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I don't know if this question applies to only humans but why can cones see much greater detail than rods? Is it possible to have a rod that can detect light intensity and color?
The spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors expressed is the key to color vision. See figure below for the sensitivity of three-types of cone cells (S, M, L) and rod cell (R, dashed line).
From this figure, one can say rod cells provide information about the "blue-greenness" of vision, however, despite their spectral sensitivity, it seems that in human vision rod cells do not contribute to color vision, because they are highly sensitive to intensity, and thus they are mostly saturated in their response (does not induce firing of downstream bipolar cells) during normal daylight conditions. Rod cells specialize for night vision (scotopic conditions) which is crucial for survival, and under this condition the cone cells are pretty much useless.
Cone cells are each connected to their own neurone. This allows them a great deal of resolution as the brain can interpret the exact position of the cone cell that was stimulated by a light photon. However in order to improve low light vision, multiple rod cells are connected to a single neurone - this is called summation. Whilst it does allow for an action potential to be generated in low light conditions, it greatly reduces resolution as the brain can not know precisely which rod cell was stimulated:
Rods can not detect colour as they only come in one variety - cone cells (in humans) come in a red, green and blue specific form to allow for the perception of colour by the brain due to the relative strength of these signals.
While the answers to date are correct regarding the wiring of rods and cones in the primate (specifically human) eye, they are also fundamentally wrong. Neither rods nor cones perceive color. The brain does. The rods and cones are just the receptors providing signals. The first answer in fact says this in its very last sentence.
As one answer says, during the day the rods are saturated (overstimulated) so the brain ignores them. It uses the components of the cone responses to invent the sensation "color". At night the cones are usually only weakly stimulated, so the brain sees only with the more sensitive rods, and little or no color. This is why brightly colored stars such as Betelgeuse and Rigel still appear only faintly tinged (red and blue respectively).
By the way, some primates have even better color perception than humans with four (or five) kinds of cones. It is speculated that color vision is so good in primates because of the need to judge fruit ripeness to eat. Many mammals have fewer cone types than primates.
All of the above answers are great, and very informative. But they are also technically wrong, in certain conditions. Once you understand them, you'll be able to understand this explanation of why.
The canonical answer is that cones are used for color perception in bright light and rods are used in low light. But rods have a peak color sensitivity that is very distinct from the cones (see the chart posted above). And more importantly, there are light levels at which both rods and cones are equally functional for color perception.
This is known as the "Purkinje effect" or "Purkinje shift". Basically, when light levels dim, your red color perception diminishes first, but your blue color perception is enhanced (or at least doesn't diminish nearly as fast). The specific effect is that red objects get darker much faster than blue ones. But the brain isn't yet just perceiving the blue objects as a brighter gray, so it seems there is some color perception built into the brain based on the rods.


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In 2009, the Indiana Department of Education (IDOE) created the PTA Advisory Council to offer input and support for Indiana's reform efforts, including the development of rigorous standards and high-quality student assessments; the revision of teacher evaluation, compensation, and retention policies; the implementation of a statewide data system to drive instruction; the transformation of persistently low-performing schools; and the promotion of reforms that raise student achievement and close achievement gaps.
The council members represent each region of the state and meet quarterly with Dr. Bennett to advise IDOE on educational matters from the perspective of parents and guardians.
PTA Advisory Council Members
- Sharon Wise: Indiana PTA President, Indianapolis
- Tina Hartman: Indiana PTA Past President, Membership Chair, Fort Wayne
- Dee Jones: Indiana PTA Past President, Hammond
- Deb Fox: Indiana PTA Northwest Region Vice President, Mishawaka
- Heidi Rueger: Indiana PTA Southern Region VP, Evansville
- Natalie Jones: Indiana PTA past Southern Region VP, Evansville
- Maria Wright: Indiana PTA Field Service Representative, Indianapolis
- Rachel Burke: Indiana PTA Field Service Representative, Indianapolis
- Theresa Distelrath: Indiana PTA Vice President, Legislation Chair, Fort Wayne
- Kathie Green: Indiana PTA Northeast Region Vice President, PR/Marketing Chair, Fort Wayne
If you would like to be considered for a term on the PTA Advisory Council, contact the Indiana PTA President, Sharon Wise, at email@example.com. For more information about Indiana PTA, please visit the Indiana PTA website.

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Walking through the Museum's sculpture galleries is a unique and sublime experience. While the feeling of being surrounded by authentic pieces spanning from ancient Egypt and Greece to the twenty-first century might not be capable of being reproduced, The Met Store offers diligently crafted reproductions of original artwork and an unmatched selection of sculpture, perfect for home or office. With our vast selection you�re sure to find an art sculpture for any décor or space.
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The one annoyance in Google Reader for me is clicking an RSS feed and having it open the Google Reader window. I just want it to subscribe me to the feed without redirecting me to a different page. Is that possible?
closed as off-topic by Al E., Alex, Eight Days of Malaise, Vidar S. Ramdal, jonsca♦ Jun 11 '15 at 1:19
This question appears to be off-topic. The users who voted to close gave this specific reason:
If your concern is having to navigate back to the original page, I think the closest functionality you can get is opening the subscription page in a new tab or window. In most modern browsers this can be achieved by clicking the link with the middle mouse button, or Ctrl + clicking it. Once you've added to Google Reader, you can then simply Ctrl + W or Ctrl + F4 to return to the original page.
As far as I'm aware, it is not possible to bypass this "Add to Google Reader" step.


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White Silver-Plated Brass Viking Knitting End cap with Circle Cut Outs
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Tuesday, April 18, 2006
(LOS ALAMITOS, Calif.) - Deborah Marconda has been selected as the new director of Columbia College-Los Alamitos.
In her new position, Marconda will be responsible for all day-to-day operations of the Los Alamitos campus, including student and faculty recruitment and retention, and class scheduling. She began her duties March 6.
Since 2002, Marconda has served as an adjunct professor, teaching English, communication and law courses for Columbia College's Online Campus and the campus located on Naval Air Station Lemoore in Lemoore, Calif. She also has taught at DeVry University Long Beach and Chapman University.
Before beginning her teaching career, Marconda was associate general manager and marketing director for AT&T Japan. Ltd. in Okinawa, Japan. She helped establish the first Internet cafe' and mobile telecommunication programs in the Okinawa market. She also supervised marketing and sales personnel responsible for promoting AT&T phone products throughout Asia.
Marconda earned a juris doctorate degree from Loyola Law School in Los Angeles, a master's degree in communication from the University of Miami and a bachelor's degree in communication from Chaminade University in Honolulu, Hawaii.
"Marconda's experience in the areas of management, training and instruction will be a tremendous benefit to Columbia College- Los Alamitos," said Mike Randerson, vice president for Adult Higher Education at Columbia College. "We are very pleased to welcome her as part of our team."
Columbia College-Los Alamitos was founded in 1997 on Joint Forces Training Base-Los Alamitos. Today, it continues to serve military and working adult learners in the area.
Columbia College serves nearly 25,000 students each year at its more than 30 Nationwide Campuses, Day Campus, Evening Campus, Online Campus and Graduate Studies Program.
For more information on Columbia College-Los Alamitos, visit www.ccis.edu/losalamitos.


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Women's Nike Relay Track Jacket
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