text:
Transwarp Theories
Star Trek III
The word 'transwarp' has a long and muddled history in Star Trek. The first mention of the term came in Star Trek III : The Search For Spock. On arrival at Spacedock the crew of the Enterprise see the new USS Excelsior, ready for launch. The following dialogue ensues :
Sulu :
|'She's supposed to have transwarp drive.'
Scotty :
|'Aye. And if my grandmother had wheels she'd be a wagon!'
Later in the film the Excelsior's Captain talks of breaking some of the Enterprise's speed records after the launch, and when he is ordered to give chase to the Enterprise he gives the order 'prepare for warp speed, stand by transwarp drive'. Clearly he expects to pursue Kirk and the Enterprise using transwarp. Fortunately Scotty has sabotaged the 'main transwarp computer drive' and the Excelsior is unable to pursue.
Subsequent to the film, much fandom material confidently predicted that transwarp had been a big success, and that future starships had been produced with this new drive. 'Mister Scott's Guide to the Enterprise', a reference book based around the Enterprise-A and similar in concept to the later technical manual for the Enterprise-D, claimed that Kirk's new ship had a transwarp drive.
Unfortunately, when the Next Generation aired in 1987 - one year after ST IV was made - the Enterprise-D was continually described as using warp drive rather than transwarp.
Undaunted, fans wondered if the word 'transwarp' had not simply been shortened to 'warp' in the hundred odd years between the film and the series. This argument made some sense - after all, the first Star Trek episode described the drive system as 'time warp', so the term was already an abbreviation. When 'Star Trek V : The Final Frontier' aired in 1988 the argument gained even more support - transwarp would have served nicely to explain the Enterprise's journey to the centre of the galaxy, a trip which should really have taken decades.
However, as TNG continued it became clear that the Federation had access to only a relatively small portion of the galaxy - only 19% of the galaxy had been charted according to 'The Dauphin'. So Kirk's trip to the core in a matter of hours was still not easy to explain. Moreover, the times and distances quoted in TNG frequently pointed to speeds only modestly above the warp factor cubed formula generally assumed for TOS.
The Next Generation
The clincher came in the sixth season episode 'Descent'. This described the Borg as having a massive advantage over Starfleet due to their use of transwarp, a technology the Federation did not have. All hope of incorporating a successful transwarp technology into the Federation by manipulating the terminology vanished with this episode.
The official explanation, as suggested in the Chronology, is that the Excelsior transwarp drive had been a failure. To accept this, we have to believe that the Federation constructed an entire functional Starship with a brand new drive system that had never been successfully tested, something that beggars belief.
But this is not the only problem. In 'Descent' the Enterprise followed a Borg ship into transwarp. The following dialogue takes place :
LaForge :
|'Our current theory is that the Borg have established several transwarp conduits through subspace. A ship when entering the conduit is immediately accelerated to an extremely high warp velocity, it's like falling into a fast moving river and being swept away by the current.'
Picard :
|'How fast would a ship travel through one of these conduits?'
LaForge :
|'Well, we don't know. Normal subspace limitations don't apply to transwarp variables. But I'd say based on the distance we covered during our trip through the conduit the speed would have to be at least twenty times faster than our maximum warp.'
Riker :
|'How do they open the conduits?'
LaForge :
|'The borg ship emitted some kind of high energy tachyon pulse just before we saw the subspace distortion. It seems as though the conduits are keyed to respond to tachyon transmissions of a specific frequency.'
Later both a Federation shuttle and the Enterprise-D are able to open a transwarp conduit and travel through it. Geordi's 'twenty times our maximum warp' figure would give the conduit a speed of about 40,000 c. However, on this trip the ship covers 65 light years in a matter of eight to ten seconds, a speed of around 200,000,000 c. Pretty impressive stuff - at that speed a conduit could take you across the galaxy in under six hours!
So we now have a model of transwarp which is something like a railway - you build the tracks along a specific route, and they then allow high speed travel down that route and that route only. But if this is true, then how can the Excelsior ever have expected to pursue the Enterprise using its transwarp drive? All Kirk would have to do is turn to one side or the other, and he would be able to escape by leaving the conduit behind. Further, it was possible to travel down the conduit without any modification to the ship whatsoever - all that was required was the right frequency to open it up. So why did the Excelsior need a transwarp drive in the first place?
TNG offered two more interesting features on transwarp, but these are of more interest in the last section of this article regarding warp factors above 10.
As if TNG hadn't muddied the waters enough, Voyager then came along and showed us no less than three totally different forms of transwarp!
The first came in the second season episode 'Threshold'. Here it is stated in the most explicit possible terms that the crew of Voyager have modified a shuttle by adding a transwarp drive to it; that they hope to reach Warp factor 10; that the shuttle will reach infinite speed in doing this and hence occupy every point in the universe simultaneously; and that this was then indeed achieved not once but twice.
Some quotes to demonstrate these statements :
From the first scene in the episode :
Paris :
|'Acknowledged. Engaging transwarp drive in four... three... two... one... transwarp on line!'
From the scene in the mess hall :
Paris :
|'We're trying to break the maximum warp barrier.'
Kim :
|'Nothing in the universe can go warp ten. It's a theoretical impossibility. In principle, if you were ever to reach warp ten you'd be travelling at infinite velocity.'
Neelix :
|'Infinite velocity. Got it, so that means... very fast?'
Paris :
|'It means that you would occupy every point in the universe simultaneously. In theory you could go anyplace in the wink of an eye, time and distance would have no meaning.'
From the following simulation, played at a briefing for Janeway :
Paris :
|'Warp 9.92... the pylons are secure, everything looks good. 9.97... 8... 9... warp ten!'
B'Elanna :
|'You've crossed the threshold. You've done it! And there's been no damage to the nacelles.'
Janeway :
|'When you came to me a month ago and said you had a way to cross the transwarp threshold, I thought it was more of a fantasy than a theory. Congratulations to all of you.'
From the actual real flight :
Paris :
|'Engaging transwarp drive in four, three, two, one... warp 9.7... 9.8... 9.9...'
Tuvok :
|'He is exceeding our maximum velocity. I am switching to long range sensors.'
Paris :
|'Warp 9.95.'
Tuvok :
|'He is approaching the threshold.'
Paris :
|'Engine output at maximum. Velocity... warp ten.'
Many fans really dislike this episode, including myself, and would like to pretend that it never happened. Indeed, some claim that the makers of Star Trek have declared this episode non-canon because in 'Dark Frontier', Paris says he has never flown at transwarp before. In fact this is not so - all Paris says in 'Dark Frontier' is that he has never flown in a transwarp conduit before, but the Threshold-type transwarp does not involve the use of conduits so there is no contradiction.
The second Voyager version of transwarp was that seen in the season three episode 'Distant Origin'. This episode features the Voth, a species descended from Earth's dinosaurs. The Voth travel in ships which are equipped with transwarp drive, but they are very different from any earlier type. The Voth ships do not appear to travel in a conduit, but rather look like a ship travelling at normal warp - a black sky with passing streaks, although the streaks are much larger and brighter than those we see at normal warp. The velocity is nothing like infinite; the timeline is generally uncertain but the ships take at least minutes if not hours or days to get from place to place, so Voth-type transwarp is emphatically not what Voyager developed in Threshold.
Thirdly, and most confusingly, we got Borg conduit-type transwarp. Although we had seen Borg transwarp conduits before in TNG's 'Descent', what we saw in Voyager was both different and self contradictory.
Firstly, the conduits look nothing alike. The Descent-type transwarp involves a cloudy bluish tunnel with a glowing light at the far end (actually a re-use of the effects from an anomaly seen in TNG's 'Time Squared'), while the conduit-type involves a greenish tunnel with a much more clearly defined boundary. Some quotes indicate that the conduit-type is far slower than the Descent-type; in 'Scorpion', we get the following dialogue :
Borg :
|'State your demands.'
Janeway :
|'I want safe passage through your space. Once my ship is beyond Borg territory I'll give you our research.'
