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Washing Feet
The Pope today celebrated the Holy Thursday Mass of the Lord's Supper in a juvenile prison, where he washed the feet of 12 young people. Two of them were young women. Two were Muslims. The question of whether or not women's feet may be washed has been a contentious one in recent years. At issue is the question of what the foot washing on Holy Thursday represents: humble service (something to be practiced by all disciples), or the founding of the ministerial priesthood. The latter notion seems to be a deduction: 12 men were indicated in the rubrics of the 1955 text, which suggests a role-play of the Last Supper.
The 1988 Circular Letter from the Vatican Congregation for Divine Worship, Paschale Solemnitatis, "On Preparing and Celebrating the Paschal Feasts," although keeping to the letter of the 1955 rubric men weighs in firmly on the side of service. It says that The washing of feet represents the service and charity of Christ, who came not to be served, but to serve. This tradition should be maintained and its proper significance explained. (no. 51). The rite generally has been interpreted as one of charity and humble service, rather than sacerdotal institution, by parish communities in the United States. As the Church has traveled from the 1950s to the present, the favored way to celebrate this rite has been with both men and women participating. The note on this subject on the USCCB website confirms that the inclusion of women had become customary in the U.S. by the mid-eighties, when the question arose about restricting the gesture to males only. The rubrics today in the Third Edition of the Roman Missal say that men (males) selected for this rite (viri selecti -- the number 12 has been dropped) are led forward. That's all.
How much importance is placed on that single word in the rubrics (viri) varies. The foot washing itself is not required by the rubrics. The optional quality of this practice was a result of disagreement about whether the action itself would be accessible in modern cultures. Sadly, some have dropped it in recent years precisely because they would prefer not to do it at all than to offend women by excluding them.
Although foot washing traditions in cathedrals, in monasteries, etc. have a long history, the rubric for washing feet in the Evening Mass of the Lord's Supper dates from the 1955 revision of the Holy Week rites, undertaken under Pius XII. Peter Jeffrey details the origins of this rite in his book, A New Commandment: Toward a Renewed Rite for the Washing of Feet (Collegeville: Order of St. Benedict, 1985). He concludes that the practice on Holy Thursday today ought to be taken as one of charity, and that it belongs to the greater living tradition of foot washing in the Church -- a tradition which includes women.
Pope Francis would seem to agree. Hearing the news confirmed that the Pope washed female feet has sent some commenters on traditionalist blogs into a tailspin.Those US bishops who have issued guidelines forbidding the washing of women's feet on Holy Thursday may wish to review their policy in light of Pope Francis's example. But for the most part, Pope Francis's actions will seem genuinely good and appropriate to most Catholics. Many comments over the past few days have shown positive interest and deep approval of the Pope's decision. What I found most touching of all, however, was this response from incarcerated young people in Los Angeles County, California. They wrote letters to him. Here is one:
Dear Pope Francis,
Thank you for washing the feet of youth like us in Italy. We also are young and made mistakes. Society has given up on us, thank you that you have not given up on us.
Maybe women should write letters to him too.
UPDATE: You can see video clips of the liturgy here. Watch for the Pope's smile as he looks up at the teen whose feet he has just washed.
About the Author
Rita Ferrone is the author of several books about liturgy, including Liturgy: Sacrosanctum Concilium (Paulist Press).
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So far Francis has followed the Gospel. If you have not seen his speech at the Conclave it is a must read. Here it is.The archbishop of Havana, Cardinal Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, on Saturday read from a document given him by Pope Francis, outlining the speech he gave during the pre-conclave General Congregation meetings of the Cardinals.Cardinal Ortega had been so impressed with the speech he asked the then-Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio for a copy of the intervention.Cardinal Ortega received permission from Pope Francis to share the information.Listen to our report: Here is an unofficial translation of the textEvangelizing implies Apostolic Zeal1. - Evangelizing pre-supposes a desire in the Church to come out of herself. The Church is called to come out of herself and to go to the peripheries, not only geographically, but also the existential peripheries: the mystery of sin, of pain, of injustice, of ignorance and indifference to religion, of intellectual currents, and of all misery.2. - When the Church does not come out of herself to evangelize, she becomes self-referential and then gets sick. (cf. The deformed woman of the Gospel). The evils that, over time, happen in ecclesial institutions have their root in self-referentiality and a kind of theological narcissism. In Revelation, Jesus says that he is at the door and knocks. Obviously, the text refers to his knocking from the outside in order to enter but I think about the times in which Jesus knocks from within so that we will let him come out. The self-referential Church keeps Jesus Christ within herself and does not let him out. 3. - When the Church is self-referential, inadvertently, she believes she has her own light; she ceases to be the mysterium lunae and gives way to that very serious evil, spiritual worldliness (which according to De Lubac, is the worst evil that can befall the Church). It lives to give glory only to one another. Put simply, there are two images of the Church: Church which evangelizes and comes out of herself, the Dei Verbum religiose audiens et fidente proclamans; and the worldly Church, living within herself, of herself, for herself. This should shed light on the possible changes and reforms which must be done for the salvation of souls. 4. - Thinking of the next Pope: He must be a man who, from the contemplation and adoration of Jesus Christ, helps the Church to go out to the existential peripheries, that helps her to be the fruitful mother, who gains life from the sweet and comforting joy of evangelizing.
I work with the RCIA in the diocese of Arlington VA. I have done so for almost the last decade. Over time, the Washing of Feet had become a beloved part of the Holy Thursday Mass in which members of the Catechumenate, sponsors/godparents, parishioners, other liturgical ministers were involved from time to time. It was kept dynamic in terms of its inclusion and placement in the Liturgy and emphasize service and love.In the last few years, partly due to our aging priestly staff, but also because of outside pressures from more conservative areas in the diocese, the stated controversies you noted became more prevalent. As the church more and more opined its lack of calls to the vocation of priesthood there seemed to be a simultaneous turn toward emphasizing the selection of men to participate in the washing of feet. Some creative interpretations were done some years, like having it totally outside of the Mass, in order to accommodate women without "violating" the would-be critics and snitches. But last year, we finally succumbed to omitting it all together.This year we have a new pastor, after the retirement of the last pastor who had an unprecedented tenure of some 25 years. The new pastor also opted to omit the foot washing this year--it being his first Easter Vigil as pastor in a parish. I am excited to revisit this issue in light of Pope Francis' example. I don't think any of the women in our parish are under the illusion that such an act of kindness and love is tantamount to opening the doors to women's ordination, but the parish as a whole would probably welcome the return of participating in the example Jesus gave us as Servant Leader and adding that to the refrain "Do this in memory of me."
Tailspin? Excellent.A number of students at my parish have expressed their discomfort over our community's open foot washing. (We don't bother with selecti.)I lack the patience for this, really.
We just got an email from the liturgy co-ordinator asking us to volunteer for foot washing tonight. We hesitated to present our 80 year old feet [toes] for washing but in honor of Francis we will let our Franciscan pastor have a go at our ugly feet. (-:Habemus papam ... right?
Only the most jaded clericalist would deem it important to place such limitations on the rite of foot washing. As Catholics we are all called to serve all, and to take this exemplary occasion of service -- both in its Gospel presentation and in our own parish celebrations -- and use it to exclude is simply neither Christian nor Catholic. As Pope Francis has now demonstrated. I would also add that excluding women from those selected under the cover of the Gospel precedent is to cover a misogynistic wolf in liturgical sheep's clothing, plain and simple. "Get over it and take the Gospel into your heart" is my advice for those who think otherwise. This liturgy is moving no matter how I see it done (including the time a fallen away Catholic prisoner in San Quentin, as his first attendance at mass in years due to emotional abuse by parish staff as a child, had his feet washed by the presider). But probably the most thought provoking of all was when the group of first communion and confirmation candidates washed either the hands or feet of the entire congregation, at the choice of those receiving the service. I can think of no better way to teach these young candidates the meaning of Catholic Christianity. Lest you think I am just a flakey liberal, I happen to be a candidate in the Ordo Francsicanus Saecularis and an MDiv candidate at a Catholic seminary. I do think about these things.
Thanks, Rita - even, balanced, and appreciate both the history and resource (P. Jeffrey).Can't believe some of the vitriol on the traddie blogs - best was a woman who was scandalized if a priest washed *pretty young women*'s feet - you know what happens next!!! (think it tells us more about her than anything else)FYI - we had some struggles in the seminary because rectors or provincials would often opt to celebrate priesthood at Holy Thursday while faculty/staff wanted to focus upon the mandatum and the call to service/ministry. So, you had expensive steak dinners following Holy Thursday with folks refusing to show up in protest. It was even more of a scandal when the religious order is the Vincentians (followers of Vincent dePaul - "we have the poor with us always" and enshrined the preferential option to the poor in its charter) but the CMs also had a primary apostolate to run seminaries and form priests (thus, that advocacy). Obviously,the key here is VII's definition and understanding that priesthood is a ministry of service - thus, the mandatum is at the core of any call to the priesthood. (not celebrating ordination with expensive dinners).
Rita - thanks for this outstanding post.I know I've said this a few times before, but I'm gonna keep on saying it: Pope Francis seems to have an intuitive genius for the diaconal aspect of ministry. He models Christ the Servant like no bishop I can think of.He may be ushering the church into a renewed age of diakonia. I think that is something to get excited about.
Tailspin? Why? Actions of Pope Francis in the two weeks since he was elected are not to some peoples liking: does not wear a mozzetta, did not distribute Communion at his inaugural Mass, is not living in the papal apartments, etc., etc., and so forth. But, he is our pope. Cognitive dissonance, anyone?
I think it is wonderful that he went to visit people in prison; our incarcerated brothers and sisters really are the world's throwaways. Cardinal Dolan of NY went to visit a prison yesterday, as well. Our new Pope is leading by example, the way it should be.
In several of the blogs protesting the washing the feet of women in this liturgy, a document is cited. It states that viri are those ones whose feet would be washed in this ceremony. They may have a point. If my four years of High School Latin serve me well, the liturgical directive would have used the word homines had women been included.
I, who pride myself on keeping up with Church goings -on , was not aware of this "no girls allowed in our feet-washing" ritual. I live in a diocese headed by the last of the Vatican ll bishops so perhaps that is why I have not heard of the mens only dictate. In our parish, at the washing of the feet ritual everyone in the congregation is invited up to the altar to have their feet washed and in turn wash the feet of others. In my previous parish, it was hard to find 12 people to volunteer, but in this one most people are pretty cool about it. And I have to tell you, it is inspiring. Our indefatigable sacristan positions the youth ministry kids with towels and all goes smoothly. And this is a parish with more than 3500 households and a crowded church on Holy Thursday. I would think traditional-bound Catholics would be over the moon about a ritual like this one .
