You can check zram usage by cat'ing /sys/block/zram0/orig_data_size and mem_used_total


text:
WACO (October 26, 2012)--A Waco man who was due in court on multiple charges was arrested Thursday after the judge issued a warrant for him.
Kenneth Dwayne Anderson, 58, was ordered held on bonds totaling $750,000, charged with two counts of burglary of a motor vehicle and one count of evading arrest.
A spokeswoman for the McLennan County District Attorney's office said Anderson was schedule to appear in Judge Matt Johnson's 54th District Court on Oct. 15, but failed to appear.
Johnson issued a warrant for Anderson's arrest and Waco police found him Thursday.
Waco police Sgt. W. Patrick Swanton said the initial charges against Anderson stem from two motor vehicle burglaries that were reported in 2011.
The first happened at the Lowe's parking lot where the victim reported his work truck had been broken into and some tools were taken.
The second burglary happened on South 4th Street at an apartment complex where tools were taken from a toolbox that was in the bed of a pickup truck.
Police arrived in time to witness the theft on South 4th Street and when the burglar spotted the officers, he ran from the scene, but later was caught.


text: Warm up and cool down vital to exercise plan By Meagan Kline March 04, 2013 Warming up and cooling down pre- and post-exercise are important steps that far too many people forget, or just don't do. A good warm up and a proper cool down can increase the effectiveness of your exercise session, and help your muscles not hurt quite as bad the next day. Why is it important to warm-up? It is important to begin any exercise with a brief warm-up period. Warming up helps prepare your body for exercise and kick starts your cardiovascular system to begin working harder. It also allows for a slow increase in body temperature and increased blood flow to active muscles. In general, a warm-up involves doing your activity at a much lower pace and intensity. A warm-up will only add a few minutes to your total workout. It takes your muscles about 3 minutes to adjust to the added blood requirements. Plan to spend about 5 minutes easing into exercise and incorporating stretches for large muscle groups. Why is it important to cool-down? After you have completed an exercise bout, it is important to allow your muscles and heart to recover gently. They have been working hard and need time to slow down. A cool-down is especially important for your heart; it helps slow your heart rate and helps return the blood to your heart adequately without blood pooling in your feet. An appropriate cool-down may also help reduce muscle tightness and injury. Common symptoms of an improper cool down include dizziness, nausea and feeling "worn out". All cool-downs should include a brief period of stretching as well. For stretching to be effective, each stretch must be held for at least 20 seconds. Join the conversation Full Name Name is shown in comment. * Email Address We do not publish or share your email address. * Comment Please be nice. * Verification *


text: Looking for a smoother shave? The age-old battle for domination of the shaving cabinet continues, with electric shavers versus razors getting both camps in a lather. Perhaps you're an electric enthusiast, but intrigued by the developments in razor technology over the past few years – vibrating heads, anyone? Or maybe you're thinking it's time to cut the razor and switch to electric, but you're not sure if the other side of the fence is smoother. It's a close shave A man will spend an average of five to six months of his life shaving. No wonder we want the easiest and most comfortable shave! And being hair-free doesn't come cheap. Electric shavers can cost more than $500. Disposables may seem like a cheap option, but they sure add up when you're using them. Every. Single. Day. Each system has its pros and cons, and most often it will come down to personal preference. But with comfort and cost at stake, read on to find out which method is for you. Electric or razor? The main differences between shaving methods come down to convenience and price. Electric shavers are convenient and mess-free. A good shaver is less likely to leave nicks and razor burn than a razor. But the initial outlay can be expensive, especially if you find you don't like electric shavers. You'll probably only need to replace the head every 6 to 12 months, but this can cost around $80 in the more expensive models. Razors are cheaper, they often give a closer shave, and there's no need to recharge. But they're messier to use and more likely to nick or cut the skin. You're also locked in to a brand's blades - which is tricky when you go shopping and can't remember if you have a Fusion, Mach, Hydro or Quattro, or if you're just getting confused with Transformer toys. Either way, comfort is a personal thing. Some men find the electric shaver more comfortable, others the razor. Often it's just down to what you (and your skin) are used to. Razors: What to look for Razors with reusable handles and replaceable blades are called shaving systems. Most of these come with three, four or five blades, and some also come with a trimmer blade on the back of the blade cartridge. Disposable razors are sold in multi-packs and are significantly cheaper than shaving systems. Disposables range from cheap and nasty versions that may leave you reaching for the band-aids, to models with multiple blades that deliver a similar quality shave to the one you'd expect from a razor shaving system. Here are some more features to look for in your razors: Multi-blade = better results Razors with three or more blades are likely to give you a closer and more comfortable shave than razors with just one or two blades. More blades give the razor the best chance of shaving closely and cutting as many hairs as possible. Powered vs manual razors Battery-powered razors with oscillating blades look impressive, but we haven't found they work any better than standard manual razors. Lubricating strips Lubrication strips soothe the skin after the blades have shaved the stubble. Some of the disposable razors with a lubrication strip can deliver just as good a shave as a cartridge razor system but make sure they have multiple blades and a swivel/pivoting shaving head. All the trimmings Trimmer blades are useful if you need to trim around sideburns or a beard. Guards beneath the razor blades also help to smooth the skin before the blades cut the stubble. Electric shavers: What to look for Like their manual competitors, electric shaver manufacturers are always looking to add new features to their models. Multiple pivoting shaving heads, a cooling head to soothe the skin, sonic vibration to help lift and capture more hair, and variable levels of shaving intensity are some of the features you'll find. Rotary or foil? Rotary shavers use two or three rotating heads to lift and cut the hair. Foil shavers use oscillating blades beneath a perforated foil to cut the hair. Each type is said to train hair to grow in a particular direction, so if you're switching from foil to rotary or vice versa, give your face at least a month to adjust - similarly when switching from a manual razor to an electric shaver. Power options Battery-powered models are more convenient than having to plug your shaver in to a power point. Some models use a Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) rechargeable battery which is fine but lithium-ion (li-ion) batteries are becoming more common and may last longer. An indicator that tells you how much battery is left would be handy, but most new models have enough power for at least one shave after only five minutes of recharging from a dead flat battery. Wet and dry options Waterproof models (often called wet and dry) can be used in the shower. They can also be used for shaving with water or a shaving balm or oil to ease irritation. Cleaning If you don't think you need a wet and dry shaver, at least make sure you can clean your shaver under a running tap. Some shavers have a charging station that includes a cleaning system, but this locks you into buying that brand's cleaning solution, when all a shaver really needs is a good clean under the tap. The good oil Shaving aids dispense an oil or balm from a cartridge in the shaver to lubricate your skin while shaving. This can help with irritation, but it does lock you into buying products for that brand, and shavers that can be used wet can also be used with a balm, oil or a powder stick of your choice. Dry shave-only models should be OK to use with powder sticks, but check the manufacturer instructions. Cost Electric shavers range in price from around $35 for a cheap, mains power, no frills shaver, up to more than $500 for a self-cleaning waterproof model that will give you everything but hot towels and aftershave. The more expensive models generally give better results than very cheap ones, but previous CHOICE tests have found good models in the $100 to $300 range too. Shaving systems can cost more than you think when you factor in ongoing costs. The price for the shaving system and a couple of cartridges may seem reasonable but when you go back for replacement cartridges you can pay anything from a few dollars up to $10 each. There is the added benefit of not adding extra plastic to landfill, as you do with disposables. A pack of disposable razors can cost less than a dollar per razor, but avoid the cheapest disposables if you want a close and comfortable shave.


