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What was the dominant religion of the Arabic people when Prophet Muhammed started the Islamic religion?
In my History of Islam classes there was some review of Pre-Islamic Arabia and a few things were covered, from my class notes we talked about:
Most of this came from class notes and one of our major texts: An Introduction to Islam by Frederick Mathewson Denny
Hope that helps
Short answer
Pre-Islamic Arabians were polytheistic, worshiping 360 gods; the chief god was the moon-god. They later became monotheistic because of Muhammad.
Long answer
In 1944, Gertrude Caton-Thompson (1888-1885), an influential English archaeologist, discovered a temple of the moon-god in southern Arabia. The symbols of the crescent moon and no less than 21 inscriptions with the name "sîn" were found in this temple. The temple reveals that it was active even in the Christian era. Evidence gathered from both North and South Arabia demonstrate that moon-god worship was clearly active even in Muhammad's day. (from her book The Tombs and Moon Temple of Hureidah)
The title of this moon-god, sîn, was "al-ilah" which means "the deity" or "the god", meaning he was the chief god among the Arabians' 360 other gods. Its title was commonly used as a name instead of it's actual name.
This god's name was eventually shortened to "allah" in Pre-Islamic times. People back then even used "allah" in naming their children. For example, Muhammad's father's name was Abdullah, meaning "slave of the allah", (they say his uncle's name Abu-Talib has contains the word "allah", but I can't figure it out).
The fact that the word "allah" is never defined in the quran, and that Muhammad assumed that the Arabs already knew who allah was; proves that the pre-Islamic Arabs already worshiped allah. While they believed that allah was the greatest god, Muhammad wanted to go a step further to say that allah was the only god.
For the Arabs, Muhammad said that he still believed in their moon-god allah, but to the Jews and Christians, he said that allah was their god. But, as you can see, allah, al-ilah, sîn, "the moon-god", or whatever you want to call it, is not the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob... יהוה (YHWH or Yahweh)
I take your question as "just before the advent of Muhammad." Therefore I will not delve into ancient history, and limit the answer to late-antiquity and early Middle Ages.
First of all we have to note that people in the Arabic Peninsula could (and can) be divided geographically between the (mostly) arid North (notwithstanding oases and narrow coastal regions) and the prosperous South, with its Sabaean-Yemenite people.
The South was dominated by sedentary kingdoms, and was the Arabia Felix of Roman sources, thanks to prosperous trade and local production of spices. This land became object of a struggle between Jewish and Christan preachers, with alternate phases. Judaism penetrated in the Arabian Peninsula as earlier, and became a crucial region after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in AD 70. Christianity arrived later, but its universalism demanded conversion of the local people. The apex of Judaism was reached with the conversion of the King Dhu Nuwas and the subsequent massacre of Christians of Najraan. Immediately afterwards, with the approval of Byzantium, an expedition of Ethiopians, who were Christians, conquered the Kingdom and brought its independence to an end. Judaism however survived until the advent of Islam.
The other areas of Arabia were instead populated by a complex marriage of sedentary people and nomadic Bedouins. The latter did not leave written records, but we know that the Arabic Hijaz was divided by the Christian zone of influence to the North (centred around Najraan) and the Jewish one to the South (gravitating Yathrib). These areas met in Mecca, which was to become the most important centre in the region, following the fall of the Sabaean South to the Ethiopians and the stalemate in the North between the Sasanid and Byzantine Empires.
The religion in Mecca was complex. Reportedly, at the time of the Quraysh domination, besides Christianity and Judaism a triad of goddesses was venerated: al-Laat, al-Uzzaa and Manaat. These were daughter of Allaah, which was interpreted as either the God of the Bible or another Semitic deity. In these days, Arabia became haeresium ferax, a cradle of heresy.
The importance of Judaism/Christianity was evident in that the people of Mecca, and Arabs in general, considered themselves descendents of Abraham and Ismail, which are Biblical characters.
In the Sacred Months, the Arabs from far and wide would flock to the Holy City of Mecca and its Haram, the sacred precinct, and the Kaaba. They would gather for the Ukaaz, a fair which was also a scene of poetic contests, and climb the Holy Mountain of Arafaat for the pilgrimage. In the sixth century, a new concept of Arabia Sacra was emerging, alongside with the rise of the Arabs, finally aware of being a nation.
Muhammad was born in AD 570 circa.
Source: A Cambridge History of Islam, and references therein.
Islamic sources (Qur'an, hadith collections, and books of history) mention a polytheistic tribal religion. Some of the deities were Laat, Manat, Uzza, Wadd, etc. Each tribe/city may have a primary deity and temple. There were idols to these deities, vows were sworn on them, and they ware the focus of ritual worship, sacrifices etc. People may also have statues of these deities at home.
The social organization was tribal and tribal chiefs were to protect members of their tribe or individuals who had sought their protection as subordinate allied members of their tribe. Fairs held to the chief deities of the temples were also occasions for trade, poetry, and merry-making. Feeding and entertaining visitors would increase the prestige of a tribal chief and his tribe.
The social mores varied across tribes and regions. Members of a tribe were expected to participate in tribal wars, and to avenge feuds on behalf of their clan and tribe. Different kinds of marriages were prevalent, and polygamy was practiced. There doesn't seem to be a strong link between fealty to the deities and social laws.
if we talk about afro-asian region which dated back to AD 570 i.e,before the birth of muhammad , we can say that the religion which the local inhabitants followed was not clearly defined .Some of them worshiped stones or followed idolatry ,some of them worshiped gods and goddess mentioned in early scriptures or in folklore.Allah or AL-LILLAH was one of them .when Muhammad came into scene, he changed the notion of people and they became monotheists and in this way Islamic way of life evolved.