I've always loved the Holy Thursday liturgy, and one reason I've always loved it was this ritual, and one reason I've always loved this ritual was that its meaning seemed so powerful and clear: our pastor demonstrating his commitment to servant-leadership, and modeling that call to service for all of us. So it's bewildering to me to hear it interpreted as pertaining solely to the institution of the priesthood (and therefore as a play-acting of the Last Supper, as you say, Rita). Isn't the Chrism Mass supposed to be the opportunity to focus on the priests' calling? And then, they go out from the cathedral to their own parishes and demonstrate their commitment to that calling in the evening's Mass? If, instead, the foot-washing rite is just another reference to the importance of the clerical state -- and if the "you" in "I gave you an example that you also should do as I did to you" means only ordained men -- what are the rest of us doing there?
Good article Rita and interesting history. I always inuitively (and this was what also has been emphasized at Holy Thursday) understood this as service.As for traditionalist bloggers, I think they are missing the message! Go, love and serve your neighbour and your neighbour includes women, Muslims, all manner of people. They should spend some time in prayer, like we all should, and think about the implications of this ritual and liturgy for our lives.Good for Pope Francis yet again!!! Following the footsteps of our master
If we had eight sacraments , foot washing all would be it.
And so the pendulum swings. The uproar about the foot-washing sounds so much like the complaints from our brothers and sisters on the other side of the spectrum when Benedict XVI established the Ordinariate for disaffected Anglicans or made overtures to the SSPX. And like the complaints of our brothers and sisters on another side when John Paul II prayed with leaders from other religions at Assisi.But we're still brothers and sisters. If we can just get that through our thick heads, maybe the message of Easter will really make a difference in the world . . . and in the Church.
Francis just continues to inspire. This is truly outstanding. Bless him.
If we had eight sacraments , foot washing all would be it. John's version of the Last Supper has no institution narrative - no establishment of the Eucharist. Instead, it has the foot washing - which appears only in John, not any of the other three gospels. For John, it is that service to others that Jesus taught us to do in memory of Him. "14 If I, therefore, the master and teacher, have washed your feet, you ought to wash one anothers feet.15 I have given you a model to follow, so that as I have done for you, you should also do.--John 13In John, Jesus talks of eating his body and blood not at the Last Supper but in the Synagogue of Capernaum on the day after the miracle of the loaves and fishes:"51 I am the living bread that came down from heaven; whoever eats this bread will live forever; and the bread that I will give is my flesh for the life of the world52 The Jews quarreled among themselves, saying, How can this man give us [his] flesh to eat?53 Jesus said to them, Amen, amen, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you do not have life within you.54 Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him on the last day.55 For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink.56 Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me and I in him.57 Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, so also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me.58 This is the bread that came down from heaven. Unlike your ancestors who ate and still died, whoever eats this bread will live forever.--John 6
Holloway, we had a y'all come feet washing one year, when Christ Renews His Parish was ascendent, and the next year the walls were bowed out by the Holy Thursday crowd. Then came the order to cool it, and keep it to the boys. We remain SRO on Holy Thursday, but the y'all come year started it. This year our bishop watched the pope on TV, and lo, in mid-afternoon, women were recruited across the diocese to bring their feet as we went to DEFCOM7 at the last minute to emulate the bishop of Rome.Having both washed and been washed in seasons past (it is a key part of CHRP), I have to agree with Ed Gleason. It should be the eighth sacrament. This year, the church was hushed as if a sacrament were being performed while the pastor did the requisite 12 with the 2 late entries.
Tom Blackburn,Thanks for this comment, but DEFCOM7? Could you please translate?
Jimmy Akin has two articles on including women in he foot washing. Essentially, he says that, since 2005, each bishop can decide what is the best for his diocesehttp://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/10-things-you-need-to-know-abo..., even if that weren't so, the Pope is free to do as he wants about including women in his own foot washing. http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/how-should-we-understand-pope-...
I was privileged to be able to wash feet this evening. I washed the feet of men, women, boys, girls, and one tiny little infant who may have been a boy. It was joyful and moving. What a beautiful, wonderful ceremony.
People in my parish have long washed one another's feet. This was the first year, alas, our daughter opted out of our usual family threesome. Teenagers!One student remarked to me that tonight's liturgy was "almost overwhelming." That is a good attitude to have heading into the rest of the Triduum.
Frankly, I'm washing my hands of this whole issue...
Rita, DEFCON is a military acronym for defense readiness condition. There are only five, I think, DEFCON levels, of which 1 is highest. That, I presume, would translate into "the pope is coming here!" At level 7, it would hardly be an emergency, but it would be above normal that women who didn't expect a foot washing when they got out of bed yesterday were getting one before they went back to bed last night.
Rita:Thank you for a wonderful post.As for those who were upset at the pope for breaking the rules I am reminded of the last line of a funny but salacious limerick: "De minimis non curat lex."
I hear you...the trouble we (I)may experience with the "washing" of feet or anything else for this matter is (in my opinion)that the "faithful" have a sense of sincerity we bring to the ritual ..of liturgy. What is behind the symbol is the reality of a community that really "love as Jesus did". Was the washing....a wash or a wishful sign depends of the works of mercy performed during the day to day that preceded such rite.
Since when has American Catholicism followed the example of Popes? It seems only when politically convenient, as in this case with the call for certain US Bishops to change their "policies" because of women-speak. I did not see much example in US of receiving Our Lord on the tongue while kneeling all these years, something forbidden by not a few US Bishops.Also Ms Ferrone should read what the Pope has said about the Mass of the Last Supper: it is primarily about the priesthood, and the priesthood is about service to God and His people.
It always seemed to me that the male only restriction on the rite made no sense, because if the rite was particular to priesthood, then only priests should have their feet washed, but if the rite was particular to discipleship (which is much more Johannine) then all disciples could have their feet washed, not just male ones. In any case, I think that Pope Francis has turned the entire debate in a new direction by choosing to wash the feet of non-Christians. For all of the debate about men vs. women, and "12" vs. "more than twelve", the point of the rite has always seemed to be an example/reminder for believers that they are to follow the example of Christ as one who serves. Washing the feet of non-Christians seems to shift this focus, although in a "Good Samaritan" sort of way, where the pope (in this case) provides the example for servants, but the recipients are no longer representatives of disciples, but rather the poor - anyone who is in need. This seems to eliminate the entire men vs. women question, because that only makes sense as an internal Church matter.
I know I'm not the only one who thought of Vincent's "I've given a million ladies a million foot massages, and they all meant something" speech in Pulp Fiction when this story broke. I guess Father Z or Ed Peters gets to be Marsellus.
Ted, indulge an old man by making yourself clear. Do you mean the bishop of Rome has succumbed to "women-speak"? Or that the bishops of the United States, when they emulate him, succumb to "women-speak"? And when you tell me who is doing it, can you also tell me what "woman-speak" is.I am sure Rita Ferone has read what the pope said about the Last Supper because even I have seen it. And she has written extensively on the liturgy, including a book you might read while we are issuing suggested readings around here.
The Roman Pontiff is not bound by merely ecclesiastical law (i.e. the prescripts of a foot washing rite), so he is completely free to ignore the foot washing rite's provision that unreasonably discriminates among the laity due to their sex. It's not even de minimis non curat lex. It's princeps legibus solutus est.
For those keeping stats on this issue, last night eleven of the twelve "viri selecti" in my local parish were women. Feminae selectae? (if I've got the grammar right, which is unlikely). And today our pastor was a reader in the annual Good Friday ecumenical service held in the local Episcopal church.
I, too, join the chorus in thanking Rita for this article, and Mr. Mazzolla in particular for the sharing HHFrancis' conclave speech. And like Todd, this "viri" silliness has me wearied. As an aside, at my normal liturgical music blog-haunt what's even more tiring is that folks are having kiniption (sp?) fits not about the footwashing at the CASA, nor the girls/Muslims, for crying out to heaven they're mad about the darn guitars at the Mass, with a coincidental screed calling for the ban of guitars and pianos from the Divine Liturgy, amen! Really? That is living proof of Francis' concerns about insularity becoming iconic.I hope that all of us, from our various encampments follow through with meaningful discernment of ALL that Francis is teaching and safeguarding that which we call Church.
"crying out to heaven theyre mad about the darn guitars at the Mass, with a coincidental screed calling for the ban of guitars and pianos from the Divine Liturgy, amen"I went to the Pax Christi Way of the Cross today in Manhattan, and one of the things I liked best was that there were some hymns from the 70s and 80s (Make Me A Channel of Your Peace, hymns like that) accompanied by a guitar and flute. I know that kind of music 's not for everybody, but it seems like there could be room for all our music, and the sky didn't fall when the Pope washed a couple of Muslims kids feet.
As is done in our diocese, did the pope announce that only catholic can receive communion?
At our beautiful Mass, we had the aforementioned "y'all come" dynamic, which I'd never seen before. It was most edifying and has been the talk of the parish. Lots of students (we're a university parish), but a notable presence of minority women. I was hugely touched by a mother's presenting her tiny child's feet for washing. I hope he remembers it all his life. A washing priest seemed today to be still basking in the experience.
Is it a method common to popes Benedict (especially towards the beginning of his pontificate) and Francis to start changes in liturgy, not by changing the rules, but by presiding over liturgy according to their personal preferences, in the hope that the model will catch on?That's how a cross and six candles appeared on the altar between the priest and the people.That's how some vestments that had been declared obsolete reappeared.And that's how now an indiscriminate set of people are getting their feet washed. There may be a similarity in method: prefer the persuasion of example to the imposition of regulation.
Interesting article but I'd enjoy reading an equally cogent analysis on the present Holy Father's use of communion by intinction. Intinction is something Francis has done more than once since he's become the Bishop of Rome.
Claire @ 9:44 That's an interesting thought, but I think the two cases are rather different. Pope Francis simply seems to be continuing to do what he did as Archbishop of Buenos Aires, with pastoral rather than liturgico-theological motives. Pope Benedict came to his office as a well-known critic of the liturgical reform and its results. I could be mistaken, but I believe the candle arrangement was arrived at while pope: his compromise solution to "correct" what he felt to be a deficiency introduced by celebrations facing the people. It was also some while into his pontificate that he began to require communion kneeling and on the tongue. Both may be said to lead by example, but the cases are different in other respects.
I also think it's a mistake to assume that what a pope does in his liturgies is what he thinks everyone should do. Papal Masses are their own kind of thing. I remember Benedict saying, in his more recent interview/book with Michael Seewald, that he'd decided kneeling/on the tongue should be the posture for those to whom he gave Communion because he wanted to counteract the circus-like atmosphere that surrounds papal Masses -- it was a situation he thought could use a nudge toward greater reverence. But he also said he did not intend thereby to suggest that it was the correct posture for everyone everywhere. (You can read that in his words here.) My guess was that Francis had a similar motivation for not distributing Communion in the usual way at his own installation Mass. In the case of Francis's foot-washing, I would not presume that the pope wants every bishop to celebrate the Triduum outside of his own cathedral or look for non-Christians to include in the foot-washing rite. But he does seem to be saying pretty clearly that there's no reason for participation in the rite to be restricted to men.