Borg :
|'Unacceptable. Our space is vast. Your passage would require too much time. We need the technology now.'
Later, in 'The Gift', we find that Borg space is 9,500 light years across at this point; at the speed of the Descent-type trip, this would take only twenty five minutes! It's not clear just how much time the Borg would consider too much, but certainly it should be matter of a day or two at least, and perhaps a month at most.
In 'Day of Honor' Voyager is hoping to use Borg transwarp conduits to speed their trip home. Seven of Nine attempts to assist in opening a conduit using the navigational deflector. The attempt is unsuccessful, but this does reflect the Descent-version of events where any ship can use a conduit so long as it is able to generate a suitable access signal.
But then in 'Dark Frontier' it is established that ships need a transwarp coil to enter and travel a transwarp conduit. This flies in the face of both 'Day of Honor' and 'Descent'. Even more strangely, the same episode establishes that a ship can alter course at will once within a conduit, rather than being fixed to a predetermined path. This indicates that the conduit is being created by the ship as it goes, rather than being fixed in place like railway tracks.
In Voyager's 'Child's Play', we go back to conduits which are fixed in place - one which passes near to Icheb's home planet has led to Borg attacks on the planet periodically over the last decade, indicating that it had been in place at least that long.
All this is as confusing as hell at first glance, but in fact all of it points to one of two models for transwarp. In the first conduits are fixed in place, very fast, and anybody can use them. In the second conduits are not fixed in place, are much slower (though still much faster than standard warp drive), and you need a transwarp coil to use them.
In order to reconcile these two models we can simply assume that a ship has to have a transwarp coil in order to create a conduit, but that once a conduit is created it remains in place for some time afterwards. During this time any ship with the proper access codes and frequencies can access the conduit and travel along it. Hence the ship seen in Descent would have had a coil, and used it to create the conduits mentioned in the episode, yet the Enterprise-D could then access these conduits and travel down them without a conduit.
Since the ship using the coil is creating a conduit as it goes, then this vessel can take any course it wishes. Yet once a conduit is laid down its path does not change, so vessels which travel conduits without a coil are stuck with following the trail others have laid. This explains how the conduits in Descent and 'Child's Play' were fixed in place, while the transwarp coil equipped Delta Flyer could change course in 'Dark Frontier'.
Finally, we have the speed discrepancy to explain. Why did the Borg think it would take so long to cross their space in 'Scorpion'? We can explain this by saying that laying down a new conduit is a much slower process than simply travelling down a pre-existing one, in much the same way that laying down a new road is a much slower process than just driving along a pre-existing one. If there was no existing conduit in that particular part of Borg space then the cube accompanying Voyager would have to create a new one, which would be much slower than just zipping along an existing one like the E-D did in 'Descent'.
So the Excelsior would be able to follow the Enterprise in 'Star Trek III', matching course changes because it had a transwarp coil. Janeway can change course in 'Dark Frontier' since the Flyer also had a coil, but the Enterprise-D still cannot do anything but follow the conduit in 'Descent' and the conduit which passes Icheb's planet is a constant source of danger in 'Child's Play'.
Then we come to 'Endgame'. In this episode the intrepid ship discovers a 'transwarp hub', which you can see images of here. The hub is a large glowing sphere which has a surface partially covered in apertures. These link to transwarp conduits which form a network throughout the galaxy. We're told this allows the Borg to travel across the galaxy in a matter of minutes, indicating a speed of over a billion times that of light!
The hub actually fits into the above theory rather neatly. We've already assumed that conduits tend to degrade some time after they are laid down by a transwarp coil. The Borg could avoid this by sending ships down the conduits every now and again in order to use their coils to repair them, much as we send people out to repair roads. But it would be much more efficient if there was some way of maintaining a whole load of conduits from one central place, and this is a role that the hub seems a perfect candidate for.
We can now fit all of the varied speeds of Borg conduits into the theory. Scorpion indicates that the process of laying down a new conduit is slow enough that crossing a 9,500 light year distance would take something between a few days to a month or so, giving a speed of somewhere between 100,000 and 1,500,000 c.
Once a conduit is laid down, the speed at which a ship can travel through it seems to vary considerably, presumably as a result of how long it has been decaying. The Descent conduits were presumably no more than a few days or weeks old, and the speed of travel was on the order of 200,000,000 c.
Presumably the conduits maintained by the hub would constantly be in the maximum possible state of repair, and so would offer the maximum feasible speed using this technology. The travel times and distances given are somewhat vague, but we are told that the Borg can use the hub to reach any part of the galaxy in a matter of minutes. To be reasonably conservative this would mean crossing distances of some 80,000 light years in a time of around half an hour, giving a speed of about 1,400,000,000 c.
To summarize, then :
|Excelsior expected to follow Kirk's course changes
|It had coils, so could change course
(Alternatively, it used Voth-style transwarp)
|TNG : Descent
|Enterprise can travel conduits without transwarp coils
Enterprise speed approximately 200,000,000 c
Enterprise could travel fixed pre-existing path only.
|Conduits had already been laid down by a ship using a coil.
Conduits were relatively new, and so very fast.
Enterprise could not change course without a coil.
|VOY : Threshold
|Warp 10 is infinite speed, achieved with transwarp drive.
No apparent use of conduits.
|This method of transwarp is apparently different to all others.
|VOY : Distant Origin
|Speeds less than infinite using transwarp drive.
No apparent use of conduits,
|This method of transwarp is apparently different to Borg transwarp.
|VOY : Scorpion
|Speeds low enough that crossing 9,500 light years was considered to take a long time.
|No conduits available; laying down a new one would take too long.
|VOY : Day of Honor
|Conduits can be opened and used without use of a transwarp coil.
|If these have already been laid down by a ship with a coil, as in 'Descent'.
|VOY : Dark Frontier
|Flyer used transwarp coil to travel conduits and could change course whilst inside.
|Because it was making new ones using the coil.
|VOY : Child's Play
|Conduits are fixed features.
|Because they last for weeks/months after being made by a coil-equipped ship.
|VOY : Endgame
|A transwarp hub connects to many conduits.
Speed of travel along these is 1,000,000,000 c or more.
|Hub prevents conduits from degrading, so speed is very high.
It's worth noting here that Seven of Nine has detailed information on how Borg transwarp drives work, and that Voyager's engineering crew has had practical experience of actually operating a transwarp coil in two different vessels - the Delta Flyer and Voyager herself. Now that Voyager has returned home, the Federation has access to all of this knowledge. So all that stands between the Federation and a practical transwarp drive system is their ability to actually manufacture the coils - and Seven of Nine likely also has detailed knowledge of how this is done. It's thus entirely possible that Voyager's early return will allow the Federation to develop transwarp within a year or two, rather than decades.
Whither Warp 11?
One of the great issues concerning transwarp drive is that of warp factors above warp 10. While we've never heard warp factors of any kind used in regards to Borg conduits, we have heard this terminology applied to other forms of transwarp.
The Star Trek : The next Generation Technical Manual features some description of warp drive, and gives us a graph which looks like the one below. The graph in the TNG TM differs slightly from this one; first, the 'power usage' axis is labelled as 'Megajoules per Cochrane' on the TNG TM graph. Since you need a constant supply of energy to the drive to keep a ship moving at warp, I and most tech-minded fans have changed this to 'Megawatts per Cochrane'. The difference is minor so far as this article is concerned, for I am only interested here in the overall shape of the curves rather than the power/energy figures themselves..
Warp Speed :