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The Porches: Attention to Detail Wins
During our last trip to Steamboat my wife and I stayed at an amazing slope-side spa, but the days of us traveling alone have changed since getting married. Our vacations these days typically include groups of friends and, or family. Our group this time around included four couples of friends, both old and new, a mix of professionals in their 30's looking to unwind without children and responsibilities, and of course, to mix it up in some of Steamboat's legendary Champagne PowderTM.
The lodging options in Steamboat are many, especially for groups, but in terms of finding luxury, entertainment and convenience in one place the Porches of Steamboat leads the way. From each home's fine building details to the pool table and entertainment system housed in each home's huge lower level, to the fast and efficient door-to-door ski rental and shuttle system, the Porches is in a class by itself.
We arrived at the small neighborhood of custom homes located just off of Steamboat's Mt. Werner road on a Thursday evening, and checked in at the neighborhood Barn with the Porches' Eric Glick, who gave me the full lowdown on ski conditions and runs to consider, and since we were faced with a couple of days of Spring-like weather, some sage advice to, "follow the sun in the morning."
Our crew then made its way to the 4,189-square foot Blue Spruce house, where we were promptly fitted for ski gear in the living room by Door2Door (D2D), a company that partners with the Porches. In terms of cost, D2D is a bit higher than most, but then you are paying for the convenience factor, which was a big deal for our party. The Porches and D2D even have a slope-side portal near the gondola where we were able to exchange gear, or get a tune, if necessary. And to boot, they stored our gear, so when we arrived to ski in the morning our boards were waiting for us, slope-side.
Each of the 5-bedrooms in the Blue Spruce house had its own master bathroom, not simply a toilet and a sink, but a master bathroom. There were three bedrooms on the top level, one on the main, and another in the lower level. To be blunt, the Blue Spruce house was huge. It seemed like, between the eight of us, we had two parties going at all times, one upstairs in the kitchen/living room and another one in the lower level around the pool table.
One of our traveling companions owns a construction business that builds custom homes on Vashon Island, Wash., and he spent the week marveling at the Porches' workmanship. From the massive, reclaimed Douglass Fir beams consistent throughout all of the Porches' homes and even the Barn, to the ingenious and beautiful boot and jacket rack in the Blue Spruce's foyer, to the baseboard woodwork throughout Blue Spruce, no expense was spared in building the Porches.
Nor was an expense spared with the shuttle, which to me, is somewhat of a big deal. It's a canary in the coal mine, kind of like the salsa at a Mexican restaurant. If the shuttle is in poor condition, the service typically lacks too. The Porches owns a brand new shuttle, complete with DVD player, that was a phone call away and at most a ten-minute wait for pick up. It was always warm and the drivers were excellent. Like Eric, they also gave us some local knowledge on the way to the ski hill, which came in handy.
The amenities at the Barn, mostly the hot tub and pool, were welcome after a long day of skiing. Don't miss the free chocolate on the way out.
In all, the Porches made an awesome experience in Steamboat a perfect one. The next time you decide to visit Steamboat Springs with family or friends, whether in winter or summer, consider staying at the Porches. Your traveling friends and family will thank you upon arrival.
The Porches presents both ownership and rental opportunities. And for the rest of February the Porches is offering 25-percent off of lodging, 35-percent off for ski rentals, and FREE Lift tickets. Keep in mind, February and March are typically Colorado's best skiing months, in terms of snow cover and sunshine.
For more information visit the Porches website at www.theporches.com, or call:
Emilie Crider at
More Photos (Barn photos courtesy of The Porches of Steamboat)
Getting There
Located near the Wyoming/Colorado border, and somewhat isolated, getting to Steamboat seems a pain from the outside looking in, but really is a snap if you are willing to spend a few extra dollars to fly directly to Steamboat Springs and take a shuttle to the Porches – a rental car from Denver International Airport will set travelers back $100 per day, plus the cost of gas and insurance, and makes little sense if the weather turns ugly.
Delta Airlines offers flights from a wide-range of national airport hubs, and is currently offering specials from the following cities:
Atlanta and New York — *$119.00 each way
Los Angeles and San Francisco — *$149.00 each way
Seattle, San Diego and Phoenix — *$139.00 each way
*For more details on direct flights to the 'Boat, please click here: http://steamboat.com/deltaAirlines.html

subset: commoncrawl


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Please enter a maximum of 5 recipients. Use ; to separate more than one email address.
Valero reported the fluid catalytic cracking unit at its Benicia refinery is back at planned rates after a brief outage June 29. Tesoro reported a major unit startup at its Martinez, Calif. refinery July 2. Scheduled maintenance on a unit at ExxonMobil's Torrance, Calif. refinery could cause flaring, Exxon said July 1.
The following table lists planned and unplanned
production outages at US refineries as reported by Dow
Jones Newswires. The information is compiled from both
official and unofficial refining sources and doesn't purport
to be a comprehensive list.
Valero reported the fluid catalytic cracking unit at its
Benicia refinery is back at planned rates after a brief outage
June 29.
Tesoro reported a major unit startup at its Martinez, Calif.
refinery July 2.
Scheduled maintenance on a unit at
ExxonMobil's Torrance, Calif. refinery could cause flaring, the
company said July 1. The company said the scheduled work won't
affect production.
Royal Dutch Shell reported flaring at its Martinez, Calif
refinery due to an unspecified unit upset June 27.
Citgo Petroleum said June 27 its Lemont, Ill., refinery has resolved "support
system disruptions" it experienced during storms, with no
production impact.
Alon USA Energy reported maintenance being done at its Big
Springs, Texas, refinery in a filing with state regulators. The
company reported it is taking steps to repair a firebox leak
and reported emissions from the fluid catalytic
cracking unit's boiler.
Valero reported unplanned flaring at its Wilmington, Calif.,
refinery June 26 due to an issue
with the third-party hydrogen plant that supplies the refinery.
No material impact to production is expected.
Chevron started up a cogeneration unit at its Richmond,
Calif., refinery June 24. A Chevron official said in the filing
there was no emissions impact from the
Tesoro said June 25 that its Martinez, Calif., refinery is
operating normally. The company reported a major unit startup
at the facility June 23.
Chevron reported that its Richmond, Calif., refinery
experienced at least 10 minutes of flaring June 21 caused by
swapping hydrogen compressors.
The reconfigured CDU at BP's Whiting, Ind., refinery is in
the process of restarting, a person familiar with the refinery's operation said June
Dow Jones Newsiwres
All comments are subject to editorial review.
All fields are compulsory.
A. Aziz Ansari
In HP industry generally flaring impact on quality or quantity of the products as it happens due to any upset or abnormality at the facility.
Stephen Wall
It would be beneficial if all new, previously unreported information was listed at the top of these notices with a divider sectioning that new information from all of the previously reported information.
Barbra Wilson
I was interested in the refinery at wood river, but was told it has been shut down. how long will this continue?
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A searchable database of project activity in the global hydrocarbon processing industry
Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
Too soon to tell
July 2016


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I do my work at a desk with computer monitors, a mouse, a keyboard, and a notepad and pen. The problem is that if I want to stay facing the monitors and have my keyboard, mouse and notebook at hand, I don't know how to position them all so that there is enough space.
Does anyone have a way to use a computer and paper and pen so that you don't have to change your position, and both are easy to access, use, and see?
Currently, I keep my notepad to the right of my keyboard (I'm right-handed), and have my mouse in front of them (away from me) roughly between them like this:
monitor monitor
------------- -------------
-- <- mouse
------------- ----
| keyboard | | | <- notepad
------------- ----
The problem with this is that the notepad is far away and I have to reach too far to use the mouse.