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By Chris Rudd
By Axel Timo Purr-Oracle on Jan 23, 2014
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| Dean, C., High Olefins FCC Technology Services, LLC, Houston, Texas; Letzsch, W. S., Technip Stone & Webster Process Technologies, Houston, Texas
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better simulate the expected commercial results.
The data show a direct correlation between hydrogen content
of the feed and gasoline yield. Even though the tight oil
contains some 1,050°F plus material, the gasoline yield
exceeds 57 wt% or 67 vol% on fresh feed.
Operating variables must be manipulated to attain high
conversion while minimizing coke and light gases
make.3 Maximum gasoline yield usually occurs at
conversion levels between 80 vol% and 85 vol%. The conversion
will be lower when processing aromatic feeds. Highest gasoline
yields are achieved by maximizing catalytic activity within the
parameters of the reaction system. Too much activity will give
too low catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratio, and it could lead to
catalyst deactivation due to higher Δ coke.
As summarized in Table 2, the reactor
temperature will usually be between 960°F and 985°F.
Lower temperatures adversely affect the stripper operation, and
the higher temperatures will overcrack the gasoline
Table 3 summarizes the effects of the major
operating variables on an FCC operation.4 In this
instance, reaction temperatures above 980°F will have lower
gasoline yields as did the heavy-cycle oil recycle. Recycle at
high conversion is usually used for bottoms cracking rather
than for producing more gasoline. Increasing catalyst activity
and the C/O ratio (by lowering feed temperature), and reducing
the reactor pressure, will increase gasoline yield. While
lowering the feed temperature will make more coke, the dry gas
yield may be reduced. If heavy feeds are processed, the ability
of the feed injection system to vaporize the feed may set a
minimum feed temperature.
Catalyst properties must be tuned to the particular FCC
operation. Both the feedstock and equipment limitations impact
the choice of catalyst and additives. Gasoline and conversion
may not be maximized if the unit is operating against multiple
constraints, such as the air blower, wet-gas compressor and
catalyst circulation.
The main catalyst variables that can be controlled are
faujasite zeolite content and type and degree of exchange of
the zeolite. Matrix activity, pore structure and total pore
volume, and metals passivators are all matrix components, which
are varied to optimize the FCCU.
Catalysts containing intermediate pore-size zeolites (ZSM-5)
need to be excluded. This is sometimes forgotten when an
equilibrium catalyst is used.
The equilibrium unit cell size needs to be optimized as
well. For maximum gasoline, values ranging from 24.32 to 24.40
are used. Feeds with few coke precursors would benefit from
larger numbers, while heavier or more aromatic feeds normally
require lower values. Coke and gas selectivities are usually
limited in that case. The starting unit cell size should be as
close to the equilibrium value as possible since the fresh
catalyst will play a significant role in the overall cracking
A few years ago, the only products making money for US
refiners were the middle distillates, i.e., diesel, kerosine,
heating oil and jet fuel. The entire refinery became focused on
maximizing middle-distillate products including the FCCU. As
with gasoline maximization, all aspects of the FCCU must be
Diesel is the first product from the cracking reactions, and
it reaches a peak before the gasoline yield, as shown in
Fig. 1.
When diesel-range material cracks, the primary product is
gasoline. A riser would be the preferred reactor design with no
back-mixing. Contact time should be short, and the recycle of
unconverted feed is required since the bottoms yield would be
Feed injection systems must vaporize the
feedstock quickly while quenching the hot catalyst from the
regenerator. This minimizes Δ coke and dry gas make. A
quick separation of the hydrocarbons and spent catalyst
minimizes dry gas make. While bottoms cracking occurs in the
dilute phase of the reactor, it is more effective to recycle
the unconverted feed.
Efficient stripping minimizes the amount of
middle distillates that are burned in the regenerator, thus
reducing the loading to the gas plant. Better stripping
provides more operating flexibility to optimize other operating
Regenerator. Regeneration of the catalyst
should be efficient. However, striving for the lowest carbon on
catalyst may not be desirable. The strongest acid sites on the
catalyst tend to crack the feed all the way to gasoline. Since
the residual carbon is associated with these sites, a carbon
level of about 0.1 wt% to 0.2 wt% may be desirable, and it
would depend on the catalyst (formulation) used.
Diesel-free feed. The feed to the cracker
should not have any diesel present. This material is
preferentially cracked to gasoline, and there is a large cetane
loss. If a cat-feed hydrotreater is being used, then the
operator should consider operating it as a mild hydrocracker.
This action is more selective to diesel than an FCCU, and it
provides a high-quality product for the diesel pool.
Hydrocracker. If the refinery has a hydrocracker, it
should be operated at capacity. This may require additional
hydrogen for the plant, but it should be economical. At lower
FCC conversions, the light-cycle oil (LCO) is a higher-quality
product and requires less-severe post-treating.5
Feedstocks with two and three aromatic
rings will make more LCO than paraffins, since the aromatic
nuclei are resistant to cracking reactions. Recycle streams and
coker GOs are relatively rich in these molecules, and they will
produce more middle distillates. These can be processed in the
fresh feed riser or in a separate dedicated reactor riser.
Coker GOs boiling in the diesel range would go to a
middle-distillate hydrotreater rather than the FCCU.
Main fractionators should have a
heavy-cycle oil (HCO) draw so that a more coke-selective stream
can be sent to the FCC.6 Decant oil should go
through dedicated nozzles to preserve the integrity of the
regular feed nozzles. Refiners have reported better overall
yields when the decant oil is injected well downstream of the
fresh feedstock.
Catalysts used to maximize LCO should be
very low in activity.7 As shown in Fig.
2, this is true for rare earth Y. Type Y or
ultra-stable zeolites have large pores, and they are very
effective at cracking diesel-sized molecules. Type Y or
ultra-stable zeolites must be limited to about 5%10% in a
catalyst formulation to prevent overcracking of the LCO.
Studies also suggest that smaller crystal sizes would help by
allowing the LCO produced to diffuse more rapidly out of the
Operating variables are manipulated to give
low conversions. Table 4 summarizes various
operating variables to control. Reactor temperatures of
930°F950°F are used for GO, while resids may
require 950°F960°F to avoid excessive hydrocarbon carryover from the stripper.
Feed preheat may be maximized, and a fired heater would be
required for the more crackable feeds.
Recycle is essential to improve bottoms cracking with low
conversions. Rates of 1%30% would be required to give
LCO/GO ratios of at least 3, and, in many cases, over 5, for
these middle-distillate operations.
The iso-C4 hydrocarbons are very valuable.
Refiners frequently want to maximize or, at least, increase one
of them. These molecules are isobutylene and
isobutane.3 Both are important feeds to an
alkylation unit, and the isobutylene is used to make
methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), the preferred oxygenate
used globally except in North America. Isobutylene can also
serve as a feed to a catalytic polymerization unit or as a
similar process that makes gasoline from light olefins.
Isobutane is required for alkylation. Some refiners are short
of this material due to a lack of local field butane
The C4 hydrocarbons are generally one of the
ultimate products from a catalytic cracking unit due to the
beta-scission carbenium ion cracking mechanism. Equilibrium
concentrations of the various C4s are rarely
achieved due to the reactivity of the butylenes. The
isobutylene equilibrium sets the maximum amount of isobutylene
that can be produced in a typical catalytic
cracker.8 At equilibrium conditions, the percentage
of isobutylene in the butenes stream varies from 46% at
950°F to 44% at 1,050°F.9 The actual
percentage of isobutylene in the butene stream depends on the
unit design operating conditions, feedstocks and catalyst. While
isobutylene is initially produced, hydrogen transfer reactions
can diminish its yield.
Unit design features that help preserve isobutylene are: a
short reactor contact time, and rapid separation of the spent
catalyst and reactor effluent. Reducing the dilute phase
temperature and contact time also is important. Low reactor
hydrocarbon partial pressures are essential for minimizing
hydrogen transfer, and FCCUs operating above 30 psig may not be
able to make the needed isobutylene. Dispersion and/or riser
stream will lower the hydrogen transfer reactions.
Like every other product from an FCCU, feedstock plays an
important role in isobutylene manufacturing. In general, high
K factor feeds will give more isobutylene than more
aromatic stocks. More paraffinic feeds can operate at higher
conversions and generate more LPG. Typically, LPG has a
hydrogen content well above 15 wt%, so hydrogen-deficient feeds
cannot make as many barrels of isobutylene. The percentage of
the olefins may be lower, depending on the operating variables
and conversion levels. Key feedstock parameters would include
the amount and configuration of the naphthenes. The length of
the side chains on the ring compounds will determine whether
C3 or C4 olefins are formed. The main
operating variable for producing more isobutylene is reactor
temperature. The amount of the C4 iso-olefin
increases significantly when the gasoline is over-cracked.
Other variables that increase conversion can also increase
isobutylene yield. These include higher catalyst activity and
higher C/O ratios. Both can promote hydrogen transfer
reactions; thus, the amount of isobutylene will not be as high
as that yielded by increasing reactor temperature. If the
conversion is taken too high, then the higher reactivity of the
isobutylene will diminish its yield.
Catalyst properties can have a very large effect on
isobutylene yield. The goal is to get conversion, but with
minimum hydrogen transfer. The large-pore zeolite used should
be an ultra-stable Y (US-Y) rather than a rare earth Y (ReY).
Minimal RE should be used for stabilization. A lower unit cell
size is desirable, and it is important that the fresh catalyst
also be low in unit cell size. High unit cell sizes mean the
acid sites on the zeolite are closer together, and that
promotes hydrogen transfer.
An active matrix will provide much needed catalytic activity
and has minimal hydrogen transfer activity. Bronsted acid sites
would be preferred to Lewis acids since they would promote more
skeletal isomerization of the olefins. ZSM-5 tends to increase
the isobutylene concentration since the gasoline that cracks
within the medium-pore zeolite produces a concentration of
isobutylene near the equilibrium value (40% or higher).
Isobutane yield will increase with conversion but can be
cracked thermally in the feed injection zone. When reactor
temperatures reach 1,030°F, the base of the riser is near
1,100°F. Since isobutane is a function of hydrogen transfer
reactions, the opposite factors for maximizing isobutylene
generally apply.
To minimize thermal cracking, the best conditions are good
feed injection system, low slip factor riser, rapid and high
separation of the spent catalyst and reactor products, short
dilute phase contact times and/or low temperatures, and a
highly effective stripper and regenerator.
Feedstocks higher in hydrogen work
best for the same reasons outlined in the previous section
(isobutylenes). Tight oils would be expected to produce high
quantities of isobutane with the proper unit design and
operating conditions.
While high conversions are desired, catalytic conversion is
preferred to thermal conversion (reactor temperature). Higher
catalyst activity can be achieved by increasing the activity of
the catalyst or the C/O ratio by reducing feed temperature. It
is normally more economical to first increase the RE content of
the catalyst to raise activity, then increase the large-pore
zeolite content, and finally raise catalyst additions. A higher
UCS is usually desired. Using ZSM-5 should be reduced or
Butylenes are the most desirable light olefins in a
gasoline-oriented refinery. These often have a value of
gasoline or higher since they are the preferred feed to an
alkylation unit. Butylenes give the highest octanes and consume
less isobutane than propylene. Amylenes are usually only
processed to reduce gasoline olefinicity and/or vapor
All of the caveats that applied to making more isobutylene
apply to maximizing butylenes. The unit design and feedstock properties would not be
different. Reactor temperature is the key operating variable.
Normally, a minimum reactor temperature of 980°F would be
used to make light olefins. Many refiners will run over
1,000°F reactor temperature when operating in this mode.
Low-hydrogen transfer and controlled activity are desired with
an ultra-stable zeolite with a unit cell size of 24.32
angstroms or less. Some units might run as low as 24.27
angstroms, but dry gas or low conversion may become a
Some catalyst additives are aimed at increasing butylenes
vs. propylene. Since the additive suppliers have more
experience with their products than a typical refiner, they
should be consulted as to a product recommendation and a yield
estimate. Increased matrix activity is also desired for
maximizing butylenes and modifications to the ZSM-5 carrier may
also help. HP
This is an updated version of an earlier presentation at the
American Fuels and Petrochemical Association Annual
Meeting, March 16-18, 2014, at Orlando, Florida.
1 Bryden, K. J. and E. T. Habib, Jr.,
Processing shale oils in FCC: Challenges and
opportunities, Hydrocarbon Processing, pp.
5964, September 2013.
2 Huovie, C., et. al., Solutions for FCC
Refiners in the Shale Oil Era, AFPM Annual Meeting, March
3 Alternative Routes to High Conversion,
The Catalyst Report, TI-805 Engelhard (BASF).
4 Gim, S., W. Letzsch, H. McQuiston and C. Santner,
FCC Opportunities at Lower Throughputs, AFPM Annual
Meeting, March 2010.
5 Unzelman, G., Potential Impact of Cracking
on Diesel Fuel Quality, Katalistics 4th Annual FCC
Symposium, 1983.
6 Niccum, P., Maximizing diesel production in
an FCC-centered refineryPart 1,
Hydrocarbon Processing, September 2012.
7 Pillai, R. and P. Niccum, Select new
production strategies for FCC light cycle oil,
Hydrocarbon Processing, February
8 McLean, J. B. , G. S. Koermer and R. J. Madon,
Maximizing catalytic isobutylene selectivity, paper
from Engelhard.
9 McLean, J. B. and A. Witsoshkin, Iso-olefins
for oxygenate production using Isoplus, NPRA Annual
Meeting, March 1993.
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Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
Too soon to tell
July 2016


