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Overview: Pollutants and Programs
Mobile Source Air Toxics - Emissions
- Basic Information
- Health Effects & Risk
- Emissions
- Monitoring & Exposure
- Regulations
- Related EPA Programs
NOTE: You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader, available as a free download, to view some of the files on this page. See EPA's PDF page to learn more about PDF, and for a link to the free Acrobat Reader.
There are a number of tools that are available to model emissions, as well as databases providing information on emission levels of air toxics throughout the U.S.
- National Emissions Inventory (NEI) provides county level inventory data for on-highway vehicles, nonroad sources, aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and locomotives.
- Emissions Modeling Clearinghouse includes data files and documentation for inventories used in the air quality modeling platform.
- SPECIATE is EPA's repository of volatile organic gas and particulate matter (PM) speciation profiles of air pollution sources.
- MOVES is EPA's current model for estimating emissions from cars, trucks, and motorcycles. It includes all air toxics in the NEI that are emitted by mobile sources.
- National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) is a modeling tool which produces county-level emission inventories for motor vehicles and nonroad equipment. The motor vehicle component is based on MOBILE6, which has been replaced by MOVES, but the nonroad equipment component remains the best available tool for developing toxics inventories for that sector.


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Sips & Suppers - Sips at the Newseum
Sips & Suppers were two extraordinary evenings featuring the country's finest chefs in support of DC Central Kitchen and Martha's Table. Sips, held at the Newseum, celebrated the contribution young people make to feeding and supporting their community. This lively cocktail reception featured top artisan chefs and mixologists preparing their signature dishes and drinks. Photography by Tony Brown, Imijination Photography

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The Leaflet: Post-Election Health Care Policy
Next week is the election that will bring hundreds of new lawmakers into office at the state level. Looming large for states is the outcome of the presidential election. The outcome, regardless of who wins, will guide public policy at the state level for the next four years. This is especially true of health care, with the future of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) hanging in the balance.
Since the passing of PPACA, state lawmakers have asked Heartland what they should do about implementing parts of the law, such as state health care exchanges. With so many unanswered questions regarding legality and how the federal government would regulate these exchanges, Heartland advised states to hold off until the Supreme Court made a ruling.
Many experts, including our own, thought that ruling would clear up some of the questions. Instead it created more, including whether or not states should expand Medicaid now that they couldn't be forced to do so. Since the ruling, Heartland experts have continued to caution states about the pitfalls of implementing an exchange that doesn't actually give states flexibility and expanding a Medicaid system that is already straining state budgets.
With so many questions regarding what the election will mean for health care and other issues, Heartland will be hosting our monthly Emerging Issues Conference call on Wednesday, November 7 at 1:00 p.m. EST. Heartland Research Fellow Benjamin Domenech will give some reactions to what the election means for public policy at the state level and then take your questions. To RSVP, please email Robin Knox at email@example.com to make sure that you receive all the information for the call.
This week's edition of The Leaflet features research and commentary addressing post-election health care decisions, frac sand mining, Parent Trigger design guidelines, high-speed rail, territorial taxation, and broadband taxes.
John Nothdurft
Lead Story
Research & Commentary: Post-Election Health Care Decisions
As President Barack Obama and Republican nominee Mitt Romney vie for the presidency, state elected officials are preparing to determine which health care policies they should pursue with the future of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) dependent on the upcoming election.
Key decisions for states have been whether to implement a health insurance exchange and expand their Medicaid programs. Proponents argue these measures will allow for greater access to health care at lower costs. Opponents say that regardless of who wins the election, it will not be beneficial for states to take either step.
Health insurance exchanges consistently have failed to cut costs for consumers and state governments. In Utah's health insurance exchange, for example, which is not subject to the heavy regulations of the federal health care law, health insurance was more expensive than on the open market. And Massachusetts spent more than $29.4 million in 2009 alone on the Commonwealth Connector, in addition to the program's significant administrative costs.
Implementing a state-crafted exchange will not give a state greater authority over its health care system, because all exchange operations are subject to federal approval and oversight.
Similarly, expanding Medicaid programs will not benefit a state even if Obama is reelected and PPACA is fully implemented. According to a Heritage Foundation report, Medicaid populations in 33 states will increase by 30 percent and in 10 states by 50 percent if they go through with expansion. A study from Americans for Prosperity showed expansion would cost states approximately $21 billion just from 2014 to 2019, and full federal coverage of new enrollees will end in 2020, leaving states to pay the difference.
No matter who wins the presidency, states should not implement an exchange that will further bury their residents with higher health care costs, nor expand Medicaid, a program already proven financially unsustainable.
What We're Working On
Research & Commentary: Silica (Frac) Sand Mining
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and other Midwest states are becoming players in the nation's energy outlook. Not necessarily because of their energy resources, but because of their generous supply of silica sand, also known as "frac" sand, a main ingredient in fracturing fluid used in the energy extraction process known as hydraulic fracturing. Although hydraulic fracturing, in partnership with horizontal drilling and other technologies, has led to an energy boom in the United States, many environmental activist groups seek to ban sand mining operations in several parts of the Midwest. Policy Analyst Taylor Smith explains why this is a bad idea.
"The United States has a large supply of high-quality silica sand located in Wisconsin," Smith writes, "particularly near the western region of the state and overlapping into eastern Minnesota. Limiting or restricting access to this sand forces energy companies to resort to less-economical production choices, such as lower-quality sand from other states or expensive ceramic beads from China and Brazil. That eliminates job opportunities in Wisconsin while raising energy costs nationwide."
This new Policy Brief from The Heartland Institute presents the rationale for empowering parents with Parent Trigger legislation and then offers design guidelines for parents and elected officials interested in crafting legislation for their city or state. Why is parental involvement so important? Heartland Research Fellow Joy Pullman explains.
"Parental involvement has been shown empirically to be effective in improving schools and raising student achievement," Pullman writes, "yet it is routinely blocked and discouraged by public school systems."
Research & Commentary: High-Speed Rail
In 2009 in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), Congress allocated $8 billion to send to states for intercity rail projects, with "priority to projects that support the development of intercity high speed rail service." In pursuit of these federal grants, several state and regional high-speed rail plans emerged. In this Research & Commentary, Senior Policy Analyst Matthew Glans examines high speed rail, the plans being considered and the effectiveness of high speed rail as a means of transportation in the United States
As Glans explains, "High-speed rail is an expensive endeavor with questionable benefits for taxpayers. Instead of subsidizing the construction of new high-speed rail lines that are less efficient than other forms of transportation, the government should focus on maintaining and improving our current highway and air systems, which are well established, in demand, and in dire need of repair."
Research & Commentary: Worldwide vs. Territorial Taxation
The United States has the highest corporate tax rate among the 34 nations in the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) in addition to being one of the few nations still using a "worldwide system." These are two reasons the United States is in dire need of fundamental corporate tax reform.
In this Research & Commentary, Glans examines both worldwide and territorial tax systems. His assessment: "Our current worldwide tax system puts the United States at a competitive disadvantage versus other nations with lower, less-complicated corporate tax rates. Switching to a territorial system would make the United States more competitive by bringing foreign earnings back home to invest while encouraging more companies to set up headquarters here."
FCC Tables Broadband Tax Proposal
Infotech & Telecom
In this Heartlander article, Tim Kelly discusses the Federal Communications Commission's decision to withdraw a proposal to tax broadband Internet service after a public outcry over the issue. Kelly speaks with several telecom experts who comment on how quickly all parties involved are moving to distance themselves from the unpopular proposal.
Steve Titch, a Heartland Institute policy advisor, argues in the article that the Connect America Fund may impede infrastructure development by distorting markets and subsidizing uncompetitive carriers. "As structured, the Connect America Fund will slow new investment in potentially competitive technologies while allowing incumbent rural carriers to profit from the grace of government largesse, not through their own innovation," Titch says.
The Heartland Institute has been delivering exactly what state legislators need since 1984.
Now for as little as $99 you can join more than 150 elected officials and begin receiving even more great benefits from The Heartland Institute.


