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12.1 Megapixel Ultra Compact Camera
Details http://shop.panasonic.com/support-only/DMC-ZS7A.html
- Ultra Compact 25mm Lens and 16X Intelligent Zoom
- AVCHD Lite HD Movie Recording
- Travel Mode with GPS
- Replacement Accessories
- Cables
Firmware & Drivers
FIRMWARE Download Instructions
DMC-ZS7 Firmware Update DOWNLOAD Download and install instructions
- Version: 1.2
- Issues Addressed: Improvement at GPS measurement time.
- Release Date: 9-21-2010
- Operating Systems: windows/mac
- Digital Still Cameras - Connecting to a Mac
- DMCZS7 - How to Auto Bracket your Photos
- How to Import Pictures Using iPhoto Software
- How to Transfer Pictures to a PC using the Photo Gallery Software.
- Photo Fun Studio 5 - How to Convert from AVCHD to MPEG2
- Photo Fun Studio 5 - How to Copy Photos to PC
- Photo Fun Studio 5 - How to Resize Photos
- Panasonic Digital Camera Software Install
- DMC-ZS7-How to Shoot in Burst Mode
- DMCZS7: How to Use GPS to Set the Clock
- DMCZS7: How to Activate the GPS
- DMCZS7: How to Auto Bracket your Photos
- DMCZS7: How to use the Panorama Assist Feature
- DMCZS7: How to Change the Picture Size
- DMCZS7: How to Text Stamp your Photo
SpecificationsExpand All
More Details
Effective Pixels12.1 Mega Pixels
- Sensor Size / Total Pixels / Filter 1/2.33-inch / 14.5 Total Megapixels / Primary Color Filter
- Aperture F3.3 - 4.9/ Multistage Iris Diaphragm (F3.3 - 6.3 (W) / F4.9 - 6.3 (T))
Optical Zoom12x
Focal Lengthf=4.1-49.2mm (25-300mm in 35mm equiv.)
- Extra Optical Zoom (EZ) 14.7x (4:3 / 8M), 18.8x (4:3 / 5M), 23.4x (under 3M)
- Intelligent Zoom 16x
- Lens LEICA DC VARIO-ELMAR 10 elements in 8 groups (2 Aspherical Lenses / 3 Aspherical surfaces / 2 ED lenses)
- 2-Speed Zoom Yes
Optical Image StabilizerPower O.I.S. (Off / Auto / Mode1 / Mode2)
Photo & Movie
Digital Zoom4x ( Max. 48.0 x combined with Optical Zoom without Extra Optical Zoom ) (Max. 93.8 x combined with Extra Optical Zoom)
Focusing Area
Normal: Wide 50 cm - infinity / Tele 200 cm - infinity Macro /
Intelligent AUTO / Clipboard: Wide 3 cm - infinity / Tele 100cm - infinity
- Focus Range Display Yes
- AF Metering Face / AF Tracking / 11pt / 1pt HS / 1pt / Spot
- Focus Normal / Macro, Zoom Macro, Quick AF On/Off (On in Intelligent Auto), Continuous AF On/Off , AF Tracking
AF Assist LampYes
ISO SensitivityAuto / 80 / 100 / 200 / 400 / 800 / 1600High Sensitivity (ISO 1600-6400)
White BalanceAuto / Daylight / Cloudy / Shade / Halogen / White Set (Selectable at Portrait, Soft Skin, Transform, Self-Portrait, Sports, Panorama Assist, Baby, Pet, High Sensitivity, Highspeed Burst, Pinhole, Photo Frame, High Dynamic, Underwater)
Exposure Program AE Aperture Priority AE Shutter Priority AE
Exposure Compensation1/3 EV Step, ± 2 EV
BacklightCompensation Yes (only in Intelligent AUTO mode)
Auto Bracketing( AE) +/- 1/3 EV ˜ 1EV step, 3 frames
- Light Metering System Intelligent Multiple / Center Weighted / Spot
- Face Detection Photo & Movie
Still Image Scene Mode
Portrait,SoftSkin,Trans.,Self-Port,Scenery,Pan.Assist,Sport,Night Port/Scenery,Food,Party,CandleLight,Baby1/2,Pet,Sunset,High Sensitivity,Hi-Speed Burst,Flash
Burst,StarrySky,Firework,Beach,Snow,Aerial,Pinhole,FilmGrain,High Dynamic,PhotoFrame,Underwater
- Movie Scene Mode Portrait, Soft Skin, Transform, Self-Portrait, Scenery, Low Light, Food, Party, Candle Light, Sunset, Aerial, Pinhole, Film Grain, Underwater, High Sensitivity, High Dynamic(Standard, Art, B&W)
- Movie Scene Mode Note (Activated by selecting Still Image Scene Mode then pressing movie button. Still Image Scene Modes without corresponding movie scene Mode is recorded in normal mode or other related mode)
ShutterSpeed/Shutter System Still: 60 - 1/2000 sec Starry Sky Mode : 15, 30, 60sec.
- Shutter Interval approx. 1.0 sec
Self Timer2sec / 10sec
- Auto Review 1sec, 2sec, Hold
Picture Adjustment
Contrast +2steps
Sharpness +2steps
Saturation +2steps
Noise Reduction +2steps
- Image Quality Fine/Standard
Motion Picture Recording 4:3
VGA: 640 x 480 pixels, 30fps (Motion JPEG)
QVGA: 320 x 240 pixels, 30 fps (Motion JPEG)
- Motion Picture Recording 16:9 WVGA: 848 x 480 pixels, 30 fps (Motion JPEG)
Motion Picture Recording HD Movie
1280x720 pixels, NTSC Mode: NTSC model: 60p(CCD output is 30p)
(AVCHD Lite, SH: 17Mbps /H:13Mbps /L:9Mbps ) / 30fps (Motion JPEG)
- Aspect Ratio 4:3 / 3:2 / 16:9
- Intelligent Exposure Yes (Photo & Movie)
Real-time HistogramsYes
Composition Guide LinesYes (2 patterns)
- Scene Mode Help Screen Yes
LCD Monitor
3.0 " TFT Screen LCD Display (460K dots), AR Coat
Field of View : approx. 100% Wide Viewing Angle
AUTO Power LCD mode, Power LCD mode
- Playback Mode Normal Playback, Slideshow, Mode Playback, GPS Playback, Travel Playback,Category Playback, Favorites Playback
- OSD Language English, Spanish
- Recording Media Built-in Memory, SD Memory Card, SDHC Memory Card, SDXC Memory Card
- Interface AV Output (NTSC), mini HDMI, USB2.0 High speed
- Viera Link Yes
Video: Auto / 1080i / 720p / 480p
Audio: Dolby® Digital Stereo Creator
- Color Silver
Battery Life300 pictures (CIPA Standard)
- Built-in-Flash Auto, Auto/Red-eye Reduction, Forced On, Slow Sync./Red-eye Reduction, Forced Off 0.6 - 5.3m (Wide/ISO Auto), 1.0 - 3.6m (Tele/ISO Auto)
Included Software
PHOTOfunSTUDIO 5.1 HD Edition (5.0 Edition for China)
Adobe Reader
Standard Accessories
Battery Charger, Battery Pack, Battery Case
AV cable, USB Cable
Hand Strap, CD-ROM
- Multi-Aspect Yes
- Quick Menu Yes
Continuous Shooting Mode
Full-Resolution Image, 2.3 frames/sec Max. 5 images-Standard, Max 3 images-Fine
High-speed Burst Mode: approx. 6.0 frames/sec-Image approx. 10 frames/sec-Speed
(recorded in 3M for 4:3, 2.5M for 3:2, 2M for 16:9)
- Focus Icon Select Yes
- Optical Zoom in Motion Picture Yes
- Macro Zoom Yes
- Orientation Detector Yes
- Playback Still Images with Audio Yes
- Additional Playback Mode Yes ( AVC HD Lite / Motion JPEG)
- Slideshow Mode All / Still Images Only / Motion Picture Only / GPS Area / Travel / Category / Favorites BGM Effect (Natural / Slow / Swing / Urban / OFF)
- Show Histogram Yes
- Delete Image Single / Multi / All / All except Favorites
- Cut Animation Yes
- PictBridge Support Single / Multi / All / Favorites / DPOF
- AVCHD / AVCHD Lite REC NTSC (North America)
- One-Touch Movie Button Yes
- Movie REC Guide Yes
- Wind-Cut in Motion Picture Yes
- Flash Burst Continuous Shooting Mode Max. 5 images (Standard mode)
- Intelligent ISO Control Photo
- Face Recognition Photo
- Intelligent Scene Selector Photo (Portrait, Scenery, Night Portrait, Night Scenery, Sunset, Macro) & Movie (Portrait, Scenery, Low Light, Macro)
File Format
Still Image: JPEG(DCF/Exif2.21)
Image with Audio: JPEG (DCF / Exif2.21) + QuickTime
Motion picture: AVCHD Lite / QuickTime Motion JPEG
- Mode Dial / Mode Button Intelligent Auto, P, A, S, M, Custom, My SCN 1, My SCN 2, SCN, Clipboard
- Still Picture Recording 4:3 4000x3000(12M) / 3264x2448(8M) / 2560x1920(5M) / 2048X1536(3M) / 640X480(0.3M)
- Still Picture Recording 3:2 4176x2784 (11.5M) / 3392x2264 (7.5M) / 2656x1768 (4.5M) / 2048x1360 (2.5M) / 640x424 (0.3M)
- Still Picture Recording 16:9 4320x2432 (10.5M) / 3552x2000 (7M) / 2784x1568 (4.5M) / 1920x1080 (2M) / 640x360 (0.2M)
- Color Mode / Color Effect Standard, Vivid, Natural, Black & White, Sepia, Cool, Warm, Happy (only in iA Mode)
- Copy / Title Edit / Text Stamp Yes / Yes / Yes
Approx. .48lb with Battery and SD Memory Card
Approx. .43lb without Battery and SD Memory Card
- Digital Red Eye Correction (Red-Eye Removal) Photo
- Mode Switch [Recording] / [Playback]
- Easy Zoom / Zoom Resume No / Yes
- Thumbnails / Zoomed Playback 12,30-thumbnails / Max 16x
- Calendar Display / Dual-Image Playback Yes / No
- Set Favorites / Rotate Image Yes / No
- DPOF Print Setting / Set Protection Yes / Yes
- Resize / Trim / Aspect Conv. / Leveling Yes / Yes / Yes / Yes
- Travel Date / World Time Yes / Yes
- Built-in-Memory Approx. 15MB
- Microphone / Speaker Stereo(Dolby® Digital Stereo Creator) / Yes
PowerID-Security Li-ion Battery Pack (3.6V, Minimum: 895mAh) (Included)
AC Adaptor (Input: 110-240V AC) (Optional)
- AF Tracking Photo
- Intelligent Resolution Technology Photo & Movie
- CRT(motion pictures)AVCHD Lite with picture quality set to [SH] Approx. 100 min
- CRT MOTION JPEG with picture quality set to [HD] Approx. 100 min
- Still Image with Audio Recording 5 sec
- Video Divide Yes
- ART(motion pictures)AVCHD Lite with picture quality set to [SH] Approx. 50 min
- ART(motion pictures) MOTION JPEG with picture quality set to [HD] Approx. 50 min
- GPS Yes
Dimensions (W x H x D)
103.3 x 59.6 x 32.6 mm
(4.07 x 2.35 x 1.28 in)
- Camera
Owner's Manuals
Owner's Manuals and Documentation
Warranty information
Advanced Features Manuals
FAQsFrequently asked questions about your product
I am a professional photographer who is seriously considering switching to the Lumix mirrorless cameras. Does Panasonic have, or can you suggest, a web site that demonstrates how professional photographers are successfully using the Lumix professional cameras?
In conjunction with our Panasonic.com web site, our Sales and Marketing team also runs LUMIXLOUNGE.COM This site features work from Panasonic's Luminary team of professional photographers who have migrated to the Lumx mirrorless cameras. The site also features schedules to live on-line and dealer events as well as convenient links to our latest firmware updates. Additional features to expand the site are already in progress.
Where can I find more support or ask questions about my product?
Click Here to visit the Panasonic Community to search for specific FAQs or tutorials for your product or ask questions directly to Panasonic or other customers.
What should I do if my product needs service?
If you have a TV, Microwave, Vacuum, or Massage Chair : Click Here to locate an Authorized Servicer in your area.For repairs and exchanges of all other products:Ship your product to:Panasonic Factory Service Center4900 George McVay DriveSuite B; Door-12McAllen, TX 78503 Please include your name, address, telephone number, email address, copy of your purchase receipt (for warranty service), and a description of what is wrong with the unit. Freight collect shipments will not be accepted. Panasonic is not responsible for damage that occurs in transit. All contents should be packaged for safe travel to the service center. Customer should use a reputable small package shipping company that is able to provide a package tracking number and insurance (if customer should so desire to insure their package).Units that are abused, damaged, infested with insects, have corrosion, etc. will be placed out-of-warranty.Once your unit arrives at the facility, you may contact us for status at:Email: firstname.lastname@example.com reference your Service Job number when contacting. You will be contacted if there is any cost you are responsible for.
Where can I find Firmware for my product?
1. Visit http://shop.panasonic.com/support 2. Enter your model number into the search box in the middle of the screen and click on the blue "Get Support" button. 3. Click on "Firmware & Drivers" in the floating menu on the left side of the screen.Note: If "Firmware & Drivers" is not listed in the floating menu, there are no firmware or driver updates available for your product.
Where can I find the Owner's Manual for my product?
1. Visit http://shop.panasonic.com/support 2. Enter your model number into the search box in the middle of the screen and click on the blue "Get Support" button. 3. Click on "Owner's Manuals" in the floating menu on the left side of the screen.
Where can I find Warranty information for my product?
1. Visit http://shop.panasonic.com/support 2. Enter your model number into the search box in the middle of the screen and click on the blue "Get Support" button. 3. Click on "Warranty" in the floating menu on the left side of the screen.Note: If "Warranty" is not listed in the floating menu, warranty information is also available in the Owner's Manual.