text:
...and perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men, they marvelled; and they took knowledge of them, that they had been with Jesus. Acts 4:13... And Jesus saith unto them, Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men. Matthew 4:19...I have set before thee an open door. Revelation 3:8... The Kingdom of Heaven is at hand!
And Jesus said unto them, Come ye after me, and I will make you to become fishers of men. (Mark 1:17)
Est. 2oo8 - By God's Grace for God's Glory!
© Copyright Ignorant Fishermen Blog 2016. All rights reserved


text:
Pope Pardons Former Butler
ROME— Pope Benedict XVI pardoned his former butler on Saturday, releasing him from an 18 month-prison sentence for stealing confidential papal documents that embarrassed the highest ranks of the Vatican.
The pontiff, who wields monarch-like power over the tiny city state, visited the Vatican jail cell of his former servant Paolo Gabriele on Saturday morning to carry out the pardon.
"This constitutes a paternal gesture towards a person with whom the pope shared a relationship of daily familiarity for many years," the statement said.
Mr. Gabriele and his lawyer couldn't be reached for comment.
With the pardon, the Vatican aims to turn the page on one of the more turbulent chapters in its modern history.
In October, a panel of Vatican judges convicted Mr. Gabriele of abusing his position to steal a massive cache of documents from the papal apartment and handing them over to a journalist. The publication of the documents in the Italian media opened an unprecedented window onto the daily machinations of Vatican officials, ranging from internal power struggles to allegations by one high-ranking Vatican prelate of corruption among his colleagues.
The Vatican denied the corruption allegations, and launched sweeping investigations to uncover who was responsible for the leak, a trail that eventually led to Mr. Gabriele's Vatican quarters. There, according to the findings of the Vatican judges, Mr. Gabriele had stashed myriad documents as well as gifts given to the pope by dignitaries.
Mr. Gabriele told Vatican authorities he was holding onto the papal gifts with the intention of returning them. The former butler said he took the documents, because he thought the pope was poorly informed by his senior advisers. Mr. Gabriele said he felt the need to expose "evil and corruption" throughout the church.
"I don't feel like a thief," Mr. Gabriele told the court at his October sentencing.
Vatican authorities have yet to get to the bottom of the corruption allegations Mr. Gabriele's leaks exposed, in particular the decision to transfer the whistle-blowing Vatican prelate overseas.
After Mr. Gabriele was released from jail on Saturday, he was barred from living in Vatican City and banned from resuming "his previous occupation," the Vatican said.
"The Holy See, trusting in his sincere repentance, wishes to offer [Mr. Gabriele] the possibility of returning to a serene family life," the Vatican said.


