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Top 10 Ways Parents Can Help with Homework
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Chimps, Humans, and Social Behavior.
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Chimps, Humans, and Social Behavior.
I mentioned this in the "God, man, and the nature of sin" thread and decided to make a thread out of it.
Warning: This thread and topic contains mature themes
Does the way we treat sex and our women, homo and heterosexual, effect how we interact socially with each other?
Common Chimpanzee:
"Make War, Not Love."
[_1_] "Out of almost 5,000 mammal species in the world, there are only two in which males live with their relatives in social groups and occasionally make trips into neighboring territories to stalk, hunt and kill members of neighboring groups. Chimpanzees are one. Humans are the other. And we are so closely related that a blood transfusion from one species to the other will save a life, if the blood types match. "
[_1_] "Our violent primate nature, shared with chimpanzees, is bad news, especially when you add that both chimps and humans are extremely sensitive to imbalances of power. Gangs of males -- either kind -- know perfectly well how vulnerable a stranded individual neighbor is. And regularly take advantage of the situation in murderous ways, as has now been repeatedly observed among chimps in the wild. It does not require an anthropologist to observe similar behavior in humans. "
[_2_] "Male chimps are highly aggressive towards their female counterparts sometimes using branches as clubs to beat them. The study found that male chimps are most aggressive towards the fecund females in their group. It also revealed that these males mated more with the females that they beat."
[_2_] "'We conclude that male-female aggression represents an evolved strategy to constrain female sexuality,' the authors say. They add that the males mainly used force to prevent the females from mating with other chimps."
[_3_] "Chimps don't form monogamous pairs; rather, mating is dictated by the females' estrus cycles. During estrus, the competition for access to these few fertile females is intense. The leading theory, albeit a shaky one, is that the physical abuse is punishment for female chimps' promiscuity. By bullying them, they are discouraged from seeking other males, making it more likely that resulting offspring is his. Another explanation is simply that the violence is the result of disputes over food resources."
[_3_] "Male chimps didn't just beat up on females at random, the researchers conclude. Those that bore the worst of the attacks not only had far more sex--and most often with the males that beat them--but were also the most fecund, with twice the average odds of a sexual encounter resulting in pregnancy. "Males are basically trying to force females into exclusive mating relationships," says Muller."
[_3_] "However they also found high levels of cortisol--a stress hormone--in the urine of beaten-up females. At persistent high levels, cortisol can result in gastric ulcers and other physical problems, which would be decidedly counter-productive to reproduction."
In summary, the common chimp has a male run society. Females are kept away from each other so they cannot form social groups outside nursing. They are regularly beaten and raped to stay in line and keep them from gaining social status in their groups, which can reach up to 150 members.
Why is this important? Chimp and human minds are very similar socially. We are both capable of our own forms of speech, we create clichés with each other, we often claim mates as our own and only our own, and males in both species have the problem of killing each other and beating women to gain control, namely for sexual purposes. Believe it or deny it, 1/3 women in the USA is assaulted sexually at some point in her life.
I may be a strong feminist, but I'm not going to say that women have control over this society. We are getting there, but we are far from it in many parts of the world.
But, this is far more apparent outside first world countries. African tribes, for example, live very similarly to Chimps. Social groups, constant wars with each other, and they regularly beat their women to keep them in line and kill those that go out of line. Many human societies kill babies that are not their own when they claim a mate, exactly what chimps do. Human society was heavily anti-feminist for thousands of years until recently, and even today many women are still treated as objects.
Chimps may hold the key to the vast amount of human domestic violence around the world. They may even hold the key in their social behavior as to why we constantly wage war against each other. Chimps have been known to attack other tribes, killing all males, children, and taking the women for their own. Many scientists believe these are just disappearances, but recent discoveries have seen areas covered in chimp corpses from a battle recently fought.
Males also fight each other heavily over mates, food, and territory. One scientist has described it as "the air literally feels like it is swimming in testosterone." They are under the constant need to feel superior, the need to have power in their society whether it be in the form of food, sex, or land. Too be honest, thats exactly how much of male human society works as well. Take what you can, because the more you have the more power you have. I use money as my example in the modern day world.