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war rooms, when the whole design team are in the one location is great, big wall space, post-it everywhere, the energy, atmosphere is inspiring. what's a good method (tools?) to recreate the same vibe when the design team is spread across oceans?
best methodology to create a war room like environment when the design team is spread across oceans?
We have used a mix of software tools and video-conferencing to do this with our geographically-distributed team (though not across oceans, just continents, for us):
We have found that document repositories (shared drives, SharePoint, etc) do not work well; they are where documents go to die and be forgotten. The reason the wiki works for us while SharePoint doesn't is that "edit" link right there in the page, plus a model of informality. Anybody can add a comment, and people do, in a format where it's easy for everybody to see what's been changing.
This is a really good question. I think War Rooms are a huge benefit to any project especially when people outside of UX are also using it (business line managers, developers, IT, marketing, etc).
I've rarely seen it implemented well in a physical shared room, so it's likely going to be a challenge online.
One option that comes to mind is 37Signals Campfire tool...which is really just a group discussion room where people are sharing a constant stream of questions and critiques along with all sorts of visuals. We use something similar, but sans pictures, so, not nearly as useful.


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Meet and Communicate with Fun Singles Near You on BlackSingles.com
Register now to search thousands of members and post your FREE profile!
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Welcome, skip to the content.
Brambuk - The National Park & Cultural Centre is a special place. Situated in Halls Gap within the natural oasis that is Grampians Gariwerd, it is the perfect place to experience Australia's native flora and fauna and Aboriginal culture.The site incorporates the National Park information and Brambuk Aboriginal Cultural centres.Brambuk - The National Park and Cultural Centre is 100 per cent owned and operated by Aboriginal people and is the longest running Aboriginal Cultural Centre in Australia.Its multi award winning architecture interprets the traditional stories of the local Aboriginal people. Discover the culture of the Aboriginal communities of Western Victoria through multimedia shows, art exhibitions, artefact displays, cultural talks and lots of great activities such as didgeridoo music, traditional dance, basket weaving, boomerang throwing and painting.Discover the unique six seasons of Gariwerd through the displays or join the Aboriginal guides on tours to ancient rock art sites and experience the secrets of the natural world. Brambuk Gift Shop offers art and crafts, ceramics, paintings, boomerangs and music. The Bush Tucker Café is licensed and serves delicious bush tucker and contemporary food.Please note that conditions can change in parks for many reasons. For the latest information on changes to local conditions, please visit the relevant park page on the Parks Victoria website.Be bushfire ready in the great outdoors. Refer to the Bushfire Safety section on the Parks Victoria website for tips on how to stay safe.
Cancellations made within 24 hours will incur a 100 per cent cancellation fee; cancellations made outside 24 hours will incur a 30 per cent administration fee. However an alternative date may be offered wherever possible. Brambuk - The National Park & Cultural Centre reserves the right to vary or cancel tours or part thereof owing to extremes of weather or changes to conditions e.g. Road closures or other circumstances to ensure safety to clients. Brambuk - The National Park & Cultural Centre will refund 100 per cent of your tour if this is the case.
From Western Highway turn off at Ararat or Stawell to Halls Gap. From Warrnambool, head North to Dunkeld and then North towards Halls Gap.


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Joseph Bast Eulogy for Maureen Martin, The Super Hero Who Wore Pink Flip-Flops
I am the president of The Heartland Institute. For the past ten years, Maureen Martin worked for me as a senior fellow and legal counsel.
Do any of you remember the movie "The Incredibles"? It was an animated movie about a family of super heroes – Mr. Incredible and his wife Elastigirl and their three kids – living in a witness protection program. They had given up their careers as super heroes and were trying to blend in. None of their neighbors and friends, coworkers and classmates knew they were super heroes.
Maureen Martin was a super hero, just like the characters in "The Incredibles." Most of you didn't know. She kept it a secret. She may have been less than five feet tall and looked somewhat normal, but as I'm here to tell you, she was anything but normal.
Very few people do things that change the world. If we're lucky, some of us will change the lives of those who are near and dear to us, our children and close friends; some of us may influence positively the lives of other people in our community or even our state through public service.
Maureen affected the lives of millions of people. She literally changed the world.
[Click on the PDF link above to read the whole eulogy.]