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WHEELING - In one week last year, a Marcellus and Utica Shale leasing company paid about $60 million in signing bonuses to Belmont County mineral owners.
Production is now under way in Ohio and Marshall counties, meaning royalty checks worth hundreds of thousands of dollars soon will be in the mail.
Drilling and fracking are well under way in the Wheeling area, as Chesapeake Energy has activated some wells that are now producing.
Article Photos
Photo/Casey Junkins
As companies drill increasingly more Utica and Marcellus shale wells, natural gas rigs are a common sight in the Upper Ohio Valley.
North, south, east and west in the Upper Ohio Valley, the natural gas drilling boom is paying dividends for mineral owners, governments and entrepreneurs. Some examples of this are:
In both Ohio and West Virginia, a number of energy companies - XTO Energy, Gulfport Energy, Hess Corp., Chesapeake Energy, Chevron, Stone Energy, Gastar Exploration, EQT Corp. - are acquiring property and drilling and fracking wells. The natural gas they produced is being transported via a newly built pipeline network to processing companies such as MarkWest Energy, Caiman Energy, Williams, Dominion Resources and M3 Midstream.
All in all, the process is adding up to tens of billions of dollars in new investment in the local region.
"West Virginia has a proud history of producing energy, which benefits both our state and our nation," said Steve Roberts, president and chief executive officer of the West Virginia Chamber of Commerce. "The hundreds of millions in state and local government revenue will support investments in education, infrastructure and public safety, and the tens of thousands of jobs will provide income to families across our state."
As an example of how the industry is impacting West Virginia, Marshall County property values increased by $577.2 million for the 2013 tax year, largely because of oil and gas drilling.
This means the county will collect more tax dollars this year.
In Cadiz, residents admitted their village was a little quiet until the shale rush started to take hold. Now it is hard to find a parking space along the streets, as the village is bustling with activity.
With MarkWest working on its $500 million natural gas processing plant just outside the village, the company also now maintains an office along Main Street. Across the street, the Harrison County Courthouse is busy because abstractors are searching through property records in an effort to lease land for drilling.
Teresa Posada said her husband, Josh Posada, is a welder who works in the natural gas fields on projects such as compressor stations and processing plants. After traveling to work in places such as Texas and Pennsylvania, Teresa and Josh found themselves headed to Cadiz.
After settling in Cadiz, Posada said she got the idea that the town did not have anywhere for natural gas workers and pipeliners to purchase equipment they may need in the field. So instead of waiting for someone else to open a supply avenue, she decided do it herself.
Now, in a building that had been vacant for several years, Posada is running the "Utica Safety Apparel Work Gear and Supplies" store.
From steel-toed boots to fire-proof coveralls, and from safety helmets to wrenches and rain gear, Posada's store has just about everything the typical industry employee may need.
"We sell to some individual pipeliners and welders, but we are also working with some companies," she said.
Cadiz and the Harrison County Courthouse are not the only busy venues these days. Abstractors currently are lined up out the door in Belmont County and also in Tyler County.
"One day (this month), we had 52 people waiting at the door to get in at 8:30 (a.m.)," said Mary Catherine Nixon, Belmont County recorder. "Some of them are saying this could end up being like the California Gold Rush."
What makes our area so attractive to the energy companies is the abundance of natural gas liquids found in the gas stream, known as wet gas. These byproducts - ethane, pentane, butane and others - can be separated and sold for a substantially higher value than methane.
The end result of all the activity is more jobs and financial stability for the local region - a welcome change given all the negative financial news over the past decade.


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When painting tefillin, are there any requirements regarding the ink (other than the need to be black)? Or is any ink okay to use?
Like in the comments to this answer, shoe polish is recommended. Is that indeed correct?
When painting tefillin, are there any requirements regarding the ink (other than the need to be black)? Or is any ink okay to use?
Like in the comments to this answer, shoe polish is recommended. Is that indeed correct?
Keset HaSofer 21:14 rules that you can't put ground ivory into the tefillin paint as it is not from a kosher animal (an elephant). Accordingly, it would seem that one would need to make sure to use paint that has a certification ensuring that all ingredients are from kosher species.
While I haven't looked it up, I think I recall hearing that the ingredients should be kosher.
Yes, it does require that the ink be made from kosher ingredients. Therefore, stam shoe polish is NOT acceptable unless ALL the ingredients in its manufacture is 100% kosher or synthetic.
Tefillin need to be painted with paint made from either synthetic or kosher animal species ingredients. If any oil is added from a non kosher animal species or if the black pigment is sourced from burnt bones, which could be from a non kosher animal species, that would be a problem.
According to halakhah, there is actually no need for the tefillin themselves to be painted black. The requirement is for the straps only (cf. Rambam, Hilkhoth Tefillin 3:1,13), and even then only the outer surface (cf. ibid).
The halakhah at 3:14 actually concludes by saying: "wa-noy hu la-tefillin sheyyihyu kullan shakhoroth haqqassissah wa-ressu`ah kulah - And it is an ornamentation to the tefillin that they are black, their case and the entire strap [i.e. the front and the back]."
This is also the opinion of the Tur and the Shulhan `Arukh.
[See also `Arokh HaShulhan, Hilkhoth Tefillin, Siman 32:5 for a discussion of the opinions regarding the blackness of the batim and the straps.]
To specifically answer your question about what can be used, I assume that what ever is "kosher: for the straps is "kosher" for the tefillin themselves. I say "kosher" in quotes because there is no discussion in the Mishneh Thorah about what needs to be used for blackening either. All of this discussion comes from latter-day authorities and usually stems from concerns based on the Qabbalah.
So, le-`aniyuth da'ati, it would seem that according to all opinions it is enough to use something derived from either kosher or synthetic sources, and the blackening should be done by a Jew.
Hope that this helps. Kol tuv
See here "Halacha 4 How is ink prepared? One collects the vapor of oils, of tar, of wax, or the like, [causes it to condense,] and kneads it together with sap from a tree and a drop of honey. It is moistened extensively, crushed until it is formed into flat cakes, dried, and then stored.
When one desires to write with it, one soaks [the cakes of ink] in gallnut juice or the like and writes with it. Thus, if one attempts to rub it out, he would be able to.
This is the ink with which it is most preferable to write scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzot. If, however, one wrote any of the three with gallnut juice or vitriol, which remains without being rubbed out, it is acceptable."
I certainly wouldn't use shoe polish. How do you know what's in it? Kosher ink is not so expensive.


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We know how important your pets are to you, which is why we strive to extend our world-class service to your furry and feathered friends when they travel. Harmless, domesticated dogs, cats, and birds can travel as excess baggage on the same flight from most countries. For details and charges, you may refer to the FAQs below or contact your local Qatar Airways office.
Please note that the transportation of animals is subject to local country regulations. Please ensure you allow sufficient time to check with the local authorities of your departing and arriving countries for their respective regulations and procedures for transporting animals. It is the customer's responsibility to ensure all necessary documentation is available before travel.


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Glass Bamboo Bead - Carnelian
Grant your looks red hot style and use this carnelian glass bamboo bead in your next idea! With a hollow tube shape detailed with twisted texture, this small glass bead displays a glossy red-orange surface bordered with faded black lines. Its center textured lines are sprinkled with neon orange and green dichroic components. Try using this bead as a special focal for a bracelet or use two beads to create darling dangling earrings. The amazing colors of this bead are hard to capture just by photograph! It glitters with different hints of color depending on the angle. Making dichroic glass beads is a unique process that produces colors that are just as unique. Because of this, color may vary slightly from bead to bead.
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Harvard captures 6th straight victory over Yale
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — Harvard coach Tim Murphy was leafing through the postgame statistics when he noticed a number he just had to share. He tapped his finger on Colton Chapple's shoulder pad and then on the page where it showed him with a career-best 128 rushing yards.


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Cody R. Roper, 21, Omaha, was arrested around 4:15 a.m. Sunday by a Carmi police officer on a preliminary charge of DUI.
A police department incident report said a vehicle driven by Roper was stopped for a routine traffic violation on College Boulevard and he appeared intoxicated. He was taken to the City-County Jail in Carmi where his blood alcohol content was measured at more than .08.
He posted his driver's license and $100 cash as bail.
Location, ST | website.com


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NEW CUMBERLAND - The Oak Glen Middle School Culture Club will host the Steel Wheels Tuesday at the middle school.
Opening acts Luis Neer and Tangled Wallflowers will perform at 7 p.m., and The Steel Wheels will take the stage at 7:30 p.m.
The Steel Wheels, an acoustic Americana band, is touring in support of their new album, "Lay Down Lay Low," which uses a traditional story-telling style to chronicle "the good struggle." It follows up on "Red Wing," which spent 13 weeks in the Top 40 Americana radio charts, was the second-highest ranked independently released album of 2010 and was named one of the Americana Music Association's Top 100 Albums of the Year. "Red Wing" also cracked the EuroAmericana Top 10 and Folk charts and was nominated for five Independent Music Awards, winning Best Country Song.
Article Photos
PERFORMING — The Steel Wheels acoustic Americana band will perform Tuesday at Oak Glen Middle School as the guests of the school's Culture Club. Advance tickets are $5 for students and $8 for adults. At the door, tickets are $10. -- Contributed
Singer-songwriter and guitarist Trent Wagler was born to a Mennonite family in the small town of Bean Blossom, Ind. At 4 years old, he was singing gospel music on stage with the Wagler Family Quartet. After moving to the Shenandoah Valley, Wagler began playing solo and developing his own mix of traditional and original roots music pulling from the Shenandoah Valley's American musical heritage and his own musical background.
In 2004, Wagler opened for Jay Lapp's The Goldmine Pickers. Lapp went onstage, and the two played way past their 30-minute slot. Since that time Wagler has worked with Lapp on five albums.
Growing up in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and in Northwest Indiana, mandolinist and guitarist Lapp was surrounded by the four-part harmony of Mennonite hymns, as well as music from his parents' eclectic record collection: the Beach Boys to Doc Watson, chamber music to Creedence Clearwater Revival, the Mamas and Papas to the "Blues Brothers" movie soundtrack. After a brief stint in the horn section of his junior high band, Lapp picked up his first stringed instrument when he traded a BB gun for a friend's old electric guitar. His mother taught him basic chords.
After high school, he worked at a music store, where he learned from store owner, friend and mentor Tim Robie about the retail music business, as well as instrument repair and sound system design. In 2000, Lapp began studying guitar and mandolin with teachers at Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago.
In 2001, Lapp started building a recording studio as a grassroots approach to music recording and producing. He has recorded albums and EPs for numerous musicians and groups, encompassing a broad range of styles, and composed and recorded original music for several independent films and theater productions. One of the songs he recorded and performed with a band he co-founded, Goldmine Pickers, was featured in a television and radio commercial for Nissan-Europe in 2006. Goldmine Pickers released two albums, an eponymous album in 2004, and 2007's "Lonesome Gone." Lapp wrote several songs on each recording.
A full-time musician, Lapp performs with the Steel Wheels, for which he has produced and co-produced three albums. He joins numerous solo artists and bands for special projects and events and has taught mandolin and guitar lessons.
Bass player Brian Dickel originally hails from the small town of Frytown, Iowa, located just south of Iowa City.At an early age, Dickel performed vocally with his family and played the trumpet for 13 years in bands, ensembles and orchestras, as well as singing in various choral groups. He attended college in Harrisonburg, Va., where he discovered a love of the guitar and bass. It was during these college years that Dickel and Wagler first teamed up together in a rock band. Dickel switched over to upright bass.
After a few stints with various bands, including with Eric Brubaker, Dickel reunited with Wagler in forming the Steel Wheels. Prior to a full time music career, Dickel built high-end acoustic guitars for Huss and Dalton Guitar Co. for 10 years. He currently plays a 1954 King Moretone from Fretwell Bass and Acoustic Instruments. Dickel is endorsed by Fretwell and uses Innovation strings.
Fiddler Eric Brubaker was born in Oregon, but spent most of his formative years in Harrisonburg. Brubaker's interest in music began at the age of 3, when he started asking his parents for violin lessons. He took lessons at Eastern Mennonite University's preparatory music program, beginning at age 5 and continuing through high school. It was in high school that Brubaker began to get interested bluegrass and old time fiddle music. He started playing fiddle tunes with friends and seeking out traditional music at the the area's various festivals and jams. Brubaker has been in numerous bands, including Reuben's Potted Ferns, Rural Sprawl and the Leftover Biscuit Boys. He is also an accomplished bass vocalist, singing in many local choirs, including the EMU Chamber Singers and the male a capella group Full Table.
Brubaker met Wagler and Dickel while at EMU, and, after college, he joined Dickel at Huss and Dalton Guitar Co.
Advance tickets are $5 for students and $8 for adults. At the door, tickets are $10. For information, call (304) 374-7474.


