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May a Chazzan decide on his own to do a Hechi Kedushah, or are there rules for when it is appropriate/mandated?
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The Shulchan Aruch (OC 232:1) recommends doing this when השעה דחוקה=the time is pressing, which the Rama (OC 124:2) defines as when the congregation is afraid that if they do the full repetition they won't finish by the end of the allotted time for that prayer. (See Biur Halacha OC 124 sv SheYa'avor who debates if this is Chatzot or Sof Zman Tefillah in regards to Shacharit.)
The Mishna Berurah there (sk 6) points out that if it is not a pressing time one should not do this, as the proper form of the enactment of Chazal is to have the repetition come after the silent prayer.
The Aruch HaShulchan (OC 232:7) suggests that, at a very small minyan where it is doubtful that 9 people will answer Amen (as they tend to talk, etc.), one should always do a Heichi Kedusha lest the leader's blessings during his repetition be levatala.
I read in The Making of a Gadol that (according to R' Yaakov Kaminetzky) in Kenesses Yisroel in Slabodka during the week they did a hoiche kedusha for mincha because the institution of chazaras hashatz was for a beis hakenneses where baal habatim davened because of the possible presence of the ignorant, not for a beis medrash of baalei torah. Friday mincha, though, they did a full chazaras hashatz because many baalei batim came for shabbos davening. (I guess that made it into a shul?)


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I'd like to have anyone's feedback on this draft map I created. Tried to make the private ownership white but since it's RGB is not near to 255.
I've seen someone created this map similiar to it and leaves it as light grey color.
I am using ArcMap 9.3.1. I have Photoshop 7 on my computer but no training background on it. Have use couple of times in the past not related to GIS.

subset: commoncrawl


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In the United States, the Secretary of Defense just lifted the ban on women in combat. Many Christians seem to oppose this idea and believe that women should not be put in combat.
What is the biblical basis or precedent for this position?
In the United States, the Secretary of Defense just lifted the ban on women in combat. Many Christians seem to oppose this idea and believe that women should not be put in combat.
What is the biblical basis or precedent for this position?
If we go by direct statement, no, the Bible never explicitly states women should serve in active combat. However, as Affable points out, there are plenty of things Scripture doesn't condemn directly that we can assume are wrong by using principles based on extrapolation of direct statements and precedent, in a legal sense. And since the question asked "or precedent", here's one:
For this question, we can look to precedent in that nowhere in Scripture were women appointed to fight in battle. Only men are chosen for battle in Scripture:
This article lists several other hints that apply. One example:
Of course, these aren't direct statements, and it's possible, and even easy to mistake what's said when we try to "read between the lines", so not everyone is going to agree with the conclusion that it's contrary to Biblical principles to send women to war. I'm simply presenting the above, not arguing for or against it.
Just because there is no explicit prohibition on a thing does not mean that the Bible "endorses it."
Unwritten Expectations
There is, for example, to the best of my knowledge, no biblical prohibition cannibalism. Possibly it wouldn't fall under definition of kosher, but it is at best ambiguous! In spite of this, the author of the text rightfully expects that the reader is revolted when, (in 2 Kings 6:24-33), during a siege, two women concoct a plan to eat their children. When the second woman reneges and the first brings it before the King, the King rends his garments to show how he too understands how appalling this situation is. That, even in the absence, of an explicit prohibition in the Torah.
Likewise, the idea of women in combat would have simply been so outrageous as to not need explicit mention. Women simply did not fight* or if they did, something was wrong.
This is not to say that every Jewish custom is somehow holy - but "unthinkable" things don't need explicit mention in a contract between two parties - which is what the Old Testament laws were.
*But back to that "women didn't fight." There are two notable exceptions to that rule, but both fall into the category of 'the exception that proves the rule':
1. Judith
In the apocraphyal book of Judith, for example, Judith uses sex and cunning to murder Holofernes, the invading general. Scholars all agree, this fictional tale was written, in many ways, for its shock value. Like David defeating Goliath, this story simply assumes the incongruity of the weak defeating the strong in combat, leaving the reader to marvel at the tables being so turned.
2. Deborah and Barak
Within canonical Scripture, however, the most important story to remember is that of Deborah and Barak (no relation to the current President). Here, like in most of Judges, the Children of Israel have been beset by the enemy for their wickedness, and must now rise up and defeat the enemy. The chosen leader, however, is too reluctant. (Yeah, it really is a different Barak!) He demands that Deborah - the woman God sent to encourage Barak, must accompany him and assist in leading.
Now, on the face of it, you might say: Hey! See - a Woman fighting in combat! The precendent is not only absent, but wrong!
But here's the rub - God (and Deborah) bring judgement against Barak for his lack of cohones. The author writes:
That Barak would have no honor from this battle is quite the indictment. The assumption that a woman should not be in battle is so implicit as to be laughable.
Women encourage, Men fight. That's the model. Are there exceptions? TO be sure - but the Bible is clear its not the model to follow.
I don't think the Bible mention about these. But if the Government make rules, then I think we should follow it unless it is a sin.


