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Displacement from a singular force over time is given by the equation $${1\over2}{F\over m}t^2 $$ Where F is force, m is mass, and t is time.
But what if F is variable over time?
My best guess is to find the "area" under the curve of
F, as on a graph, using integration by the trapezoidal method, with respect to
This gives SI units of joules, so then we must divide by
F to get total displacement over time.
Is this the correct solution?


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LITTLE RIVER (September 26, 2012)-Judge Thomas Barfield said Wednesday he'll not make a final ruling in the death of a 28-year-old Little River man until further autopsy results are returned.
Barfield pronounced Cody Lee dead last Saturday inside a residence in Little River and ordered Lee's body taken to the Southwest Institute of Forensic Science, in Dallas, for autopsy.
Barfield said he was called to the scene after Academy police Chief Troy Hess responded to an unattended death.
The judge said there were no signs of trauma on the body and no indication of foul play.
A preliminary autopsy report shows the cause and manner of death as pending and final results are awaiting toxicology.
Services for Lee are pending with Crawford-Bowers Funeral Home in Copperas Cove.

subset: commoncrawl


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Please enter a maximum of 5 recipients. Use ; to separate more than one email address.
The project is part of the implementation of Gazpromneft's OJSC Moscow refinery revamping and upgrading program, under which the refinery will be expanded until 2020 to process an additional 6 million tpy of crude oil and produce transportation fuels to Euro-V standards.
Foster Wheeler was awarded a contract by OJSC
Gazpromneft to provide front-end engineering design
(FEED) and design documentation for an upgrading project at the
Moscow refinery, officials said on Tuesday.
The value of the award was not disclosed and will be
included in Foster Wheelers first-quarter 2013
The combined oil refinery unit (CORU) project is part of the
implementation of Gazpromnefts OJSC Moscow refinery revamping and upgrading
program, under which the refinery will be
expanded through 2020 to process an additional 6 million
tpy of crude oil and produce transportation fuels to Euro-V
The CORU facilities are planned to include
crude distillation (CDU) and vacuum distillation (VDU) units, a
continuous catalytic reforming unit with naphtha hydrotreatment
and hydrogen recovery by pressure swing adsorption, a diesel
hydrotreater including a dewaxing section, a gas plant with a
liquefied petroleum gases sweetening unit and common
Developing long-term relationships with our clients based
on project execution excellence and
expanding our served markets in Russia are two of our strategic
objectives, said Umberto della Sala, chief operating
officer of Foster Wheeler.
We plan to leverage our experience in Russia, our
in-depth refining experience and our
reputation for developing high quality FEEDs to deliver a
strong performance for Gazpromneft to form the basis for a
longer-term working relationship," he added.
The FEED activities are expected to be completed in the fourth
quarter of 2013, while the submission of design documentation
is scheduled for the first quarter of 2014.
Foster Wheeler was previously awarded the process design
package for the facilities crude and vacuum distillation units and the gas
The CORU project is the most important investment for
our Moscow refinery," said Anatoli
Moiceevich Cherner, deputy chairman of the Gazpromneft
"Timely completion and plant start-up are vital for our
company, but completion of a strong FEED is a very important
first step in the realization of this key project, he added.
All comments are subject to editorial review.
All fields are compulsory.
Henry Jo
Hi-Tech Engineering is medium size engineering company in Korea, who support the major engineering companies in Korea, such as GS E&C, Samsung Engineering, Hyundai E&C, etc.Hi-Tech has a 3-D laser scanner equipment, which can be used very effectively for the revamps of refinery units. It improves the accuracy of the revamp and reduced materials needed for the revamp. It is especially useful for those revamps which does not have as built drawings. Please contact Henry Jo at +82-10-9953-7667 or firstname.lastname@example.com or email@example.com for more details.Henry Jo
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A searchable database of project activity in the global hydrocarbon processing industry
Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
Too soon to tell
July 2016


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On behalf of the Wright State University Sports medicine Staff, I would like to welcome you to Wright State University. In an effort to better serve our student-athletes, all physical forms are posted online at swol123.net. You may click on the appropriate link and fill the forms out on the computer. Please follow the link for instructions.
These forms provide us with vital information about your health and well-being. Please take your time and fill them out completely and honestly. Your health and safety is our primary concern. All information is kept confidential and will only be disseminated as allowed by law and when necessary.
*These forms are different from the forms required by the university health. Please do not assume I already have this information as we are two separate entities.
Below is a checklist for completing all forms for the Wright State University Sports medicine Staff:
1. Complete and sign with son/daughter the Wright State University medical history and pre-participation forms found online at swol123.net
2. Complete the release forms found online
3. Please make sure to upload a copy of your insurance card
Should you have any questions, please call me at (937) 245-7550. Once again thank you and welcome to Wright State University.
2014-15 Athletic Physical Dates--All Physicals to take place at WSU Physicians Building
|Physical Date
|Softball Newcomers
|Tuesday, August 26
|Baseball Newcomers
|Tuesday, August 26
|Tennis/Golf Newcomers
|Tuesday, August 26
|Track Newcomers
|Tuesday, August 26
|Swimming & Diving Newcomers
|Tuesday, August 26
|Returning Athletes
|Wednesday, August 27
Anytime Between 8:00 and 5:00
(Times are limited between 1:00 and 4:00)
Please have all your paperwork filled out prior to coming.
You must have updated insurance information to be cleared.


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On-Campus Recruitment (OCR) is one of the many ways for NYU juniors, seniors, and graduate students to discover job and internship opportunities. Through OCR, employers come to the Wasserman Center to interview students. In addition to participating in OCR, we recommend that you also attend our seminars, apply for positions via NYU CareerNet, attend career fairs, and meet with a career coach to help identify opportunities that are right for you.
To obtain access to OCR, you must attend both a mandatory OCR Orientation and an Acing the Interview seminar (find upcoming dates and times on NYU CareerNet > Events > Seminars). If you are unable to attend an OCR orientation in person please access the virtual orientation and quiz.
You will not be able to gain access to OCR without first attending an OCR Orientation. OCR Orientations are generally offered weekly.
Students participating in OCR are encouraged to take advantage of the Wasserman Center's career exploration and job search services. Having a polished resume, a powerful cover letter, and perfecting your interviewing and professional networking skills are the keys to success in a job or internship search.
Companies visit campus to give general information about their business, industry and available positions. We strongly urge you to attend all the information sessions held by companies in which you have an interest, as employer presentations are a great opportunity to network with a variety of companies. For a detailed schedule of the companies that are coming to campus to give presentations, log on to NYU CareerNet and click Events > Information Sessions.
By participating in the OCR program, I agree to the following:
OCR is open to all NYU students enrolled in a degree program who are graduating in 2016 and 2017. December graduates still maintain OCR privileges throughout the spring semester.
Students studying abroad at NYU Global sites are encouraged to participate in OCR. If you are selected for an interview, please sign up for a time slot that works for your schedule (Eastern Time) and email firstname.lastname@example.com to let us know you are abroad. We will reach out to the employer on your behalf to see if they are willing to interview you virtually or phone during your time slot.
Cancellations of on-campus interviews must be made no less than four business days prior to the scheduled interview date. If you cancel within four business days or are a no-show, your OCR access will be immediately suspended. If you would like to appeal, please call the recruitment desk at 212.998.4737 to schedule an in-person appointment with the Director to discuss your situation.
We ask employers to give students three weeks to decide about job offer. If a summer internship is converted to a full-time offer, students have until October 5, 2015 to decide.
On-Campus Recruitment
133 East 13th Street
2nd Floor
(212) 998-4737