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Looking at lenses, specifically sigma macro lenses, I noticed that it had a ""Flat Field" front lens element". What does this mean? And how is it different to the norm?
The norm is a curved field.
When a lens is focused on a flat subject, the light rays from the subject will converge some distance behind the lens, at the focal point. Rays from different points on the subject - top, bottom, left, right - will converge at different points on the other side of the lens, these focal points together make up the focal plane.
The point is that the focal plane for a normal lens is curved, like in this illustration from wikipedia:
The vertical black line to the right represents a flat sensor, the arc is the focus plane. Source.
Combining a curved focus plane and a flat sensor, the net effect is that you can't get the edges and the center in focus at the same time.
A "flat field" lens tries to compensate so that the focal plane becomes flat rather than the normal fishbowl shape.
For normal lenses, subjects and working distances the curved field may not matter much, since we have enough DOF to cover the difference.
But at macro distances the DOF is very shallow, so the difference becomes visible. Compounding the problem, macro lenses were historically used in large part for reproduction of flat subjects like stamps or documents, so having the whole image in focus was critical.
And that's why you will mostly see flat field focus on macro lenses, because it is primarily at macro distances that the benefits start to outweigh the costs.
If you have a flat piece of paper with gridlines on it, position it so that it is parallel with the sensor (perpendicular to the lens), and focus at the center of the image, most lenses will show "soft" corners. The degree to which they are soft, or sharp, is a measure of quality, but most will be soft to some degree.
Macro lenses tend to be prime and because the focal length is fixed it gives manufacturers the ability to create a "flat" field. It's probably not perfectly flat, but merely perceptively flat. There may be some other reason, specifically related to the macro-ness of a lens, for why macro-primes are flatter than other primes, but I wouldn't know about that. The article linked by John Cavan may have an answer to that:
I understand the first part (more prominent at low magnification), but the explanation for it is beyond me.


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I have a date/time string that looks like the following:
Wed Sep 21 2011 12:35 PM Pacific
How do I format a DateTime to look like this?
Thank you!
We started with Q&A. Technical documentation is next, and we need your help.
Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, you can contribute.
I have a date/time string that looks like the following:
How do I format a DateTime to look like this?
Thank you!
The bit before the time zone is easy, using a custom date and time format string:
However, I believe that the .NET date/time formatting will not give you the "Pacific" part. The best it can give you is the time zone offset from UTC. That's fine if you can get the time zone name in some other way.
A number of
Trim off the Standard Time if you do not want that showing.
EDIT: If you need to do this all over the place you can also extend DateTime to include a method to do this for you.
You can run this example in LinqPad with a straight copy and paste and run it in Program mode.
After comments from below this is the updated version.
Take a look at the docs about Custom Date and Time Format Strings.
Note this may be a bit crude, but it may lead you in the right direction.
Taking and adding to what Jon mentioned:
And then adding something along these lines:
I haven't tested it, but i hope it helps!


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andrew....eric bana/mark ruffalo
andrew....eric bana/mark ruffalo
david freese or adam wainwright??
Adam Wainwright
Derek Jeter or Alex Rodriguez?
Christopher Khayman Lee or Shawn Christian?
Since no one else is choosing out of the two I've already posted I'll choose CKL.
Brad Pitt or George Clooney?
Brad's cum would taste awesome.
Justin Bieber or Justin Berfield??
Randy Orton or John Cena
Randy Orton!
Alex Pettyfer or Taylor Lautner
I'd swallow Lautner's load anytime.
Justin Long or Joel McHale?
Justin Long!
Batman or Superman!
Matthew Lawrence
Eric Christian Olsen or Steve Sandvoss?
Batman (The ignored one) and Eric
Christian Bale or Eric Bana?
bana.....colin hanks/matthew lillard
Jason Behr or Kristoffer Polaha?
Jason Behr.
Richard Armitage or Rupert Penry Jones? (Spooks)
Wes Ramsey or Milo Ventimiglia?
That's a tough choice for me because they're both so HOTT, however I choose Keahu!
Alex Heartman or Hector David Jr.?
Luke Perry or Jason Priestley?
I almost wanna say Dave, but between the two.......James!!!!
Paul Rudd or Ken Marino?
John Bregar
Ben Schwartz or Andrew Garfield
Definitely Lucas Till.
Alan Ritchson or Justin Hartley?
Tim Tebow or Brett Favre
chord.....david duchovny/eric balfour
Tom Hanks or Colin Hanks?
Tom Hanks!
Daniel Craig or Pierce Brosnan?
Daniel Craig, hands down.
Taylor Kitsch or Shia LeBouf?
Taylor Kitsch.
Tom Welling or Henry Cavill?
Tom Welling!
Jenson Button or Lewis Hamilton?
Jenson . Dylan or cole sprouse
James Lafferty or Shawn Christian?
Shawn Christian.
Ryan Kwanten or Chris Hemsworth?
Let's turn back time shall we?
The 60's, and you have two choices, Tab Hunter or Warren Beatty
60's Warren!
90's Luke Perry or Jason Priestley?
90's Priestley
I have one for you. In jaymoney29's post, it was said let's turn back time. In this one, I'm asking to turn ahead time and to use your imagination. It is the year 2025, whose cum would taste better?
Justin Bieber or Nick Jonas
Nick, no doubt!
Joe Jonas or Joey Lawrence?
grant gustin
sam trammel or stephen moyer
Nick Jonas or Nick Lachey?
Nick Jonas
Another little different question. Whose cum would taste better....
The combined cum of the five members of One Direction (Harry, Liam, Louis, Niall & Zayn) OR
The combined cum of the four members of Big Time Rush (Kendall, Logan, James & Carlos)
Last edited by KarshnerShagger; July 29th, 2012 at 03:52 PM.
Hahaha ^ that right there is the toughest coice Ive ever had to make!
But I'll go with Archie and Taylor!
Tom Daley or Chris Mears
Tom Daley! No question about it!
Andy Roddick or Novak Djokovic?


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Dreams With Wings hosted the Black Widow's Ball on Oct. 13 inside the Brown Hotel's Bluegrass Room.
Angie Fenton of The Voice-Tribune emceed the event, which featured hor d'oeuvres, spirited cocktails, guests dressed in creative Halloween costumes and dancing to Gary Chism with C & J Entertainment.
A few lucky attendees walked away with prizes for the best "Thriller" dance or "Salsa Pair." The overall winner of the costume contest received a one night stay at the Brown Hotel, complete with champagne breakfast.
Proceeds benefited Dreams With Wings, whose mission is to empower individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and autism.
Photos by MISSY BROWN | Contributing Photographer


