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Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts.
After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States.
Breast cancer can occur in both men and women, but it's far more common in women.
Substantial support for breast cancer awareness and research funding has helped improve the screening and diagnosis and advances in the treatment of breast cancer. Breast cancer survival rates have increased, and the number of deaths steadily has been declining, which is largely due to a number of factors such as earlier detection, a new personalized approach to treatment and a better understanding of the disease.
Signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:
If you find a lump or other change in your breast — even if a recent mammogram was normal — make an appointment with your doctor for prompt evaluation.
It's not clear what causes breast cancer.
Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin growing abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do and continue to accumulate, forming a lump or mass. The cells may spread (metastasize) through your breast to your lymph nodes or to other parts of your body.
Breast cancer most often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts (invasive ductal carcinoma). Breast cancer may also begin in the glandular tissue called lobules (invasive lobular carcinoma) or in other cells or tissue within the breast.
Researchers have identified hormonal, lifestyle and environmental factors that may increase your risk of breast cancer. But it's not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a complex interaction of your genetic makeup and your environment.
Doctors estimate that only 5 to 10 percent of breast cancers are linked to gene mutations passed through generations of a family.
A number of inherited mutated genes that can increase the likelihood of breast cancer have been identified. The most common are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), both of which significantly increase the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.
If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or other cancers, your doctor may recommend a blood test to help identify specific mutations in BRCA or other genes that are being passed through your family.
Consider asking your doctor for a referral to a genetic counselor, who can review your family health history. A genetic counselor can also discuss the benefits, risks and limitations of genetic testing with you and guide you on appropriate genetic testing.
A breast cancer risk factor is anything that makes it more likely you'll get breast cancer. But having one or even several breast cancer risk factors doesn't necessarily mean you'll develop breast cancer. Many women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors other than simply being women.
Factors that are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer include:
Women with breast cancer may have appointments with their primary care doctors as well as several other doctors and other health professionals, including:
Your time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions will help make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For breast cancer, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask additional questions that may occur to you during your appointment.
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow time later to cover other points you want to address. Your doctor may ask:
Tests and procedures used to diagnose breast cancer include:
Other tests and procedures may be used depending on your situation.
Once your doctor has diagnosed your breast cancer, he or she works to establish the extent (stage) of your cancer. Your cancer's stage helps determine your prognosis and the best treatment options.
Complete information about your cancer's stage may not be available until after you undergo breast cancer surgery.
Tests and procedures used to stage breast cancer may include:
Not all women will need all of these tests and procedures. Your doctor selects the appropriate tests based on your specific circumstances and taking into account new symptoms you may be experiencing.
Breast cancer stages range from 0 to IV with 0 indicating cancer that is noninvasive or contained within the milk ducts. Stage IV breast cancer, also called metastatic breast cancer, indicates cancer that has spread to other areas of the body.
Your doctor determines your breast cancer treatment options based on your type of breast cancer, its stage and grade, size, and whether the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones. Your doctor also considers your overall health and your own preferences.
Most women undergo surgery for breast cancer and also receive additional treatment before or after surgery, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy or radiation.
There are many options for breast cancer treatment, and you may feel overwhelmed as you make complex decisions about your treatment. Consider seeking a second opinion from a breast specialist in a breast center or clinic. Talk to other women who have faced the same decision.
Operations used to treat breast cancer include:
Removing the entire breast (mastectomy). Mastectomy is surgery to remove all of your breast tissue. Most mastectomy procedures remove all of the breast tissue — the lobules, ducts, fatty tissue and some skin, including the nipple and areola (simple mastectomy).
In a skin-sparing mastectomy, the skin over the breast is left intact to improve reconstruction and appearance. Depending on the location and size of the tumor, the nipple may also be spared.
Removing a limited number of lymph nodes (sentinel node biopsy). To determine whether cancer has spread to your lymph nodes, your surgeon will discuss with you the role of removing the lymph nodes that are the first to receive the lymph drainage from your tumor.
If no cancer is found in those lymph nodes, the chance of finding cancer in any of the remaining lymph nodes is small and no other nodes need to be removed.
Removing both breasts. Some women with cancer in one breast may choose to have their other (healthy) breast removed (contralateral prophylactic mastectomy) if they have a very increased risk of cancer in the other breast because of a genetic predisposition or strong family history.
Most women with breast cancer in one breast will never develop cancer in the other breast. Discuss your breast cancer risk with your doctor, along with the benefits and risks of this procedure.
Complications of breast cancer surgery depend on the procedures you choose. Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection.
Some women choose to have breast reconstruction after surgery. Discuss your options and preferences with your surgeon.
Consider a referral to a plastic surgeon before your breast cancer surgery. Your options may include reconstruction with a breast implant (silicone or water-filled) or reconstruction using your own tissue. These operations can be performed at the time of your mastectomy or at a later date.
Radiation therapy uses high-powered beams of energy, such as X-rays, to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy is typically done using a large machine that aims the energy beams at your body (external beam radiation). But radiation can also be done by placing radioactive material inside your body (brachytherapy).
External beam radiation is commonly used after lumpectomy for early-stage breast cancer. Doctors may also recommend radiation therapy to the chest wall after mastectomy for larger breast cancers or cancers that have spread to the lymph nodes.
Side effects of radiation therapy include fatigue and a red, sunburn-like rash where the radiation is aimed. Breast tissue may also appear swollen or more firm. Rarely, more-serious problems may occur, such as damage to the heart or lungs or, very rarely, second cancers in the treated area.
Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. If your cancer has a high risk of returning or spreading to another part of your body, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy to decrease the chance that the cancer will recur. This is known as adjuvant systemic chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy is sometimes given before surgery in women with larger breast tumors. The goal is to shrink a tumor to a size that makes it easier to remove with surgery.
Chemotherapy is also used in women whose cancer has already spread to other parts of the body. Chemotherapy may be recommended to try to control the cancer and decrease any symptoms the cancer is causing.
Chemotherapy side effects depend on the drugs you receive. Common side effects include hair loss, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and an increased risk of developing infection. Rare side effects can include premature menopause, infertility (if premenopausal), damage to the heart and kidneys, nerve damage, and, very rarely, blood cell cancer.
Hormone therapy — perhaps more properly termed hormone-blocking therapy — is often used to treat breast cancers that are sensitive to hormones. Doctors sometimes refer to these cancers as estrogen receptor positive (ER positive) and progesterone receptor positive (PR positive) cancers.
Hormone therapy can be used after surgery or other treatments to decrease the chance of your cancer returning. If the cancer has already spread, hormone therapy may shrink and control it.
Treatments that can be used in hormone therapy include:
Medications that block hormones from attaching to cancer cells. Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) medications act by blocking estrogen from attaching to the estrogen receptor on the cancer cells, slowing the growth of tumors and killing tumor cells.
SERMs include tamoxifen, raloxifene (Evista) and toremifene (Fareston).
Possible side effects include hot flashes, night sweats and vaginal dryness. More-significant risks include blood clots, stroke, uterine cancer and cataracts.
Medications that stop the body from making estrogen after menopause. Called aromatase inhibitors, these drugs block the action of an enzyme that converts androgens in the body into estrogen. These drugs are effective only in postmenopausal women.
Aromatase inhibitors include anastrozole (Arimidex), letrozole (Femara) and exemestane (Aromasin).
Side effects include hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, joint and muscle pain, as well as an increased risk of bone thinning (osteoporosis).
Targeted drug treatments attack specific abnormalities within cancer cells. Targeted drugs used to treat breast cancer include:
No alternative medicine treatments have been found to cure breast cancer. But complementary and alternative medicine therapies may help you cope with side effects of treatment when combined with your doctor's care.
Many breast cancer survivors experience fatigue during and after treatment that can continue for years. When combined with your doctor's care, complementary and alternative medicine therapies may help relieve fatigue.
Talk with your doctor about:
A breast cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. And just when you're trying to cope with the shock and the fears about your future, you're asked to make important decisions about your treatment.
Every woman finds her own way of coping with a breast cancer diagnosis. Until you find what works for you, it might help to:
Learn what you need to know about your breast cancer. If you'd like to know more about your breast cancer, ask your doctor for the details of your cancer — the type, stage and hormone receptor status. Ask for good sources of up-to-date information on your treatment options.
Knowing more about your cancer and your options may help you feel more confident when making treatment decisions. Still, some women may not want to know the details of their cancer. If this is how you feel, let your doctor know that, too.
Keep your friends and family close. Your friends and family can provide a crucial support network for you during your cancer treatment.
As you begin telling people about your breast cancer diagnosis, you'll likely get many offers for help. Think ahead about things you may want help with, whether it's having someone to talk to if you're feeling low or getting help preparing meals.
Making changes in your daily life may help reduce your risk of breast cancer. Try to:
Ask your doctor about breast cancer screening. Discuss with your doctor when to begin breast cancer screening exams and tests, such as clinical breast exams and mammograms.
Talk to your doctor about the benefits and risks of screening. Together, you can decide what breast cancer screening strategies are right for you.