Chimp Links:
Bonobo Chimpanzee:
"Make Love, Not War."
[_1_] "Professor Wrangham describes both humans and chimps as sexist, but the bonobos are not. Why? For starters, there is increased social pressure from other bonobos in the wild -- they live in much larger groups than do chimpanzees. And bonobo females form strong alliances with the result that females are at least co-dominant with males. Then there's the "copulatory behavior" which is a release for the inevitable pressures of living in groups. Chimpanzees fight, bonobos ... well, you know."
[_2_] "If you know them at all, it is probably as the most highly sexed of all the apes, but they are also considered by many to be our closest living relative - closer even than the common chimp. Bonobos seem to live by the principle "make love, not war". They are very docile towards one another, never aggressive or murderous, and possess many of the psychological traits we value most, including altruism, compassion, empathy, kindness, patience and sensitivity."
[_2_] "When communities of bonobos from different areas of a forest meet, the females of each tribe initiate sex with males from the other. When chimp tribes meet, the encounters are extremely violent and it isn't unusual for at least a few individuals to end up mauled or even dead. Chimps create despotic male-controlled societies where males beat up females to display dominance. Bonobo society is egalitarian, until it is time to feed, at which point females tend to get preferential access. Tool use is another huge disparity between the two species."
[_2_] "Then there is the sex. Bonobos are famous for it. Aside from the typical male/female activity, they also engage in more "creative" behaviors: wet kissing, masturbation, oral sex, female/female and male/male couplings, group activities, the list goes on and on. The only restriction seems to be incest between mothers and their children. Chimps by contrast restrict themselves almost entirely to male/female sex and don't have nearly as much of it as bonobos. What's more, males are dominant, frequently use food to lure females into having sex with them, and sometimes beat uncooperative females."
[_3_]"Bonobo males remain attached to their mothers all their lives, following them through the forest and being dependent on them for protection in aggressive encounters with other males. As a result, the highest-ranking males of a bonobo community tend to be sons of important females."
[_3_] "Bonobo society is, however, not only female-centered but also appears to be female-dominated. Bonobo specialists, while long suspecting such a reality, have been reluctant to make the controversial claim. But in 1992, at the 14th Congress of the International Primatological Society in Strasbourg, investigators of both captive and wild bonobos presented data that left little doubt about the issue."
[_3_] "Bonobos are unique in that the migratory sex, females, strongly bond with same-sex strangers later in life. In setting up an artificial sisterhood, bonobos can be said to be secondarily bonded. (Kinship bonds are said to be primary.) Although we now know HOW this happens--through the use of sexual contact and grooming--we do not yet know WHY bonobos and chimpanzees differ in this respect."
[_4_] "If you're a female, there isn't much point having sex if you don't want a baby. But bonobos, like us, have clued into the fact that sex can be lots of fun. But there are other reasons sex is good, especially lesbian activity. It deepens friendships and strengthens the bonds between females. Which is why female chimpanzees live in fear of their next beating, and bonobo females run the show."
[_4_] "I think human females often lose this connection. Noone is more vicious to females than other females. Backstabbing bitchiness goes on everywhere from the office to the nightclub. There would be more women in high places if other women weren't scheming to bring them down."
I think the quotes explain themselves.
Bonobos, like humans, have discovered that sex is fun. That, possibly over all else, is what makes their society so incredibly peaceful. Humans share a number of characteristics with Bonobos and the Bonobo is also the ape we are estimated to be our closest living relative. Bonobo chimps, unlike the common chimp, have a much more human skeletal structure, for example.
What can the Bonobo teach us? Make love, not war. Bonobos rarely engage in physical combat, even with other Bonobo tribes. They solve everything with sex, and even have sex to pass the time. It is their handshake, their kind greeting, their way of showing respect and growing bonds with each other.