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Spartans on cruise control in convincing win
BURLINGTON — If driving to the basket counted as points toward their driver's licenses, consider each member of the Lewis Mills girls basketball team fully trained and road-ready.
It was off to the races early and often Tuesday night in Burlington and when it was over, the Spartans improved to 3-0 this young season with an impressive 59-35 win over visiting Terryville.
"We made some great cuts to the basket tonight," junior Teagan Dunn said after blowing up the score sheet with a 22-point, 15-rebound performance that will have the league buzzing when they see the film.
There's a steep tradition of winning at Mills and Dunn has seen her fair share of it during her first two seasons on the hardwood.
So have several of her teammates, including Hope Shevchuck and Cassidy Lockwood.
Shevchuck set the tone two minutes in when she came up with a steal and went coast-to-coast for the bucket.
The senior co-captain would score six of her nine total points in the first quarter, all on drives to the basket.
After being tied at 4-4 with 5:43 to go in the first, the Spartans took off on a 14-0 run to go up 18-4 with 5:32 left in the second quarter.
"We seem like a second-half team so far this season," Terryville coach Damian Coggshall said. "We got off to a slow start against Housatonic in our last game as well, but you can't go down 18 here against Mills. They are too fast and too strong."
It's a funny dynamic for Coggshall, who coaches the Mills boys volleyball team as well as volleyball at Terryville, so he knows the gym pretty well.
"I really hate to lose here," Coggshall said.
The Kangaroos are led by junior twins Olivia and Julia Pilarski, who will give teams fits with their energy and ability to create opportunities.
Olivia Pilarski paced her team with 19 points and, after a cool shooting start, heated up considerably in the second half.
The weapons come at you hard in Burlington. Just when you think you may have corralled Dunn or Shevchuck, a 10th grader steps up and takes her turn at the wheel.
Mills' Natalie Ruel added 15 points on Tuesday night and gave head coach Joe Capatani another threat.
"I liked how we were persistent after a slow start in the first quarter," Capatani said. "I called a timeout late in the second half and challenged my team to finish the half strong and they responded."
The home team went up 28-10 at the half and while the Kangaroos and Olivia Pilarski had a strong second half, the hole was too large to crawl out of.
It's real early in the season (Mills improved to 3-0 while Terryville fell to 1-2) but several battle lines and big matchups are playing out.
Nonnewaug and Katie Burke look real tough while Thomaston and Maggie Eberhardt will visit the Spartans on Friday night.
Both teams won on Tuesday night, leaving all three with perfect starts.
Capatani understands the challenge that awaits his team on Friday night when the Golden Bears come to town.
"Their quickness bothers me. They can also shut you down with their defense," Capatani said. "They and Nonnewaug are a lot like us."
Should be a good one, and one thing we know for sure, there will be one less undefeated BL team come Friday night.
Timothy W. Gaffney is a freelance sportswriter and the founder of Litchfield County Sports.com. Mr. Gaffney can be reached at email@example.com
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Exit Wounds: A Brady Novel of Suspense (Mass Market Paperbound)
The intense desert heat has brought horror to a small corner of the Southwest. A body lies lifeless in an airless trailer, surrounded by seventeen others. It is a crime unspeakable in its conception and execution a nightmare strangely connected to a grisly slaughter in a neighboring state, where the corpses of two women are found tied up, naked, and gruesomely posed on a rancher's land. A day that started out hot has already turned blistering for Joanna Brady, the sheriff of Cochise County, Arizona, for terror has moved into her small town to stay. And the nightmare will not end until she uncovers the roots of a monstrous obsession buried somewhere in the most frightening dark shadows of the past.
About the Author
J. A. Jance is the New York Times bestselling author of the J. P. Beaumont series, the Joanna Brady series, the Ali Reynolds series, and five interrelated thrillers about the Walker family, as well as a volume of poetry. Born in South Dakota and brought up in Bisbee, Arizona, Jance lives with her husband in Seattle, Washington, and Tucson, Arizona.
Praise For…
"A fine addition to a lively series."
-Publishers Weekly (starred review)
"Brady fans won't want to put this one down."
"Another first rate page turner."
-Library Journal
"Sheriff Brady operates on full throttle throughout....compelling."
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I thought they were in the Underground Jungle but I haven't seen any in my limited searching there. Should I be looking elsewhere?
On the unofficial Terraria wikia it is written that Glowing Mushrooms are found anywhere inside the Stone Layer.
The official wiki just states that Glowing Mushrooms can be found in deeper parts of the Underground.
As of the most recent update, the area with glowing mushrooms is easier to recognize, because it is now its own mini-biome, with its own background and background music. It is still located only in the Stone Layer, in the deeper parts of the underground.
The blue grass Glowing Mushrooms grows on, can be harvested and planted elsewhere, to make it easier to get more mushrooms. The grass can only be planted on Mud.
They're generally in caverns with "mushroom trees". I don't think they're terribly common though.
Since they're caverns, digging horizontally might be a better bet, once you've got to an appropriate depth where you might be able to find some.


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In all honesty, I was really excited with (and relieved by) how well these applied. I don't have extensive experience with loose mineral eyeshadows - pretty much the only ones I can remember trying are Bare Minerals, Everyday Minerals, Alima, and Fyrinnae - and I experienced major fallout issues with many of the shades from many of those brands, even when I pressed them and used them in their pressed forms, which makes using them highly frustrating for me. Admittedly, today's experiment was the first time I've tried using them with a brush dampened by MAC Fix+, so maybe that was the key, but in any case, I was thrilled with how smoothly, easily, and evenly these applied. I will definitely be using at least Fools Gold again in the future!
So, here are the pictures! Sorry if they're a little bit blurry; this was in early-morning light before I left for work, and I'm still getting used to figuring out how to get the best pictures in different lighting situations with my new(ish) camera. I promise it wasn't some tricky photo-blur effect though, because I wouldn't know how to do one of those if I wanted to!
Don't ask me why my hair looks totally mousy and limp, I'm pretty sure it didn't actually look like that in real life... I hope not, anyway... maybe I need to go get highlights or something?!
Here are the eye close-ups:
And here is everything I used for this look:
NARS eyeshadow primer all over the lid/up to brows
Fyrinnae Pixie Epoxy on the lid/crease area (layered over the NARS primer) - I find this is a MUST-HAVE for loose eyeshadows to minimize fallout and maximize vibrancy
Anastasia Ash Blonde Brow Powder Duo on brows
SMASH Fools Gold on lid and along lower lash line (applied with an EcoTools flat synthetic eyeshadow brush dampened using MAC Fix+), Disoriented in crease, and Metallic White on inner corner (both applied using a MAC 217 brush, also dampened with Fix+)
MAC Blanc Type as brow highlight
MAC Blacktrack eyeliner (applied with a MAC 209 brush - my FAVORITE for doing regular/winged liner!)
CoverGirl Lash Blast Volume Waterproof mascara
Bourjois Healthy Mix foundation #51
Lancome Effacernes in Light Buff under eyes
ELF HD powder
Tarte Exposed Amazonian Clay blush
NARS Albatross highlighter
Guerlain Bal de Mai Rouge Automatique lipstick, blotted
The clean edges of the look were thanks to my using surgical tape on the outer corners of my eyes, an idea I got from the lovely Karima of Shameless Fripperies! It tugged my skin a little coming off though - in the future I'll stick it to the back of my hand and then peel it off first before applying it to my eye area to remove some of the stickiness.
So, what do you all think? I welcome constructive criticism :) For those of you who saw my post swatching all the SMASH mineral eyeshadows, what combination(s) would you like to see next? Thanks!
Disclaimer: I purchased the product(s) featured in this post myself except for the SMASH mineral eyeshadows, which were sent to me for consideration. All opinions are my own.


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I am rather new to ZXing and has been exploring their API. I have seen Using ZXing to create an android barcode scanning app and getting scan result when using zxing?
I understand that the details of the scan result is in the string "contents". How do I extract out the details? Looking at the QR generator, http://zxing.appspot.com/generator/ there are many fields like name, company and phone number. How do i extract these details?
I would need something like
//String extractedName = contents.getName()
Sorry, I am very new to this. I would appreciate if someone can provide me detailed steps. Thanks.
public Button.OnClickListener mScan = new Button.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
public void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent intent) {
if (requestCode == 0) {
if (resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
String contents = intent.getStringExtra("SCAN_RESULT");
String format = intent.getStringExtra("SCAN_RESULT_FORMAT");
// Handle successful scan
//How to get name from contents?
} else if (resultCode == RESULT_CANCELED) {
// Handle cancel


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Democratic Congressmen John Yarmuth (Ky.), John Sarbanes (Md.), and David Price (N.C.) each introduced public financing legislation last night. Congressman John Larson, chair of the Caucus' DARE Task Force on campaign finance and electoral reform issues, will work with the members to develop a bill that combines the best parts of all three. Rep. Yarmuth is taking over for Rep. Larson on the Fair Elections Now Act (HR 269), legislation Public Campaign has endorsed since its House introduction in 2009.
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After years of frustration about not being able to distinguish ㄥ ㄣ, and nearly no improvements on iOS Zhuyin keyboard layout. I decided to switch to Pinyin for both mobile usage and daily desktop (I am a Mac user). What's your suggested ways of learning and your experience?
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I had a similar experience learning Chinese (My first teacher was from Taiwan, so we learned Zhu Yin). I found that the best way to learn pinyin was through chat room practice. Live conversations gave both contextual and applicable meaning to the pinyin I was using, and therefore helped solidify my understanding of pinyin.
I recommend going to http://www.zhongwen.com/ and clicking on
That site gives a comprehensive pinyin learning experience by displaying the pinyin dictionary right next to your chat room- so looking up words is convenient.
Being a Chinese in mainland, I never learnt ZhuYin. I learn PinYin at my primary school.
But my mama learnt ZhuYin(60 years ago). And I remember that my old Chinese dictionary has both ZhuYin and PinYin.


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Home > Mitsubishi > Mitsubishi Mirage 2012
Below you will find the high resolution car wallpaper for Mitsubishi Mirage 2012. You may use the car wallpaper for any of the following standard screen resolutions:
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Mitsubishi Mirage 2012
The Mitsubishi Mirage 2012 design is focused on compactness, affordability, and high fuel efficiency in order to fit the needs of emerging markets as an affordable entry-level model as well as needs of advanced markets for fuel efficiency and low-CO2 emission. In addition, the Mirage features good maneuverability and easy drivability inherent to a compact car while also providing a comfortable interior space for five adults. The Mirage 2012 will premiere at the Tokyo Auto Show starting next week.