Become familiar with your breasts through breast self-exam for breast awareness. Women may choose to become familiar with their breasts by occasionally inspecting their breasts during a breast self-exam for breast awareness. If there is a new change, lumps or other unusual signs in your breasts, talk to your doctor promptly.
Breast awareness can't prevent breast cancer, but it may help you to better understand the normal changes that your breasts undergo and identify any unusual signs and symptoms.
Limit postmenopausal hormone therapy. Combination hormone therapy may increase the risk of breast cancer. Talk with your doctor about the benefits and risks of hormone therapy.
Some women experience bothersome signs and symptoms during menopause and, for these women, the increased risk of breast cancer may be acceptable in order to relieve menopause signs and symptoms.
To reduce the risk of breast cancer, use the lowest dose of hormone therapy possible for the shortest amount of time.
If your doctor has assessed your family history and other factors and determined that you may have an increased risk of breast cancer, options to reduce your risk include:
Preventive medications (chemoprevention). Estrogen-blocking medications may help reduce the risk of breast cancer. Options include tamoxifen and raloxifene (Evista). Aromatase inhibitors have shown some promise in reducing the risk of breast cancer in women with a high risk.
These medications carry a risk of side effects, so doctors reserve these medications for women who have a very high risk of breast cancer. Discuss the benefits and risks with your doctor.
Experience. Mayo Clinic doctors have extensive experience diagnosing and treating breast cancer. Each year, Mayo Clinic doctors care for about 9,000 women with invasive breast cancer.
Your care team is prepared with the knowledge and resources to provide you with exactly the care you need.
Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla., and Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Ariz., are ranked among the Best Hospitals for cancer by U.S. News & World Report.
At Mayo Clinic, breast cancer treatment may include surgical removal of tumors, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and reconstructive surgery.
At Mayo Clinic, breast surgeons and plastic surgeons work together to provide the best care for each person with breast cancer.
The multidisciplinary team may include:
If surgery is the most appropriate treatment option, breast surgeons remove the cancer and specialists in pathology and radiology evaluate the tissue immediately. They report results directly to the surgeon. On-site communication and contact allow the surgeon to verify the tumor's edges (margins) and other details with the pathologist while the surgery is still underway.
Mayo Clinic offers a full range of the latest surgical techniques and procedures to treat breast cancer.
At Mayo Clinic, surgeons provide individualized information, work with you to determine the appropriate treatment and provide timely surgical care.
Surgical options for breast cancer treatment include:
Some people may be evaluated for prophylactic mastectomy — a procedure that reduces the risk of developing breast cancer.
Mayo Clinic surgeons perform many breast cancer operations every year. Research shows that people who are treated for breast cancer at medical centers that treat many cases of breast cancer have better outcomes than people treated at medical centers that treat breast cancer less frequently.
Mayo Clinic's state-of-the-art research facilities and equipment also help ensure the most appropriate diagnosis and treatment for people with breast cancer. Learn more about cancer research at Mayo Clinic, including clinical trials for new surgical approaches to breast cancer treatment.
Mayo Clinic doctors may use frozen section evaluation of tissue during breast cancer surgery to determine whether all of the cancer has been removed.
Mayo Clinic's unique frozen section pathology laboratory provides rapid, accurate microscopic analysis of tissue during surgery. Mayo Clinic surgeons know if they have removed all of the cancer (achieved negative margins) while you're still in the operating room.
Frozen section analysis may prevent the need for additional surgery.
Localization may be used to pinpoint the location of a breast tumor that appears on a mammogram but can't be felt. In localization, a radiologist uses mammography, ultrasound or MRI to insert a fine wire into the tumor site. During surgery, the surgeon follows the wire to locate and remove the targeted area.
As an alternative, a metal capsule that's about the size of a grain of rice and contains a small amount of radioactive material may be placed at the tumor site. The capsule may be placed a day or more before the operation. The surgeon locates the capsule with a hand-held radioactivity detection device and removes the targeted area.
If breast cancer is invasive, it usually spreads first to the lymph nodes in the armpit (axillary lymph nodes). When an invasive cancer is found in the breast, the surgeon will recommend removing some axillary lymph nodes to confirm whether the cancer has spread.
Surgeons at Mayo Clinic use several procedures to evaluate lymph nodes:
Breast reconstruction after cancer surgery is an option for most women undergoing mastectomy. Surgical options offered at Mayo Clinic include reconstruction with implants and autologous reconstruction, which uses your own tissue.
Reconstruction options include:
Learn more about breast reconstruction with flap surgery and breast reconstruction with breast implants.
After surgery, Mayo Clinic specialists may recommend treatment using drugs (chemotherapy) to kill cancer cells that may have spread outside the breast. The drugs are usually administered into a vein (intravenously).
Chemotherapy may be recommended before surgery if the breast tumor is large, the lymph nodes are involved or the tumor is attached to the chest wall muscles.
Chemotherapy may also be recommended in cases of inflammatory breast cancer.
Most people receive chemotherapy after they've healed from the operation and before they receive radiation. Mayo Clinic doctors choose the chemotherapy drugs and sequence of treatment based on the details of your tumor characteristics.
Mayo Clinic researchers conduct many clinical trials to find drug combinations and treatment sequences that result in improved outcomes for people with breast cancer. Mayo Clinic specialists often talk with eligible people about participating in clinical trials.
Radiation therapy involves the use of high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. People who undergo radiation therapy consult with a radiation oncologist before treatment begins.
Radiation may be recommended if:
Hormone therapy refers to the use of drugs that either block estrogen from reaching breast cancer cells or reduce the amount of estrogen the body produces to help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.
Hormone therapy is most effective for people whose tumor cells produce (express) the estrogen receptor. Hormone therapy is not recommended for people who have tumors that are estrogen negative.
For premenopausal women with tumors that are sensitive to hormones — estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor positive — medications or removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) may be recommended to prevent cancer recurrence.
Mayo Clinic researchers conduct many clinical trials on hormone therapy. Mayo Clinic specialists often talk with eligible people about the opportunity to participate in clinical trials.
Mayo Clinic recommends postmenopausal women undergo testing for the gene CYP2D6 before beginning tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment. This gene creates an enzyme in the liver that converts tamoxifen into a more potent form of the drug (endoxifen). For women have absent or reduced CYP2D6 activity, tamoxifen may be less effective and other medications should be considered. Drugs that that might reduce the activity of CYP2D6 should also be discontinued.
Mayo Clinic offers many other therapies, including lapatinib (Tykerb) and trastuzumab (Herceptin) — a drug often used to treat breast cancers that produce an abnormal amount of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).
Mayo Clinic offers people with breast cancer the opportunity to participate in its familial cancer program, which helps identify people at increased of breast cancer related to family history.
In the program, a team of doctors, genetic counselors and nurses evaluates individuals seeking care and their families to determine potential cancer risk. The team develops a customized cancer-screening plan for families who have increased risks of developing cancer. Consultations are offered to people who have been diagnosed with cancer and to family members who haven't had cancer.
The Mayo Clinic Women's Cancer Program helps women understand and manage breast and gynecological malignancies. Multidisciplinary teams of physicians and other professionals in the Women's Cancer Program work to:
The Women's Cancer Program at Mayo Clinic brings together doctors and researchers in breast and gynecological surgery, medical and radiation oncology, medical genetics, pathology, and other specialties to develop new therapies for women's cancers. As part of the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, the Women's Cancer Program offers access to potential new therapies through clinical trials. The Women's Cancer Program also provides emotional and social support classes, a resource center, and educational programs for women and their families.
Mayo Clinic has cancer survivorship clinics specifically designed to help people who have survived breast cancer return to a normal life and develop plans for monitoring your health beyond breast cancer.
Mayo Clinic works with hundreds of insurance companies and is an in-network provider for millions of people. In most cases, Mayo Clinic doesn't require a physician referral. Some insurers require referrals or may have additional requirements for certain medical care. All appointments are prioritized on the basis of medical need.
The Breast Clinic at Mayo Clinic coordinates state-of-the-art multidisciplinary services, research studies and education to provide a highly personalized evaluation and treatment plan for women with breast cancer. Specialists in internal medicine, medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgery, plastic surgery, pathology and radiology collaborate to care for women with breast cancer.
For appointments or more information, call the Central Appointment Office at 800-446-2279 (toll-free) 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Mountain Standard Time, Monday through Friday or complete an online appointment request form.
At Mayo Clinic, women with breast cancer receive care through the Breast Clinic. This program brings together specialists in internal medicine, medical oncology, radiation oncology, radiology, pathology, surgery and plastic surgery to provide care to women with breast cancer.
For appointments or more information, call the Central Appointment Office at 904-953-0853 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday or complete an online appointment request form.
Mayo Clinic's Breast Diagnostic Clinic provides evaluation, treatment and follow-up care for women with breast cancer. Specialists in internal medicine, radiology, oncology, radiation oncology, pathology, surgery and plastic surgery collaborate to care for women with breast cancer.
For appointments or more information, call the Central Appointment Office at 507-538-3270 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Central time, Monday through Friday or complete an online appointment request form.
See information on patient services at the three Mayo Clinic locations, including transportation options and lodging.
Mayo Clinic researchers are involved in many studies related to breast cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Mayo doctors often inform eligible patients about opportunities to participate in research studies and clinical trials related to advancements in the treatment of breast cancer.
Mayo Clinic Cancer Center is one of a handful of U.S. facilities that received a National Cancer Institute (NCI) Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE) grant for breast cancer research.
See a list of publications by Mayo Clinic authors on breast cancer on PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine.
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/care-at-mayo-clinic/why-choose-mayo-clinic/con-20029275
Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below.
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised.
A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.


