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Women Have Them Too!
It is perhaps difficult for many to imagine why teenage girls and adult women should be concerned about the size and shape of their genitals. This is because we often times do not envision them as having external genitals; everything is suppose to be inside their body and out of sight. Women have a vagina, this is what we are told in school and life. The fact that girls and women have a vulva is seldom mentioned. Women's clothing, specifically their swimwear, exemplifies the expectation of a perfectly featureless genital region. What many do not realize is, women and girls do in fact have external genitals that come in many unique shapes, colors, textures, and sizes.
As young girls, women and teens may have come to see their genitals as nothing more than a smooth dimple between their thighs. What is there is small, smooth, pink, and non-distinct. While the genitals of young girls do vary, they all look very much the same to the casual observer; there are normal and healthy preadolescent girls who have very prominent labia and clitorises. Young girls are not likely to know the vulva of their mother and other women usually look very different from their own. Since pubic hair commonly conceals the genitals of adult women, even if girls see women in a state of undress they are likely to believe their genitals look the same under the concealing hair. By not allowing girls to examine the genitals of their mother and other women, and by not permitting them to see photographs of vulvas, we may, and often times do, cause them to have a very negative self-image of their vulva later in life.
During puberty a girl's genitals can, and often times do, undergo a major transformation. Even before noticeable breast development becomes apparent, the tissues of the vulva start responding to increased hormonal levels. During puberty a girl's inner and outer labia, hood, clitoris, and hymen increase in size, often times significantly. Not only may the size of a girl's genitals change, but also their shape, color, and texture. Following puberty a girl's genitals may look nothing like they did during childhood. During adolescence the rose bud of youth often blossoms into the colorful flower of adulthood.
Since pubic hair also starts developing at this time, girls are less likely to be aware of these changes unless they go looking with a mirror, or take notice while exploring with their fingers. Even if an adolescent girl bathes with others of her own age she is unlikely to be aware that they too have experienced the same changes. Girls and women after all are not commonly permitted to play genital show and tell, though mutual exploration is not uncommon among young girls. (A survey on this website indicates 51%, 1 out of every 2, girls under the age of 10 has examined the vulva of another girl.) I am also pretty sure girls and women glance at the genitals of others when they have the opportunity, because of natural curiosity. These childhood examinations and adolescent glances don't truly provide an opportunity to fully appreciate the amount of change that has or will occur.
If teenage girls and women examine their genitals they may become concerned about these changes, feeling strange and perverse. They may believe they have deformed their genitals while masturbating, and as a result everyone who sees their vulva will know they masturbate. They may even believe they are being punished for having sexual thoughts and desires. It is for these reasons that girls and young teenagers should be made aware of these changes before they occur. They should know these changes are normal, to help maintain or improve their self-image. You do not want them to feel a need to hide their genitals from others, particularly their sexual partner.
In the not too distant past, and to varying degrees today, women would never imagine themselves examining or touching their vulva. This was strictly the responsibility of a doctor. It was all "down there" and appropriately out of sight. Their genitals were off limits to them, and were placed off limits by their family and community. Today, women are more comfortable with their body and more likely to explore their genitals, or as a result of a desire or need to trim and/or shave their pubic hair they may find themselves unavoidably confronted with it. When they explore their genitals they may not be comfortable with what they find, because women frequently have an unrealistic expectation of how their genitals will look, remembering back to childhood.
To make matters worse, most anatomy books portray the female genitals as small and uniform, and often times leave out significant detail. If the illustrations are in color, the inner structures of the vulva are usually shown as being uniformly pink. These references seldom address women of color, compounding the problem for women who are not Caucasian. As a result, it is reasonable to believe that many women feel uncomfortable with the appearance of their genitals, even if they are comfortable with the idea of looking at them. This may and does have major repercussions on their sexuality. We tend to hide the things we are ashamed of and embarrassed by. This presents a barrier to sexual activities and pleasure that require a woman to grant her partner full access to her vulva, specifically activities like genital massage and cunnilingus.
Since so many women do view their genitals with some degree of shame they are frequently uncomfortable with the idea of looking at photographs of other women's genitals. They may also believe these images, and the act of looking at them, is inappropriate and/or harmful. In reality these photographs hold the key to helping women appreciate and understand the normal and enormous amount of diversity that exists. The only means most heterosexual women have of seeing other women's genitals is through photographs and video, as adult women are not likely to compare their genitals with their friends, unfortunately. The collection of photographs on this website, and others like it, affords every women the opportunity to see hundreds of unique vulvas at a single sitting, something that is otherwise impossible.
The area that appears to concern many women is the shape, size, and color of their inner lips, their labia minora. For many women, their inner lips are larger than their outer lips, their labia majora, which is in stark contract to what their names imply. Many if not most women do not have the simple heart shaped labia shown in popular texts. The color of their labia could be brown or black rather than the expected pink. They are thick and wrinkled versus thin and smooth. This vast array of characteristics is greatly unexpected by the average person.
As the photographs and illustrations on this website clearly demonstrate, the inner labia come in a multitude of normal shapes and sizes. The photographs and illustrations presented on this website provide women with a rare opportunity to view the natural diversity that is exists in the world around them. Popular men's magazines often times do not show such diversity, as they only present what men expect to see, and as a result want to see. The images shown in these magazines may have been modified to fit the expectations of the publishers and censorship laws.
The concern regarding labial size and shape is perhaps greater for women of non-Caucasian races, as most anatomy books are based on Caucasian ideals. Women and doctors are not likely to be aware of the fact that girls and women of a racial group originating in South Africa frequently have distinctive labia minora that project up to four inches beyond the labia majora. These girls and women may be seen as deformed by themselves, and their doctor, rather than as having a distinctive racial characteristic; there appears to be an example of this on Dr. Alter's website. Inner labia that project beyond the outer labia are common and normal in all races of women, but it is not as common, being almost universal, in these Khoisan and San girls and women. The amount of projection for all races of women can be up to a couple of inches (5 cm) when the labia are at rest, and greater when the labia are spread open or placed under slight tension.
The inner labia can be modified, as they have nothing in their structure that will maintain their size and shape if they are distorted for an extended length of time. They are usually elastic and easy to stretch, because their internal structure is much like a sponge. If a girl or woman happens to masturbate by pulling on her inner labia she can cause them to become longer and thicker. A rare few actually desire larger inner labia, and pull on them regularly causing this result. Some have achieved this by piercing their inner labia and inserting jewelry of increasing size and weight over time, and possibly by hanging tiny weights from this jewelry.
Contrary to popular believe, most girls' and women's masturbation techniques and practices will not change the shape of their genitals, at least drastically. If she masturbates regularly she may develop slightly larger blood vessels and erectile tissues, which would result in slightly larger genital structures. This is an indication of health not disease. Having large genital structures is not an indication of masturbation as some claim. If it were, 90% of men would have a 12 inch (30 cm) penis.
"Number of "designer vagina" operations paid for by the British National Health Service Last Year: 2,000"
Percentage of women seeking the procedure who were deemed to have "normal" genitalia in a 2010 study: 100"
Harper's Magazine November 2011
In some cultures women with large inner labia were/are considered very attractive and desirable, and/or provide their partner with greater pleasure during sexual intercourse. This motivates girls and women to engage in the practice of intentionally making them larger. They may begin the habit as very young girls and continued it into adulthood. They sometimes employ ritualized stretching, sometimes mutual, in pairs and small groups. In the past, and possibly today, depending on the culture, use a handful of grass to allow for a better grip on their labia, wrap their labia around a piece of animal horn or a small stick, apply naturally occurring irritants to cause the labia to swell, and/or utilized symbolism by applying the ashes of burned bat wings to their labia. In these societies, labia minora four to six inches (10-15cm) in length were considered most desirable. These practices shocked the early European explorers, who were often representatives of European religions, and were quickly eradicated or driven underground. Today, these practices are still shrouded in mystery, which is perhaps the only thing that allows them to continue.
The labia minora are very sensitive to estrogen, and exposure to increased levels can result in their enlargement and increased sensitivity. This may occur during pregnancy, as the production of estrogen increases during this time, and the flow of blood through the pelvic organs is altered. This can become a very uncomfortable condition requiring a doctor's attention. Prescription drugs and creams may also cause these symptoms. The presence of large labia is most often the result of genetics, not environmental causes, as is sometimes claimed.
Dickinson reports having examined a woman's labia minora that measured 7.5 cm (3 inches) each, 15 cm (6 inches) tip to tip, when spread open, and achieved a length of almost 11.5 cm (4.5 inches), 23 cm (9 inches) tip to tip, when placed under moderate tension. He further reports 5 cases that measured between 5 and 7.5 cm (2-3 inches) when spread open. Please see his illustrations at the bottom of this article for examples of labia of different shapes and sizes.
|Size of the Labia Minora
Based on examinations of 2,981 women
|Number of Women
|0 to 2cm
|0 to 3/4in
|1 1/4in
|4 to 5cm
|1 1/2 to 2in
|5 to 6cm
|2 to 2 1/3in
|As gathered by Bergh, and presented by Dickinson.
It may shock many to learn that some normal and healthy genetic females have a penis, or at least a clitoris that looks very similar to a penis. Actually, all females have a penis, we just prefer to call their penis a clitoris. While some object to this analogy, it is accurate from a sexual and biological perspective. A penis and clitoris are made up of the same tissues and function the same, because they develop from the same fetal structure. In males the penis is usually exposed to increased levels of androgens, one of which is testosterone, in the womb. This results in males having a more visible penis, but not necessarily a larger one. During part of their time in the womb all females also have a very large clitoris, in proportion to the rest of their body, because of the sequence in which things develop. In the end having a penis is not the sole privilege of men and boys, in contrast to what society may dictate.
As a result of genetics or having been exposed to increased androgen levels in the womb, some infant girls are born with a clitoris that looks much like a "penis," often to the dismay and embarrassment of her parents and the medical personnel. It is important to keep in mind the fact that she is still a normal and healthy "girl." She is not deformed or imperfect. Instead of reassuring the girl's parents that she is perfectly normal, doctors often cut the girl's clitoris off or surgically reduce its size on the premise of correcting a mistake made by nature. This is expected to result in the girl growing up to be a normal and healthy adult woman, one who does not question her sexual identity. The truth is, even if her large clitoris is removed, she may still question her biological sex, as biological sex is the result of hormonal and genetic imprinting. If she is actually a he, cutting off her "penis" will not change her true sex. A person's physical appearance may have no bearing on their true sex or sexual orientation, as male and female are physically slightly different versions of the same thing. A girl or woman may question the gender or gender role assigned her by their family and society regardless of how their body looks. Parents should not consent to cosmetic surgery on, or frequent examinations of, the genitals of their children, of either sex. If there are no medical problems, there are no problems.
Note: To learn more about this subject, please read about intersexuality.
The only actual difference between a clitoris and penis is the average size of the portion we can see with our naked eyes. Three fourths of the clitoris is hidden from view within a woman's body. The average clitoris is about four inches in length, the same as a flaccid penis. Illustrations in the Anatomy area reveal the true size of the clitoris. The only other difference between the two is that the urethra of the clitoris does not extend all the way to the tip of the glans, as is the case with some penises!
An article published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology in July 1992 states that the examination of "200 consecutive normal women at routine gynecological examination" revealed the average crosswise width of the clitoral glans to be 3.4 mm (0.13 inches) with a range of 2.4 to 4.4 mm (0.09 - 0.17 inches) and the lengthwise width was 5.1 mm (0.20 inches) with a range of 3.7 to 6.5 mm (0.15 - 0.26 inches). This means the average clitoral glans is smaller than a pencil eraser. The average total clitoral length including the glans and body was 16.0 mm (0.63 inches) with a range of 11.7 to 20.3 mm (0.46 - 0.80 inches). The clitoral index (CI), the product of the clitoral glans lengthwise and crosswise widths, was 18.5 mm2 (0.03 inches2). There was NO correlation between age, height, weight or use of oral contraceptives and clitoral size, but women who had given birth had "significantly larger measurements."
Dr. Robert Latou Dickinson states in his book Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy, published in 1949, that "normal" clitorises had a crosswise width of 3 to 4 mm. (0.12 - 0.16 inches) and a lengthwise width of 4 to 5 mm (0.16 - 0.20 inches). Based on one hundred examinations, he found five percent of women had a clitoral glans that measured 0 to 2.5 mm (0 - 0.10 inches), seventy-five percent measured between 2.5 and 6.5 mm (0.10 - 0.26 inches) and twenty percent measured between 6.5 and 15 mm (0.26 - 0.59 inches). He mentions others who had given lengthwise measurements of 5.6, 6.7, and 8.0 mm (0.22, 0.26 and 0.31 inches). He attributes the variation in measurements to whether intersexed individuals were included in the sample data, which would account for a larger average size. The determination of "normal" is often arbitrary. An article published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology in November 1979 states that clitoromegaly is defined as when there is a CI of greater than 35 mm2 (0.05 inches2), which is almost twice the size given above for an "average" sized clitoral glans, but is still relatively small, as a clitoris equal in size to a pencil eraser meets this definition.
The clitoris normally increases significantly in size during puberty, and life. One of my medical references states that between the ages of 7 and 11 the clitoral glans typically increases in size by 20%, and further increases in size by 26% between the ages of 11 and 14. This means that during puberty the clitoral glans becomes 1.5 times larger than it was at the onset of puberty. Between the ages of 14 and 19 the clitoral glans further increases in size and becomes 1.8 times larger than it was at the age of 14. By the age of 32, the clitoris will likely be almost 4 times larger than it was at the onset of puberty. After menopause the clitoris could be nearly 7 times larger than it was at birth, and 2.5 times larger than it was at the age of 19. If the clitoral glans increases in size, the entire clitoris likely increased proportionately in size.
An article published in the Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism in Israel compared the clitoral size of newborn girls of two ethnic groups, Jews and Bedouins. They found a "significant difference in clitoral length (12.6%) between the Jewish group (5.87 +/- 1.48 mm) [0.23 +/-0.06 inches] and the Bedouin group (6.61 +/- 1.72 mm) [0.26 +/- 0.07 inches]". While statistically there is a significant size difference, 0.74 mm (0.02 inches) doesn't seem like much to me. It should be noted that at birth the clitoris is proportionally larger than it will be later in life, as a result of having been exposed to the maternal hormone levels, that is the clitoris will decrease in size soon after birth, as the affects of those maternal hormones diminish. I am not aware of comparisons for other ethnic groups.
The visible portion of the clitoris of some girls and women is reported to measure up to about 2 1/2 inches (6.3cm) in length and nearly 1 inch (2.5cm) in diameter. When they are of this size, they look very similar to a penis. The only difference being a groove along the bottom side of the clitoris where the urethra would be located on a penis. While urine may not travel out the tip of these large clitorises, they do look similar to and function like a penis. These women, as well as women in general, are capable of experiencing erections, the sensation of having a "hard-on," producing ejaculate in their prostate gland, and even ejaculating.
The structure of the clitoris does not lend itself to change easily, as the result of mechanical forces. The masturbation habits of most women are not likely to affect the size of their clitoris, other than perhaps causing a slight increase in its size do to better blood circulation, if they masturbate on a regular basis. Again, a sign of health not disease. Using untypical methods, such as drawing increased amounts of blood into the clitoris with a vacuum pump or clitoral pump on a frequent basis can result in an increase in size, as the vascular structures are slowly stretched and enlarged to accommodate the additional blood. There probably are not many women who do this, but with increased access to the Internet this may change. In 2000 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a clit pump, the Eros Clitoral Therapy Device (EROS-CTD) for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction.
There are some references that indicate a large clitoris was and is possibly still considered attractive among some cultures, so again girls and women engaged in practices that enlarged their clitoris. The validity of these claims is somewhat in doubt, but seem likely. It is not known whether the clitoris was actually enlarged by these practices or if the clitoris only became more prominently visible, as a result of increased mobility caused by the stretching of the connective tissues. The clitoris of these women may have been more visible rather than larger.
The clitoris is very sensitive to androgens like testosterone. Prescription and non-prescription steroidal drugs can cause a woman's clitoris to increase in size, sometime significantly. Some clitorises are said to achieve a maximum length of about 2 1/2 inches (6.3cm), if steroids are administered for an extended period of time, and depending on the age of the woman. Female athletes who take steroids to increase muscles mass and strength often experience this side affect, as do female to male transsexuals. Sometimes steroids are prescribed to treat medical conditions, like lack of libido, causing this result, but usually to a lesser degree. The vast majorities of large clitorises are the result of genetics, not drugs as some presume, believing a large clitoris cannot be natural.
While there is no evidence to support the claim that a bigger clitoris performs better, a few women do have a form of penis envy. As an increasing number of women are learning that their clitoris is much like a small penis, and capable of being much larger, some are expressing a desire to enlarge it. Perhaps in hopes that if it were larger it would function better and be easier for their partner and themselves to find and stimulate. A few women may even desire a small penis of their own, even if they are happy being a feminine woman. Perhaps they simply would like to have something to hold on to or to stroke when they masturbate. At this time, I am not aware of a safe and proven way of making the clitoris larger that does not expose a woman to potentially undesired side affects.
If a woman feels better about the size of her clitoris she is likely to be more sexual and sexually responsive, regardless of whether her clitoris is made larger or smaller than it was originally. Our brains after all are our largest sexual organ. It is important to keep in mind the fact that the brain plays a larger role in female sexual pleasure than does the clitoris, regardless of size.
Web Articles:
Women and Their Clitoris: Personal Discovery, Signification, and Use (PDF)
Quote from article: "Under continued, broad, and pervasive conditions of symbolic clitoridectomy..."
Adult Orientated Website: 22 Things Women With Big Clits Hear All the Time
Thank you for the honest information about labial sizes & the photos on your site. I went on the web looking for something like this. I have always been acutely self-conscious about my labia minora, as they are about 3 cm [1.25 in] long & as far as I had ever seen, no other woman I knew of looked like this. I thought I was ugly and was very embarrassed. In high school I hated showering where anyone could see me, and felt a lot of anxiety about this whole area of my body. Even as a married woman I have repeatedly asked my husband if I am ugly, if he thinks it is disgusting etc.
When I asked my doctor about it, she dismissed my interest and just said it looks normal. But as you say on the site, all the books with diagrams etc. look nothing like me, so I couldn't see how I could be normal.
My daughter is now six and I have noticed that her labia seem to be developing similar to my own. I thought "oh no!" Then I realized I should get some facts. I wanted information to share with her so she would understand her body and why it is built the way it is. I didn't want her to go through the same anxieties I did. I am thrilled to find your site. Thank you for putting this info out there.
The Following Illustrations and Charts Demonstrate the Enormous Amount of Diversity Present in the Genitals of Women
Clitoral Size
Labial Size and Shape
The illustrations on this page are just a small sampling of those in the book Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy by Robert Latou Dickinson M.D., F.A.C.S. Copyright 1949 The Williams & Wilkins Company. Reprinted by the Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company. It appears to be the only book of its kind in existence, a book documenting the vast diversity of human sexual anatomy.
Last Change January 23, 2016
First Published June 16, 1999