Other sources give further data points - the Encyclopedia has a chart showing the speed of different warp factors, including warp 9.9999 which is about 200,000 c. The official figures therefore agree with Voyager's 'Threshold' that warp 10 is infinite speed, since the speed curve climbs ever more steeply until it becomes vertical as it reaches Warp 10. The power curve shows a series of spikes at each integer warp factor, with the relative height of each spike falling as the warp factor rises. The power curve also rises to infinity as it reaches warp 10.
Yet there are two TNG episodes that have interesting titbits regarding warp factors above 10.
The first comes from the early episode 'Where No One Has Gone Before'. In this, an alien known as the Traveller came on board the Enterprise-D to assist in modifying the ship's engines to improve performance slightly. As a result of his being distracted during an initial test run, the ship suddenly accelerated out of control. We saw an extreme version of the effect we see when a ship jumps to warp speed, followed by Geordi on the bridge declaring 'We are passing warp 10!' It later transpires that the ship crossed millions of light years in a trip of under a minute in duration.
Secondly, and most controversially, the episode 'All Good Things' depicted a version of the future created by Q in which vessels were able routinely to travel at 'warp 13'. On the one hand this was not a real future, so we need not include it in any solution. But on the other hand, Q would presumably want to create a future which was convincingly realistic for Picard. So the All Good Things-type should ideally at least fall within the bounds of theoretical possibility for propulsion systems.
So how are we to explain this? Obviously you cannot have speeds faster than infinite - it's a contradiction in terms. Yet clearly there are references to warp factors greater than the warp 10 infinite speed barrier.
Extra Peaks Theory
There are two basic approaches to this problem. The first, which I call the extra peaks theory, goes like this : in TOS, engineers created a warp scale which just declared a warp factor for each speed such that the velocity in multiples of light speed equalled the warp factor cubed. The engineers failed to notice the peaks in energy expenditure which occurred as the ship got faster and faster.
When the engineers did notice the power peaks, they created a new scale - the TNG scale - which fixed each peak as a warp factor. They found only nine peaks, so these became warp factor 1 through 9; no matter how fast they pushed a ship or probe, it never hit a tenth peak. Hence they projected that there was no tenth peak, and so placed warp 10 as infinite speed which would be achieved at infinite power consumption.
Note that this would mean that warp 10 would not be a 'barrier' as such, any more than travelling at infinite speed is a barrier on any velocity scale. Warp 10 would simply represent the Federation's confidence that there were no more peaks to find.
The 'All Good Things' reference is then be included by a third change to the scale; the argument goes that future research and/or technological advances revealed extra peaks between warp 9 and warp 10 after all, so that in 'All Good Things' there would be at least 13 peaks on the power curve, followed by a warp 14 in place of the TNG warp 10.
The trouble with the extra peaks theory is that it cannot be made to fit the episodes, specifically the 'Where No One Has Gone Before' quote by Geordi, in which he proclaims the ship is passing warp 10. It's ludicrous to suggest that Geordi noticed the extra peaks as the ship accelerated, invented a recalibrated scale on the spot, and then talked to Picard about it without bothering to reveal what he had done. So to fit this quote in with the extra peaks theory we have to assume that Geordi was lying, stupid or reading faulty instruments. Or, we have to assume that the the extra peaks theory is invalid.
Personally, I also find the whole idea of Federation engineers making warp 10 equal to infinite speed and power just because they couldn't get a ship fast enough to find another peak a rather silly one. Surely it would have been more sensible to leave the far end of the scale open than to pick a solution which means re-drawing the scale every time you find a new peak?
Trans-Barrier Theory
The solution to our problem is obvious when you realize that there is no real contradiction between the idea of warp 10 being infinite and factors above warp 10 still existing. There are plenty of examples of real life mathematical functions which tend to infinity at a given point, then become finite again. In fact, there are a infinite number of such functions. One is the tan function; the tan of an angle gets larger and larger as the angle approaches 90 degrees, becoming infinite at that angle. But this doesn't mean that the tangent of 91 degrees is more than infinity! As shown below, it mirrors the curve to that point.
So there's absolutely no reason why the warp speed and power curve cannot tend up towards infinity at warp 10, then become non-infinite again afterwards.
We still need to keep the idea that the scale changed between TNG and TOS, but I would put this change at the development of the Excelsior project. If the Federation had gained their new understanding of warp theory some time in the 2270s or 80s and discovered the existence of the warp barrier at this point, then this would explain why they were able to begin development of the Excelsior project at this point. Certainly the Bird of Prey which Kirk stole from the Klingons appeared to be using the TNG warp scale, if the warp factors that Sulu called off during 'Star Trek IV' are any indication.
In essence, this idea mirrors the lightspeed barrier which exists in real world physics. One of the many problems with trying to go at the speed of light is that as you approach it your mass increases sharply, so it takes more energy to further increase your velocity. At the speed of light your mass becomes infinite, so it requires infinite energy to reach this speed. According to the TNG TM ships are able to 'jump' this barrier, going from a speed below light to a speed above light in a time so small that it never actually sits at the speed of light itself.
Similarly the Excelsior, like most transwarp drives, would have been designed to approach warp 10 and then 'jump' the barrier to a warp factor above 10 without ever actually sitting at infinite speed. We still have to assume that the attempt was a failure, since the Federation has no transwarp drive in TNG, but we have a better explanation of how the Excelsiors remained in service without any apparent modification to their propulsion systems. After all, warp 7 or 8 was considered to be fast in TOS times, so a ship which could significantly better this would still represent an advance even if it was unable to jump the barrier.
The 'Where No One Has Gone Before' reference can then be incorporated without any modification. Geordi would have correctly read that the Enterprise-D was passing warp 10, i.e. jumping the barrier into the transwarp realm. We can also include the All Good Things warp 13 references without modification by assuming that the Federation solved the transwarp barrier jumping problem in Q's future - something Picard would be able to accept as an expected advance for the Federation in the next few decades.
The transwarp built by Voyager's crew in 'Threshold' now becomes a rather unique application of the technology, but still fits in with the theory perfectly. Instead of jumping the barrier to reach fast but finite speeds, the shuttle actually sat at warp 10 to achieve infinite speed itself. It's fairly safe to say that the shuttle did not have to generate infinite energy to do this, so we would have to assume that the crew had found some way to achieve infinite speed without infinite energy. They did say they had discovered a special form of crystal to use in the engine, so perhaps the solution lies in this material. Or perhaps the TNG TM is incorrect in claiming that infinite energy was ever required to achieve warp 10 in the first place.
The other types of transwarp we've seen simply become variations on the theme; Voth-type transwarp could operate in a manner similar to the Excelsior, or might be something completely different, while the Borg transwarp conduit would represent a method of jumping or circumventing the warp 10 barrier and entering the transwarp realm to achieve high but finite speeds.
One final thing to explain is why anybody would ever bother to go at warp 13 when they could do the exact same speed by travelling at warp 9.999 (or whatever). The most obvious answer is one of efficiency; if we assume that transwarp travel is inherently more efficient than warp engines, then a ship of a given power output would always be able to go faster by using transwarp than by using warp. Or alternatively, it would be able to do the same speed for lower power consumption.
As to what the graph would look like beyond warp 10, nobody can be sure. I tend to think it would mirror the kinds of patterns we see on the warp speed and power graph, building up to another barrier at warp 20, but that is pure speculation on my part.
|Yellow text = Canon source
|Green text = Backstage source
|Cyan text = Novel
|White text = DITL speculation
|Copyright Graham Kennedy
|Page views : 18,922
|Last updated : 1 Jan 1970