text:
Faculty (A-E)
Faculty 2010-2011
Date in parentheses shows first year of full-time service to Belmont.
Glenn Acree, Professor of Mathematics (1999)
B.A., Samford University; M.S., Georgia State University; Ph.D., Emory University
Jamie Adam, Assistant Professor of Nursing (2010)
A.S., Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; B.S., Pittsburg State University; M.S.N., Middle Tennessee State University; D.N.P., Case Western Reserve University
Nathan Adam, Assistant Professor of Exercise Science (2010)
B.B.A. and M.B.A., Pittsburg State University; Ed.S., Middle Tennessee State University; Ed.D. Candidate, Tennessee State University
Sarah J Adams, Associate Professor of Sport Science and Chair, Department of Sport Science (2004)
B.S., Middle Tennessee State University; M.S., Louisiana Tech University; D.A., Middle Tennessee State University
Danielle Alexander, Assistant Professor of English (2004)
B.A., Wilmington College; M.C., Georgia State University; M.F.A., University of Iowa; Ph.D., University of Denver
Joe F. Alexander, Professor, Senior Professor of Performance Excellence and Associate Dean, Massey Graduate School of Business (2007)
B.B.A., Harding University; M.B.A., D.B.A., Memphis State University
Christine L. Algren, Professor of Nursing, Executive Director-Partners in Nursing Program and Associate Dean, School of Nursing (2005)
R.N., M.S.N., University of Louisville; Ed.D., Vanderbilt University
Beverly J. Alleyne, Instructor of Accounting (2008)
A.A.S., New York City Technical College; B.B.A., Long Island University; M.B.A., Long Island University; D.B.A., Argosy University
Linda G. Allison, Associate Professor, Pharmacy Practice (2009)
B.S., Illinois State University; M.D., Southern Illinois University; M.P.H., Pittsburg University
Jeffery Ames, Assistant Professor of Music, Director of Choral Activities (2008)
B.M., James Madison University; M.M.E., Ph.D., Florida State University
James Mark Anderson, Assistant Professor of Philosophy (2006)
B.A., Belmont University; M.A., University of Calgary; Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
John M. Arnn, Associate Professor Emeritus of Music (1981)
B.M.E., Murray State University; M.M., Indiana University; Additional Study, Hartt College, University of Hartford; Eastman School of Music
H. Mike Awalt, Professor of Philosophy (1970)
B.A., Baylor University; B.D., M.Div., Southwestern Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Baylor University
William N. Bailey, Professor of Psychology (1986)
B.B.A., University of Central Arkansas; M.S., Northeast Louisiana University; Ph.D., University of Mississippi
Amy Baker, Assistant Professor of Sport Administration (2006)
B.S., Auburn University; M.S., Troy University; Ph.D., University of Louisville
Norma J. Baker, Professor Emerita of Psychology (1966)
A.A., Southwest Baptist University; B.A., Oklahoma Baptist University; M.R.E., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary; M.A., Ph.D., George Peabody College
Nicholas T. Bacon, Assistant Professor of Exercise Science (2010)
B.S., M.S., Western Kentucky University; Ph.D., University of Alabama
Bryon P. Balint, Assistant Professor of Information Systems Management (2010)
B.A., University of North Carolina; M.B.A., Georgia State University; M.S., Carnegie Mellon University; Ph.D. Candidate, Carnegie Mellon University
Ronald M. Barrett, Professor Emeritus of Biology (1967)
B.S., M.A., Middle Tennessee State University; Ed.D., University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Susan Barnes, Instructor of Public Relations (2008)
B.S., M.S., University of Tennessee
Sally M. Barton-Arwood, Associate Professor of Education and Chair, Department of Education (2006)
B.A., University of Tennessee; M.Ed., Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Anthony Belfiglio, Assistant Professor of Music (2006)
B.M., M.M., Temple University; M.M., University of Miami, D.M.A., University of Texas
Marty G. Bell, Professor of Religion (1988)
B.A., Belmont College; M.Div., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary; M.A., Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Debra L. Belue, Assistant Professor of Dance (2010)
B.S., University of North Carolina; B.A., Oklahoma City University; M.F.A., University of Iowa
K. Richard Bengtson, Professor of Audio and Video Production (1989)
B.A., Curry College; M.A., Wichita State University
Bruce A. Bennett, Instructor of Music (2004)
B.A., Hardin-Simmons University; M.M., New England Conservatory of Music
Sybril M. Bennett, Associate Professor of Journalism (2003)
B.A., Marquette University; M.Ed., Loyola University, Chicago; Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Tabetha Ann Bewley, Associate Professor of Physical Education (2002)
B.S., Western Kentucky University; M.Ed., Trevecca Nazarene University; D.A. Middle Tennessee State University
Daniel Biles, Associate Professor of Mathematics (2008)
B.S., Middle Tennessee State University; M.S., Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Douglas R. Bisson, Professor of History (1987)
B.A., Florida Atlantic University; M.A., Ph.D., Ohio State University
Jean M. Blank, Assistant Professor of Nursing (2003)
B.S.N., University of Alabama, Birmingham; M.S.N., University of Alabama, Huntsville
R. Devon Boan, Professor of Honors and Director, Honors Program (1996)
B.A., Lenoir-Rhyne College; M.Div., Th.M., Ph.D., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary; M.A., University of North Carolina; Ph.D., University of South Carolina
Paulo J. Boero, Assistant Professor of Spanish and Director of the Foreign Language Learning Lab (2006)
B.A., Belmont University; M.A., Ph.D., University of Kansas
Loretta Bond, Assistant Professor of Nursing (2010)
B.S.N., Alverno College; M.S.N., Marquette University; D.N.Sc. Candidate, RUSH University
Kristy Booziotis, Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice (2010)
Pharm.D., Butler University
Sarah Bowles, Assistant Professor of English (2008)
B.A., Eastern Kentucky University; M.A., Auburn University; Ph.D., Miami University
Noel Boyle, Assistant Professor of Philosophy (2008)
B.A., Grand Valley State University; M.A., University of Memphis; Ph.D., Michigan State University
Madeline S. Bridges, Professor of Music and Associate Dean for Academic Studies, School of Music (1998)
B.M., Shorter College; M.M.E., Peabody College/Vanderbilt University; Ed.D., University of Alabama
Renee M. Brown, Associate Professor of Physical Therapy (2005)
B.S., Daemen College; M.S., University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Ph.D., University of Texas-Dallas
Gladys E. Bryant, Professor Emerita of History and Political Science (1963)
B.A., Furman University; M.A., Vanderbilt University; M.R.E., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Ronda M. Bryant, Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice; Pharmacy Manager (2009)
B.S., East Tennessee State University; Pharm.D., University of Tennessee
Martha M. Buckner, Associate Professor of Nursing and Director, Undergraduate Studies in Nursing (1998)
A.S.N., B.S.N., Western Kentucky University; M.S.N., Vanderbilt University
Wesley A. Bulla, Associate Professor of Music Business and Dean, Mike Curb College of Entertainment and Music Business (1991)
B.M., University of North Carolina, Greensboro; M.M.E., Belmont University; Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Judy Bullington, Professor of Art and Chair, Department of Art (2007)
B.A., M.S., M.A., University of Kentucky; Ph.D., Indiana University
S. Gail Bursch, Associate Professor of Physical Therapy and Director of Clinical Education, School of Physical Therapy (1997)
B.H.S., M.S.Ed., University of Kentucky
Robert O. Byrd, Professor of Religion and H. Franklin Paschal Chair of Biblical Studies (1973)
B.A., Belmont College; M.Div., Th.D., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Joseph Patrick Byrne, Professor of Honors (1998)
B.A., M.U.P., M.A., University of Washington; Ph.D., Indiana University; post-doctoral work I.H.E., University of Georgia
Sara Camp, Instructor of Nursing (2009)
B.S.N., Harding University, M.S.N., Rush University
Stephen R. Campbell, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics (1971)
B.S., Murray State College; M.S., Southern Illinois University; Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Hope E. Campbell, Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Administration (2010)
B.S., University of the West Indies; Pharm.D., University of Maryland at Baltimore
Nancy Cason, Associate Professor of Art (2008)
B.F.A., Mississippi University for Women; M.S., Troy State University; Ph.D., University of North Texas
Roy Z. Chamlee, Jr., Professor Emeritus of History (1969)
B.A., University of Georgia; M.A., University of Louisville; M. Div., Th.M., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary; Ph. D., George Washington University
Bradley D. Childs, Associate Professor of Accounting (2001)
B.S., Indiana University; Ph.D., Purdue University; J.D., Suffolk University
Mark Chirico, Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice (2009)
B.S., Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy; Pharm.D., University of Kansas
Richard L. Churchman, Associate Professor of Management (2000)
B.S., Tennessee Technological University; M.B.A., Tennessee State University; D.B.A., Mississippi State University
Howard H. Cochran, Jr., Professor of Economics and Management (1989)
B.B.A., Walsh College of Accountancy and Business Administration; M.A., Wayne State University; D.A., Middle Tennessee State University; Additional Study, Harvard University
Jeffrey W. Coker, Associate Professor of History; Assistant Provost of General Education and Assessment (1999)
B.A., University of Texas-Austin; M.A., Southwest Texas State University; Ph.D., Ohio University
John W. Coker, Associate Professor of Accounting (1991)
B.S., Tennessee Technological University; M.B.A., Middle Tennessee State University; C.P.A., State of Tennessee; Ph.D., University of Mississippi
Jennifer M. Coleman, Associate Professor of Music (2004)
B.S. Eastern Oregon University; ; M.M., University of Illinois; D.M.A., University of Kentucky
Jacqueline M. Conard, Assistant Professor of Marketing (2007)
B.B.A., University of Iowa; M.B.A., University of North Carolina; Ph.D., Duke University
James H. Cook, Instructor of Mathematics (2000)
B.S., Tennessee Technological University; B.S., M.S., University of Texas
Mary E. Cook, Associate Professor Emerita of Communication Studies (1975)
B.S., Concord College; M.A., Marshall University
Donna Copenhaver, Instructor of Nursing (2008)
A.D.N., University of Kentucky; B.S.N., University of San Diego; M.S.N., University of Phoenix, San Diego
Jeffrey R. Cornwall, Professor of Management, Jack C. Massey Chair in Entrepreneurship, and Director, Center of Entrepreneurship (2003)
B.S., University of Wisconsin; M.B.A., D.B.A., University of Kentucky
Mitchell Counts, Associate Professor of Law (2010)
B.S., Central Michigan University; M.L.S., Indiana University; J.D., South Texas College of Law
Cynthia Anne Cox, Associate Professor of English and Coordinator, English Internship Program (1992)
B.A., Ohio Dominican College; M.A., Ph.D. , Ohio State University
Peggy J. Crenshaw, Associate Professor Emerita of Office Administration (1959)
B.S., Peabody College; M.A., Peabody College
Stephanie Crowder, Assistant Professor of Religion (2007)
B.S., Howard University; M.Div., United Theological Seminary; M.A., Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Joyce Blair Crowell, Professor of Computer Science (1988)
B.S., Eastern Kentucky University; M.S., University of Kentucky; Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Sharon L. Crumpton, Professor of Mathematics (1979)
B.S., University of Tennessee; M.S., University of Tennessee; Ed.D., University of Tennessee; Additional Study, University of Evansville
Cynthia R. Curtis, Professor of Music and Dean, College of Visual and Performing Arts (1980)
B.S., Springhill College; B.M.E., M.M., Baylor University; Ph.D., George Peabody College of Vanderbilt University
David Earl Curtis, Professor of English and Associate Dean, School of Humanities (1996)
B.A., M.A., University of North Florida; Ph.D., University of Tennessee
Oliver B. Curtis, Professor of Religion (1974)
B.A., Mississippi College; B.D., New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Baylor University
Donald R. Cusic, Professor of Music Business and Music City Professor of Music Industry History (1994)
B.S., University of Maryland; M.A., D.A., Middle Tennessee State University
Clyde W. Cutrer, Professor Emeritus of Religion (1976)
B.A., Louisiana State University; B.D., Th.M., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Lucyellen M. Dahlgren, Instructor of Nursing (2004)
B.A., Regis College; M.S.N., Anna Maria College
Corinne H. Dale, Professor Emerita of English (1986)
B.A., University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; M.A., Ph.D., University of Michigan
Francis Daniel, Assistant Professor of Management (2010)
B.S., United States Naval Academy; Ph.D., Florida State University
Nancy S. Darr, Associate Professor of Physical Therapy (1998)
B.A., Ohio Wesleyan University; M.S., University of Southern California; D.P.T.Sc, Loma Linda University
Kimberlee Daus, Professor of Chemistry (1997)
B.A., Ph.D., University of Tennessee
Jimmy Thomas Davis, Professor of Speech Communication, Associate Provost and Dean, University College (1987)
B.A., University of Southern Mississippi; M.A., Ph.D., Indiana University
Delwyn D. DeVries, Associate Professor of Accounting and Information Systems (2007)
B.S.B.A., University of South Dakota; Ph.D., Arizona State University
Jane Dillard-Eggers, Associate Professor of Accounting (1998)
B.S., M.B.A., Austin Peay State University; Ph.D., University of Alabama
Sharon Dowdy, Associate Professor of Nursing (1986)
B.S.N., Medical College of Georgia; M.S.N., Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
William David Driskill, Professor Emeritus of Physics (1966)
B.S., Murray State College; M.A.T., University of the South; Ph.D., George Peabody College of Vanderbilt University
Keary P. Dryden, Instructor of Nursing (2004) B.S.N., Vanderbilt University; M.S.N., University of Alabama-Birmingham
Bruce J. Dudley, Instructor of Music (2006)
B.S., New York University; M.M., Eastman School of Music; D.M.A., University of Colorado
Sandra Dudley, Assistant Professor of Music (1995)
B.M., Fredonia State University; M.M., Eastman School of Music, University of Rochester
Ruby K. Dunlap, Associate Professor of Nursing (1996)
B.S.N., Middle Tennessee State University; M.S.N., Vanderbilt University
Jeremy S. Ecke, Assistant Professor of English (2010)
B.A., University of California, Davis; Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley
Lorena B. Edwards, Associate Professor Emerita of Management and Business Administration (1982)
B.S., M.A., Ed.S., George Peabody College of Vanderbilt University
James I. Elliott, Assistant Professor of Music Business and Chair, Songwriting Program (1990)
B.A., John Wesley College; M.A., Austin Peay State University
Kristie B. Elsberry, Professor of Music (1981)
B.M., Shorter College; M.M., Ph.D., Florida State University
Deen E. Entsminger, Professor of Music (1988)
B.M.E., Shenandoah Conservatory of Music; M.M., Virginia Commonwealth University; Ph.D., Florida State University
Martha Ezell, Instructor of Nursing (2010)
B.S., University of Toledo; B.S.N., M.S.N., Belmont University