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Home > Honda > Honda CR-Z Mugen 2012
Below you will find the high resolution car pictures for Honda CR-Z Mugen 2012. You may use the car pictures for any of the following standard screen resolutions:
1600x1200 | 1400x1050 | 1280x1024 | 1280x960 | 1152x864 | 1024x768 (iPad) | 800x600 Full Car Details
Published On : Jun 21, 2011
Published On : Jun 21, 2011
Image Copyright : HondaHonda CR-Z Mugen 2012 - Car Pictures at Dieselstation
Honda CR-Z Mugen 2012
Mugen as always does an amazing job on tuning the Honda's. This time is no different. Mugen announced the Honda CR-Z Mugen: the higher performance hybrid coupe. What a beauty it is! Check it out after the jump. (Pictures Update: 21-Jun-2011)


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What "buzzwords" should be included for tonights VP debate drinking game?
With these two debating it seems like the possibilities are endless. Maybe there should be a "super" bingo word or phrase that is uttered has some type of mega payoff. Since it's politics and I already know where my vote will be cast, I'm just watching for possible fireworks. So what will you listening for?
16 Answers answer
The obvious one:
acracknophobia - fear of exposed butt crack.
America, freedom, the.
Hope no one plans on going to work or class tomorrow!
1 shot: planned parenthood, medicare, tax loophole, job creators, mathematics
2 shots: mountain climbing, immigration, stupid, Libya, marathon, gay, big bird
3 shots: %$@#!, _ is a liar (in that order), legitimate rape, indefinite detention, voter suppression
4 shots: If anything substantive is said.
Economy, jobs, debt.
If they use all 3 in a single sentence, the first person to yell "CHINA OWNS US" gets a free slap to everybody else who is playing. You probably want to elect a slap bet commissioner beforehand.
This is targeted for the Presidential debates only, but I think it a valid addition to this conversation:
You would be blasted out of your mind fairly quickly :-D
Start the night off with a gimme – Take a drink for each person or organization that your candidate thanks in his opening remarks.
If your candidate has any type of numbered or multi-step plan – Take one drink for each number.
Each time you see your candidate force an awkward grin or laugh while his opponent is insulting him or disparaging his policies – Take a drink.
Given all the hubbub over their previous omissions, we should add God, Jerusalem and the troops to the list. Maybe stimulus as well.
Just thought those of you planning to play along might need that.
I just saw this link from cafepress, evidently they will keep their bingo card updated throughout the debate:
There's a debate tonight? What channel?
@jsimsace: Here, have a live stream. Debate starts at 9 EST
@iggz: FML, I don't get that channel. :(
Every interruption by Biden would have gotten you 80+ shots. Don't even want to think about if you counted his laughs.


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What spice combination(s) work well for someone who (for health reasons) can't have salt, oil/butter, sugar, msg, vinegar, or alliums (onions, garlic, etc)? This person is additionally (for religions reasons) a lacto-vegetarian.
Spice combination(s) excluding salt, oil/butter, sugar, msg, vinegar, onion/garlic/alliums? [closed]
closed as not a real question by rumtscho♦, BobMcGee, justkt, Aaronut Oct 4 '11 at 1:18
It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
There is the French quatre épices (four spices): pepper, cloves, nutmeg and ginger. And of course you can go crazy with the herbs: parsley, basil, rosemary, sage. French again: bouquet garni, look it up here.
Let me just add something about the MSG: monosodium glutamate is practically everywhere (tomatoes, cheese, seaweed, ...), not just in Chinese cuisine or soy sauce. If you really cannot eat MSG, your choices are going to be extremely limited. Read more here.
Broadening the field of your question, you could look into culinary traditions that, for religious or philosophical reasons, eschew those ingredients. Some Indian cuisines might help you here, but I am definitely not an expert.


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Pearl Tull is nearing the end of her life but not of her memory. It was a Sunday night in 1944 when her husband left the little row house on Baltimore's Calvert Street, abandoning Pearl to raise their three children alone: Jenny, high-spirited and determined, nurturing to strangers but distant to those she loves; the older son, Cody, a wild and incorrigible youth possessed by the lure of power and money; and sweet, clumsy Ezra, Pearl's favorite, who never stops yearning for the perfect family that could never be his own.
©2004 AnneTyler Modarressi (P)2010 Audible, Inc
"Beautiful.... funny, heart-hammering, wise.... Superb entertainment." (The New York Times)
"A book that should join those few that every literate person will have to read." (The Boston Globe)
"In her ninth novel she has arrived at a new level of power." (John Updike, The New Yorker)
"Few families are as disconnected as the Tulls, and Toren successfully projects the characters' complex and layered feelings of competition, longing, pain, and insecurity, leaving listeners to judge the actions taken or words said. Thanks to Toren's sensitive reading, listeners are not pulled under by the difficult themes explored in the novel. Instead, the Tulls' abusive and clueless behavior opens the door for discussion." (AudioFile)
"Listen to it More Than Once"
The first time I listened to this book, I really didn't like it. I thought the story was weak but the characters were interesting. The second time I listened, I discovered that the characters are the story and I actually found the book quite enjoyable. Anne Tyler is a great storyteller. I enjoy her folksy and flawed characters. I do wish there would have been more of a "story" but its still a good book that I'll keep in my permanent collection.
If you want to feel better about your family disfunctions, dive in. I found it tedious after a while. Sorry
I enjoy historical fiction, humor, and biographies. I listen to my Audible books as I drive in my car or on my IPhone.
"Great story about life in general."
A very interesting story about a young mother who was left by her husband to raise a daughter and two sons in a time when separation was not the norm.
The narrator was fantastic!
Yes. It has a great storyline and makes one think.
"Not sure if it's the narration or the writer, but."
...but seriously? The way the voices are read, the characters seem so dim-witted, and well, stupid. I normally enjoy 'depressing' stories of flawed families, but I am finding myself frustrated with this one. This is my 1st Anne Tyler book. I agree with other reviewers that it is difficult to like anyone. I wonder if I was reading it in print if I would enjoy it more, but the slow, confused way some of the characters talk.... argh! I had to force myself to finish it.
"I can't find anyone to like"
Anne Tyler is one of my favorite authors. Her characters are comfortable, quirky, and people I want to know. I wish she had saved a few for Dinner at the Homesick Resturant. Try as I might, I couldn't build a bond or sympathize with any of the characters. If they were not slow or dim-witted, they were mean and disagreeable. I finished it just in case it changed but ended up disappointed with an unsurprising somewhat maudlin wrap up. I will read her again but can't get excited about Homesick.
"I'm tired now!"
this book made me so tired. seemed it took firever to finish. too too long to listen!
"The worst naration I've experienced on Audible"
I found that Ms. Toren's vocalization of all of the men made them sound like sniveling idiots and most of her vocalization of the the characters in general (when the men didn't sound like idiots) sounded like they had some mental retardation. I listened to this book as a part of a book club and was shocked to hear that this was actually a really beautifully written book. The narration ruined it for me completely and I wish I had read it, instead of listening to this horrible reading.
"Anne Tyler's best"
Anne Tyler is my favorite author. Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is my favorite Anne Tyler novel.
"thoroughly enjoyable"
Loved this book. Loved the characters and story line. Easy to follow and believable.
"Waste of a credit"
Well, it happens now and then. This storyline and these characters are uninteresting, and at times, really hateful. Albeit I normally read/have read to me detective/murder/mystery/police books, I branched out for this one. Can't even finish it. Sorry Ann.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