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The Acqua Beauty Bar is booked solid by musicians desperate to lose last-minute inches before jetting out to Los Angeles for the Grammys (and the red-carpet scrutiny). The draw is the spa's Parafango Wrap, which promises quantifiable results in one session. Before beginning the treatment, two therapists asked us to disrobe and slip on a paper thong so they could measure our waist, hip, and thigh circumferences. We then lay on a raised table where they brushed our thighs with a hot paraffin-and-fango mixture containing guarana, a natural form of caffeine, which acts as a diuretic—temporarily drawing water from the body. After mummifying us in plastic wrap, the duo left us to bake under a heat lamp. Once we'd showered, they whipped out the measuring tape again. Though the results were impressive—we'd sweated four inches off our thighs—they didn't last. Three glasses of water, two martinis, and, we confess, a cupcake later, the inches crept right back.
Acqua Beauty Bar
Violet Bucaj and Ellen Kim
7 East 14th St.
7 E. 14th St.
We briefly wondered if the Fantasy Tan would turn out to be a nightmare. When we arrived on a busy Saturday, a diva bride and her wedding posse had staked claim to the lounge. But once we took refuge in a private room, the treatment lived up to its name. Our aesthetician rubbed Sonya Dakar hydrating lotion into our parched feet and hands ("so these little dry spots don't turn orange"). Wielding a spray gun, she evenly misted our skin with a cool stream of California Tan bronzer and used a lighter hand on the face, "since most of us wear sunblock or a hat." Our skin instantly felt dewy, and we developed a sun-kissed look within a few hours. The bride can blush all she wants—we vow to always keep our glow golden.
1294 Third Ave.
The folks at Ajune take their sunless tanning seriously—so please don't call it fake. "That's a four-letter word," our aesthetician scoffed. "Sunmist is perfectly natural." What wasn't natural, however, was having to freeze our tail off while she applied a citrus-based PH Optimizer "to prime skin for an even application." Then our body got an airbrush coating of the tanning formula: green tea, jojoba oil, and color-depositing sugar derivatives. In less than a half hour, our skin felt silky, smelled sweet, and had a soft caramel sheen. Booking another appointment seemed like the natural thing to do.
77 Perry St.
Angel Feet does reflexology only. And does it so well that Julianna Margulies swoons: "Your feet will thank you."
241 E. 60th St.
Foxy Brown, Kathie Lee Gifford, and Iman, to name an odd trio, are clients of this 29-year-old Upper East Side town-house spa. Known as the place for cellulite treatments it also does a number on areas beyond the tush. Let Tamara or Raya administer the Hot Body Buff, a half-hour rubdown with Anushka's Sea Sluff Energizing Scrub melted with warm almond oil, or the Body Polish, an hour of rigorous sloughing with a honey-and-almond scrub plus a massage. Both include full-body scouring with a natural boar-bristle brush (not recommended for the thin-skinned) to leave thighs, elbows, shoulders, and, yes, even your rump, so smooth that you'll want to run straight to the nearest beach to show it off.
Aqua Vitae Medical Spa
Isabel Sutherland
1045 Lexington Ave.
Her sugaring leaves nether regions supersoft.
Arsi Skincare at 505 Park
Arsi Tavitian
505 Park Ave.
Socialites, royals, and even Dr. Ruth trust Tavitian for her thorough and speedy Brazilian waxes.


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Boot Hill Museum announces Native American, Warpony Browning will be at the Museum to help celebrate Dodge City Days on Wednesday, July 31 as a "Quest for the West" presentation. Warpony will be available for conversation and photos all day with his pony and his wolf. Those attending Fidelity Bank's Chuckwagon Breakfast Wednesday morning will have the opportunity to meet Warpony and enjoy this enlightening experience.
He has set up his tipi outside the Front Street replica and at 2:00 pm Wednesday Warpony will do an educational presentation on the Comanche tribe.
His wolf's name, Tomi, means "little brother" in Comanche and is a service animal for special needs children. His pony is named Many Spots for obvious reasons. Warpony Browning and his animals travel the country performing at rodeos, schools, fairs and festivals.
Boot Hill Museum gives a big thank you to High Plains Journal for their sponsorship of this presentation.
Quest for the West is a search for knowledge, enlightenment and adventure found only in the fascination that is Dodge City. For more information please contact Boot Hill Museum at 620-227-8188 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Location, ST | website.com


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News and Events Archives
Friday, August 22, 2008
(Columbia, Mo.) � Columbia College once again has been nationally recognized for academic quality and value.
U.S.News & World Report names Columbia College one of America's best colleges
For the fifth year in a row, Columbia College has been ranked in the top tier of "America's Best Colleges" by U.S.News & World Report. Columbia College is now ranked 51st in the category of "Best Universities�Master's" for the Midwest Region. This category evaluates institutions that offer a broad scope of undergraduate degrees and some master's degrees, but few, if any, doctoral programs.
Princeton Review names Columbia College one of the best colleges in the Midwest
Columbia College has been named a 2009 Best Midwestern College by The Princeton Review, a New York City-based education services company. The college is one of only 159 schools in a 12-state region to receive the "Best Midwestern College" designation. Colleges were selected based on academic excellence and surveys of current students.
The Princeton Review calls Columbia College a "small community with great teachers and lasting friendships" and a college that is serious about "educating the whole person," where academics are bolstered by a "full college experience," and general education requirements ensure that "everyone receives a well-rounded education no matter what one's major is."
GetEducated.com names Columbia College a "Best Buy"
GetEducated.com, a respected clearinghouse of accredited online programs, designated Columbia College as a "Best Buy" for several online degrees. The college's online MBA and online bachelor's degree in criminal justice ranked among the top five best buys; the online bachelor�s degrees in business, psychology and sociology ranked among the top 10 best buys. The college also was recognized for the online MBA's flexible admission requirements.
"We've known for a long time that we offer outstanding academic programs at an affordable price," said Dr. Gerald Brouder, college president. "It is gratifying to have reputable outside sources recognize this as well."
Brouder said that although there is ongoing healthy debate about the value of the rankings, they are a tool for students and parents to assess whether a college might be a good fit.
"The rankings are just one way to obtain a snapshot of a college or university," said Brouder. "The best way to evaluate any school is to visit the campus and talk to current students, professors and alumni."
Columbia College, a private institution founded in 1851 in Columbia, Mo., educates nearly 25,000 students worldwide through the home campus in Columbia, at 33 campuses nationwide and online.


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LU's Lewis, ESU's Ploude Earn MIAA T&F Weekly Honors
Posted: 3:09 PM Dec 11, 2012
Reporter: MIAA Sports Information (posted by J.B. Bauersfeld)
Kansas City, Mo. -- Lincoln's Romel Lewis was named the MIAA Men's Track Athlete of the Week and Emporia State's Briar Ploude earned MIAA Men's Field Athlete of the Week for week five.
MIAA Men's Track Athlete of the Week
Romel Lewis, Lincoln
Lewis won the 60-meter dash at the Iowa State Holiday Preview on Friday posting an automatic qualifier time of 6.73 beating out 15 other runners. He also won the preliminary round of the 60-meter, finishing ahead of 36 others athletes. He also helped the 4x300m relay team take second behind only Division I Iowa State. At the Bob Timmons Challenge on Thursday, Lewis placed second in the 200-meter, finishing with a provisional qualifying time of 21.49 in the race. The junior sprinter is a transfer from Kansas City Kansas Community College.
Others nominated: Deneko Brown, Southwest Baptist; Andrew Etheridge, Emporia State; Jeff Fraley, Missouri Southern; Cornell Leffler, Nebraska-Kearney; Rodney Mays, LIndenwood; Ryan Peterson, Truman; Eli Smith, Northwest Missouri.
MIAA Men's Field Athlete of the Week
Briar Ploude, Emporia State
Ploude won the high jump at KSU All-Comers with an automatic qualifying height of 7-2.5 (2.20m) in his first competition since ankle surgery over the summer. It ties his own school record and is ranked first in the nation in Division II this year. It is the second best collegiate jump in the nation so far this season behind Kris Kornegay-Gober of North Carolina State. The senior high jumper is a native of Meridan, Kan. and competed at Jefferson West High School.
Others nominated: Demetrias Jones, Fort Hays State; Bryan Kertz, Lindenwood; Evan Moore, Missouri Southern; Kennan Soles, Pittsburg State; Michael Thalken, Nebraska-Kearney; Brent Vogel, Central Missouri.
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Dealing with Being Pregnant While Working
Pregnancy; maternity leave
The difficulty of being pregnant while holding down a fulltime job is that your life as a working person trudges on, but your body (and mind) may have a hard time keeping up. For example, in the first trimester, you may have to deal with morning sickness. It's not really politic to go rushing out of a meeting or an important phone call to up-chuck. Instead, if you can identify times when you're likely to be sick, then you can try to reschedule meetings or phone calls for a different time of day when you will feel likely better. Also, take preventive measures as much as possible that is, keep crackers on hand or soda or whatever works to get you through it.
As the pregnancy proceeds, you'll notice that you're more tired, and your feet will start to swell. You can handle these issues by taking short naps during the middle of the day (perhaps the restroom has a couch) or getting outside to take 10-minute walks at break time or whenever possible. Drinking lots of water will increase your profusion of blood to the brain, which will make you feel less tired. . Above all, be kind to yourself and give yourself time off at night when you are at home. Plenty of rest in the evening will go a long way toward making you feel better the next day, and you'll think more clearly.
Put simply most people will not cut you much slack just because you're pregnant. They will expect you to keep up with your job and pretty much do everything you did before. Your challenge is to figure out how to be kind to yourself but keep up with your responsibilities.
Maternity Leave
Thanks to the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), most federal employees are entitled to take a total of up to 12 work weeks of unpaid leave off from their job following the birth of a baby. The good news is that most other major employers have followed suit and apply similar guidelines. (Some large corporations even offer up to a year off unpaid, of course.) However, be aware that if you are working for a small business of fewer than 50 employees, this act does not apply to you, as it isn't enforced on smaller businesses.
During this time off, you are entitled to receive your benefits, although you may have to pay your share of the costs. Also, your job must be held for you while you are away on leave, or if your job is no longer available when you return, then you must be offered comparable employment.
There are some guidelines, however, that you must follow. You must have worked at least 1,250 hours during a 12-month period prior to taking your leave. And you have to provide a 30-day advance notice for a foreseeable event (which obviously applies to your pregnancy). You also might be asked to provide certification from a medical provider that you are indeed pregnant. You could also be contacted while you are away on maternity leave and asked to verify your status and that you do intend to return to your job.
If you find that you need additional time off due to an emergency with your baby or unexpected circumstances, call your company and ask first before making any assumptions that they can't help you. Often, a company will have an emergency plan in place for just such occurrences.
Receiving Pay While You Are on Maternity Leave
The first thing to do before you get pregnant (preferably) or as soon as you know you are pregnant is to meet with the human resources person in your company to find out what your specific company's policies are for maternity leave and how they apply to you. Each company is different and much will depend on your own circumstances for example, how long you've been with the company, how much leave you've accrued, and what your position is.
Some companies (usually major corporations) offer full pay and benefits while you are on maternity leave; most do not. In lieu of this, many workers decide to use their sick time or vacation time to be paid while they are on maternity leave, if their employer does not offer compensation during this period. Obviously, if you can build up some cash reserves to use while you're on maternity leave, so much the better.
excerpted from:
Reproduced from Absolute Beginner's Guide to Pregnancy, by John Adams and Marta Justak, by permission of Pearson Education. Copyright © 2005 by Que Publishing. Please visit Amazon to order your own copy.