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Defrag Tools: #28 - WinDbg - Scheduling
- Posted: Feb 18, 2013 at 8:17AM
- 38,801 views
- 6 comments
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In this episode of Defrag Tools, Andrew Richards, Chad Beeder and Larry Larsen continue looking at the Debugging Tools for Windows (in particular WinDbg). WinDbg is a debugger that supports user mode debugging of a process, or kernel mode debugging of a computer.
This installment goes over the Windows Scheduler. We look at Running, Ready and Waiting threads, and talks about the effect of Power Management on scheduling.
We use these commands:
Make sure you watch Defrag Tools Episode #1 and Defrag Tools Episode #23 for instructions on how to get the Debugging Tools for Windows and how to set the required environment variables for symbol and source code resolution.
Microsoft Data Center Tour
[00:00] - Episode #27's demo issue
[02:47] - Kernel Hangs
[05:18] - !running
[05:48] - Idle Threads & Processor Power Management
[10:10] - !running -t
[13:53] - !ready
[14:15] - Thread State Diagram
[16:45] - Saturated example
[20:48] - Thread Priority Diagram
[22:22] - Balance Set Manager
[25:30] - Waiting Threads
[26:52] - Summary
Oops, something didn't work.
Could you elaborate more on thread scheduling according to thread priority (real time, non-real time) and core affinity, please?
@Igor: Processes belong to a group of priorities. A thread with be in the center of the group if it doesn't change the thread priority (+2, +1, 0, -1, -2).
All threads end up with a number between 0 and 31. While a thread with a higher priority wants to run, it will. All other threads already queued to the core will have to wait (ready).
Based on the windows version and current power policy, the threads may be queued to an already busy core, or an idle one. Once queued it won't be moved. Each thread has an ideal core, set at birth. If the core is available and power policy allows it, it will be scheduled there. Failing that, the scheduler tries to use the same CPU socket, and then NUMA node.
If affinity is set, a mask of the available cores is applied first. The decision is then made within that subset. You only use affinity if you know you are going to have more threads than cores, and want to reserve CPU power for other processes. in general, not common.
Does that answer your question?
Hi windev,
thanks for the response. I can imagine that the scheduling mechanism is not a simple thing. I've found great example by Joe Duffy (http://www.bluebytesoftware.com/blog/PermaLink,guid,1c013d42-c983-4102-9233-ca54b8f3d1a1.aspx) and also start reading Windows Internals part 1. Thanks for sharing Windows under the hood stuff with public.
can you point us to that MS Data Center link you talked about @ 9:15
Never mind. I'm a tool.. it was at the top in the "Resources".
Comments have been closed since this content was published more than 30 days ago, but if you'd like to continue the conversation, please create a new thread in our Forums, or Contact Us and let us know.