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Kidd Can Play, But Can He Coach?
New Brooklyn Nets coach Jason Kidd (pictured) is trading in his sneakers for a clipboard, becoming just the 10th player in NBA history to make the immediate transition from player to first-year coach.
In 1990, Mike Dunleavy retired as a player, and took over as coach of the Los Angeles Lakers. That worked out pretty well for Los Angeles (at least that season), as Dunleavy led the team to 58 wins and the NBA Finals. Dunleavy would last only one more season with the Lakers and has yet to reach the finals again in his 613-win coaching career.
Only one coach who went immediately to the sidelines after his playing career ultimately won a championship—Larry Costello of the Milwaukee Bucks. But he managed only 27 wins in his first season. That miserable season enabled Costello's Bucks to draft Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who led the Bucks to a title in 1971.
But Costello and Dunleavy fit the mold of middle-class players. A common perception is that superstars like Kidd aren't able to relate to athletes who don't possess similar elite skills. Ex-Hall of Famers who tried this type of switch—Neil Johnston, Andy Phillip and Richie Guerin—combined for only 396 wins (327 by Guerin). But Kidd was the ultimate team player, valued more for his defense, passing and rebounding than his scoring.
The Kidd move comes as playing experience becomes less valued for coaches. Gregg Popovich (Spurs) and Erik Spoelstra (Heat) are in the Finals this year, despite never suiting up in the NBA as players.
—Michael Salfino

subset: commoncrawl


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President Bush laid out an ambitious agenda for his second term in office to improve healthcare in the United States. Along with several experts and politicians, the President introduced a six-point plan aimed at reducing the cost and improving the quality of healthcare for all citizens.
President Bush took the opportunity to tout the accomplishments made during his first term. First among them a prescription drug benefit to Medicare, which will begin in 2006. In the past, the President argued, the government would pay for heart surgery, " but not for the medicine that could prevent the heart surgery from being needed in the first place."
President Bush also touted his Health Savings Accounts, which allow people to contribute to catastrophic health coverage, and roll over unused contributions into a tax-free account which can be used for any healthcare expenses. This is viewed by many as a way to encourage health savings as well as a mechanism for reducing prices. " If you're a consumer of health care and you're in the marketplace making health care decisions," argues the President, "it is more likely that there be more cost control in health care than a system in which the consumer of health care has his or her health care bills paid by a third party provider."
While President Bush was proud that he had accomplished the first third of his six-point plan, he realized there was much more to be done. First on his list for the second term is medical malpractice liability reform. " Good doctors are [being] targeted by frivolous and junk lawsuits," explained Bush adviser Alan Gilbert, "this raises medical liability premiums for all doctors, even those who have never been the target of a lawsuit. Ultimately, the availability of health care services in some communities is reduced." In order to combat these high costs, the President has proposed a cap on non-economic punitive damages in the hope that this will reduce the incentive for lawyers to bring forth frivolous lawsuits which will keep doctors in their communities and lower the cost of health insurance.
President Bush called for Association Health Plans as a way to reduce health insurance costs. These plans would allow small businesses to pool together to buy insurance for their employees — being able to receive the same discounts that big companies get. Currently, many state and federal laws make this difficult, especially when the small businesses are based in different states. Said Bush, "I look forward to working with Congress to get an association health plan out, a bill out that will allow for pooling of risk for small business owners across jurisdictional boundaries."
The fifth part of Bush's six point plan involves bringing generic drugs to the market faster. The United States produces generic prescription drugs which are both cheaper and safer than in Canada and Europe, but drug companies often try to use loopholes to extend their patents and keep generic drugs out of the market. "Brand-name drugs are protected by patent for a period of time to allow pharmaceutical companies to recoup their research and development -- that makes sense," Explained the President, "but what doesn't make sense is the company's ability to delay the arrival of generic drugs.
Finally, the president argued that faster development of medical technology can reduce costs and improve the quality of healthcare. He called on Congress to reduce regulations making it difficult for the fast introduction of new technologies into hospitals and research centers. At the same time, he pledged to double to NIH (National Institute of Health) budget by the end of his second term.
While Democrats support President Bush's efforts to increase NIH funding and speed up the introduction of generic drugs, many oppose the rest of Bush's healthcare plan. Unfortunately, the White House plan for health care will actually make matters far worse," John Kerry argued on January 27th. in response to the President's speech. Only seven democrats voted for Bush's prescription drug benefit in the Senate, and most oppose health savings accounts which Senator Kerry and the democrats argue "will let insurance costs get higher, not lower." The democrats, meanwhile have called for importation of cheaper prescription drugs from Canada and a patient's bill of rights, both of which President Bush supports (re-importation only if it can be done safely), but neither of which he has pushed for in his first or second term.
Still, President Bush believes a "myriad of approaches" can successfully lower healthcare costs. Said Bush, " I believe the more we empower people to make decisions, the better off we are in terms of achieving a national objective, which is affordable health care that's available to everyone"
OncoLink is designed for educational purposes only and is not engaged in rendering medical advice or professional services. The information provided through OncoLink should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or a disease. It is not a substitute for professional care. If you have or suspect you may have a health problem or have questions or concerns about the medication that you have been prescribed, you should consult your health care provider.
Information Provided By: www.oncolink.org | © 2016 Trustees of The University of Pennsylvania