text: I know many of you have tried out the tutorial that is number one in the Top 50, and if you are a beginning artist you probably had a hard time replicating the lesson. That is why I'm about to fill an old request that was made some time ago which will show you "how to draw Justin Bieber easy", step by step. As his pop status keeps climbing, it can only mean he is that good. I know that there are a lot of Bieber haters out there, but that's cool because not everyone likes his style of music. I just keep an open mind and give the kid credit because at least he's living his dreams that he had set for himself since he was a "younger" lad. Not everyone gets to become a multi-millionaire in just a couple of years. If that where the case everybody would be making the chedda like he is. Anyways, I tried my hardest to provide a lesson that can teach you an easy way to draw Justin Bieber. If you are still experiencing a problem with getting him drawn right, all I can tell you is try, try again because practice makes perfect. Well, enjoy the tutorial and please don't leave vulgar comments on this lesson because it's not fair to his fans to have to read immature statements about their idol. Thanks in advance guys!

subset: commoncrawl


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Station Area Plans:


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Making drug-embedded matrix tablets through the direct compression of a blend of drug, retardant material, and additives is one of the simplest formulation approaches. The inclusion of polymeric materials in a matrix system is a common method of modulating drug release (1). Drug-release retarding polymers are the key performers in matrix systems. Various polymers have been investigated as drug-retarding agents, each presenting a different approach to the matrix system. Based on the features of the retarding polymer, matrix systems are usually classified into three main groups: hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and plastic. Hydrophilic polymers are most suitable for retarding drug release, and interest is growing in using these polymers in sustained drug delivery (2–4).
In India, natural gums and mucilage are well known for their medicinal use. Natural gums and mucilage are preferred to semisynthetic and synthetic excipients because of their lack of toxicity, low cost, availability, soothing action, and nonirritant nature (5–8). Many natural materials are studied for use in sustained-release tablets. These materials include: guar gum (9), ispaghula husk (10), olibanum and its resins (11), cross-linked high amylose starch (12), Ulmus fulva (slippery elm mucilage) (13), pectin (14), Peumus boldus dry plant extract (15), galactomannon from Mimosa scabrella (16, 17), Gleditsia triacanthos Linn (honey locust gum) (18), Sesbania gum (19), mucilage from the pods of Hibiscus esculenta (20), Tamarind seed gums (21), and gum copal and dammar (22).
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn has not been explored as a pharmaceutical excipient. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn of the Malvaceae family is also known as the shoe-flower plant, China rose, and Chinese hibiscus. The plant is available in India in large quantities, and the leaves contain mucilage (23, 24). The leaves are used in traditional medicines as emollients and aperients to treat burning sensations, skin disease, and constipation (25). The plant contains cyclopropanoids, methyl sterculate, methyl-2-hydroxysterculate, 2-hydroxysterculate malvate, and β-rosasterol. Mucilage of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis contains L-rhamnose, D-galactose, D-galactouronic acid, and D-glucuronic acid (26). The leaves contain carotene (7.34 mg/100 g of fresh material) and are used as cattle feed (27). The leaves also contain moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fibers, calcium, and phosphorus (28).The objective of this study was to extract mucilage from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn and examine the various pharmaceutical properties of the dried mucilage to assess its functionality as an excipient. Specifically, the study evaluated the physicochemical properties and examined the effect of polymer blends on the rate and kinetics of diclofenac sodium released from matrix tablets.
Diclofenac sodium is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Diclofenac sodium rapidly dissolves in intestinal fluid, reaches its maximum blood concentration (Cmax) within 30 min, and is metabolized mainly by hepatic hydroxylation and subsequent conjugation (29). In healthy human volunteers, the mean plasma clearance of diclofenac sodium was 16.0 L/h, and the mean elimination half-life of the terminal phase was 1.2–1.8 h (30). To reduce gastrointestinal irritation, a common problem with all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, effective enteric-coated dosage forms have been developed. Food delays the absorption of the drug, which causes a nonreproducible pharmacokinetic profile, and the drug has no immediate therapeutic effect (31).
Drug release from hydrophilic matrices is a complex interaction between dissolution, diffusion, and the erosion mechanism. In this study, the drug-release mechanism was evaluated for diclofenac sodium tablets prepared with highly hydrophilic mucilage from the leaves of Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn. A 32 full factorial design was carried out to evaluate the effect of certain variables such as the amount of mucilage and diluent. Further studies were performed using water uptake, the mass loss of pure mucilage, and the matrix tablet containing the drug and mucilage. A stability study for an optimized batch was performed for three months.


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Disability Support
A student with a disability is entitled to non-discrimination and reasonable accommodations. Our Student Support Services provides students access to our campuses' services, programs, and activities with access being the key word.
Student Support Services provides accessible programs, services, and reasonable accommodations for any student with a documented, qualifying disability as defined by Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
College expectations can be quite different from high school. To assist you in understanding these differences, please see the Key Differences for students, families, and professionals.
Key Differences
Requesting Services
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text:
Cast: Anson Mount, Colm Meaney, Common, Dominique McElligott, Tom Noonan, Eddie Spears, Ben Esler, Phil Burke
- Airs: 9pm Sundays
- Air Dates: November 2011 - Still Running...
Set in 1865, the series centers on the settlement that accompanied the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, referred to as "Hell on Wheels" by the company men, surveyors, support workers, laborers, prostitutes, mercenaries and others who make the mobile encampment their home.
A former Confederate soldier, Cullen Bohannon journeys to the Union Pacific Railroad's westward construction of the first transcontinental railroad to seek work and vengeance on the Union soldiers that have killed his wife.
Cullen gets hired by the railroad and supervises an all-black "cut crew," one of which is Elam, to prepare the terrain for track laying. Through conversation, Cullen learns more about his wife's death from railroad foreman Daniel Johnson who knows the name of her murderer. But tragedy strikes before this name is given.
Thomas "Doc" Durant begins his "mad, noble quest" to expand his Union Pacific Railroad westward in order to complete the transcontinental railroad. Lily Bell, accompanies her ailing husband Robert as he surveys the landscape for the Union Pacific.


text:
I need to do some basic editing on existing PDF file. I.e. I need to:
- Add chapters/bookmarks
- Change some page numbering
However I cannot find any tool - GUI or commandline - which would offer this functionality. Is there any alternative to just write such tool myself?
PS. I look only for free tools. Preferably open.


text:
Behind Decision to Close Markets
Superstorm Sandy forced regulators and exchange operators to keep U.S. stock markets closed Tuesday, in the first weather-related shutdown to last more than one day since the Blizzard of 1888.
The decision to close the New York Stock Exchange and other U.S. equity markets for a second straight day—reached by midafternoon Monday—renewed questions about the industry's disaster preparedness. And it underlined the indispensable role humans still play in a market dominated by machines. Bond market operators decided to shutter their markets on Tuesday, too.
NYSE officials late Monday outlined a new contingency plan "in the event of irreparable damage to our New York facilities," involving keeping the Big Board closed and using NYSE's all-electronic Arca exchange to handle trading of NYSE-listed securities as well as critical opening and closing auctions. Exchange officials said in a notice to customers that the New York Stock Exchange trading floor had not sustained any damage as of Monday night.
NYSE and rival exchanges planned to test the new configuration early Tuesday.
Investors could see markets turn more volatile should they reopen on Wednesday, with pent-up demand driven by Sandy, which was relabeled from a hurricane to a posttropical storm on Monday evening, and traders scrambling to reposition holdings ahead of Friday's employment report and next week's election.
"You're compacting two major events, one—the most important event of the year—the election, and two, an employment number that a lot of people are looking at," said Andrew Brenner, head of international fixed income at National Alliance Securities. He added: "You're running the risk of some major asset price changes and very illiquid trading over the next week. People who want to get in or get out, they're not going to be able to get in and out."
Latest Updates on Sandy
Get real-time updates on flooding, forecasts, closures and more as Sandy closes in on the U.S. East Coast. Go to the Live Stream. .
Video: NJ Gov. Christie Declares State of Emergency
Potential damage wrought by Sandy drove European and Asian stocks lower Monday as some investors exited energy and insurance stocks. "European markets are looking for direction in the absence of Wall Street being there to provide it," said Richard Hunter, head of equities at Hargreaves Lansdown HRGLY 0.30 % PLC.
On Tuesday morning, Asian markets moved higher in early trading, with Japan up 0.7%, South Korea up 1% and Australia up 0.4%.
Exchange customers, led by large banks and brokers, spent Sunday night fighting to reverse an earlier plan by the NYSE to open its all-electronic trading venue on Monday despite the hurricane. While stock trading is now often driven by complex trading programs devoid of human judgment, customers and regulators argued, the markets still need humans to function.
"You still have to have human beings who monitor those systems, and you still have to have a human being manage the initial part of that order flow, and to manage the back end of that," said Michael Shea, managing partner at Direct Access Partners, an institutional brokerage based in lower Manhattan.
Even if traders no longer flock to the exchange floors to buy and sell stocks and other securities, the software engineers and other technology staff who are responsible for maintaining those electronic systems still must be connected. And like the hundreds of thousands of East Coast residents immobilized by the storm, many traders couldn't find transportation to take them to their firms' trading floors. That issue took on added importance late Monday when parts of lower Manhattan flooded and were without power.
Opening the U.S. stock markets without the New York Stock Exchange wasn't an option, according to one person involved in the discussions over the weekend. While other, all-electronic exchanges could have opened for business, the Big Board's role as the official opening and closing price-setter for many benchmark stocks would have posed problems for firms catering to retail investors and mutual funds that calculate their valuations against prices set on the NYSE.
Some customers worried they didn't have enough time to address any technical problems that may have surfaced as they rerouted systems to send orders to NYSE's Arca electronic exchange. Others faced the prospect of not being able to handle any trades whatsoever, due to not having adequate backup plans, according to people close to the matter.
Big banks and brokers broadly backed a potential closure of the U.S. stock market on a conference call hosted by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association late Sunday, according to people with knowledge of the call. Throughout the day, executives from Goldman Sachs Group Inc., GS -0.29 % Credit Suisse Group AG, Citadel LLC and other big trading firms urged the exchanges and regulators not to open Monday, according to people familiar with the conversations.
Traders feared that even if markets did open, there might be wild swings in stock prices, according to people involved in the talks. Markets already have had to deal with a series of recent electronic trading mishaps, and traders didn't want a repeat.
On a Sunday evening call with Sifma members and other exchanges, Nasdaq OMX Group's NDAQ 0.04 % Eric Noll, the executive vice president who oversees operations on the Nasdaq Stock Market and other platforms, said Nasdaq's preference would be for the markets to open Monday, according to people familiar with the call.
He said, however, that if banks and other trading firms felt that opening would endanger lives, or that the stability of the market was uncertain due to routing of NYSE orders, Nasdaq would support a consensus to close. That consensus took most of the evening to hash out.
More than 200 people dialed into a call at about 9 p.m. with Sifma members and exchange officials, according to estimates by people who participated.
Matthew Lavicka, a managing director on Goldman's equities-trading desk and chairman of Sifma's trading and market structure committee, told the exchanges that he felt there was agreement among the majority of exchange customers: They couldn't safely be prepared for the NYSE contingency plan that involved routing orders away from the trading floor and to NYSE Arca in time for Monday morning.
On a subsequent call, executives of Nasdaq OMX Group Inc., BATS Global Markets Inc. and Direct Edge Holdings LLC supported the brokers' view, and NYSE Euronext Chief Executive Duncan Niederauer agreed.
"In light of the rash of technical problems that have occurred over the last couple of years, this was the right decision," Lawrence Leibowitz, NYSE Euronext's chief operating officer, said Monday in an interview. "You need to have respect for the risks you're taking."
After the decision was made to shut U.S. stock markets, executives of derivatives exchanges including CME Group Inc., CME -0.76 % IntercontinentalExchange Inc. ICE 0.46 % and CBOE Holdings Inc. CBOE -0.73 % agreed to close their own markets in futures and options linked to stocks.
On Sunday, Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Mary Schapiro communicated with Mr. Niederauer of the NYSE and Nasdaq CEO Robert Greifeld though phone and email, according to a person familiar with the matter.
By Monday afternoon, as gusts gained speed to signal the storm's approach, stock exchange officials won approval from the SEC to remain closed for a second day.
"That fast-forwards us to Wednesday," Jonathan Corpina, senior managing partner at NYSE member firm Meridian Equity Partners, said before Tuesday's close became official. "If we can get into the city, we should be able to open."
Keeping stock markets closed for four consecutive days, even including a weekend, would be unusual. The last time it happened was in 2007, when markets closed for New Year's Day on Monday and then on Tuesday for a day of mourning for the death of former President Gerald Ford.
Markets were closed for four trading days in 2001, after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. Then, the stock market closed on the Tuesday of the attacks and didn't reopen until the following Monday.
In a brief interview Monday afternoon, Mr. Noll told The Wall Street Journal exchanges have enough preparation time to open Wednesday, and it is important that the markets do open.
Adding to the sense of urgency to open on Wednesday: It is the final day of the month, a time that many mutual funds, hedge funds and other investors use to present the status of their investments.
"I think Wednesday we don't have a choice," particularly if fixed-income and currency markets are open. "If they're open, the U.S. equity markets should not be closed three days in a row," Mr. Noll said.
On Friday, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 13107.21. While stock and options trading was closed Monday, electronic futures trading was still open through the early morning and again in the evening. The futures indicated the Dow would fall more than 100 points.
—Scott Patterson, Katy Burne, Barbara Kollmeyer and Matthew Jarzemsky contributed to this article.
Write to Jenny Strasburg at firstname.lastname@example.com, Jonathan Cheng at firstname.lastname@example.com and Jacob Bunge at firstname.lastname@example.com