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I was getting a 9009 error from "gacutil /iF $(TargetPath)", if found some info on the web (http://www.mcse.ms/archive103-2006-1-2052602.html) that point me to using
"$(DevEnvDir)..\..\SDK\v2.0\Bin\gacutil.exe" /iF "$(TargetPath)"
it now works.
BizTalk 2006 has officially been released and is now available for download from MSDN.
BizTalk 2006 will be generally available on May 1, 2006.
The price increase will also be effective on May 1, 2006, so to save 20% on you BizTalk 2006 purchase BizTalk 2004 with SA now.


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The 5 Most Ridiculous Assassination Plots Ever Attempted
We all want somebody dead: that evil terrorist, our ex-lover's new spouse, that smug bastard mailman---whatever the case may be, there are many things stopping us. Logic, empathy, the court system or, in some cases, just complete insanity and hilarious incompetence.
#5. Giuseppe Marco Fieschi and His Supergun
Giuseppe Marco Fieschi really wanted King Louis Philippe of France dead as a doornail. It would be his revenge on society for unjustly sentencing him to 10 years in prison--well, unless you consider all that stealing and forging he did to be some sort of crime. But like all assassins, he knew he'd get only one shot. So he decided to make the most of that shot--by taking 20 guns and fusing them together into an "infernal machine," just like a supervillain ... who had failed Imagination Time in kindergarten. But hey, at least he was bound to hit something, right?
"If only all of these guns were attached somehow."
On July 28, 1835, he took his 20-barreled Death-o-Matic and aimed it down at the boulevard du Temple, where King Louis was about to cross the street accompanied by his sons and staff. As soon as they were in his various lines of fire, Fieschi set the machine off, exploding bullets all over the place. He somehow missed his intended target--Louis and his children were only grazed by the hail of bullets--but he did manage to hit a very large number of people, including himself (why he taped that one gun on backward, we'll never understand).
Fieschi ended up with severe injuries from the explosion, which prevented him from fleeing the scene while twirling his mustache and muttering "Blast!" But Louis, to Fieschi's surprise, made sure no expense was spared in saving the man's life. Fieschi decided to take advantage of this opportunity to finger every last one of his accomplices, confident that he would be pardoned, since the king had done so much to save him already. He ended up being even more surprised when he was sentenced to death by guillotine, for attempting to murder the king with something a 12-year-old would draw in his Five Star.
"Dammit, Louis, I thought you were cooool!"
#4. Hitler and the Explosions That Could Have Been
If history were a high school prom, Hitler would be the kid sitting alone on the bleachers, trying not to cry when "Jessie's Girl" starts playing over the hi-fi. He wasn't a beloved figure, is what we're saying here--no matter how controversial that statement might be! Over the course of his life, he was the target of no less than 42 assassination attempts, and it's likely that surviving so many of them made Hitler believe he was invincible. Though if he had known the full details of some of them, perhaps he wouldn't have thought himself so special.
Somehow, the dude ended up with an ego.
In 1938, a man named Georg Elser started planning an assassination attempt, upset about the incredibly low wages and the impending war that everyone was talking about. He knew that Hitler visited the same pub in Munich every year, the Buergerbraukeller, on Nov. 8 and 9, to celebrate the anniversary of the Nazi putsch of 1923. When Hitler visited in November 1939, however, Elser would be sure there was a surprise waiting for him. A rather explosive surprise, which would start things off with a bang. Hitler's reaction would be incendia-It was a bomb. Did you get that?
Here, have this helpful visual aid.
Over the course of a year, Elser stole explosives from the factory and quarry near his home, until he had enough for a decent blast. Then, every night for three months before Hitler's visit, he would eat dinner at the Buergerbraukeller, and hide in a cupboard until the staff left. He would spend four hours hollowing out a pillar, leaving in the morning with the first customers, until everything was ready. He then put the bomb in place, hopefully making a killer pun as he did so, and waited for Hitler to arrive.
It was only after setting the bomb that Elser decided to open up a newspaper, where he discovered that Hitler had canceled his annual trip to the Buergerbraukeller. Realizing that the ingenious "exploding hollow pillar" ruse had failed, he tried to flee the country to Switzerland, but was detained on the grounds of "being suspicious." He looked even more suspicious when the bomb he left at the pub finally exploded, given that he was carrying a postcard of the pub with him at the time; we imagine that his documents labeled "How I Will Blow Up Hitler (Because He Is A Dick)" didn't help much either.
At least Tom Cruise managed to fuck up Hitler's bunker.
#3. Nero and the Magic Collapsible Ceiling
In the first century A.D., Rome was caught in a power struggle at the very top of the government. Nero had ascended the throne and become the emperor, but his mother, Agrippina, still held a lot of power in the state, including supreme authority over snacks and bedtime. Despite having been stripped of all honors and official power, she still held a lot of influence and was rather popular, and Nero eventually decided that she had to go. Nero really needed it to look like an accident but, being an ancient Roman and, well, Nero, he had an imagination that was more than a bit twisted. He eventually settled on a couple of plans that Rube Goldberg would be proud of.
And nobody else.
Especially not his mommy.
According to the ancient historian Suetonius, Nero rigged Agrippina's bed so that when she lay down in it, her weight would activate a mechanism that would cause the ceiling to collapse on top of her. The original plan, penned by a Mr. W. E. Coyote, had a pile of birdseed instead of the bed, but Nero was an improviser. The plan might have worked, despite (or possibly because of) spitting in the face of logic and sanity, except for one thing: Agrippina had a habit of using slaves to warm her bed before she lay in it, and it was the slave who was crushed to death. That's right: Agrippina's life was saved by a combination of slavery and hedonism. We'll say it again: Karma is bullshit.
Hedonism: the life-saving habit.
Shaking his fist, Nero went back to the drawing board and somehow came back with a self-sinking boat. He invited his mother onto the boat to celebrate the festival of Minerva, and Agrippina accepted. Partway through the cruise, a mechanism was triggered that made the ceiling collapse (Nero had a theme; you can't take that away from him), but when this once again failed to kill her, or even sink the boat, the crew decided to capsize it themselves. As the boat sunk to the depths below, Agrippina managed to outwit certain death by utilizing all of her tenacity and cunning: She swam to shore.
Finally abandoning pretense altogether, Nero sent three men to just stab Agrippina to death in her home. When news of her death spread, many Roman generals sent letters to Nero, congratulating him for finally murdering his mother, since they evidently knew how much of a headache it had been for him.


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I am confused about an extremely basic point concerning Grover's quantum search algorithm; my confusion suggests to me that maybe I've missed the entire point.
My understanding of the algorithm is this: I've got an observable with N eigenstates, and I am looking for an object that is in a particular eigenstate (call it |E>). I prepare (or am given) an object in state |S>, |S> being the average of the N eigenstates.
I consider the operator $U = -(1 - 2 |S> <S|) (1-2 |E> <E|)$. I apply this operator Q times, where Q is a specific integer depending on N, and asympotically equal to a constant times sqrt(N). This converts the state |S> into a state very close to |E>. I understand all this, including how to find Q and the proof that it works.
What I don't understand is this: Why is this algorithm described as requiring roughly sqrt(N) steps? Why can't I equally well describe it as requiring exactly one step, where the step is multiplication by U^Q ? What's special about U that makes its application count as "one step"?
For that matter, instead of using the operator U^Q, I could choose an operator V that takes |S> to |E>, as opposed to U^Q, which only takes |S> to some approximation to |E>. Why isn't this a "one-step" algorithm that gets an even better result than Grover's does?
Sorry for the naivete of this question. I hope for an answer that will make me embarrassed to have asked.