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I'm currently teaching an integral calculus course for business students, and we're just about to discuss differential equations. They've worked hard, and I'd like to reward them with some economic applications of ODEs, but they can only handle simple separable equations.
I'm going to frame exponential growth in terms of economic growth(among other things,) and then I'm currently planning on looking at which demand functions have constant elasticity and looking at the logistic model of a population. I might be asking for too much, but I was wondering whether anyone could suggest a separable equation that arises from a simple model(they've all taken an introduction to economics, but no more.)


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Sticky Pad Roadster Smartphone Holder for $6.99 + free shipping
coupon code: Woot Roadster
If your phone was so smart, wouldn't it be able to sit up all on its own? Huh? Yeah, that's what I thought.
23 Comments add a comment
I have one of these in each car. They stay in the glove box mostly, but are very handy when needed. I use it to hold my phone when I need to use it as a GPS.
Don't see a place to enter a coupon code, so shipping isn't free.
U enter the code on the order screen. Seemssimple enough
I had one of these, but the ex pilfered it. I don't know if it eventually melted or not. . .
GPS is for Lemmings, follow your Karma
Simple solution to a common need. Bought one each for my adult smartphone-owning children.
In for 2 (coupon code works)
@j0hnlind: What's an "adult smartphone"?
How did they know that I had "adult" content on my smartphone? DAMN YOU BIG BROTHER!
The coupon code is now invalid.
I might buy something like this but I would no doubt have to take off my cell phone case to use it and that is kind of a deal killer for me.
@wisenekt: A sharp knife to enlarge the gap would probably work. Not sure if it's made out of rubber like material or hard plastic.
Code still valid
Seeing how those tabs that hold the phone are right at the edge of that iphone's screen anything larger would probably put them over the screen itself. Anyone have any experience with this?
@sparepocket: Coupon code worked for me - in for 2
@kinderdm: It is perfectly sized for the iPhone 4 and older.. and much too small for all other phones, so yes, the holder does overlap the screen a little bit. Its not really a problem, unless the app is putting info on that exact location. It's usually easier to take the phone out of the holder and when you need to interact with it.
@woottj: It's made out of flexible silicon so you just open it up like an upside-down V and the tabs "claw" onto the phone when it lays flat. It also sorta adjusts to different thicknesses automatically.
but the real question is, just how sticky is it...
These fit the iphone 4 & 4S perfectly, but it still does the job with the iphone 5. I like 'em. They don't have any adhesive or tacky substance; friction just holds them in place. I'd be in for three if I didn't already have three.
@kheneghan: thanks for the info. so are you saying we would have to take the iphone out of its case to fit it into the slot?
I own one. Not particularly all that sticky. Between the weight of the phone and it's non-skid bottom, it'll will more or less stay in place, but don't expect it to not slide or fall with a sudden stop or turn.
Also if your phone is in a case, it will only sort of fit most likely. I fold the mat in half before putting my phone in, then let it go back to normal, this seems to be the best way to ensure the most secure fit.
Most of the time this just winds up holding a pack of gum and some change instead.
"If your phone was so smart, wouldn't it be able to sit up all on its own? Huh? Yeah, that's what I thought." Hey mine does !!! EVO !!
these work great! i've gotten a number of them as gifts from amazon - but this beats their price. oh, and the shipping code (for the 3 i just bought) works fine.
these work well on a number of phones. it's made of soft, sticky silicone, and will fit most any phone by bending it. i usually put it on the area just ahead of my steering wheel in front of the speedometer. if you use a lanyard on your phone, be careful it doesn't fall into the space between the steering wheel and dash.
i've never had a problem with a phone coming out accidentally. the material is very sticky. and after a number of months, if the stickiness fades because of dust, a quick soap and water wash and rinse will make it amazing sticky again. in fact, if you put on a flat surface right after cleaning (say, a countertop or glass surface) you will NOT be able to make it slide any distance at all.
amazing stuff.
@dwightbowman: Check for the hyphen, then learn about its use.


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I am a student and have found that there are several things which cannot be divides into pomodoros.
There are two kinds of them:
1) Courses, meetings, etc., which are fixed scheduled by the school or by others.
During this kind of thing, you cannot decide when to have a break, and it is often useless to have a countdown timer in that case, since the time arragement for that is usually fixed.
In fact, when at school, this kind of things take most of time in a day.
- Should I keep a track of these time or just let these time pass?
- And should I just start using pomodoro technique in the evening (instead of morning) every day when all the classes are over?
2) Things like test practice.
Recently I'm doing some TOEFL listening practice. One section is about 20 minutes, which is a little shorter than a pomodoro. But in real test, there are usually two sections. Then there are a few problems.
- Should I use the pomodoro technique (do one section in a pomodoro, have a break, then do another section) or do like in the real test (do two sections continually) and ignore the pomodore timer?
- Should I keep a track of this kind of things in my pomodoro sheet?
- You know you cannot break a test practise into pieces, especially listening practice, since you can not pause a conversation or a lecture and then continue after a break. So if such a thing is a little longer, say 45 minutes (think about an old GRE issue task practice), how should I deal with this?


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Today rain caught me and while the wipers swept I noticed the windshield is blurry, so the visibility was reduced. It is perhaps because of oily spots. What solution should I try to remove this problem?
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Thoroughly clean the glass, both inside and out. There are many different glass-cleaning products out there - have a look in the cleaning aisle of your local store. Try and find something that doesn't leave a residue.
Once you have cleaned it, immediately replace your wiper blades. These should be replaced every 6 months or so as a matter of course.
If you're in a colder climate, try to avoid wiping the inside of the screen when it has steamed up, as this can lead to a build-up of grease on the glass. If you have to wipe it, use a clean cloth and keep it clean, but it is better to use the demister.


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SEATTLE -- Retail industry online sales ascended to new heights during the past holiday season and as Amazon.com's fourth quarter results show it was a key driver of the growth.
The company's fourth quarter sales increased 36% to nearly $13 billion and its full year sales increased 40% to $34.2 billion. North America fueled the increase with sales that were up in the U.S. and Canada by 45% to $7.21 billion. Profits grew at a slower pace with fourth quarter net income up 8% to $416 million and full year profits up 28% to $1.15 billion.
"We had our first $10 billion quarter, and after selling millions of third-generation Kindles with the new Pearl e-ink display during the quarter, Kindle books have now overtaken paperback books as the most popular format on Amazon.com," said Jeff Bezos, founder and CEO of Amazon.com. "Last July we announced that Kindle books had passed hardcovers and predicted that Kindle would surpass paperbacks in the second quarter of this year, so this milestone has come even sooner than we expected -- and it's on top of continued growth in paperback sales."
Despite the top line performance, expense pressure hindered operating profits which were essentially flat with the prior year's fourth quarter at $474 million. Full year operating income increased 25% to $1.41 billion.
Looking forward, Amazon.com's first quarter sales guidance indicates the company isn't quite sure what to make of economic conditions as it forecast revenues in the range of $9.1 to $9.9 billion and also said it expects operating profits to decline between 2% and 34% to a range of $260 million and $385 million.