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added dnbinom and dzinbinom to statslib.h and doxygen
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update Doxyfile; minor changes to dox
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Fix adlink.bat typo.
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-s should link to the safe libraries. Fix typo.
Allow admb and admb.bat scripts to do the following$ admb simple additional.cpp another.cpp
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reformat, add dox, and rationalize macro definitions in fvar.hpp
Added copy commands for .bat files (adlink,adcom,admb) for those of us compiling with MinGW/MSYS.
Add unit tests for beta functions.
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It should be cxxflags and not arch_cxxflags for configure script.
Addresses feature request 40, outputting eigenvalues unsorted and sorted
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[Issue #99] Add support for MinGW-w64(GNU g++).
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[Issue #99] Begin support of x86_64-w64-mingw-g++.
[Issue #101] mingw.mak builds contrib libraries by default.
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[Issue #47] Add valgrind option to examples Makefile to check for memory leaks.
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[Issue #102] Added ad2csv target to the build files. Executable is put into the dist/bin folder.
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[Issue #39] Document how to set ADMB_HOME and PATH system variable for non-bash shells.
.gdbinit - place in ~/ on Linux or Mac or in C:\ on MS Windows to enable various structure printing commands from within GDB. This works well when using the emacs ADMB-IDE from within Emacs. Versoin 1.00 holds the implementation for 8 commands used to view the contents of the following (most common) structures in ADMB: dvariable,vector,dvector,ivector,dvar_vector,matrix,dmatrix,imatrix,dvar_matrix,and 3darray.
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[Issue #31] Update README.txt with Mollie's suggestions.
[Issue #41] Add configure option for MinGW 5.1
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STEUBENVILLE - Whether they started their own or were lucky enough to grow with a family business, six local entrepreneurs who've found success say it's not for the faint of heart.
To make it in today's economy will require hard work, long hours and incredible resiliency, they said.
"You've got to love it, the ups and downs and the idea of putting the hours in for that business," said Glenn Zalenski of Zalenski's Family Eatery & Pub in Wintersville. "It's not 9-to-5, that's all there is to it."
Article Photos
LEADERS — From top left, clockwise: Mike Biasi, Carolyn Glaub, David Hindman II, Deanna Petrella, Tim Pestian and Glenn Zalenski. -- Contributed
Zalenski is one of six entrepreneurs chosen to offer insights and advice to area residents interested in learning more about starting their own business at the 2013 "Project Bootstraps" seminar.
This year's seminar will begin at 7 p.m. Tuesday in the seminar room at Franciscan University of Steubenville's St. Joseph Center. Sponsored by Franciscan's Chapter of Students in Free Enterprise in cooperation with the Jefferson County Chamber of Commerce, the Ohio Small Business Development Center and the Herald-Star, the event will feature a give-and-take discussion between the local entrepreneurs and their audience.
Chosen to present, in addition to Zalenski, were:
- Mike Biasi, Valley Converting
- Carolyn Glaub, Center for Music & Art
- David E. Hindman II, World Radio & Communications
- Tim Pestian, Vapor Jet Cleaning & Restoration
- Deanna Petrella, Signature Hair Design
The six will discuss how they established their business as well as how they maintain, improve and continue to succeed as an organization during difficult economic times.
Mike Biasi
Biasi is president of Valley Converting, a company his father, Gino, started in 1973. Valley Converting manufacturers and converts recycled paperboard, manufacturing about 85 tons of 100 percent recycled chipboard every day.
A graduate of Steubenville High School, he earned a degree in management information systems from Ohio State University and logged a couple years at Nationwide Insurance in Columbus before returning to Steubenville 19 years ago to join his family's business.
"Find something you enjoy, then do it the best you can," he said. "Granted, when I first came back I had no idea what I was going to do, but I enjoy what we make and am proud of the product that we make."
The company has about 50 employees.
"You're going to have your ups and downs, no doubt," Biasi said. "My dad started the business in 1973 with a couple pieces of equipment and two employees. We had two machines running until the early 2000s, now we have one, but we're still making it work for 50 employees, providing a lifestyle for 50 employees. To me, it all comes down to desire - you can't sit there and think it can run itself, it involves a lot of sweat and tears ... to me, it's about desire and having the work ethic to make it successful."
Biasi and his wife, Lisa, have four kids and make their home in Steubenville He's a member of Toronto Kiwanis, Toronto Chamber of Commerce and the United Way of Jefferson County.
Carolyn Glaub
Glaub founded the Center for Music & Art in Weirton in 1990. She and her husband, Jody, moved the business to Wintersville five years later.
She has 30-plus years of experience teaching children and adults how to sing, play the piano, ring handbells and good theater skills for roles in private, class and church plays. She has directed and performed in numerous musicals in community theatre, high schools and churches, and played the role of Peaches the Elephant in a TV show for a few years. She also served as the voice of Peaches in a toy marketed by Chrisagis Ministries.
A nine-year recording project allows her voice to be heard in reading labs across America in the MacMillan Publishing Reading Series and the Sing and Read series. She also was vocal coach for the Sony album, "songs from the Back Seat," and soloed with Dave Brubeck in la Fiesta de la Posada with the Civic Choral Society, but her greatest passion is teaching, whether her students were gifted children and adults or had development disabilities. She's taught preschool through high school music at the School of Bright Promise for more than a decade and is a licensed Kindermusik educator.
Glaub's advice to prospective entrepreneurs: Love what you're doing.
"If you don't believe in what you're doing, it's not worth doing," Glaub said. "There has to be a real reason for doing business - it can't just be to make money. There has to be passion, a really conscious reason behind what you're doing. You have to love your job, love what you're doing. It can't be like you're going to work; if it feels like you're going to work, it's no fun."
A native of Shadyside, she and her husband have five children and five grandchildren. She's past president of the Wintersville Business Organization, past chair of the Jefferson County Chamber of Commerce board and immediate past president of Steubenville Rotary Club. She's on the advisory board of Franciscan University of Steubenville and is currently an elder and choir director at Starkdale Presbyterian Church.
David Hindman II
Hindman, a 1971 graduate of Steubenville High School, started his own business, World Radio Communication, in July 1991.
He'd attended Ohio University, where he studied communications, and Jefferson Community College, studying electronics, and was hired by Ohio Bell/Ameritech in 1973. Over the next 18 years he worked for them in a variety of capacities, including supply management, installation and repair, cable maintenance and splicing and in the central office.
"I learned all facets of the business," he said. "And I was trained, I took every class that AT&T offered, which prepared for where I'm at today."
After going through a difficult divorce, Hindman reconnected with his faith in 1990 "and got my life straightened around with Jesus Christ."
"Faith plays a big part in my life," he said. "That's the only reason I founded the company, it's the reason I'm here today. God had a better plan for me."
He married again, and with his new wife, Kay, started World Radio in 1991.
"I've never regretted it, never," said Hindman, a Steubenville resident. "I've never looked back."
World Radio provides telecommunications, computer networks, access control, security cameras and systems, "pretty much anything that has to do with technology." He has a satellite office in Marietta, and services customers throughout the United States.
"You have to have good 'wanna-be,' a strong drive," he said. "And you have to have faith in God. Those two things are the keys to success."
Tim Pestian
Pestian is owner and president of Vapor Jet, a professional cleaning and restoration company headquartered in Steubenville.
The company traces its roots to 1969 when his parents, Edward and Dolores Pestian, purchased the first steam carpet cleaning equipment east of the Mississippi. It was at that point that Tim, then a senior at Steubenville Catholic Central, started his business career.
The company very quickly grew to include manufacturing and worldwide sales of tuck-mounted mobile cleaning systems and the onset of Vapor Jet's fire restoration services. Today, 50 years after its founding, Vapor Jet offers many different cleaning services, including coming to the rescue of homeowners and businesses that have suffered disaster-related damages, such as fire, smoke, flood, frozen pipes, mold, crime scenes and more.
"My dad taught me, you have to service the customer," Pestian said. "Sometimes the customers are hard to serve, but they have to come first. You have to take care of them - the tougher the customer is the harder it is, but once you get them, you have them forever. The customer always comes first, the customer is always right."
Through its national affiliations, Vapor Jet consistently ranks as a top 10 emergency mitigation provider. The company recently acquired Aqua Fusion equipment for bacteria-free in-plant garment, textile and linen-cleaning services.
A member of the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning & Restoration, Pestian is a nationally certified lead renovator.
"If you feel you can do it, you need to do it," said Pestian, who with his wife of 40 years, Gina, makes his home in Toronto. "You'll never be happier than being in business for yourself. It's the only way to go. If you want to do it, you need to do it, but you'll have to be available always. It's not a part-time thing, you have to be available around the clock. I get calls at 2 in the morning, but we go."
Deanna Petrella
Petrella, a Wintersville resident, started Signature Hair Design in May 2009.
She also is secretary/treasurer of Petrella Construction, which she and her husband, John, started in 1978. They also started Pinnacle Properties of Ohio, specializing in residential and commercial real estate rentals, in 1991. And she worked for the village of Wintersville for 18 years, from 1989 to 2007
Petrella graduated in 1978 from Wintersville High School, and from Clark, Gilbert & Silverthorne Academy of Cosmetology in Steubenville in 1981. She worked for a time as a stylist for the J.C. Penney Salon in Steubenville and as a loan secretary and personal banker from 1981-89 at First National Bank of Weirton.
"We don't hire anything out," she said. "We don't have a property manager, for instance. I handle that.
I take care of all our rental properties - finding tenants, getting them ready, collecting money, and John does all the repairs, the maintenance and remodeling. We do everything in house."
Petrella got her first job when she was 15, working after school in an auto parts store. It was the first of many, but the work ethic she built has held her in good stead now that she and her husband have their own businesses.
Her only regret? Waiting so long to open her hair salon.
"Don't wait," she said. "I wish I'd done it earlier. If you have an idea, a passion for it, do it sooner than later. And be ready to work extremely hard. Owning your own business is 24 hours a day, don't let anyone kid you. When you're not working, you're thinking about it."
Glenn Zalenski
Zalenski's first job was in the restaurant business: He started working at Elby's Big Boy in Martins Ferry in 1975 while he was still in high school. He earned his bachelor's degree in education from Franciscan University of Steubenville in 1980, working for Marriott Corp. and other restaurant chains while he took classes in marketing and food preparation. Returning to Elby's, he served as general manager for 13 years before the chain closed. He worked for another restaurant chain in the Ohio Valley before striking out on his own, operating a small diner in downtown Steubenville for a time before moving to his current location in Wintersville in November 2005.
Business has grown consistently since he started the restaurant seven years ago, which he credits to their management philosophy - to make sure guests feel they're getting more bang for their buck from Zalenski's in terms of food, service and entertainment than competitors offer. He said staffing is also critical: Hire the best people available, and make sure they have the training they need "to keep them informed and motivated."
He said owning your own business requires a certain flexibility as well.
"You have to stay one step ahead of what your customer base is looking for," he said. "With the economy the way it is and everything that's happening, you have to be flexible, take a step back, look at your surroundings and think, 'What do I need to change to keep the business that I have?'"
He said it's a moving target, particularly in the restaurant business.
"I was thinking about it the other day," he said. "When I look back at what we've achieved since we opened eight years ago, I realize how much the restaurant has changed. That deals, basically, with what my customers are looking for. If I don't meet their needs, they'll look (elsewhere)."
SIFE faculty adviser Thomas Kelly, who organized the event, said he's hoping it will inspire budding entrepreneurs "to use their talents and skills to open their own businesses and improve the lives of the citizens throughout the community."