How do they compare to common chimps? Females. It is -all- about the females. When chimps find a new female, one of the males beats her, kills her children, has sex with her, and then claims her as his own. When a new female bonobo arrives into the group, she is greeted by the females instead. They then initiate GG rubbing (Genitalia to Genitalia) and other sexual acts as a welcome to the tribe and a way to form a bond. When the female has her first child, she is welcomed into the tribe fully.
Bonobo society is a sisterhood. Chimp society is a male war zone for power.
In common chimp society, the females are kept from each other and are forced down the social ladder. In Bonobo society, females are at the top of the social ladder and interact with each other heavily, solving problems of food and resources together with the males.
Bonobo Links:
"Make Ignorance, Not Peace."
Humans are similar in the respect that we also have recreational sex. Buuuut, we have religion. And we have many questionable morals. How does this come into play? Well, first off, apes have morality as well but they do not require religion to know what is good for the group and what is not.
I am not saying Religion is bad, but I am sure many of you will agree that people are capable of "good" things without the use of Religion. Religion, often times, simply takes credit for the "good" and "bad" things people do.
Secondly, we cast an evil eye upon Homosexuality. We ban it, we kill people for being it, and we mainly see it as disgusting and useless. But, the Bonobos are all Bi-sexual. Male-on-male, female-on-female, male-on-female. They do it all. Humans have sex for the emotions and orgasm. Bonobos have sex to form a bond, whether the person they are bonding with it the same sex or a different sex. While we hate it, they embrace it. We kill each other, they love each other. Which one sounds better to you?
Many people will say Sex exists simply to reproduce. I place the Bonobo and Common Chimp at their feet to prove them wrong. Chimps use sex to gain power, to fight wars, and to suppress to reproduce in a small window of time. Bonobos use sex as a way to make peace, to solve problems, to create bonds and help each other. Sex, to them, and to humans, is much more than a simple act to pop out another baby. Humans, like Bonobos, have a large window to have children and it is this window that keeps Bonobos from fighting each other.
Now, human society is a good blend of Bonobo and Chimp society. Males unite for cooperative ventures, whereas females also bond with those of their own sex. Monogamy, polygamy and polyandry are all in evidence. This is odd for primates, and odd for many forms of life as well. Which means, we can be either society if we try.
Humans war with each other. We are in a constant need of more money, more food, more power. We have to feel in control. It doesn't take a genius to see that this is all over human society, and the blame for this? Well, the blame, sadly, falls on the males of our society. Not the females. It can sort of fall on both, but from evidence of animal species in nature this strive for more power is a masculine trait. Women who are incredibly violent and known killers have brain wave patterns similar to males as well, meaning that the masculine part of our species is not our ultimate strength... it is our greatest weakness and if we ever wish to achieve peace we must overcome it.
I am not saying "cage up the males, let the females rule" like so many feminists out there. If you do that, then you are still the common chimp with a gender roll reversal.
An interesting thing to note as well is that Bonobo females are actually smaller than males, casting doubt on the belief that the bigger and stronger must rule the animal kingdom. The females have found a way to control their society without the use of an iron fist, without the need to be physically bigger. And the males, even though they are larger, do not attack and physically beat the females like you see in humans and common chimps.
Although, evidence has shown throughout history that humans have acted similarly to Bonobos. In ancient Greece, bi and homosexuality was everywhere and men had sex with men and women had sex with women for pleasure and pastime. It was not nearly at the scale of the Bonobo, but it was indeed similar. Meaning? Sexuality might not be written in stone. Some may be born more straight, and some more homosexual, but the capability for all humans to be bi-sexual is there somewhere, maybe in our genes or maybe in the way our society views the homosexual. Our currently human society, however, casts a terrible light upon it so there is no room to find if that theory could be true or not.
The only place I can think of that this becomes highly apparent is outside modern society: In our Jail system. All male and all female jails are known for their recreational sex with each other. This does not, however, effect how peaceful the jails themselves are. It is more like the common chimp, who takes a person and makes them their "bitch", leaving more questions open to how close we truly are to our barbaric cousins, or how our chimp cousins may effect how violent some men and women truly are.