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I am looking for a wargame of any genre that has rules for creating stats for any miniature from any company. I know I've seen at least one set of rules like that, but I can't remember what the name of it was, nor can I find it through Google, as I'm not sure what to look for. It doesn't matter if it's a free game or if I have to pay for the rules, I just need a game where I can use the minis I've already got.
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FASA's Vor was designed to do exactly this for generic science fiction - it's set in a huge void which sucks in planets and life from all over the universe. Unfortunately FASA's collapse prevented the detailed rulebook for custom miniature stats from ever being published, but the basic rules in the main set are workable, just not detailed.
Mechanically it resembled a conventional 40k-ish skirmish wargame, d10-based, with an interesting order system that allowed for good tactical use of cover.
(A new version has been in development, but it's Kickstarter project has just failed to raise the funds to get art and printing for the main rules printed, so I don't know if anything will happen.)
Aetherverse is also intended to allow flexible use of any force; this one set on multiple-parallel-Earths. I haven't played it, so can't comment on the mechanics.
Quite a few, actually, have had such a "Look at it and rate it" approach.
Early Warhammer games
The first edition of Warhammer 40K (Warhammer 40K: Rogue Trader), and the first several editions of Warhammer Fantasy Battles, were all intended to use any minis, and had extensive minis rating lists by base type, weapon, and profile value.
40KRT vehicles were points-costed by their ratings; the rating system wasn't terribly effective at play balance, but it was workable within reason, and especially for man-sized units.
Ground Zero Games' games
GZG's rules are intended for use with both their lines and others' lines of minis. Better still, you can get them in PDF for free direct from GZG.
Dirtside II is vehicle or squad per mini, platoon scaled, up to battalion level. It includes vehicle design rules that border on being "Look and rate"...
Stargrunt II is tactical, squad level, individual man per mini, infantry combat, but it also can use Dirtside II vehicles.
Full Thrust is space combat, one ship per mini. It can do fleet level play easily.
R Talsorian Games' Mekton
Mekton has always been a combined battle game and RPG, and always had a design system capable of producing a wide range of designs.
Because the design system is actually a design system, you might not always be able to get decent match to a given mini's fluff text.
7th Street Games' Mecha
The system is able to use a variety of minis. The included setting is less flexible, being focused on space aztechs.
Dream Pod 9's whole catalogue
The "rating" system in both Heavy Gear and Jovian Chronicles is intended to take an extant mini or image, and allow you to devise game stats to fit, generating a relatively good point total for balance purposes. Other games in the line use the same ratings, so that means that any of them can be used. Several have both minis and RPG rules, and the minis rules are almost all written for hex-grids but easily adapted to gridless play.
Flashpoint! is a wonderful minis wargame, using a mostly 1d20 rolls, printed in landscape mode in the 90's, of skirmish scale combat in a near-future sci-fi setting. 1 Character/vehicle/robot per model, typically individual model maneuver scale, and intended for platoon level and below.
Many elements border between a rating system and a design system, especially robots and vehicles.
Old FASA games
VOR is very similar to early WH40K:RT... except using d10's rather than d6's, and having a less-obviously Traveller/Cthulhu mashup setting. The rating system is very similar to that in 40K:RT.
And onto the less close fit to the question...
Battletech, while having a design system rather than a rating system, has rules for mecha, vehicles, and troops, and multiple games in various scales, so you can use pretty much almost your entire collection somewhere... and it's still in print, from Catalyst.
Renegade Legion is very much the same approach as Battletech, but is a different set of combat mechanics.
I'm not massively familiar with wargames, but I thought this suggestion from another question may be of interest to you.
Brikwars is a gaming system intended to be played with Lego-esque figures. However, the stats for each figure are largely based on the figures dimensions (e.g. rules about weapons), and so it is possible to create stats for any figure of any kind.
We've used this for a number of our games Nice rules set and very customizable
There's a really old game system called Toying With Destruction by Guardians of Order (publishers of Big Eyes Small Mouth and the Tri-Stat system).
This system let you create stats for any type of toy at all, from a mech to a fire truck to a teddy bear. It had formulas to stat up all of these, and supported melee weapons, ranged weapons, movement, flight, ramming attacks, mounts/transports, and more. I believe it required a ruler and some D10's. It was simple but fun and very versatile.
Sadly this was only published as a stapled pack of paper, and was out of print a long time ago, and Guardians of Order closed its doors in 2006. Here's an archive of the game info, and another page with information and a cover picture.
Gruntz is a sci-fi, build-your-own-units/mecha/etc, miniature wargame. It's based on 15mm miniatures so that might not fit your desires, but you could possibly just double all of the length measurements if you're playing with 28mm/30mm minis.
I have not played Gruntz so I do not know how well it plays, is balanced, etc., but the one battle report I've read makes it look interesting.


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Aging Out Project
For the past three years, the Child Advocacy Clinic (CAC) has been educating youth about their rights and entitlements through a community education project entitled "Aging-Out: Don't Miss Out." The mission of the Aging Out Project is to ensure that every youth in New Jersey who transitions out of foster care is aware of and receives the necessary and appropriate services and assistance from the Division of Youth and Family Services (DYFS), other state entities, and community organizations. The CAC partnered with the New Jersey State Child Placement Advisory Council to develop a book for the youth that was both engaging and informative about the child welfare system, the court process, and their rights and entitlement to services and assistance. Aging Out: Don't Miss Out remains the only book of its kind in New Jersey. Based on the information in the book, the CAC developed two training curricula, one for youth and one for those who work with young people aging out of New Jersey's foster care system.
The Project has conducted extensive outreach within the State of New Jersey. Not only have hundreds of youth been educated, but the Project hosted training sessions for all 46 DYFS local offices, for the majority of the 21 court vicinages, as well as for Law Guardians, Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA), Child Placement Review Board volunteers, and foster parents. The Project also has been asked to speak at several statewide conferences and before various special-interest committees.
Most recently, the Project has begun to work in conjunction with Family Court Judges to host training for youth at the court houses across the state. These trainings have already taken place in five counties and many others are in the planning process. Additionally, the CAC has begun to meet with groups of youth to begin a dialogue about what systemic changes they would like to see, how we might all work together, and whether there would be any benefit to creating a youth-based advocacy organization.
In addition to providing training sessions, the Project is becoming a resource for youth and their advocates. The Project receives numerous calls and e-mail messages, seeking information or assistance. These calls are received from youth, DYFS case managers, Law Guardians, Deputy Attorneys General, CASA workers, foster parents, and other caregivers. The Project responds to each of these inquiries and assists by providing the needed information or giving referrals to appropriate entities.
Becoming a community resource has been an unexpected, yet necessary and beneficial, result of the Project's outreach efforts.


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Rodeo season in full swing all across the country. So, we thought it was befitting to feature some of our top names in Western boots to get you ready to saddle up for a great season ahead. Whether it's a small hometown rodeo or the NFR, we've got a great selection of Western boots, accessories and clothes to get you in the spirit!
Women's: 1. Tony Lama VF3035, 2. Old Gringo Adela, 3. Justin L4934
Men's: 4. Tony Lama Zappos Exclusive, 5. Dan Post Milwaukee Snip Toe, 6. Stetson 13" Basic Round Toe


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MUSC 129 (CA) Uniting the Ear, Mind, and Body Through Music (1)
Designed for the non-music major, this course delves into the language of music through direct experience and creative activities. Students will develop musicianship skills by critically listening to recorded and live music, sight singing, improvisation, expressing music through movement, and composing melodies with basic harmonizations. When relevant, connections of music to other art forms will be encouraged and explored. At the end of the semester, each student will present a final project in the form of a composition and/or a performance. Emphasis on students' performing on their own instruments, where applicable.
- General Education Requirement Fulfillment: Creating in the Arts
- Offering: Spring
- Instructor: Staff


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Nowadays, information is a means of competitiveness in the transportation business. Keeping track of a fleet is necessary to maintain a clear overview of the operations, and exact information make it easier for everybody involved in the transport chain to make the right decisions.
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In Europe, we offer Dynafleet - the market's only turnkey transport information system. In the US, we offer the unique satellite-based communications system Volvo Link as well as Volvo Trip Manager, which is a software program that tracks and reports on the performance of your vehicles. Volvo Trip Manager is also available in Brazil.
To find out how you can stay connected to your fleet, please select your location to the right for an overview of the transport information systems available there.


