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When did the main meaning of the word 'gay' shift from happy to homosexual? How did the meaning evolve, if there is a relation between the two?
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The development is actually quite straightforward once it has been pointed out.
As your question indicates that you already know, 'gay' originally meant 'carefree' and 'happy'.
Over time, the liberalness of 'carefree' increased and by the 1600s, it was used to describe someone of promiscuous sexual proclivities. Womanisers, prostitutes and other such sexually liberal people were termed 'gay'.
The idea of sexuality within the word continued to become more liberal and sexual promiscuity came to be sexual obscurity and eventually, by C20 (yes, that recent) it was used to refer to homosexuals.
Now, that meaning has developed even further and the word 'gay' has taken on a negative connotation (since many oppose homosexuality) and can now be used almost interchangeably with the word 'bad', in certain youth cultures. i.e.: "I don't want that one; it's gay"
The New Oxford American Dictionary has:
Etymonline has more to say:
(many citations omitted; see the link above for the full text)
For some personal research, Google ngram gives two interesting graphs:
Both graphs show a reversal in the trend of usage of gay in the late 1970s. Of course, those graphs are established from books, so written usage in other media and oral usage probably predate that in books.
Tom Robinson a British musician and singer, one of the first, if not the very first pop artist who did not disguise or hide his homosexuality from the general public. Until then homosexual actors, musicians, athletes or anyone in the public eye had two choices in life: to keep their homosexuality a secret, especially from the media, or adopt the mannerisms and a code of dress which were very camp but at the same time (ironically) never admitting their sexual preferences publicly.
Tom Robinson released a very successful song entitled (Sing if you're) Glad to be Gay, it was the mid-70s, and I was still at a Catholic primary school when I remember quite distinctly hearing gay being used for the first time to counteract the BrEng derogatory terms such as: poofter, poof, queer, not normal, fairy and queen that were rife at the time.
Glad to be Gay
For me, a young child living in London at the time, the term gay (meaning homosexual and not "happy") was used much more frequently by the media and the general public after the release of "Glad to be Gay". It also helped that Tom Robinson looked straight and was not in the least camp, he did not fit the stereotypical idea of how homosexuals looked and behaved. The song was also incredibly catchy, upbeat, joyful and anyone with an iota of sensitivity in their body could understand that this song was saying to the world: Don't be ashamed of who you are, stand tall and be proud.
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Event Information
APRIL 16 - THE DOUBLE LIFE OF VERONIQUE (Kieslowski, 1991)
Expand your mind with PROJECTION. Cosponsored by the Psychology Department and the School of Communications, this series offers a variety of critically-acclaimed films, and explores the many interrelationships between cinema and psychology. Each screening will be followed by an open-ended discussion. Admission is free, and all GVSU students are welcome
For more information, contact Brian Bowdle (firstname.lastname@example.com) Psychology Professor
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subset: commoncrawl


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ALLEN, Norman L. Sr., 76, Man of God, Loving husband, Faithful brother, Dedicated father, Doting grandfather and great-great-grandfather died like a man at his home surrounded by family on Jan. 16, 2013.
He was preceded in death by his parents, George and Rachel (Carson) Allen.
Norm is survived by his wife of 58 years, Marie (Nalepa) Allen; brother, Richard (Dick) Allen; cousins, James (Mary Ann) Allen; daughter, Amy (Ken) Humpe; sons, Norman Jr. (Debbie), Vic (Emi), J. Michael and Richard (Rich) Allen; sister-in-law, Eleanor (Mike) Simone, 14 grandchildren. eight great-grandchildren; one great-great-grandchild; numerous nieces and nephews, friends; and a fine bird dog and faithful companion, Bay.
He was a faithful member of the Cornerstone Church of Toronto, The Toronto Rod & Gun Club and The Stratton Senior Citizens.
Norm, who was known by some family members as "Prince Albert", "Captain America", "Chief Grey Eagle" who walked many miles and shot many grouse, and past fellow co-workers as "Storm'n Norman".
He was an American Patriot that served his Country as a Paratrooper. Norm was also an avid sportsman and conservationist who may be responsible for the diminishing population of the ruffed grouse in the Yellow Creek area and retired from Timet Metals Corp.
A celebration of his life will be held in the Spring. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to the Cornerstone Church of Toronto.
Norm's arrangements are in the care of the J. E. Foster Funeral Home, Inc. 701 Findley St. Toronto, Ohio 43964.
Condolences may be offered to the family at: www.jefosterfh.com


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I have a problem with Activity navigation and the back stack and I was hoping you could clear it up for me.
The Problem
Root Activity >>> SecondActivity >> HomeButton
This then takes me to the home page and from there I select...
Gmail >> Message >> Open attachment in my application >> ImportActivity >> RootActivity
The outcome is a new task being started and another instance of my application being used. This is unacceptable as I don't want two separate tasks running I only want one.
The Desired Outcome
What I want to happen is when the user opens the attachment and ImportActivity finishes what its doing (it has
android:noHistory set to true) and calls
RootActivity is started, but keeping only one instance and the rest of the activities on top of it in the original task (in this case
SecondActivity)are removed.
The reason I want this is if the user navigates out of my application after importing the file and then touches the app icon it loads the first task with its back stack and I have two tasks running in which the user can be in two different parts of my application at once.
What I have tried
I have played around with the launch mode but none of them really give me the functionality that I need.
Launch Modes I have tried..
android:launchMode="singleTask" - this just started the root activity again each time it was launched. Even if the user pressed the home button inside my application and touched the App icon the back stack was destroyed.
android:launchMode="singleInstance = doesn't allow any other activites to run in the task.
Also when calling the intent to start the
RootActivity I have used the following to no avail.
Intent i = new Intent(ImportActivity.this,TrackingActivity.class);
i.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK | Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP);
Is it possible to do what I want?
Thanks in advance


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Photo Details
Part of the U.S. Library of Congress's Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress).
Lee, Russell, 1903-1986, photographer
- Safety film negatives.
- 1 negative : safety ; 3 1/4 x 3 1/4 inches or smaller.
- Religious, California, and U.S. Library of Congress
- Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Black-and-White Negatives
- United States--California--Santa Clara County--Santa Clara.
- Annotation on original negative jacket.
- Title and other information from caption card.
- LOT 0162 (Location of corresponding print.)
- Transfer; United States. Office of War Information. Overseas Picture Division. Washington Division; 1944.
- More information about the FSA/OWI Collection is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsaowi
- Film copy on SIS roll 2, frame 1728.


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Total Gym XL Home Gym for $499 + shipping
MP3 of John Cafferty's "Hearts on Fire" sold separately.
7 Comments add a comment
Why the hell is this so expensive? It looks like two steel tubes with a pleather covered piece of wood attached to it.
This must be a joke perpetrated by the ICNA (International Chuck Norris Association). Conspiracy!
My mom had one of these. They're pretty much trash. Save five hundred bones and just buy some freeweights.
lol. these are made in my home town.
we found them in the mfg dumpster a while back and got some free home gyms.
they didnt like that. also, they are junk.
get the p90x system, bowflex, or some free weights.
I saw this on an infomercial at 1230am with Chuck Norris and Cristy Brinkley...they even had Steve Goutenberg touting it. No weights involved, just your own body weight. The device seems to take a a bit of space. I'm sticking to my dumbbells instead.
It seems a bit strange that the deal was added 4 days ago, yet the website say "TODAY ONLY $499"! I have the Total Gym 1000, which I bought at a thrift shop for $15. To say the least, it's nothing special. I still need to use free weights and a cross-trainer to fulfill my workout needs.
So much hate! This machine may not be the best for those looking to get ripped or for those with a strict workout regimen, but my dad had one and loved it. He just wanted to keep weight off and stay toned and did exactly that.
I do agree that it does take up quite a bit of space, though.


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My question is whether for every extension of number fields $L\subset K$, and for every $f_0(x),...,f_n(x)$ in $K[x]$, there is some $\alpha\in L$ such that $$f_n(\alpha)T^n+...+f_1(\alpha)T+f_0(\alpha)$$ is irreducible as a polynomial in $K[T]$.
If $L=K$ this is known from Hilbert's Irreducibility Theorem. I find it hard to believe that there is a counter-example to this, but on the other hand I can't seem to conjure up a proof.


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I can't install the nvidia driver in Ubuntu 12.10. The following error appears after I issue the command
sudo apt-get install nvidia-current nvidia-settings after adding the nvidia ppa:
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:
Is there any solution?


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I have been unable to find where Fanotec products are made.
I have been unable to find where Fanotec products are made.
Does it matter?
It is made in the "World's Factory".
We listen. We try harder.
French Nodal Ninja Distributor
Blog: http://www.skivr.com
Online shop: http://magasin.skivr.com
Photo gallery: http://flickr.com/skivr
Support website: http://support.skivr.com
wherever its made, everything i've seen from fanotec top quality gear -
keep up the good work
Sam Rohn :: 360° Panoramic Photography :: Location Scout :: New York City :: www.samrohn.com
PanoPress :: WordPress Plugin for 360° Panoramas in Flash & HTML5 :: www.panopress.org


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A regular local ring is a domain. But in general, a regular ring is not domain, so you can find regular rings with nilpotent elements.
I am unable to construct an example of (A, I) as
A is a regular ring, I is a nilpotent ideal and A/I is regular
Any help would be appreciated


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Sporty touring requires either a well-upholstered behind ... or a well-upholstered seat. Our comfort seat, which was developed in collaboration with KAHEDO, significantly increases the seating comfort, whether you're spending half an hour or a whole day on your bike. The foam used for the seat and the altered seat shape offer every option for relaxed, stress-free sitting. And we've thought of the pillion rider too - because the shape of that seat has also been changed, and is now far more comfortable.
No instructions are currently available for this product.