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A House Torn in Half Stands for Storm's Toll
UNION BEACH, N.J.—The yellow house on Front Street has presided over the Raritan Bay for more than 150 years, with a regal bearing that earned it the name Princess Cottage. These days, however, the brick building doesn't turn heads for its beauty.
The house is almost half gone, with one side sheared along a jagged edge and reduced to rubble by the ravages of the superstorm, which wrecked more than 200 homes in this blue-collar beach town.
From the Archives
The post-apocalyptic image of a divided house still standing has become a magnet for photographers, turning the home into a symbol of Sandy's destruction. The photo has appeared in untold news stories and is on the cover of the current issue of Newsweek.
The fame of his home rankles Jon Zois, a 34-year-old car salesman who had moved in with his girlfriend, Meridith Schwarzber, just six months ago.
"That was going to be our house to raise our family in, and what a beautiful place to live," he said.
The couple drove slowly through Union Beach the day after the storm, hoping for the best even as they passed neighbors "wandering the streets like zombies," as Mr. Zois recalled. They weren't prepared for the extent of the damage.
When Ms. Schwarzber reported that she could see straight through into the attic, her boyfriend didn't believe it until he took a closer look.
"You kind of want to wake up," said Ms. Schwarzber, 30.
With their dream house uninhabitable, the couple has moved into a rented one-bedroom apartment in Old Bridge, N.J. They take some solace from the way their famous ruin has helped bring wider attention to the plight of Union Beach, where many homeowners and merchants lost everything.
The property belongs jointly to Constantine Zois and Barbara Zois, the father and aunt of Jon Zois. They purchased it in 1994 for $117,900, according to property records.
At the time, the elder Mr. Zois recognized it as a remarkable deal.
"The lot itself is worth many times that without the house," he said. "It's a very fine piece of property. We lucked out. Sometimes you get lucky and sometimes you get unlucky, and there you go."
Built in 1855, the house had withstood its share of storms and nor'easters over the decades, including the legendary 1938 hurricane that made landfall in the region at Category 3. Some locals claim it was a speak-easy during Prohibition and even a brothel at one time.
After surviving for so long, "the house, I thought, would not fall down," the father said. "I never thought in a million years that it would crumble like that."
And the elder Mr. Zois knows something about the impact of storms: He teaches meteorology at Kean University. Of the five homes he owns on the New Jersey coast, he said only two were likely to be saved.
Adam Mikucki, 33, grew up in the Princess Cottage and spent his childhood fishing in the nearby bay and communicating with his lifelong best friend across the street using flashlights and walkie-talkies. His parents undertook a six-year renovation of the home before financial troubles forced a short sale, he said.
The iconic photograph of the shattered home reached Mr. Mikucki in nearby Keyport, N.J.
"I dropped to my knees and just started crying when I saw the picture," Mr. Mikucki said. "I rode out so many storms in that house."
Last week, the Zois family returned to Union Beach with two architects and a contractor to determine if any parts of the structure might be salvaged.
Jon Zois picked some of his girlfriend's clothes out of the rubble and retrieved a box of keepsakes: a gold chain from his grandfather; a ticket to a World Series game; photos of his sister, Jennifer, who died three years ago at age 33.
The architects were optimistic about a rebuilt house that incorporated safety measures suggested by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. "In the long run," said Frederick Cooke, a partner at Newark-based C+C Architecture, "it will stand through the next storm."
Ms. Zois was amazed to find a second-floor bedroom still intact and practically untouched. She climbed inside through the wide-open rear of the house, passed a smashed piano and walked upstairs to grab what she could, including a jewelry box, some bedding and two antique statuettes.
The bed remained perfectly made, she said, and everything was just as she had left it.
"I consider her the Tara of Union Beach," said Ms. Zois, a reference to the plantation in "Gone With the Wind." "Like Scarlett O'Hara. That's how she was. She stood there in the rubble, 'As God as my witness…' "
"She's going to come back," Ms. Zois said of the shattered house.
Reality may make a real-estate revival tricky, however, since the home didn't have flood insurance.
The elder Mr. Zois, as a meteorologist, can't help but find fascinating the storm that ravaged his properties. He mused that his childhood ties to Union Beach, long before he bought the now-ruined home, established his initial interested in studying the weather.
"Despite the losses, I really take it philosophically because I'm still in tune with the meteorology," he said. "Even though it came back to bite me, you might say, but that's the way it goes. You pick yourself up and you go on."


text:
Major in Nursing
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Saint Louis University Nursing Degree OverviewSaint Louis University's School of Nursing offers a full-time, four-year undergraduate program leading to a Bachelor of Science in nursing (BSN) degree. SLU's School of Nursing is a direct admit program. Nursing students at SLU are admitted as first-time freshmen from high school or as college transfer students. SLU also offers accelerated one-year Bachelor's of Science in nursing (ABSN) and a registered nurse to Bachelor's of Science in nursing (RN to BSN) options.
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text:
How can I edit
/etc/hosts on my iOS device? I just do
sudo nano /etc/hosts on OS X. Perhaps writing a small app to do it is the best way.
Note that I just want to edit it on my iOS device. I'm not planning on editing it for apps in the app store.


text:
$G\subset \mathbf{C} , G= \{z\in \mathbf{C}| \overline{z}\in G\} = \overline{G}$, then for $f\in \mathcal{O}(G)$ it holds that:$$f(G\cap \mathbf{R}) \subset \mathbf{R} \Leftrightarrow \forall z\in G : f(\overline{z}) = \overline{f(z)}$$
This is an example in the script of our professor, however there is no proof for it and it hasn't been shown during the lectures either.
Proof : $"\Rightarrow " :$ Let $f(G\cap \mathbf{R}) \subset \mathbf{R}$, so all points on the real axis are mapped to the real axis. That means $f$ does not have any imaginary part, because then this would not be true anymore. Since f does not have any imaginary part. it follows also that : $f(\overline{z}) = \overline{f(z)}$
$"\Leftarrow" :$ Let $f(\overline{z}) = \overline{f(z)}$, so f can not have any imaginary part, otherwise this would not be true anymore. But if f doesn't have any imaginary part, then the map of the real axis is always on the real axis. So $f(G\cap \mathbf{R}) \subset \mathbf{R}$
What I mean with not having any imaginary part is that it is of the form $f(z) = z ; f(z)=2z; f(z) = 2z+z^{3}$ etc.
I am not sure if this is the right thought, and how to express this better.
Help is greatly appreciated.


text:
When a double decker bus stops in front of you, what do you do? Is it safe to attempt to overtake the bus?
Sign up
- Anybody can ask a question
- Anybody can answer
- The best answers are voted up and rise to the top
The Highway Code comes in handy with this question...
In London drivers of all buses are exceptionally well trained and likely to be highly experienced. They know every part of their route and have 'dealt with' plenty of cyclists before. They will always indicate when they are pulling over and indicate again when they are going to pull out. It is highly unlikely that you will be in their 'blind spot' at any stage of your overtaking manoeuvre.
It all depends on the traffic situation, how much speed you have and how important your journey is. Sometimes you can look through the back of the bus and see how many people are to dismount/catch the bus - if the stop looks like a busy one then you should overtake the bus, in part this is to clarify your intentions to road users behind you that may be 'waiting' for you to overtake before they do likewise. Conversely, if the bus is only dropping off one person, and, if the terrain does not suit you, then it can be advantageous to let the bus go, to 'draft' it and get a good, maintainable tow along the road.
Some bus stops, e.g. on a narrow road with a curve to the left may not allow you to see the oncoming traffic. It may be advisable to hold back in these situations, even if the traffic coming the other way is bumper to bumper. This is because a motorbike or other cyclist may be using the gap between the bus and the cars coming the other way and, once you have committed to overtaking the bus, you cannot duck in to the side again.
There is the Highway Code and you are supposed to let bus drivers pull out. Normal car drivers know this better than most cyclists although not all of them will let the bus out first as they do not want to be stuck behind it. As a cyclist you do not necessarily have the same need to overtake as the bus is likely to be faster than you between stops.
Hence, as a general rule, you should overtake the bus if the general situation is safe AND the bus does not have its right hand turn indicators on. If the bus does have the right hand turn indicators on and you overtake then that is against the spirit of the Highway Code.
Agree very much with Mathew's answer but would add a few extra points.
It is often the case that in city centre traffic - particularly where there are cycle lanes - that you will be much quicker than the bus between stops and traffic lights as you will not be limited by the queuing traffic as much. In the city centre there are a few other things to take into account. Has the bus stopped in front of you because of a bus stop, or because of queuing traffic? If you can't see what is in front of the bus, it may not be safe to overtake as you may not be able to pull back in to the correct lane.
If there is a cycle lane and there is queuing traffic in front of the bus, you may want to use the cycle lane to undertake the bus (assuming it is not at a stop). In this case, make sure that you can see a clear cycle lane in front of the bus and that there are no left turns coming up. Even then be extremely cautious. Undertaking buses (and lorries) which are about to turn left is the main way cyclists are killed in London. Untertaking you can easily end up in a blind spot and because of the turning circle of a bus (or lorry) you will be crushed if they do turn left.