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/strong>WardsAuto editors "10 Best Interiors" list for 2012 includes four subcompact or compact models, suggesting yet again that driving a cheap car doesn't always mean settling for a cheap cabin. This year's competition included 40 entries; editors do not place rankings on the 10 winners.
"We saw a tremendously diverse group of interiors this year, and it's obvious to us that automakers are pushing their design staffs harder than ever for interiors that are beautifully appointed, well-equipped and extremely comfortable," says WardsAuto World Editor-in-Chief Drew Winter. "Based on some of the vehicles we have seen at recent auto shows, we can tell the competition among interiors will be fierce in the next few years."
The subcompact Chevrolet Sonic and Hyundai Accent made the list this year. Ward's says the Sonic "brings a new level of style," while the Accent's interior "shows incredible attention to detail" despite its low sticker price. Rounding off the small cars are the Volkswagen Beetle — which Ward's says has the "right mix of contemporary technology and familiar aspects that pay tribute to decades of the iconic Bug" — and the Dodge Dart that impressed editors with premium features such as a heated steering wheel, Nappa leather, and dual-zone climate control. The Fiat 500 Abarth and Toyota Prius c small cars didn't make the cut.
Not surprisingly, the list is otherwise dominated by luxury cars and SUVs. The Audi A7 made an impression with matte wood and dramatic interior styling. The all-new Hyundai Azera interior made the cut, described by Ward's as full of "flash, sizzle, substance and proof there is no substitute for premium materials." The Chrysler 300 Luxury Series made the list with a bold statement from the editors: "If Bentley sold an affordable family sedan, it would look like the 300 Luxury." Rounding off the luxury group are the Infiniti JX and the Land Rover Evoque. Premium cars that missed the mark include the new BMW 3 Series, the Mercedes-Benz C250, and the Audi A6.
Finally, the all-new 2013 Mazda CX-5 crossover completes WardsAuto's "10 Best Interior" list, beating the 2012 Honda CR-V. The editors were impressed with the CX-5's overall package that includes soft-touch materials, metallic accents, rear seats that are simple to fold flat, and available perforated leather seats.
Check out the full list below and click the links to see what our editors thought of each car, inside and out:
- Audi A7
- Chevrolet Sonic
- Chrysler 300 (SRT8)
- Dodge Dart
- Hyundai Accent
- Hyundai Azera
- Infiniti JX35
- Mazda CX-5
- Range Rover Evoque
- Volkswagen Beetle
Source: Ward's Auto


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How does an option's time value (also known as extrinsic or instrumental value) depend on how far it is in the money or out of the money? In other words, how does the time value change as the underlying price changes?
By definition, an option's premia is the sum of intrinsic value and time value. The time value of premia declines as the option goes more ITM ("in-the-money") or OTM ("out-of-the-money"), ceteris paribus.
An intuitive explanation for this can be found by thinking of time value as the expected P&L of a long option position dynamically hedged by going short (long) Delta units of a call (put). Delta is the sensitivity of the option premia to the price of the underlying. It is a value between 0 and 1 and increases with moneyness. Delta of an ATM ("at-the-money") option is approximately 0.5. Suppose that you are long 100 ATM calls struck at X and delta-hedged by being short 50 units of the underlying at price S=X. If S goes up to S', your option is ITM and delta goes up as well--let's say to 0.6. Now, to be hedged, you have to sell 10 more units of the underlying at S'. Now suppose that the price goes back from S' to S. Delta decreases back to 0.5 and you have to buy back 10 units of the underlying to be hedged again. You have made a S' - S profit on 10 units by holding a market neutral position. Over the interval of time between re-hedges, your delta-hedged position gets long in an up market and short in a down market, and as you re-hedge you are realising little profits from the re-hedges as the underlying goes up and down in price.
This is a valuable property to have in a position that by construction takes no market risk. But there is no free lunch, and time value can be thought of as the price you have to pay in order to have exposure to this delta-hedging P&L over the life of your option position. (It is also why time value increases the more volatile the market expects the underlying to be--Implied Volatility--and time value erodes as the option's expiry gets closer. The sensitivity of option's premia--and therefore time value--to those two factors are called Vega and Theta, but that is another discussion.)
So why does time value decline the more ITM or OTM the option is? The reason is that the change in Delta given a change in underlying price is not linear, but is rather a convex function of price. The change in delta is greatest when the option is ATM, but as the option goes more and more ITM (OTM), Delta gets closer and closer to 1 (0) and the changes in Delta get smaller and smaller. Therefore, so do the little re-hedging profits and so does time value. Delta-hedging a deep ITM or OTM option doesn't generate much P&L for the simple reason that Delta doesn't change very much.
The sensitivity of Delta to a change in underlying price is called Gamma, and Gamma is the reason why time value is worth so little in very ITM option but worth allot in an ATM option. A more formal answer can be given to your question, but given the nature of the question, I hope that this intuitive sketch will be more illuminating.
Here is a plot of the time value for a typical call option as a function of spot. The image below was produced for a call option with the following parameters: Strike = 100, risk free rate = 0, volatility = 30%, Time to maturity = 0.5.
Here, by the way, is theta, the time decay (derivative of total value with respect to time) versus spot using the same parameters:
R Code for theta:
R code for time value:
ATM is the closest exercise (strike) price to the underlying price. So when underlying price changes this affects the option prices (premium), particularly premiums for OTM markets (market being Option name, Expiry Time & Strike) drops as they become worthless. This picture should help. Also this link might be a better reading: http://www.investopedia.com/articles/optioninvestor/07/options_beat_market.asp
The options value is dependent on the moneyness of the option. Taking the partial derivative of Theta w.r.t. term S/K (whole term) will give the sensitivity of Theta to moneyness.
S/K is the moneyness.