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"Press any key to continue." How often has this simple request from your computer left you feeling confused? Just over a hundred buttons on the average keyboard, and you can't find the any key.
Of course, there isn't one… Until now. Perfectly in proportion to all your existing keys, this novelty any key attaches easily to your keyboard, using the adhesive strip on the back of the key.
So the next time your PC tells you, "Press any key to continue," you can press that key with confidence, and show the machines who's really in charge.

subset: commoncrawl


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D. M. Phoenix has recently completed a model from the less known 1994 animated series Exosquad, depicting the Exo-Carrier Resolute. The scale is insane!
Click on the first two pics for high res images.
Keywords: digital concept spaceship art by d m phoenix depicting galactic space scene from animated show exosquad the exocarrier resolute maya 3DS software 3d three dimensional modeling rendering lighting compositing image render max phoenixium.com
Wednesday, September 22, 2010
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You have the power to end brain cancer.
Select the text below and copy the link.
You are here:
Canadian Cancer Society
Our research
Investing in the best research has led to tremendous progress against cancer. We know more about what causes cancer, how it develops, how best to treat it and how we can improve the quality of life of people living with cancer. Today, over 60% of Canadians diagnosed with cancer will survive at least 5 years after their diagnosis. In the 1940s, survival was about 25%.
In 2014–2015, the Canadian Cancer Society funded $44 million in leading-edge research supporting more than 400 projects across the country. As the largest national charitable funder of cancer research in Canada, we are leading the fight against cancer.
Search our database of research projects currently funded by the Canadian Cancer Society.
Basic research is the cornerstone of cancer research and usually takes place in a laboratory, where scientists seek to understand the disease at its deepest levels.
Using sophisticated tools and technologies, scientists peer inside single cells, observing and describing complicated biochemical and genetic processes to answer our most fundamental questions about cancer:
Research has already yielded many answers to such questions, and our understanding of cancer has never been greater than it is today. In fact, many of the milestones achieved in cancer research over the last 50 years have been thanks to basic research.
The range of basic cancer research funded by the Canadian Cancer Society is vast and sets the stage for a new era of advances in our fight against the disease. Today, basic researchers are:
The goal of basic cancer research is twofold – find a breakthrough discovery that will help prevent, control or even cure cancer and contribute a small but significant bit of knowledge that will help other scientists as they work on their own piece of the cancer puzzle.
Every year, the Canadian Cancer Society supports a wide range of studies aimed at:
Researchers examine the cancer risk factors affecting groups of people, such as genetic or inherited factors and environmental or workplace carcinogens, and they evaluate the quality and accessibility of cancer care in communities across the country.
The Canadian Cancer Society also funds the Propel Centre for Population Health Impact at the University of Waterloo. Propel conducts research, evaluation and knowledge exchange in tobacco control, youth health and research capacity development.
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among Canadian females, affecting many thousands of women and their families each year, and causing concern for millions more.
Breast cancer is one of the most active areas of study today, as researchers tackle the problem from many sides. Some are working to learn more about what causes breast cancer so that one day it might be preventable. Other researchers are finding new and better ways to detect, diagnose and treat the disease.
In 2014-2015, the Society dedicated $6.0 million to fund a broad range of breast cancer research projects across Canada.
Current research shows that about half of cancers can be prevented through healthy lifestyle choices and policies that protect the public. But we need to learn more about how cancer develops and how we can stop it before it starts so that fewer Canadians will be diagnosed with this disease.
In 2014–2015, the Society targeted $5.5 million for prevention and risk reduction research.
Cancer is considered a rare disease in children between birth and 14 years of age. Yet it is still the leading cause of disease-related death among children.
Research over the past 5 decades has led to new and more effective treatments for childhood cancers, and the number of children with cancer who survive has increased.
Since 1985, there has been a dramatic decline in childhood cancer death rates, thanks largely to major advances in our ability to treat cancers common to children, such as leukemia.
The Canadian Cancer Society funds a broad range of research projects every year related to the prevention and understanding of childhood cancers and the treatment and care of children with cancer.
Colorectal cancer is currently the second leading cause of death from cancer in men and the third leading cause of death from cancer in women in Canada. There is no single cause of colorectal cancer, but many factors such as age, diet and smoking appear to increase the risk of developing it. In 2015, an estimated 25,100 Canadians will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 9,300 will die from it.
The disease, however, usually grows slowly, almost always arising from benign growths called adenomas. If these growths are detected early and removed, the disease is very treatable and curable – and even preventable.
The Canadian Cancer Society funds research every year to better prevent, treat and control colorectal cancer.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in Canada.
We know that smoking is the major cause of lung cancer in both men and women. Cigarette smoking causes about 30% of cancer deaths in Canada and is related to more than 85% of lung cancers. Second-hand smoke is linked to the deaths of more than 250 Canadians every year.
On behalf of the thousands of people affected across the country each year, the Society encourages and funds research that will help to control tobacco use.
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Canadian males and is the third most common cause of death due to cancer in men after lung and colorectal cancer.
We support prostate cancer research projects that examine important questions about how to prevent and better treat the disease.


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When I was teaching calculus recently, a freshman asked me the conditions of the Riemann integrability of composite functions.
For the composite function $f \circ g$, He presented three cases: 1) both f and g are Riemann integratable; 2) f is continuous and g is Riemann integratable; 3) f is Rimann integratable and g is continuous.
For case 1 there is a counterexample using Riemann function. For case 2 the proof of the integrability is straight forward. However, for case 3, I can neither give a proof nor construct any counterexample. Even under the condition that g is differentiable, I cannot work out anything. How to reply my student?


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Ski with Lufthansa
Your skiing equipment travels for free with Lufthansa*. Just let us know before you travel. Since space in the luggage hold on some flights is limited, we need to be informed that you want to bring skiing equipment with you.
The easiest thing to do is to call our reservation hotline on +370 5 205 1183 to check if we can accomodate your skis on the flight. Remember; you can make a complete booking through the hotline, which is convenient since you're already on the phone. You can also make these arrangements via your travel agent.
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text:
I have alot of complex tasks, and sometimes they get lost in the shuffle and I forget to return to them.
One thing I know helps in returning to a complex task is using a session manager (examples: google chrome, firefox, vim, eclipse), but sometimes this fails because session managers are often program specific and the things that I work on are often done in multiple programs.
Do you know of any best practices for returning to a complex task, or switching between multiple complex tasks efficiently?


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in 11.04 I can go to system->preferences ->startup applications and do things like uncheck Gnome Login Sound when I open Startup Applications in 11.10 the screen is empty
The behavior I've discovered is the same as KDEs (local .desktops override system ones) so to be able to deselect/select items in 'Startup Applications' do this:
Then pick your Startup Applications from the Startup Applications control panel. From there, "Log Out/Login" to apply (thanks to duffydack).
This may help you: http://maketecheasier.com/disable-login-sound-in-ubuntu-oneiric-quick-tips/2011/09/15
Apparently, .desktop files now have an option to not appear in the startup application preferences in 11.10. Setting this option to FALSE, makes this items appear in the startup preferences and then you can disable it.
EDIT: As Jo-Erlend Schinstad said, the link may not be available. So, I'll explain the idea here.
The solution is to change the .desktop file of the application you want to see in the startup preferences. For example, for the login sound, you have to open the file:
Then change the line that says
To enable them all again, run
This will work but would only be temporary. For example:
So if ubuntuone-client gets updated it will disappear from 'Startup Applications'. A developer told me when I had a similar situation with KDE to first copy the .desktop file to ~/.kde4/share/kde4/services/ and edit it there (the local one will override the system one); be nice if Gnome had this too here.