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The latest fete heading to Churchill Downs has much less to do with horses, and far more with horsepower.
Held Oct. 5-7 inside the historic racetrack, the fifth annual Louisville Concours d'Elegance – a gathering of striking, prestigious automobiles – will take place, featuring marques Cadillac and Porsche Racing, along with a selection of historic collector cars on display.
"A Concours is not just a car show, it truly is a showcase of some of the rarest and most elegant cars in the country," said Leslie Smart, system director of philanthropy for the Children's Hospital Foundation, internal fundraising arm for Kosair Children's Hospital, the benefiting charity of the Louisville Concours. "(Frank and Patricia Wismer of Stratford, Conn.) own a 1921 Brewster, and this car is going to be shown in the vintage automobile class between 1916 and 1924. The Brewster company built only 473 automobiles bearing the Brewster name, and now there's only 23 that are surviving in the world." Not only is the car rare, but its original owner was Mrs. H.D. Auchincloss Sr., the step-grandmother of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and has appeared on the HBO series "Boardwalk Empire." It's the exceptional stories behind the cars featured in the Concours that make them all the more special, aside from their gorgeous, unconventional appearances.
Fifteen judged classes, including Pre-war Cadillac 1925 to 1942 and Sports and Grand Touring Cars 1946 to 1974, will be included in the Concours, along with three special exhibition classes: Early Cadillac 1903 to 1915; Vintage Fire Trucks; and WWII Military Vehicles and Triage Tent Display. John Carlson, permanent chief class judge at the Pebble Beach Concours, will return as chief judge for the Louisville Concours, joined by judges who have participated in many of the most notable Concours d'Elegances in the nation. Three judges are involved in each class of competition and spend about 15 minutes on each car using a 100-point scoring system, which takes into consideration qualities such as body and paint finish, engine compartment detail and upholstery.
The Louisville Concours is unique in that many of the cars entered in the contest have been chosen by the Children's Hospital Foundation and a knowledgeable committee. More than 100 cars traveling from 20 U.S. states, Canada and Italy will be exhibited in the Concours contest. Attendees are also encouraged to bring their own vintage rides.
"The idea is to surround these 120 really awesome cars with maybe 500 or 1,000 really neat cars, so when you're there you get to see exceptional cars," said Founder and Chairman of the Louisville Concours d'Elegance, Rob Davenport.
Davenport held the first Louisville Concours in 2008 to support Brooklawn Child and Family Services, before the Children's Hospital Foundation began running the event in 2012. This year's Louisville Concours d'Elegance will benefit Kosair Children's Hospital, Kentucky's only full-service, free-standing children's hospital. Kosair Children's Hospital and Kosair Children's Medical Center – Brownsboro serve nearly 140,000 children annually from throughout Kentucky and Southern Indiana. As a regional facility that treats all children regardless of the family's ability to pay, the 263-bed hospital relies on support from the community.
"We rely heavily on the community for philanthropic support to support not only the Children's Hospital Foundation and Kosair Children's Medical Center," said Smart, "it's critical for us (to receive funding) for improvements we make in the facility. … We serve over 140,000 children annually throughout 120 counties in Kentucky and 35 counties in Southern Indiana."
Aside from the actual Concours, weekend activities have been planned, including a "Welcome to Louisville" reception at 21c Museum Hotel on Friday evening, the "Dawn at the Downs" Champagne Brunch with private viewing of morning racehorse workouts, a delicious meal inside the Kentucky Derby Museum and a private tour of historic Churchill Downs, and a cocktail party inside the Glenview Country Estates.
Sunday's Concours competition will focus on the battle for the coveted "Best in Show" crystal trophy. Vehicles entered have been restored back to original condition and are worth millions of dollars, Davenport said. The Concours will also include VIP facilities, refreshments and entertainment, an automotive artist exhibit, a "Kids and Cars" tent and other attractions for an anticipated crowd of 6,000-7,000 people to enjoy.
"This is just a phenomenal, exceptional show with historic collector cars around the country," Smart said. "And whether you're a car enthusiast or not, they're outstanding to see."
For more information on the Concours d'Elegance, visit www.kosairchildrens.com/about-us.