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I have a Debian Squeeze install, and I'd like to switch to Ubuntu 11.10.
In my current setup, I have 2 HDDs, the first 250GB and the second 500GB.
The 250GB drive just has a NTFS partition with Win7 on it.
The 500GB drive has 397GB of NTFS, 1GB ext3 which I'm using as the /boot partition, and the rest in an extended partiton contaning an LVM2 partition which is the only physical vomume in my LVM volume group.
Logical volumes are as follows:
- home - 46GB, mount point /home
- rd - 18.62GB, mount point /
- swap - 2.79GB
I'd like to install ubuntu into the existing boot partition and rd logical volume. The installed doesn't seem to understand LVM.
How do I do this?


text:
Rubber & Rain Boots
At Sportsman's Guide, we've got you covered with our great selection of discount Rain Boots & Rubber Boots. Cold soaking feet are a thing of the past with our insulated Rain Boots. Choose from solid colors, or hop on the bandwagon of Camo patterned Rain Boots. Find Camo Rubber Boots that are great for swamps or streams. Shop the full selection rain boots for men at amazing low prices!
Sportsman's Guide has Muck Boots, Rubber Boots and Rain Boots for any situation to stay dry. We carry trusted brands such as Lacrosse, Muck Boot, Thorogood, Rock Irish Setter and many others at discount prices.


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Basically, what I am asking is this: Is a matrix just like an ordered sequence, of which the elements can be anything? It would seem silly to restrict a matrix down to limited uses such as only for numbers, but I get the impression that I cant multiply two matrices whose elements are the planets in our solar system. So we only allow numbers in matrices.
Does this also mean that I cannot have a matrix of matrices? I feel like I should be able to since if I wanted to multiply two matrices of matrices, then although tedious by hand it can be done since I can add/subtract and multiply normal matrices. Although I do not know many of the other operations so I do not know if everything else can be done with such constructs.


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You are invited to join the Columbia Law School Alumni Association of Washington, D.C. for this unique discussion lead by Thomas Kline '75, Counsel, Andrews Kurth LLP.
Please click the above link for details and to register.
© Copyright 2016, The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York.
For questions or comments, please contact the web administrators.
435 West 116 Street, New York, NY 10027 — 212-854-2640


text:
Shacharit Live/Closing Ceremonies
For the final religious service of the 2008 USY International Convention, USYers took part in IC Shacharit Live!, the morning service presented multimedia components complemented with musical accompaniment by a band of USYers and USY staff. After a delicious brunch, the IC Chicago convention video was shown where it was announced that IC 2010 will be in Orlando! The new International President, Josh Block then closed convention.


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I foolishly forgot that renting a movie on an iPhone meant you had to watch it on that phone.
Is there anyway to just watch it on a Mac (which is authorised on the same Apple ID)? Not neccessarily to transfer it?
I have airserver app on my Mac, but when I try AirPlaying it to the Mac, it opens a window that looks like QuickTime (but isn't), and says Can't play Content not authorized.
Or is it possible to delete it from my phone and redownload it on my Mac without paying again?


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A first for our scholarship, a cheerleader!
We caught up with Scarlett after cheer practice and started to
talk to her about our program. After we told her about what we
offer, she was willing to enter our scholarship program. This
sexy redhead was a demon in the sack and fucked hard for her
Dhalia was walking around campus with a
confused look on her face. We stopped and talked with her and
found out she was a perfect candidate for our scholarship. On
the way back to our place she was pretty excited to get all her
books paid for, and all she had to do was suck and fuck a hard
Near the tennis courts we caught up with
Scarlett. Her tennis scholarship was not a full ride so we made
her the offer for the Book Bang. We told her how she is going to
earn the scholarship and she was excited since she hasn't been
laid in awhile. Scarlett went right to sucking & fucking for her
Almost striking out and not finding our
newest student to give our scholarship away we ran into a hottie
at night class. We told her about our special program and Chayse
was all about earning her books. Back at the house she was quick
to get a hard cock in her mouth and fuck to earn her books!
We were wandering around campus and had the
great idea of checking out by the library. Seeing a hottie
walking out we talked to Dylan and she was using the library
books cause she could not afford her own copies. We made her an
offer for us to pay for all her books if she came back and made
a movie!
We had a friend who needed to change up her classes cause she could not afford all the books for her classes. Denay was looking at the class schedules online and couldn't find anything she could afford. We offered her our scholarship to buy all her books for making a video with us. She sucked and fucked for her books.


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I'm interested in getting a USB microscope for my kids. So, to get to the point, does anyone know what microscopes are available that work with Ubuntu? Ideally, they should be available in the UK.
No sure how many work but there is Celestron-44302-Handheld-Digital-Microscope on amazon:
HERE is one good user review.
Also there is a Intel Play QX3 that has supporting projects for Linux. See HERE for more info.
good luck!
Without going through and listing X number of Microscopes I can tell you that most USB microscopes are simply cameras attached to lenses. Checking through the Hardware Support section of the Ubuntu Wiki also yields no mention of Microscope support.
That said your best option is to find 3-5 different models you think are good for your uses (and for your children) then search for that specific model (or just brand) with either the word "Linux" or "Ubuntu" at the end. Doing so will give you some feedback as to it's compatibility.
I've seen positive things about the Veho USB microscope under Linux. It appears to behave like any other UVC-video-compliant device in that it should "just work" these days. It should present as a video input device so you should be able to use it anywhere you'd use a webcam (Cheese, Flash online, etc).
And they're only about £30 so not a disaster if I'm wrong ;)
I suggest you find a model and then stick it in Google with "Linux" on the end to see if other users have had luck.
Edit: It seems like Veho and a dozen other companies just stamp their brand on this fairly generic hardware. For example, here's one by DigiMicro on DealExtreme for $30 including worldwide delivery. Note that this comes from the depths of China so a) it'll take a few weeks to get delivered and b) it won't be worth sending it back if it fails under warranty... But it's slightly cheaper.
The ProScope HR and ProScope HR2 USB Microscopes both have a Linux driver (the UVC) http://www.ideasonboard.org/uvc/
I've personally tested the HR2 with Ubuntu and it works great. The software that comes with it doesn't, but what can ya do?


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The NYIndex lists the top-100 people in the Greater New York area who are noteworthy newsmakers. These names are ranked based on a number of criteria:
- NYIndex: The Wall Street Journal's Guide to Power, Fame and Infamy
- Who Are The People's Picks?
- Fashion, Lifestyle and Health: Looking Good, New Yorkers
- Arts: Technology in the Limelight
- Education: Many Levels, Types of Power
- Finance: Secrets of Wall Street Success
- Media: Good at Getting on Lists?
- Nonprofits: Center of Giving
- Politics: Three Prominent Leaders
- Real Estate: On The Rise with High Rises
- Sports: Where Champions Eat Best
- Technology: 'Flattening the Old World'
Using Factiva, a Dow Jones-owned media-archive service, about 25 New York-centric newspapers, magazines, websites and blogs are scanned daily and scored based on what names are mentioned, the number of times the name occurs and the placement of the mention in the article, such as in the first paragraph, in a headline or caption. In addition, Factiva scans Twitter.com feeds to score individuals based on the number of times they tweet, as well as the number of times they're mentioned in tweets. An algorithm then generates a Factiva influence score.
Using that score as a baseline, two other factors weight the results. First, an individual's score is increased in correlation to his or her industry's contribution to the gross domestic product. Second, individuals are given a nominal boost based on their Klout scores, which is a third-party measure of social-media activity.
The overall NYIndex score reflects media mentions and social-media activity from the previous six weeks. Results are updated online every week in the Greater New York section and show scores over the previous six months. Individuals are categorized only once, largely based on where they derive their income. For example, Vogue editor Anna Wintour is categorized under Media and Publishing, even though she is influential in Fashion, Lifestyle and Health. In defining a New Yorker, individuals who live in the tri-state area, are leaders of companies based in the tri-state area or conduct a significant amount of their business in the tri-state area are eligible for a score.
Separately, readers are able to make "People's Picks" on the Web and via a mobile app. With each visit, users are permitted to vote for one person per category (Arts & Entertainment, Government & Law, Sports, etc.). The top 10% of vote-getters are displayed each week as People's Picks, denoted with a thumbs-up icon.