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Home > Toyota > 2009 Toyota RAV4
Below you will find the high resolution car wallpapers for 2009 Toyota RAV4. You may use the car wallpapers for any of the following standard screen resolutions:
1600x1200 | 1400x1050 | 1280x1024 | 1280x960 | 1152x864 | 1024x768 (iPad) | 800x600 Full Car Details
2009 Toyota RAV4
Matched to a six-speed manual gearbox, the 2.2-litre D-4D engine benefits from significant revisions to bring about a 10 per cent power upgrade to 148bhp (150 DIN hp), while at the same time recording segment-leading CO2 emissions of 154g/km, making RAV4 the first AWD model in its class to dip below the 160g/km mark. This figure is better even than the lowest figures for two-wheel drive diesel versions of the Volkswagen Tiguan and Ford Kuga. Torque performance is also stronger with the maximum increased from 310 to 340Nm.


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I use OpenLayers, GeoServer and PostGIS in my application. app is served on apache httpd. and geoserver is served on apache tomcat. I use vector/wfs requests to display the features, so I use proxuhost to communicate between the two ports.
I would like to know if I can deploy my app at another site? and how to do it?


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A man went to the hospital after accidentally shooting himself Wednesday afternoon in Leavenworth, a police spokesman said.
Police learned of the incident around 4:15 p.m. Wednesday after the 59-year-old man went to Saint John Hospital to be treated for the wound. The man apparently went to the hospital in a private vehicle, according to Maj. Dan Nicodemus, deputy chief of the Leavenworth Police Department.
The incident occurred in the 4500 block of Parkway Court. The man had been preparing to clean a .380 caliber handgun. He attempted to extract a round from the chamber when the gun discharged, according to Nicodemus.
The man was wounded in the hand. Nicodemus said the man is expected to recover.
Location, ST | website.com


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I'm deploying a system with memcached and mysql cluster. The command line is:
memcached -E lib/ndb_engine.so -e "connectstring=maddy:1186;role=dev"
I can't specify the
-m argument since I used
-E and
My questions are:
- Is the maximum memory 64M? If so, how can I change it? Any solution for about 1G-2G memory requirement?
- Are there any more stable versions than memcached-1.6.0_beta1.tar.gz?


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20 U.S. Code § 6575 - Prohibition against Federal mandates, direction, or control
§ 6575.
Prohibition against Federal mandates, direction, or control
Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to authorize an officer or employee of the Federal Government to mandate, direct, or control a State, local educational agency, or school's specific instructional content, academic achievement standards and assessments, curriculum, or program of instruction.
(Pub. L. 89–10, title I, § 1905, as added Pub. L. 107–110, title I, § 101, Jan. 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 1619.)
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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It is sometimes much easier to solve a general problem than a particular one. What are good examples in mathematics that are difficult to solve but solved successfully by solving more general ones?
For what it's worth, here's a trivial one: when explaining induction to students, I sometimes stress that it might be easier to prove a stronger result by induction than a weaker one---you're trying to get more out, but you're putting more in. As a concrete example I note that proving that the sum of the first 100 odd numbers is a square sounds like it might be tricky, proving that the sum of the first $n$ odd numbers is a square for all $n\geq1$ sounds like it might be accessible using induction but in fact it still too weak, and proving that the sum of the first $n$ odd numbers is $n^2$ is really rather easy to prove. In some sense the stronger the statements get, the easier they become.
Another way of proving that something is nonzero is to prove that it is odd. One good example of that idea is the proof of Sperner's lemma
More generally, one can prove that something is nonzero by proving that it is nonzero mod p. That is the idea used in Chevalley-Warning theorem (one proves that the number of solutions is 0 mod p, then proves there is a trivial solution), and in the proof of Cauchy's theorem.
Frequently in mathematics the best way to determine the value of a sequence at a particular index is to compute its value at every index, even though the latter seems on the surface like a harder problem.
Here is one of my favorite examples of this phenomenon. Suppose you want to know how many vectors of a particular norm there are in some lattice $L$. On the surface, this seems like a hard problem - it involves figuring out how many times some quadratic form takes some value. One can solve this problem by solving the harder problem of determining the answer for every possible norm by writing down the theta function $$\Theta_L(\tau) = \sum_{v \in L} e^{\pi i \tau \left< v, v \right>}.$$
If $L$ satisfies certain technical properties, $\Theta_L$ is a modular form with respect to some congruence subgroup, and modular forms live in finite-dimensional vector spaces; moreover, a lot is known about how to write down modular forms. For example, the theta function of the $E_8$ lattice is a modular form of weight $4$ and level $1$. The space of such forms is one-dimensional - in fact, it's spanned by an Eisenstein series - and it then follows that $$\Theta_{E_8}(\tau) = 1 + 240 \sum_{n \ge 1} \sigma_3(n) q^n$$
where $q = e^{2\pi i \tau}$. Similar considerations lead to the well-known formulas for the number of ways to represent an integer as the sum of two or four squares.
Cantor proved the existence of transcendental real numbers by proving that most numbers are transcendental. The set of algebraic real numbers is countable.
Some of the previous answers have said that sometimes the easiest way to prove a set it non-empty is to show that it's large or even infinite. A variation on that idea is to show that something exists by showing that the probability of selecting it at random from some larger set is positive. As one of my professors used to say, some things are so hard to find that the best way to look for them is at random.
The only way to prove that there's at least one prime in every arithmetic progression is by proving that there are infinitely many primes in every arithmetic progression. This is intuitively a fairly tremendous jump in difficulty to get the initial rather modest result out.
I imagine that most examples of this phenomenon take the form that the question as asked is "more difficult" only in the sense that it's been phrased in such a way as to mask what's "really going on." I think this is probably at the core of hundreds and thousands of problem-solving type puzzles -- the difficulty of the puzzle comes from masking the influence of the governing theorem, which is likely to be easier to see how to prove in its general form than it is to realize which parts of the puzzle are the important ones. In short, puzzles have red herrings, good theorems do not.
This might not be correct---perhaps someone can confirm---but I was once told (when I was a graduate student) that the way that Leopoldt's conjecture was proved for abelian number fields was as follows: first do the standard reduction to show that Leopoldt is true if certain special values of certain $p$-adic $L$-functions $L(1,\chi)$ are non-zero, and then prove that these numbers are non-zero by showing that they are transcendental! As I say, I don't know for sure if this is true, but my source was pretty reliable. The emphasis was on the observation that (at the time at least), apparently the only way of proving the numbers were non-zero was by showing they were transcendental.
Occasionally when trying to prove a certain type of object exists, it is easier to show that the set of those objects is very large.
For instance, it's difficult to give an example of a transcendental number over the rationals. However, it is quite easy to show that the set of algebraic numbers is only countably infinite, so almost every real number is transcendental.
Matijasevic's theorem, that all recursively enumerable sets are diophantine, was needed to prove that the set of primes is diophantine.
It is easier to prove that almost all real numbers are normal than to prove that any particular real number is normal.
Indeed, none of the most natural candidates, such as $\sqrt{2}$, $\pi$ or $e$, has yet been proved normal.
Proving the general solution for lambert series is much easier than dealing with specific examples c.f. Apostol - Modular Functions and Dirichlet Series in Number Theory ch. 1 Ex. 14.
I believe Fermat's Last Problem was solved by proving the Modularity Theorem (for the case of semistable elliptic curves), but I don't know the proof enough to say if the problem is just a direct corollary. The Modularity theorem is not in any sense easy anyway, but at least it's been proved successfully. :)
The Carlson Lemmas in combinatorics. He told me at the time that he had struggled with the simple and natural way the problem was originally posed, but was able to push through a far more elaborate, stronger, and much less intuitive version.
Timothy J. Carlson
A dual form of Ramsey's theorem, (with S. Simpson) Advances in Mathematics 53 (1984), pp. 265-290.
Some unifying principles in Ramsey theory, Discrete Mathematics Volume 68 , Issue 2-3, (February 1988), Pages: 117 - 169
The generating function proof of Cayley's theorem counting labeled trees (e.g., the theorem that there are $n^{n-2}$ labeled trees on $n$ vertices) is a good example. In the lecture notes I linked to, the more general question is Theorem 1 and the particular question is Corollary 1.
There are perhaps many examples found in inequalities because a given inequality with a mass of variables and functions can easily hide "Simple Inequality" of which it is a special case.