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This has been another lesson for me regarding the "Cart Before the Horse" syndrome. And maybe a little "I'm in love my new pup" blindness. She is great, and we will get there, but not by me rushing things just to make a trial date.
That is a great post, Jen... (poor bird boy..LOL)
Best, Judy
Choctaw's Piscataquis Sebec UD MH CGC WCX ***(All-Breed AM 2nd)
UCDX HR SR Sand Dancer's XX MTB Ranger UDT, MH, WCX **, UKC HR Finished & U-B Legs, OTCH Points, Utility B Win, Agility HIT (1/20/2001-7/24/2015)
HR SR Scarlett's Andi O'Malley CD SH OA NAJ CGC (OAJ-2 Placements) 9/16/1995-3/31/2011
If you havent finished Twork, swimby and de-cheating, I wouldnt be worrying about running a trial.
Good idea Jennifer, if you are still doing T work, swim-by and decheating you and your dog will be better served polishing those before even thinking about a derby. Make sure your dog is not cheaty at all because if she gets away with it in a trial you have dug a serious hole which is very hard to get out of in future trials. Many good trainers, when seeing Fido try to cheat in a trial, will blow a whistle and pick up their dog. Tough pill to swallow but that is much more important than a five dollar ribbon!!
"So what is big is not always the Trout nor the Deer but the chance, the being there. And what is full is not necessarily the creel nor the freezer, but the memory." ~ Aldo Leopold
"The Greatest Obstacle to Discovery is not Ignorance -- It is the Illusion of Knowledge" ~ Daniel Boorstin
There is a lot to be gained as a handler and dog by going to the line and getting two or three series under your belt. The trick is to have high standards set in your mind and stick with them regardless of the additional pressure to succeed in an actual trial. A big well timed "NO-Here" followed by walking your dog back to the trck on lead can be worth the cost of entering.
I would also try to get the opinion of someone with knowledge in FTs to assess your dogs talent and level of training. If you mostly train alone.
"Note to self: train for a delayed triple"....is a good thing, as said not to encounter in Derby (?)..but certainly for the upper stakes that you are really preparing for ...so in your proper training sequence (and balance in training..a Dennis reminder ..) that you have gone back to!
Enjoy your pup..
Choctaw's Piscataquis Sebec UD MH CGC WCX ***(All-Breed AM 2nd)
UCDX HR SR Sand Dancer's XX MTB Ranger UDT, MH, WCX **, UKC HR Finished & U-B Legs, OTCH Points, Utility B Win, Agility HIT (1/20/2001-7/24/2015)
HR SR Scarlett's Andi O'Malley CD SH OA NAJ CGC (OAJ-2 Placements) 9/16/1995-3/31/2011
This is actually what my original intent was, John. Because I don't have a steady group to work with yet, I really wanted to drive the 5 -7 hours to the trials to get a feel for how they work and how the nerves and atmosphere affect our performance at the line. I was thinking that if nothing else came of it, it may be worth the $80 entry fee to practice being at the line, feeling the nerves and see how she does. May still do that at the end of Feb. But not at the beginning of Feb, like I had wanted to. There's always another one in April. Pup is only 11 months now.


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The multi-faceted project, which will begin this spring, will boost refining capacity to 100,000 bpd from the facility's current 85,000 bpd. Completion will take place in phases during the second half of calendar 2015 and the first months of 2016, with production coming on line in early 2016.
CHS is planning a $327 million expansion to boost refining capacity
by 18% at the National Cooperative Refinery Association facility at
McPherson, Kan., the farmer-owned energy and foods
cooperative announced on Tuesday.
The multi-faceted project, which will begin this
spring, will boost refining capacity to 100,000 bpd
from the facility's current 85,000 bpd.
Completion will take place in phases during the second half of
calendar 2015 and the first months of 2016, with production
coming on line in early 2016.
CHS is in the process of acquiring 100% ownership of the
McPherson-based operation from current minority partners
Growmark, Inc., of Bloomington, Ill., and MFA Oil of Columbia,
The expansion project will take place concurrent
with construction of a $555 million
replacement coker already in progress. The McPherson refinery will continue to operate
normally during both construction projects.
"Investing in additional refining capacity at McPherson is
further evidence of our commitment to expanding our energy
platform to add value for our owners and customers while
becoming the premier marketer of refined fuels to rural
America," said Jay Debertin, CHS executive vice president and
CEO for the company's energy and foods segment.
The expansion brings to more than $1.4
billion the investments CHS has made or committed to over the
past 24 months to expand and upgrade its refining, pipeline and distribution
system in order to further strengthen dependable supplies of
quality refined fuels to its owners and customers, Debertin
Debertin noted that the additional refined fuels
gallons produced will allow CHS to better match production from
McPherson and its 55,000 bpd refinery at Laurel, Mont., with
customer demand.
"The added refinery production will be equally
divided between diesel and gasoline to best meet our customers'
agricultural needs in rural America," he said.
All comments are subject to editorial review.
All fields are compulsory.
Qodrat Azima
- $555 million for Coker appears to be very high?- The added refinery products should be designed to be flexible between the two products to cater for seasonal requirements/ variations...
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A searchable database of project activity in the global hydrocarbon processing industry
Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
Too soon to tell
July 2016


text: Underlayers, such as horse hoods, horse shoulder guards or horse blanket liners, are perfect under any blanket. A horse blanket liner or horse shoulder guard is a great way to add extra warmth, help protect your horse's coat and skin from rubs and help keep your blankets clean. Horse hoods keeps manes and shoulders protected from rubs, and can also keep braids in place at shows. Find the underlayers your horse needs today and complete your array of blanketing equipment.


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SAN ANTONIO (October 3, 2013) – San Antonio Rampage head coach Peter Horachek announced today that he has named forward Greg Rallo the captain of the Rampage for the 2013-14 season. In addition, Horachek appointed forward Jed Ortmeyer and defenseman Greg Zanon as alternate captains for the Rampage. The Rampage leadership group also consists of defensemen Mike Caruso and Mike Mottau.
"Greg has earned the captaincy by always acting like a professional and doing things the right way," said Horachek. "He leads by example and has earned the respect of his teammates. Along with Greg, we have great veteran leadership this season led by Zanon, Ortmeyer, Caruso and Mottau."
Rallo, 32, enters his third season with the Rampage and served as an assistant captain his first two years with the club. The 6-foot, 188-pound center led the Rampage with 23 goals and ranked second on the team with 40 points last season. Rallo was also recalled to the Florida Panthers for 10 games last year and notched his first NHL goal on April 2. The Gurnee, Ill., native paced Rampage skaters by being named a "Star of the Game" on 10 occasions during the 2012-13 campaign. Rallo has played in 388 AHL games and has tallied 101 goals and 102 assists.
Ortmeyer, 35, joined the Rampage midway through the 2012-13 season and brought with him 345 games of NHL experience. The 6-foot-1, 205-pound winger tallied six goals and nine assists for the Rampage in 32 games last season. With 10 years of experience as a pro, Ortmeyer has suited up for four NHL teams, most recently the Minnesota Wild during the 2011-12 season where he played in 35 games for the club. The Omaha, Neb., native has also logged 250 games in the AHL and has tallied 42 goals and 74 assists.
Zanon, 33, has played exclusively in the NHL for the past six seasons (2006-13) and paces the Rampage with 493 NHL games played. The Burnaby, B.C., native manned the blueline in 44 games for the Colorado Avalanche last season. Zanon split time between the Boston Bruins and Minnesota Wild during the 2011-12 campaign. The durable defenseman played in at least 78 NHL games for four straight seasons (2007-11).
The Rampage open the 2013-14 season, presented by CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Health System and Red McCombs Toyota, on Friday night at AT&T Center against the Chicago Wolves at 7:30 p.m. on a KZEP / Bud Light Dollar Drink Night. The Silver and Black will continue Opening Weekend at home on Saturday at 7:00 p.m. when they square off against the Rockford IceHogs on a $1 Hot Dog and $1 Popcorn Night, presented by MAGIC 105.3.
Tickets for Opening Weekend start at $10 and can be purchased by calling a Rampage representative at 210.444.5554 or online at sarampage.com