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We stock Professional Hair Products so you can be assured that you are buying the best possible products for your hair.
We will endeavour to assist you with any queries you have on the products we sell and offer you a fast and friendly service at all times.
To all our customers - In light of the further postal increases/changes to take affect on 2nd April 2013 please note that we may have to use a 3-5 day courier more frequently for some orders so service may be a little slower until we get to grips with the Royal Mail changes and listings changed accordingly.
Please note that we will endeavour to do whatever we can to ensure a good service to you. Thanks for your hopefully continued custom!
We always endeavour to post purchases as swiftly as possible, however please allow up to 7 working days from date of purchase. Any special requests to receive goods by a certain date will be achieved for you whenever possible. We will do our utmost at all times to ensure customer care is paramount.


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I marked not celiac friendly however I did not have a problem. I ordered a salad and some hummus. There is definitely room for cross contamination but they do wash hands and change gloves.
3999 Edwards Road, Cincinnati, OH 45209
I should have looked at the dates on the previous reviews. I ate here based on the 'Celiac Friendly' votes. they specifically say on their menu that they are not 'Celiac Safe', but I went against my better judgement, thinking maybe it was just to protect themselves. Apparently not. Definitely got sick from here. Great gluten free menu if Celiac is not an issue for you.
8874 McGaw Rd, Columbia, MD 21045
I go there often.They always ask about allergys. Never gotten sick. GF stuff is packaged differently.
7565 France Avenue South, Edina, MN 55435
Amazing as always!!!
945 Ernest W. Barrett Pkwy, Kennesaw, GA 30144
A perfect place for lunch. Any sandwich can be gluten free, great salad bar, plus gluten free cookies for dessert
12320 L Street, Omaha, NE 68137
Hit and miss. It's great food but high risk for CC. I'm a Celiac, and would say it's usually okay for Celiacs but not always the safest option.
7305 Arroyo Crossing Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89113
Dirty run down store. To many employees asking me if I need anything.
2907 Washington Road, Bldg 500, Augusta, GA 30909
Everyone is always friendly and they are very careful and go out of their way to accommodate us.
3065 Mallory Lane, Franklin, TN 37067
I can't eat much there but be careful of the salad bar because there is a crazy amount of cross contamination
5819 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78238
We bring our 3 year old celiac to get the gf chicken nuggets and they are delicious! never had a cross contamination issue as they use a separate area and even change their gloves. Gluten free desert includes snickerdoodles and ice cream!
1975 S. Hurstbourne Pkwy, Louisville, KY 40220
I have been there twice, had reactions both times. Will never go back.
1409 Main St, Dallas, TX 75202
This location is not celiac friendly at all. My daughter's potato came out on the same platter with the rest of the glutenized food. It was on a regular plate. Generally, it is in a to go potato container with a plastic top on it and the gluten warning sticker on it. Now, I know and understand that there is a risk here but at all of the other Jason's we have been to they try to do their best to avoid the risk when we tell them our daughter is celiac and the manager even handles it. And we have been to many Jason's in several states. Be careful at this location!
943 North Green River Road, Evansville, IN 47715
I've probably eaten here at least 25 times, and never a GF problem. The ice cream (free with any meal) is a nice bonus.
6061 East Broadway Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85711
They say right on their menu that they are not safe if you have celiac. Why bother?
4554 Virginia Beach Blvd. Suite 980, Virginia Beach, VA 23462
They are very careful to say they are gluten sensitive, not gluten free. I am gluten free and ordered the black bean, roasted corn, and blue tortilla chip salad. It was good. I was fine. We were a party of 9 and there were 3 mistakes when our good came to our table, but they fixed everything no problem. And, the kids enjoyed the free soft serve ice cream!
17275 North 79th Ave Suite 100, Glendale, AZ 85308
They specify that NOTHING is safe for people with celiac disease. For whatever reason they don't know how to avoid cross contamination yet they say they change their gloves... I had the sandwich with gluten free bread and was fine, it was great actually, and fruit doesn't seem dangerous so that was good too. You can have a safe lunch here just be adamant about them keeping covered.
17275 North 79th Ave Suite 100, Glendale, AZ 85308
Got food poisoning here (not just glutened). They denied, denied, denied. Avoid!!
2159 York Rd, Lutherville-Timonium, MD 21093
Gluten free options are not intended for people who actually need to eat gluten free. Nothing wrong with the food quality as far as I'm aware.
410 North Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville, KY 40222
Great chicken salad sandwich made with pineapple!
2000 N Rock Road Ste 108, Wichita, KS 67208
Not for people with celiac. cross contamination is very possible. they assure that they change gloves, etc, they assured us the chips were gluten free, but they weren't. great food, but my son couldn't eat there.
824 Woods Crossing Road, Greenville, SC 29607
Awesome place for celiac to go. I go regularly with friends! There is a good salad bar, baked potato or a range of sandwhiches on gluten free bread. Ice cream comes with every meal.
943 North Green River Road, Evansville, IN 47715
My wife and I have had multiple good experiences here with both salads and sandwiches. I'm extremely gluten sensitive and have never had an issue.
95 N Moorland Rd, Brookfield, WI 53005
I have Celiac and have eaten at many Jason's Deli restaurants, including this one. I've never gotten sick. Plus, they have prepackaged soft Udi cookies for dessert that are so delicious!!
2311 Santa Barbara, Cape Coral, FL 33991
I have Celiac and two of my children also have gluten allergies. We LOVE Jason's Deli! We come at least a few times per month and appreciate the GF options and care that they take in avoiding cross-contamination. 😊
178 S. Rio Grande Suite 100, Salt Lake City, UT 84101
They use Udi's bread and follow safe practices when preparing sandwiches.
12320 L Street, Omaha, NE 68137
staff is knowledgeable and very friendly. several menu options for gf
2115 Gunbarrel Road, Chattanooga, TN 37421
New menu with designed gluten free items. Now offer gluten free bread for all sandwiches!
775 Yard Street #190, Grandview Heights, OH 43212
So very delicious!! I had a turkey sandwich with tomato and provolone and it was very good! Great about cross contamination!
775 Yard Street #190, Grandview Heights, OH 43212
So very delicious!! I had a turkey sandwich with tomato and provolone and it was very good! Great about cross contamination!
3910 University Ave, West Des Moines, IA 50266
They are very thorough with preventing cross contamination and have lots of options on their menu. I highly recommend them!
745 E Joyce Blvd #114, Fayetteville, AR 72703
I can only speak for the prepared entrees - I am a pretty sensitive celiac so I never risk the salad bar and all the cross contamination. They have such a great array of sandwiches, and they take such pains to limit cross contamination, that I almost never order sandwiches elsewhere. Most places I just wouldn't risk a sandwich if I couldn't see it being prepared! Here they change their gloves and use a dedicated prep space. The manager is incredibly helpful and has helped me choose gluten free side items on many occasions. Also the free ice cream machine and chocolate sauce are gluten free!
4130 East 82nd Street, Indianapolis, IN 46250
Entire gluten free menu! Very friendly staff! Even though one staff didn't know my answers, the other staff was very knowledgeable and helped trained her on gf. My son had the gluten free chicken nuggets, which he was less impressed with, but it's a great place to try. If you are Celiac however, they do warn that there is possible cc and more for gluten sensitivities and diets than people diagnosed with celiac
9026 North Skyview Avenue, Kansas City, MO 64154
We had never heard of this chain, but stumbled upon this location when we were looking for some quick food before heading to the airport. Their GF disclaimer is pretty long, but it shows that they understand the severity of cross contamination. Ask for the GF menu at the register because the GF options are not listed on the hanging menu. We each got soup and salads and were very pleased. The kitchen is open, so you can watch them prepare your food. I watched them change gloves and put everything on a separate purple cutting board. When our food arrived, it was all labeled gluten free. It seems like cross contamination would be a fear here, but from what I saw they take every precaution and take cross contamination seriously. Steer clear of the salad bar, obviously. Pasta and croutons everywhere! There's also free ice cream! My husband wiped down the nozzle and we each had a small bowl of ice cream. What a treat! This location is literally five minutes from the airport(we even saw it from the airplane after we took off), so it's a great location. We had a great experience at Jason's Deli and we left wishing there were locations in Massachusetts.
4545 N Oracle Rd Suite 121, Tucson, AZ 85705
Somewhat limited menu, but the salad I had was great and the staff was knowledgeable.
6260 W 95th Street, Oaklawn, IL 60453
Exceptional service, food, and knowledgable staff. Plus, free soft serve ice cream for dessert is a win!
1509 W New Haven Ave, Melbourne, FL 32904
We came in right before closing. The guy behind the counter asked about a gluten allergy and said he would prepare the food separately with new gloves on to avoid cross contamination. Good sandwich. Too soon to tell if I'll react because I just finished it but so far so good.
2700 Richmond Rd #16, Texarkana, TX 75503
I have CD and they were very careful ! 👍
1330 E. 15th Street, Tulsa, OK 74120
Pro: They offer GF (Bread, Cookie) but Con: Staff doesn't take it seriously. I never saw the staff changed gloves after handling Non-GF bread. Manager ask "how GF are you" after making a sandwich without GF Bread.
78 SE 33rd Street, Edmond, OK 73013
Pretty sure of a cross contamination
Dallas Love Field Airport, 8008 Cedar Springs Road, Dallas, TX 75235
no gluten free menu at the airport :(
951 W. I-20 Suite 109, Arlington, TX 76017
This chain, including this store, consistently provides an extremely safe environment for eating gluten and dairy free. I feel very confident eating here. Since I don't have many choices, I eat here frequently. Some of the staff members know me -- and almost have my usual order memorized! I am very pleased to recommend Jasons.
4554 Virginia Beach Blvd. Suite 980, Virginia Beach, VA 23462
I was glutened here today. I love the many options they try to provide for the gluten free community and this made me very trusting of their training with handling food for those with allergies, however I absolutely believe there was an issue with cross contamination at this location. I was very, very sick after eating lunch here and will not be returning to this location. If you eat here I would definitely stand at the counter and watch them make your food.
12320 L Street, Omaha, NE 68137
Staff super friendly and knowledgeable. Lots of menu choices!
20117 US-19, Cranberry Twp, PA 16066
My new favorite place to eat!!
19755 Hwy 59 N, Humble, TX 77338
Great GF bread. I love this place
8421 Brier Creek Pkwy. #101, Raleigh, NC 27617
omg. the gal who took our order got it wrong. I'm allergic to wheat and cannot afford to have a mistake. I was very clear. I am allergic and need my food prepared separate with clean knives. she said no problem. got my sandwich and it was regular rye. good thing I know the difference. took it to the manager. made the correct one but no remorse. it could have killed me
9525 East County Line Rd, Englewood, CO 80112
They have a whole gluten "free" menu with lots of choices. So glad I found them!
1506 Airport Boulevard, Pensacola, FL 32504
Basically clueless on what gluten free means! We ordered a gluten free hot dog off of their children's menu for my son who has Celiacs. It came with an allergy sticker on it. I opened it up & it obviously was a regular hot dog bun. I went to the counter & was told by the manager, "we don't have gluten free buns, but we did follow protocol by changing our gloves." They gave me a cold piece of untoasted bread with the hot dog. My son ended up eating my gluten free turkey sandwich which was terrible.
10225 Research Blvd. Suite 1010, Austin, TX 78759
I always get a turkey sandwich with tomato, lettuce and avocado. I also get chips and a gf cookie if they have it. Love it. I was cautious at first because it seems cross contamination would be an issue there but I never had any issue with illness after eating there
4130 East 82nd Street, Indianapolis, IN 46250
Love the gluten free chicken nuggets. I have dairy, soy, and egg intolerances too. Staff even looked up salad dressings for dairy & soy to be sure they were giving me the proper info. Excellent experience! Will be back.
975 Savannah Highway #9, Charleston, SC 29407
Great and plentiful GF options! The staff are very knowledgeable too.
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Billy Cook Saddlery Nocona Roper Saddle
This Billy Cook Saddlery Nocona Roper Saddlesmith 16" seat is nicely finished with basket tooling, engraved silver conchos and black rawhide binders on the 3" post horn, 4" Cheyenne roll cantle and 3" roper stirrups. With full double stainless rigging, this roping saddle weighs in at about 44 pounds. Read more...
Constructed on a Ralide® Roper tree, the Billy Cook Saddlery Nocona Roper Saddle has a full double rigging with stainless steel dees and a 16" seat. Other features of this roping saddle include 3" post horn with black rawhide binder, 4" Cheyenne roll cantle with black rawhide and stainless steel laced binder, roughout seat jockey and fenders and 3" black rawhide roper stirrups. It's finished with hand-stamped in-line basket tooling and engraved silver conchos. Weighs approximately 44 pounds.
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Smith Brothers is proud to offer a 100% satisfaction guarantee on all of our products. We stand behind the quality of our products, and should you not be satisfied with your purchase, simply return it and we will refund, replace or exchange it for you.