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U.S. Catholics Express High Hopes for New Pope
Pope Francis has a unique opportunity to modernize the church, reach its areas of growth more effectively and take a tougher stance on the sexual-abuse scandals that have tarnished its reputation, U.S. Catholics said Wednesday.
From Los Angeles to Miami to Boston, archbishops and parishioners alike praised the election of the former Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Buenos Aires, the first pope from the Americas. His ascent is "a great thing for the United States and for Latin America," said Thomas Wenski, the archbishop of Miami, at a news conference. "All of us that live in the Americas, we have a greater freedom a lot of times than people in Europe or more traditional societies."
Jose Gomez, the archbishop of Los Angeles, the largest Catholic diocese in the U.S., put it more bluntly. "It's kind of about time," he said, speaking at a news conference from the altar of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, in downtown Los Angeles.
Archbishop Gomez, who worked with the new pope briefly, described him as humble, a "defender of the poor" and "a strong teacher."
Though the new pontiff was born to Italian-immigrant parents, Pope Francis's Argentine heritage could help strengthen the Catholic church's connection to U.S. Hispanics, who increasingly have turned to evangelical Protestant churches—a trend the Catholic church has sought to stem.
The Changing Church
The population of Catholics around the world has grown dramatically and shifted southward, while the cardinals who elect the pope remain mostly European.
"The present and future of Catholicism in America and the U.S. is pretty much linked to Hispanics," said Hosffman Ospino, a religion professor at Boston College.
While some polling shows American Catholics overall feel the church is out of touch with their views, Hispanics tend to have strong ties to it, Mr. Ospino said.
Juan Sosa, pastor of St. Joseph Catholic church in Miami Beach, which has many Hispanic parishioners, said it is important that Pope Francis is "able to identify with the poor and marginalized and undocumented that are here."
Others called on Pope Francis to prioritize child-abuse prevention. "Erase all the bad karma that has taken place because of the improper behavior of some Catholic priests," said Tom Norden, 60, another parishioner at the St. Joseph church.
"For the safety of kids and the healing of victims, we hope he starts by exposing the names of predator priests—current and former, living and deceased—in his home archdiocese," David Clohessy, director of the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests, said in an emailed statement.
Archbishop Gomez said he expected to discuss the sex-abuse issue that has roiled the church in Los Angeles when he meets with the pope in Rome.
American Catholics are looking for some change, said Greg Smith, a senior researcher at the Pew Research Center. A February survey by the group found that 58% of American Catholics polled thought the next pope should allow priests to marry and 60% thought it would be good if the next pope hailed from a developing region like South America.
Donald Tallarico, 67, said he hoped Pope Francis would tackle church positions on marriage and abortion, though the new pontiff is known to hold traditionalist views. "I'm certainly looking for modernization," he said after a special mass in downtown Los Angeles for the new pope.
Many American Catholics had been rooting for the American Cardinal Sean O'Malley, the shy, mild-mannered Boston archbishop who openly played down the idea that he could ever be pope. Some said Wednesday they saw some of his qualities in Pope Francis.
Glued to her television in Marshfield, Mass., retiree and lifelong Catholic Anne Southwood said she liked that the new pope was described as a humble man who lives simply.
"He has Cardinal O'Malley's interest in the poor and I like that," said Ms. Southwood, who is an officer for the national group Voice of the Faithful, a lay group that organized after the clergy-abuse scandal, and advocates for ordinary Catholics to have a stronger role in dioceses.
The church's tradition of a focus on the poor, she said, "has not exactly been in the forefront lately, and I'm glad it's being rediscovered."
—Erica Phillips contributed to this article.
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EVE Online is a game where all kinds of scams take place, and most of them are within the rules of the game. Corp thieves are a particular danger once a corporation amasses significant assets. The corporation I'm a member of (but not a director) was robbed very recently, and I'd like some suggestions on how to prevent this from reoccurring.
What kind of background checks are useful to spot corp thieves? Are there any particular warning signs one should pay attention to?