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Anyone else notice in Dana Holgorsen's offense, records don't just get broken, they get blown to smithereens?
This coach has kept the media relations staff up at night, trying to figure out when the last time someone did that, only to find out no one has ever done that.
Saturday night, he took the nation's leading receiver in terms of catches per game, and its active career leader in receptions, put him in the backfield and set him off on a 344-yard rushing effort, breaking an 8-year-old program record set by Kay-Jay Harris against an East Carolina team that was hemorrhaging rushing yards at the time.
Article Photos
Austin did it against Oklahoma, a Top-20 defense with a bunch of NFL-type talent.
''You don't do that against the University of Oklahoma and their personnel,'' Iowa State coach Paul Rhodes said. ''He's a very, very special player.''
Austin's night of all-purpose yards was even more extreme.
With 572 yards, he not only blew past Garrett Ford's 37-year-old WVU record of 356, but he also buried the Big 12 record, set in 2000 by Texas' Hodges Mitchell with 375.
Even Holgorsen was taken aback by that one.
''I have never coached a guy with that kind of versatility,'' Holgorsen said.
''I have said from Day One, especially this year, that he is the most explosive player with the ball in his hands that I have ever seen.''
The single-season school leader in all-purpose yards (2,574 last season) came up 6 yards shy of the FBS APY record set by Utah State's Emmett White against New Mexico State in 2000. Austin also became the first player in Mountaineers history to score a touchdown four different ways in one season (receiving, rushing and on kick and punt returns).
This came one year after true freshman Dustin Garrison came out of nowhere to run for 291 yards against Bowling Green. At the time, Garrison tied Kerry Marbury for the second-best rushing performance in school history, set a school mark for most rushing yards in a half, and most in a game for a freshman.
There have been so many more records splattered in the 23 games Holgorsen has coached at WVU.
Before September, West Virginia's best game in terms of total yards had stood since 1923, when it piled up 674 against Washington & Lee.
The Mountaineers have eclipsed that twice this season, with a program-best 807 against Baylor, followed by 778 against Oklahoma last weekend.
Throw in the 655 yards they put on Marshall and three of the top four games in terms of total offense in program history have come during the last three months.
The passing and receiving records eclipsed in the last two seasons are just silly.
Did you know? ....
Of the nine 400-yard passing games in school history, Geno Smith owns six of them, including a program-best 656 against Baylor.
Passing records, frankly, weren't that tough to beat at WVU, but Smith has obliterated nearly all of them.
Smith has thrown for 300 yards 16 times. Prior to Holgorsen's arrival, every other WVU quarterback had done that a total of 25 times.
Smith also owns records for touchdowns thrown in a game (eight), breaking his own record of six he set in the Orange Bowl. With 35 touchdown passes this season, he's already shattered a school mark that he tied with Marc Bulger last season at 31.
The records set by receivers are fairly ridiculous, too.
In the Baylor game, not only did two Mountaineers receivers catch at least 200 yards worth of passes for the first time at WVU, but it was the first time any teammates had done it anywhere in the FBS since Texas Tech's Danny Amendola and Michael Crabtree did so in 2007.
Anyone wanna guess who was coaching at Texas Tech at the time?
All told, West Virginia, in its history, has had seven receivers catch 200 yards worth of passes in the game. Four have come under Holgorsen this season, including a program-best 303 by Stedman Bailey.
Speaking of Bailey, he has 20 touchdown receptions this season, including a single-game, program-best five against Baylor. The previous single-season mark was the 12 Bailey had last season, when he tied Tennessee Titan Darius Reynaud.
Austin and Bailey each have 12, 100-yard games during their careers. The previous mark, set by David Saunders, was nine. They are tied for the program record with 14 catches in a game, both during this season.
Prior to this season, the benchmark was 12, tied by Austin in the Orange Bowl after Jock Sanders set it against Auburn in 2009.
Austin set a single-season mark with 101 catches last season. No one else at WVU ever had more than 77 (Saunders and Shawn Foreman). Through 10 games, he already has 100 this season.
With 1,260 yards, Bailey is the fifth Mountaineer to finish with 1,000 or more yards receiving and the first to hit the 1,000-yard mark in back-to-back seasons
There are many more. Plus the team is setting similarly extreme records on the defensive side. When Holgorsen gets his hands on something, he doesn't rest at status quo. He obliterates marks that had stood for 89 years.