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Funny stuff by Brooks Kubik
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Pierre Auge
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Join Date: Oct 2006
Posts: 522
Funny stuff by Brooks Kubik
This is from his blog and its just outrageously funny shit!
The Get Big Quick Drink!
In the summer of 1972, I embarked on a serious "bulking up"
program. Of course, for a bulk program, you need a Get Big
Quick Drink. So I started to look around for the best product.
At the time Joe Weider was selling Crash Weight Formula
No. 7, which came in cool looking little cans with funny
yellow paper on them. The guys in the Weider mags had
some serious muscle (Dave Draper, Don Howorth, Larry
Scott, Sergio Oliva, Chuck Sipes, Harold Poole and a young
guy named Arnold Something).
The babes in the Weider mags were totally hot, especially
Joe's wife, Betty, who had the world's no. 1 franchise on awe-
inspiring curves. Raquel Welch was a close second, and
Bridget Bardot rated no. 3 in my fevered adolescent
imagination, although neither appeared in any ads for protein
powder. So I was thoroughly intrigued by the Weider
Even today, as I sit typing these words in my study, the room
is lit by a small lamp with a leopard skin print -- a tribute to
Betty's impossibly small bikini in those glorious old
Yeah, be honest -- you remember that bikini.
Then there was Rheo H. Blair's milk and egg protein, which
you mixed with cream or half and half. My dad had ordered a
big can of the stuff once, and it actually tasted pretty good.
Rheo Blair seemed like a nice man, and sent us tons of
advertising booklets and Christmas cards for several years
after that single purchase. He even sent us a little plastic
mixing thingie, which you could use to whip up a protein
cocktail whenever you liked, even a "Pumpkin Pie Spice"
shake, which Rheo said was the very best tasting of all of the
But the Blair's protein was expensive, and my finances were
severely limited. Besides, I wasn't sure what "half and half"
was, and was somewhat reluctant to find out. Not to mention,
it was probably way more expensive than my skinny wallet
could afford, and a quick check of our refrigerator assured
me that my mom never bought the stuff.
Then there was Hoffman's High Protein, of which the
coconut flavor was sort of ok, especially if you drank it real
fast before you gagged. Hoffman was the Coach of the
United States Olympic Team (take that, Joe Weider), and he
had John Grimek, Steve Stanko and Jules Bacon in his
But no one like Betty -- .although Vera Christiansen looked
pretty hot in a sort of flower child sort of way in her regular
monthly column on training for women. I later learned that
her column was far and away the lowest rated column in
Strength & Health, which is interesting and somewhat
alarming. After all, if more guys read Bob Hoffman's regular
monthly article about the history of the soybean than looked
at photos of Vera in a leotard, then there's something wrong
with the world.
After agonizing over the issue for weeks, I finally settled on
Hoffman's Quick Gain Weight, largely because it was
available at the only "health food store" anywhere remotely
close to where we lived. That meant that I could go buy the
stuff, and not have to order it through the mail. Ordering
through the mail took time, and I had no time to lose. I
wanted to GET BIG!
Plus, it came in YOUR CHOICE of chocolate or vanilla.
The four pound canister cost only six clams and change. The
Weider drinks in a can were close to a buck apiece.
The decision was easy.
Betty was a total hottie, but cash was cash. Not even an
incredibly tiny leopard skin bikini could convince me to shell
out three or four bucks a day on Crash Weight Gain Formula
No. 7.
So I marched to the health food store, slammed my seven
precious bills onto the counter and walked out with four
pounds of the best weight gaining powder in the world.
When I got home, I set the canister of Quick Gain Weight
on the kitchen table, pulled out my mom's new-fangled
blender, and got ready for some serious business.
Big muscles were only one drink away.
I started with the standard ingredients, using the standard
One quart of whole milk.
I added two cups of Quick Gain Weight powder.
I could already feel myself getting bigger and stronger.
Move over, Sergio.
Look out, Dave Draper.
Betty was gonna love it.
I mean -- whatever.
I took a deep breath, focused, and got back to work.
A banana. Should I chop it up or mix it whole? The recipe
didn't explain things very well.
I cut it in half and tossed it in.
Malted milk powder. We didn't have any. I used Ovaltine
instead. Four heaping tablespoons.
Nonfat dry milk powder. One cup. Extra protein.
Four raw eggs. More protein. Protein was muscle.
Larry Scott was gonna pack it up and go home when he saw
ME walking down the beach, chugging my Get Big Quick
Drink and holding Betty's hot little hand while she strutted
her stuff in that micro-sized leopard skin bikini --
--Stop! You're not done with the drink yet. Get back to work,
young man!
I added several tablespoons of honey for extra energy. You
needed energy for those bombing, blasting and blitzing
workouts. The honey was hard to measure because it took
forever to pour, and then it stuck to the spoon and wouldn't
come off. Then the spoon was coated and you couldn't get an
accurate measurement for the next spoon.
I started to use multiple spoons.
Then I added some sorghum molasses. The recipe called for
blackstrap molasses, but that stuff was really nasty, so I
cheated. Sorghum was very tolerable. It also was almost as
messy as the honey.
Two tablespoons of peanut butter. You were supposed to use
all-natural peanut butter, but all we had was the standard
stuff. I figured it was better than nothing.
You also were supposed to add some corn syrup. We didn't
have any. I threw in some more honey, some more sorghum
and another tablespoon of peanut butter.
Peanut butter was another messy proposition. More spoons
bit the dust. They were scattered everywhere.
Soy powder. One half cup.
I wondered how much they'd pay me to star in those
magazine ads with Betty.
Brewer's yeast. I opened the can. The stuff smelled like a
cess-pool. I couldn't do it.
Skip the brewer's yeast.
Two tablespoons of wheat germ oil.
One tablespoon of wheat germ.
Half a carton of ice cream for flavoring. The recipe called
for chocolate but all we had was Neapolitan. I looked around
to make sure no one was looking and tossed it in.
After about an hour of measuring, pouring, and combining, it
was time -- the moment of truth.
Muscle Beach, here I come!
I hit the "start" button and stepped back.
The entire kitchen, with me included, was covered instantly
in a thick coating of oily sludge.
I had forgotten to put the lid on!
At that moment, Betty could have waltzed into the kitchen
with or without that little leopard skin bikini, and it wouldn't
have mattered.
I was a weight gaining failure.
The next morning, the muscle mix was ready to go.
I had a "bodybuilder's breakfast" of bacon, eggs, whole wheat
toast with honey, 2 glasses of milk , and a banana. I decided
to top it off with a glass of my Get Big Quick Drink.
The stuff wouldn't pour!
It had turned into a thick, chalky substance, more mud than
anything else, with an oily residue floating at the top.
And the SMELL-- the STENCH -- was - indescribable.
I had to spoon it into a cup, stir it up with a fork, and shake it
up and down.
Mom and dad were watching curiously.
"Add some warm water," said mom.
I gave her a withering look.
"This is a SPECIAL recipe," I said. "You can't change
ANYTHING or it won't work!"
"Well, if you know best --"
I did. I was using the BEST product on the market, mixed
with the BEST recipe, as taught by the BEST in the business.
Big biceps and Betty were only a drink away.
"Here I go," I said.
"We're watching," said dad.
"I'm gonna drink this now!"
"Go ahead."
"I'm really gonna drink it."
That one got mom totally hysterical. My baby brother
thought it was funny and started laughing and shouting. I
made a mental note to sell him to the gypsies if they ever
visited our part of town.
I couldn't put it off. Everyone in the family was watching.
My honor was on the line.
A man's gotta do what a man's gotta do.
I chugged the stuff.
Almost gagged.
Almost lost it right there.
Gulped the gelatinous mess down in huge, horrible chunks of
chocolate flavored soy, soy flavored chocolate, soy flavored
raw eggs, egg flavored peanut butter, wheat germ coated soy,
soy flavored wheat germ oil -- I drank it all.
Put the glass down and asked for another.
I drank the stuff bit by bit throughout the day.
There was an almost immediate physiological effect,
centered not in the biceps but in the stomach and the
digestive system.
For some reason, this singular effect had not been reported in
the muscle magazines.
I tried to ignore it.
Got on the scales the next day and found to my utter delight
that I had gained ONE POUND!
I repeated the program a second day.
There were more strange rumblings in my belly. I felt light-
headed, hot, sweaty, cold and clammy. None of these things
were mentioned in the advertising. I continued to drink the
There's a great line in the Clint Eastwood film, "The Outlaw,
Josey Wales," where the old Indian chief (aptly played by
Chief Dan George), tells about a group of Indian chiefs going
to Washington to seek help from the Great White Father
when their people were dying of disease and starvation on the
reservations. They were given tin plated medals and cheap
cigars, and a congressman made a speech and urged them "to
endeavor to persevere."
I endeavored to persevere.
I drank two quarts of the muscle muck every day for four
days straight.
I gained a pound a day.
On the fifth day, I woke up with the most horrible belly ache
in the history of the world.
My mom called the doctor. She thought I had acute
When the doctor learned what I had been up to, he told her
not to worry.
"The boy's just going to be sick for a few days," he said. "It's
nothing but a Three Day, Grade A belly-ache."
That was easy for HIM to say.
A few days later, weak, white and weary, I stepped on the
I had lost all of the muscles I gained while drinking the
muscle mix.
In fact, I was a pound lighter than when I had begun the
I thought seriously about burying the Quick Gain Weight in
the back yard -- but I liked my dog to much to take the
chance that he'd dig the stuff up and try to eat it.
So I shoved it back into the cabinet where mom kept all of
her canned goods, and tried to forget about it. When we
moved a few years later, it was still there. Mom threw it out,
and the trash-men came and took it to its final and well-
deserved resting place.
And that's the story of how I ALMOST made it to Muscle
Beach and met Betty way back in 1972.
Yours in strength,
Brooks Kubik
NOTICE: Pierre Auge's opinions are subject to change at any time and without prior notice.
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Steve Shafley
Senior Member
Join Date: Oct 2006
Posts: 1,273
No. Don't get me started on Brooks and his amigos.
I can't even stand to read his stuff anymore.
Steve Shafley
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Pierre Auge
Senior Member
Join Date: Oct 2006
Posts: 522
I know he's a weird cat but this is superfluously funny shit!!!
NOTICE: Pierre Auge's opinions are subject to change at any time and without prior notice.
To give real service you must add something which cannot be bought or measured with money, and that is sincerity and integrity. - Douglas Adams
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Steve Shafley
Senior Member
Join Date: Oct 2006
Posts: 1,273
Intellectually, I can see where it's amusing, but, I've been exposed to so much of Kubik's goofiness that I find no real chuckles in it anymore.
Steve Shafley
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I am interested which software do people use in PBS? Final Cut Pro or Adobe Premiere?
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closed as not constructive by Friend Of George Jan 14 '13 at 14:24
As it currently stands, this question is not a good fit for our Q&A format. We expect answers to be supported by facts, references, or expertise, but this question will likely solicit debate, arguments, polling, or extended discussion. If you feel that this question can be improved and possibly reopened, visit the help center for guidance.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
Having a big company like PBS, they most likely use a mix of many pieces of software. They need to have a 3D tool like Cinema 4D for some of the title sequences and may even use custom made software. Some of the software they use may not even have been heard of before. So the answer to your question is most likely both.
PBS is made up of 354 different broadcasters and carry content from many different studios, it is highly unlikely that they all use one product and chances are good they use a product other than Final Cut or Premiere. Avid makes several very popular products and the software that drives actual broadcast studios isn't the same kind of software used by production studios.
I'll try to clarify further. PBS is not a content creator, they are a broadcaster. Content creation shops, such as studios, would be the ones to use Premiere or FinalCut, but generally studios prefer higher end rigs like one of Avid's platforms. A broadcast studio isn't going to use FinalCut or Premiere (at least not for anything beyond very limited and basic work if anything). They are going to use software that is concerned with sequencing up content and playing it back in order without interruption so that they can have programs run together smoothly. In some cases, this can even be a hardware system rather than any software component, particularly in someplace like a PBS station where finances are limited.