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The mission of the School on Wheels of Massachusetts (SOWMA) is to educate children impacted by homelessness by supplying academic support and one-on-one mentoring so children can reach their fu...
The mission of the School on Wheels of Massachusetts (SOWMA) is to educate children impacted by homelessness by supplying academic support and one-on-one mentoring so children can reach their full potential in school and in life.
In October, the program, which currently serves 15 families in the Norwell shelter, will expand to the Super8 Motel in Weymouth, where 70 homeless families reside.
Volunteers, both women and men, are needed to tutor K-12 graders just one or two hours a week. Each volunteer is a role model, assigned permanently to one child whenever possible, and close bonds are frequently established.
No experience needed
· No previous teaching experience is necessary. Mandatory training sessions in either Norwell or Brockton prepare volunteers well, and an on-site professional coordinator supports tutors each week.
· The training program includes a two-hour tutor orientation and a two-and-a-half-hour resource workshop. They need not be completed on the same day.
· Training in Norwell will take place at St. Helen's Parish Hall (383 Washington Street) with the orientation class on Monday, September 8 from 6 to 8 p.m. and the Resource Workshop on Wednesday, September 10 from 6 to 8:30 p.m.
· Many other sessions both mid-week and on Saturdays are scheduled at the School on Wheels office in Brockton (790 West Chestnut Street).
· To register for training and tutoring and for more information on the many services provided by School on Wheels, visit www.SOWMA.org, contact Robin GIlbert, Operations Director email@example.com (508)587-9091, or call Betsy Millard (781-383-6180) to learn of her experience as a volunteer.
· Children experiencing homelessness are 4 times more likely to show delayed development, have twice the rate of learning disabilities, and are 9 times more likely to repeat a grade.
· The average age of a homeless person in Massachusetts is eight years old.
· Fewer than one in four homeless teens will graduate from high school, but 93 percent of SOWMA's high school students do.
· SOWMA celebrated its first college graduate in June, and 27 more are in college at this time.
Homelessness is not just a big city problem – it's a reality in communities along the South Shore.
The Brockton-based School on Wheels of Massachusetts (SOWMA) is trying to combat the statistics – that children impacted by homelessness are 4 times more likely to show delayed development, have twice the rate of learning disabilities, and are 9 times more likely to repeat a grade, according to SOWMA's website.
The non-profit organization, founded 10 years ago by teacher and child advocate Cheryl Opper, has tutoring sites in Brockton, at two homeless shelter, two hotels, and four elementary schools.
There are also locations in New Bedford, Stoughton, and Norwell, where 15 families benefit from tutoring services at the Friends of the Homeless shelter.
SOWMA will open two new tutoring sites in Weymouth and Randolph this fall, at the Super 8 motel in Weymouth and Randolph Community Middle School.
Betsy Millard of Cohasset, a tutor who started volunteering for the program in January, said she heard about SOWMA through a friend and knew she had to get involved. She visited SOMWA's website and found out how to get started.
Soon, she was paired with a kindergarten student.
"They melt your heart," Millard said of the children.
There are over 4000 homeless families in Massachusetts, representing about 8500 children, according to published reports. For 29 percent of these families, someone is employed. Around 2000 of these families are living in hotel rooms; over 250 families live in hotels on the South Shore.
"Each family lives in one motel room," said Millard. "They have a hotplate and college [sized] refrigerator."
The Massachusetts Coalition for the Homeless estimates that the average age of a homeless person in the state is eight years old.
SOWMA currently serves over 200 students a year in 12 program sites around southeastern Mass.
These facts compelled Millard to get and stay involved – and urge others to volunteer. No prior teaching or tutoring experience is necessary.
"I had never tutored before and was not a teacher," she said.
SOWMA offers training courses for its volunteers, in Norwell, Brockton or New Bedford. Millard said that there is a two-day tutoring session in Norwell, or volunteers can do all the training at once on a Saturday in Brockton.
The next wave of training sessions will be offered between August 14 and September 23 (see sidebar for how to register).
The training is in two parts, with a new tutor orientation and a resource workshop "where they teach you how to teach," Millard explained.
Tutors are expected to commit to working with students for approximately one hour once a week (tutoring at the Norwell shelter takes place from 5:15 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. on Monday or Wednesday).
Page 2 of 2 - Millard said that for such a miniscule time investment, the payoff is invaluable.
"The commitment is only one or two hours a week and the rewards, as the saying goes, are priceless," she said. "You get so much more back than what you give. The potential in these innocent little children when you work with them is amazing. It's hard not to fall in love with these kids."
Now, Millard is doing her part to recruit more volunteers from all backgrounds and disciplines. "Men or women who have been in business or are scientifically oriented can help the high school kids," for instance.
Volunteers can choose which age group or subject to tutor. Those who want to help students go onto college also have a special opportunity; SOWMA is starting up a new mentorship program this fall, and will pair up a volunteer with a high school student. Mentors will help students prepare for college, from filling out applications to conducting school visits.
For those who want to tutor or mentor but can't find the time, there are other ways to help. Donations are always needed, particularly for backpacks and supplies.
SOWMA makes donating easy; you can visit the website (www.sowma.org), select the "Get Involved" tab, click "Donate," follow the link to an Amazon Wishlist and directly purchase a backpack for a child.
Through these combined efforts, the program will continue "trying to break the cycle of poverty," said Millard, adding that she is impressed by SOWMA's efficient operations. "In addition, their sensitive concern toward the children and their families is palpable. It's amazing how they do it."
For more on SOWMA and how to get involved, visit www.sowma.org.
Follow reporter Erin Dale on Twitter @ErinDaleMariner.
Location, ST | website.com


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An exhibition of photographs by Bernd and Hilla Becher will open at Dia Art Foundation, 548 West 22nd Street, on Thursday, December 14, 1989. The exhibition continues through December 1990. Hours are Thursday to Sunday, 12 noon to 6 p.m. Admission is free.
For this exhibition, the Bechers selected and printed photographs specifically for presentation in the configuration of galleries on the fourth floor of 548 West 22nd Street. The exhibition will include about 70 works, presented as single images rather than the well known groupings of photographs in which the artists have previously shown their work. While the subjects of the photographs will be the industrial architectural structures characteristic of the Becher's work, the emphasis of this exhibition will be on the singularity of the structures and their representation in photographic images rather than on typological groupings. Images of water towers, gas tanks, grain elevators, cooling towers, blast furnaces, and other industrial era structures will be included.
Bernd and Hilla Becher live near Dusseldorf, West Germany. They have worked together since 1959 and over the past two decades have had numerous exhibitions in museums throughout Europe. They will represent the Federal Republic of Germany at the Venice Biennale in May 1990. Their last solo museum exhibition in New York was in 1975 at The Museum of Modern Art.
Support for this exhibition has been received from the Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart. Transportation assistance has been provided by Lufthansa German Airlines.
* * *
For additional information or materials contact:
Press Department, Dia Art Foundation, firstname.lastname@example.com or 212 293 5518


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Hide-a-Pod iPod protection in the infamous brown Zune for $29.95
You love your iPod. It's a great product. You take it everywhere and you use it every day. But owning a device so desirable and fashionable as an iPod comes with one major drawback . . . the iPod has become a target for theft. So how can you take your iPod out of your home without fear? Hide it in a zune!!
4 Comments add a comment
I am greatly amused.
And sorely tempted.
How is this a deal? This is the normal price and shipping is not free.
@zippy the pinhead: cause it's hilarious. And original wooters will remember the brown zune
lol this is messed up. but pretty cool.