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fantastic, it is all I can say.
Main Content
beautifull- shot- my friend
Great shot, Mariusz.
Ray Wilson
WEB: raywilsonpix.weebly.com
Made me smile, beautiful photo.
El momento exacto.... Gran fotografia
Got the moment !!!
Great picture. Wonderful.
congratulations mariusz, an excellent + beautiful photo.
i'm also curious as to know why you titled the photo seal of disapproval - was the seal expressing that as you where invading their space?
Underwater shots that show the surface from below are quite interesting. I've taken a few myself and they're some of my favorites. Well done.
What wonderful shot ... great detail and colour.
Eye Contact..
Out of this world picture!
Nature teaches us to be humble, at least it should.
Awesome photo. The live in a totally different world and yet so connected with us.
Exceptional shot opportunity, beautiful!
a real superb shoot
i have no words for this photo
Look at that eye. Thats one hell of a capture
Fanthastic foto
Excellent photo
What a beautiful study in blue. A face full of character. Seems to enjoy the company. Great shot!
Excellent photo!!
A great picture, that once again has the blue image, that is so good to look at. The photographer definately had a happy time with these animals. And 'catching' them in their natural habitat was I'm sure very rewarding. Enjoyed the picture very much. j.e.s.
This is an amazing picture
Extremly beautiful
curious and happy seals photograph very nice to see also the article to get a very good narrative.
I love the eye contact! Could not be any better than what you have, Excellent!
Too good !!
Hermosas. Gracias..
Wow! almost looks like a painting. So clear and crisp.
Great clear crisp photo. We have two seals here on our beach in Jeffreys Bay who come every year to rest for a couple of months over the December/January period and to be able to get up so close and study them is really a blessing as they are such lovely animals.
https://www.facebook.com/potocki.art / Excelent photography , more like this on F.B. Mariusz Potocki .Thanks.
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| Khazrai, F. , Chagalesh Consulting Engineers, Tehran, Iran; Haghighi, H. B. , Chagalesh Consulting Engineers, Tehran, Iran; Kordabadi, H. , Chagalesh Consulting Engineers, Tehran, Iran
Key points identify effects from auto-refrigeration on steel vessels
During an emergency, equipment failure or a planned maintenance event,
hydrocarbon-processing industry (HPI) pressure vessels are
normally depressurized. This action may cause
auto-refrigeration and low-metal temperature situations in
which the likelihood of brittle fracture may occur in steel
vessels and reactors. This case history describes the results
from a simulation regarding auto-refrigeration effects on HPI
reactors. The study also included investigation on
brittle-fracture phenomenon and recommendations for a proactive
engineering approach to mitigate such failures. Key points
highlighted from the study are:
Although the process-fluid temperature from
auto-refrigeration drops to 86°C, considering the
vessels metal-mass heat capacity and ambient temperature,
the short-term vessel minimum metal temperature does not become
colder than 28°C. Therefore, selecting expensive
material of construction can be avoided.
Complying with the ASME rules or other
internationally recognized codes for minimum requirements is
crucial to the structural integrity of a pressure vessel.
However, proactive engineering practices and precautions
pertaining to the design, materials, fabrication,
nondestructive examinations and operation are also required to
ensure that the vessels are resistant to brittle fracture.
This case study focuses on a gas field production facility,
which uses several separation vessels and a stabilization unit
to obtain dew-point control for the natural gas products and
Rvp-controlled condensate products. The process vessels operate
as three-phase separators containing vapor, light-liquid
hydrocarbons and heavy-liquid phase. The study focused on the
simulation and design of three interconnected separation
vesselsV-100, V-101 and V-102 (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Flow diagram of
three vessels for the
separation process of the gas plant.
Since in accordance with API 521, all process equipment with
operating pressure higher than 18 barg must be depressurized in
case of an incidence, the fluid pressure should be reduced to
6.9 barg and the blowdown lines including the restricted
orifice were designed based on depressurizing to 6.9 barg
within 15 minutes.4 In practice during
depressurization and blowdown events, the actual vessel-fluid
pressure drops from operating pressure (initial pressure) down
to almost atmospheric pressure (final pressure). The general
assumptions and process design basis parameters used in the
simulation include:
Minimum ambient temperature of 13°C is
the minimum outer metal-wall temperature of the vessels
PV work term contribution is defined
as isentropic expansion efficiency and assumed as
100% (a conservative assumption)
Construction material is carbon steel
Other design basis parameters are listed in
Table 1.
The first simulation was done without including the
vessels metal mass. In other words, the control volume of
depressurization study was limited to the fluid inside the
vessel, and the metal-wall temperature was assumed to be the
same as the inventory fluid temperature. Also, the temperature
difference between vapor and liquid was assumed to be
negligible. Table 2 lists the final fluid temperatures obtained
in the first simulation.
In the second depressurization simulation, the metal mass of
each vessel was included in the control volume of the model.
Table 3 shows the results of the second simulation based on the
metal mass values. As shown in Table 3, the calculated
inner-wall temperatures are considerably higher than the
calculated fluid final temperatures listed in Table 2 from the
first simulation.
The simulation work indicates that including the metal-mass
heat capacity into evaluation increases the accuracy of
estimated minimum metal temperature of the vessels.
Consequently, more accurate vessel wall temperatures aid
cost-effective selection of construction materials for the
separation vessels.
All three separation vessels were designed using ASME Code
Section VIII , Division 2. Table 4 lists the design data for
the separation vessles.5
The minimum design metal temperature (MDMT) of a vessel is
the minimum metal temperature in which the vessel can sustain
its full design pressure without having to be impact tested.
When the vessel operates at pressures less than its full design
pressure, concessions on MDMT are allowed based on ASME Section
VIII. Table 5 lists the result of MDMT calculations for this
studys vessels based on ASME, Section VIII, Div. 2.
Minimum allowable temperature (MAT), as
defined in API 579, is the lowest (coldest) permissible
metal temperature for a given material and thickness based on
its resistance to brittle fracture. It may be a single
temperature or an envelope of allowable operating temperatures
as a function of pressure.6 The MAT is derived from
mechanical design information and material specification. MAT
at design pressure is MDMT.
Lowest metal temperature (LMT). LMT as
defined and used in this article is the lowest metal
temperature due to the operating condition and minimum ambient
temperature. The LMT may be a single temperature at an
operating pressure or an envelope of temperatures and
coincident pressures. Actually, the LMT, in this case, is
derived from the calculated inner wall temperature due to the
contained process fluid temperature and also the minimum
ambient temperature. The LMTs of the vessels coincident with
final pressures (after depressurization and blowdown) are shown
in Table 6.
As shown in Figs. 24 and Table 6, the LMTs for all of the
vessels at the final pressure as well as other coincident
pressures are on the safe side based on the rules and design
philosophy of ASME Section VIII Div. II. Although the code
requirements have been satisfied, further considerations and
precautions are required to ensure the design and construction
of the vessels are resistant against brittle fracture. Several
key factors in combination can contribute to brittle fracture
of steel vessels; a proactive engineering approach is
Fig. 2. LMT curve for
vessel, V-100, during
depressurization event.
Fig. 3. LMT curve for
vessel, V-101, during
depressurization event.
Fig. 4. LMT curve for
vessel, V-102, during
depressurization event.
The major concern for low-temperature vessels is
brittle-fracture phenomenon, which can be a cause for vessel
failure. Many metals loose their ductility and toughness; they
become susceptible to brittle fracture as the metal temperature
decreases. At normal or higher temperatures, a warning is
normally given by plastic deformation (bulging, stretching or
leaking) as signs of potential vessel failure. However, under
low-temperature conditions, no such warnings of plastic
deformation are given. Unfortunately, an abrupt fracture can
cause a catastrophic event.
Only materials that have been impact tested to ensure metal
toughness at or above a specified metal temperature should be
used. However, certain paragraphs in the ASME Pressure Vessel
Code applying to low-temperature vessels indicate when impact
testing may not be required for a pressure-vessel component
material (impact test exemptions). In general, four main
factors, in combination, can cause brittle fracture of steel
vessels. These factors are represented in the form of
brittle fracture square as shown in Fig. 5. The
factors that contribute to the brittle fracture of carbon or
low-alloy steel pressure vessels are reviewed briefly
Fig. 5. Brittle
fracture square affecting carbon
and low-alloy steels at low
A metal depending on its toughness property has a transition
temperature range within which it is in a semi-brittle
condition (ductile to brittle transition). Within this range, a
notch or crack may cause brittle fracture (notch brittleness).
Above the transition range (warmer), brittle fracture will not
happen even if a notch exists. Below the transition range
(colder), brittle fracture can happen even though no notches or
cracks may exist.3 Although the transition from
ductile to brittle fracture actually occurs over a temperature
range, a point within this range is selected as the
transition temperature to delineate the boundaries
of ductile and brittle zones. One of the ways to determine this
temperature is by performing many impact tests on the construction material.
The type and level of mechanical/thermal loading will affect
the vessels susceptibility to brittle fracture. Dynamic
loading associated with cyclic mechanical/thermal or impact
loading, as opposed to quasi-static loading, is a
brittle-fracture contributing factor. Furthermore,
shock-chilling effects, defined as rapid decreases in equipment
temperatures, can be a cause for brittle fracture.6
Based on the stress levels applied (in a quasi-static loading),
component material, effective thickness and minimum metal
temperature, ASME Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2 present
criteria for vessel-component material-impact test requirements
and/or exemptions.
Susceptibility of steels depends on several parameters such
as poor toughness, material flaws (cracks and notches),
corrosion vulnerability, large thickness, etc.:
Steel composition. Steels with
lower carbon content (C) are proven to have higher toughness at
lower temperatures. Also, phosphorous (P) present in steels
decreases the transition temperature of steel and improves
weldability. In general, steel-transition temperature is a
function of carbon content percent plus 20 times the percentage
of phosphorous. Furthermore, adding nickel to steel can
increase steel toughness and decrease its transition
temperature. Stainless steel 304 with 8% nickel can resist
impact loads at 320°F. Furthermore, sufficiently low
carbon equivalents contribute to the
weldability of the material (reducing hardness and
cold-cracking susceptibility) and, thus, making metal
crack-free girth welds.4 Selecting the appropriate
welding material also is a determining factor to ensure a
crack-free weld.3
Steel structure. A correlation
was developed between steel structure (microstructure and grain
size) and fracture-toughness by numerous fracture toughness
tests at different low temperatures. Based on this correlation,
steels with coarse-grained microstructures have lower toughness
at low temperatures as compared to steels with the fine-grained
microstructure. During an 1999 incidence with a high-density
polyethylene (HDPE) reactor, a brittle fracture occurred at a
temperature of 12°C in a 24-in. flange of ASTM A105
material that had a coarse-grain microstructure (ASTM grain
size number 5 to 6 ferrite-pearlite microstructure
Hydrogen cracks
(hydrogen-induced cracks or so-called flakes). When hydrogen
atoms diffuse into the metal during material manufacturing
operations such as forming, forging and welding or when
hydrogen is introduced to the metal through a galvanic or
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion process, the metal
is prone to hydrogen cracks.
There are various techniques to prevent hydrogen cracks,
including appropriate heat treatments or slow cooling after
forging, in which the hydrogen within the metal diffuses out.
In the case of welding, usually pre-heating and post-heating
are applied to diffuse out the hydrogen and to prevent any
cracks and brittleness.
Environmental stress fracture.
Steels exposed to corrosive fluids such as wet H2S,
moist air or sea water are prone to premature fracture under
tensile stresses, considerably below their fracture
toughness threshold. Suitable steel materials should be
used when exposure to corrosive fluids is possible.
Steel vessels with thicker walls have a greater probability
potential for brittle fracture due to the larger thermal
gradient across the wall thickness. Thicker metal walls can
result in differential expansion of material across the
wall thickness and could possibly lead to a crack occurrence
and eventually brittle fracture.
Stress raisers such as sharp or abrupt
transitions or changes of sections, corners or notches (as may
be found in weld defects) as a result of design or fabrication
processes are all stress risers, which can cause stress
intensification. The weak points are prone to brittle fracture
when other susceptible conditions exist.
Based on the brief technical information given here, several
proactive measures can ensure resistance of carbon or low-alloy
steel vessels against brittle fracture under quasi-static
Design pressure vessels, if justifiable, by
analysis in accordance with the ASME Section VIII, Div 2 part
5, or other internationally recognized codes that result in
lower wall thicknesses.
Order vessel materials from reliable and capable
manufacturers. Key vessel components still require attention to
proper heat treatment, avoiding hydrogen cracks, quality
control, etc.
Specify fine-grain steel materials with
appropriate specifications and require production tests for
plate/piece (from the same heat) if an impact test is not
requested. Ensure that the steel with fine-grain
microstructure/toughness is supplied; do not rely just on the
material certificates. Also, conduct impact tests on test
pieces to verify required toughness.
Take benefit of the recommendations contained in
the document indicated in reference 1 for ordering pipe flanges
made in forged steel complying with ASTM A105.
Ask the material manufacturer for effective
construction/fabrication methods such as vacuum degassing to
prevent hydrogen-crack formation in the metal and require
stringent nondestructive examinations and quality control.
Do nondestructive testing (NDT) to identify
cracks or reject materials with detectable cracks.
Eliminate stress risers, at the
design and fabrication stages
Verify full-penetration welds with adequate
toughness using appropriate welding material/processes and
require weld-procedure qualification and production-weld test
specimens for both the weld and heat-affected zone for each
weld process.c
Conduct proper vessel post-weld heat treatment
(PWHT), preferably in a furnace in one piece whenever
practical, and examine heat-affected
zone hardness to ensure the beneficial effects of the performed
Perform the vessel hydrostatic test in
accordance with the rules of the ASME Section VIII Code or
other internationally recognized codes.b
Apply control of operation
proactively, whenever practical, (e.g., after a depressurizing
to ensure that the vessel metal temperature is sufficiently
warm prior to re-pressurization).
A proactive engineering program, as envisioned in Fig. 6,
can incorporate the listed measures during vessels design,
procurement and construction stages. HP
Fig. 6. Proactive
engineering program in
designing and manufacturing vessels to
brittle fracture from
a Research was conducted by the Belgian Institute
for Welding Techniques on pipe flanges made in forged steel
complying with ASTM A105. In June 2002, the study produced a
series of recommendations for new flanges as well as flanges
already in service.1
b The beneficial effect of a hydrostatic test is
that crack-like flaws located in the component are blunted
resulting in an increase in brittle fracture
c Requiring full penetration would minimize any
highly localized stresses (especially at Category C and D
joints) that can have deleterious effect on the vessels
ability to resist brittle fracture.2
d Carbon equivalent in terms of welding is a rate
of weldability related to different alloying elements including
carbon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel and
carbon content, which affect hardness of the steel being
e Fracture toughness is an important property of
any material for virtually all design applications; it
indicates the ability of a material containing a crack to
resist fracture.
f Proper PWHT reduces residual stresses, improves
the resistance of the hard heat affected zone to environmental cracking, and improves
the toughness.
1 Recommendations for pipe flanges
made in forged steel complying with ASTM
A105, July 2002, Chemical Risks Directorate, Technical
Inspectorate, Administration of Labor Safety, Federal
Ministry of Employment and Labor.
2 Rao, K. R., Companion guide to the ASME
Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code.
3 Brownwell, L. E. and E. H. Young, Process
Equipment Design.
4 Pressure-relieving and Depressuring Systems,
ANSI/API STANDARD 521, Fifth Edition, January 2007.
5 2007 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII, Division 2, Alternative Rules for Construction of Pressure
6 Fitness-For-Service, API 579 -1/ASME FFS-1,
June 5, 2007, Part 3.
Faramarz Khazrai has worked as a
mechanical engineer for over 30 years in the areas of
piping, static equipment and machinery. In 1986, he
joined Chagalesh Consulting Engineers, Tehran, Iran,
and supervised mechanical engineering activities of
several hydrocarbon processing projects. Currently, he is
the machinery department head. He graduated from the
Sharif University of Technology with BS degree in
mechanical engineering in 1972.
Hamed Basir Haghighi is a
mechanical engineer specializing in the area of static
equipment engineering. He has participated in various
hydrocarbon processing projects at Chagalesh Consulting
Engineers since 2001. Currently, he is the static
equipment project specialty leader and also project engineering manager.
His fields of specialization are detail design of
static equipment, composite material selection and
finite element method. He graduated from Azad
University of Tehran with BS and MS degrees in
mechanical engineering.
Hojat Kordabadi, as a process
engineer, has participated in the design of various
process plants pertaining to the hydrocarbon processing industry.
He joined Chagalesh Consulting Engineers in 2007 and
has worked in the process engineering department as a
project specialty leader. He
is the author of three technical paper published in the
Chemical Engineering Journal (April 2005,
December 2007, September 2008). He holds a BS degree in
chemical engineering from Amir Kabir University and a
M.S. degree in chemical engineering from Shiraz
University, Shiraz, Iran.
All comments are subject to editorial review.
All fields are compulsory.
I need advice for below vessel case to calc. inner wall temp. C:Composition: C1=77.98,C2=10.96 C3=5.3.IC4=0.8,NC4=0.99,C5=0.2Initial conditions , P= 31kg/cm2 T= -84C Final pressure 1 kg/cm2 Vessel material SA-240 304LWeight 58.18 Ton Without fluid Volume 64 m3Thickness 49 mm design pressure 36 kg/cm2 Liquid molar flow = 7292.15 kmole/hrVapor molar flow = 2393.41 kmole/hryour advice is highly appreciated
Good Article thanks for sharing the knowledge. I think, in Fig6, LMT>MAT is correct, since both of them are negative numbers.Abtin
Antoinette Renouf
Dear FaramarzIain and I are so glad to hear that you have a successful career in engineering. You were always a good student. Perhaps you could email me for a personal chat?
We are trying to identify if it is possible to convert a S stamped pressure vessel which is NB registered for a application in which it would be used for hydrocarbon processing (conversion to a separator)the vessels in question are new units and are rated for high temperature applications. Is their anything in the Code that prevents S stamped vessels from being used for hydro carbon application specifically. Does the ASME S Stamp meet or exceed the ASME U stamp or are they both designed for separate application ?
referring to the article, my understanding is that ordinary carbon steel is still recommended for low temperature service of -28°C. i need a confirmation.
Flow Tech Equipments
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As one of the authors of this article I would like to mention that the article actually does not claim "A105" is a suitable material for "low temperature application". ASTM standard states that A105 is to be used for ambient temperature and higher, but it does not indicate which ambient temperature on our earth. AS far as low temperature is concerned I believe the article is quite more conservative than ASME section 8 or ASTM A105. Reading the reference 1 (literature cited) of the article is highly recommended.Faramarz Khazrai
I appreciate the comments.I would be pleased to summarize my understanding from "ASME VIII Division 2" for this case in paragraph below:As explained in section 126.96.36.199, "Vessels or components may be operated at temperatures colder than the MDMT stamped on the name- plate", but not lower than -104°C and under specific conditions. Actually, MDMT is a function of "Design Load" which includes pressure and several other items. As I see it, the decreasing the Design Load, the MDMT reduces.I agree that review the dynamic of Design Load would be over-collaborated as a general procedure; also, some considerations in Design Philosophy (i.g. Re-pressurizing) do not allow pressured systems to be operated below MDMT stamped on the name-plate. Indeed, this paper is a review for a more sophisticated material selection that is applicable in special cases such as Brownfield projects. H Kordabadi
As one of the authors of this article I would like to mention that the article actually does not claim "A105" is a suitable material for "low temperature application". ASTM standard states that A105 is to be used for ambient temperature and higher, but it does not indicate which ambient temperature on our earth. As far as low temperature application is concerned I believe the article(in proactive engineering part) is quite more conservative than ASME Section 8 code or ASTM A105. Reading the reference 1 (literature cited) of the article is highly recommended.
Regarding the comments of D.M. Barny on this article, though the ASTM standard directly indicates A105 specification covers ambient and higher-temperature service in pressure system , the ambient temperature of many facilities during winter time may reach as low as -30oC or lower. ASTM does not indicate which ambient temperature.
concise ,clear and to the pointGood article for a mechanicalengineer like me ... to understand what the process is cooking
Gentlemen:The definition of MDMT given in the article is not with the ASME Code definition.Otherwise - very interesting article, thank you!Regards,Oleg A. Barsky, P.E.
I had a free time to read the content of this article and decided to write following comments:1-How the authors can claim that A105 is a suitable material for low temperature applications? I bring their attention to the ASTM standard where it directly indicate A105 can be only used for ambient or above temperature and not low temperature.2-The authors have specified some conditions for using A105 in "proactive engineering part" . I should note if we are to use a material with these conditions then we surely use a low temperature one and not a simple carbon steel!3- I do not know if the authors have seen the impact test results for the ordinary carbon steel materials in the laboratory? The results show the absorbed energy of between 3-7 J for the temperature in the range of -5 to -10 degree. Therefore, I am really in doubt if we can use A105 or equivalent material for low temperature applications.Thank you and I remain with:Kind Regards,D.M.Barny
thanks mr bassir haghighi,hamed
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Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
Too soon to tell
July 2016