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The state of Kansas is undertaking a statewide assessment on the extent to which minority youth are over-represented in the juvenile justice system. A series of public meetings will be held so that members of the public can hear the results of the study and to provide feedback to public officials involved in the juvenile justice system in Kansas.
The next public meeting is scheduled to take place from 2- 4 p.m. Jan. 9 in Garden City at the St. Catherine Hospital 401 E. Spruce Street. The event is open to the public and free of charge.
"So far, we've held meetings in Kansas City, and Emporia," Mitch Herian, a research analyst for objective advantage said in an interview Monday. "They were both very successful. We start out by presenting our findings for that area, and then open the meeting to discussion."
Attendants will have the chance to ask questions or offer input on why the findings are the way they are.
The purpose of the assessment is to determine whether minority youth are more likely to come into contact with the Kansas criminal justice system and whether minority youth receive disproportionately different outcomes in relation to white youth. As a key part of the assessment, the Kansas Juvenile Justice Authority and the Kansas Advisory Group on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention are sponsoring a series of public meetings at which members of the public are invited to listen to the results of the study. These public meetings, particularly feedback received from members of the public, will actually be included in the final report summarizing the results of the assessment.
Herian and his associates haven't looked at the data for Garden City and the surrounding communities yet, but they will before the meeting is held. Overall, Herian has said that there seems to be more minority youth involved with the Juvenile Justice System than whites for most crimes, but whites have a higher record of arrests for alcohol related charges.
"Once we've completed all the public meetings our ultimate goal is to compile a comprehensive report based on these findings," Herian said. "Then, it's up to the sate and the judicial system if they want to take action to try and reverse these trends."
For more information, contact Mitch Herian at (402) 651-6329 or email@example.com.
Location, ST | website.com


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Rosacea (roe-ZAY-she-uh) is a common skin condition that causes redness in your face and often produces small, red, pus-filled bumps. Although rosacea can occur in anyone, it most commonly affects middle-aged women who have fair skin.
Left untreated, rosacea tends to worsen over time. Rosacea signs and symptoms may flare up for a period of weeks to months and then diminish before flaring up again. Rosacea can be mistaken for acne, an allergic reaction or other skin problems.
While there's no cure for rosacea, treatments can control and reduce the signs and symptoms. If you experience persistent redness of your face, see your doctor for a diagnosis and proper treatment.
Signs and symptoms of rosacea may include:
If you experience persistent redness of your face, see your doctor or a skin specialist (dermatologist) for a diagnosis and proper treatment.
The cause of rosacea is unknown, but it could be due to some combination of hereditary and environmental factors.
A number of factors can trigger or aggravate rosacea by increasing blood flow to the surface of your skin. Some of these factors include:
Although anyone can develop rosacea, you may be more likely to develop rosacea if you:
In severe and rare cases, the oil glands (sebaceous glands) in your nose and sometimes your cheeks become enlarged, resulting in a buildup of tissue on and around your nose — a condition called rhinophyma (ri-no-FI-muh). This complication is much more common in men and develops slowly over a period of years.
You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, in many cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to a skin disease specialist (dermatologist).
It's a good idea to prepare for your appointment. Here's some information to help you.
Preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your appointment time. For rosacea, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
Don't hesitate to ask any other questions that come up during your appointment.
Your doctor is likely to ask you several questions, including:
There's no specific test for rosacea. Instead, doctors rely on the history of your symptoms and a physical examination of your skin. In some cases, your doctor may need to rule out other conditions, such as other forms of acne, psoriasis, various forms of eczema or lupus, which can sometimes cause similar signs and symptoms.
Although there's no cure for rosacea, treatments can control and reduce the signs and symptoms. Most often this requires a combination of prescription treatments and certain lifestyle changes on your part.
Prescription drugs used for rosacea may include:
The duration of your treatment depends on the type and severity of your symptoms, but typically you'll notice an improvement within one to two months. Because symptoms may recur if you stop taking medications, long-term regular treatment is often necessary.
Enlarged blood vessels, some redness and changes due to rhinophyma often become permanent. In these cases, surgical methods, such as laser surgery and electrosurgery, may reduce the visibility of blood vessels, remove tissue buildup around your nose and generally improve your appearance.
One of the most important things you can do if you have rosacea is to minimize your exposure to anything that causes a flare-up. Find out what factors affect you so that you can avoid them. Other suggestions to prevent flare-ups include:
If you wear makeup, consider using green-tinted foundation creams and powders because they're designed to counter skin redness.
Many alternative therapies — including colloidal silver, emu oil, laurelwood, oregano oil and vitamin K — have been touted as possible ways to treat rosacea. However, there's no conclusive evidence that any of these alternative therapies are effective.
If you're considering dietary supplements or other alternative therapies to treat rosacea, consult your doctor. He or she can help you weigh the pros and cons of specific alternative therapies.
Rosacea can be distressing. You might feel embarrassed or anxious about your symptoms and become withdrawn or self-conscious. You may be frustrated or upset by other people's reactions. Talking to a counselor about these feelings can be helpful.
A rosacea support group, either in person or online, can connect you with others facing the same types of problems — which can be especially comforting.
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rosacea/basics/risk-factors/con-20014478
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