text:
Residents in Barren County now have a new way to spend Saturday night, and maybe make some money while they are there. Barren Bingo opened last Saturday in the Central Center on Happy Valley Road in Glasgow.
Proceeds from Saturday nights go toward Barren River Animal Welfare Association, or BRAWA.
Barren Bingo's owner says she wanted to create a clean comfortable environment for gamers to play in.
Toni Cory owner: "They come, they enjoy, they want to come back and that will open up the facility that way for other charitable organizations and like I said schools and churches to make some money."
Right now Barren Bingo is only operating on Saturdays. The doors open at 4 p.m. and gaming begins at 6 p.m.
The charities set the price to play.BRAWA charges $10 for a nine-face card.
For more information call (270)629-3777.


text:
Suppose we are trying to generalize some result, for example, a well known theorem or some theory. The generalization must improve the result in some way. What are the best tactics to do this?
Let me try to explain it better: In the common way of learning, we start to learn things that are more easy to understand and then we go to more complicated things, for example, in a course of analysis we learn the Inverse Function Theorem (IFT) for finite-dimensional Banach spaces. If we continue to study (for instance if you are an analyst), in some time we will learn about (or at least hear about) the IFT for general Banach spaces. As we can see, this theorem includes the finite-dimensional case.
To do this kind of generalization, we have to try and find some properties that are common to both cases. Moreover, the generalization, in some cases, must contain some key properties that we aren't able to see when dealing only with the standard case. So, how to find these properties? How to know the best way to generalize some kind of property?
If my question is nonsense please disregard it, and sorry about the English.


text: Advance training pads have unique, super absorbent crystals that transform liquid to a solid gel in seconds! The activated crystals absorb over 100 times their weight making it safe to leave the pet alone for extended hours. The special scent attracts puppies, and the 5-step training system simplifies housebreaking. Advance pads are excellent for all indoor, diabetic, incontinent and senior dogs. The plastibacking protects floors and the pads are more sanitary by preventing tracking of urine.


text:
5 EYEWITNESS NEWS Investigates: Speeding HotSpots
It's happened to a lot of us: we get pulled over by a police officer, sheriff's deputy, or a state trooper for going too fast.
Now we can tell you where they write the most tickets in the Twin Cities.
A 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS investigation, led by reporter Mark Albert, tracked every speeding citation in the metro for a year, analyzing speeding tickets where you live.
Extended Interviews:
How we gathered the data:
5 EYEWITNESS NEWS obtained data from all 112,519 speeding citations issued in the seven-county metro area in 2010 by contacting the MN Judicial Branch. Court researchers in Hennepin and Ramsey counties compiled the data for those judicial districts at our request; a researcher at the State Court Administrator's Office compiled the data for us from Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Scott, and Washington counties.
The locations of the citations were entered by the issuing law enforcement agency. In some cases, the same location could have been entered by an agency in different variations (e.g. the same intersection in Maplewood was entered as I-94 & McKnight Rd; 94 & McKnight; 94 & McKnight Rd S; etc).
5 EYEWITNESS NEWS made the locations uniform for analytical purposes.
In addition, some agencies did not report location information to the courts, and thus such detail is omitted in this data. For those cities in which no location data exists, the total number of tickets issued in those jurisdictions is listed here, instead.


text:
1st tennis major underway Down Under
Djokovic back on his favorite court in Australia
Not a subscriber? You can purchase a single-day subscription for only $0.75 to read this and access all of our content and our E-Edition. CLICK HERE purchase a single day subscription.
Become an electronic subscriber to the Republican-American for only $8 a month. CLICK HERE.


text:
Meet and Communicate with Fun Singles Near You on BlackSingles.com
Register now to search thousands of members and post your FREE profile!
See who's on BlackSingles.com:
I am beautifully black and happy. I am very prideful and love puppies and poetry. I have Strawberry Blonde hair and Gray eyes. I love t...
backmanindahood is a 28yr-old single man in Albuquerque, New MexicoView Profile


text:
Big Christmas Box 280 Mp3 songs for $0.99
42 Comments add a comment
I love me some Christmas music, and I love me some $0.99 albums, but I freakin' HATE when songs have artificial vocal warble in them.
There's no way a whole chorus would have their vocal warble THAT in sync. It's very distracting.
Still though, if it doesn't bother you, this is an amazing deal!
For the entire Nutcracker ballet alone this is a great deal! Plus hundreds of other songs. You simply cannot go wrong with 99 cents here.
Excellent deal for 99 cents. There are some to weed out but some real gems in this.
And you can get it for free by signing up for the Scott website using this link and getting a free $5 MP3 credit to Amazon...
That Scott towel thing worked like a charm!
I just bought all the tracks separately. Did I do it right?
TY to Chris for the $5 Scott's/Amazon MP3. This is the largest collection of Christmas music I have seen. Not to mention the price is unbelievable! I keep trying to figure out where the clause I missed is, cuz this is just too damn good of a deal to be true. This might be the best deal I find all season.
To hear Charlton Heston read the "Birth of Christ" was worth ten times as much...
@thericochet: Yes you did perfectly! Suggest you order a second copy of each as a backup ;-)
The only thing better than free music is lots of free music. Thanks
The code given to me by SCOTT is not working! It states - there is something wrong with the claim code you entered. Please try again.
Woo hoo. Got mine! Great deal!
@mjonczak: The code is limit one per person... if you've redeemed the code or a similar one recently it's very well possible that Amazon isn't allowing you to use this one.
@mjonczak: Copy the code from the email to your clipboard. Go to the Big Christmas Box page on Amazon. At the right, below the ONE-CLICK button click the link to redeem a gift card or voucher. Paste in the code. Click APPLY. Use ONE-CLICK to buy the BCB and your voucher credit will be applied automatically.
@chriscclark01: Great find!!! Someone (more ambitious than me) should post this Scott credit as its own Woot! Deal...
WTF!!!...No "Mele Kalikimaka", of "Festivus" ---THIS IS AN OUTRAGE!!!
@offline999: Well, it was posted on Woot about 2 months ago... :)
Hey wait - I used the Scott deal to get the album, but when I go to the Amazon download page, it tells me "Already downloaded" for 99% of the songs, and "Click to buy" for the other ones.
I can assure you I did NOT download 280 songs in the last two minutes.
Merry XMAS to myself. BOOM!
I have had a lot of trouble getting the code from Scott to work. I finally just paid the dollar. YMMV
Man I hate 42 click sign ups but I love free stuff. Got the account confirmation email immediately - still waiting for the credit email (clicked that button a long time ago). I used a credit I forgot I had though - 280 tracks for free is a very good deal! Also got a 75 cent off TP coupon so there's that.
Update: just got the code (29 min. later but who's counting?) and it worked.
Does not include Christmas in Hollis by Run-DMC. Pass.
@penrodius: Too late for you, but you don't need to click a million times - there's a link in the bottom-right of the first one that says "No thanks, skip to Amazon."
It is, naturally, very well disguised.
@chriscclark01: WOOT. Also I found out I still have $10.01 Video Credit I had forgotten about when I saw my promo balances....so double win.
@innercliff: 30 seconds for me....less maybe.
Nice find for a buck! This will be perfect to play on Christmas when my family invades my house in search of hot food and expensive presents.
Of course it was. Good find Chris!
This definitely proves just how lazy I am. I did a quick search of "Scott" and when it didn't show up in the first few results I gave up.
@mjonczak: I had the same problem a while back as my code didn't work either. I just emailed Amazon and the rep i got applied a $5 credit for me.
Brilliant! Scott deal worked perfectly and this is a giant mix of music!
Mcafee Site advisor red flagged that "Scott" site. Be carefull.
Schweet, my cable modem is humming now! Great find
Good deal everyone. Scott thing worked great! Was definitely scary to have to click on the 1-click ordering of all of these tho.
@stealthnv: McAfee also committed murder...so I'm not sure I trust them too much.
Great Deal! Might not need all this christmas music now but eventually. Scott code worked great and for a full 180 degree turn i can get a discounted new Soundgarden Album with the remainder of the credit! Sweet!
But does it include this Christmas Chewy classic? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cPXEo6gqBI
I meant to post this hours at 9:00am EST, but here goes. I received two codes that did not work, called Amazon and the codes were already registered. Did some digging and there is a group that is auto generating codes and Amazon is having trouble keeping the hackers out. They applied both codes to my daughters account. The rest of the family did not have a problem, so I guess we were lucky. Also I am not sure what people are talking about at clicking multiple song buttons? I just clicked the one on Amazon and all 280 songs were in my account. Still have $4.01 to spend. Kudos to the original poster!
Epic deal. Thanks!
@chriscclark01: you sir rock!
Nice! My first official task of the season and I didn't even have to get off of my holly jolly butt to do it. Maybe a little less 'Bah!' this Christmas?