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Home > Food > Recipes > Chocolate and Buttercream Swiss Roll
Chocolate and Buttercream Swiss Roll
Categories: Big-Batch Meals, Chocolate, Entertaining, Quick to fix, Sweet
Type: Desserts and Baked Goods
Type: Desserts and Baked Goods
This chocolate and buttercream swiss roll is creamy, delicious, and freezes so you can have it on hand for future use.
Prep Time: 25M
Cooking Time: 10M
Serves: Serves 8
- 3 large eggs
- 6 tbsp granulated sugar
- 1/2 cup all-purpose flour
- 1/4 cup unsweetened cocoa powder, plus extra for dusting
- 5 tbsp butter, at room temperature
- 1 cup confectioners' (powdered) sugar, sifted, plus extra for dusting (optional)
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- Preheat the oven to 400°F (200°C). Place a large bowl over a pan of hot water, add the eggs and sugar, and beat with an electric mixer for 5-10 minutes, until the mixture is thick and creamy. Sift in the flour and cocoa powder and fold in with a spoon.
- Line an 8 × 12in (20 × 30cm) jellyroll pan with parchment paper, then pour the mixture into the pan and level the top. Bake for 10 minutes, until the cake is springy to the touch. Remove from the oven, cover with a damp tea towel, and leave to cool.
- Turn the cake out onto a sheet of parchment paper dusted with cocoa powder. Put the butter in a mixing bowl and beat with an electric mixer until creamy. Whisk in the confectioners' sugar a little at a time, then spread the mixture over the cake. Using the parchment paper to help you, roll the cake into a long cylinder, starting from one of the short sides. Dust with more cocoa powder, if desired, and serve.
- Swiss roll tends to go dry quite quickly, so it's best enjoyed on the same day it is made.
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Excerpted from The Illustrated Quick Cook.
Copyright © 2009 Dorling Kindersley Limited.
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Michael P. Madow '82
April 8, 2012
Michael P. Madow '82 was a professor at Brooklyn Law School, as well as a renowned authority on First Amendment law and mass media law. He passed away on April 8, 2012, at the age of 62.
Madow graduated summa cum laude from Amherst College in 1971. He earned the school's Rufus B. Kellogg University Fellowship, which afforded him the opportunity to study philosophy at Balliol College at Oxford University from 1972 to 1974. When he returned to the United States, Madow enrolled at Harvard University and earned a master's degree in political science in 1978. He went on to study at Columbia Law School, graduating at the top of his class in 1982.
After serving as a clerk for Judge Henry J. Friendly of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit, Madow worked as a litigation associate at Williams & Connolly in Washington, D.C. In 1985, he was named an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School.
In 1987, Madow accepted a faculty appointment at Brooklyn Law School, where he would teach for the next 25 years. Madow wrote extensively on First Amendment law and mass media law. His 1993 California Law Review article "Private Ownership of Public Image: Popular Culture and Publicity Rights" is still cited by judges and practitioners.
Outside of the classroom, Madow served on the due process committee of the ACLU and as a member of the media law committee of the New York City Bar Association.
Madow is survived by his wife, Dr. Karen Brudney, and his children, Benjamin and Hannah.


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Align IT Tour 2011: Development Managers: Session 3 of 3: Real World Software Development Management and Solutions
- Posted: Apr 12, 2011 at 7:53PM
- 880 views
Right click "Save as…"
Enabling business innovation through collaborative software development
Do you oversee teams of developers, architects or testers? Interested in developing for the cloud? Then join me,
Jonathan Rozenblit, and my fellow Developer Evangelists, Christian Beauclair and John Bristowe, as we host this series of Development-oriented sessions. We'll use real-world examples to demonstrate how you can minimize the time, cost, and risk of developing custom software applications.
This session demonstrates how third-party tools extend the functionality shipped with Team Foundation Server. Joel Semeniuk, Executive VP of Telerik and co-founder of Imaginet shares real world stories of working with Agile and features Telerik's TeamPulse, a solution for Agile project management with Team Foundation Server.
Oops, something didn't work.
Comments have been closed since this content was published more than 30 days ago, but if you'd like to continue the conversation, please create a new thread in our Forums, or Contact Us and let us know.


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A Leavenworth man was apprehended in a thrift store after he allegedly tried to break into his parents' home before fleeing from the scene, a police spokesman said.
Police were called at 1:23 p.m. Tuesday with a report that the 27-year-old suspect was trying to kick in the back door of the residence of his mother and stepfather, according to Maj. Dan Nicodemus, deputy chief of the Leavenworth Police Department.
At least one person was said to have been in the house at the time.
"The suspect fled as officers arrived," Nicodemus said.
The deputy chief said police saw the suspect leaving the scene.
"They lost sight of him for a short while," Nicodemus said.
Police had a description of the suspect. The man later was seen going into the Leavenworth Mission Community Store, 1140 Spruce St. Nicodemus believes the suspect went into the store to hide from the police.
The suspect was taken into custody inside the store. Nicodemus said the man allegedly displayed what police call "passive resistance." The deputy chief said the suspect allegedly wasn't cooperating, but he wasn't fighting with officers.
The suspect was arrested for allegations of attempted burglary and criminal damage to property.
The man apparently had been free on bond awaiting sentencing for a misdemeanor charge at the time of his arrest.
Location, ST | website.com


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Is it possible via Automator, an app, applescript, etc. to automatically press a key (i.e. "g") every 60 seconds?
You can do this in AppleScript, iff you've enabled access for assistive devices:
This will (obviously) invoke cmd-,.
If, for some reason, you can't enable access for assistive devices, then it's pretty easy to do this in code (by creating a
As for getting this to happen every 60 seconds, you could turn it into a launch agent and let launchd do it for you:
Toss that in ~/Library/LaunchAgents and you should be good to go (once you load the plist and/or log out and log back in).
Use the "Watch Me Do" to enter "G," then use the pause action to pause for 60 sec, then the loop action and select "Loop Automatically."


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Do you remember my 2008 and 2012 e-mails?
I wish I have a smile on my face but knowing the chaotic situation we are facing as a nation I feel it is instead of a very sad smirk.
From the beginning I felt Barack Obama and his political "Chicagoan's" gang were going to lead our country to an absolute debacle. I saw it coming and I wish I were far off and wrong then.
You might remember that in 2008 I wrote that Obama reminded me of Fidel Castro. You might remember I openly expressed my strongest beliefs that, first candidate Senator Obama and later President Obama was nothing but an ideologue politician with a very socialist mentality and aims. Can you see now what I meant? Was I that far off track with that statement?
The present tenant of our White House and his guys are nothing but trouble and I must admit, Obama is true to his 'progressive' forecasting statement: We live in the best country in the world. Help me change it!
Remember, the redistribution of wealth of the American people can and might be consummated through very different ways and methods.
Sadly that is not Obama's only intention. He wants absolute domination and control of our country through a "nanny" state with socialized medicine, an economy and monetary state called by taxation and possible intimidation and repression of the free press.
President Obama knows, or he is being advised, he needs to follow the "book" to turn our nation into a socialist/proletariat country and this administration is using lies to force us to change our standard of living in the United States of America.
Is this the country we want for ourselves? What kind of future for our children and grandchildren? It is sad, very sad.
One more time, isn't it scary to know that there would be a radical change in the immediate future and we become the Socialist States of America?
Fasten your seat belts friends because we are approaching very turbulent weather before we reach the next national election on Nov. 4, 2014.
May God save the United States of America.
Cesar GuerraLake Wales


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603 N. Lamar Blvd Austin, TX 78703 512-472-5050 Open 9AM - 11PM The largest independent bookstore in Texas!
Books On Our Site May Not Be Available In-Store
Is This Book In Stock? Be Savvy! Check availability details beneath the blue "Add to Cart" button.
The Berenstain Bears' Old-Fashioned Christmas (Hardcover)
Christmastime is here! The Bear family is visiting Grizzly Gramps and Gran for the special holiday. This year they're going to celebrate the old-fashioned way! With no TV to watch or video games to play, the cubs enjoy learning all about Gran's Christmas figurines, listening to Gramps's player piano, and even cutting down their own tree. Decorating the house and singing merry Yuletide songs fills everyone with the holiday spirit. This is Christmas the way it was meant to be celebrated.
Join the Berenstain Bears for a Christmas to remember.
About the Author
Stan and Jan Berenstain were already successful cartoonists for magazines and adult humor books when they began writing children's books. The first story starring the bear family, The Big Honey Hunt, appeared in 1962. Since then, more than 370 Berenstain Bears books have been published, and more than 300 million copies have been sold. What began as an idea sparked by their young sons' love of reading has become over the years arguably the best-selling children's book series ever.
Since their inception, the Berenstain Bears stories have expanded to include picture books, beginning readers, and chapter books--even a hit TV show on PBS. Writing and illustrating the books has become a Berenstain family affair. Mike joined with his parents as a creative team in the late 1980s. The Bear family has expanded over the years as well. Sister Bear arrived in 1974, and baby Honey joined the family in 2000.
Though Stan died in 2005 and Jan in 2012, Mike continues to create the delightful Berenstain Bear adventures from his studio in Pennsylvania.
Mike Berenstain grew up watching his parents, Stan and Jan, working together to write and draw these lovable bears. Eventually he started drawing and writing about them too.