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What is the difference between standard i386 download and the amd64 download of Ubuntu 11.04? I am currently running the i386 on an amd machine, would my system work better with the amd64 download instead? (my machine was running Windows 7 64bit, but I neglected to look at that prior to installing Ubuntu).
i386 refers to the 32-bit edition and amd64 (or x86_64) refers to the 64-bit edition for Intel and AMD processors.
Wikipedia's i386 entry:
Wikipedia's x86_64 entry:
Even if you have an intel CPU, you should use AMD64 to install 64-bit on your computer (it uses the same instruction sets).
I highly recommend using it. For the most part you will not notice a difference but for large workloads (such as video editing, gaming, etc), the computer will perform faster (the computer has the ability to calculate 2+2+2=6 instead of having to do 2+2=4+2=6 in an example). In the Windows world, a 32-bit OS will not let you use more than 3.5 Gigs of RAM on your computer (even if you have 8!). You'd need to use a 64-bit OS in order to fully use all RAM. For Linux, however, there's no such limit (thanks, Uri).
Regardless, the world has shifted from 32 bit and it's only there to support older machines that are incapable of running 64 bit. The upcoming Windows 8 is said to support 128 bit, to give you an idea of 32's age!
Source: http://superuser.com/questions/128482/ubuntu-amd64-vs-i386
Yes, you can use that .ISO. amd64 refers to the architecture. AMD was the first to create a 64-bit CPU, so I believe it was named this at the time, and the name stuck. It seems a little confusing, but amd64 just means 64-bit.
yes you can install amd64 bit to Intel 64 bit processor. AMD invented x86-64 bit instruction set processor so the name is just a tribute to AMD.


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for doing what she did and getting free
If I had a legitimate excuse for my prolonged hiatus from this blog, it would be these two women: Lanoy (basketball star/surrogate Lao sister/PoP MVP) and Phet (architect/duck blood soup lover/PoP Rookie of the Year).
For the last month I've spent hours on end with these two ever-inspiring, always-entertaining, seriously kickass women. We've tediously translated budgets, interviewed contractors, braved the monsooned roads, hosted village wide meetings, and, of course, drank beerlao.
Our goal was very simple: build a school. Build a school and show every single villager, government worker, unconvinced observer, and ourselves that we could. Build a school and provide the kids in Houy Thong with a place to learn.
So we did. With the empowerment and help from an amazing visiting co-worker (and every person in our organization) we built a school.
And a few days ago this little school opened to some very happy people and very big party.
There were speeches (mine nervously in Lao), there was dancing (think square dancing take Lao), there was massive amounts of food (and beerlao), and there was me, with a ridiculous cotton-flower smile on my face all afternoon.
And I can say now with complete confidence that I have never been so honored, so humbled in my life as I was that day with those two great women at my side.


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Women's Asics Shikotan Tank
Add some funky style to your gym wardrobe with the cool and confident Asics Shikotan Women's Tank Top. Perfect for your favorite activities, this tank is a gym-going fashionista's dream.
This strappy, racerback tank gives you the freedom of movement you need while training, while also showing off your hard work. The brightly hued straps criss-cross in the back and again in the front for a flattering look, while the stretch fabric moves with you and wicks away sweat so you stay looking fresh even when things start to really heat up.
Cute and confident, this unique workout top is sure to help you standout in the gym.


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I have the need for a hexadecimal token that is smaller than the normal length of the hexadecimal representation of a SHA-256 hash.
Should I take the first bits or the last bits? Which of them contain the most entropy?
If taking the first or last bits of a SHA-256 output made any difference, it would be viewed as a serious blow against the security of SHA-256. Right now, no such weakness is known in SHA-256. So, as far as we know, you can use whatever bits you want.
If you need a more "administrative" answer, have a look at SHA-224 (also specified in FIPS 180-3). This is a hash function with a 224-bit output, which NIST defined in order to "match" (administratively speaking) the proclaimed 112-bit security of 3DES. They defined SHA-224 by taking SHA-256, changing the conventional IV, and truncating the output. For the truncation, they took the first 224 bits. If it is good for NIST then it is good for you: take the first bits.


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AROUND THE NATION (CNN) -- President Barack Obama's second term is on the line in Tuesday's election, but so is a key component of his signature health care reform law.
Four states are voting on whether to allow residents and businesses to avoid Obamacare's requirement that they purchase health insurance for themselves or their employees.
The ballot initiatives in Alabama, Florida and Wyoming would amend state constitutions. Montana's initiative prohibits federal and state government from requiring people to purchase health insurance through imposing a penalty, tax, fee or fine on those who do not do so.
"These laws may promise more than they can deliver," said Jonathan Turley, a law professor at George Washington University Law School. "What the laws certainly do is to give state officials more of a basis to go to court and challenge the national health care law."
In response to health care reform, 47 state legislatures proposed measures to limit, alter or oppose selected state or federal actions, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
Twenty states have challenged broad health care reform in anticipation of or in response to the Affordable Care Act. Health care reform was signed into law in 2010.
In addition to measures on health care reform, voters will also weigh same-sex marriage, abortion and capital punishment. Voters will decide on almost 180 ballot measures in 38 states. That's up from 159 in 2010, but down from 204 in 2008.
Requirements and the process by which initiatives make it to the ballot differ from state to state. In many instances, ballot initiatives were introduced in states like California in the form of propositions to circumvent the legislative process, giving citizens direct access to lawmaking.
But across the country Tuesday, many ballot initiatives and their corresponding voter turnout efforts are supported by wealthy individuals or special interest groups in addition to private citizens.
In Florida, where voters will decide on a constitutional amendment banning public funds for abortions, groups have formed using names like "Nix Six" or "Vote no on 6" or websites carrying names like www.sayyesto6.com, referring to the the initiative's ballot name: Amendment 6.
The "Say Yes to 6" website and effort are funded by the group Protect Florida Taxpayers and Parental Rights. The group is funded largely by a collection of Catholic archdioceses across Florida including Miami, St. Petersburg, Palm Beach and St. Augustine, which have given more than $175,000.
Planned Parenthood also entered the mix, spending $3.2 million on ads to defeat the measure in Florida during the week heading into the election.
In California, the story is similar. Billionaire Nicholas Pritzker, chairman of the board and chief executive of the Hyatt Development Corporation, donated $500,000 in support of Proposition 34, which would ban capital punishment in the state. He was joined by several other wealthy donors including Netflix CEO Reed Hastings, who donated $250,000.
Smaller donations supporting and opposing Proposition 34 and Amendment 6 also came from private citizens.


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I am starting backpacking and there are both internal and external-frame packs. What is the difference, and is one recommended over the other?
I've used both kinds of packs.
External frame packs are generally cheaper, can carry more gear, and allow much better ventilation to your back. In addition to the main compartment and side pockets, most external frame packs also have an area above and below the main compartment where gear can be lashed.
Internal frame packs tend to have larger interior volume, allow more freedom of movement, and (especially in areas prone to thunderstorms) don't have large metallic poles that go above your head. I've seen a few modern internal frame packs that have air channels for ventilation, I've never tried one, but it looks like it may help to keep things cooler.
There really isn't much reason to use an external frame backpack, especially if you're looking at modern backpacks. In almost every case, the internal frame is going to be the better option. Internal frame backpacks have a lot of advantages over external frames, they have a smaller profile, and when properly packed keep weight closer to your center of gravity where you want it. They are more form fitting and give you better maneuverability.
The only advantage I can think of for an external frame backpack is that they are often made up of smaller compartments, where as internal frame backpacks tend to have a primary large storage area and you'll have to rely on stuff sacks for organization.
To add to some of the answers already posted:
External: The biggest advantage is how forgiving an external frame pack is. Since the load is hanging on a frame, you can get away with more casual disregard for how you pack the pack, and don't have to worry about the edge of that pot digging in to your shoulder-blades. It can also take a much heavier load more easily - which is why you will often see trail-crew workers hauling heavy and awkward tools with them.
EFs also tend to be more "idiot-proof" with minimal adjustment options to get wrong (or right for that matter) meaning you can "load-and-go" and ride like a Cadillac down the trail.
Internal: Closer to the body, move more with your body, lower center of gravity, narrower profile. Often better when you anticipate scrambling or hiking off trail. They require a bit more attention when packing, and when fitting, but when properly situated can tend to be more a part of you, rather than something on you.
One possible advantage not yet mentioned for external frame pack is that most are adjustable to fit a wide range of people. This is useful if you know that the pack is going to be used by several people of different sizes, or if the person is likely to be growing rapidly. For example my son who was 14 and 4'11" when the pack was purchased then 16 and 6'1" when he went to Philmont
As a Boy Scout, I prefer the external frame backpack. The internal is more comfortable, but on long hikes, the external is not only practical for more gear, but vents your back so it's not dripping with sweat. I am not as knowledgeable as some on this page, but my strong preference is the external.