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Talent show spotlights those with special needs
|Mia Strayer, 21, who is visually impaired and has cerebral palsy, smiles after finishing a glissando during a concert harp lesson at her instructor's home in Machesney Park, Illinois, on Friday, October 26, 2012. Strayer, who has been playing the harp for seven years, is one of nine contestants participating in Special Talents America in Naperville. (Keri Wiginton/Chicago Tribune/MCT)
"She's blind completely in one eye and barely sees out of the other eye," said her mother Patricia Strayer, 59. "We just didn't know if she could master that."
Thankfully, the fourth time Mia asked, her parents bought her an Irish harp and found a teacher. Today, the 21-year-old proudly performs before blind groups, at family gatherings and wherever else she can showcase her talent. Most of the time, she brings her audiences to tears.
Mia's tenacity and gifts made her an obvious choice as a contestant at this year's Special Talents America. The stage competition in Naperville, Ill., is quickly becoming the highlight of the year for families across the region caring for a special needs child.
A blend of TV's "America's Got Talent" and the Special Olympics, the competition pits talented people with disabilities against each other before an audience that numbers in the hundreds.
The show's organizers are quick to point out these contestants have reservoirs of talent that many would envy. Some have performed the National Anthem at major league ball games. Others are well-known regulars at local dance studios and music halls.
The show has attracted the support of Chicago-area celebrities including Jim Peterik, co-author of the iconic anthem "Eye of the Tiger" from "Rocky III."
The idea behind it is to offer talented people with disabilities a spotlight for their often overlooked skills. Another goal is to inspire audiences with their stories.
Held at Wentz Concert Hall & Fine Arts Center, Comcast will air the performance on Illinois community stations.
"These are people that are oftentimes taken for granted and not given opportunities," said Greg Bizzaro, co-founder and co-producer of the show. "People will be so blown away by what really is out there."
Bizzaro, a professional videographer, realized the need for such a venue after spending more than a decade shooting video for Special Olympics. Although impressed by the athletes, he wondered why there weren't established contests for disabled people with other interests.
"There was nothing out there on any big scale for people who didn't like sports but had abilities in other areas," he said.
Bizzaro suggested his concept to officials at the Western Du Page Special Recreation Association, where he already volunteered, teaching a video production class.
Bizzaro and recreation association officials produced a small show in 2007 open to local residents.
By 2010, mainly through word of mouth, it had grown to include contestants from nine special recreation districts across Illinois with an audience of about 250 people.
Since then, buzz about the competition has continued to spread.
Organizers received 36 video auditions from across the U.S. for this year's performance. The contestants sang, danced and played instruments in ways that deeply moved organizers who have worked with special needs for decades, said Jorie Meyer, the event's co-founder and co-producer.
"That's why I love what I do," Meyer said. "People with disabilities amaze me with what they can do."
A committee selected the nine contestants based on their level of performance, stage presence and ability to perform before an audience.
Organizers said they insisted on high-caliber talent because they want the performers to attract the kind of national attention that will allow the show to grow even more. They also decided to have first, second and third place trophy winners with no token awards.
"These are people who want to be treated like everyone else," said Bizzaro. "So we're trying to really do that with this show, but also to celebrate them."
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CNN-Mohamed Morsi was declared the new president of Egypt on Sunday in an announcement that triggered massive cheers in Cairo's Tahrir Square.
Morsi, of the Muslim Brotherhood, beat out Ahmed Shafik, who served as the last prime minister under ousted President Hosni Mubarak.
Morsi had more than 13 million votes, while Shafik had more than 12 million, election officials announced.
Both candidates had already declared victory in the hours before announcement.
Authorities in Egypt had been on "high alert" in advance of the announcement, concerned about what could happen if Shafik won. Officials had said they were ready to carry out long-standing policy of using deadly force against people who attack government buildings, officials said.
Instead, the streets of Cairo were filled with celebration -- even in scorching temperatures near 100 Fahrenheit.
The square was the site of mass protests last year that toppled Mubarak.
The presidential race brought Egypt's first democratic elections, which the United States described as historic. But the campaigns of both Shafik and Morsi accused each other of election fraud.
The Muslim Brotherhood announced in advance Sunday that it would stage a long-term protest if Shafik was declared the winner.
The announcement came amid heightened concerns that Shafik would give new life to the old guard and essentially nullify democratic gains since last year's revolution ended Mubarak's 30 years of rule.
"Did we really have a revolution if Shafik wins?" prominent novelist Alaa al-Aswany said via Twitter. "For the thousandth time this is not a battle between the military and the (Muslim) Brotherhood, it is a battle of the Egyptian people with the military regime that ruled us with an iron fist for 60 years."
Like Mubarak, Shafik is a former air force officer with close ties to Egypt's powerful military and is "the quintessential candidate of the counter-revolution," said Khaled Elgindy, a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington.
Morsi, an American-educated engineer, "represents the older, more conservative wing of the Brotherhood and openly endorses a strict Islamic vision," said Isobel Coleman of the Council on Foreign Relations.
But in an interview with CNN, Morsi said, "There is no such thing called an Islamic democracy. There is democracy only. ... The people are the source of authority."
A national security officer predicted violence if Shafik is declared the victor.
"In the event of Shafik's win, we expect some trouble on the street and in Tahrir (Square), which will be met with an iron hand according to the instructions we have received," said Lt. Col. Usama Emam.
"We are on high alert and so far there has not been any evidence of an imminent threat or plan of sabotage from any Islamist extremist groups," Emam said. He added that Egyptian authorities have arrested "elements" of the Palestinian group Hamas over the past week since Egypt's military rulers isued "de facto martial law and we are still tracking some of their fugitive members who had entered mainly through Sinai and made their way to Cairo."
More than 1,800 ambulances have been dispatched across the country as a proactive measure, the state-run EgyNews agency reported. It also said the country's interior ministry stressed the need to respect peaceful demonstrations.
But the ministry also said it would not tolerate any turmoil against authorities after Sunday's pivotal announcement.
"Minister Mohamed Ibrahim has given police forces orders to shoot to kill against anyone attempting to attack police stations after the results," interior ministry spokesman Gen. Marwan Mustapha said, reiterating government policy in such circumstances. "Increased security has been dispersed in the side streets of (Cairo's) Tahrir Square to protect government buildings."
The Muslim Brotherhood vowed it would stage "a long-term, open-end sit-in at Tahrir Square," complete with bathroom facilities made of bricks, daily food supply and tight security at the entrances of the square, said Jihad Haddad, a political adviser to the Muslim Brotherhood. Haddad cited the Brotherhood's disapproval of the ruling military body's new constitutional decree and de facto martial law.
Egypt's all-powerful military leaders have said they won't reverse their widely deplored constitutional and judicial changes and also cautioned against election-related unrest.
"We will face anyone who will pose a challenge to the public and private sectors with an iron fist," the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) said.
Egypt's constitutional court dissolved the lower house of parliament this month, extending the military's power and sparking accusations of a coup d'etat.
Both presidential candidates claim victory in Egypt
Adding to the electoral tension is the question of how much power the new president will actually wield now that the military council has full legislative authority.
Under an interim constitutional declaration, the military council retains the power to make laws and budget decisions until a new constitution is written and a new parliament elected.
The declaration said Supreme Council members "shall decide all matters related to military affairs, including the appointment of its leaders." The president has the power to declare war, it says, but only "after the approval" of the Supreme Council.
The military council said it does not favor one political entity over another and respects the rights of Egyptians to protest but stressed the importance of self-restraint and respect for authority.
The Supreme Council urged political entities to respect democracy and "abstain from all possible acts that may descend the country into a full chaos."
Egyptian reform leader Mohamed ElBaradei -- the former head of the United Nations nuclear watchdog agency and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate -- warned that if Shafik was declared the winner, "we are in for a lot of instability and violence ... a major uprising."
He said there were fewer security concerns about a Morsi victory because Shafik supporters were unlikely to take their anger to the streets.
ElBaradei described the current situation as "a total, complete 100% mess."
Mohamed Mahsoob, a law professor at Menofiya University and a member of the El Wasat Party, tweeted: "The revolution will succeed, even if the newly elected president is below expectations because we will have the right to change him. But the revolution will not succeed if we have a president from the old regime that we toppled because he will working on seizing it back (and) reversing the accomplishments."
Amr Moussa, who served as foreign minister under Mubarak and mounted an effort to win the presidency in these elections, said "the next Egyptian president must call upon everyone to stand united as one." According to state-run news agency MENA, Moussa called on the new president "to head an emergency government of technocrats" that would last six to 12 months.


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I added a choice field "IsMainframe". Business unit only want Blank and Yes. How do I incorporate blank in a choice field?
You could use a unicode character that does not print anything. I tried it with U+205F and it seemed to work as expected. To put this character in, open up the charmap (Start->Run->charmap) on your machine, then select a font that has unicode support (I chose calibri), scroll almost to the bottom and find the U+205F. You can then double click the character and it will place it in the textbox below. You can then copy that value and put it in a choice field option and it will appear as blank to the user.
EDIT: Make sure you also put it in as the default value, otherwise you will get three choices (NULL, U+205F, and YES). Also, if you have any existing rows in the list, you will see three choices if the row has a null value currently assigned.
As you can see the test column now appears to have a blank option.
Just create the Choice field as a drop down list with the only option of Yes and set no default value. When an item is submitted an empty value will be set in the list.
If a user sets the field and wants to revert back to no value, they'll be forced to go into datasheet mode to remove the selection. THe regular editform will not give them a means to deselct the only value in the list.
You could use some jQuery to set it back to empty. Here's a basic example.
You'll probably want to wrap it in some sort of click function or wrapped in logic that checks for a query string value to exist.
Alternatively you could create it as a Yes/No field with the default value being No (unselected). It would save into the list as No, not a blank value though.
The Right Way To Do This
Using: SharePoint2013
A Better Way
Take look at second answer (no up votes @MarcelBernards) to this StackOwerflow question:
blank option in drop down disappears from custom Sharepoint list
I was exploring similar possibilities when I stumbled across it. Didn't test it myself but I think it is worthwhile.
There is also alternative: You can use standard Yes/No field and write custom event handler to convert No value of your field to null (eg. on ItemAdding and ItemUpdating). Sure this is overkill but if you really need it...


text:
The Last Viking (Mass Market Paperbound)
He wore nothing but a leather tunic, spokein an ancient tongue . . . and he was standing in Professor Meredith Foster's living room.
The medieval historian told herself he was partof a practical joke, but with his wide gold belt, callused hands, and the rabbit roasting inher fireplace, the brawny stranger seemed so . . . authentic.
Suddenly Meredith was mesmerized by hisbronzed, muscular form, and her bodysurrendered to the fantasy that Geirolf Ericssonreally was a Viking from a thousand years ago, sent only to pleasure her. But as she tried toteach him to eat spaghetti and use a computer, she realized he knew an awful lot about thetenth century--and so little about this one.And as he helped her fulfill her grandfather'sdream of re-creating a Viking ship, he awakened her to dreams of her own.Until she wondered if the hand of fate hadthrust her into the loving arms of . . . The Last Viking.
About the Author
Sandra Hill is a graduate of Penn State and worked for more than ten years as a features writer and education editor for publications in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Writing about serious issues taught her the merits of seeking the lighter side of even the darkest stories.