And what if human women stopped hating each other? It has been the belief of some for a long time that men are not stopping women from going up the social ladder... it is women themselves. Women are sexist towards other women in human society. They wage war with each other over men, just like male common chimps. They make clichés and decide who is "pretty" and fit to live, pointing out those who are different, those who are "ugly". That is not ANYTHING close to the sisterhood bonds the Bonobo females have with each other. And look ladies, they are at the top of their species because they like each other and learned a long time ago that trying to kill each other over who gets the nicer man just was not going to work. There may be a lesson in that, may not be.
I would like to hear people's thoughts about this, and their answer to the first question:
Does the way we treat sex and our women, homo and heterosexual, effect how we interact socially with each other?
If we stopped hiding sex, homosexual or heterosexual, and let it be a common thing in our society... would things be better? Would we make love, not war... or are we forever trapped by human nature to forever kill each other in our own ignorance and hate? Would we breed out of control... or like the Bonobo, have sex for fun and bonding? If human women had casual sex with each other instead of trying to rip each others throats out... would they have a higher social status like the Bonobo? Would they create sisterhoods instead of horrible clichés that name some women as horrible, and others perfect? Would the same apply to men?
That feeling of disgust you feel after reading about homosexual love casually and everywhere? That could be how you are born, or how you were raised. The feeling of disgust could be the one thing holding the human world back from world peace...
Think about it.
Final Word:
Before I get flamed, I am not doing this under any bias. I am doing this under all the facts and theories I could find made by people a hell ova lot smarter than I am. I would wish this thread to not turn into a gay bashing thread, a sexist thread, or any other type of ignorant babble that a topic like this could produce. If you want to flame about how much you hate some of this, either make it a damn good flame or make your own thread. I still wish to hear your thoughts on this... but please keep it respectful or at least as respectful as this thread can get.
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I am new to shell scripting. I am trying to write a cron for unix shell that will delete some files, say after 2 weeks or after 1 month from a specific directory.
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I have downloaded the Ubuntu 13.04 ISO and I wrote it on a USB flash using USB startup disk creator. I reboot my laptop, went to the BIOS and I chose to boot my laptop from the USB and I saved the changes.
After that a black screen appeared. I don't know what to do. Please tell me what to do to make it work.
Also, when I connect my USB on Ubuntu, Ubuntu doesn't show my USB drive on the desktop and does not even acknowledge it. I really want to install Ubuntu 13.04 on my laptop because I am running Ubuntu 9.04 and it has many problems.


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TMS market showing strong post-recession rebound, says ARC Advisory Group
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New research from Dedham, Mass.-based ARC Advisory Group indicates that the transportation management system (TMS) market has "bounced back strongly."
ARC defines the functionality of TMS systems as helping companies efficiently, reliably, and cost-effectively moving freight from origin to destination. And the firm classifies TMS into two primary application areas: planning & execution, which is a TMS designed for freight moves involving a carrier, and fleet management, which is for freight moves involving transportation assets owned by a company.
Looking at the North America TMS market, ARC said that revenues has bounced back strongly since the end of the recession, with pent-up demand leading to robust growth next year, which will then be declining to historical growth rates. But in Europe, the forecast is less optimistic due to its high potential to return to a recession. ARC expects European TMS revenues to decline for the next two years. ARC also noted that the TMS market is seeing growing demand in Latin America, too.
In an interview with LM, Steve Banker, Ph.D., ARC Service Director for Supply Chain Management explained that the biggest drivers for TMS are the aforementioned pent up demand from the recession and TMS providing a better ROI for new verticals.
"Planning & execution [TMS] outpaces fleet management because fleet is a much more mature market," he said. "Maturity probably reflects the fact that if you own trucks and you want to improve productivity, this is one of the best things you can do. But in P&E it I want to reduce freight spend I have two big choices, outsource or buy TMS."
While he could not disclose a specific figure for projected TMS growth rates in North America, Banker did say that overall growth is in the double-digit ranges, but the fleet market is not growing at double-digit rates.