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expert advice MORE
Coordinating Work and Homeschooling
Q: I am single parent and I work 40 hours a week. I have a 15-year-old who is failing eighth grade for the second time. Can I homeschool him and still keep my job? I live in a remote area where there are no other children. I worry that he will get bored and miss his friends, but I can't seem to reach him about his schoolwork -- he just does not care. I am hoping homeschooling maybe the answer for him. Any suggestions?
A: This is so difficult to answer, not knowing your son and your relationship with him. It's obvious school is not working for him. What are his interests? Is it possible for him to mentor with someone during the day? For instance, if he likes animals, maybe he can spend some time in a veterinarian's office, helping out. I have a friend whose teen loves horses. She volunteers at a horse farm each day and gets free riding lessons and a wealth of information about caring for horses. Animal shelters, libraries, museums, and parks all welcome volunteers. Perhaps he can spend a portion of each day performing this type of service.
Can you adjust or cut back on your hours? Can you work from home? Maybe your son can also begin to work part-time while you're working. One friend of mine was having a terrible time with her daughter. She allowed her to homeschool, but also required her to work. It did not take very long for the girl to realize that if this was what working entailed (it was a boring job), she'd better get serious about her studies and at least obtain a high school diploma.
If you decide to give home learning a try, there are independent study programs and correspondence schools that can help your son work towards a high school diploma. Perhaps he might want to obtain his equivalency diploma (GED). To find online support for the GED test, visit www.gedonline.org. Another good resource is Cafi Cohen's book, Homeschooling the Teen Years: Your Complete Guide to Successfully Homeschooling the 13- to 18-Year-Old. Good luck!
More on: Expert Advice
Isabel Shaw is a freelance writer and homeschooling mom of 15 years. She and her husband Ray homeschool their two daughters, Jessica and Amanda. Besides being a contributor to FamilyEducation.com, Shaw has written for Home Education Magazine, The Link, Homeschooling Horizons Magazine, The Homeschool Gazette, and other publications.


text: Steubenville resident Jennifer Heaps and her fiance, Christopher Rodgers, are winners in the "Feel Like a Million" contest at Anytime Fitness, 322 S. Hollywood Blvd. The couple, who plan to marry in December, each won $1,000 from the fitness chain after being nominated based on their community achievements and for inspiring others in the community. They plan to use a portion of their winnings to buy a water buffalo for a family in need in the Phillipines through Heifer International, and the rest will be spent on their wedding. Heaps graduated from Franciscan University of Steubenville with a degree in education. Rodgers, a senior philosophy major, has lost 20 pounds since joining Anytime Fitness. Anytime Fitness launched the contest in early 2011 with plans to award $1 million in prizes, offer free access to online fitness and nutritional support from AnytimeHealth.com, the company's official wellness website. On hand for the presentation were, from left, Heaps; Rodgers; Heaps' mother, Suzanne Heaps; and Paul Giannamore, manager of Anytime Fitness in the Hollywood Plaza. - Linda Harris


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Bali Blinds & Bali Shades
- Bali blinds and shades for every need
- Built with utmost care and
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- Custom Bali blinds and shades
- Industry leader for innovation
Bali, an industry leader for blinds and shades Do-It-Yourselfers, is dedicated to improving the environment, contributing to energy efficiency in the home and the use of renewable resources in their products. With cordless, blackout, top down/bottom up, and motorized options, Bali's natural and bamboo shades material comes from renewable sources and their wood blinds are harvested through sustainable yield forest management. Fabrics made with low-emission and irritant/allergen-free methods help reduce asthma and other health-related issues. Many of Bali's solar shade fabrics are GREENGUARD® Indoor Air Quality Certified for low VOC. What started in 1939 in Mineral Point, Wisconsin with a famous piece of drapery hardware known as the "badger crane" is now the major brand in window fashions known as Bali.
Bali® Natural Drapes: Cabo, Haven, Trinidad & Antigua
retail $334.43 $224.00 + an extra 20% off
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Red / Pink (1)
Choose from our selection of window treatments featuring red or pink fabrics and materials
White / Off-White (1)
Choose from our selection of window treatments featuring white and off-white fabrics and materials.
- Red / Pink (1)
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- refine


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PTgui does a nice job of stitching a flat nadir view into a panorama using viewpoint correction, provided the surface is fairly flat. Aircraft cockpits seldom have a flat deck and represent a special challenge. In fact, a tripod will not fit in many cockpits - there are few good resting spots for the three legs.
Others may be interested in the technique being developed by the author. A Manfrotto SuperClamp can be adapted with a 3/8 stud to support a Nikon D800/16mm f2.8/NN RS-2 ring mount, shown in View A in a helicopter cabin. For the nadir shot, a Manfrotto SuperClamp/Magic Arm/Camera Plate is independently attached between the mounting tube and the camera, shown in View B. Finally the quick release on the 16mm lens ring is loosened so the NN RS-2 and its clamp can be removed, leaving the camera suspended and looking down with an unobstructed nadir view, show in View C.
In this situation, taken at the same no parallax point (NPP), the nadir shots are treated like any other and will stitch on the first pass without viewpoint correction. The finished panorama looks like this:
Careful handling of the camera, firm mounting and a skillful transition are important if objects are very close. Note the stitch error on the tube just below the NPP. The clamp rotated a small amount during the switch between mounts. With the tube only about 30cm from the NPP, the image is particularly sensitive to parallax. The cabin floor shows no error, as it is farther away. Another cockpit panorama made in this way except that a tripod fit the floor for all images except the nadir:
Finally, these Manfrotto products show up frequently at good prices on eBay, as many probably cannot find an application for them.


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The White County Senior Citizen's Center will be offering catfish dinners to the general public every Friday in March, beginning March 8. The meal, which consists of a catfish fillet, baked beans, slaw, hushpuppies and a dessert, will be served from 11 a.m. until 12:30 p.m.
Carryouts are also available from 10:30 a.m. until 12:30 p.m. The cost is $7.50 for anyone under 60 years old. There is a suggested donation for senior citizens age 60 and older of $3.75. One may purchase an extra piece of catfish for $2.
The Center is open Monday through Friday and serves nutritious home-cooked meals each day. Individuals under the age of 60 can purchase any of our regular dinners for $6 dine-in and $6.25 for carryout.
For more information, contact the White County Senior Citizen's Center at 382-3111.
Location, ST | website.com


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Perfect for Triumph Tiger, Suzuki DL-1000 V-Strom, and Aprilia Capo Nord. A crossbar is an ideal location for mounting some interesting accessories:
These universal crossbars fit handlebars with 22 to 28mm diameter. Easily removable if you don't need a crossbar all the time.
The 250 mm (or approx. 9.75 inches) is the total length of the aluminum bar only (not hole-to hole, and not counting the clamps). Diameter is approx. 12mm or 1/2".