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WBKO has learned the Bowling Green City Commission and some city staff members met with Lifeskills CEO Dale Bond and his attorney Tuesday afternoon, but no agreement has been reached in the ongoing standoff over the proposed Lifeskills relocation.
The previous city commissoin approved a land swap contract that requires the city to use eminent domain to buy up a block of land on the corner of 6th and State Streets, and then turn that land over to Lifeskills for a new 40,000 square ft. headquarters building.
But the federal and state governments have expressed concerns over the demolition of historic property on the site, and project has been put on hold. Newly elected city commissioners and the mayor have expressed reservations about the plan, saying they support Lifeskills, but are worried about the proposed location.
"They're an important part of our community, we want to keep them in the city. But we also need to protect the public as well and the public funds and interest with the federal and state governments saying we can't take that block," Mayor Elaine Walker said yesterday.
Walker says a dialogue is open between the two sides, but no new deal has been reached. Lifeskills had planned to break ground on the site last month.


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Michael Sanson took over as editor-in-chief of Restaurant Hospitality magazine the same year Star Trek creator Gene Rodenberry's ashes were launched into space and Paul McCartney was knighted Sir Paul by the Queen. Since then he's been writing about his restaurant experiences in an editorial currently called Sanson Sez. His column has elicited all forms of love and hate, which are documented on our letters page, Back Talkin'.
If you have a beef with his opinions or want to share a little love, email Mike. The best of your comments will appear in Back Talkin'.


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How To Craft A Book And Quill! PICTURES
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Short Block On Stock Ford Engine - Late Model Boss Part TwoWritten by on February 4, 2010 Installing The Ford Boss 351 Block
Last month we outlined our plan to build a NASCAR Late Model Stock-legal Ford engine utilizing the Blue Oval's new Boss 351 block and N351 cylinder heads. If you remember, the block is an all-new design intended to replace several different blocks in the Ford Racing Performance Parts inventory. The Boss 351 block wasn't designed expressly for NASCAR Late Model Stock racing, but it likely will be the best option for the racing class moving forward.
On the other hand, the N351 cast-iron cylinder heads aren't technically new, but they are a new casting that replaces the old, worn-out tooling. And they are produced specifically for this class of racing. NASCAR has approved the new casting because Ford has proven that it doesn't offer a power advantage over the older head, but there are changes intended to make the new casting better in terms of consistency, improving durability, and reducing the steps necessary between taking the heads out of the box and bolting them up. In theory, these new heads should make the engine builder's life a little easier than before.
Our plan is to put that theory to the test by actually building a race engine to see if the new components will contribute in a meaningful way toward winning races. To add legitimacy to this plan, brothers Charlie and Robert Long of Charlie's Automotive will be handling the build. Charlie's Automotive is one of the premiere engine builders in NASCAR Late Model Stock racing and has a very competitive Ford package. For this build we went with Charlie's preferred recipe for cooking up some Blue Oval horsepower, and the guys even shared a few of their tricks for eeking out power on these engines.
In the first installment of this series we took an in-depth look at the new block and heads. This month we start screwing parts together and complete the short-block. Stay tuned as we complete the long-block next month and (hopefully) bolt up the accessories.
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1. Engine builder Robert Long checks the main bearing clearances before beginning the build. All the bearings in this engine build are coated pieces provided by CV Products. It isn't necessary to line hone the new Boss 351 block, unlike the older race block Charlie's Automotive used (which came 0.002 to 0.003 undersized on the mains).2. The polished crank is from Crower. This Crower design uses a larger snout to prevent cracking in that area. Long added a good bit of Mallory metal (you can see the round slugs in the top counterweight) in order to be able to turn the counterweights even smaller. Balancing a crank in this manner can be a bit tricky because Long refuses to drill lightening holes in the ends of the counterweights because they can cause extra windage.3. Robert Long gently sets the crank into place. The Boss 351 uses a larger 2.75-inch Cleveland size main bearing journal, so Robert looks for a clearance on each of the journals between 0.0026- and 0.0030-inch.4. With the main caps in place, crank thrust is checked to make sure it is between 0.007- and 0.018-inch.5. The rods are Crower I-beams that are 6.250 long with a 2.225 main journal and 0.927 pin end. If you are sharp, you've probably already noticed a lot of Chevy dimensions in there-and you are right. Charlie's actually uses a Chevy rod and piston package in its Ford engines.6. A look at the pistons installed on the connecting rods. These pistons do not use a gas port, which has become popular among engine builders for oil control. Charlie says that's because it's so important to free up all available horsepower in a Late Model Stock engine, he is willing to burn a little oil in order to reduce the drag the rings create against the cylinder bore.7. The pistons are custom forgings from Wiseco. They actually start out as Chevrolet slugs designed for LS motors, but Charlie Long likes these pistons because of the strong boxed design on the underside and the narrow pin bosses. They are a bit heavier than the pistons many other Late Model engine builders use at 410 grams, but Charlie believes they are worth it. One important note here is that boxed pistons do require a couple thousandths more piston-to-wall clearance than traditional designs, and the siamesed cylinders of the Ford block also require a bit more clearance, so piston-to-wall clearance with a build like this should be on the large side.8. The ring package is a Wiseco GFX set that utilizes a 1.2mm top ring, a 1.2mm napier style second ring, and a 3mm oil ring.9. The Crower camshaft is a solid flat tappet as per Late Model Stock rules. It's ground with 252 degrees of duration on the intake lobes and 259 degrees on the exhaust with a lobe separation of 107 degrees and a 103-degree intake centerline. At the valves it should produce 0.561 lift on the intakes and 0.559 on the exhaust. This may not sound very radical for an all-out race cam, but Charlie likes to run his engines at very high rpm levels and says the cam grind is a balance between getting the most air into the chambers quickly and keeping the valves under control at high rpm levels.
10. With one piston in the hole, the camshaft is installed with plenty of heavy lube to protect the lifters during the break-in process.12. During block prep, several additional holes were drilled into the lifter valley. This is to help get extra oil onto the camshaft to protect it instead of allowing all the oil to drain down the back of the block. Charlie's only does this for flat tappet race motors.13. The timing chain is a Ford Racing Hy-Vo unit that uses an extra strong chain design. They are more expensive than most other timing chain sets available, but they do an excellent job of maintaining proper valve timing.15. Late Model Stock usually has no compression rule, but requires a flat top piston and a minimum of 62 cc's in the combustion chambers, so Robert measures the piston height at TDC and fly cuts each piston for the cylinder it will go into (if necessary) to get each between 0.008- and 0.010-inch in the hole at TDC. After that is complete he's ready to begin installation. Here, he lubricates the piston skirts with oil to minimize the chance of scuffing at start-up.16. With low tension oil rings, it shouldn't require much force at all to get the pistons in the cylinder bores.17. Robert has already checked bolt stretch in the rods and knows the proper amount of torque to get between 0.0055 and 0.0070 of stretch.18. Remember how we said these were Chevy connecting rods and pistons? Chevrolets use a different rod offset than Fords, so the offset on the big end of the rods need to be turned down in a lathe (using a custom fixture) so that they won't rub the cheek of the crank. This also means that the inside of the pin bores often needs to be massaged to keep the pin end of the rod from rubbing. It's a labor-intensive process, but one Charlie says pays off in both power and durability.
19. Here's one real advantage Ford race engines have over Chevrolets. The 10-degree valve angle means no valve pockets are necessary. So on this engine with a 62cc combustion chamber, a compressed gasket thickness of 0.030, the piston 0.008 in the hole at TDC and no valve pockets, the compression ratio will work out to 11.46:1.