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Simple Definition of sublimate
psychology : to express a desire or feeling by changing it into a form that is socially acceptable
Full Definition of sublimate
sublimationplay \ˌsə-blə-ˈmā-shən\ noun
Examples of sublimate in a sentence
She sublimated her erotic feelings into a series of paintings.
I sublimated my grief at the death of my mother by throwing myself into my work.
Did You Know?
To sublimate is to change the form, but not the essence. Physically speaking, it means to transform solid to vapor; psychologically, it means changing the outlet, or means, of expression from something base and inappropriate to something more positive or acceptable. The word sublimate comes from the Latin verb sublimare, which means "to lift up" or "raise" and which is also the ancestor of our sublime. "Sublimate" itself once meant "to elevate to a place of dignity or honor" or "to give a more elevated character to," but these meanings are now obsolete.
Origin and Etymology of sublimate
Middle English, from Medieval Latin sublimatus, past participle of sublimare
First Known Use: 15th century
Other Psychology Terms
Rhymes with sublimate
abdicate, abnegate, abrogate, acclimate, acerbate, acetate, activate, actuate, acylate, adsorbate, advocate, adulate, adumbrate, aggravate, aggregate, agitate, allocate, altercate, ambulate, amputate, animate, annotate, annulate, antedate, antiquate, apartheid, apostate, approbate, arbitrate, arcuate, arrogate, aspirate, auscultate, automate, aviate, bantamweight, Bering Strait, bifurcate, billingsgate, bipinnate, boilerplate, bombinate, brachiate, buffer state, cabinmate, cachinnate, calculate, calibrate, caliphate, candidate, cannulate, cantillate, capitate, captivate, carbonate, carbon-date, carinate, carload rate, castigate, catenate, cavitate, celebrate, cerebrate, chlorinate, circinate, circulate, city-state, client state, cogitate, colligate, collimate, collocate, commentate, commutate, compensate, complicate, concentrate, condensate, confiscate, conglobate, conjugate, consecrate, constellate, consternate, constipate, consummate, contemplate, copperplate, copulate, coronate, correlate, corrugate, coruscate, counterweight, crepitate, criminate, cruciate, cucullate, culminate, cultivate, cumulate, cuneate, cupulate, cuspidate, cyclamate, Davis Strait, deaerate, decimate, decollate, decorate, decussate, defalcate, defecate, deflagrate, dehydrate, delegate, demarcate, demonstrate, denigrate, Denmark Strait, depilate, deviate, deprecate, depredate, derivate, derogate, desecrate, desiccate, designate, desolate, desquamate, detonate, devastate, deviate, digitate, diplomate, discarnate, dislocate, dissertate, dissipate, distillate, divagate, dominate, double date, edentate, educate, elevate, elongate, eluate, emanate, emigrate, emirate, emulate, enervate, ephorate, escalate, estimate, estivate, excavate, exchange rate, exculpate, execrate, expiate, explicate, expurgate, exsiccate, extirpate, extricate, exudate, fabricate, fascinate, fashion plate, featherweight, fecundate, federate, fenestrate, festinate, fibrillate, first estate, flagellate, flocculate, fluctuate, fluoridate, foliate, formulate, fornicate, fourth estate, fractionate, fragmentate, fulminate, fumigate, fustigate, geminate, generate, germinate, glaciate, Golden Gate, graduate, granulate, gratulate, gravitate, heavyweight, hebetate, herniate, hesitate, hibernate, Hudson Strait, hundredweight, hyphenate, ideate, imamate, imbricate, imitate, immigrate, immolate, impetrate, implicate, imprecate, impregnate, incarnate, increate, incubate, inculcate, inculpate, incurvate, indagate, indicate, indurate, infiltrate, in-line skate, in-migrate, innervate, innovate, insensate, inspissate, instigate, insulate, interstate, intestate, intimate, intonate, intraplate, inundate, invocate, iodate, irrigate, irritate, isolate, iterate, jubilate, juniorate, lacerate, laminate, Latinate, laureate, legislate, levigate, levitate, liberate, license plate, liquidate, litigate, littermate, lubricate, macerate, machinate, magistrate, marginate, margravate, marinate, masticate, masturbate, maturate, mediate, medicate, meditate, meliorate, menstruate, microstate, micturate, middleweight, militate, mithridate, mitigate, moderate, modulate, motivate, multistate, mutilate, nation-state, nauseate, navigate, neonate, nictitate, niobate, nominate, numerate, obfuscate, objurgate, obligate, obovate, obviate, on a plate, operate, opiate, orchestrate, ordinate, oscillate, osculate, out-migrate, out-of-date, overstate, overweight, ovulate, paginate, palliate, palpitate, paperweight, patinate, peculate, penetrate, pennyweight, percolate, perennate, perforate, permeate, perpetrate, personate, police state, pollinate, populate, postulate, potentate, predicate, procreate, profligate, promulgate, propagate, prorogate, pullulate, pulmonate, punctuate, quantitate, rabbinate, radiate, real estate, recreate, re-create, reinstate, relegate, relocate, remonstrate, renovate, replicate, reprobate, resonate, retardate, retranslate, roller-skate, roseate, rubricate, ruinate, ruminate, runagate, running mate, rusticate, sagittate, salivate, sanitate, satiate, saturate, scintillate, second-rate, segregate, self-portrait, separate, sequestrate, seriate, sibilate, silver plate, simulate, sinuate, situate, speculate, spoliate, stablemate, starting gate, steady state, stimulate, stipulate, strangulate, stridulate, stylobate, subjugate, subrogate, subulate, suffocate, sultanate, Sunda Strait, supplicate, surrogate, syncopate, syndicate, tablemate, tabulate, target date, terminate, tessellate, tête-à-tête, thirty-eight, titillate, titivate, tolerate, transmigrate, transudate, tribulate, tribunate, trifurcate, trilobate, tripinnate, triplicate, tunicate, turbinate, ulcerate, ululate, umbellate, uncinate, underrate, understate, underweight, undulate, ungulate, urinate, vaccinate, vacillate, validate, valuate, variate, vegetate, venerate, ventilate, vertebrate, vicarate, vindicate, violate, vitiate, water gate, Watergate, welfare state, welterweight
Definition of sublimate
: a chemical product obtained by sublimation
Circa 1626
First Known Use of sublimate
circa 1626
Medical Dictionary
Medical Definition of sublimate
2: a chemical product obtained by sublimation
Learn More about sublimate
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up sublimate? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Whittlebury Hall and Day Spa offer an exclusive range of gift cards that can be used towards Day Spa experiences or treatments, beauty products, meals in our restaurants and even stays at the hotel.
Our gift cards are the perfect present for birthdays, Christmas, special occasions or just to show someone you care. Valid for 12 months and re-chargeable. T&Cs apply.
Purchase today online, via The Day Spa Shop, or by calling 0845 400 0002.
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LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) -- Officials at Churchill Downs are working to relocate horses after a powerful storm that spawned tornadoes blew through Louisville.
A few barns partially collapsed and horses were running loose Wednesday night at the track, home of the Kentucky Derby. The chapel was also damaged. There are no reports of serious injuries to humans or horses.
A mayor's spokesman says a couple of people may have been trapped in their cars in high water on the east side of the city. Some damage was also reported in the Shively area on the southwest side.
The National Weather Service said radar was tracking a confirmed tornado near the famed track and the University of Louisville campus about 8:10 p.m. No damage was reported on the campus.
No races are run on Wednesdays, but Churchill Downs President Kevin Flanery says there was simulcasting of races elsewhere, so people may have been there. Thursday's race card was canceled.
Louisville Gas and Electric reported about 7,600 customers were without power at one point, but that was down to around 5,000 late Wednesday.


text:
Event Information
To help you prepare the CAPs, we're offering a number of 30-minute sessions during the week of November 12th, and then again in late January. The sessions will help faculty understand the goals, gather possibilities for teaching and assessing the goals, and get started on completing the forms. No need to RSVP.


text:
Creation Kiddush Cup in Reds
By Laura cowan
By the seventh day G-d completed His work which He had done, and He abstained on the seventh day from all His work which He had done.
This gorgeous Kiddush Cup is part of Laura Cowan's Creation Series. The cup is made from two contrasting materials, reflecting the opposites that together make a whole: Heaven and Earth, darkness and light, day and night. The highly polished silver-plated wine cup contrasts with the mat anodized aluminum base. The aluminum tray is included. Made in Israel.
This item ships from Israel. Express shipping is not available. Allow 5-10 business days to arrive.
Leaves the warehouse in 3-5 business days.