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Wait, I thought that was a Muslim thing?!
On a bright, sunny morning in central Jerusalem, two friends and I approached a domed house of worship. A sign outside the door asked us to remove our shoes, so we slipped off our sandals and walked inside, where elaborate carpets covered the floors. A woman wearing a long floral skirt and a sweeping white headscarf bowed and prostrated in prayer, her forehead and lips touching the ground. These images and practices were ones I was used to encountering in Muslim communities, both in the United States and the Middle East. If it weren't for the icons and crucifixes on the walls, I would have thought I was visiting a mosque.
But this place was an Ethiopian Orthodox church, a Christian sanctuary. Many of its features—a shrouded altar for consecration, images of Mary and St. George, and twisting crosses that reminded me of Celtic ones—gave away its Christian affiliation. But other qualities, like the practices and attire of those who prayed there, to me were reminiscent of Islam.
Americans—particularly those who grew up in the Roman Church—might have certain assumptions about what beliefs and practices are distinctly "Islamic." Many of us strongly associate Arabic terms like sharia, jihad, and Allah, and customs such as women's hair covering, with Islam. However, my time spent living in Jordan and touring Israel/Palestine has revealed that some of these stereotypically "Islamic" things are also quite Christian. These unexpected points of contact between Christianity and Islam may help Christians appreciate our own diverse religious heritage, and develop a better understanding of a people and a religion that often seem utterly 'other'.
(See related photos at the end of the article.)
Headscarves in the Holy Land
Many Americans have never seen a Catholic woman covering her hair during Mass, but the practice was mandated by the Church until the mid 1960s. Today, few women still come to Mass with a thin lace veil over their hair.
But in the Middle East, like in Christian communities around the world, this practice is often maintained. Rural Christian women in Jordan dress remarkably similarly to their Muslim counterparts. When I visited churches in rural Anjara or at Jesus' baptismal site along the Jordan River, I saw Christian women who, outside of a Christian setting, I would have guessed were Muslims. Some Christian women not only attend Mass wearing long dresses and thick scarfs, but they don this garb in daily life. For hundreds of years, all Christians dressed in tribal clothing just like their neighbors. (You can see images here.) Headscarves, like the one worn by the Virgin Mary, have been a practical and cultural staple in this region for thousands of years. The practice does not take Islam as its source but is rather a common practice of the Middle East, where Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all emerged.
In Catholic churches in urban Amman, some women also wear a thin veil during Mass. At the Melkite parish, which maintains the Greek rite despite its communion with Rome, every woman puts on a veil before receiving the Eucharist. This practice is similar to that of Muslim women; regardless of whether they wear a hijab in public, they always cover their head before praying at home or in a mosque. By choosing to wear a headscarf, whether at Mass or all the time, a woman is signaling her reverence and humility before God. She is saying, "I acknowledge the specialness of this moment, when I am in God's presence."
During my visit to Jerusalem, I noticed that it wasn't just the local Muslim, Christian, and Jewish women who covered their heads during prayer. Christian pilgrims from around the world wore headscarves when they entered the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Christianity's holiest site, and the Russian Orthodox church of Mary Magdalene. As they walked the stone streets of Jerusalem's Old City, European women with bare arms and legs kept scarves tied under their chins—because in the Holy Land, every spot is holy. The prevalence of the headscarf in other Christian contexts prompts us to ask, "Why do we make such a big deal about when Muslim women wear it?" and "Why have we abandoned this practice?"
Arabic, The Language of Many
Arabic, with its swirling script and deep syllables, is the official liturgical and scriptural language of Islam. The five obligatory prayers must be completed in Arabic (regardless of one's vernacular) and the Qur'an—which records the revelations of God to the prophet Muhammad—is composed in Arabic.
Unfortunately, in post-9/11 America, particular Arabic terms—and the Arabic language as a whole—have developed a negative connotation. We wonder whether Muslims' Allah is something other than the Judeo-Christian God, we condemn jihad, and we fear sharia "creeping" into our social and political life. For many it is a language of scary sounds and a frightening religion.
Thus, it may surprise Americans that Arabic is not only the language of Islam. It is also used in everyday life by over 200 million Arabs, which include Christians, Jews, and other socio-religious groups. For centuries—even before the advent of Islam in the seventh century—Christians have used Arabic to express and live out their faith. It even makes use (and embraces) Arabic words that many Christian Americans may have assumed are exclusively Islamic. (Click here to listen to a recitation of the Gospel of Luke in Arabic.)
The word, Allah, which refers to the supreme being, is a compound of the Arabic words al ("the") and ilah ("god"). The definitive nature of Allah connotes just what capital-G "God" signals in English: there may be many "gods/ilahs" but there is only one supreme God/Allah, worthy of worship.
According to Kenneth Thomas, "Arabs used the word Allah for the supreme being before the time of Muhammad." That means that Christians and Jews living in Arabia used the word before Islam came into being. Though their biblical texts were composed in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Syriac, the faith was communicated to the masses orally, in Arabic. Since the eighth century, when the text of Bible was first translated into Arabic, Allah has been the term of choice to translate elohim or theos, the Hebrew and Greek terms for "God."
The word is still used among Christians today in Mass or other liturgical settings, the Bible, and daily life. Silver necklaces reading "Allah mahibba," or "God is love," hang on the necks of Christian women. Like their Muslim neighbors, Christians often exclaim "Alhamdulilah," or "praise God" upon hearing good news. When I sing the Agnus Dei in Mass, I say Ya hamil Allah ("Lamb of God"), along with the rest of the Arabic-speaking congregation.
But some wonder if Christians and Muslims should use the same term for God when some of our beliefs about God differ. Christians believe in God's Trinitarian nature, while Muslims assert that "God did not beget a son" (Qur'an 23:91). Some, particularly those who would like to sow division between Christians and Muslims, would even claim that these differences in theology are so great that we believe in completely different Gods altogether. Respected scholars, like former Vatican official Fr. Thomas Michel, disagree. He writes:
For fourteen centuries Arabic-speaking Christians, Muslims, and Jews have called God "Allah," a common witness that in spite of our difficulties our God is one and the same.… It is the firm conviction of Christians today, and has been through the centuries, that the God of Muslims and Christians in one, and hence we must oppose any attempts to give the impression that we worship different Gods by the use of different names for the one and the same God.
Muslims, too, insist that they believe in the same God as Christians and Jews. The Qur'an explains that Muslims worship in the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Qur'an 2:133). Our differences in doctrine, believers and scholars agree, should not be a reason to use different names for God.
Images of suicide bombers in Iraq or turban-clad Taliban in Afghanistan might be what come to mind when many Americans hear the word, jihad. But this Arabic term means more than "holy war;" in fact, Christians sometimes use the term as well.
John Esposito, a Georgetown University professor and scholar of Islam, summarizes the concept succinctly:
Jihad, "to strive or struggle" in the way of God, is sometimes referred to as the sixth pillar of Islam, though it has no such official status. In its most general meaning, it refers to the obligation incumbent on all Muslims, as individuals and as a community, to exert themselves to realize God's will, to lead virtuous lives, and to extend the Islamic community through preaching, education, and so on… A related meaning is the struggle for or defense of Islam, holy war. Despite the fact that jihad is not supposed to include aggressive warfare, this has occurred, exemplified by early extremists…and contemporary groups." (Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path)
In his comprehensive article, "Jihad: Holy or Unholy," Esposito explains that the Prophet Muhammad contrasted "the two broad meanings of jihad, non-violent and violent." Upon returning from battle, he said, "We return from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad." The greater jihad is the more difficult and more important struggle against one's ego, selfishness, greed, and evil.
The "greater jihad," the inner struggle for holiness, is one that Christians also take up. The verb is used throughout the New Testament and Christian men are sometimes given Jihad as a first name.
Properly understood and executed, the "lesser jihad" of taking up arms, can be compared to Christianity's theory of just war. Suheib Webb, a well-known American imam and convert to Islam, explains that Muslims are only allowed to use violence if their human rights, or those of others, are being violated. Islamic law states that jihad is only just and valid if violence is used proportionally and as a last resort, and if innocent civilians are not targeted.
When we realize that many contemporary "jihadist" fighters in Syria and Afghanistan are in fact trampling over both meanings of jihad, we can see that the Islamic concept of struggle isn't too different from Christian concepts about self-betterment, social justice, and just war.
In recent years, pundits at Fox News and elsewhere have stirred up fears about sharia, distorting Americans' understanding about this Arabic term. Ignoring (sometimes intentionally) the more nuanced meaning of this Islamic concept, they claim that Muslims want to overturn the Constitution and impose extreme laws on the American public.