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My Co-workers and I are trying to figure this out, but can't think of a logical answer. It's probably an easy one, but I'll ask anyway- Ok, the heater is set at 73 degrees. The a/c is set at 73 degrees. Why does it feel warmer with the heat on if they're both 73 degrees?
closed as off topic by David Z♦ Jan 21 '13 at 3:15
Questions on Physics Stack Exchange are expected to relate to physics within the scope defined by the community. Consider editing the question or leaving comments for improvement if you believe the question can be reworded to fit within the scope. Read more about reopening questions here.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
1) Maybe it's your imagination


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The slide called "QUANTA" here says that "One Quantum has a definite mass" and the picture shows a wave. So, What is meant by the mass of a wave?
First of all, the quanta in the slide are not "waves", they are "wave packets".
Secondly one has to distinguish between wave packets in the classical world and wave packets in quantum mechanics which rules in the microworld of particles. In the macroscopic world described by classical waves and wave packets, the waves are variations in density of a specific medium, for sound, and water waves.
Electromagnetic waves and wave packets straddle the divide between classical and quantum definitions, as described classically they are propagating variations in the electromagnetic field. As described quantum mechanically they have a dual nature, a quantum of light with an energy and momentum four vector, and a probability wave which describes the probability of finding the wave packet as a photon in a specific space time point: $(x,y,z,t)$. The classical electromagnetic wave blends with the quantum one, but still the interpretation of the wave packet is in terms of probabilities.
In the particle world all particles, including photons, are described as quanta of either probability waves or actual particles, in a dual manifestation depending on the experiment observing them.
The mass of the probability wave packet is the mass given by the four vector representation of its energy and momentum as a particle: $m^2=E^2-p^2$. In the case of the photon that mass is 0.
The mass in a classical water or sound wave has to be defined because it was never a useful concept for the study of classical waves.
It's not that the wave has a mass, really; it's that a quantum of the wave has a mass. A quantum of the wave is one of those little wave packets shown in the slide, and the mass is the minimum amount of energy that one of those wave packets can have. The mass of a quantum is set by a fundamental property of the field that the wave propagates in.
You can find a more detailed explanation of what he's talking about on Prof. Strassler's website, in particular starting at section 4 of his series on quantum fields and particles. The gist of it is as follows: you can infer in various ways that a wave has to satisfy the differential equation
$$\frac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial t^2} - c^2 \frac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial x^2} = -\mu^2c^4(\phi - \phi_0)$$
where $\mu$ is a property of the field and $c$ is the universal invariant speed (a.k.a. the speed of light). Equations like this come out of quantum field theory, for example. The solution to this formula is a linear combination of plane waves of the form
$$\phi(x,t) = \phi_0 + e^{i(kx - \omega t)}$$
where $\omega$ and $k$ satisfy a particular equation called the dispersion relation, in this case
$$\omega^2 = k^2 c^2 + \mu^2 c^4$$
The wavenumber $k$ is inversely related to wavelength and thus can take on any real value, but assuming $\mu$ is real, the frequency $\omega$ is restricted to values greater than or equal to $\mu c^2$.
Now, if you multiply through by $\hbar^2$, you get
$$\begin{align}(\hbar\omega)^2 &= (\hbar k)^2 c^2 + (\hbar\mu)^2 c^4\\ E^2 &= p^2c^2 + m^2c^4\end{align}$$
where $E = \hbar\omega$, $p = \hbar k$, and $m = \hbar\mu$. So this property of the field (or wave), $\mu$, is related to what we perceive as the mass $m$ of the corresponding quantum (particle).
Very short theoretical answer:
For example, for scalar particles, it is the term $m$ from the Klein-Gordon equation:
$$\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}\psi - \nabla^2\psi + \frac{m^2 c^2}{\hbar^2}\psi = 0$$
How is that? The answer is that particles, in quantum theory, are understood as vectors in a Hilbert space. These Hilbert spaces associated to particles are obtained from the unitary representations of the Poincaré group. In fact, all this boils down to the representations of the $SL(2,\mathbb C)$ group, which is the double cover of the (proper orthochronous) Lorentz group. $SL(2,\mathbb C)$ has the same representations as those of its the maximal compact subgroup, which is the group $SU(2)$. These representations are classified by spin and mass (the Casimir invariants). The spin tells which equation to use, so that its solutions are such vectors. The mass is the coefficient $m$ from the equation.
In practice, as anna v said, you can determine the mass from the momentum and energy, so the particle has to be in an eigenstate of the momentum. But the proper mass makes sense even if the particle is not an eigenstate of the momentum.
If you want a classical picture of how the mass is associated to a particle, originally, Schrodinger interpreted the wavefunction classically. He thought that the mass density is proportional to the squared amplitude of the wave: $\psi(x)\psi^*(x)$. He had to abandon this picture when he realized that for many particles would not hold. Instead, $\psi(x)\psi^*(x)$ was interpreted by Born as density of probability.