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Where can I find a truly ugly Christmas Sweater?
Now, before you say it, I am aware it's October and Christmas is two months and 5 days away. But here's what I'm looking for. I looking for a truly obnoxious Christmas sweater, but have no idea what website to use or stores to look at. I'm a college student and am asking this now so I have some time to allocate the funds I may need. If anyone has any areas for me to start looking at, I'd greatly appreciate it. Thanks!
24 Answers answer
I was the same search a couple of years ago and found a great selection at Goodwill stores. If you don't have any close you to then simply search for second hand clothing stores. I am sure that you will find some of the ugliest (best) christmas sweaters!
find truly ugly over-the-top fun ugly christmas sweaters at the online store for 'My Ugly Christmas Sweater' http://www.MyUglyChristmasSweater.com Lights, 3D, 80's Vintage - you can also ck out their youtube that shows a lot of their sweaters in action: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3xGfAau6ek
I'll ask my aunt. She seems to have hit the motherload
@allthingsxmas: Thanks for joining deals.woot. Your contribution thus far is golden. I can't stop laughing
Goodwill and thrift shops.
Ebay has worked well for me in the past if I wait too long and Goodwill is dry. If you have funds usually the Elder Bearman, Carson Pirie Scott, and other offbeat department stores have sweaters with lights for ~$30. Nothing draws attention to an ugly sweater like blinking lights.
ask grammy... she always knows where they are ;)
my husband's closet....what size do you want???
@theoneill555: I hope THIS year Shirt.Woot will get off the toboggan run and ship holiday shirts so they arrive in time to wear during this season. The Latkes shirt barely made it in time to wear during Hanukkah last year, and I'm pretty sure the traditional ugly Christmas shirt showed up for sale on December 23rd. WAY too late.
In the meantime, I've found my Krampus shirt and I'm ready for the holiday mad rush to begin.
as mentioned above, goodwill usually is a great source for out of style clothing. Naturally a lot of this depends on the area you live as well.
Make your shopping easy -- Check out the selection of ugly Christmas sweaters at this sweater eShop: http://www.NotYourAverageSweater.com . You'll find lots of options (many with add-ons you won't find anywhere else) that will fit your budget. Happy Ugly Holidays
The Ugly Sweater Gal
Grandma's attic?
@uglysweatergal: Why don't you post a deal over on the deals side??
Same goes for the MyUglyChristmasSweater people as well.
Those are truly horrible sweaters. Well done.
Goodwill. It's golden for this kind of stuff.
borrow one from Leslie Hall: http://www.lesliehall.com/gemsweater/gemsweater.html?blend=1&ob=4#play/all
Wow, I was not expecting this big of a response! Thank you Woot Community! I'm going to check out Good Will first and will post a picture of whatever monstrosity I get
Try my wife's website.. she has over 3,000 different Ugly Christmas sweaters, plus a ton of vintage 80s christmas sweatshirts. You can search by size, type (vest, sweater, sweatshirt) and by keyword: reindeer, snowmen, dogs, cats, etc..
have fun:
If you don't find it there, try her friends at:
Have fun!
if you are looking to win this year's gift card prize, try combining the ugly sweater with some other off the wall items. the guy who won one year at my work wore a very tight ugly brown winter-pattern sweater with thick red suspenders, and tight highwater pants. he looked like a dork but he won a loaded gift card to some local place and made everyone laugh because of his boldness
@theoneill555: What happened in 2009?
ButtUglySweaters.com !!! I mean with a name like butt ugly, what would you expect to find there?
Why not just make your own? Not only can you make it as ugly as you want, but it will almost certainly be deformed to boot!
@chris12345: Here you go: 2009.