text:
Can anyone recommend a good self-contained reference for completion of rationals to get reals using Cauchy sequences?
Here is a link that came up in a Google search. You can also search for "construction of real numbers". Since this is standard material, you can find it in many books on analysis.
Update 1
This should be the final edit. Lots of typos have been corrected and the presentation in the section on existence has been greatly improved. It should be very close to a form that can be used as a basis for a project for students.
Update 2
Even more typos corrected. Added example of non-archimedean ordered field. Fleshed out a few bits more.
Update 3
Fixed up the proof sketch in the last exercise. Also I keep finding these small annoying errors... I'm sorry that I keep up bumping this thread, I just hope that you don't mind too much.
I'll do one better: I'll write you one (mostly because I actually have already written one - consider this sort of a Cliff's notes version with most of the details left as exercises). Recall that a first course in analysis typically asserts that there exists a field with an order and the least upper bound property, and you then develop the theory of sequences and series from there. Thus our goal should be to prove existence and uniqueness (up to some isomorphism notion) of such an object.
Definition 1. An ordered field is a field, $K$ along with a total order $\leq$ on $K$ such that
Moreover, define the absolute value function $\vert \cdot \vert: K \to K$ by $$\vert x \vert = \begin{cases} x & \text{if } 0 \leq x \\\\ -x & \text{otherwise.} \end{cases} $$
Exercise 1. There is an alternate definition of an ordered field: $K$ is said to be ordered if there is a subset $P$ of $K$ - called the positive elements of $K$ - such that
Make formal the colloquial statement "The two definitions of ordered field are equivalent" and prove said equivalence.
Note that we could just as well require that the inequality in Definition 1 be strict since $x \lt y \lor x = y \iff x \leq y$ allows us to pass between strict and non-strict orderings as we please.
Definition 2. Let $K$ and $L$ be ordered fields. An order-preserving ($f$ is order-preserving means that $x\leq y \implies f(x)\leq f(y)$) ringhomomorphism is called an embedding.
Note that any embedding must be injective since the kernel of a ringhomomorphism is and ideal and $0 \lt 1$.
Proposition 3. If $K$ is an ordered field, then $K$ has a subfield isomorphic to $\mathbb{Q}$.
Exercise 2. Prove Proposition 3 by showing that $\varphi: \mathbb{N} \to K$ defined by $$ \varphi(n) = \underbrace{1+\dotsb+1}_{n \text{ } 1\text{s}} $$ extends to an embedding of $\mathbb{Q}$ in $K$.
Definition 4. An ordered field $K$ is called an archimedean field if for all nonzero $x$ in $K$ there exists a natural number $n$ such that $n|x| \gt 1$. Or equivalently: there exists a natural number $n$ such that $n \gt |x|$.
Proposition 5. Let $K$ be an ordered field. If $K$ has the least upper bound property, then $K$ is archimedean.
Exercise 3. Show the contrapositive of Proposition 5 by considering the set $$ I = \lbrace x \in K \;\vert\; 0 \lt x \land \forall n \in \mathbb{N} : nx < 1 \rbrace. $$ Show that $I$ is nonempty, $1$ is an upper bound for $I$ and $I$ has no least upper bound [Hint: assume that $y$ is the least upper bound and split in to cases (i) for $y \in I$ look at $2y$, and (ii) for $y \notin I$ look at $y/2$].
In a bit of an abuse of language, the elements of $I$ can be said to be "infinitely small". For an example of an ordered field which is not archimedean, consider $\mathbb{Q}(X)$, the set of rational functions in one variable over $\mathbb{Q}$ (see [Wikipedia] for how the order is defined) - $0 \lt \frac{1}{X} \lt q$ for all positive rationals $q$.
Now it's time to consider the order topology on ordered and archimedean fields, i.e. the topology generated by the open intervals $(a,b)$ defined in the obvious way.
Exercise 4. Show that the open intervals in an ordered field $K$ are a basis for a topology on $K$.
Proposition 6. $\mathbb{Q}$ is dense in any archimedean field $K$.
Sketch of proof. Since the open intervals are a basis, we just need to verify that any open interval contains a rational. Define the ceiling function $\lceil \cdot \rceil : K \to \mathbb{Z}$ by $$ \lceil x \rceil = \min \lbrace n \in \mathbb{Z} \;\vert\; n \geq x\rbrace, $$ which is well-defined since $K$ is archimedean.
Now let $x \in K$ and a $K \owns \varepsilon \gt 0$ be given. Since $K$ is archimedean we can find $n \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $n\varepsilon > 1$. Now we have: $$ 0 \leq \left\lvert \frac{\lceil nx \rceil}{n} - x \right\rvert \leq \left\lvert \frac{\lceil nx \rceil - nx}{n} \right\rvert \leq \frac{1}{n} \lt \varepsilon $$ Hence $\frac{\lceil nx \rceil}{n} \in (x-\varepsilon,x+\varepsilon)$ from which that result follows.
Corollary 7. $\mathbb{Q}$ is densely ordered in any archimedean field, i.e. if $K$ is archimedean, $x,y \in K$, and $x \lt y$, then there exists a $q \in \mathbb{Q}$ such that $x \lt q \lt y$.
Proposition 8. Any archimedean field is 2nd-countable.
Exercise 5. Prove Proposition 8 [Hint: Consider the set of intervals with rational endpoints. Show that it is a basis for a topology. Argue that it is coarser than the standard topology, and then show that any basis set for the standard topology (i.e. an interval) contains an interval with rational endpoints]
Proposition 9. Any archimedean field $K$ is a topological field, i.e. $K \times K \owns (x,y) \mapsto x+y \in K$, $K^\times \times K^\times \owns (x,y) \mapsto xy \in K^\times$ and $K^\times \owns x \mapsto x^{-1} \in K^\times$ are continuous.
Exercise 6. Prove Proposition 9 [Hint: Consider sequences $x_n$ and $y_n$ that converge to $x$ and $y$ respectively, then use that convergent sequences are bounded].
Note that proposition 9 in fact holds for ordered fields too. You just have to consider nets instead.
Definition 10. Let $G$ be a topological group. A sequence $(x_n)$ in $G$ is said to be a Cauchy sequence if for every neighbourhood $U$ of $e$ exists a $N$ such that $m,n \geq N \implies x_nx_m^{-1} \in U$. We shall denote the set of Cauchy sequences in $G$ by $G^\mathbb{N}_c$.
Note that this definition too can be used to define Cauchy nets in topological groups, but we shall not need that. Observe that the intervals with rational endpoints gives us a countable basis at $0$ in any archimedean field, so we see that for archimedean fields, the definition boils down to this: $$ \forall \varepsilon \in \mathbb{Q}^+ \exists N : n,m \geq N \implies |x_n - x_m| < \varepsilon. $$
Proposition 11. Let $K$ be an archimedean field and $(x_n)$ a sequence in $K$. The following hold:
Exercise 7. Prove Proposition 11.
Proposition 12. Let $K$ be an archimedean field. TFAE:
Exercise 8. Flesh out the following sketch of a proof of Proposition 12:
$X$ is nonempty and has an upper bound (why?) and thus $\sup X$ exists, and we claim that $x_n \to \sup X$. Given an $\varepsilon > 0$ find $N$ such that $|x_n - x_m| < \frac{\varepsilon}{2}$, and consider the interval $(x_N-\frac{\varepsilon}{2}, x_N + \frac{\varepsilon}{2})$. There are only finitely many elements of the sequence outside of this interval, so $x_N - \frac{\varepsilon}{2} \in X$. Moreover, $x + \frac{\varepsilon}{2}$ is an upper bound for $X$. The triangle inequality (note: prove the triangle inequality for archimedean fields) now gives $$ |x_n - \sup X| \leq |x_n - x_N| + |x_N - \sup X| \lt \varepsilon. $$ $2 \implies 1$: Let $A \subset K$ be nonempty and bounded above by $y_0 \in K$. Let $x_0$ be some non-upper bound for $A$ e.g. $a-1$ for some $a \in A$, and recursively define a pair of sequences $(x_n)$ and $(y_n)$ over $\mathbb{N}_0$ by $$ \begin{align} y_{n+1} & = \begin{cases} \tfrac{y_n + x_n}{2} & \text{if } \tfrac{y_n+x_n}{2} \text{ is an upper bound for } A, \\\\ y_n & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \\\\ x_{n+1} & = \begin{cases} \tfrac{y_n+x_n}{2} & \text{if } \tfrac{y_n+x_n}{2} \text{ is a non-upper bound for } A, \\\\ x_n & \text{otherwise.} \end{cases} \end{align} $$ By induction we have that $(x_n)$ is increasing, $(y_n)$ is decreasing, and for all $i,j$: $x_i \leq y_j$. Likewise by induction we get that for all $i$: $0 \leq y_i - x_i \leq 2^{-i}(y_0 - x_0)$. It is now easy to show that $(y_n)$ is a Cauchy sequence. Assume that $n \geq m$ and we have: $$ \begin{align} y_m-y_n & = y_m - y_{m+1} + y_{m+1} - \dotsb - y_{n-1} + y_{n-1} - y_n \\\\ & \leq (2^{-m-1} + 2^{-m-2} + 2^{-n})(y_0 - x_0) \\\\ & \leq 2^{-m}(y_0 - x_0) \end{align} $$ from which it is easy to conclude that $(y_n)$ is Cauchy. Similarly $(x_n)$ is shown to be Cauchy. Thus the two sequences are convergent, and their limits must be the same since $y_n - x_n \leq 2^{-n}(y_0 - x_0)$ -- denote the limit by $s$. Finally observe that for all $a \in A$, $a \leq y_n$, so $a \leq s$ (why?) i.e. $s$ is an upper bound for $A$. Moreover if $u$ is an upper bound for $A$ then $x_n \leq u$ for all $n$, so $s \leq u$ (why?). Hence $s$ is the least upper bound for $A$. QED.
Proposition 12. Let $K$ and $L$ be archimedean fields. If $f: K \to L$ and $g: L \to K$ are embeddings, then $K$ and $L$ are isomorphic.