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Reno-Tahoe International Airport
2001 East Plumb Lane, Reno, Nevada 89502, USA
Telefon: (775) 328 6400
Website: www.renoairport.com
Reno-Tahoe International Airport is situated 6.5km (4 miles) southeast of central Reno.
How to get there
From downtown Reno, take the South Virginia route south to Plumb Lane and drive east straight to the airport. From Highway 395 North or South, take 'Reno/Tahoe International Airport' exit; from Interstate 80 West or East, take the 'Highway 395 South' exit and then the 'Reno/Tahoe International Airport' exit.
Information about parking possibilities at the Reno-Tahoe International Airport
Access by public transport
Bus services (bus 19) are operated by RTC public bus (tel: (775) 348 7433; www.rtcwashoe.com). The journey time is less than 20 minutes to central Reno and the single fare is US$2. Shuttle: Scheduled shuttle services are run by a number of providers, including the North Lake Tahoe Express (tel: (866) 216 5222; www.northlaketahoeexpress.com), the South Tahoe Express (tel: (866) 898 2463; www.southtahoeexpress.com) and the Airport Mini Bus (tel: (775) 786 3700; www.bell-limo.com).
Taxis are available from a number of operators, several of which offer flat-rate services to and from central Reno. Services run from an area outside baggage reclaim. Ground transportation information is available (tel: (775) 328 6566).
Information desk
An airport ambassadors' information desk (tel: (775) 328 6870) is located in the arrivals area.
Further travel information
- Back to the overview


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E-Z UP 10 FT. x 10 FT. Sierra II Duralon Sidewall
Product Information:
The E-Z UP® Sierra™ II Duralon Sidewall is the perfect add-on for backyard barbeques or game day parties. This single sidewall is water-resistant and encloses one side of your tent to keeps out unwanted bugs and less than perfect weather conditions. The Sierra™ Sidewall comes with hook and loop straps, and is only compatible with the E-Z UP® Sierra™ II and Dome II 10 FT. x 10 FT. canopies.
- 1 water-resistant polyethylene sidewall
- Only compatible with the E-Z UP® Sierra™ II and Dome II 10 FT. x 10 FT. canopies
- Hook and loop straps attach easily
- Encloses your canopy from bugs and weather
Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 20861236
Customer Reviews:
Rated 4 out of 5�by 4 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5�by WRod Perfect fit for my 10x10 tent. I bought two. They work perfectly. Will buy again. July 7, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5�by Bud Found it I have been looking for a shade for my E-Z UP and finally found it on line. Just what I wanted. July 30, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5�by Why not Perfect Exactly as advertised. Pic shows one side, ad says, "sidewall", and I received the sidewall that I ordered. Not sure how this ad was confusing for the other buyers. June 14, 2014
Rated 1 out of 5�by jlaneb VERY confusing description The description of this "item" should one "this ONE water-resistent shield/wall protects one side of your tent"...it does not enclose the tent unless you buy all 4 walls. VERY confusing description. Yes the item says "sidewall", but that is still not clear enough. Then when I realized my error (ordered one instead of four) the item is no longer available from Dick's so I had to go elsewhere which was frustrating. October 16, 2013
1-4 of 4


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I have Apache setup as my web server, and Tomcat is hooked into Apache via
mod_jk, so the user never interacts with Tomcat.
I have set up SSL on Apache, and I can hit it with
https://localhost, but when I try to access my application at
https://localhost/app, I get a
directory not found error.
The catch is when I go regular http, I can hit it fine:
What do I have to edit for this connection to work?
- I have uncommented the AJP connector in
- I have added my virtual host to
What am I missing?


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Customizing A Classic Truck - Freedom Of ExpressionWritten by on September 30, 2011 Old-School Customizing:101
One of the ideals of America is everyone is offered up a full serving of freedom. Now freedom can branch out into so many different contexts of this nation, but in terms of the Custom Classic Truck realm, I like to think freedom refers to the fact we can all build a truck suited to our tastes. For those after the ultimate in freedom of expression, this story is right up your alley—customizing.
At first glance customizing is something that appears larger than life. Yet, when examining customizing beyond the creativity and persona, one would find it's something that is easily accessible, affordable, and most importantly, possible. With simple supplies found at any metal yard, the most common of body tools and a little bit of creativity and ingenuity, one will find themselves up to their elbows in customizing in no time.
When it comes to customizing, various methods are employed. But when it comes to creating one-off works of art, there is no better method in terms of cost, time and practicality, than old-school customizing; the art of laying a skeleton of steel rod out and skinning it. By bending, twisting, tweaking and using any other form of manipulation on steel rods, one can design almost any type of look that they desire. Besides the design element, the final culmination of rods all welded together will act as a buck. At that point sheetmetal can be shaped and pulled around the buck to create a permanent sculpture. Then once the sheetmetal is tacked together the majority of the skeleton will be removed, and all that will be left standing is the new customized canvas.
As you'll notice through this story everything is pretty basic. The use of English Wheels, Planishing Hammers, rollers, shrinkers and so forth are nowhere to be seen. Reason being is that old school customizing can be accomplished with simple body tools such as hammers, dollies and the like. However, the most important tool is the human mind. The use of one's brain to use common objects around the shop to bend and shape metal is the biggest tool of all. When it comes to laying out the skeleton I use a combination of 1⁄2-inch electrical conduit and 1⁄4-inch rod. Both form of round stock are cheap and easily attainable, but most importantly they can be bent and shaped very easily. For most bends the use of the knee, a vise or a shaped object around the shop will work just fine. For tight and more intricate bends, I'll apply some heat to the high-stress area via a torch. In terms of sheetmetal, I use both 18-gauge and 20-gauge cold, rolled sheetmetal. For more convex or concave panels, I'll use 20-guage sheetmetal, whereas flatter big panel areas will receive an 18-gauge skin. Using the technique outlined I'm going to create a one-off custom rearend on Star Kustom Shop's newest project, a radical '57 Chevrolet. Once the rearend is laid out, a custom tonneau cover is also going to be created for the ultimate in a custom truck rearend. That's about it. The rest is all trial by fire! CCT
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The first step when it comes to creating anything custom is to make sure the truck is level. Using jackstands at all four corners the truck was leveled off. I then leveled off the bed and braced it to the frame. I began by mimicking the curve around the belt line of the rear fender, and tacked that "line" of the new rearend in place. This line will mark the upper lip of the new bedrail.Next, I mimicked the upper curve of the rear fender and tacked three lines from my bracing to my upper rail. (At this point these lines are mainly just for a visual reference.) Then a vertical reference line was tacked in position to set the slant of what would more or less be the tailgate. A second line, identical to the first, was positioned below the first line and against my vertical reference.In order to get an idea of where I want my rear roll pan to fall, the license plate opening was created and tacked in position on the vertical reference line.With a few key points in place I could visually see how things are gonna shape up. Before I moved any lower I wanted to create the bedrail. I used 21⁄2-inch exhaust U-bends to create the curve of the bedrail. With the angle and bend set I tacked each corner in position.Next, the bedrail was inserted between the bends just atop the 1/2-inch conduit line. The 1/2-inch conduit is tacked to the lower side of the bedrail, because the sheetmetal will form around the conduit. At this point the upper lines of the elongated license plate overrider were worked into the mix as well.To aid in the dimensions of the lower roll pan, a horizontal reference line (the 3/4-inch conduit) across the license plate was installed. A third line, in the same shape of the previous two rearend lines, will mark where the rear roll pan will begin. I also positioned the taillight openings on the horizontal line at this time.Using a combination of 1/2-inch conduit and 1/4-inch rod (which is great for tight and intricate bends) the upper half of the rear roll pan was shaped. Although each vertical line is of different lengths, I made sure that my curve was consistent throughout. Keep in mind the majority of these temporary lines will be removed; therefore I tacked them in position with 3/32-inch flux-coated brass, due to the fact all it takes to remove it is to slightly heat the brass up and pry the skeletal bar loose.The last step was to create the curve along the bottom of the roll pan. A horizontal line was placed at the bottom of the bed, marking where the roll pan will roll back to. Now that things were laid out, I then went back and inserted vertical braces throughout the layout at points of stress where the sheet metal will curve around. Without the bracing in points of stress, the sheetmetal will just buckle and flatten.
Somewhere amidst all the chaos of lines is the actual shape of the rearend! If you minus the vertical braces and just focus on the key lines that we discussed it become crystal clear. Note how the vertical braces have been placed in key points where the sheetmetal will take a lot of stress to take form.The final step in creating a custom rearend is skinning the skeletal form. I began by creating the bottom roll pan.Once the sheetmetal is tacked in place the shaping braces have served their purpose. At this point, the braces can be removed—the sheetmetal has taken its form—and the metal can be massaged with a hammer and dolly.In areas where it's possible to create a template I'll use construction board to do so. From there I transfer my template to the sheemetal.Using Vice Grips, C-clamps, Cleko's or whatever will get the job done, the panel is hung in position. Once things are in place, and only once they are in place, do I began tacking the panel in position.In instances where the sheemetal comes to a visual end, I'll leave excess material on my patterns and hammer a roll into the sheemetal around the correlating rod. This approach will give you nice clean and round edges.It's a bit fast-forwarded but here it is all skinned! Using the previous techniques the entire rearend was skinned. Note how the sheetmetal has formed around the skeletal outline to create the desired shape. The side angle shows the tailgate slants parallel with the rear fender slant. Also at this time any bracing that I haven't welded sheetmetal to gets removed.
This tonneau cover is broken down into two halves. The front half will house the gas tank, battery box, air tank, etc. The rear half will be the everyday cargo area. Because of this two separate covers were constructed from 1/2-inch square tubing, per the dimensions of the bed.The hinges for the tonneau cover were cut from 5/16-inch plate. Located at the top of the hinge is a 3/8-inch steel rod that acts as the pivot point for the cover. The tubular insert that I was able to locate in the hardware aisle of Lowe's, inserts between the 1/2-inch square tube of the cover and the 3/8-inch rod as a bushing for smooth operation.The hinges bolt directly to the bedsides at the front of each cover. A divider, constructed from square tubing as well, was also installed between the two covers to separate the compartments.Because of the custom shaped bedrail, the rear of the second tonneau cover needed to be shaped. I used the reference lines I tacked in place in caption #3 as the downward shape of the tonneau cover. Again, everything was based around the shape of the rear fenders for a consistent and even look.Custom latches, bear claw style from Auto-Loc, were built into the center of each tonneau cover. The pin resides on the tonneau cover, whereas the latch bolts to the bed. Here, I'm tacking the support bracket to the tonneau cover's framework.To assist in opening the tonneau cover and keeping things held upright, gas charged struts were added. Again the bottom mounts to the bedsides while the top bolts to a small bracket welded on the cover.