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in my wordpress site, the_content() is not showing the content, but $post->post_content shows it, why this is happening? and how can I use the_content again?
closed as too localized by toscho♦ Nov 26 '12 at 10:55
This question is unlikely to help any future visitors; it is only relevant to a small geographic area, a specific moment in time, or an extraordinarily narrow situation that is not generally applicable to the worldwide audience of the internet. For help making this question more broadly applicable, visit the help center.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
If it worked before, it's probably a plugin hooking into the_content filter. Disable your plugins one by one to see if this fixes the issue. Next, check the callback functions for
You can see every callback for the_content by adding the following:
Find each of the functions listed by doing a 'find in files' code search on your code editor. A filter callback HAS TO return $content data back for the_content() to work properly.
you can check your functions.php in your theme folder,find if some function do something for the "the_content" function.my theme have the same problem,and I found a function has a mistake and cause "the_content" can't work
find text like "the_content" in your functions.php,
Easy peasy lemon squeezy! In order to use "the_content()" it must be used within The Loop.
See here: http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/the_content
"Displays the contents of the current post. This tag must be within The_Loop."


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filter by Type
filter by Category
filter by Keyword
filter by Featuring
"I am a cradle Catholic and my husband of eight years just went through RCIA this Easter. Praise the Lord! His conversion was due, in large part, to your show and the awesome answers of Tim Staples, Jimmy Akin, and the rest of the gang. Your show has helped me, my now husband, grow deeply in love with the Church."
~ Patty


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13 Jul 2011 2:24 AM #1
[CLOSED] LiveGrid Scrollbar not working
I'm using OS X, Firefox 5.0.1, Safari 5.0.5
Example: http://www.sencha.com/examples/explorer.html#livegrid
When opening the example in Firefox, the scrollbar doesn't work. See attachment. I can't even scroll with the mouse scroller.
In Safari it works initially, but when I switch to the 'Source' tab and back again to the 'Demo' tab, the scroll bar is broken. See attachment.
13 Jul 2011 2:29 AM #2
This is already fixed in SVN
8 Aug 2011 10:55 AM #3
I have the same issue. While upgrading from version 2.2.0 to version 2.2.4, I've noticed that LiveGrid vertical scroll stopped working in Firefox.
We have a premium support subscription. When can we expect the version 2.2.5 with LiveGrid fixed?
8 Aug 2011 10:58 AM #4
8 Aug 2011 4:22 PM #5
Thanks for the fast reply, Sven.
Assuming that the fix is just in one file LiveGridView, I took it. The scroll works fine in Firefox now but scroller is not showing up in IE8 anymore.
Best regards,
8 Aug 2011 9:47 PM #6
You also need to update your css files
9 Aug 2011 7:40 AM #7
According to SVN, there are no changes to gxt-all.css file after 2.2.4 build. Are there any other css files I need?
Best regards,
10 Aug 2011 10:02 AM #8
Hi Sven,
Do you have an answer for me regarding the scroller absence in live grid in IE8 with the latest version of LiveGridView class from SVN? As I mentioned in my previous post, the gxt-all.css has not changed in SVN since version 2.2.4. Am I missing something?
By the way, another issue that I've noticed is that the loading mask is not showing up on first loading with the latest LiveGridView (applies to both IE and Firefox).
Thanks for your help.
Best regards,
12 Aug 2011 2:00 AM #9
You need to build the css yourself. The relavant change should only be this one:
.x-grid-panel .x-livegrid-scroller { z-index: 1; position: absolute; right: 0px; overflow-y: scroll; overflow-x: hidden; }
12 Aug 2011 7:03 AM #10
This change is already in the 2.2.4 and I have it. It doesn't work in IE with the latest version of the LiveGridView class.
Here is what I found so far.
- The revision 2383 of the gxt-all.css removed "width: 18px;" attribute from the .x-grid-panel .x-livegrid-scroller definition.
- The revision 2393 of the LiveGridView added "width: 1px;" style attribute to the inner div of the scroller (lines 259 and 266).
With regard to the loading mask not appearing on the first load, it is caused by the change in the revision 2393 of the LiveGridView, line 330 (which fixes the infinite loop).
Best regards,


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The Germany midfielder has caught the attention of several big foreign clubs, but his current team are determined to hold on to himSchalke general manager Horst Heldt believes that Julian Draxler has a bright future ahead of him and wants to hold on to the attacking midfielder for as long as possible.
The Germany international, 19, has been in sublime form this season and has recently been linked with clubs such as AC Milan, Juventus and Arsenal.
But Heldt says he wants to keep the creative midfielder at the Konigsblauen for the foreseeable future.
"He breaks one record after another. If he continues like this, he will have a great career, and could become absolutely world-class," Heldt told Bild.
"We want him to stay here as long as possible. We have to make sure that he feels well at the club. Qualifying for the Champions League again would help."
Draxler's current contract with Schalke is due to expire in the summer of 2016.


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Scheduling Time for Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner
What kind of an eating schedule are you on? Do you make time in your day for breakfast, lunch, and dinner; or do you run on empty until dinner and then pig out from starvation? Everyone has his own eating regimen—some better than others. You should be fueling your body throughout the day when you need the energy.
Breakfast with a Bang
Food for Thought
Numerous studies have proven that breakfast easters are more likely to be productive and attentive in the morning than non-breakfast eaters.
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture and Health and Human Services.
You've heard it a million times: Breakfast is important!
Think of your body as a car: it needs fuel to run properly. When you wake up from a good night's sleep, your body has been fasting for about eight hours (if you're lucky enough to get that much sleep). "Break-fast" in the morning helps kick your body into gear by supplying it with energy. Eating a smart breakfast can also help regulate your appetite throughout the day so you don't overdo it at lunch and dinner.
Fueling Your Body All Day
Remember, breakfast alone just won't cut it. Your body needs to be constantly energized throughout the day to help keep you going. You don't necessarily have to eat the standard three square meals. In fact, some prefer six mini-meals. Do whatever works best for your schedule and eating style, but be sure that your daily food intake resembles the Dietary Guidelines.
More on: Children's Nutritional Needs
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Total Nutrition © 2005 by Joy Bauer. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit the Idiot's Guide web site or call 1-800-253-6476.


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CHARLOTTE, N.C. - The Charlotte 49ers softball team took some time out of its fall schedule to volunteer with the Miracle League program at the University City YMCA and the Fall Stroll for Epilepsy.
The team spent two Saturday mornings in October with the University City YMCA Miracle League program. Miracle League gives children with disabilities a chance to play baseball. The Miracle League field is a custom-designed baseball complex that has Charlotte's first completely wheelchair accessible surface that allows children of all abilities to take the field.
The 49ers served as buddies for the children playing baseball. They played catch, served as pitchers, assisted with batting, and went around the bases with the kids while cheered them on.
The team also volunteered at the Fall Stroll for Epilepsy in November at Charlotte's Irwin Belk Track and Field Center. The Niners greeted families as they arrived to the event, assisted with registration, and partnered up with a child and family for the walk and festivities.
The 49ers also showed children and participants the different activities available to them. The team played games like corn hole, danced, ate breakfast, played on the inflatables, painted pumpkins, face-painted, and did crafts with the kids.
For more information about either program, visit http://www.ymcamiracleleague.org/ and http://www.epilepsycharlotte.org/.


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We are providing Nodal Ninja's for an up coming panoramic workshop hosted by Gary O'Brien June 11-13 at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas, NV.
Gary O'Brien
Photographer | Multimedia Producer | Photo Editor
The Charlotte Observer
Gary will share some of the knowledge he's gained during five years of panorama shooting during the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) Visual Journalism Workshops. More information on the workshops, and on NPPA can be found here:
Registration for the event is still open. Contact O'Brien (gobrien[at]charlotteobserver[dot]com) for details on his panoramic presentation, which will feature NN3 MKII's and NN5 with R-D16 advanced rotators as well as our new EZ-Leveler-II's for hands-on use by participants.
Space is limited.