Proof. Let $g \circ f = \phi: K \to K$. By definition $\phi$ is an embedding. Assume that $\phi$ is not the identity. Then there exists an $x$ for which $\phi(x) \neq x$. Find a $q \in \mathbb{Q}$ between $x$ and $\phi(x)$ and observe that $\phi$ has to be the identity on $\mathbb{Q}$, but it can't preserve the ordering of $x$ and $q$. This gives a contradiction, and thus $\phi$ must be the identity. The proof that $f \circ g$ is the identity is similar. QED.
Lemma 13. Let $G$ and $H$ be topological groups and let $G'$ be a dense subgroup of $G$. If $\phi: G \to H$ is continuous and $\phi|_{G'}$ is a homomorphism, then $\phi$ is a homomorphism.
Proof. Let $x,y \in G$ and assume that $\phi(xy) \neq \phi(x)\phi(y)$. Since $G'$ is dense there exists nets $(x_\alpha)$ and $(y_\alpha)$ in $G'$ converging to $x$ and $y$ respectively. Since $\phi$ is a homomorphism on $G'$ we have for all $\alpha$ that $\phi(x_\alpha y_\alpha) = \phi(x_\alpha)\phi(y_\alpha)$, and since $\phi$ is continuous and $\cdot$ is continuous we have that $\phi(xy) = \phi(x)\phi(y)$.
Remark. This is not a vacuous use of reductio ad absurdum, since a direct proof would have to work with arbitrary nets converging to $x$ and $y$. Of course this lemma immediately generalizes to also apply to rings in an obvious manner.
Theorem 14. (Embedding theorem for archimedean fields). Let $K$ and $L$ be archimedean fields where $L$ is complete. Then there exists an embedding $\phi: K \to L$.
Proof. Define $\phi: K \to L$ by $\phi(x) = \sup \lbrace q \in \mathbb{Q} \;\vert\; q \lt x \rbrace$. It is easy to show that $\phi$ is order-preserving, so the only hard part is showing that it's a homomorphism. We wish to use the preceding lemma, so first we note that it's obvious that $\phi$'s restriction to $\mathbb{Q}$ is the identity, so the only hard part is verifying that it's continuous. Consider a $k \in K$ and let $V$ be a neighbourhood of $\phi(k)$. Find rationals $p$ and $q$ such that $\phi(k) \in (p,q) \subset V$. We claim that $\phi((p,q)) \subset (p,q)$. Let $k' \in (p,q) \subset K$ and find $q' \in \mathbb{Q}$ such that $p \lt k' \lt q' \lt q$. It's easy to see that $p \lt \phi(k') \leq q' \lt q$, so $\phi(k') \in (p,q)$, and we conclude that $\phi$ is continuous. QED.
Theorem 15. (Uniqueness of complete ordered field) There exists up to order-preserving isomorphism one and only one complete ordered field.
Proof. Let $K$ and $L$ be complete ordered fields. Theorem 14 gives embeddings $\phi: K \to L$ and $\varphi: L \to K$. Proposition 12 gives that $K$ and $L$ are isomorphic. QED.
Much more has been written on this subject than uniqueness, so I'll write a lot less here. Recall that $\mathbb{Q}$ under addition is a topological group, so we use the previously established notation for its set of Cauchy sequences: $\mathbb{Q}^\mathbb{N}_c$.
Proposition 16. $\mathbb{Q}^\mathbb{N}_c$ is a commutative unital ring under coordinatewise addition and multiplication.
Exercise 8. Prove Proposition 16.
Proposition 17. The set of rational Cauchy sequences that converge to zero, i.e. $$ \mathfrak{z} = \left\lbrace (z_n) \in \mathbb{Q}^\mathbb{N}_c \;\bigg\vert\; z_n \to 0 \right\rbrace,$$ is a maximal ideal in $\mathbb{Q}^\mathbb{N}_c$.
Exercise 9. Prove Proposition 17. [Hint: Consider an ideal $\mathfrak{a} \supset \mathfrak{z}$ with a $(q_n) \in \mathfrak{a}\setminus\mathfrak{z}$. Show that there exists an $N$ such that $n \geq N \implies q_n \neq 0$ and consider the sequence $(z_n) = (1-q_1,\dotsc,1-q_N,0,0,\dotsc)$. Argue that $(q_n + z_n) \in \mathfrak{a}$ and conclude that $\mathfrak{a} = \mathbb{Q}^\mathbb{N}_c$.]
Thus $\mathfrak{z}$ is a maximal ideal and hence the quotient, which we shall denote by $R$, must be a field. From here on out the rest is sketchy as there are a lot of details to check and it's really rather boring.
We adopt the convention that we write sequences with bold, e.g. $(x_n) = {\bf x}$ and use the notation $[{\bf x}]$ for the equivalence class containing ${\bf x}$.
Define $\lt$ on $R$ by $[{\bf p}] \lt [{\bf q}] \iff \exists (p_n) \in [{\bf p}], (q_n) \in [{\bf q}], \alpha \in \mathbb{Q}^+ : p_n \lt q_n + \alpha$ eventually. In particular note that the existence of the positive $\alpha$ cannot be dropped; e.g. look at $(1/n)$, $(0)$ and $(-1/n)$. Without the requirement that such a positive $\alpha$ exists, you'd thus have $0 \lt 0$, which is clearly rubbish.
Exercise 10. Verify that if $(p_n) \in [{\bf p}]$ and $(q_n) \in [{\bf q}]$ are witnesses that $[{\bf p}] \lt [{\bf q}]$, then any pair of representatives will do just as well, i.e. if $(p'_n) \in [{\bf p}]$ and $(q'_n) \in [{\bf q}]$, then $(p'_n)$ and $(q'_n)$ are witnesses as well.
Exercise 11. Show that $\lt$ is a strict total order, i.e. $\lt$ is irreflexive, transitive and total [Hint (for totality): You need to show that exactly one of $[{\bf x}] \lt [{\bf y}]$, $[{\bf x}] = [{\bf y}]$ and $[{\bf y}] \lt [{\bf x}]$ holds, so first show that at least one holds by assuming that none of them holds and derive a contradiction, and then show that at most one holds likewise by contradiction and using that $[{\bf x}] \nless [{\bf y}] \iff [{\bf y}] \leq [{\bf x}]$. You'll probably need to pass to "nicer" subsequences many times, so Proposition 11(5) will come in handy].
And sit back and reap the reward with the following easy
Exercise 12. Show that $R$ is an ordered field.
Exercise 13. Show that $R$ is archimedean.
Exercise 14. Fill out the details of the following sketch of a proof that any Cauchy sequence in $R$ is convergent:
CONGRATULATIONS! You're done and you now have a fully certified driver's license for the real numbers!
These are the handout articles, given to me by our Professor, when i took Real Analysis class. I hope you find it useful. (TeXing it up was tough work. Phew!!)
Often i have omitted the proof, since i felt that one can do it with little bit of thinking. But if you find that you need a proof, of theorem or a lemma, please inform, i shall be happy to edit it.
Definition 1. Let $\mathbb{Q}$ be the set of all rational numbers. A sequence $(x_{n}), x \in \mathbb{Q}$ is said to be Cauchy if for every $\epsilon \in \mathbb{Q}$, there exists a positive integer $n_{0}$ such that $|x_{n}-x_{m}|<\epsilon$ for all $n,m \geq n_{0}$.
Definition 2. A sequence $(x_{n})$ in $\mathbb{Q}$ is said to be convergent in $\mathbb{Q}$, to a rational number $a$, if for every $\epsilon^{+} \in \mathbb{Q}$, there exists a $n_{0} \in \mathbb{N}$, such that $|x_{n}-a| < \epsilon$ for all $n \geq n_{0}$. We denote this by $\lim{x_{n}}=a$.
Notations: Let $\mathcal{C}$ be the set of all Cauchy sequences in $\mathbb{Q}$ and let $\mathcal{N}$ be the set of all $(x_{n}) \in \mathcal{C}$ such that $\lim{x_{n}}=0$. Elements of $\mathcal{N}$ are called null sequences. We define addition and multiplication of two Cauchy sequences $(x_{n})$ and $(y_{n})$ in $\mathcal{C}$ as follows: $(x_{n}) + (y_{n})= (x_{n}+y_{n})$ and $(x_{n}) \cdot (y_{n}) = (x_{n}y_{n})$.
Lemma 1. $\mathcal{C}$, is a commutative ring under the addition and multiplication defined above.
Definition 3. If $R$ is a ring then a non empty subset $I \subseteq R$ is said to be an ideal of $R$, if for all $x,y \in I$ and $r \in R$, $x+y \in I$ and $rx \in I$.
Lemma 2. $\mathcal{N}$ is an ideal of $\mathcal{C}$.
Definition 4. We define a relation $\sim$ on $\mathcal{C}$ as follows: For $(x_{n}), (y_{n}) \in \mathcal{C}$, we say that $(x_{n}) \sim (y_{n})$ iff $(x_{n})-(y_{n})= (x_{n}-y_{n}) \in \mathcal{N}$. This $\sim$ is an equivalence relation. We define the equivalence class $\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{N}= \{(x_{n}) + \mathcal{N} \ | \ (x_{n}) \in \mathcal{C}\}$ as the set of real numbers denoted by $\mathbb{R}$.
We now make $\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{N}$ into a ring. This is a very common result in algebra if $R$ is a ring and $I$ is an ideal of $R$, then $R/I$ can be made into a ring. We define addition and multiplication in $\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{N}$ as follows:
Lemma 3. Let $R$ be a commutative ring and $I$ be an ideal in $R$. Let $R/I$ the quotient of $R$, w.r.t the equivalence relation $\sim$ on $R$ as: $x \sim y$ iff $x-y \in I$. If $x \sim x_{1}$ and $y \sim y_{1}$, then $x+y+I=x_{1}+y_{1}+I$ and $xy+I=x_{1}y_{1}+I$.
Lemma 4. Let $(x_{n}) \in \mathcal{C}/\mathcal{N}$. There exists $\epsilon>0$ and $n_{0} \in \mathbb{N}$, such that $|x_{n}|>\epsilon$, for all $n \geq n_{0}$. In fact, there exists $\epsilon >0$ and $n_{0} \in \mathbb{N}$ such that only one of the following is true:
Theorem. $\mathbb{R} = \mathcal{C}/\mathcal{N}$ is a field.
Proof. It is easy to show that $\mathbb{R}$ is a commutative ring witht he zero element $\mathcal{N}$ and the identity element $1+\mathcal{N}$. We need to check that if $x+\mathcal{N} \in \mathcal{C}/\mathcal{N}$ and $x \notin \mathcal{N}$, then it is invertible. That is, there exists $y+\mathcal{N}$ such that $(x+\mathcal{N})\cdot(y+\mathcal{N}=1+\mathcal{N}$.