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closed as not constructive by Gnome, Ralph Rickenbach, alex, Grace Note♦, Lance Roberts Sep 2 '10 at 20:50
As it currently stands, this question is not a good fit for our Q&A format. We expect answers to be supported by facts, references, or expertise, but this question will likely solicit debate, arguments, polling, or extended discussion. If you feel that this question can be improved and possibly reopened, visit the help center for guidance.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
Voting on a question means something like
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Voting allows users to identify which answers the community feels are most correct. It also helps build reputation. The assumption is that answers by users with a higher reputation might be more reliable, presumably because they are more experienced. This is not always the case, but it generally follows.
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Some bars are bred for wrecking, scraping, demolishing, stripping, razing, and smashing (my favorite part of construction), which some now call "deconstruction." Others are born with a gentler side, excelling at salvaging, de-nailing, pulling, lifting, and dismantling. While you may lump all these tasks into an all-encompassing "Demolition" line item on a budget, in reality there are many very specific tasks to tackle when tearing into a building. And when you start talking about the tools best suited for the mission, the list looks endless: wrecking bars, pry bars, crowbars, pinch bars, ripping bars, flat bars, demolition bars. Some are aggressive, while others are gentle; some are crude, others are precise. Grabbing the right tool can mean the difference between frustration and success, extraction or destruction.
The reversible head on the Duckbill Deck Wrecker adjusts the angle of attack to pop deck boards with ease.
Credit: Photo: David Sharpe
So we set out to examine bar choices, and their function and suitability for each task at hand. Along the way we discovered a wide range of designs and more tools than we could possibly review in one article. So we chose a broad sample of the category, 18 bars that offer a mix of time-proven designs, task-specific tools, and some new cutting-edge devices.
When the primary goal is to bust it down, tear it off, or rip it out, you need to get a handle on leverage. There's enough backbreaking work in construction, so when it comes to demolition, let the tool do as much of the work as possible. Just remember, the force developed by the length of the bar gives you plenty of mechanical advantage, so make sure you can control the tool if what you're pulling on lets go.
Standard gooseneck wrecking bars like Great Neck's WR30 30-inch J-style bar are fine for tearing apart framing and pulling out nails. The offset pry end wedges and separates wall plates, double studs, and joists.
Fulton's 36-inch The Wrecker T-style bar has two pry/pull ends mounted to a bent shaft. The offset gives you two angles of attack, both with plenty of leverage to dismantle framing or extract spikes. The opposite tapered head is ground to a sharp edge that scrapes and wedges. This bar, also available in three other sizes, is great for yanking down ceilings either by swinging the T into the surface or just letting the bar's mass drop through your hand. These cost-effective prying machines will never go out of style.
The Big Bars: Great Neck WR30 Wrecking Bar / Fulton 36" The Wrecker / Demo Dawg Big Dawg /
The original Gutster Demo-Bar won't pull nails or treat anything gently. It's made for ramming beneath and behind to tear things apart. Two 1-1/4-inch-wide steel plates spaced 2 inches apart are sharpened to slide behind siding, roofing, flooring, subflooring, drywall, and anything else you want to pry off. The tubular steel shaft/handle is offset for comfortable hand position at a variety of postures. The 9-pound mass is plenty to drive the head deep under materials, and the padded hand grip cushions the shock (and minimizes blistering). I found the dual-blade arrangement great to straddle floor joists when popping up subflooring, studs, and ceiling joists when ripping off plaster, and deck joists when tearing off decking.
Forrester's Duckbill Deck Wrecker does just that –removes deck boards. The reversible head has two prying flanges spaced 3-1/4 inches apart to straddle single and double joists. The handle is set for upright operation (read: no backbreaking bending necessary). With a pop of the pin, the head can be repositioned for forward or backward decking removal so you can stand on the deck instead of the bare joists. The Deck Wrecker is more than a one-trick bar: I used it to pull furring, lath, and plaster off ceiling joists. This is a task I often smash at with wrecking bars, but the long rubber-grip handle and upright orientation of the Deck Wrecker made it easy to pry down ceilings without breaking a sweat or climbing a ladder. It also worked well at removing plywood and old plank subflooring and wall sheathing.