Sharia literally means "path" or "way" and, according to Esposito, "refers to God's will, laws, principles and values, found in the Qur'an and the traditions of the prophet Muhammad [Islam's two sources of divine revelation]." Usually, sharia is used to connote the body of laws developed by early Islamic jurists to govern moral and social life. But to reduce sharia to these laws (which are often contested by Islamic scholars) is to miss the bigger point. These laws, like the 613 precepts of Judaism or Catholic Canon Law, are intended to help orient believers toward a holy life, and to direct them in building a society in which dignity, justice, peace, and freedom flourish. If these core principles—which resemble Christian and also secular American values—are not being served by the specific laws themselves, then they must be evaluated. Put simply, sharia is the Islamic guidebook for building what Catholics would call the "kingdom of God."
Arabic-speaking Christians use the word sharia, too. I encountered it in Catholic Mass last fall at my local Arabic-speaking parish. Before the Liturgy of the Word, the priest recited the text of the day's Collect prayer, which in English reads, "O God, who founded all the commands of your sacred Law upon love of you and of our neighbor, grant that, by keeping your precepts, we may merit to attain eternal life." In the Arabic translation, sharia is used for capital-L "Law." Of course, in Christianity the term does not connote specific Islamic precepts, but it does indicate the same, principal meaning: God's vision for His creation. The Collect prayer speaks of a process, a journey toward God, and it echoes the plea of the Qur'an's most recited verse, "Guide us on the straight path."
When we better understand the concept of sharia in Islam, and see how it is used in Christian contexts, we are compelled to confront the current portrayal and use of the word in the American media.
Losing our labels
Learning about Middle Eastern Christianity challenges Westerners to set aside many of our assumptions about both Christianity and Islam. It encourages us to erase our labels and recognize the diversity that exists in our tradition. It inspires curiosity and humility when it reveals the similarities Christianity maintains with other religions.
And it may even ask us to take off our shoes, cover our heads, and try praying with words we didn't think belonged to us.
Jordan Denari is a recent graduate of Georgetown University. She now lives in Amman, Jordan where she conducts research on Muslim-Christian relations and the media.
(Click the "i" icon to read captions which explain the photos below.)
About the Author
Jordan Denari is a research fellow at Georgetown University's Bridge Initiative, a project to educate the public about Islamophobia. From 2013 to 2014, she researched the impact of Christian satellite television on Muslim-Christian relations in Jordan on a Fulbright research grant.
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Like the article andwas particularly interested in this interpretation of greater and lesser jihad. Battlling is a significant theme in Christian and Jewish literature and even revelation. Monks, siants, and holy people have all gone to the desert to engage in "jihad". Even Jesus' 40 day fast could be seen as his internal jihad. It is fully human to battle our lower impulses of ego, lust, etc.
Also all for diverse forms of piety! We have lost, in the west, and in some ways our liturgical celebrations useful and important forms of external piety that do help cultivating an internal attitude!
Q2:133 (God of Abraham, Isaac..) and Q 23: 91 "GOD did not beget son a son" and Q 5:72 (God is Christ the son of Mary), Q 5:73 (God is one of three in a Trinity)+Q4.169 (Christian god=Allah, and Jesus, and Mary = Collyridians sect)+Q4:157 (We have killed the Messiah, they did not kill him nor did crucify him); therefore, an amazing bunch of true and false sentences. I will take centuries to educate both Muslims and also Christians on the description name: Trinity.Do you know the difference between individual anme, general name, relational name and description (the noble B.Russell invention of god's language: maths logic)
ps. Quran is right in Q 23:91 ! Trinity speaks about the relation:father-son and not God-Jesus from Nazareth; Nicene Creed statement "God from God" is a lie as a logical one but as a ...metaphor is an O.K (Fathers of Nicea did not know 20th century theory of types of theblessed Bertrand Russell and meta-language/language of the noble, Alfred Tarski)
Q 4:157 is a Perfect Lie!
Concluding: the logico-theoligical product (of the article and Allah and his "product", Quran)= the Lie ( St.Aristotle's principle of non-contradiciton)
Such an important post. It has always amazed me how we have sacralized religous habits as if they depicted holiness in themselves. Whereas they are basically the way people dressed in olden times. Which in many parts of the world has never changed. There is one fundraiser for trad nones going around whos claim to fame is: "We still wear our habit." People get so caught up in slogans and even when told of the orginal meaning of apparel or a word in history resist having their biases overturned. Too many Christians, Jews and Muslims do not realize that Abraham is our common father. The Russ Limbaughs of the world make too much money spawning negativity for enlightenment to prevail with many.
By choosing to wear a headscarf, a woman is signaling her reverence and humility before God. She is saying, "I acknowledge the specialness of this moment, when I am in God's presence."
I think the same holds in reverse for men: by choosing to bare their head, a man is signaling his reverence and humility before God.
Why should a woman cover her head and a man bare his head? Doesn't it seem arbitrary?
The prevalence of the headscarf in other Christian contexts prompts us to ask, "Why do we make such a big deal about when Muslim women wear it?" and "Why have we abandoned this practice?"
Maybe because one way to go against sexism is to abandon practices that set up different rules for men and for women for arbitrary reasons.
Great article. My father 's father was from Aleppo Syria,a christian, going back to the early christians.Of course they spoke arabic,as did my father.We're catholic but my father felt at home in any christian church.One of the most profound memories I have is of my sisters' baptism in an orthodox church in Bklyn. It was our neighborhod church so that's why she was baptized there.I remember the feeling of pure joy in that room. The look on everyones face there was radiant with joy. I remember thinking to myself why are they so happy, why this look of pure joy? It's not because there's a new baby;my sister was 6 months old already and wearing a pink snow suit because it was cold outside .They're not my relatives even.There were other mid east christians there. I remember after she was baptized looking at each person there and seeing this look of radiant joy and wondering why? And suddenly in an instance I knew why; the look of radiant beaming silent joy was on everyone's face because Jesus is present, I thought.His presence radiated on everyone's face.It was an experience of Jesus that has stayed with me.I was 4 at the time. That's what I felt at that baptismal font. Unfortunatly the anti muslim hatred and paranoia is so pervasive in our culture today, that this article will have no impact on that. That many arab christians side with dictators today ,especially in Syria all because the dictator "Is good to christians" has given a green light for Americans to side or be indifferent to a brutal regime like Assad who is committing a holocaust right before our eyes. THAT is appalling.My father died before 9-11. I do know that back in the early sixties , the CIA tried to recruit him .He declined on grounds that he would not spy on his fellow egyptain, muslims.He was born in Egypt.Immigrated here as a result of the suez arab isareli war.When he returned to egypt in the mid sixties to visit family he was arrested and acccused of being an Israeli spy. He was imprisoned for a few days but convinced the government that he was not a spy and released. The christian arabs like him were privileged in Egypt as they were in Syria . He had empathy for muslims as oppressed by dictators and yes he saw them as fanatical but he saw zionists as equally fanatical.He saw Nasser as at least trying to better the conditons of the illiterate Egyptians. I don't know his views on the muslim brotherhood but i suspect he recognized that they were a legitimate response to oppression of majority muslim people by colonial and post colonial regimes.In the US he was part of Dorothy'Day's movement. He thought she was the greatest and was always quoting her. I always saw that the word Allah, means supreme;the THE,the all. Our word all, latin the; el,la, il, derives from that concept. A=A. God is God ,So of course Allah[the THE ,the all,The Being, the IS;Is ra el,The one who is ,I am,says the lord] means God.As in the one god who exists who IS; uncondtionally,underived;being from which all things derive. Unfortunatly anti muslim propagandists by not translating Allah as God, are indoctinating us to see muslims as other.They're bearing false witness against their neighbor by implying that they are pagans[worshipping a false god;spirit].
Unfortunatly anti muslim propagandists by not translating Allah as God, are indoctinating us to see muslims as other.
Conversely, in countries with Muslim majorities, anti Christian propagandists want to forbid Arabic language Christians from using the word "Allah". http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-25/malaysian-pm-razak-says-christians-must-heed-27allah27-ban/5218608
When in a majority position, there's a widespread reluctance on the part of believers to affirm the common points of their religion with other religions. On the contrary, when they are in a minority position, they are eager to point out those common points.
They're victims of the perceived crusade against muslims that has resulted from 9-11. So that is their response.it's incorrect but they too have bought into the narrative of otherness fueled by the dominant West's war on "Islamic exrtremists"; they read that as islam.More fall out of our wars and our narrative about our wars.We dominize ,they demonize.
Malaysiai s not the mid east. Arabic is as foreign to them as to us.So these ignoramusus have bought into the false narrative too. Considering that Malyasia has christians and muslims living there, if they would put aside the false propaganda of otherness originating from the west's war agasinst "muslim extremists" they could see there's both praying to God.There's is shear ignorance, ours is deliberate falsification of reality;bearing false witness.
I do not think it is a good idea to romanticize head gear for women. If someone finds that spiritually fulfilling, I have no desire to get in the way of their good experience. But to impose it? No, no way.