Let $x+\mathcal{N} \in \mathcal{C}/\mathcal{N}$ and $x \notin \mathcal{N}$. By Lemma 4 there exists $\epsilon >0$, and $N \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $x_{n}>\epsilon$ for all $n \geq N$. Define $y=(y_{1},y_{2},\cdots,y_{N},0,...)$ such that $x_{i}+y_{i} \neq 0$, for $1 \leq i \leq N$. Note that $x+\mathcal{N}=(x+y)+\mathcal{N}$. Define $$(x+y)^{-1}=\biggl( \frac{1}{x_{1}+y_{1}},\cdots,\frac{1}{x_{N}+y_{N}},\cdots\biggr)$$ We claim that $(x+y)^{-1} \in\mathcal{C}$. Let $\delta \in\mathbb{Q}^{+}$ be given. For all $m,n \geq N$, $$\biggl|\frac{1}{x_{n}}-\frac{1}{x_{m}}\biggr|=\frac{|x_{m}-x_{n}|}{|x_{n}\cdot |x_{m}|}<\frac{|x_{n}-x_{m}|}{\epsilon^{2}}$$
Since $(x_{n})\in\mathcal{C}$, for the above $\delta$ there exists $n_{1} \in \mathbb{N}$, such that $|x_{m}-x_{n}| < \delta \epsilon^{2}$, for all $n,m \geq n_{1}$. Choose $n_{0}=\max (N,n_{1})$, and conclude the result.
Definition 5. An ideal $I$ of a ring $R$ is said to be a maximal ideal if $J$ is an ideal containing $I$ properly, then $J=R$.
Remark 1. In fact we have proved that $\mathcal{N}$ is a maximal ideal of $\mathcal{C}$.
Definition 6. A cauchy sequence $(x_{n}) \in \mathbb{Q}$ is said to be positive if there exists $\epsilon \in \mathbb{Q}^{+}$, and $N \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $x_{n} > \epsilon$, for all $n \geq N$.
Definition 7. A real number $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$ is said to be positive, if $(x_{n}) \in \alpha$, then $(x_{n})$ is a positive sequence in $\mathbb{Q}$.
Theorem. If $(x_{n})$ is a positive sequence in $\mathcal{C}$, and $(z_{n}) \in \mathcal{N}$, then $(x_{n}+z_{n})$ is a positive sequence in $\mathcal{C}$. If $(x_{n})$ and $(y_{n})$ are positive sequences in $\mathcal{C}$, then $(x_{n}+y_{n})$ and $(x_{n}y_{n})$ are positive sequences in $\mathcal{C}$
We denote the set of all positive sequences in $\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{N}$ by $\mathbb{R}^{+}$.
Definition 8. Let $\mathbb{F}$ be a field. By an order on $\mathbb{F}$, we mean a subset $\mathbb{F}^{+}$ of $\mathbb{F}$, with the following properties:
Theorem. $\mathbb{R}$ is an ordered field with an order $\mathbb{R}^{+}$.
Definition 9. Let $\overline{x},\overline{y} \in \mathbb{R}$. We say that $\overline{x}>\overline{y}$ if $\overline{x}-\overline{y} \in \mathbb{R}^{+}$.
Theorem. $\mathbb{R}$ has the Archimedean property, that is, if $\overline{x} \in \mathbb{R}^{+}$ and $\overline{y}\in\mathbb{R}$, then there exists $n \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $n\overline{x}>\overline{y}$.
Corollary. $\mathbb{N}$ is not bounded in $\mathbb{R}$.
Theorem. $\mathbb{R}=\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{N}$, has the l.u.b property, that is if $S$ is a non empty subset of $\mathbb{R}$, which is bounded above, then there exists a real number which is the least upper bound for $S$.
Proof. Let $S \subseteq \mathbb{R}$, be non empty and bounded above. Let $M \in \mathbb{R}$, be such that $x \leq M$ for all $x \in S$. Without loss of generality we can assume that $M \in \mathbb{Z}$. Fix $x \in S$. We claim that there exists $m \in \mathbb{Z}$, such that $m \leq x$.
For otherwise, $m>x$, for all $m \in \mathbb{Z}$, which implies that $-m<-x$, for all $m \in \mathbb{Z}$. This implies that $\mathbb{N}$ is bounded, which is a contradiction. Hence, $m \leq x \leq M$ for some $m, M \in \mathbb{Z}$. Since $S$ is bounded above by $M$, if at all the l.u.b exists, it has to lie in $[m,M]$. For each $n \in \mathbb{N}$, consider the set $$B_{n} = \Bigl\{ \frac{c}{2^{n}} \ | \ m \leq \frac{c}{2^{n}} \leq M, \ c \in \mathbb{Z}\Bigr\}$$ Note that, since $M= \frac{M.2^{n}}{2^{n}}$, $M \in B_{n}$. Hence $B_{n}$ is not empty.Also, if $\frac{c}{2^{m}}$, then $\frac{2c}{2^{n+1}} \in B_{n+1}$. Hence $B_{n} \subseteq B_{n+1}$ for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$. Since there are only finitely many integers between $m2^{n}$ and $M2^{n}$, $B_{n}$ is finite. Hence there are only finitely many upper bounds for $S$ in $B_{n}$. Let $a_{n}$ be the smallest such upper bound for $S$ in $B_{n}$, Since for $n \geq m$, $B_{m} \subseteq B_{n}$, it follows that $a_{m} \in B_{n}$ and hence $a_{n} \leq a_{m}$ for all $n \geq m$.
Now we claim that for each $n \in \mathbb{N}$, $a_{n} - \frac{1}{2^{n}}$ is not an upper bound for $S$. If $m \leq a_{n} - \frac{1}{2^{n}}$, then we are through, since $a_{n}$ is the least upper bound for $S$ in $B_{n}$, $a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}}<a_{n}$ cannot be an upper bound.
Suppose $m > a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}}$. Since $m \leq x$, for $x \in S$, $a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}}< m\leq x$. Hence $a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}}$ cannote be an upper bound for $S$. Since $a_{m}-\frac{1}{2^{m}} \leq x \leq a_{n}$, it follows that $a_{m}-a_{n}<\frac{1}{2^{m}}$. Hence $(a_{n})$ is cauchy sequence. Define $\alpha = (a_{n}) + \mathcal{N}$. First of all we claim that $a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}} < \alpha < a_{n}$, where $a_{n}=(a_{n},a_{n},a_{n}, \cdots)$ and $a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}} = (a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}},a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}},\cdots)$. Since $a_{k}$ is a decreasing sequence $a_{n} \geq a_{k}$ for all $k \geq n$. Hence $a_{n} - a_{k} >0,$ for all $k \geq n$. This shows that $(a_{n}- \alpha$ is a positive sequence in $\mathcal{C}$ and hence $\alpha < a_{n}$. Next $\alpha-\Bigl(a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}}\Bigr)=(a_{1}-a_{n}+\frac{1}{2^{n}},\cdots)$ . Since $a_{k}-\frac{1}{2^{k}}$ is not an upper bound for $S$, $a_{k}>(a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}})$ for all $k$, $a_{k}-(a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}})>0$, for all $k$. Hence $\alpha-(a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}}$ is a positive sequence and hence $\alpha > a_{n}-\frac{1}{2^{n}}$
Finally we claim that $\alpha$ is the least upper bound for S. First of all we have to show that $\alpha$ is an upper bound for S. Suppose not. Then there exists $x \in S$, such that $x > \alpha$, hence $x - \alpha >0$. Using the Archimedean property there exists $N\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $N(x-\alpha)>1$. Hence $x-\alpha>\frac{1}{N}>\frac{1}{2^{N}}$. Thus we se that $x>\alpha+\frac{1}{2^{N}}>a_{N}-\frac{1}{2^{N}}+\frac{1}{2^{N}}=a_{N}$. This is a contradiction, since $a_{N}$ is the least upper bound for $S$ in $B_{n}$.
Next, to show that $\alpha$ is the least upper bound. Suppose not. Then there exists $b \in \mathbb{R}$, such that $b$ is an upper bound for $S$ and $b < \alpha$. By the archimedean property there exists $N \in \mathbb{N}$, such that $N(\alpha - b)>1$. Hence $\alpha -b > \frac{1}{N}>\frac{1}{2^{N}}$. This implies that $\alpha -b>\frac{1}{2^{N}}$ and hence $\alpha -\frac{1}{2^{N}}>b$, or $b < \alpha-\frac{1}{2^{N}}< a_{N}-\frac{1}{2^{N}}$ as $\alpha < a_{n}$, for all $n$.But $a_{N}-\frac{1}{2^{N}}$ is not an upper bound for $S$. Hence anything less than this cannot be an upper bound for $S$. In particular, $b$ is not a upper bound for $S$, which is a contradiction. Hence $\alpha$ is the least upper bound for $S$.
Pages 142-154 of Stoll's Set theory and logic looks like a good self-contained treatment. The chapter starts on page 130 and is called "The extension of the natural numbers to the real numbers."
I just wanted to let people know that I finally got a chance to incorporate the work of Kahen's answer into my field theory notes. It now appears as Section 12.7 of these notes, pp. 67-72. (Yes, it takes five pages!)
I followed Kahen's suggestions mostly, but not completely. In particular my treatment is a little "nettier". I wanted one more little result to be completely convinced that convergence of Cauchy sequences implies convergence of Cauchy nets in an Archimedean ordered field (this is certainly no big deal).
Then in the proof of $2 \implies 1$ in Kahen's Proposition 12 (um, his first Proposition 12), I exploited the fact that I could use Cauchy nets more general than sequences to give a different proof that convergence of Cauchy nets implies Dedekind completeness: it is enough to show that any set which is bounded below has a greatest lower bound, and I actually show that the set of all lower bounds has a maximal element by applying Zorn's Lemma. So that was amusing. (I have no illusions that this proof could be both original and correct...)
Again, comments are welcome. I wrote this all up pretty rapidly, so it is even more possible than usual that I made a mistake: please let me know. If you have any other suggestions please let me know.
Once again I would prefer to acknowledge Kahen's contribution, if at all possible.
Added: Let me mention that my notes have much less to say than Kahen's answer about the construction of $\mathbb{R}$ using Cauchy sequences, this being something that was not the primary goal of these field theory notes (and in fact is described in other notes of mine in the context of completion of a normed field). So this is not worth much as an answer to the current question (hence CW). I decided to leave it as an answer and not as a comment so that it will be easier for others to comment on it, if they care to.