The 30-inch Demo Dawg Big Dawg is a lightweight yet capable tool that combines a sledgehammer on one end of the head with a ripping blade on the other. It has a D-handle grip that spins so you won't raise any blisters generating an inertial swipe to knock studs and plates apart. You also can pulverize plaster and drywall with plunging jabs of the Dawg's wide base. And the generous radius of the curved head gives you inches of leveraged lifting force for pulling nails, stripping lap siding, or yanking wood flooring without bending over. The 90-degree orientation of the ripping blade doesn't lend itself to stripping roof shingles effectively, but it works great as a grub hoe for chopping tree roots and picking out a trench through hardpan.
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Free Concerts – Show Arena
Karaoke with Power Bomb
Tuesday, August 19th – 7pm
Chuck Blasko & The Vogues
Wednesday, August 20th – 7pm
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Saturday, August 23rd – 7pm
Karaoke with Power Bomb Productions
Power Bomb Productions is full service entertainment company that focuses on providing perfect entertainment for your event. Join them for Karaoke, Tuesday, August 20th at 7pm at the Show Arena – Free Admission!
Chuck Blasko & The Vogues
They created the sound. It was a fresh original blend of harmony and it left an indelible mark on the music world. They have been honored in most national and international polls as one of the best vocal groups on the scene. Through eras of sound, through fads of fancy, THE VOGUES have been a constant; showing in polls, selling records and attracting sellout audiences at concert and club appearances. It was a slow, tedious road but they made it into the world of national fame and recognition. THE VOGUES became one of the most in demand groups on the campus circuit. They toured the United States, England and Australia. Their outstanding talent, stylish delivery and excellent choice of material coupled with their vital, poised performance has made this group one of the world's top night club acts.
Growing up together in Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania, they were well received locally, but it took one of their early recordings "YOU'RE THE ONE", to thrust them into national acclaim. There followed a series of million seller records and albums. If you were looking for one particular personality trait that they have in common, it would have to be friendliness. They have been working together for over twenty years. THE VOGUES are an electrifying group and project this sensation to their college concert, night club and television audiences.
Rock and Roll gave the group their beginning. The legitimate pop sound incorporated for their night club and college act. Country and Western and current sound has also found its way into their repertoire. The word "vogue" means: the mode or fashion prevalent at any particular time; general favor or acceptance. THE VOGUES have worked hard and successfully to maintain a "NOW" trend while retaining their highly individualistic sound. They truly fulfill the promise of their name.
Saddle Up
Saddle Up has become the area's hottest country band from packing venues all across Western Pennsylvania and for having one of the best followings of fan support. Saddle Up's high energy country rock tunes are enough to please even the toughest music critics.
Accompanying Lead Singer Mike Garris is Lead Guitarist Bob Hartnet, Rhythm Guitar Player Gary Hill, Bassist Tim Lawrence, Drummer Scott Berry.
Saddle Up has opened for such acts as Brad Paisley, Josh Turner, Sara Evans, Taylor Swift, Rascal Flatts, Chris Cagle, Parmalee, Rodney Atkins and many more. Saddle Up has been kicking off the last 4 years of Steeler Training Camp in Latrobe PA. You can check out Saddle Ups' current schedule at Saddleupcountry.com or face book Saddle Up Band 2.0
We hope to see you all soon!!!!


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December 22-23, 2012
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Join us for Central Florida's most entertaining Nutcracker with aerial acrobatics, fiber optic special effects, and explosive pyrotechnics only seen in CFB's The Nutcracker! Filmed by ABC Nightline News, Voted "Top 20 Event" by the Southeast Tourism Society, named "one of five outstanding productions in the entire nation" by CNN Headlines News, and named "the pyrotechnic Nutcracker" by USA Today, this is the holiday production no one wants to miss!