I'm just old enough that I know it was a pain and a nuisance when we were required to wear things on our heads into church. The expedient of a Kleenex attached with a bobby pin was the level of foolishness this descended to. And why? "Because of the angels."
St. Paul was a great saint and a great theologian. But the day he wrote that was not his finest moment.
Let me also mention the women religious who were very relieved to not have to wear veils anymore when their religious dress was updated. Some communities continue to wear veils, and if that's their decision, fine. But for many women religious, the lifting of that requirement made them a lot more comfortable and no less faithful as witnesses or as full participants in the consecrated life.
Thank you for your insightful article. However, I do want to say a few things. Regarding Islamic archeitecture and practices, it should be noted that Muslims borrowed extensive from Byzantine archeicture and Eastern Christianity. Domes, for instance, were first used by Eastern Christians to construct their churches, and the practice of prostration existed in Eastern churches (and still do today) long before the arrival of Islam. Rather than arguing that our religion is reminiscent of Islam, it would have been more accurate to claim that Islam is reminiscent of Eastern Christianity. Another thing, I think, that would be beneficial to point is that linguistic/cultural Arabization is quite different from Islamization. Middle Eastern Christians are quite Arabized, there is no doubt about it. But regarding the practices of Melkite, Ethiopian, and other Eastern churches, I don't think it would be accurate to claim that they are "Islamized" given the ancient origins of these practices.
Of course Islam is reminiscent of Christianity. And Judaism. It came after them. Christianity is mid eastern.Non mid east christians were baptized by mid east christians .That they did not adapt subsequent arab invaders practices, does not make them more ancient in origin then the original mid east jewish/christians.
"I do not think it is a good idea to romanticize head gear for women." I agree with you, Rita. I remember the Kleenex and bobby pin head gear, too; and don't think it made us more reverent. Of course then it was just the custom; we didn't think much about it. Since those times it has acquired some baggage which would make me very reluctant to see broadscale revival (in our culture ) of women covering their heads as a religious practice. Just Google "Christian veiling" and see if you are comfortable with what comes up. Of course it is wrong to disrespect anyone, regardless of culture, who is following the custom of covering her head and finds meaning in it. But that doesn't mean I am going to do likewise.
And regarding the women religious of my youth, I didn't know any of them who weren't glad to lose some of the yards of fabric when they got the chance. I didn't truly appreciate what a burden it must have been until I reached middle age myself. Think of wearing about 9 yards of fabric with a coif and wimple in the summer with no air conditioning. And hot flashes. No wonder some of them were a little short-tempered.
The invasion of Arabs in the levant led to conversions because many Christians were experiencing opression by the Romans and the Christian churches were in cahoots with them.Christianity and Rome were one and the same; opressive and corrupt. So Islam offered a fresh,uncorrupted approach to God. Their cultures had similarities as Hebrew ,Arabic and Aramaic are too.Islam was considered by the Church as a Christian heresy orginally.Though Muslims recognized Jesus as a prophet, the Arian heresy had it that Jesus was not truely man. The Muslims interpreted that to mean he was not truely God because God is one.Islam was misunderstood to be a Christian Arian heresy.Once many converted to Islam ,Muslims[a Christian heresy from Romes stand point] did not have to pay taxes to Muslim clerics/rulers becoming the majority"heretical " sect. Many Christians and Jews converted for that reason alone. Then Muslim rulers actually wanted to stem the tide of converts to Islam to have a supply of taxes from non Muslims.Christians and Jews were not persecuted as they provided for a tax base for the emergent Muslim majority rule. Of course that made them second class citizens,in that respect.So I've gathered.
Thank you Katherine. What you say about the nuns' habits makes perfect sense, and however holy a woman is, her body goes through the same changes as every other woman's does. There's nothing romantic about it.
If you look at traditional Arab garb of men too, they are heaviily covered.The hot sun and the sand storms of the desert explains their origin, I guess. The veil and head scarves and long flowing garments can be keeping people cool ,rather then hot.I'll bet our word for the material we call "muslin" comes from "muslim".The material itself may have come from there.
"St. Paul was a great saint and a great theologian. But the day he wrote that was not his finest moment."
Rita, He may not have written it. He certainly did not write the one where women have to be silent in church. Sensing Paul, if he did write about covering the hair, he would say if anyone contends he would not insist.
I think nuns should be required to wear traditional nun's garb. When I lived in Mexico ,mid 60's, the nuns did not dress as nuns because they said, the secular government was anti chruch. They did not want to bring more persecution on them.Perhaps they would get no government funding if they admitted to being a catholic school.I don't know. When the nuns knew that state officials were coming to inspect the school[given a secular name because of the governments repression of religion] the nuns would remove the crosses from their necks and removed crucifix's from the classrooms.We, the students were told to call them miss,not sister[sor] while they were there. There was a chapel so I guess the inspectors just pretended they did not notice the chapel and that this was a catholic school. But the government [at that time, I don't know how it is like there today] was anti church and the catholic schools had to deny publically that they were a religious school. Once on the school bus we were stopped and detained for hours by the state officials. As a form of harassment.People in a secular society want and need I believe, visible signs that remind them of God. Nuns who stand apart in their dress is such a reminder to the world . Anyone can wear a crucifix, up close one recognizes a nun by the crucifix, But from a distance, the presence of nuns in traditonal stand apart garb is a presence and reminder of the church, of Christ in the world. People need that .The church exists to be that, and that is part of a religiou's persons obligation,i think.I 'm not saying that they should have to endure being out in the hot sun totally uncomfortably covered, but ideally nuns should look like nuns ,not like lay people. The more that visible signs of religion are removed in a secular society, the more you can see people turn away from religion.Nuns go through a trial period, so i don't see why that is not sufficient time to discern if they want to live and look like tradtional stand apart reminders to the world of God, of religion..That is ,i think, part of the calling,or should be. It's not just about good works, Good works can be done by non believers and good works reach a limited group of people. A visible sign or reminder of God, can reach others not beneftting from the good works. Though i get that it sounds trite or superficial to be concerned with outer wear, In reality, it's not.
Now that i think of it;perhaps not head coverings,if that is really uncomfortble but robes, like monks wear. Monks arn't complaining.Monks, nuns ,robes ;as a reminder to others that we were created by God for God.That too is a "good work".
"Religious dress" is indeed an element of religious life, but has been interpreted variously. I am glad you can see there is an element of comfort and practicality that does enter in. There was one religious sister I knew who explained that none in her order could drive a car before the modified habit, because the head dress obscured peripheral vision. It was supposed to be an enclosure like a coffin. It was designed in an era when there was no such thing as an automobile, and women certainly were not driving.
That said, I have never mistaken a nun yet. No matter what she is wearing.
I agree that it is fitting that nuns wear some kind of habit that should reflect their vows of celibacy and poverty, and their status as widows of Christ. It strikes me that, within those parameters, there's a lot of leeway for comfort, function, and cultural appropriateness. Mother Teresa's habit always struck me as very sensible.
On the other hand, I don't think that nuns who don't wear a habit are necessarily less holy or grace-filled than those who don't.
I guess I'm influenced in these things by listening to too many of Raber's Amish relatives argue over the proper attire for women (colors, length of skirt, how much hair can show, color of the head covering, whether and when cap strings can be untied, when a full bonnet must be worn over the covering). At some point, the argument becomes less about maintaining identity in the community and more about some elder's personal power trip over the women in the ordnung without regard for the kind of work they're expected to do.
I have long felt that cultural differences and misunderstandings are a bigger hindrance to getting along with our neighbors than even race or religion.
However, I cringe to think the author here would point out that "The" "God" of the Christian claims and exalts His son and "The" "God" of Islam denies having a son and then tries to say they are one and the same God. That would mean we would have a God with a split personality --- which is scarier than anything I can think of.
God is the one creator of all things. We shouldn't get to hung up about what to call him. If jews, muslims and christians in the middle eats call him Allah, I have no problem with that. Unitarians here in the UK, such as Sir Isaac Newton, never believed in the trinity so there's that too. Maybe we should try and find commonality and make peace rather than find difference and feed war.
Wait, I too thought that was a Muslim thing, that is wearing a headcovering. After all, my mother never wore one. When I grew up, no one wore one to our church. Lately, however I have noticed a new attitude regarding headcovering. It seems that some Christian women are reconsidering the notion. I know I did.
This past February, filled with both some eagerness and some fear, I tried wearing a hijab headcovering for the first time. Of course I was overwhelmed with self questioning and stimuli of all sorts. The question I most found myself asking was: do I feel like a woman of faith? Well, I did.
There is that feeling of contradiction of course, but the more I prayed about it the more that faded away.