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Carolina Bedding Direct opens location in Ferry
February 11, 2013
MARTINS FERRY —Martins Ferry welcomed a new business to the area, Carolina Bedding Direct, located in the Fourth Street Plaza in Martins Ferry. The owner, Charlie Brown, just opened its doors....
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Place Card Holders
Item Number: AWH29972
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Place card holders add a nice touch of style to your wedding reception tables. Depending on the holder you choose, you can enhance the overall look of your wedding reception venue. For example, imagine the sparkle of silver wedding bell holders on every table. Guests will be honored to take their seats after seeing how much effort you put into making every seat look beautiful. Have you found the perfect design yet? Shop our selection of wedding place cards and find the one that suits your wedding style.
Have you considered making your own place card holders? You can get creative and find cheap ways to display your place cards, like using leftover wine corks, painted river rocks or small sections of wood.


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I've played both regular Settlers of Catan and the Seafarers of Catan Expansion, but I haven't yet played Cities & Knights and I'm curious about how it plays. I've noticed a lot of people speak very favorably of Cities & Knights, some even claim it's the only way to play Catan. I've read about how the game works, but I'm skeptical about the changes made in the expansion. How does the expansion improve gameplay in Catan?
Sign up
- Anybody can ask a question
- Anybody can answer
- The best answers are voted up and rise to the top
I often describe Cities and Knights as "the version of Catan where every limitation has a way around it." You can only hold seven cards… unless you build these walls. You only get cards when your numbers roll… unless you have an aqueduct. Etc.
Cities and Knights takes Catan and adds a layer of interesting shortcuts, passthroughs, special cases and escape hatches on top. There's slightly more to learn, but it's still a simple game. But the increase in complexity is outweighed by the vast increase in interesting mechanics between players and events in the gameworld.
All in all, there are just many more possibilities which makes gameplay much more unique from each game.
I can highly recommend that you try it. I have a hard time playing the original version, with this expansion available.


text: Oh boy, the more I write descriptions on these birds from Angry Birds, the more sick of them I get. Up next we will tackle the task of drawing a blue angry bird, step by step. This is actually the face of three birds in one since they all look alike. The Blues are a creation of Jay, Jake, and Jim. They are layered on top of one another in a totem pole style and they where not introduced until 2009. These blue colored birds have it all, and they really know how to get in trouble to prove it. Even though I only included one of the three birds in the lesson, all you have to do is draw him three times to make them all. Drawing The Blues will be easy, fun and colorful so get started. I will be back so stick around to see what I have for you next.


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Here you'll find job and internship opportunities with the Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce, as well as see jobs posted by our members. The featured employers listed below are expanding in the Nashville region. Click here for instructions to post a job on our job board.
Nashville Chamber member companies' job postings.
Current open full-time and internship positions with the Nashville Area Chamber.


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Little Girls and Baby Girl Shrugs, Boleros and Cardigans
Jazz up her look with girls cardigans, shrugs and boleros. Whether you need an elegant bolero for a special occasion dress or just a trendy cardigan to beat the chill we have styles she will love. Pair our shrugs, cardigans and boleros with tops and pants for an unique boutique look. . You're sure to find the color, size and styles you're looking for!
Shop by Size
Complete her look and find great deals in our collection of boleros, shrugs and cardigan sweaters. They're the perfect companion to any outfits from formal to casual.


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BLASCHAK, Evelyn E., 87, of Weirton, WV, passed away Thursday, November 8, 2012, at the Valley Hospice Care Center North, Steubenville, OH.
She was born July 25, 1925, in Elizabeth, PA. She was the daughter of the late Joseph and Mary Lehman Mayerich.
Evelyn was also preceded in death by her husband of 57 years, William A. Blaschak, sisters; Katherine Tokorcheck Plesich, Rose Marie Plantz, brothers; Joseph, Frank, and John Mayerich, Paul and Steve Tokorcheck.
She was a member of St. Joseph the Worker Church, and an avid bingo player.
Surviving are her daughter; Barbara Ann Blaschak (Richard) of Cape Cod, MA, sons; Robert Blaschak(Susan) of Chillicothe, OH, Mark S. Blaschak (Sandra) of Weirton, WV, five grandchildren, sister; Margaret Steward of Weirton, WV.
Visitation will be at the Steel & Wolfe Funeral Home, Inc., 380 Penco Road, Weirton, WV on Sunday November 11, 2012, from 5-8.
Funeral Liturgy with Mass will be Monday, November 12, 2012, at 10 a.m. at St. Joseph the Worker Church, Weirton, WV, with Reverend Manuel Gelido as officiant. Burial will follow at St. Paul Cemetery. www.steelandwolfe.com


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TOPEKA, Kan. (AP) _ A state commission has nominated a former conservative lawmaker now serving as a trial judge as one of three finalists for a seat on the Kansas Court of Appeals.
But the statewide judicial nominating commission on Friday passed over Gov. Sam Brownback's top attorney, Caleb Stegall, as a finalist.
The commission named Sedgwick County District Judge Tony Powell as a finalist for a Court of Appeals vacancy created by the October death of Chief Judge Richard Greene.
The other two finalists are prominent attorneys Dennis Depew, of Neodesha, and Stephen Kerwick, of Eastborough.
There were 25 applicants for the vacancy. Nine of those were interviewed for this specific vacancy. The other 16 had applied for an upcoming vacancy created by Judge Christel Marquardt's announcement she'll retire in January.
Finalists for Marquardt's position are Steven Obermeier, Senior Deputy District Attorney in Johnson County; Judge Kim Schroeder of Hugoton District Court; and Teresa Watson, a Topeka attorney in private practice.
Twenty of the candidates, including Stegall and Powell, also applied for an earlier vacancy on the 13-member court.