text:
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
Appalachian Fruit Research Laboratory
1a.Objectives (from AD-416)
To improve production efficiency and product quality of early season highbush blueberries in the southeastern United States by addressing genetic, horticultural, engineering, pathological, postharvest, and marketing challenges associated with mechanical fruit harvesting.
1b.Approach (from AD-416)
Evaluate all aspects associated with mechanical harvestability using plantings of 4 or 5 advanced selections/cultivars from GA, NC, and FL blueberry breeding programs near Gainesville, FL and Tifton, GA. Evaluate trellis and crown restriction treatments to reduce ground loss and improve harvest efficiency.
3.Progress Report


text:
Currently I'm trying to get the post type labels plural. In detail:
$GLOBALS['wp_post_types'][ get_current_screen()->post_type ]->labels->name
This is how I'm trying to retrieve it - in the admin UI - using the public wp API functions:
$post_type_name = get_current_screen()->post_type;
$post_type_obj = get_post_type_object( $post_type_name );
get_post_type_labels( $post_type_obj );
The result is the following Error:
Fatal error: Cannot use object of type stdClass as array in D:\development\xampp\htdocs\wp_inst\wp-includes\post.php on line 1209
The problem is that the post type objects labels is also an object, while
get_post_type_labels() calls
_get_custom_object_labels() internally and seems to expect an array.
Fun are the last two lines of the
_get_custom_object_labels() function:
$labels = array_merge( $defaults, $object->labels );
return (object)$labels;
So, am I using the wrong functions? Is the core function wrong? Is this core function only meant to be used during custom post type registration?
Note: Currently on WP version 3.3.2.