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text:
Going nowhere really fast! While on a recent mountain bike trip to Fruita, Colorado I encountered a long stretch (several miles) of deep sand - definitely NOT my favorite riding conditions… I was reminded of some basic Spinning® tenets and techniques:
Sand Lesson #1 - use an easy gear and be realistic about your speed
Pushing a hard gear will dig you down into the sand. And pedaling too fast will cause you to lose control. Spinning® Application: When riding a seated flat - marry the appropriate speed (80-110 RPMs) with lighter resistance (light to moderate) to maximize the training outcome. Trying to peddle too fast without appropriate resistance gets you nowhere really fast and too much resistance bogs you down (nowhere really slow…)
Sand Lesson #2 - relinquish control and let the bike find the line
Trying to steer in sand places too much weight on the front wheel and can cause you to bury or wash out your wheel. Spinning® Application: Staying in the moment and learning to go with the flow rather than trying to "steer the river" allows us to maximize mental and physical training. Learn more: The Chopra Center
Sand Lesson #3 - relax your grip, your breath, your attitude and don't fight the sand
The sand will always win! Spinning® Application: The relationship between increased anxiety and impaired sports performance is clear. Learning to relax into effort increases our ability to perform well in both sport and life.
Sand Lesson #4 - look ahead where you want to go
A solid cycling adage for both on and off road - looking ahead as opposed to in front of your wheel will keep you in your seat and on your line. Spinning® Application: Lifting the gaze up allows the neck and shoulders to remain in neutral spine - contributing to neck and shoulder health while reducing pain and potential injury. A recent study by San Francisco State University Professor of Health Education Erik Peper, Ph.D., found that simply altering body posture to a more upright position can improve mood and energy levels. So look up to feel better and stay the course…
So while I was going nowhere - I learned to relax into my effort and enjoy the moment. The desert was gorgeous, and the company outstanding. That's what life is all about - enjoy the journey…