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Be wowed by international dance stars sharing the spotlight among winners of the World Ballet Competition in the closing 'All Stars of Dance'. The one night only event showcases classical to contemporary to cirque du soleil dance styles and has become a huge treat for the Orlando community; just ask your friends about it! This is the event of the summer for dance fans.
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He's crossed the finish line in all but one of five Ford Ironman Louisville Triathlons. And, if last year's time – a personal best, 11 hours and 50 minutes – is any indication, he's only getting faster with age.
On Sunday morning, Aug. 26, John Boel, WAVE 3's Sunrise Breaking News Reporter, will once again test his endurance and mental stamina in the world-class Ford Ironman Louisville Triathlon. First competing in the '04 Ironman Wisconsin, Boel tried his hand at the Louisville competition when it first came in town in 2007. Muscling through a grueling 2.4 mile-swim, 112-mile bike ride and 26.2 mile run through areas of Downtown Louisville, he hopes to meet the finish line for the fifth time at Fourth Street Live, where he'll gather with those closest to him and indulge in a jug of chocolate milk, Boel's celebratory post-race tradition.
"I love the start and the finish," Boel said of the race. "I love the feeling you get when you're standing at the start line with all these people and you realize all these people have trained for a year, we're all in the best shape of our life, and you realize how lucky you are to be able to do this."
Though he's managed to crush the competition in years past, Boel admitted training's tougher, now, with a 2:30 a.m. wake-up call to report the morning news. And, despite competing in a total of six Ironmans, there's one hump he can't seem to avoid during the race. "I just can't figure out a nutrition strategy that keeps me from vomiting at the end," Boel said. "There's the same place every year that I puke. … I call that my special spot because for some bizarre reason that's where I end up puking."
While Boel's focus is on the race Sunday, and finally overcoming that lingering hurdle, he's also hard at work providing TV coverage of the event. In meeting unique triathletes through the competition, he's chosen a select few to profile, including Rhonda Curry, a second-time Ironman entree who'll race on Sunday despite a broken clavicle.
"Last year I did 13 hours and 41 minutes, and my goal last year is pretty much the goal I have this year, which is I want to finish, and I want to finish happy and healthy," said Curry.
To compensate for a healing collarbone, Curry utilized a "trike," a three-wheel bike, to keep pressure off her right shoulder. For about two months, Curry rode the piece of equipment to ready herself for the race. Now, back on the bicycle, her normal training schedule includes a morning hour-and-a-half swim around 5:30 a.m., then a two- to three-hour bike or one- to two-hour run after work. Nutrition is also key for endurance, she said.
"You burn like (10,000) to 15,000 calories. If you don't take in enough water and sodium and potassium, then your body can't function," Curry warned.
With one Ironman under her belt, Curry has been a help to newcomer triathletes, such as Linden Ferguson, who'll get his first taste of the competition on Aug. 26. "Earlier this year I decided, I've always wanted to do Ironman, I'm going to finally just go for the gusto and sign up," Ferguson said. "And so I did. And then that opened up a whole new world of training, of meeting new people, making new friends, learning to swim all over again, hiring a coach to teach me and learning to love to run."
Ferguson competed in his first sprint triathlon in March and placed third in his age group in his second attempt. Training since last December, he's eager to jump out the starting gates, along with nearly 3,000 new and old Ironmen, representing 49 states and 25 countries, all out to prove their hard work and dedication paid off.
"I'm excited, I haven't been nervous," Ferguson said. "I feel like a Thoroughbred right now, ready to go out of the gates, because I've done all the training, I've put thousands of miles on my bike, lots of miles in the pool and the water and running, so I've trained myself to be ready for it, and my body wants to go."
For more information on the Ironman Louisville, visit http://ironman.com/events/ironman/louisville.
Upcoming Louisville Walks/Runs
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10K run, 5K run, 5K walk, 1M walk
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Louisville Marathon and Half Marathon
26.2M run, 13.1M run
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Start at KFC Yum! Center


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A Leavenworth man was arrested after he allegedly battered his girlfriend's son Thursday in Lansing, a police spokesman said.