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Genetically Engineered Food: An Overview
For centuries, farmers were able to use generations' worth of knowledge to breed seeds and livestock for the most desirable traits. However, technological innovation has gradually made this method of breeding nearly obsolete. Today, most soybeans, corn and cotton have been genetically engineered — altered with inserted genetic material — to exhibit traits that repel pests or withstand the application of herbicides.
Mergers and patent restrictions have increased the market power of biotechnology companies. The onslaught of genetic engineering has not only diminished the ability of farmers to practice their own methods of seed selection, but also turned another sector of agriculture into a business monopolized by a few corporations.
Farmers, who now depend on the few firms that sell seeds and affiliated agrochemicals, face higher prices and patent infringement lawsuits if a patent is allegedly violated. Genetic contamination is a serious threat to the livelihoods of non-GE and organic farmers who bear the financial burden for these incidents.
GE crops can take a toll on agriculture and surrounding wildlife as well. The environmental effects of GE crops include intensified agrochemical use and pollution, increased weed and insect resistance to herbicides and pesticides, and gene flow between GE and non-GE crops.
Once GE products are on the market, no labeling is required. This means that U.S. consumers blindly eat and drink GE ingredients every day and are not given the knowledge or choice to do otherwise. Several studies point to the health risks of GE crops and their associated agrochemicals, but proponents of the technology promote it as an environmentally responsible, profitable way for farmers to feed a growing global population. Yet the only ones experiencing any benefits from GE crops are the few, massive corporations that are controlling the food system at every step and seeing large profit margins.
New technologies — like genetic engineering — create uncertainties and risk that should be carefully evaluated rather than being rapidly pushed onto the market. The existing regulatory framework for GE foods simply does not measure up. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency and Food and Drug Administration have failed to protect the environment, the food system or public health from GE foods.
Food & Water Watch recommends:
- A moratorium on new approvals of genetically engineered plants and animals;
- Mandatory labeling of GE foods;
- Liability for GE contamination that rests with seed patent holders;
- Use of the precautionary principle for the evaluation of GE crops, animals and food;
- A new regulatory framework for GE crops, animals and food; and
- Improved agency coordination and increased post-market regulation of GE foods.


text:
I would like to see special offers for my region
Discover our special offers to fly all the year to far away destinations. Choose one of three destinations in offer, and fly from 424 €* to Dubai, from 598 €* to Johannesburg or from 720 €* to Bogota. Book your tickets before April 15 and enjoy your travel. See the travel conditions of each destination below.
Please use the calendar to choose the respective flight dates.
The prices displayed may vary and should serve as a guide for your selected journey. The end price is subject to change depending on the selected payment option. Seats are limited and may not be available on all days/ flights.
On lufthansa.com you will find the best flight offers to your preferred travel destination. You can book flights to cities all over the world for business travel as well as for holidays, city trips and weekend breaks. We offer you the best fares for flights from Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Palma de Mallorca, Bilbao and Malaga: Enjoy our exclusive online offers at attractive prices, amazing fares for flights to Germany as well as for flights to Europe and great fares for intercontinental flights. Consult our timetables now, book your ticket and have a comfortable flight with Lufthansa.


text:
Guardian: Melbourne City receive huge boost
- 05 June 2014 07:37
- Posted by @mccarthy_mcfc
We're just one week away from the first ball being kicked at this summer's World Cup as pre-tournament preparations continue the world over.
Two Brazil bound City players were involved in friendly action for their respective countries last night as Martin Demichelis started for Argentina who hosted Trinidad and Tobago, while James Milner played the full 90 minutes as England took on Ecuador in Miami.
Demichelis was forced to leave the pitch at the Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti after 46 minutes when he picked up a knock on his ankle, but according to website soccerly.com, the injury doesn't look too sinister.
"Argentina prevailed 3-0 against Trinidad and Tobago in a match that was more like a 90-minute practice session than a tough World Cup quality test," the website reports.
"The real opponent might just have been the injury bug, since Rodrigo Palacio left the match with a left ankle sprain and Martín Demichelis injured his right ankle. However, in Demichelis' case the gravity of the situation doesn't seem to be as severe as in Palacio's case."
Here's hoping.
Elsewhere this morning, there's been plenty of reaction overnight to news emanating from Melbourne that David Villa will play in the A League before beginning his career at New York City FC.
For those of you who missed it, the news was announced overnight (UK time), as the club also revealed it will now be known as Melbourne City.
"The newly rebranded Melbourne City have receieved a huge boost, with the confirmation that Spain's all-time leading goalscorer, David Villa, will join them during the 2014-15 A-League season," writes The Guardian's Tom Lutz.
"Villa recently signed for Melbourne's sister club, New York City FC, in the MLS. Both clubs are owned by Manchester City, and Villa will play for Melbourne during October and November to maintain match fitness before the start of the MLS season.
"Villa is the A-League's highest-profile signing since Alessandro Del Piero. However, while Del Piero was in his late 30s when he joined Sydney FC, Villa is still close to his best at the age of 32."
Finally, in transfer news, Costel Pantilimon has emerged as a target for West Ham despite last season's second choice keeper Jussi Jaaskelainen signing a new deal.
"Sam Allardyce is already looking towards the future and has targeted the City keeper, who won the Premier League title last term," claims the Daily Mail's John Drayton.
The Romanian's performances were enough to oust Joe Hart from the City starting XI during the campaign for a spell, and he featured 18 times during the season.
...Daily Mail...
"But the 27-year-old's contract expired after the end of the campaign and the Premier League champions failed to agree a deal with the keeper who is now a free agent."
Meanwhile, the same source reports that the list of possible suitors for Joloeon Lescott continues to grow, with Al Ain and MLS side Portland Timbers both reportedly interested in the defender.
"Free agent Joleon Lescott has interest from Schalke and Al Ain as well as Portland Timbers of the MLS. The 31-year-old centre-back has interest from Aston Villa and West Ham too," writes Simon Jones.
"Lescott tweeted about his future last week saying: 'Still undecided about my future but questions over my hunger for next season disappoint me I will never represent a team and give less than 100percent.'"
That's all for today, but remember we will be first to bring you any news of movements in or out of the club this summer!


text:
Junior Member
Game design:
mechanics is something like gameplay right? what are the other 3? and are there some other words that fit in the same category that game desicgners should know? im a beginning game designer, and want to make a profession out of it.
Super Moderator
Location: Toronto Ontario
From what I can tell the post seams to want to know how you handle yourself more then how you design games. Though they are quite closely related. The position of game designer is more then likely the most sought after job in the industry and also requires the most talent. You need to know how to do everything. In general you need at least these skills:
You need to plan everything and keep track of everything. The GDD and TDD will create your game in text. Everything is documented from hours worked each day to the x,y location of the menu buttons on the main menu yet alone the file structure, naming conventions and assigning who does what. This is most likely the hardest part of the job
It's one thing to be able to assign everything and a completely different beast in keeping track of everything. You are in charge of knowing where everything is at any given time when it's coming in and where it is stored once it is in. Also you need to know what build you are on and when the next update will be.
You must be able to explain what you want, why you want it and when you want it. Your team can not read your mind so you must show them what you mean. Videogames tend to be very visual so we draw a lot of pictures and graphical representations in our documents.
Also you must know the lingo of all the divisions (a general summary would be art, modeling, programming, testing) so that you can effectively know what is going on and suggest ways to get around bugs.
Problem solving:
When things go wrong, and they always do, your in charge of fixing it. You need backup plans for everything and then backup plans for those backup plans.
Here is another place where knowing all the fields works great. Say the engine you are using only supports 96dpi images for some reason. The programmers will know that there is a draw error along the lines of "file structure not supported" Thats clear to the programmer but if you tell the artist "your file structure is not supported" you will more then likely get something like "well can't you program it to be supported"
But because you are a awesome Lead your know what the error means and you can tell your artist "Your file structure is incorrect, please make sure when you save it out that the specifications match that on the GDD"
Time management:
Your also in charge of scheduling due dates for assets and builds. This all needs to be documented and planned so that everything moves along smoothly
~Justin Dooley
C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Java, PHP, SQL, Javascript, Actionscript, HTML, CSS
Junior Member
ah, this helps.
so concept work and mechanics are more the designing skills, and behaviour and structure have to do with the group and how you lead it?
While Justin is absolutely right about the skills needed to be a designer, I'm not sure that's what they're asking for in particular. If you look at it more literally, it seems what they want is documentation that shows concept work (development of concepts, conceptualizing environments, characters, etc), structure (I assume this means structure of the game, perhaps organizational planning of milestones, etc), mechanics (gameplay), and behavior (how different things work in game in relation to one another. For example, writing a flow chart for a choice-based story-driven game).
This is just my take on it. I could be completely wrong. It wouldn't be anywhere near the first time.
The best thing to do if you're unsure is just shoot them off an email and ask for clarification. Ask if they're looking for certain documentation in particular (concept documents, design documents, schedule and budget documents, etc), and what exactly they mean by those terms. Better to ask and have it be an answer you already assumed than to assume and be thrown into the slush pile for irrelevance.
Courtney Keene
Game Writer
Portfolio and Blog
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