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Health Information Center
Crohn's disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation—irritation or swelling—in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Most commonly, Crohn's affects the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. However, the disease can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus.
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the GI tract, called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ulcerative colitis and microscopic colitis are the other common IBDs. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topics, Ulcerative Colitis and Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis.
Crohn's disease most often begins gradually and can become worse over time. Most people have periods of remission—times when symptoms disappear—that can last for weeks or years.
Some people with Crohn's disease receive care from a gastroenterologist, a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases.
The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus—a 1-inch-long opening through which stool leaves the body. The body digests food using the movement of muscles in the GI tract, along with the release of hormones and enzymes. Organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—which includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum—and anus. The last part of the GI tract—called the lower GI tract—consists of the large intestine and anus. The intestines are sometimes called the bowel.
The GI tract
The exact cause of Crohn's disease is unknown. Researchers believe the following factors may play a role in causing Crohn's disease:
Autoimmune reaction. Scientists believe one cause of Crohn's disease may be an autoimmune reaction—when a person's immune system attacks healthy cells in the body by mistake. Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful foreign substances. Researchers believe bacteria or viruses can mistakenly trigger the immune system to attack the inner lining of the intestines. This immune system response causes the inflammation, leading to symptoms.
Genes. Crohn's disease sometimes runs in families. Research has shown that people who have a parent or sibling with Crohn's disease may be more likely to develop the disease. Researchers continue to study the link between genes and Crohn's disease.
Environment. Some studies suggest that certain things in the environment may increase the chance of a person getting Crohn's disease, although the overall chance is low. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,1 antibiotics,2 and oral contraceptives2 may slightly increase the chance of developing Crohn's disease. A high-fat diet may also slightly increase the chance of getting Crohn's disease.3
Some people incorrectly believe that eating certain foods, stress, or emotional distress can cause Crohn's disease. Emotional distress and eating certain foods do not cause Crohn's disease. Sometimes the stress of living with Crohn's disease can make symptoms worse. Also, some people may find that certain foods can trigger or worsen their symptoms.
1Ananthakrishnan AN, Higuchi LM, Huang ES, et al. Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and risk for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2012;156(5):350–359.
2Ko Y, Butcher R, Leong RW. Epidemiological studies of migration and environmental risk factors in the inflammatory bowel diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014;20(5):1238–1247.
3Hou JK, Abraham B, El-Serag H. Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2011;106(4):563–573.
Crohn's disease can occur in people of any age. However, it is more likely to develop in people
4Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(1):46–54.
The most common signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease are
Other general signs and symptoms include
Signs and symptoms of inflammation outside of the intestines include
The symptoms a person experiences can vary depending on the severity of the inflammation and where it occurs.
A health care provider diagnoses Crohn's disease with the following:
The health care provider may perform a series of medical tests to rule out other bowel diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, or celiac disease, that cause symptoms similar to those of Crohn's disease.
Taking a medical and family history can help a health care provider diagnose Crohn's disease and understand a patient's symptoms. He or she will ask the patient to describe his or her
A physical exam may help diagnose Crohn's disease. During a physical exam, the health care provider most often
A health care provider may order lab tests, including blood and stool tests.
Blood tests. A blood test involves drawing blood at a health care provider's office or a lab. A lab technologist will analyze the blood sample. A health care provider may use blood tests to look for changes in
Stool tests. A stool test is the analysis of a sample of stool. A health care provider will give the patient a container for catching and storing the stool at home. The patient returns the sample to the health care provider or to a lab. A lab technologist will analyze the stool sample. Health care providers commonly order stool tests to rule out other causes of GI diseases.
An upper GI series, also called a barium swallow, uses x-rays and fluoroscopy to help diagnose problems of the upper GI tract. Fluoroscopy is a form of x-ray that makes it possible to see the internal organs and their motion on a video monitor. An x-ray technician performs this test at a hospital or an outpatient center, and a radiologist—a doctor who specializes in medical imaging—interprets the images.
This test does not require anesthesia. A patient should not eat or drink before the procedure, as directed by the health care provider. Patients should ask their health care provider about how to prepare for an upper GI series.
During the procedure, the patient will stand or sit in front of an x-ray machine and drink barium, a chalky liquid. Barium coats the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine so the radiologist and a health care provider can see the shape of these organs more clearly on x-rays.
A patient may experience bloating and nausea for a short time after the test. For several days afterward, barium liquid in the GI tract causes white or light-colored stools. A health care provider will give the patient specific instructions about eating and drinking after the test.
Computerized tomography scans use a combination of x-rays and computer technology to create images. For a CT scan, a health care provider may give the patient a solution to drink and an injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. CT scans require the patient to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where the x-rays are taken. An x-ray technician performs the procedure in an outpatient center or a hospital, and a radiologist interprets the images. The patient does not need anesthesia. CT scans can diagnose both Crohn's disease and the complications seen with the disease.
Intestinal endoscopies are the most accurate methods for diagnosing Crohn's disease and ruling out other possible conditions, such as ulcerative colitis, diverticular disease, or cancer. Intestinal endoscopies include
Upper GI endoscopy and enteroscopy. An upper GI endoscopy is a procedure that uses an endoscope—a small, flexible tube with a light—to directly visualize the lining of the upper GI tract. A health care provider performs the procedure at a hospital or an outpatient center. A nurse or technician may give the patient a liquid anesthetic to gargle or will spray the anesthetic on the back of a patient's throat. The anesthetic numbs the throat and calms the gag reflex. The nurse or technician will then place an intravenous (IV) needle in the person's arm or hand to provide a sedative. The health care provider carefully feeds the endoscope down the patient's esophagus and into the stomach. A small camera on the endoscope sends a video image to a monitor, allowing close examination of the GI tract.
During an enteroscopy, the health care provider examines the small intestine with a special, longer endoscope. The health care provider carefully feeds the endoscope into the small intestine using one of the following procedures:
The procedure most often takes between 15 and 60 minutes. The endoscope does not interfere with the patient's breathing, and many patients fall asleep during the procedure.
Capsule endoscopy. Although this procedure can examine the entire digestive tract, health care providers use it mostly to examine the small intestine. The patient swallows a capsule containing a tiny camera. As the capsule passes through the GI tract, the camera will record and transmit images to a small receiver device worn by the patient. When the recording is done, the health care provider downloads the images and reviews them on a video monitor. The camera capsule leaves the patient's body during a bowel movement and is safely flushed down the toilet.
Colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is a test that uses a long, flexible, narrow tube with a light and tiny camera on one end, called a colonoscope or scope, to look inside a patient's rectum and entire colon. In most cases, light anesthesia and pain medication help patients relax for the test. The medical staff will monitor a patient's vital signs and try to make him or her as comfortable as possible. A nurse or technician will place an IV needle in a vein in the patient's arm or hand to give anesthesia.
For the test, the patient will lie on a table or stretcher while the gastroenterologist inserts a colonoscope into the patient's anus and slowly guides it through the rectum and into the colon. The scope inflates the large intestine with air to give the gastroenterologist a better view. The camera sends a video image of the intestinal lining to a monitor, allowing the gastroenterologist to examine the tissues lining the colon and rectum. The gastroenterologist may move the patient several times and adjust the scope for better viewing. Once the scope has reached the opening to the small intestine, the gastroenterologist slowly withdraws it and examines the lining of the colon and rectum again.
A colonoscopy can show inflamed and swollen tissue, ulcers, and abnormal growths such as polyps––extra pieces of tissue that grow on the inner lining of the intestine. If the gastroenterologist suspects Crohn's disease, he or she will biopsy the patient's colon and rectum. A biopsy is a procedure that involves taking small pieces of tissue for examination with a microscope.
A health care provider will give patients written bowel prep instructions to follow at home before the test. The health care provider will also give patients information about how to care for themselves following the procedure.
A health care provider treats Crohn's disease with
Which treatment a person needs depends on the severity of the disease and symptoms. Each person experiences Crohn's disease differently, so health care providers adjust treatments to improve the person's symptoms and induce, or bring about, remission.
While no medication cures Crohn's disease, many can reduce symptoms. The goals of medication therapy are
Many people with Crohn's disease require medication therapy. Health care providers will prescribe medications depending on the person's symptoms:
Aminosalicylates are medications that contain 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA), which helps control inflammation. Health care providers use aminosalicylates to treat people newly diagnosed with Crohn's disease who have mild symptoms. Aminosalicylates include
Some of the common side effects of aminosalicylates include
Corticosteroids, also known as steroids, help reduce the activity of the immune system and decrease inflammation. Health care providers prescribe corticosteroids for people with moderate to severe symptoms. Corticosteroids include
Side effects of corticosteroids include
In most cases, health care providers do not prescribe corticosteroids for long-term use.
Immunomodulators reduce immune system activity, resulting in less inflammation in the GI tract. These medications can take several weeks to 3 months to start working. Immunomodulators include
Health care providers prescribe these medications to help people with Crohn's disease go into remission or to help people who do not respond to other treatments. People taking these medications may have the following side effects:
Health care providers most often prescribe cyclosporine only to people with severe Crohn's disease because of the medication's serious side effects. People should talk with their health care provider about the risks and benefits of cyclosporine.
Biologic therapies are medications that target a protein made by the immune system. Neutralizing this protein decreases inflammation in the intestine. Biologic therapies work quickly to bring on remission, especially in people who do not respond to other medications. Biologic therapies include
Health care providers most often give patients infliximab every 6 to 8 weeks at a hospital or an outpatient center. Side effects may include a toxic reaction to the medication and a higher chance of developing infections, particularly tuberculosis.
Other medications to treat symptoms or complications may include
Sometimes Crohn's disease symptoms are severe and a person may need to rest his or her bowel for a few days to several weeks. Bowel rest involves drinking only clear liquids or having no oral intake. To provide the patient with nutrition, a health care provider will deliver IV nutrition through a special catheter, or tube, inserted into a vein in the patient's arm. Some patients stay in the hospital, while other patients are able to receive the treatment at home. In most cases, the intestines are able to heal during bowel rest.
Even with medication treatments, up to 20 percent of people will need surgery to treat their Crohn's disease.1 Although surgery will not cure Crohn's disease, it can treat complications and improve symptoms. Health care providers most often recommend surgery to treat
A surgeon can perform different types of operations to treat Crohn's disease:
Patients will receive general anesthesia. Most patients will stay in the hospital for 3 to 7 days after the surgery. Full recovery may take 4 to 6 weeks.
Small bowel resection. Small bowel resection is surgery to remove part of a patient's small intestine. When a patient with Crohn's disease has a blockage or severe disease in the small intestine, a surgeon may need to remove that section of intestine. The two types of small bowel resection are
Subtotal colectomy. A subtotal colectomy, also called a large bowel resection, is surgery to remove part of a patient's large intestine. When a patient with Crohn's disease has a blockage, a fistula, or severe disease in the large intestine, a surgeon may need to remove that section of intestine. A surgeon can perform a subtotal colectomy by
Proctocolectomy and ileostomy. A proctocolectomy is surgery to remove a patient's entire colon and rectum. An ileostomy is a stoma, or opening in the abdomen, that a surgeon creates from a part of the ileum—the last section of the small intestine. The surgeon brings the end of the ileum through an opening in the patient's abdomen and attaches it to the skin, creating an opening outside of the patient's body. The stoma is about three-fourths of an inch to a little less than 2 inches wide and is most often located in the lower part of the patient's abdomen, just below the beltline.
A removable external collection pouch, called an ostomy pouch or ostomy appliance, connects to the stoma and collects intestinal contents outside the patient's body. Intestinal contents pass through the stoma instead of passing through the anus. The stoma has no muscle, so it cannot control the flow of intestinal contents, and the flow occurs whenever peristalsis occurs. Peristalsis is the movement of the organ walls that propels food and liquid through the GI tract.
People who have this type of surgery will have the ileostomy for the rest of their lives.
Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition cause Crohn's disease symptoms. Good nutrition is important in the management of Crohn's disease, however. Dietary changes can help reduce symptoms. A health care provider may recommend that a person make dietary changes such as
Health care providers may recommend nutritional supplements and vitamins for people who do not absorb enough nutrients.
To help ensure coordinated and safe care, people should discuss their use of complementary and alternative medical practices, including their use of dietary supplements and probiotics, with their health care provider. Read more at www.nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics.
Depending on a person's symptoms or medications, a health care provider may recommend a specific diet, such as a
People should speak with a health care provider about specific dietary recommendations and changes.
Complications of Crohn's disease can include
Health care providers can treat inflammation by adjusting medications or prescribing new medications.
People with Crohn's disease in the large intestine may be more likely to develop colon cancer. People who receive ongoing treatment and remain in remission may reduce their chances of developing colon cancer.
People with Crohn's disease should talk with their health care provider about how often they should get screened for colon cancer. Screening can include colonoscopy with biopsies. Such screening does not reduce a person's chances of developing colon cancer. Instead, screening can help diagnose cancer early and improve chances for recovery.
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and other components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and support research into many diseases and conditions.
What are clinical trials, and are they right for you?Clinical trials are part of clinical research and at the heart of all medical advances. Clinical trials look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease. Researchers also use clinical trials to look at other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with chronic illnesses. Find out if clinical trials are right for you.
What clinical trials are open?Clinical trials that are currently open and are recruiting can be viewed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
This information may contain content about medications and, when taken as prescribed, the conditions they treat. When prepared, this content included the most current information available. For updates or for questions about any medications, contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll-free at 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332) or visit www.fda.gov. Consult your health care provider for more information.
This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. The NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings through its clearinghouses and education programs to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by the NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.
The NIDDK would like to thank:Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America; Gary R. Lichtenstein, M.D., Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
This information is not copyrighted. The NIDDK encourages people to share this content freely.
September 2014
Phone: 1-800-860-8747 | TTY: 1-866-569-1162 | Email: email@example.com | Hours: 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern time, M-F