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I have a 72.9MB PDF file that I need to shrink into under 500KB.
The file was a JPEG image that I had scanned, and then converted to pdf.
I have a 72.9MB PDF file that I need to shrink into under 500KB.
The file was a JPEG image that I had scanned, and then converted to pdf.
aking1012 is right. With more information regarding possible embedded images, hyperlinks etc.. it would be much more easier to answer this question!
Here are a couple of script and command-line solutions. Use as you see fit.
Use the following ghostscript command:
If the
My favorite way to do this is to convert the pdf to ps and back. It does not always work, though, but when it works the results are nice:
Good luck
If you have a pdf with scanned images, you can use
For example:
Adjust density (e.g. 100x100) and quality to your needs.
Depending on your input jpeg compression might not be the best choice due to compression artifacts. You have the choice between BZip, Fax, Group4, JPEG, JPEG2000, Lossless, LZW, RLE or Zip as alternate compression methods (some only allow b/w images). For details see here.
I was able to achieve great compression ratios for scanned/photographed documents (depending on the settings). Depending on the document source, you might want to reduce the color depth (
I needed to downsize a pdf that contained full color scans of a document. Each of my pages was a full color image as far as the file was concerned. They were images of pages containing text and images, but they were created by scanning to an image.
I used a combination of the above Ghostscript command and one from another thread.
This reduced the image resolution to 150dpi, cutting my file size in half. Looking at the document, there was almost no noticeable loss of image quality. The text is still perfectly readable on my 2012 Nexus7
I just encountered this problem myself. If using simple scan, select text mode for low resolution scans and you won't need to worry about the command line stuff. Just saying.
Since this link was first for me when I searched in Google, I thought I'd add one more possibility. None of the above solutions was working for me on a pdf exported from Inkscape (15 mb), but I was at last able to shrink it down to 1 mb by opening it in GIMP, and exporting as pdf again.
Another option that came close (but text was a little fuzzy) was ImageMagick's convert utility:
Vectorizing all fonts will help. Don't embed fonts into the file.
Use small image resolution: most of the time you really dont need HD pictures. Be careful with image software like Gimp, it can make very large compressed file (beware how you compress it). I don't like proprietary softwares but some Adobe Photoshop compression tools are better than Gimp one.
More: do you need to put the image into a PDF file?
It's very simple, but more than image resolution, you can simply change the document size...
@Lord of Time is right: switch from 72Mo to 500Ko will be hard without changing something radically.
load image or even pdf file into inkscape.
From inkscape: Save in vector format (as the native .svg).
Import vector files into scribus, edit layout and export/save as .pdf from there
shrinkpdf cut down the pdf size in my case from 5.6 MB to 1.1 MB choosing to go with 100 DPI. The original scanned document was in 200 DPI
Super simple PDF compress tool: GitHub page.
Installation on Ubuntu:
It uses ghostscript.
I was facing the same problem, and was glad to find this thread. Specifically I had a pdf generated from scanned images, and needed to reduce its byte size by a factor of 6.
Unfortunately, none of the solutions above worked :(. Then I realized that somewhere in the scanner->jpeg->pdf process the size of the page had gotten bloated by a factor of aprx 4. The documents I scanned were all Letter sized, but the pdf had size of
I got the desired results finally with a "convert" command that did both resizing as well as compression steps in one:
Note that doc_orig had density of 72x72 dpi.
Best for me was
Other ways:
This will have a good result.


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My Ubuntu machine can connect to my WPA network, but there's not a trickle of internet to be found. It works fine with another (but farther) WEP network.
Windows system on the WPA network work fine (I'm using one to write this question). Wired connection to the router broadcasting the problematic network is also fine.
Do note that I did not try to connect to network using Windows on the same machine. It's an Atheros card - I will include more details if requested.
Oh and I the other systems on the network are visible as well.
EDIT I've removed the Ethernet details from the following output:
~$ sudo lshw -class Network
description: Wireless interface
product: AR5001 Wireless Network Adapter
vendor: Atheros Communications Inc.
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0
logical name: wlan2
version: 01
serial: 00:22:69:18:f1:d3
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless
configuration: broadcast=yes driver=ath5k driverversion=2.6.38-8-generic firmware=N/A ip=192.168.2.7 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bg
resources: irq:18 memory:55200000-5520ffff


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So I'm surprised this hasn't been started yet(sorta). But post here about what deck works for you, Not really a secret since most people face off against it anyways.
4 P Assassins, 2 P Rogues(Good counter against this deck, 2 or 4 Purple Fighters)
Can finish normal battles in single digit turns.