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What is the difference between "illicit" and "illegal"? Are they just synonymous? Used in different contexts?
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From here:
This is backed up by things like illicit sexual relationship. It's not wrong to have a sexual relationship normally, but it could be "wrong" if you are married, or not yet married, etc. illicit trade is another such example. It's not wrong to trade, unless you do it in the wrong way.
An illegal action only breaks the law. An illicit action breaks ethical or moral standards (and probably the law as well).
As you see here, illicit can be used to mean illegal, but its second meaning makes all the difference. So if you want to preserve our precious English nuances, choose wisely!
Illicit is forbidden by law, rules, custom or other set of principles. Illegal is forbidden only by law.
Maybe the best ways to distinguish the two are their etymologies and their uses, which are related.
Illicit < Lat., licere, to permit.
Illegal < Lat., lex, a statutory law (as opposed to natural law, or what have you).
As noted above, illicit is a broader term that often includes a moral or ethical connotation, whereas illegal does not. It might be illegal to open the coolant reservoir on your air conditioner, but nobody thinks it is immoral. Likewise, adultery is often legal - or if illegal, not considered a criminal offense but only a matter of family law should a divorce be sought - but nobody really thinks of adultery as anything but an illicit affair.
The terms are used, relative to each other, differently in different contexts.
In canon law of the Catholic Church, the two words are synonymous, and are opposed to the term invalid. Validity, in such a distinction, has to do with reality, whereas liceity has only to do with permission and regulation. For instance, a layperson may not preach at Mass. Ask any of my friends and they will tell you how preachy I can be. The Church's law does not deny my ability (validity, you might say - what I can do) to preach - it only denies me permission (liceity or legality - what I may) to do so.
In purely legal matters, though, liceity/validity are often the same thing. If a contract is entered into illicitly, it is generally not going to be valid - for instance, most contracts entered into with minors do not have legal validity.
Lastly, in civic affairs, we very often understand there to be a gap in the law when that which is considered to be illicit (certain shady handling of money by politicians, for instance) is still legal.
Imo, I will choose illicit over illegal when the fact that an act that is being carried out in secret is key to my message. I think that comes across stronger than merely calling the action illegal, even tho being illegal is likely to relegate the act "to the shadows." If I don't want to waste the readers' time making that conclusion, it's likely because I want to build upon that - and delve into the consequence of secrecy.
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| King, M. J., Whitehouse Consulting, Isle of Wright, UK
This algorithm, when properly tuned, can greatly reduce the quantity of off-spec material made from a process upset. It can be the largest contributor to the benefits captured by improved process control.
[process control]
Within the distributed control systems (DCS), commonly used
in the hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI),
lies a rarely-used version of the
proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm. This
algorithm, when properly tuned, can reduce by a factor of four
the quantity of off-spec material made during a process upset.
As such, it can be the single largest contributor to the
benefits captured by improved process control.
Most control engineers are familiar with the conventional
form of the PID algorithm, which determines the controller
output, M, based on the controller error,
These forms are usually used by control-system vendors to
document the algorithms included within their products.
However, both forms should strictly only be applied to analog
systems. To describe the digital equivalent, lets first
differentiate in Eq. 1:
This is often described as the velocity form of the
algorithm, as opposed to the full-position form
represented by Eq. 1. The discrete form is converted
by replacing dM with ΔM (the change in
controller output) and dt with ts (the
controller scan interval). The change in error, dE, is
given by En (the current error) less
En1 (the error at the previous scan).
It is simplified as:
This incremental form also provides the benefit of
bumpless initialization. It generates the change in
output, rather than the absolute value. So if, when the
controller is switched from manual to automatic, the setpoint
(SP) has been tracking the process variable
(PV) and there will be no change made to the
However, this form is rarely included in the control system
because it is prone to a derivative spike. Imagine
that the controller is in automatic mode and that the process
has been steady at SP for some time. Both the current
error and its recent values will be zero. Consider how the
derivative action then responds to the process operator,
changing SP by ΔSP. Assuming the
error is defined as (PV SP), the change in
output generated by the derivative action is:
Since the deadtime of the process is likely to be greater than
ts, it will not have responded to this change before
the next controller scan. So, the error will remain fixed. The
derivative action will cause a change given by:
At the next scan, the two previous errors will be the same as
the present error, and the derivative action will, therefore,
be zero. This will remain the case until the process deadtime
expires. The net effect is that the derivative action has
generated a spike in the controller output by a insignificant
In this case, ts is typically around one second;
even very modest values of 1 for Kc and 0.5
minute for Td will cause a spike that is 30
times larger than ΔSP. Quite easily, this action
could exceed the output range. When the process deadtime does
expire, this will cause a large deviation from the SP,
to which the proportional action will respond, reproducing the
spike as an unnecessary corrective action.
To avoid this problem, control-system vendors usually modify
the derivative action so that it is based on PV rather
Changes in SP will no longer result in derivative
action. If the SP is constant, then changes in
PV will be the same as changes in E (since
E = PV SP). So, the response of derivative
action to process disturbances will remain unaffected.
Surprisingly, some control-system vendors retain the
derivative-on-E version of the algorithm, sometimes as
an option. This might explain why derivative action generally
has a poor reputation. For example, if the controller is the
secondary of a cascade, and, thus, experiences frequent
SP changes, the derivative spikes will appear as noise
in the controller output. However, the most misunderstood
algorithm arises from the option that most DCS offer, i.e.,
also basing the proportional action on the PV:
At first glance, this would appear to significantly undermine
the benefit of the proportional action. With the
proportional-on-E version the, change in SP
will cause the proportional action to change the controller
output according to:
This one-off proportional kick does much to ensure
that the PV approaches the SP as quickly as
possible. With the proportional-on-PV version, only
the integral action responds to the change in
SPproviding more of a ramp function than a step.
This is illustrated in Fig. 1, where the
performances of the two algorithms are compared. This has given
rise to myths such as the proportional-on-PV algorithm
should be used if a slow response is required or if the process
is deadtime dominated. In fact both of these situations can be
addressed effectively by the correct tuning of the conventional
proportional-on-E algorithm. What engineers overlook
is that the proportional-on-PV algorithm can be tuned
to give a performance very similar to that of a well-tuned
proportional-on-E algorithm, as illustrated in
Fig. 2.
This begs the question: Why are both made available? To
answer this question, consider how each algorithm responds to
process disturbances (load changes). Subjecting both
algorithms to a load change, with the tuning kept the same as
that used in Fig. 2, shows that the
proportional-on-PV version substantially outperforms
the proportional-on-E version. From Fig.
3, the duration of the disturbance is typically
halved, as well as the maximum deviation from SP. If
the controller were, even indirectly, controlling a key
variable such as product quality, then the quantity of
off-grade product would be reduced by a factor of at least
What should be emphasized is that it is not the choice of
algorithm that has brought about this improvement, but the
choice of tuning. With the same tuning, modifying the
controller to use PV instead of E has no
effect on the way it responds to process disturbances. However,
if the proportional-on-E version were installed with
the tuning designed for the proportional-on-PV
algorithm, its response to SP changes would be
unacceptably aggressiveparticularly in terms of
manipulated variable (MV) movementas shown in
Fig. 4. The choice of the
proportional-on-PV algorithm merely allows installing
the tuning preferred by the engineer without causing problems
when the SP is changed.
Well over 200 methods have been published.1 Most
require that the process dynamics are knownusually as a
first-order model with process gain, Kp,
deadtime, θ, and lag, τ. Almost all are designed for
the conventional algorithm as described by Eq. 1. But, even for
this purpose, they often prove inadequate. Designed to make the
controller approach the SP as fast as possible, most
neglect the effect this has on the MV. The recommended
tuning will often cause unacceptably fast
correctionsparticularly when the θ/τ ratio is
small. Indeed a means of evaluating a tuning method is to
determine what value it recommends for Kc
as θ/τ approaches zero. If Kc
approaches infinity, then the method is theoretically correct
but it has little practical use.
There are a number of methods that allow the user to specify
the aggressiveness of the controller. Commonly used is the IMC
method.2 This requires the engineer to specify the
term λthe time constant of the approach of the
controlled variable to a new SP. However, λ
does not explicitly define the impact on the MV. It is
necessary to adjust λ by trial and error to achieve the
best compromise between a fast return to SP and
acceptable changes to the MV.
It is unrealistic to expect simple formula-based methods to
generate effective tuning constants for all the situations
where they are likely to be applied. First, there are two
fundamentally different process
types-self-regulating and integrating.
Second, most control systems offer multiple versions of the PID
algorithm. Further, different vendors have modified the
algorithm in different waysgreatly increasing the number
of variations. Third, the consideration given to the changes
made to the MV will be process-specific. Some will
tolerate very fast and large changes, while others will not.
And, finally, the method must take account of the controller
scan interval. Usually, because the interval is often small
compared to the process dynamics, engineers can apply methods
designed for analog control. But for very fast processes (such
as compressor surge protection) or for controllers with very
long scan intervals (such as those based on discontinuous
onstream analyzers), a method that incorporates ts is
To consider all these factors, an impractically large
catalog of tuning formulas is required. However, applying
trial-and-error methods may be the optimum approach. While
time-consuming and not always properly applied on the real
process, trial-and-error methods can be replicated relatively
simply in a computer simulation.3 Such tools are
available on the Internet and take account of all the issues
raised in a concise review of published tuning
methods.4 Using the software, the points plotted in
Figs. 57 were derived for the so-called
ideal proportional-on-PV,
derivative-on-PV algorithm described by Eq. 8. They
apply to a self-regulating process with dynamics much larger
than the controller scan interval. The tuning criterion was to
minimize integral over time of absolute error (ITAE) subject to
a limit placed on the movement of the MV so that it
did not overshoot the necessary steady-state change by more
than 15%. No limit was placed (or was necessary) on the
PV overshoot. Curve fitting gave these tuning
How the engineer specifies the use of the
proportional-on-PV algorithm varies from vendor to
vendor and even between different systems provided by the same
vendor. Careful review of the system documentation is required.
Some vendors offer the choice of control equations. Others
provide additional parameters in a single equation, for
example, as:
This is sometimes described as the two degrees of freedom
controller. Setting α and β to 1 will result in
the controller described in Eq. 4, while setting them both to 0
will result in the version described by Eq. 8.
We should consider under what circumstances we should apply
the proportional-on-PV algorithm. Its omission of any
proportional action when the SP is changed will always
make it less effective than the proportional-on-E
version, even if tuned specifically to handle this disturbance.
However, as shown in Fig. 2, the difference in
performance would probably be indistinguishable in practice.
Standalone controllers are generally subject to frequent
process disturbances and relatively few SP changes;
thus, the decision to select the proportional-on-PV
algorithm is clear.
Less clear is when the controller is the secondary of a
cascade. Under these circumstances, SP changes will be
frequentas indeed they would be if the SP is the
MV of a higher level multivariable predictive
controller (MPC). However, as shown in Fig. 8,
while selecting the proportional-on-E will slightly
reduce the ITAE for SP changes, and it will
substantially worsen it for load changes. Given that secondary
controllers will usually be on processes with a very low
θ/τ ratio, the approximately 10% improvement in
response to SP changes will be at the expense of a
600% degradation in the response to load changes. The secondary
would have to be subject to very few process disturbances to
justify selection of the proportional-on-E
Control engineers must address the question as to which
controllers would show sufficient improvement to justify
modification. Certainly, improving a simple flow controller so
that it handles disturbances in two seconds, where before it
took around five seconds, would probably go unnoticed. But
halving the time it takes a relatively slow temperature
controller so that it recovers from a disturbance in five
minutes rather than 10 minutes can substantially improve
process profitability. On new installations, there is much to
be said for adopting the proportional-on-PV algorithm
throughout. HP
1 ODwyer, A., A summary of PI and PID
controller tuning rules for processes with time delay,
IFAC Digital Control: Past, Present and Future of PID Control,
Terrassa, Spain, 2000.
2 Chien, I-L. and P. S. Fruehauf, Consider IMC
tuning to improve controller performance, Chemical
Engineering Progress, June 1990, pp. 3341.
4 King, M., Process Control: A Practical
Approach, Wiley, Chichester, 2011, pp. 5177.
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Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
Too soon to tell
July 2016


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Does only the first non-front unit in a skirmish add its support attack, or do all of them? If I've got, say, one scourge (9 attack) and two devourers (+2 support) going up against a single carrier, is the total attack 11 or 13?
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All of them. The rules appear to be quite clear on this matter (page 27).
Page 31
There is only one exception that I could find, but it isn't related to the number of supporting units. It is related to a support unit being unable to target the opposing player's front-line unit (page 34).


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In the Software Centre, under Installed Software, I have a number of packages marked as coming form "other". Where might these have come from? The
libdvdcss2 entry does not surprise me, but I have no idea where the qt and update-manager entries have come from.
As far as I'm aware I have never installed these packages from a PPA, or installed them manually.
Update: After taking the screenshot I removed the qt packages because I don't actually need them. However the output of
$ apt-cache policy update-manager is:
update-manager: Installed: 1:0.142.21 Candidate: 1:0.142.21 Version table: *** 1:0.142.21 0 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status 1:0.142.20 0 500 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick-updates/main i386 Packages 1:0.142.19 0 500 http://gb.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/main i386 Packages
I'm wondering if it could be to do with the maverick-proposed repository.