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The Westin Harbour Castle, Toronto
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- Known for its scenic views of the waterfront, The Westin Harbour Castle, Toronto comprises two towers with 977 guestrooms and suites. Families, couples, and business travelers appreciate the hotel's elegant ambiance and resort-style amenities.
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- Guests can enjoy gourmet Italian cuisine and fine wines while taking in spectacular views of Toronto and Lake Ontario at the rooftop Toula Restaurant and Bar. Open for breakfast and lunch, The Mizzen Restaurant offers buffets and à la carte selections. The hotel also features a lounge and a cafe in the lobby. Room service is available 24 hours.
1 Harbour Square
Toronto, Ontario, M5J 1A6
- Toronto
Airport:Pearson International YYZ
The Westin Harbour Castle, Toronto offers 977 guestrooms and suites, all of which feature views of the Toronto lakefront or the city. Highlights include Westin Heavenly Beds with custom-designed pillowtop mattresses, all-white bedding, triple sheeting, down duvets, and five goose down pillows.
The Heavenly Bath consists of a dual showerhead with multiple spray options; curved shower rod for extra room; white-on-white shower curtain; velour, waffle-weave bathrobes; oversized Brazilian combed-cotton bath towels; and signature spa-style toiletries.
Marble-topped desks have multi-line phones and rooms have both wireless and wired Internet access (surcharge). Additional amenities include cable TVs with premium channels, in-room safes, and coffeemakers.
Room Amenities:
- Air conditioning
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- Complimentary newspaper
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- Desk
- Electronic check-out
- Electronic/magnetic keys
- Extra towels/bedding in room
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- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- In-room safe
- Internet access - high speed
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- Iron/ironing board
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- Microwave (on request)
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Property Amenities
This luxury hotel is located in the heart of downtown Toronto along the lakefront. A glassed-in walkway connects the hotel to its own conference center. A lower level business center provides separate work cubicles with desks, computers, printers, and high-speed Internet access (surcharge). Thirty-one rooms of meeting space can accommodate 10 to 3,500 people.
The Votre Beauté Spa offers massage therapy, hydrotherapy, facials, nail care, and salon services (surcharge). The Westin Workout fitness center has saunas, steam rooms, a spa tub, and an indoor pool; equipment includes treadmills, elliptical machines, stationary bikes, and free weights. Squash courts and an outdoor tennis court are also available (surcharges for equipment).
The amenities listed below are available on site; fees may apply:
- Air-conditioned public areas
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- ATM/banking
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- Express check-in/check-out
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- Full-service health spa
- Gift shop or newsstand
- Hair salon
- Internet access in public areas - high speed
- Internet access in public areas - surcharge
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Medical assistance available
- Meeting room(s) (small groups)
- Multilingual staff
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- Parking garage
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- Porter/bellhop
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- Room service (24 hours)
- Safe-deposit box - front desk
- Sauna
- Security guard
- Smoke-free property
- Spa tub
- Swimming pool - indoor
- Tour assistance
- Wedding services
Extra person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Rollaway beds and cribs (infant beds) may be available and should be requested at the time of booking; fees may apply.
Photo identification and credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in, cannot be guaranteed, and may incur additional charges.
- Pets accepted
- Small pets only
Check-in time:
Check-out time:
- Noon
Toula Restaurant and BarElegant Italian restaurant located on the 38th floor of the hotel. Features Italian fabrics, a gold leaf ceiling, and views of downtown Toronto and Lake Ontario. Signature dishes include Seafood Linguini, Beef Tenderloin, and Handmade Potato Gnocchi with Fresh Basil and Cherry Tomatoes. Offers an extensive wine list. Open for lunch and dinner.
The Mizzen RestaurantCasual restaurant located in the main lobby. Features international à la carte and buffet selections for breakfast and lunch.
The Chartroom Bar and LoungeSophisticated lobby bar serving appetizers, light meals, and signature cocktails. Open from late afternoon until late night.
Lobby CafeServes coffee drinks, pastries, bagels, fruit, and sandwiches. Open from early morning until early afternoon.
This Toronto hotel's (45-square-foot) glass walled pool overlooks the lakefront from the fifth floor, and has poolside loungers and a spa tub. An adjoining fitness center has women's and men's saunas and steam rooms, as well as free weights, elliptical trainers, Universal gym, treadmills, TVs, and water coolers. Guests may use the outdoor tennis court in good weather or enjoy the two squash courts (surcharges for equipment).
Walking, jogging, and biking trails, located right outside the hotel, continue along the waterfront.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or near the hotel; fees may apply.
- Bicycle rentals
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Special Offer Details
Manager's Specials3 nights from $229 per person
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- Early Booking Bonus
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I'm aware that the old school renaissance (OSR) is all about hearkening back to old versions of D&D and the play styles of the 70's and 80's, but what characteristics really define this movement? What minimum set of qualities does my game play require to be "old school"?
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OSR is, for me, defined by gamers, games or publishers adherence to one or more of the following traits:
Play, write or referee one of the older editions of Dungeons and Dragon. Older edition meaning every version of AD&D/D&D prior to D&D 3.0. Although some will quibble on AD&D 2.0.
Some may talk about play styles but if you survey everybody that you could remotely include in the OSR. The only common thing you can say is that "They play older versions of D&D."
Also Old School Renaissance is an organic term that got accepted by the internet community as a way to describe the number of different groups playing older editions. There is no formal or loose organization. Some who play older editions vehemently deny they are a part of the OSR, others embrace it whole heartily, and some publishers use it as a marketing tool. Which is par for the course for this kind of meme.
My personal view is summed up by this from my blog
You're going to get a ton of answers on this.
To me the single largest defining characteristic is DIY. This doesn't mean you don't buy modules or settings but that they are things to mine for creating your own world. I got involved in the OSR when it sparked my creative side and reminded me that there was a time when playing in Tom's D&D game was as different from playing in Harry's D&D game as playing Vampire is from playing Champions and both were that different from Dick's game.
If you check the big OSR blogs you'll notice the Dwimmermount is radically different from Raggi's weird world and neither are like The Metal Earth. Yet, despite all their influence on me (as well as a ton of others) none are like my World After/City States of the Apocalypse. Still, we are all playing essentially the same game, classic D&D.
The reason I participated and why I classify myself as part of the OSR are:
I like the definition presented by Matthew Finch in "A Primer For Old School Gaming," available in pdf for free from Lulu.
In short, he refers to four major conceits ("Zen Moments") that define old school gaming.
A related statement to the Game Balance part is old school presenting combat as war instead of as a "balanced" sport - see Combat as Sport vs. Combat as War: a Key Difference in D&D Play Styles on ENWorld.
Another viewpoint in the Old School Role-Playing Games entry on rpgtalk.wikia.com brings out four other aspects:
Means you can afford to buy your own pizza instead of having to share one. To me OSR is not about how many magic items you can collect, how much gold you can horde, but how long you can survive. It's more brutal that the heroic versions of D&D. The body count is higher. The rules are a skeletal structure for the GM to fill as he or she pleases.
Old school - for me - are playing traditional, original edition (or reasonably close clones/simulacra) that emphasize:
OSR is something of a rolling definition. Since it kicked in after 3.5 when Mongoose demonstrated what could be done with the OGL, it started around there. It was basically take an edition, look at the previous one, skip it, and go one earlier. So at the start the OSR was AD&D 1e or earlier, and on the same line, B/X D&D or earlier (but not including BECMI). That was 70s and early 80s. Since 4th Edition was announced, several people (I think there are at least 3 separate projects) have started working on AD&D 2e, and BECMI/RC also got OSRed. Once 5th Edition comes out, there might be a D&D3e retro-clone, and Pathfinder will probably stick around as is.
That also shows that Old School is relative. Since I was born in 1984, AD&D 2e is about as early as it goes for me, since I probably wouldn't have started playing at 4 years old. Older people would naturally go back to their first edition, which would be either AD&D, or BD&D red/blue boxes.
There's also the Old School style games, like Stars Without Number, which aren't a specific retroclone, but are done in the old school style. I've noticed in general there wasn't a great deal of mechanical innovation from 1974 to 1989, with the biggest difference being an alternate dice system, and WEG's D6 system for Star Wars that had Mechanics as a stat, rather than just a base attribute was about as forward thinking as it got. Starting with the 90s, there was significantly more innovation kicking in, going as far as Everway doing away with numeric stats altogether. That decade though is still rather significant in that it happened before the craze for a unified mechanic came about (obviously this was building up in earlier systems, but it seems d20 really shifted it in that direction).
Right now I've only seen old school style games identified as such if they come from the first 15 years, but I would be surprised to see 90s style games included in that in the near future as well. At this point 10-20 years old instead of 20-35 years old is still a significant leap back.
Old School is when I started in the hobby (1977). For me, OSR means -
I recently played Metamorphosis Alpha for the first time since the 1980s, and I loved how combat was quick and all charts needed to play could be had on a single sheet.


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We specialize in personal, intimate weddings for up to 200 guests. Let us help you plan your special day. We will work with you to create the perfect mood in our incredible setting. We can assist with all aspects of the ceremony, reception, lodging and more. If you've been looking for a unique, affordable Rocky Mountain location, please consider Powderhorn.
For more information and reservations, please contact Roger Roberts, Powderhorn Food & Beverage Manager at 970-268-5700 ext 2066 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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I know that we get half of our genes from each parent, but does it necessarily mean we get 1/4 of our genes from each grandparent? Or is it possible that we might get say 30% from one grandparent, 20% from other, 15% from another, 35% from another?
I have answered a similar question before: "How many genes do we share with our mother?".
It is not that you "get half your genes" from each parent, and thus a quarter from each grandparent, it is that you inherit the versions of the genes (we all have the 'same' genes).
The method that determines which traits are inherited from each parent by the offspring is known as homologous recombination, and this process is (essentially) random, and thus you end with ~50% of your traits (the alleles of the genes) from each parent, and ~25% from each grandparent, so you are right in this respect.
This is, however, a generalization; due to the chance nature of the recombination it is entirely plausible that you may inherit more traits from one grandparent in comparison to another, but this is unique to each individual (with the exception of course of genetically identical twins).
I agree with the person above. But it might be more correct to say we get 1/4 of our total DNA from each of our grandparents, because though the genes are really important to code for specific proteins, there are tons of non-coding DNA in between them. In fact, 98% of our genome is non-coding! Although we are discovering awesome novel functions for this DNA slowly but surely. But it is important to think of it as 1/4 of your DNA and not genes because it is in this non-coding DNA where a lot of mutations can occur, and these mutations are what we inherit and make things like DNA fingerprinting for forensic analysis possible, like in CSI.
I just wanted to add three more thoughts:
Though it is true that 1/4 of your DNA would come from each grandparent, that is only true for your autosomal genes, not your necessarily for your sex chromosomes. The X chromosome does recombine regularly in the mother, but in the father the X and the Y do not recombine. (Actually I think part of the Y can recombine, but for the most part, the sex-determining part of the Y and its associated genes stay completely intact). This means that if you are a male, your father, and his father, and his father all share the same Y chromosome.
Additionally for the women, because the woman makes the egg, and thus all the early embryonic organelles and RNA's, the woman donates the mitochondrial DNA, which has its own sets of genes that are really important and have been linked to many diseases. So every child of a woman, shares their mother's mitochondrial DNA, as she shares her mother's and her mother's mother, etc.
If ~1/4 of our DNA comes each grandparent, then 1/8 of your DNA comes from each great-grandparent. So then 1/16 of our DNA comes from each great-great grandparent, which are your grandparent's grandparents. And thus it continues exponentially upward. The result is that there comes a point where your ancestors have contributed so little to your actual DNA, that it becomes almost negligible. So if you are an American, who most likely has ancestors from all over the world, even if you have 1 great-great-great-great grandparent who was a French immigrant while the rest of your ancestors were all British, the French DNA is only 1/64 of your total DNA. So even if you are a complete mix, there comes a point where so many different people have contributed to you being you, that you can establish a cut-off and just say, 3/4 of my ancestors were born in America, I'm American!
There is a phenomenon known as genomic imprinting where the allele of the gene would only get expressed if it is passed on from the father (e.g. IGF2). This means that although the same genes get passed on from both your father and mother, only the copy from your father will get expressed. Thus, although you get 50% of your DNA from your parent (and probablistically speaking 25% from your grandparent), the same gene can be deferentially expressed depending who you get them from).
Humans do not get an even 1/4 of DNA from each grandparent.
The main reason is that meiosis is not a precise 50/50 split. Parent cells undergo meiosis to recombine the grandparent chromosomes and produce a set of chromosomes to pass on to a child. This process is not a precise 50/50 split and produced chromosomes will have more of one grandparent DNA than the other.
The second reason is that different chromosomes have different DNA base pair lengths. So, while every human gets exactly 23 nuclear chromosomes from each parent, some of those chromosomes have more DNA base pairs than others, and children receive a different quantity of DNA base pair content from each parent.
Although you share 50% of your chromosomes with each parent, it is not necessarily the case that each of your four grandparents contributed 25% of your chromosomes. Ignoring the effects of recombination, the chromosomes in each gamete (think egg or sperm cell) are randomly either from one grandparent or the other. It is possible, for example, for the 23 chromosomes in a sperm cell to be (more or less) the exact same 23 chromosomes this male inherited from his father. There are 2^23, or about 8.3 million, different combinations of chromosomes possible for the gamete of a diploid organism with 23 chromosomes. It's possible that the gamete gets an even split close to 50:50, but it's also possible that the gamete got 100:0 making the offspring effectively not related to one of their grandparents. Unlikely, but it's not actually impossible.
protected by Chris♦ May 28 at 14:56
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