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Loooks Awsome I am also planning to try this one for sure I just bought a book for $.06 "Focaccia" Simple breads from the Italian Oven by Carol Field. But that will now have to wait for the Ciabatta. I dont think so but Do these 2 types share any similarities?Please post your results JeffThanksJOhn
Could this recipe be adapted to the use of oil in the dough, or is the hydration just too high for that ?
I have been making this dough a lot lately. My first few attempts didn't turn out like I had hoped, but I think I have it figured out finally. First, make sure to oil the parchment paper. Second, dump the dough directly onto the oiled parchment paper and lightly flour the top of the dough. This allow one to handle the dough without sticking, but also eliminating the taste of raw flour which I hate. I have made a variety of things out of this dough including large loaves of ciabatta, ciabatta rolls for sandwiches, baguettes and pizza. It is great for all of these applications. For pizza, it has a great open crumb with a nice leathery outside. The ciabatta rolls and baguettes make excellent toasted sandwiches in the oven. The large loaves of ciabatta is my go to bread for when I make a pot of soup.


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Is there an official JavaScript logo/icon or there is no official logo or icon at all? If not, which icon do you consider to be the most representative when refering to JavaScript? I am just curious, because PHP has an recognizable icon, perl has, ruby, python etc. all the other languages have some sort of official logo or icon.
closed as off topic by Benny Skogberg♦, JonW♦ Sep 9 '12 at 21:05
Questions on User Experience Stack Exchange are expected to relate to user experience within the scope defined by the community. Consider editing the question or leaving comments for improvement if you believe the question can be reworded to fit within the scope. Read more about reopening questions here.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
There is probably no "official" icon, because there is no body officially "governing" JavaScript. See also this related Stack Overflow question about the "official" manual on JavaScript. Instead, JavaScript is a derivative of ECMAScript. Glancing over the official ECMAScript website I don't see any official logo's or icons for ECMAScript either, not even in the specification documents (for version 3 nor for version 5).
Interestingly, the Wikipedia article on JavaScript shows this logo, which I'd personally never seen before:
In response to your second question: I guess if I must choose then I would go for any icon in my existing house style with these two features:
To add to this, see there's this related icon:


text:
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- Ergonomic shoulder straps feature terraced overlay for adjustable tube configuration and power bulb configuration
- Eco rig back pads provide ventilation
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- Integrated chest slider strap
- Plug & Play reservoir tube connector
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- #8 coiled zippers are extremely durable
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Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 18455716


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text:
I'm quite surprised that I can't see an answer to this anywhere on the site already, nor in the MySQL documentation (section 5.2 seems to have logging otherwise well covered!)
If I enable binlogs, I see a small performance hit (subjectively), which is to be expected with a little extra IO -- but when I enable a general query log, I see an enormous performance hit (double the time to run queries, or worse), way in excess of what I see with binlogs. Of course I'm now logging every SELECT as well as every UPDATE/INSERT, but, other daemons record their every request (Apache, Exim) without grinding to a halt.
Am I just seeing the effects of being close to a performance "tipping point" when it comes to IO, or is there something fundamentally difficult about logging queries that causes this to happen? I'd love to be able to log all queries to make development easier, but I can't justify the kind of hardware it feels like we'd need to get performance back up with general query logging on.
I do, of course, log slow queries, and there's negligible improvement in general usage if I disable this.
(All of this is on Ubuntu 10.04 LTS, MySQLd 5.1.49, but research suggests this is a fairly universal issue)


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I saw a nice program for managing pictures called gThumb. I decided to install it, but it uninstalled half of my programs and my theme altogether. I used Software Center to install it. Why would installing gThumb through Software Center mess up my PC? I'm using Debian 6.0.3 with Gnome.
Even Software Center disappeared from the System menu in gnome panel. I retrieved it by
apt-get install software-center, and I think it installed it completely, not by updating or installing missing packages.
Edit: I tried
apt-get -f install and it didn't work. I checked for programs in package manager but they are not there. They are UNINSTALLED for sure.
I reinstalled my system yesterday, so it's fresh now, but I would still like to know what happened.


text:
Is it possible, for an arbitrary polynomial in one variable with integer coefficients, to determine the roots of the polynomial in the Complex Field to arbitrary accuracy? When I was looking into this, I found some papers on homotopy continuation that seem to solve this problem (for the Real solutions at least), is that correct? Or are there restrictions on whether homotopy continuation will work? Does the solution region need to be bounded?
This argument is problematic; see Andrej Bauer's comment below.
Sure. I have no idea what an efficient algorithm looks like, but since you only asked whether it's possible I'll offer a terrible one.
Lemma: Let $f(z) = z^n + a_{n-1} z^{n-1} + ... + a_0$ be a complex polynomial and let $R = \text{max}(1, |a_{n-1}| + ... + |a_0|)$. Then all the roots of $f$ lie in the circle of radius $R$ centered at the origin.
Proof. If $|z| > R$, then $|z|^n > R |z|^{n-1} \ge |a_{n-1} z^{n-1}| + ... + |a_0|$, so by the triangle inequality no such $z$ is a root.
Now subdivide the disk of radius $R$ into, say, a mesh of squares of side length $\epsilon > 0$ and evaluate the polynomial at all the lattice points of the mesh. As the mesh size tends to zero you'll find points that approximate the zeroes to arbitrary accuracy.
There are also lots of specialized algorithms for finding roots of polynomials at the Wikipedia article.
Homotopy continuation method is good for finding all COMPLEX solutions to arbitrary accuracy, and it is implemented in the Numerical Algebraic Geometry package in Macaulay 2, for example. The method is more general. It can solve a system of polynomial equations in many variables. In fact, it is a more difficult problem to find all REAL solutions WITHOUT finding all complex solutions.
From what I understand, the solution region does not need to be bounded for homotopy continuation to work. You can also "projectify" your problem if necessary, so that you don't have to worry about homotopy paths going off to infinity. Some methods assume that the solutions are all simple, but there're ways to work around it. One is the method of "deflation".
For univariate polynomials you should look at "An Efficient Algorithm for the Complex Roots Problem" by Andy Neff and John Reif http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=5E9156BAF80D8D6AEDCA2F42C11AB4B2?doi=10.1.1.33.3353&rep=rep1&type=pdf
The wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-finding_algorithm gives links to many different methods for finding roots of polynomials. (Start at the section entitled "Finding roots of polynomials".) Many of the methods are incomparable, in the sense that they work faster or slower than others depending on the specific polynomial.
One of the semi-recommended ones for finding roots in the complex plane is Laguerre's method, which for some reason is not included in the Wikipedia article on root-finding.
The reason I know of this is a colloquium lecture long ago by Steven Smale on the complexity of Newton's method, during which William Kahan stood up and held forth on why Newton's method was worthless and Laguerre's was much better.
I cannot tell whether you insist on finding all roots to high accuracy. One could perhaps divide out by $(x - r_k)^{n_k}$ each time a root $r_k$ with multiplicity $n_k$ is found, and search for roots for the new polynomial, using those results as seed values for finding accurate roots using the original polynomial.
This can be done. Check this article by Hubbard, Schleicher, and Sutherland, entitled "How to find all roots of complex polynomials by Newton's method".
Although it's not specific to polynomials with integer coefficients, have a lot at "Computing the Zeros of Analytic Functions".
At least for real roots it can be completely solved by bracketing zeroes with Sturm sequences.
You have already seen McNamee's excellent bibliography on polynomial root-finding methods?
Personally I have a preference for the "simultaneous iteration" methods (of which Durand-Kerner and Ehrich-Aberth are two of the simplest and most well-known); all you need to start from is a set of points equispaced around a circle in the complex plane (as to the radius of this circle, there are a number of suggestions in the literature; alternatively, formulas in Marden's "Geometry of Polynomials" might be of use here).
A completely ineffective theoretical method goes as follows: Write $f(z)$ as $f_r(x,y)+if_i(x,y)$ where $f_r,f_i\in \mathbb R[x,y]$ are real polynomials in the real and complex part $x,y$ of $z=x+i y$. Compute a Groebner basis of the ideal $(f_r,f_i)$ with respect to an order which eliminates one of the variables in the first element of the basis and use real techniques (based on Sturm sequences) to compute, say, the real parts of all solutions. Use another element of the Groebner basis (or again real techniques) to compute the corresponding imaginary part and test for multiplicities (which can be avoided by computing first gcd$(f,f')$).
Completely useless (and equivalent) variation: Study the intersection giving the zeroes of $f$ of the two real curves determined by $f_r$ and by $f_i$.