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NEC Intros Communication Servers for SMB & Enterprisein NewsThe NEC Univerge SV9500 enterprise communication server supports up to 192,000 users. Read More
Researcher Finds Flaw in Satellite Assisted Airline Equipmentin NewsAll eyes will be on Santamarta as he reveals his airline hack at the Black Hat conference happening this week in Las Vegas. Read More
Chromebox for Meetings: Right For The Enterprise?in AnalysisIs Chromebox for meetings right for the enterprise? And how does it compare to other videoconferencing options available today? Read More
New Intel Processors Address Servers, Storage & Morein NewsTwelve new processors were added to the Intel Xeon E5 lineup to help address the communications and storage industries. Read More
INFOGRAPHIC: Choosing the Right Video Conferencing Platformin BlogsVideo conferencing has become ubiquitous and research shows it will dominate as the communication tool of choice in the coming decade. Need help finding the right one for your organization? Read More
Enterprise Unified Communicationsin FeatureWhat unified communications means and why it's necessary. Read More
Unified Communications: Beware of Cutting Cornersin FeatureAs with an IT project, you cut corners in a UC deployment at your own peril. So be careful. Read More
Ultramobility Isn't Just for Mobile Devicesin FeatureThe benefits of taking unified communications mobile. Read More
Is Telepresence Just A Niche Product?in AnalysisTelepresence and the opportunity to use cheap broadband data for virtual reality meetings was the buzzword of 2010. What Happened? Read More
Planning Your Unified Communications Deploymentin FeatureThere's more to UC adoption than may meets the eye. Read More
Making the UC Management Decisionin FeatureImportant guidelines for choosing on-premise or managed UC. Read More
Get Smart: Building Your UC Educationin FeatureAn inhibitor to any stage of unified communications deployment is a lack of education. Read More
Cisco Chief Futurist: An Interviewin FeatureCisco's Chief Technologist says unified communications is an entry point into a much, much broader conversation. Read More
VIDEO: Bring It All Together with UCin VideoUnified Communications makes your business rock! Read More
VIDEO: Unified Communications - Local or In the Cloud?in VideoPBXs are good systems. But UC suites can do a lot more for less. Read More
Skype Integration for Outlook, Lync ... and Xbox?in NewsMicrosoft makes plans to integrate Skype's instant messaging, voice and video calling service with Lync as rumors reemerge of Skype's integration with Xbox. Read More
VendorStack Customer Review Site Out of Betain NewsReviews site for SMBs (and especially start-ups) emerged from a private beta this week. Read More
Oracle Acquires Acme Packet for $1.7 Billionin NewsAcme Packet sells voice and data products, as well as services used by IP networks. Read More
Skype In The Workspace Finally Out of Betain NewsLaunches a free-to-use online platform for small businesses and entrepreneurs. Read More
Email Security as a Service: Is It Right for You?in FeatureSome things to keep in mind as you evaluate your email security options. Read More


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It happens to me and my staff all the time when we're providing care for our clients' feline friends. If you have cats, no matter how much they love and adore you, you probably have experienced it yourself: The dreaded "Love-bite."
Since many of our kitty-cat clients want more than just a spotlessly clean litter box, their cat-grass watered and their breakfast or dinner delivered on time (and kitty says not a minute late, mind you) we always incorporate "socialization" into our pet care. We go the extra mile to scratch, pet, brush or play with our cat clients when their pet-parents can't be with them (if they aren't hiding out under the bed). Sometimes that mile is a painful journey.
Here's why:
We sit in the "favorite" chair. Kitty stares imploringly at us at our feet and meows as if to say, "Hey, you have a job to do." We invite her up into our laps and commence to gently stroking, petting or doing whatever else her pet-parent has told us that Kitty enjoys. Enter the jet-engine purr.
And then…
The purr stops abruptly and the next second we're left yowling in pain and staring with confusion at puncture holes in our hands, arms or both as Kitty launches herself off our laps and stares at us from across the room with what can only be described as disdain. The indignant tail-flick quickly follows.
Yep. Kitty goes from friendly to feral in a nanosecond.
It turns out that there is actually a scientific term for this conundrum – Petting-induced aggression – and after trying to research why we receive those puncture wounds, it turns out that this is not a very well-understood behavior at all.
Experts don't exactly agree on the reasons why some cats enjoy being petted, but end up biting. They do all agree that when kitty bites at you, it's a sure sign that she has decided she's had enough stroking.
Really? Thank you, scientific cat-behavior trailblazer, for the deep insight.
A couple of possibilities have been proposed to explain why cats might react violently when they appear to be perfectly content.
- It may be a manifestation of so-called status-induced aggression, in which cats seek to control a situation. Why can't they just jump down? It would be too predictable, like dog behavior.
- There may be some neurologically significant negative stimulus associated with being petted at length that affects cats in particular.
- Cats may be especially subtle at letting humans know when they're unhappy, so that their change in attitude appears more sudden than it truly is. Basically, Kitty thinks we should be able to read her mind and stop before we can actually tell she doesn't want to be petted anymore.
The good news is that there may be warning signs that your cat is getting ready to bite you:
If Kitty's tail begins to twitch in a rolling little flick, watch out! You're about to be chomped.
If Kitty's ears start turning towards the back of her head, or flatten against her head, puncture wounds are in your very near future.
If Kitty suddenly becomes restless, or stiffens and stares at your hand, take heed. Don't. Move. A. Muscle.
My scientific analogy of this behavioral pattern – and all cat behaviors – is that cats act this way "because they can." After all, they're cats, and most cats think, or rather know, that they rule the world.


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Portland International Airport
7000 NE Airport Way, Portland, Oregon 97218, USA
Telefon: (503) 460 4040
Website: www.portofportland.com
Portland International Airport is situated 14km (9 miles) northeast of Portland.
How to get there
The terminal is served by Airport Way, which leads directly off Interstate 205. Comprehensive driving directions from various areas can be found on the airport's website.
Information about parking possibilities at the Portland International Airport
Access by public transport
Many shuttles and coaches operate from Portland International Airport to various areas around Portland.
Taxis are readily available, departing from the Ground Transportation Center on the west side of the parking garage, in front of Arrivals. The journey to downtown Portland usually takes between 20 and 40 minutes, depending on traffic.
Light rail:
TriMet MAX light rail services (tel: (503) 238 7433; www.trimet.org) run from Portland International Airport to central Portland (journey time: approximately 40 minutes) and Beaverton on the Red Line. Tickets are available from machines in the arrivals lobby area and on the station platform, which is located on Airport Way, close to the terminal building. A one-way ticket costs US$2.40.
Information desk
Two staffed information desks operate in baggage reclaim, with other information points located around the terminal. Uniformed volunteers provide passenger assistance at peak periods. Computerised kiosks and brochures provide information in Chinese, English, German, Japanese, Korean and Spanish. Foreign-language assistance is also available through AT&T at the information desks. The airport's information centre can provide further information (tel: (503) 460 4234).
Further travel information
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Buy 1 Fathead Get 1 50% Off. Or 30% Off Customs. Choose Licensed Wall Graphics Or Create Your Own.
coupon code: DEALSWOOT
Make your own wall graphic! Maybe even of yourself! It's a lot cooler than just buying a mirror.
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sometimes I just come in here, and feel better. I don't know why.
That one pictured gives me the chills. brrrr
I worry that I'd forget it was there and p#ss myself when I flipped on the light.
That commercial is so annoying. I can't stand it.
I would love to have him on the wall looking like he is pushing out a huge turd.
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Is that Loki?
the TRON fathead still haunts me and is in the box... message me if your interested
I'm glad I'm not the only one disturbed by that image.