text:
Sierra Markelon
Class: Senior Age: 17 Hometown: Litchfield Family: Mom, Darcey; dad, John; brother, Matt What opposing player would you most want as a teammate? Maggie Eberhardt (of Thomaston). I know her from cross country. She's a great person and player, and it would be really fun to play with her.


text:
Law enforcement rangers with the Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Resources Division consistently face a wide variety of natural resource related criminal activity. Often times, lengthy criminal investigations ensue which require diligence and dedication on behalf of the officers. In recognition for that work, the Law Enforcement Section annually selects one ranger as the Investigative Ranger of the Year. The ranger for 2011 is RFC Ben Roberts of Dougherty County. Safari Club International, Georgia Chapter sponsors this award.
"I commend RFC Roberts for his drive and continued efforts to apprehend violators whom adversely affect our natural resources," says WRD chief of law enforcement Col. Homer Bryson. "His commitment to the investigative work required for this case, as well as continuing to do all other required tasks, shows great multi-tasking skills and dedication."
The investigation for which RFC Roberts is recognized involved night hunting activity occurring on a plantation in Dougherty County. In order to do surveillance on the area, Roberts had to do night foot patrols in an effort to gain evidence. Once the plantation owner was shown not to be involved, Roberts met with him to further the investigation and additionally conducted more than 15 interviews. In total, it took nearly three months to complete the investigation but it resulted in 28 warrants being taken on three individuals, including hunting without a license, hunting from a vehicle and hunting deer at night.
Additional WRD rangers were nominated for the award by their supervisors for their outstanding investigative work in 2010. They are as follows: Cpl. James Keener, Cpl. Craig Fulghum, RFC Chase Altman and Cpl. Cindy Miller.
For more information on the 2010 State Investigative Ranger of the Year Award, call the WRD law enforcement headquarters office at (770) 918-6408.


text:
I'm wondering if someone can explain how we got the formula for the area of a circle to be $\pi r^2$, and perhaps even more precisely, how we came up with $\pi$.
closed as not a real question by Pedro Tamaroff♦, Jennifer Dylan, draks ..., rschwieb, Ayman Hourieh Oct 19 '12 at 14:00
It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
$\pi$ was found by early mathematicians by finding the ratio of circumference to diameter. Check out Wikipedia for more detail.
As for the formula $a=\pi*r^2$, check out this picture:
Thanks to Eloquent Math for the picture.
Wikipedia actually does a fantastic job of explaining, with several proofs. For example, the animation above demonstrating area via shell integration is from the page linked.
For question " from where did we get the Pi", following is the copy paste from the book "Pi: a biography of the world's most mysterious number" by Alfred S. Posamentier, Ingmar Lehmann:
EDIT: (The following speculative paragraph, especially in light of @MJD's comment, might very well be wrong.) Probably, ancient people had measured the circumference and diameter of circles they'd drawn (perhaps with compass and ruler) and noticed that the ratio $c/d$ was about 3.14 every time. This might have been initially puzzling to our ancestors, but to us in modern times, it's very clear why.
Even if the previous paragraph is incorrect, we can still understand why $\pi$ is a natural thing to consider. The theory of similarity in geometry tells the tale. Intuitively two shapes are similar if they have the same shape, but one is bigger than the other. Another way of saying it is that one of them is 'scaled down' to get the other. (So if someone shows you a scale drawing of something, the drawing and the original something are similar.)
For example, draw a triangle with side lengths $3$, $4$, and $5$, and then another with side lenghts $9$, $12$, and $15$. You'll notice that they have the same shape but the latter is bigger. It is always true (for similar figures) that the ratio of two parts (of sides) of one is the same as the corresponding two parts in the other. For example, $3/4 = 9/12$ and even $3/(4+5) = 9/(12+15)$.
Of course, all circles have the same shape and hence all circles are similar. Because they're similar, the circumference-to-diameter ratio $c/d$ is constant from circle to circle. Someone decided to call that constant value $\pi$.
Place isosceles triangles, of equal area, inside a circle. Then the circle's area can be approximated by the area of all the triangles. If $r$ is the radius, $b$ is an arbitrary base of each triangle, and $N$ is the number of triangles, then the area of all the triangles is given by $$\left(\frac{1}{2}br\right)N.$$ However, observe that as we add more triangles, and make each triangle smaller, $bN$ approaches the circumference of our circle, that is, $$\left(\frac{1}{2}br\right)N = \left(\frac{1}{2}r\right)bN \to \left(\frac{1}{2}r\right)2{\pi}r = {\pi}r^2.$$