text:
September 21, 2012
What is the state of microfinance today? Please join Jonathan Morduch, professor of public policy and economics at the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service and founder of the Financial Access Initiative (FAI), as he discusses this question on Wednesday, October 3rd with David Roodman, senior fellow at the Center for Global Development (CGD).
The conversation begins promptly at 6:45 p.m. at NYU Wagner, Puck Building, 295 Lafayette Street (at the corner of Houston Street), 2nd Fl., New York, N.Y.
The two internationally recognized experts will discuss Roodman's new book Due Diligence: An Impertinent Inquiry into Microfinance, which confronts important questions about the impact of microfinance and discusses how governments, foundations, and investors can best support financial services for the poor. Roodman's ongoing work at CGD focuses on microfinance, debt relief, and aid effectiveness.
The event is presented by: FAI; NYU Wagner's International Public Service Alliance (IPSA), and Bridge: Students for Social Innovation. Doors open at 6:15 p.m.
RSVP is required: Go to http://wagner.nyu.edu/events/fai-10-03-2012.
For more information, call 212 998 7536.
This Press Release is in the following Topics:
Around the Square, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service
Type: Press Release
Press Contact: Robert Polner | (212) 998-2337


text:
How to Take Off Wallpaper from Plaster by Soaking and Scraping
Soak the surface with a wallpaper remover solution.
Although a paintbrush works, the most effective way to get the solution on the wall and not all over the floor is to use a paint roller or a spray bottle.
Don't wet an area larger than you can scrape off within about 15 minutes.


text:
A central Kentucky man charged with murder in a vehicle chase that led to a police officer's death has entered a not guilty plea.
Twenty-nine-year-old Jason Avis of Vine Grove is also charged with wanton endangerment, fleeing and evading, leaving the scene of an accident and persistent felony offense in connection to a crash in September that killed Hodgenville Police Officer Mark Taulbee.
State police said Taulbee lost control of his vehicle while chasing Avis and died when it crashed into an embankment.
The News-Enterprise reports a jury trial was set during Monday's hearing for May 8. Avis remains lodged in the LaRue County Detention Center on a $1 million cash bond.


text:
I have a custom post type called
Employees where an employee's name is the
post_title of each post.
I am trying to figure out how I would sort the
post_title column by last name.
So for instance, if we have the following post entries:
1. Justin Bieber
2. Selena Gomez
3. Jessica Alba
4. Nicholas Cage
The query would contain the entire list of employees sorted by last name, so:
1. Jessica Alba
2. Justin Bieber
3. Nicholas Cage
4. Selena Gomez
Anybody? Thanks.