text:
Northwestern, the Would-Be Ivy
At Its Football Nadir, School Considered Joining the Ivy League
The biggest game in college football on Saturday will be played in Evanston, Ill. Fourth-ranked Ohio State—which has won 17 straight games—is visiting No. 16 Northwestern, which has won seven in a row itself.
But if some behind-the-scenes talks among Northwestern officials had gone a little further three decades ago, the Wildcats might be playing Dartmouth this weekend, and the only crowds in Evanston would have been at the library.
In the 1970s and early 1980s, Northwestern was so hopeless at football that school officials discussed shunning major-college sports altogether. Feeling squeezed by the Big Ten Conference, Northwestern initiated a dialogue with the Ivy League, a flirtation that was somewhere between casual and head-over-heels, according to officials who were involved at the time.
"I don't think too many people remember how very close it came at that point," said Frederick Hemke, Northwestern's faculty-athletics representative to the Big Ten and NCAA from 1982 to 2003.
The courtship might as well be ancient history now that Northwestern is no longer college football's punching bag. In 1995, the Wildcats snapped a streak of 23 straight losing seasons by making the Rose Bowl. They have played in five straight bowl games under coach Pat Fitzgerald, a former star Northwestern linebacker, winning one last season for the first time since the 1948 season.
But back then, Northwestern was fading from the Big Ten, even though it was one of the conference's charter members in 1896. Northwestern's football record between 1976 and 1981 was 3-62-1. The Wildcats at one point lost 34 straight games, a mind-boggling run of futility that remains the longest losing streak in major-college football history.
A relatively small private school, with a current undergraduate enrollment of about 8,000, Northwestern didn't seem to belong in a conference of large public universities. The feeling on campus was it was impossible to harbor visions of intellectual grandeur and hopes of winning big on the field—dissonance on full display when the school president in 1981 famously told the student paper that he thought "having a bad football team can help academic standards."
The feelings of frustration between the conference and Northwestern were mutual. Big Ten schools shared revenue from their home-ticket sales at football games, and they were peeved that Northwestern's attendance lagged behind far behind. During those dark days, the Wildcats' stadium was empty enough that "you could go bowling in some of those aisles," said Northwestern archivist Kevin Leonard.
So with its lofty academic ambitions and its pathetic football program, Northwestern spied an escape route.
The chatter about Northwestern's fling with the Ivy League was so loud that the Wildcats' coach then had to spend time convincing recruits that they would play in the Big Ten—never mind win in the Big Ten. "There was always a feeling that it was a possibility," said Rick Venturi, Northwestern's coach from 1978 to 1980. "I had to fight that in the living room."
How far Northwestern got with the Ivy League remains a subject of debate all these years later. Jack Reardon, then Harvard's athletic director, remembered this week that there were conversations between athletic directors and presidents, but "at no point did I ever have a sense that was really serious." Frank Ryan, his counterpart at Yale, said he would have been briefed by Yale president A. Bartlett Giamatti, who later became commissioner of Major League Baseball, if a deal had been close.
Despite the mutual interest, "there wasn't a lot of serious movement," said James Litvack, the Ivy League's de facto commissioner at the time.
The main hitch wasn't so much football or academic reputations as it was travel: The eight schools of the Ivy League—which all are located in the Northeast—would have been reluctant to make all of their athletes travel regularly for games in the Chicago area.
The other question is how committed Northwestern was. Those involved say the topic hadn't been broached by Northwestern trustees and never progressed past a sounding-board stage. Yet some recall that leaving the Big Ten for the Ivy League was the way the school was trending. "Within the climate at the time, the faculty definitely would've supported that," Hemke said. "Football, in particular, was a very low priority."
Saturday's game between Northwestern (4-0) and Ohio State (5-0) is proof of how much that has changed. Last season under Fitzgerald was just Northwestern's third 10-win season in school history. This weekend's matchup lured ESPN's "College GameDay" morning show to Evanston, and it has implications for the Big Ten and national-championship races. In the past, Venturi said, that would have been "impossible to conceive."
Besides the fruitful hires of Fitzgerald and Gary Barnett—the coach who improbably led Northwestern to the 1995 Big Ten championship—the rules of college football allowed Northwestern to become competitive in the Big Ten. The number of scholarships that teams are allowed to dole out to recruits was limited to 85 by 1994, helping the Wildcats land players that previously would have gone elsewhere. The business of college sports has boomed, too, with Northwestern receiving a payout close to $25 million from the Big Ten in 2011-12, making their Ivy League fascination seem even more archaic.
As it turns out, though, the most important decision that Northwestern athletics officials made was the one to do nothing at all. A drastic move like leaving for the Ivy League wouldn't have been unprecedented: The University of Chicago was a football school when the Big Ten was born, winning five of the league's first 18 championships under coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, but it left the Big Ten in 1946. In prioritizing intellectualism over big-time college athletics, the university acknowledged their implicit clash.
Some see this weekend's game as a repudiation of that notion. "They've never looked back, and we've never looked back," said Northwestern athletic director Jim Phillips.
Write to Ben Cohen at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
There are two markedly different types of vehicles in the light-duty truck segment (around 7,5 tonne GVW); the small vehicles, which have been upgraded to cope with a larger GVW, and the 'genuine' medium trucks, which have been adapted to the lower GVW through the use of lighter driveline and chassis components.
These trucks have preserved driver comfort, space and safety levels together with ample quality reserves for use during many years. They are often used by transport companies specializing in activities other than transport, but needing efficient, safe and reliable transport.
The virtue of utilization
There has been a trend towards small goods vehicles with comparatively high fuel consumption, low payload, limited adaptation to driver environment and space, but with a low purchase price for the customer and which can be utilized for low goods volumes. At a time when the means for maximum utilization of a large payload were not available, this was perhaps a relatively fast and effective means of transport.
But the inefficient use of too many vehicles of this type and the poor utilization of driver, vehicle and natural resources (fuel) are uneconomic and harmful for our environment.
Introducing guidance and positioning systems
With computerized transport guidance systems in combination with Global Positioning Systems there is a tendency to utilize larger vehicles in a better way, which will probably decrease the importance/use of inefficient small petrol- or diesel-driven vehicles in favour of medium-sized, high-quality trucks with good payload capacity.
Finding the right weight class
Volvo has concentrated in later years on vehicles from about 11 tonnes GVW and upward, with good environmental characteristics, relatively large payload and good environmental properties. But at the same time, requests from Volvo customers in need of not only medium-duty and heavy-duty trucks but also smaller trucks had been for a light-duty vehicle in the transport segment around the GVW class of 7.5 tonnes, which is very popular in several countries in Europe.
Customers who asked for a Volvo vehicle in this class shared the opinion that vehicles from manufacturers other than Volvo did not meet Volvo customers´ demands. The desired truck should give the same level of comfort and safety for the driver as the FL6, have a sufficient payload and be more powerful than the FL4 (which was taken out of the product programme in 1989 due to the limited power output from the Volvo engine of only about 3,6 litres).
The lightest Volvo truck
In 1996 the FLC (Forward control, Low cab, for City transport) was introduced to offer Volvo qualities in the light-truck category. This consisted in general of the FL6 cab but coupled to a much lighter driveline (including an efficient direct-injected diesel engine with turbo and intercooler and good environmental characteristics, produced by the independent engine manufacturer Perkins) and the lightest possible reliable chassis components.
The FLC was the lightest vehicle in the Volvo range and well accepted by demanding customers who care about overall transport efficiency, driver comfort and long-term economy and environmental care. In 2000, however, it was succeeded by the lightest version of the new FL range.


text:
What do you do when you find a gem of a deal only to see it is really a dud?
I thought I found a great free AM/FM table top radio for free from this site (kink below) but when I try I buy it the price is over a hundred dollars! Really more than a Hundo for an AM/FM radio? You think it is worth perusing with the site or just chalk it up to too good to be true and remember that they are shady?
Any one have any experience with this site by the by?
12 Answers answer
lol the "LIve Chat" button is an email form...
Wow...some web developer never expected a daily deal to cost more than $100. So it rolled over to 0? I'm not sure if that's even possible, but it might be. Or maybe the site's intended to be deceptive, in which case they're picking a dumb way to try it.
I think its just an honest mistake. When websites do the bait n' switch you have to click far more than one button to see the real price/real product.
I flag it.
well it's showing up as $0 now...maybe they saw this thread?
It seems like a simple mistake. You didn't really expect this to be sold for $0.00 did you?
I don't thnk that this is a coding mistake because it also says 100% off.
@thedogma: if you hit buy it comes up at like $149 or something.
@90mcg112: I thought it was like a mistake in our favor, or a marketing stragety. Plus it is a radio not a laptop. You can buy am/fm radios in places like 5 below, Why not give some out as a marketing stragety to get people to your site?
Now coming up as $149.95
Save $109.05 (42%)
Looks like someone fat-fingered something, and they finally fixed it. Can't imagine why a radio would cost $150, tho. Even with a built-in 4gb mp3 player.
It was obviously an honest mistake. Why would any one think they are entitled to a Tivoli for free?
Why is a radio worth over $100? Have you listened to a Tivoli? The build quality and the sound quality more than make up for the $149 price tag without the MP3 player. The competing products are all at roughly the same price, if not more.
@lll0228: Thanks for the knowledge, I just thought it was a counter top am/fm. Happy to hear that it is worth the asking price. I have never heard of this brand.
I run the other way.
It's a Tivoli. They are crazy expensive, not really sure why.