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CINCINNATI — The Mariners have dealt with more than their share of angst, misery, recrimination and criticism this season, just like in the ones that preceded it.
It's no wonder, then, that they are seizing upon an encouraging road trip for a healthy dose of optimism and good cheer.
"Winning is just so much fun," reliever Tom Wilhelmsen said. "It's just so much better than losing. I know it's a stupid thing to say, but everyone's in such a better mood. It's the best. Hopefully, we can get more of it."
The Mariners defeated the Reds, 3-1, on Sunday to win their second series in a row on this trip — the first time all year they've won back-to-back series on the road.
And they did it against two formidable teams. The Rangers and Reds were in the playoffs last year and appear headed back this season.
"It's a real good trip," manager Eric Wedge said. "It's the big leagues, man. You play Texas on the road, a team that's won 50-some games. And Cincinnati on the road, same thing. You've got 30, 40,000 fans here a night, you're into July, and you know it gets more real when you get into July.
"You'd have liked to have won one more, but you don't get greedy this time of year. You work hard to win series. Our guys fought hard, and played pretty good baseball."
Granted, the four wins in six games still left the Mariners 10 games under .500, so it's not quite time for pennant fever. But Wedge believes the blend of youth and veterans that has sparked them on this trip bodes well for more prosperous times ahead.
"The younger guys are learning, the older guys have really settled in," he said. "It's always been a nice dynamic back and forth with that. But what's fun to see is the light going off with some of these younger guys. That goes a long way, because the veteran guys that are healthy and playing have been producing."
Of course, the other dynamic at play with the Mariners is that solid production by those veterans could hasten their departure at the trade deadline.
Left-hander Joe Saunders certainly has been amping up his trade appeal by working into the seventh inning in seven of his last eight starts. He was outstanding against a very tough Reds' lineup in hitter-friendly Great American Ballpark, limiting them to six hits and one run in seven innings. Saunders won two games on the trip and allowed just two earned runs in 13 2/3 innings.
"I was working with Carl (Willis, the pitching coach) in the bullpen on my sinker," Saunders said. "It's very key in this ballpark to keep the ball down, obviously."
The Mariners stacked eight left-handed hitters against Reds starter Bronson Arroyo, but Cincinnati manager Dusty Baker said, "It wasn't their left-handed hitting that hurt us today, it was their left-handed pitcher."
But Saunders needed two big left-handed swings to provide the runs he needed. One came in the first inning from Nick Franklin, who had been good-naturedly needled by teammates for missing Saturday's game because of a bruised knee. On a 1-2 pitch from Arroyo, he belted his sixth home run, marking the 15th straight game the Mariners have homered, and the third straight time they've done so in the first inning.
"They jumped us early in all three games," Baker said. "That's what I've urged my guys to do, especially when you have the first at-bat, you can draw the first blood."
Franklin said he was provided leg weights by athletic trainer Rick Griffin to use between innings to keep his leg from stiffening.
"It's doing OK," he said. "It's workable, and hopefully it will get better in the next few days."
But Wedge is not inclined to keep him out of the lineup any more.
"That's why you work hard and wait for the lineup to try to get him in there because something like that might happen," he said. "It gets you going right away. Sometimes it's a good thing when the guys give you a hard time."
The other big hit was provided by Justin Smoak, a two-run, opposite-field homer off Arroyo with two outs in the third. That came after Arroyo had struck him out in the first inning.
"The first time up, he threw me one that came out of the sky," Smoak said. "I was just trying to get a pitch up, a pitch I could drive. I was able to put a good swing on it."
The Reds got one back off Saunders in the seventh, but Charlie Furbush and Wilhelmsen each worked perfect innings to close out the win. Wilhelmsen needed just five pitches to wrap up his 18th save, and his second on this trip after an extended break from the closer's role.
"We are building momentum right now," Furbush said. "Once we get back home we have to keep it going and not let our foot off the gas. Everything is coming together — pitching, hitting and defense. I think it's going to work out well."


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6 Real Martial Arts Tournaments Crazier Than 'Mortal Kombat'
Next to sex, there's nothing that delights the old primate tendencies quite like dealing someone a good ol' fist upside the cranium. Sadly, the vast majority of us have candy for an ass and are far too removed from our caveman days to get our own knuckles all scuffed up. So instead, we watch people fight our battles for us on the TV, while assuring all within earshot that we could totally whip their butts if we wanted to (we just don't, and never will want to). But like any spectator event, martial arts tournaments must fight tooth and nail to hold on to our ever more fickle attention spans. And that, ladies and gentlemen, is how we end up with certifiably insane competitions like ...
#6. Hip Show
Hip Show
Have you ever wondered what would happen if you took American Gladiators, exported it to Russia, and ran it through their patented Fuckstripper(TM) to remove every last fuck it ever had to give? Well, wonder no more, dear friend, because the Russians have already done it by creating the vastly undernamed Hip Show.
Complete with a flame-bearded announcer straight out of The Hunger Games, Hip Show features full-contact team martial arts fighting with an added twist: It takes place inside a mazelike three-level obstacle course. If you're wondering how throwing down in a group brawl while standing precariously near the edge of raised platforms could possibly be a good idea, we humbly submit that it is not a good idea. It is the best idea.
Hip Show
Fuck you, sliced bread!
Fights consist of two-on-two teams flailing their way through three two-minute rounds, with the use of joint locks and choke holds prohibited during the first two rounds because we paid to see some face punching, goddammit. As you can imagine, teamwork is essential -- the moment one partner drops, the arena transforms into a two-against-one death maze. And since being inactive is also against the rules, anyone caught hiding behind the obstacles is subjected to immediate execution by bear mauling. Or disqualification. Whatever. It's Russia -- the bear mauling is implied.
#5. Knight Fighting Leagues
With the exception of your local renaissance faire, the real world is facing a tragic shortage of guys in full armor whacking each other with swords. Not to worry, because here to remedy that situation are Knight Fighting Leagues, which are pretty much exactly (and awesomely) what they sound like.
Polska Liga Walk Rycerskich
"Please God let the codpiece hold please God let the codpiece hold please God ..."
Such leagues are most popular in Europe, where Poland unsurprisingly hosts the Polish Knight Fighting League. These "knights" use replicas of medieval plate armor and period-authentic weapons like swords and axes -- which are, of course, blunted (because otherwise that would be plain old-fashioned murder) -- to go at each other in an archaic free-for-all in which winners are determined based on the number of blows landed (or whoever's still standing after said blows have done said landing).
If you're looking to join up, you'd better find yourself a damn good squire with plenty of armor-affixing expertise, because pretty much anything goes in Knight Fighting League: kicks, knee strikes, and helmeted head butts are par for the course. Fights can be one-on-one or in "armies," which is about as close to a real life Game of Thrones scene as you can experience short of banging your sister.
Polska Liga Walk Rycerskich
Hopefully George R.R. Martin will have finished the books by the time you wake from your coma.
The Polish league is just one of several participants in the Battle of the Nations, a world championship taking place in Croatia (presumably because Croatia has lax laws regarding dealing out myriad sword welts to total strangers). And before you even ask -- yes, there's an American team. So get to polishing that armor if you're ready to trade in your weekend cosplay for something a bit more ... momentous.
#4. Pillow Fight League
Somehow, in between exchanging pleasantries, having national health care, and saying "about" wrong, Canadians have found the time to build the world's first professional Pillow Fight League. Haha, leave it to those friendly Canadians to find a way to fight politely, right, fella-
Holy shit!
That looks way more hardcore than the confusingly erotic slumber party pillow fights we're familiar with, and that's because the PFL is serious business: In true "professional" fighting league fashion, PFL's fighters create dramatic personae such as ChamPain, Dinah Mite, and Olivia Neutron Bomb. That makes them sound like the plushy doppelganger of the WWE, but make no mistake: These fights are totally unscripted and go way beyond whapping each other with pillows. In fact, the pillows are often the only thing preventing the fighters from pulverizing each other into unrecognizable human smoothies.
Dawn Weaver
Her hair's green now. It'll be red when she's done.
Stacey Case, one of PFC's founders, has said, "It's not pillow fighting. It's fighting with pillows." And she wasn't kidding, as fights have resulted in broken bones, shattered teeth, and a wicked case of feather rash.


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Hello, I'm still fairly new to pano photography, and I would think that it might make life easier to get a shutter release system, of which, I have no experience with, for my Nikon Coolpix P5100.
From what I've researched, there doesn't seam to be any compatible remotes for the 5100, wired, or wireless. I did find A Flash/Shutter Release that mounts on where the external flash would, which I am considering.
The only other option I know of is to use a mechanical shutter release system. I did find one from from a website I've never heard of from here-
which is specifically for my camera, and a generic release found here-
but it says "Without A Threaded Shutter Release". Where can I find a good threaded shutter release?
If anyone has any opinions on these products, or has any other suggestions, please let me know.
Thanks in advance, -Ian


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Which workshops pay a stipend?
To ease the transition from our old Vista Learning Management System to Blackboard Learn, the e-Learning Center has offered a $200 training stipend to eligible instructors for the completion of any four of the six Bb Learn workshops in our training series. This incentive has been in place since 3.1.2011 and has been awarded to over 500 NAU instructors! However, since that transition is now successfully completed and since the funds for the stipend are depleted, the incentive will be discontinued as of 6.30.2013. Please complete any work in progress by that time in order to receive a training stipend, and thank you for helping to make the transition to Blackboard such a success.
Last updated: May 29, 2013


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Hand-Delivered Fraser Fir Christmas Tree ($159 Value) for $59
Save: 63%
A hand-delivered Fraser fir Christmas tree from Five Star Holiday Decor (a $159 value). Orders placed after the November 28 cutoff will be fulfilled for Christmas 2012. Five Star Holiday Decor's cheery deliverers rush high-quality, hand-picked Christmas trees directly to doorsteps in time for the holidays. Five Star's 6'–7' North American Fraser fir trees, like Santa's undercover scouts, arrive the week of December 5 at the homes of festive families, primed for decoration and equipped with enough spindly, green pine branches to shelter an entire herd of presents. In some areas, delivery people are available to aid in setting up the verdant cones in tree stands, and also lend a hand in the removal and recycling of the festive firs.
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Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Houston, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, Nashville, New York, North Jersey, Orange County, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Portland, Raleigh, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, St. Louis, Tampa, Toronto, Vancouver, Washington, DC
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wow that's annoying. There are 2 delivery areas near me that almost overlap, with a small gap in between them. I live in that gap.