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Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz attended the opening of the 33rd annual meeting of the Council of Governors of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) Group in Jeddah.
The two-day meeting is being attended by ministers of finance, economy and planning of the 56 Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) member nations.
Headquartered in Jeddah, the IDB participates in equity capital and grant loans for productive projects and enterprises and provides financial assistance to member countries in other forms for economic and social development. It aims to foster the economic development and social progress of member countries and Muslim communities individually as well as jointly in accordance with the principles of Shari'ah.


text:
5 Mar 2012 10:58 AM #1
Panel does not initialize a KeyMap on render
Issue is present in 4.1 beta 2 and 3 (not tested on beta 1).
Two problems are present:
1. Panel.getKeyMap() function is wierd and does not add correct key binding (keyMap bindings remain empty).
2. Panel.initEvents is removed, compared to 4.0.7, so keyMap is not automatically initialized on render.
5 Mar 2012 11:05 AM #2
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initEvents has always been on the AbstractComponent. getKeyMap hasn't changed functionally.Mitchell Simoens @LikelyMitch
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text: Don't worry, you are not imagining seeing a tutorial on "how to draw Christmas Jack Skellington". Everyone knows that Jack is also called 'The Pumpkin King' and his job is to make Halloween as awesome as can be. But one season Jack begins wanting to be more. He steals the role of Santa Clause because Jack wants to be loved instead of feared. Jacks idea of Christmas is not what we would imagine it to be. This tutorial will show you how easy you can draw a Christmas style Jack Skellington. After all, isn't he also dressed like Santa in the movie? Then why not make a tutorial on his new seasonal look. Enjoy folks, and let me know you liked this submission. Peace.


text:
I came across this interesting article which attempts to support the Christian Genesis story by showing the meaning of some ancient Chinese characters. I would like to verify the meaning of these characters and their use*.
Supposedly, the characters are based on the Oracle Bone scripts which I think are the oldest known Chinese manuscripts. Since this would place them at about 3000 years old it is likely that if these characters are still in use today their meanings have changed some or completely.
I am not interested in opinions on whether these characters lend credence to the Genesis story. I am interested only in the meaning of the characters for the time frame suggested.


text:
This is a follow-up to an intriguing question last year about tension in string theory.
What are the strings in string theory composed of?
I am serious. Strings made of matter are complex objects that require a highly specific form of long-chain inter-atomic bonding (mostly carbon based) that would be difficult to implement if the physics parameters of our universe were tweaked even a tiny bit. That bonding gets even more complicated when you add in elasticity. The vibration modes of a real string are the non-obvious emergent outcome of a complex interplay of mass, angular momentum, various conservation laws, and convenient linearities inherent in of our form of spacetime.
In short, a matter-based vibrating real string is the outcome of the interplay of most of the more important physics rules of our universe. Its composition -- what is is made of -- is particularly complex. Real strings are composed out of a statistically unlikely form of long-chain bonding, which in turn depend on the rather unlikely properties that emerge from highly complex multiparticle entities called atoms.
So how does string theory handle all of this? What are the strings in string theory made of, and what is it about this substance that makes string-theories simple in comparison to the emergent and non-obvious complexities required to produce string-like vibrations in real, matter-based strings?
Addendum 2012-12-28 (all new as of 2012-12-29):
OK, I'm trying to go back to my original question after some apt complaints that my addendum yesterday had morphed it into an entirely new question. But I don't want to trash the great responses that addendum produced, so I'm trying to walk the razor's edge by creating an entirely new addendum that I hope expands on the intent of my question without changing it in any fundamental way. Here goes:
The simplest answer to my question is that strings are pure mathematical abstractions, and so need no further explanation. All of the initial answers were variants of that answer. I truly did not expect that to happen!
While such answers are sincere and certainly well-intended, I suspect that most people reading my original question will find them a bit disappointing and almost certainly not terribly insightful. They will be hoping for more, and here's why.
While most of modern mathematical physics arguably is derived from materials analogies, early wave analogies tended towards placing waves within homogeneous and isotropic "water like" or "air like" media, e.g. the aether of the late 1800s.
Over time and with no small amount of insight, these early analogies were transformed into sets of equations that increasingly removed the need for physical media analogies. The history of Maxwell's equations and then SR is a gorgeous example. That one nicely demonstrates the remarkable progress of the associated physics theories away from using physical media, and towards more universal mathematical constructs. In those cases I understand immediately why the outcomes are considered "fundamental." After all, they started out with clunky material-science analogies, and then managed over time to strip away the encumbering analogies, leaving for us shiny little nuggets of pure math that to this day are gorgeous to behold.
Now in the more recent case of string theory, here's where I think the rub is for most of us who are not immersed in it on a daily basis: The very word "string" invokes the image of a vibrating entity that is a good deal more complicated and specific than some isotropic wave medium. For one thing the word string invokes (perhaps incorrectly) an image of an object localized in space. That is, the vibrations are taking place not within some isotropic field located throughout space, but within some entity located in some very specific region of space. Strings in string theory also seem to possess a rather complicated and certainly non-trivial suite materials-like properties such as length, rigidity, tension, and I'm sure others (e.g. some analog of angular momentum?).
So, again trying to keep to my original question:
Can someone explain what a string in string theory is made of in a way that provides some insight into why such an unusually object-like "medium of vibration" was selected as the basis for building all of the surrounding mathematics of string theory?
From one excellent comment (you know who you are!), I can even give an example of the kind of answer I was hoping for. Paraphrasing, the comment was this:
"Strings vibrate in ways that are immediately reminiscent of the harmonic oscillators that have proven so useful analytically in wave and quantum theory."
Now I like that style of answer a lot! For one thing, anyone who has read Feynman's section on such oscillators in his lectures will immediately get the idea. Based on that, my own understanding of the origins of strings has now shifted to something far more specific and "connectable" to historical physics, which is this:
Making tuning forks smaller and smaller has been been shown repeatedly in the history of physics to provide an exceptionally powerful analytical method for analyzing how various types of vibrations propagate and interact. So, why not take this idea to the logical limit and make space itself into what amounts to a huge field of very small, tuning-fork-like harmonic oscillators?
Now that I can at least understand as an argument for why strings "resonated" well with a lot of physicists as an interesting approach to unifying physics.


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Item #: PP0000
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Slant-Back Bookcase
At A Glance:
Ideally, when you're storing books, you don't want to just hide them away. You want to show them off, let them pull your guests toward them, have them visible for when you feel like curling up with a book. To that end, a good bookcase is essential, and we think this one strikes a good balance between style and price.
What's To Like:
It's classy! Slanted slightly toward the top, starting at the second shelf from the bottom, this bookcase creates the effect of being part of the room, instead of looming into it. It's nicely designed with woodwork-like details. And with two fixed shelves, three adjustable shelves, and plenty of height, it'll keep track of a ton of books.
What's Not to Like:
Made from MDF with a melamine laminate, it doesn't have the same richness a real wood bookshelf would. But then again, when you're on a budget, a good laminate is a great option.
The Bottom Line:
For the price you'll be paying, you're getting a whole lot of bookcase. Sturdy and attractive, the Slant-Back Bookcase is a good choice for budget-conscious (but still stylish!) bookworms.
80" h x 26.25" w x 14.25" d
Materials & Measurements
MDF with melamine laminate
Weight of Bookcase:
MDF with melamine laminate
80" h x 26.25" w x 14.25" d
Weight of Bookcase:
78.5 lbs.
Assembly Required: Yes
Shipping & Delivery
Standard Shipping Charge:
within 48 hours of the time of purchase for products shipped within the contiguous United States. Transit time is approximately 7-10 business days, and tracking information will be sent via e-mail at the time of shipping. For more information, please view Smart Furniture's shipping rates, options, and delivery policies.
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Product Q&A
The Slant-Back Bookcase is warranted against manufacturing defects for 1 year from the date of purchase.
Get answers before you buy. Call 800-260-8420 .


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GreenBird House™ KitOriginal Price:$10.00 Current Price: $5.99This project is a fun way to teach Scouts to "think green" and remind them there are countless small ways to help our planet. The GreenBird House is made of three layers of post-consumer, recycled papers that are then laminated together. Learn More
Glow-in-the-Dark Arrowheads$8.99Fun, glow-in-the-dark chiseled arrowheads can be used in a variety of craft projects. Made of durable plastic. Each measures approximately 21/2" long. Use toward completion of requirements 1 and 2B of the Indian Lore merit badge. Pkg. of 12
WARNING:Choking hazard. Small parts. Not for children under 3 years. Learn More
Genuine Bone Hair Pipe Choker Kit With Brass BeadsOriginal Price:$13.99 Current Price: $10.49Similar to item number 17406; includes genuine bone hair pipes! WARNING: Choking hazard. Small parts. Not for children under 3 years. Learn More
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Recent Toy Recalls
3 of 28
Fisher-Price Infant Toys with Inflatable Balls
Fisher-Price says the valve of the inflatable ball on six models of its infant toys can come off and pose a choking hazard to young children. They have issued a recall for the following toys: Baby Playzone Crawl & Cruise Playground, Baby Playzone Crawl & Slide Arcade, Baby Gymtastics Play Wall, Ocean Wonders Kick & Crawl Aquarium (models C3068 and H8094), 1-2-3 Tetherball, and Bat & Score Goal. All of these were sold prior to 2008. Parents should immediately remove the inflatable ball from the product and keep it away from children. For more information or a free replacement kit, parents can call the Fisher-Price recall hotline at (800) 432-5437, or visit the company's recall website.
More on: Childhood Safety