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NOTE: TT-USA has one of the first tanks installed and running. We gave it a good test (416 mi to empty, fully loaded off-road) on the Oregon Backcountry Discovery Route.
To transform the F800GS into a true long-distance motorcycle it is necessary to add a second 5.3 gal fuel tank. With the original 4.2 gallons, the new total volume is 9.5 gallons, which can provide a range of 400+ miles.
The tank installs in the normal position of a motorcycle tank, and drains by gravity into the main underseat tank. A locking fuel filler cap is included, with two keys.
It is made of virtually indestructible Polyamide Nylon, the same material that modern car bumpers are made from.
A signed disclosure of acceptance is required before we ship a painted tank. Other options are to arrange someone to pick it up, or buy the unpainted tank which allows you to work directly with your local painter to get the best satisfaction.
No instructions are currently available for this product.


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The July 2006 issue of Budget & Tax News highlights targeted tax incentives, including Gander Mountain's efforts to oppose them, the U.S. Supreme Court's dismissal of the Cuno v. DaimlerChrysler case, and a North Carolina judge's dismissal of a lawsuit challenging a tax incentives package for Dell.
On page 1:
- May primary elections rousted scores of tax-hiking, pay-raising incumbents;
- the telephone tax imposed in 1898 to pay for the Spanish-American War will end August 1 and consumers will get refunds; and
- Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty signed a bill that will subsidize construction of a new stadium for the Minnesota Twins baseball team.
Also in this issue: car rental taxes, native rule for Hawaii, Estonia's economic miracle, Chicago considers mandating wage hikes, Sen. Tom Coburn slams colleagues for their budget-breaking ways, and more.
This issue also features a three-page reprint of the National Taxpayers Union's ratings for the 1st session of the 109th Congress.
Newspaper Articles in this Issue
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One Goal
MSI Defense Solutions was founded with one goal in mind - to transfer our 100 plus years of contemporary motorsports experience to military vehicles and systems in the form of components, technology, and processes.
Years of Experience
Our employees have enjoyed success at the highest levels of racing and vehicle design, testing, and development. Along the way, they've accumulated more than 100 years of experience in off-road racing, motorcycle and motocross racing, NASCAR, Formula 1, and premium road car development. It's this experience that allows MSI to design the right part, the first time, for the missions and years ahead.
Championship Caliber
With championships in EVERY racing series, on every continent, and road car development programs that have been the envy of manufacturers around the globe, the synthesis of this experience into MSI Defense Solutions allows us to provide world-class suspension technologies, at every level of performance, for the world's most challenging environments.
Government Rated
"GSA establishes long-term government-wide contracts with commercial firms to provide access to millions of commercial products and services at volume discount pricing. These can be ordered directly from GSA Schedule contractors or through GSAAdvantage! online shopping and ordering system".


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CIAC playoff system better, but not without flaws
The new CIAC football postseason structure expected to be approved for the 2015-16 seasons should leave Connecticut with its best — and safest — playoff format in recent memory.
Still, as local coaches agree, the system used to divide, select and rank the 32 postseason qualifiers will not be a perfect one.
Although the CIAC football playoff structure has changed numerous times in its 38-year history, the way schools are classified and points are awarded has remained relatively constant.
For the most part, everything has worked pretty well. Especially since the postseason expanded to 32 teams in 2010, complaints about playoff snubs have been far and few between. That's why Wolcott principal Joe Monroe, a member of the CIAC football committee, said there has been little serious consideration of tweaking the system.
"I think the majority of people felt the system we had in place was a good system," Monroe said. "(CIAC technology director) Matt Fischer was able to go back and get data over the last four years, and most of the teams that should be in have been in."
That doesn't mean the system is flawless. Here are a few issues that stand out in the current format.
Size matters ... too much: As is the case with all CIAC boys sports, schools are divided into classes based on enrollment. That's usually a good way to do it.
On a regular basis, the Class LL and Class L playoff fields are substantially deeper — and often stronger at the top — than those in Class M and Class S. There isn't really a question as to whether school size is a good way to draw boundaries.
But school size plays a much bigger role than simply grouping teams for the
See CIAC, Page 9B
postseason. A crucial part of the points system — especially in the two smallest classes — is based on a team's victories against larger schools, which sometimes are easier to come by than wins against smaller schools.
That only scratches the surface of the problems posed by giving so much weight to school size.
No upward mobility: If football is the CIAC's marquee sport, then basketball is certainly a solid second place. Perhaps the biggest difference in those sports' postseason structure is the methods in basketball by which a school can move up in class.
Basketball employs two such ways. One is the success-in-tournament multiplier, by which schools of choice are moved up based on previous years' tournament results. The other is a request to move up, which has been done several times by Waterbury schools and was done last year by the Hillhouse boys.
According to the CIAC boys basketball tournament packet, the CIAC Board of Control has extended the option to all sports committees to adopt the success-in-tournament multiplier, but it's unclear if petitioning could be on the table.
The petition process in football was eliminated in 1981. Ansonia took advantage of the rule twice, losing the 1978 Class LL title game to Amity and the 1980 Class LL final to Newington.
"The coaches decided that Ansonia was displacing a LL team, and they decided that you couldn't move divisions," CIAC Associate Executive Director Paul Hoey said before Ansonia won the 2012 Class S championship. "Is it time to revisit that whole discussion? Probably."
It hasn't been revisited yet, although some local coaches would like for it to happen.
"I think everybody would like to see that, and I think the guys on the committee would like to come up with a way to do it," Ansonia coach Tom Brockett said. "When you're one of the smaller teams, the opportunity is great."
"I would prefer it being optional," new Woodland coach Tim Phipps said. "It's so tough in sports. You can have a run where you go two, three years and life is good, but then you go through a time when you level off. Ansonia's had this phenomenal run, but you don't see a lot of high schools making those types of runs."
Nonconference inequality: Teams earn a specified number of points for each victory during the regular season. The base value usually begins at 100 points, which is the minimum number of points awarded for a win over a fellow conference squad.
Victories over schools in each higher class increase by 10 points, up to 130 points for a Class S win over a Class LL school.
However, the nonconference points rule still exists. It stipulates that a team receives fewer than 100 base points for a victory over smaller schools from a different league. Victories over schools in each smaller class decrease by 10 points, all the way down to 70 points for a Class LL win over a Class S foe.
The rule appears to be designed to prevent a large school from scheduling a small school in hopes of an easy win and easy points, but rarely is that any school's intention today.
Rather, the rule acts as a hindrance to small schools such as Ansonia or Woodland from scheduling a larger nonconference school because the larger school has less incentive to play.
In addition, the rule penalizes a school such as Shelton, a Class LL program that plays Class S Derby on Thanksgiving — which has happened for more than 100 years, far longer than the CIAC playoff system has existed.
"Shelton gets screwed in this system," Derby coach George French said. "They get 70 points if they win and we get 130 points. It's a major blow to them to play us on Thanksgiving."
Strength of schedule: In the current playoff points system, a 5-5 Wilby squad is equal to a 5-5 Cheshire team, even though they play in different leagues and one of those 5-5 records could be against superior competition.
Yet, a Class S school such as Holy Cross would gain 180 points for a win over either team. That, combined with the fact that there is no such thing as a quality loss, makes it apparent that schedule strength does not figure prominently enough in the CIAC points system.
The result is three schools from the Constitution State Conference — from which no team has ever won a postseason game — making the 2013 playoffs, as well as some improperly seeded teams.
Changes to reflect schedule strength would be welcomed by some coaches, although the task would be easier said than done.
"I don't know if it's realistic," Brockett said. "How do you separate those teams (with the same record)? You make it human, and it never really works that way."
But a set of computer rankings, Ned Freeman's CalPreps system, recently has gained popularity as being an impartial way of gauging schedule strength and could have some use to the playoff rankings.
"There are a lot of different systems — the CalPreps system with strength of schedule, the current system," French said. "But there will always be a flaw where somebody says, 'You've got to fix it.'"
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In Genesis 18, the Lord is mentioned several times. Along with 2 angels, he meets with Abraham. Is the Bible speaking of Jesus?
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It does not explicitly state such, but it is possible to logically deduce it.
Jesus himself said that no one had ever seen the Father (John 6:46). In addition, Jesus said, "Before Avraham was, I am" (John 8:58).
Technically, however, Avraham wouldn't have seen Yeshu'a of Nazareth, the incarnate Word of God. Rather, he would have seen the pre-incarnate Word. (Of course, I'd say most Christians don't find it necessary to make such a distinction.)
Many early Church fathers believed that Avraham and the other patriarchs saw God the Son when they are said to have seen God.
In Dialogue with Trypho, Ch. LVI §1, Justin Martyr wrote,
Roberts-Donaldson English Translation
Two persons, both God, one who is sent (the Son), and the other who sends (the Father).