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April 08, 2014
Carbo-loading for the Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon
With the Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon just around the corner, we all know runners of all shapes and sizes will be carbo-loading. And for many, carbo-loading is basically an excuse to get some pasta down their throats the night before a race. But what is the science behind this long-standing tradition of getting a good helping of mama's Bolognese in the day before a race? We find out more.
What is carbo-loading really about?
Carbohydrate loading, or carbo-loading as it has affectionately come to be known, is the practice of consuming carbohydrates in the days and weeks leading up to a race. Carbohydrates are an important part of doing prolonged or high intensity exercise. Muscle glycogen is the main source of energy in endurance events, and is obtained from carbohydrates, and this glycogen is depleted during a high-endurance workout. The more glycogen stored in the body, the greater the endurance potential of the body.
The body stores glycogen in the muscles and liver and storage capacity is limited. By increasing the amount of carbs in your diet in the days and weeks leading up to the race, you can effectively increase the amount of glycogen stored in your muscles. This glycogen and what you consume during the race, fuel you over the course of the race. Because the muscle can only hold limited amounts of glycogen, it's important to load up before you arrive at the starting line. Whilst loading up on carbohydrates will not make you faster, it will allow the body to postpone fatigue.
How to carbo-load
The ideal amount of carbohydrates is 7 grams of carbs for every kilogram you weigh. So a person weighing 70 kilograms should be consuming 490 grams of carbohydrates every day. Sounds ridiculous right? Not actually. Some tips for making this mammoth task easier are:
• Eat complex carbohydrates with every meal – vegetables, fruit, potatoes, brown rice, grains, oats, wholegrain breads etc
• Snack on fruit, especially dried fruit
• Drink energy drinks
• Stay away from high fat foods(cream, ice cream, butter, oil, cheese etc)
Alternatives to Carbo-loading:
In rcent years there have been a few alternatives to the traditional diet of the athlete and marathon runner. We take a look at veganism and the Tim Noakes diet.
Scott Jurek is a marathon runner and a proponent of the vegan diet for runners and athletes. He runs on an entirely plat-based diet and believes that this is what gives him his endurance. Cutting out processed foods and refined carbohydrates was not difficult for Scott. Meat and dairy were other matters. He didn't want to consume either—because of stress to his kidneys, potential loss of calcium, possibly increased risk of prostate cancer, stroke, and heart disease, not to mention the chemicals and hormones injected into America's food supply and the environmental degradation caused by cattle farms. To find out more about why Scott decided to go vegan to improve his performance, read here
The Tim Noakes diet
Tim Noakes, a South African Professor of Exercise and Sports Science at the University of Cape Town, has run more than 70 marathons and ultra-marathons and is the author of the books The Lore of Running, Challenging Beliefs and Waterlogged. Tim is a believer in the low carb high fat (lchf), or 'banting' diet, which is not actually just an excessive consumption of protein diet, but rather focuses on avoiding processed food, soya and carbohydrates, and eating things such as avocado, full-fat dairy, chicken, cheese and fatty fish.
Last meal before the race:
Not that we suggest bingeing horribly on marinara sauce and spaghetti, but we have compiled a list of restaurants in the Cape Town region that will get you suitably ready for your race:
Meloncino's at the V&A Waterfront
Meloncino serves up wholesome Italian food with a flair, and caters to all tastes. It is a little pricey but definitely has something for the whole family, and with a view like that, you won't regret it. There are also alternatives to the traditional Italian fare here.
Bacini in Kloof Street
Bacini is truly simple, solid Italian food. Pizza, pasta and select meat dishes are on the menu here.
Basilico in Newlands
Basilico's has a lovely homely feel to it. This old Italian institution has served the residents of Claremont and Newlands for over 15 years, and has all the familiar favourites that you've come to know and love from Italian food, with a few surprises. It also offers meat dishes for those following a less conventional diet. Check out the restaurant here
Plant Café
A popular new vegan restaurant in the Bo-Kaap area of Cape Town, focused on serving ethical, fast and healthy food. Find out more


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Do you love the Miami Hurricanes? Proudly display your allegiance to your favorite team while keeping warm and toasty in this officially licensed Miami Hurricanes Retro full-zip hooded sweatshirt. This piece of team merchandise is both stylish and comfortable. Go Hurricanes!
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Cuban Dissident Gets Refugee Status from U.S.
Published: Sunday, December 29, 2013 at 10:08 a.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, December 29, 2013 at 10:08 a.m.
MIAMI | The United States has given refugee status to a man who shouted against the Cuban government during Pope Benedict XVI's 2012 visit.
The Miami Herald (http://hrld.us/18PYUyk) first reported 41-year-old Andres Carrion Alvarez and his wife arrived last month in Tennessee.
A Facebook page for Andres Carrion lists his home city as Chattanooga.
Carrion yelled "Down with the Revolution! Down with the dictatorship" before an outdoor mass in Santiago de Cuba in March of 2012. Video of the incident showed Carrion being beaten by a man wearing a first-aid T-shirt and security agents pulling him away.
Carrion says wasn't part of any dissident groups before his protest. He says he was constantly harassed and persecuted afterward.
Carrion was never tried for any crime and was freed after being held for 18 days.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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How can halachic restrictions that are not in the Torah be reconciled with the Deuteronomy 4:2 passage, which says, "Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish from it"?
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Such halachic restrictions fall into two categories: those which we believe were given as part of the Oral Law along with the Torah, and those that were clearly put in place later by the rabbis.
The former is not adding, as it was part of the given word. E.g. Deuteronomy 12:21, to eat non-sacrificial meat, just slaughter it "in the manner I have prescribed"; the method of kosher slaughter does not actually appear in Tanach, it was transmitted orally until the Talmud codified it.
The latter make a strong point of being distinct from Biblical obligations.
Here's an excerpt from Maimonides' code, Hilchot Mamrim (laws regarding rebellion against rabbinic authority) Chapter 2:
Excellent question. The answer is that the Rabbis themselves are invested by the Torah with the duty to protect the basic halacha - see for example Deuteronomy 17:8-11, where it basically states that we are Scripturally bound to comply with the rulings of the Sanhedrin. Furthermore see Pirkei Avos 1:1, which states, "... make a protective fence for the Torah." This means that the Rabbis saw it as their duty to make enactments to protect the central Scriptural commandments, in the same way that one would put up a protective cordon several feet away from an open manhole to make sure that nobody falls in.
Your question still is pertinent - is this not "adding" to the Torah? In order to avoid this problem, it is very important that we have to have a very clear distinction between those laws that are Scripturally mandated, and those that were enacted by the Rabbis. You will find several practical differences in our approach to Rabbinic mitzvos as opposed to Torah mitzvos; there are a great many leniencies in practical halacha regarding Rabbinic mitzvos.
There are basically 2 types of additions which are allowed:
Keep in mind that not everything is written in the Torah; the Oral Law has many details missing from the Written Law. E.g.: How to make Tefillin, how to slaughter properly and how many walls a Sukkah needs.
Many Halachic Restrictions were given to Moshe at Sinai as part of the Oral Law, along with the written law.
The Verse (Devarim 4:2) states:
Rashi's Commentary on the Verse says:
The various commentaries point out that all of Rashi's examples are adding or subtracting from a commandment that has a specific number associated with it. So, for example, if you have a garment with 5 corners, don't put tzitzit strings on the 5th corner. Doing so would violate this commandment. However, As the Gur Aryeh says, the Rabbinically legislated prohibitions which augment the Biblical restrictions are not considered additions, since they are clearly intended as protective measures to guard against infractions of the Biblical commandments.
The Chumash Shai LaMora brings this in the name of the "Sefer Zichron".
There are at least four answers to this question: Instead of explaining them, I will provide the relevant citations.
(For an in-depth discussion of Maimonides' view, see here).


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Dakota Wesleyan University students are getting painted up and running through the quad, and lawns and the streets.
A 5K Glow Run is set for April 12, starting at the DWU campus, and organized by students in support of the Children's Miracle Network, which will receive all proceeds. The run begins at 7 p.m. at the Christen Family Athletic Center on campus with registration beginning at 6 p.m. Cost to participate is $25 per person in advance or $35 if registering on the day. Each participant will receive a packet with a T-shirt, glow sticks, access to glow paint, map of the route, and a wrist band to attend the Finish Fest. To register online, visit www.dwu.edu/ReadySetGlow.
Finish Fest, which will be on the Dayton lawn at campus, is an after-race celebration with games, contests and fun; and in a tented area there will be a foam dance beginning right after the race. For glow-run participants, the Finish Fest and foam dance are free. The Finish Fest is free to non-racers 17 and younger, and costs $10 for non-racers 18 and older who must present a DWU I.D. or driver's license in order to enter the foam dance. For more information contact Jeff Holstein, student activities coordinator, at firstname.lastname@example.com.