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I understand that the letter "J" is relatively new — perhaps 400–500 years old. But since there has long been important names that begin with J, such as Jesus, Joshua, Justinian, etc., and which predate the introduction of a special letter, does that mean that the "J" sound predated the letter, or were such famous names spelled and pronounced differently?
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If the letter J is only 400–500 years old, was there a J sound that preceded the design of the letter?
The answer to this is.... complicated.
The letter J is, as you mentioned, relatively recent, and originated as a variant of the letter I. Why that happens is a little complicated, and requires unpacking some assumptions in your question.
In the original languages (Latin, Greek, Hebrew) which provide us with the names Jesus, Joseph, Justinian, etc., the sound which we write as J was pronounced as the English letter Y. (Just to make things confusing for English speakers, the phonetic symbol for this sound is [j].) In Latin, the letter for this was I/i, in Greek it was Ι/ι (iota), and in Hebrew it was י (yod). Thus, the Greek spelling for "Jesus" was Ιησους, pronounced something like "Yeh-SOOS", and the Latin likewise was Iesus.
Subsequently, in the Latin alphabet the letter J was developed as a variant of I, and this distinction was later used to distinguish the consonantal "y" sound [j] from the vocalic "i" sound [i]. However, at about the same time there was a sound change in many of the languages of Western Europe, such that the "y" sound changed into a "j" sound ([dʒ], or sometimes [ʒ]). So we have it that in English, the letter J now represents a consonant [dʒ] which is not obviously similar to the vowel [i], despite the fact that they descend from the same letter and the same sound. (English also has many [dʒ] sounds spelled with J which come from native Germanic roots.)
You can see this history worked out differently in the spelling systems of German and many of the Slavic languages of Eastern Europe, where the letter J spells the "y" sound [j], and the letter Y, if used at all, is primarily used as a vowel.
As @Laure mentions, this really belongs to the Linguistics group as this is a wider question pertinent to Latin and all/most Latin-influenced European languages.
Classical Latin did not have a distinct J sound (the J as we know in English.) When I was followed by another vowel, it usually sounded similar to English /Y/. Thus we had Iulius which was as if you said /Yulius/ or /Yulyus/.
In the Middle Ages, a new letter was assigned to this sound - J. However, it can be seen from even a casual glance that there has been widespread confusion of this and related sounds in many Western European languages.
In Spanish, for example, the /y/ sound moved to the letter /LL/, whilst the letter J picked up the guttural /ch/ which is due to possible Arabic influence.
In English meanwhile, an original prevocalic (i, e) /g/ sound palatalized to /j/ and eventually to /y/. We can see these when we compare Dutch or German cognates.
Yesterday - Gestern
This outline only partially touches upon the question asked, but I hope throws some light on the evolution of the sounds around the letter J in a broader context.
The quick answer is "yes" to both questions. Before j became differentiated from i, the "J" sound could be spelled with g in various combinations (edge, gem, exaggerate, etc.); and in ancient times, the names you mentioned were pronounced with an initial "Y" sound. Transcribed from Hebrew, Jesus was Yeshua. The Romans would have spelled Justinian "Iustinianus."
Just for fun - in Italian there is no "J" letter. The sound of that letter in English is represented by "ge" or "gi" as in Giovanni ("jo von nee" in crude English phonetics). You also see this in "gelato" and it shows up in the English "gelatin" and its shorter form "gel". See also "gemini", "gesture", "gentle", "gee whiz", "german", and lots more.
Who needs a "j"? The 'g' in "go" and "gu" are pronounced as in English ("hard" g). For a hard g sound followed by either "e" or "i", the Italians insert an 'h' between the 'g' and the following vowel. We use these spellings in english words like 'ghost" and 'aghast' (although the 'h' would not be used in Italian since the following vowel already makes the "g" hard.
Along those same lines - in Italian the English sound of "ch" is represented (along with its following vowel as "ci" or "ce". Similarly to 'g', inserting an 'h' between a 'c' and either 'e' or 'i' makes the 'c' "hard" - as does a following vowel of 'o' or 'u'. And again we use some of this same stuff in English - 'echo', 'charisma', 'chimera', etc. I think most of those words in English come from Greek - just to confuse things - but the idea that a 'ch' is pronounced as 'ck' (or just "hard c") is difficult for English speakers to accept until they see the same rule applied in English.
Not really and English Language question... but interesting (to me) anyway.
I think that this letter has to do with the limitation of the alphabet that was used as the template. For example, the Armenian alphabet created in 405-406 AD, has 36 characters/letters originally and an additional 2 characters/letters were added in the middle ages. The original alphabet contained a character for the both the hard and soft "j" sounds. Also the Georgian alphabet (33 letters created in the 4th century AD) has a character for the hard "j" sound as in January and a character for the softer "j" sound as in a 'zh" as would be found in "Zha Zha Gabor". Since Georgian is not an Indo-European language while Armenian is an Indo-European language, one can come to the conclusion that the creation of the letter is dependent upon the needs of the language and not the language group.
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Unlike digital cameras, there are no pre-flashes in film cameras that do off the film metering. In absence of pre-flashes I want to know how camera can determine accurate flash power when flash is bounced off a surface.
You triggered a distant memory. It appears to have been a genuine one :-) -
TTL (through the lens) metering was invented by Olympus in 1975. My memory says that they measured light reflected from the film surface to determine the light level and that they obtained a large number of film samples from many countries to arrive at a typical reflectance value to assign to the film. Olympus's history page here says that I recall correctly :-). They say -
That's a little concentrated: they used the derived value of film reflectance to set a value to use when the shutter was open but they also printed the shutter with a pattern with the same reflectance level so that when the shutter was closed they could use "preflash" to reflect light onto the sensor via the shutter surface. Very clever.
It is common with small battery power flashguns to regulate flash power using "tail trimming" i.e. shutting the flash circuit off before the capacitor is fully discharged.
TTL flash metering systems without pre-flashes work by monitoring the light passing through the lens in realtime during the exposure. The flash is fired as soon as the shutter opens, and a sensor records the light entering the camera. As soon as a certain threshold (as determined by the film speed) is reached, a signal is sent by the camera to electronically turn off the flash.
This prevents overexposure, but it can still result in underexposure as there is a maximum duration of the flash pulse, and this scheme does not allow the camera to change aperture as is the case when flash power is estimated using a pre-flash (though it can still delay the shutter closing if not enough light is detected).
Incoming flash light bounces off the film surface in a predictable way, if you place a sensor at the front of the mirror box it can measure this reflection and cut the flash off when the desired amount has been reached.
Edit: Ah, Russel McMahon beat me to it by seconds :)


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Has anybody else seen this yet?
This movie is a shadow of the original Planet of the Apes. But if the criteria for a good movie were whether it was better than Planet of the Apes, there wouldn't be many good movies out there would there??
The movie was pretty much by the numbers, no real surprises. This may be attributable to the fact that most of the plot developments were in the damn trailer! It did a good job of keeping a pace that built up to the finale, which was pretty freaking awesome. It also sets itself up for a sequel and a start of a new series. Taken as a series reboot, this movie works. But for me it just makes me want to see the original again.
This might almost be a side-topic, but why does every reimaging feel the need to drop so many references to the original classic? Hearing "get your stinking paws off me you damn dirty ape" again just takes you out of the current movie and does nothing. It doesn't honor the old movie to just regurgitate a beloved line, it just comes as awkward. And Tom Felton is barely a modern-day William Zabka, so it does us no good to hear him attempting Charlton Heston lines.


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This is a simple bibliographic request that I have been unable to pin down. Max Dehn's solution to Hilbert's 3rd problem is:
Max Dehn, "Über den Rauminhalt." Mathematische Annalen 55 (190x), no. 3, pages 465–478.
It is variously cited as either 1901 or 1902 (but always volume 55; Hilbert's own footnote cites volume 55 "soon to appear"). E.g.,
- Mathworld cites it as 1902.
- The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics cites it as 1902.
- Wikipedia says 1901.
- Various papers, e.g., this one, and Tao's book, cite it as 1901.
I have been unsuccessful in finding the definitive year via the web, because of all the conflicting citations. The next step is to retrieve Mathematische Annalen volume 55, but perhaps someone can spare me that trouble...? Thanks!


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The Vine - September 2012
What's New.
There seems to be a bit more activity in forums and in contests which is good. Look out next month for a couple of Halloween events which I am currently attempting to organise. If you'd like to help out, feel free to PM me; whether it's to make prizes or to suggest a possible event. I'd be glad to accept your help. :)
Dolls Of The Month.
Best Handdrawn.
Just had to give the award this month to LancasterPrincess; her Wonder Woman doll is just amazing. :) And so adorbs! Comment in her thread here.
Best Dollmaker.
The winner this month is eros, and the winning doll is her fantastic fire naga doll. I absolutely love the frame and the doll is just perfectl. Comment in her thread here.
Happy Birthday to Oo_Psychadelica_oO, antimae, LaTiDah, Singergirl0911, Anaiyia, LancasterPrincess and strengthofheart!
Horrorscopes By Miranda.
Life is like a basket of eggs. Some of them taste good and some of them are rotten. To determine whether an egg is fresh, however, immerse it in a pan of cool, salted water. If it sinks, it is fresh and you can eat it. If it rises to the surface, throw it in the direction of the nearest politician. Who knows, such an encounter might even win you the five minutes of fame you so desperately crave. You'd run naked down the high street to get even the slightest bit of attention, tho in this weather that might not be a good idea. Also, it's not very fair to inflict such a terrible sight on everyone else, now is it? Just for a change, spend some time concentrating on your senses. The only reason you see things as you do is because of the way the light falls on them. Look out for things that make the difference.
Something smells fishy to you this month. Deep in your cups, you rant and rave to everyone who has the misfortune to encounter you of your beliefs that there is a higher power controlling your every move. Guess what, there is a higher power watching over you. Its called the Government. Any others are purely figments of the over active imagination of someone in the throes of advanced madness and too much Special Brew. It will not be a good month for you this month. Maybe things will improve for you next month, but I doubt it. After a really bad day at school or work, you will go home and consume an entire half gallon of Ben & Jerry ice cream and never speak of it to anyone you know. But they will know your shame cuz it's written all over your face. Tip: Summer is over so stop wearing sandals.
Dont pay any attention to the negative comments people say about you. You never listen to a word anyone says usually, so why should this time be any difference? The bag lady who lives down the road is out to get you cuz you wronged her in a previous life. An invisible sea monster lives inside your washing machine and will eat one of each pair of your socks. You have suspected this for some time but beware; do not attempt to find the monster as it will bite off one of your hands if you do. You have a few skeletons in your closet. Every single one of them deserved it. But heres the bad thing, the skeletons are fighting to break out. Make sure your closet door is locket and bolted. If the skeletons come out they will haunt you for the rest of your life. That will not give a good impression to others, like you need to do this week.
How can your mirror and your camera have such completely different ideas of what you look like? Hmm Mirrors don't lie. Lucky for you, they can't laugh either. Here's a tip for you; while you believe that ripping your shirt and turning into a big green rage monster whenever someone insults you is actually the best way to behave, it's not. For one thing, it is ruinous to your wardrobe and you will not have any shirts left at all if you don't quit with the histronics. You may meet a lot of strange people this month and you will wish some conversations came with a fast-forward button. Nonetheless, you will be just fine if you remember that every person has a story to tell, which is why you should not talk to anyone, ever. Warning: Smile. Tomorrow is another day. Or at least, it will be if you smile; otherwise, I wouldn't like to say.
Just throw out that pair of jeans. You know exactly why, dont make me tell you. Your two facedness continues to make you enemies while you carry on blissfully and ignorant in your daily life. Every morning, your neighbour can hear you singing in the shower. Do everyone a favor and put a sock in it, would you? You might think otherwise, but trust me; you couldn't carry a tune in a bucket. The colour white is unlucky for you, so is red wine. Do the maths. You will discover a new talent this week; dont bother showing anyone, its not all that impressive. If you're a smoker, smoke more. It's good for the economy. If you are a nonsmoker, then telling a smoker to give up on Thursday will net you a black eye. Beware; every time you do something stupid, God kills a kitten. You are guilty of mass kitticide, you monster.
You will be flattered this month when someone tells you that you remind them of a superhero. Unfortunately, it's actually Tony Stark you remind them of; arrogant, obnoxious and basically a total jerk. Still, at least you can hang on to a few friends who feel that it's better that you like them rather than hate them. They don't want you for an enemy, believe me, cuz when you get a grudge, you nurse it forever. Instead of doing this, for a change, try not to be so crabby. It will bode well for your blood pressure in the future. A word of warning; family members will tend to pester you with their sage advice this month. No matter how annoying they get remember that therapy is expensive but bubble wrap is for free. Bright colours are unlucky for you this month so wear black; just try not to look like a goth as you will never carry it off convincingly. Tip: Vodka and orange does NOT count as one of your "five a day" so stop kidding yourself.
You should really make amends with that friend that you had a fight with a few months ago; if you do, youll get to go to go to their birthday party, where youll make out with some drunk person who is viewing you thru very foggy beer goggles. Treasure it, as it'll be the only human contact you'll get this month. You still struggle to count to ten without using your fingers; you're not very bright, are you? Cheese is unlucky for you, so try to avoid it this week. Your idea of being different is dressing like everyone else. You are a conformist tool and are rightly hated by everyone. Here's some advice; shouting down your mobile phone in public does not make people think you're a successful business person, but a loud moronic idiot. A long lost friend or family member will contact you this week. Dont get excited; they just want to borrow money.
Dont double-cross anyone this week, not even a little. Your gain today will cost you major karma points in the future and your karma bank is already overdrawn so you should not risk it. Quit messing around on the internet and do a little housework for a change; tip, it's not normal to have mice making a nest in your underwear drawer and cobwebs hanging in the microwave. If anyone visits your house before you clean up, they will think you are a slob. You will have extreme emotional ups and downs this week. Its nothing astrological; youre just as crazy as a bag of cats. A Capricorn will tell a joke to you next week, and you will laugh way after everyone else does; about five days after when you finally work out the punchline. Warning: Beware of the dog. I really mean it this time; there is a dog who's out to get you this month so you'd better watch out.
I predict a bad month for you. Before you moan, just remember that time you shoved a Virgo on to the floor just so you could get your greasy mitts on that marked down skirt in the sale. Cuz of that incident, karma is going to come and bite you in your butt. Shopping may take your mind of it, but that might just be cuz you have no mind to speak of. By the way, warming something frozen up in the microwave and then adding some garlic salt does not make you a chef. In fact, your cooking is so bad that people have been known to eat the container rather than risk your home cooking. You have been known to burn salad. Your overly bubbly attitude gives everyone you know a headache. Looking at the glass half full all the time doesnt make you optimistic, it makes you a moron. Sometimes, that glass really is half empty, so there's no point in being a Cleopatra.
Sometimes you've got to be cruel to be kind. So just get over it and smack the guy already. You know who I'm talking about; and he's been asking for it for months. Also, he's not a Cancer so you'll be safe from hideous revenge afterwards. The trees are out to get you, and CIA agents have been spotted hanging around outside your house. Are you sure you didn't leave your garage unlocked? It might be best to go back and make sure. Although you think you are a born leader, the rest of the world sees you for the pushy pain in the butt that you really are. Hundreds of people will attend your funeral, but only to make sure that you're really dead. Tip: If you love something set it free. If it comes back; kill it, have it stuffed, and hang it on the wall.
Youve been letting your anger get the better of you lately. You must learn to forgive your enemies. Nothing will annoy them more. Your friends are planning an intervention. Your love for world domination is really beginning to weird everyone out. You really must learn to take time off from your day job to relax a bit. Let's face it, if there was going to be someone to rule the world, it would not be a Sagittarius, trust me on this. Beware of friendly looking dogs this month. Our sources tell us theyve been conspiring against you. Also avoid pink pillows that wink in the dark and chairs that appear to mock you as you walk by. Your neighbour is beginning to realize that you have been spying on him. Its best to remove all the surveillance equipment perched over the wall. Deny that you ever had a neighbor if the police come to question you.
Control your road rage. Remember, you arent going to get there any faster if you have to find a place to dump the body and blood is a pain in the neck to get out of a white shirt. But seriously; you need to relax. No-one saw you do it, the alibi is airtight, and there is no suspicion at all. Unless the police are reading this... in which case, you'd better scratch together some money to use as a bribe. Just some friendly advice; being loud and wrong doesnt make you right. It just lets everyone around you know youre proud of not knowing what the hell youre talking about. This puts you on the same level as most politicians. You have a tendency to be overcritical and youre not afraid to show it. Not as many people have as thick skin (or as thick a head) as you, so lay off and people will stop keying your car.
It's creepy how much of my horrorscopes I can relate to each month...it's like you're watching me. 0.o
And WAAAAAAHHHHHHHH..... My birthday is in September toooo. ;(
Just added you in; thing is, I get the dates from the calendar so if your birthday isn't there, I won't know it.
Haha thanks for having my as the dollmaker!
Even though I don't believe in horoscopes, it's still funny to read some of them! XD
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 08:46 PM.
© 2007 The Doll Palace


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Telstra NextG Mobile Broadband Elite Pre-Paid Mobile Wi-Fi Hotspot Unbox Review
NextG is like 3G or 3.5G … its faster than normal 3G with download speeds up to 30mbps and uploads of 3mbps.
I bought this from the Telstra Shop for $129 and it includes 5GB of data.
Original video production by the http://www.OSGUI.com Tech Show.
Duration : 0:5:24


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Mass. jokester's buttocks caught in N.H. thresher puts brakes on DIY attraction at family farms
'I know my client assumed threshing would be perfectly safe,' said Mark Robertson, attorney for Karl Frankenheimer, a Massachusetts man who suffered several puncture wounds at Apple Time Farms in Wakefield, N.H., when he stuck his buttocks into the thresher 'as a gag.'
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Dear Editor,
Epidemic is defined as quote - affecting many people at the same time. Yes dear, Ohio Valley folks we have an epidemic.
Most people do not want to talk about it and yet it's here and it's killing our kids, our grandchildren and anyone else who dabbles in its addictive terror. And yes, it is terror to those who love and care for these people. I've been watching and waiting for the locals to wake up. It's here and it's REAL and we are losing the war. The system arrests one and two take his place. It's big money and lots of it. These addicts are stealing from anyone and everyone. They will DIE to get their FIX. These suppliers or dealers will go any length to maintain there income. The really dangerous ones are those who do not use their own product. They are sober and devious and very, very sick. They don't CARE who dies and who lives as long as the money continues to roll in. The way the law reads, we can only lock them up. We can't kill them like they are killing our kids and neighbors.
Just recently a young man I know well, stopped by and asked to borrow some money. This young man has many qualities and I trusted him. I will trust anyone, even more than once because I have HOPE they will change. HE has a drug problem and has been through rehabilitation. This young man gave me a legitimate reason he needed money and stated he would pay me back on Friday, which was payday. It's been two weeks now and he is a NO show. I pray he is okay and I give him the benefit of the doubt.
A little money is a small price to pay to gain someone's trust. Everyday we trust in God and we who are blessed to be able to help others in any fashion are sometimes called "enablers." I will enable anyone to become a better person in God's eyes. I hope and pray my money has brought this individual a little closer to his bottom so he may seek the help that he needs. WE as law enforcement, grandparents, parents, brothers and sisters, can only plant the seed of knowledge to the addicts demoralization process. I believe only GOD saves people, we cannot, but as a community I believe we can do a lot more than what's being done. GOD does not make JUNK! Every adult, youth or child is OUR responsibility and I hope and pray this "epidemic" somehow draws to a close in the near future. I am tired, sick and tired of watching these kids die because of evil sick people who pray on the weak. We desperately need to change our laws soon, and real soon. Prescription drugs are the new killing fields and its up to us who really CARE to make a difference in these people lives.
God Bless.
Richard Lucas