The 18-year-old victim was taken to the hospital. Lansing Police Chief Steve Wayman said he didn't know the extent of the victim's injuries.
The incident was reported around 4 p.m. Thursday at the victim's residence in the 200 block of Frances Lane.
The victim reportedly asked the 35-year-old suspect to leave the residence. The suspect became angry and allegedly battered the other man, according to Wayman.
"He left the area in a vehicle," Wayman said of the suspect.
Police were provided an address in Leavenworth where the suspect might go. Wayman said the suspect was located by Leavenworth authorities.
The suspect was arrested for an allegation of aggravated battery.
Location, ST | website.com


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My understanding is that light can not escape from within a black hole (within the event horizon). I've also heard that information cannot propagate faster than the speed of light. It would seem to me that the gravitational attraction caused by a black hole carries information about the amount of mass within the black hole. So, how does this information escape? Looking at it from a particle point of view: do the gravitons (should they exist) travel faster than the photons?
Well, the information doesn't have to escape from inside the horizon, because it is not inside. The information is on the horizon.
One way to see that, is from the fact that nothing ever crosses the horizon from the perspective of an observer outside the horizon of a black hole. It asymptotically gets to the horizon in infinite time (as it is measured from the perspective of an observer at infinity).
Another way to see that, is the fact that you can get all the information you need from the boundary conditions on the horizon to describe the space-time outside, but that is something more technical.
Finally, since classical GR is a geometrical theory and not a quantum field theory*, gravitons is not the appropriate way to describe it.
*To clarify this point, GR can admit a description in the framework of gauge theories like the theory of electromagnetism. But even though electromagnetism can admit a second quantization (and be described as a QFT), GR can't.
There are some good answers here already but I hope this is a nice short summary:
Electromagnetic radiation cannot escape a black hole, because it travels at the speed of light. Similarly, gravitational radiation cannot escape a black hole either, because it too travels at the speed of light. If gravitational radiation could escape, you could theoretically use it to send a signal from the inside of the black hole to the outside, which is forbidden.
A black hole, however, can have an electric charge, which means there is an electric field around it. This is not a paradox because a static electric field is different from electromagnetic radiation. Similarly, a black hole has a mass, so it has a gravitational field around it. This is not a paradox either because a gravitational field is different from gravitational radiation.
You say the gravitational field carries information about the amount of mass (actually energy) inside, but that does not give a way for someone inside to send a signal to the outside, because to do so they would have to create or destroy energy, which is impossible. Thus there is no paradox.
Let's get something out of the way: let's agree not to bring gravitons into this answer. The rationale is simple: when you talk about gravitons you imply a whole lot of things about quantum phenomena, none of which is really necessary to answer your main question. In any case, gravitons propagate with the very same speed as photons: the speed of light, $c$. This way we can focus simply in Classical GR, ie, the Differential Geometry of Spacetime: this is more than enough to address your question.
In this setting, GR is a theory that says how much curvature a space "suffers" given a certain amount of mass (or energy, cf Stress-Energy Tensor).
A Black Hole is a region of spacetime that has such an intense curvature that it "pinches out" a certain region of spacetime.
In this sense, it's not too bad to understand what's going on: if you can measure the curvature of spacetime, you can definitely tell whether or not you're moving towards a region of increasing curvature (ie, towards a block hole).
This is exactly what's done: one measures the curvature of spacetime and that's enough: at some point, the curvature is so intense that the light-cones are "flipped". At that exact point, you define the Event Horizon, ie, that region of spacetime where causality is affected by the curvature of spacetime.
This is how you make a map of spacetime and can chart black holes. Given that curvature is proportional to gravitational attraction, this sequence of ideas completely addresses your doubt: you don't have anything coming out of the black hole, nor anything like that. All you need is to chart the curvature of spacetime, measuring what happens to your light-cone structure. Then, you find your Event Horizon and, thus, your black hole. This way you got all the information you need, without having anything coming out of the black hole.
The problem here is a misunderstanding of what a particle is in QFT.
A particle is an excitation of a field, not the field itself. In QED, if you set up a static central charge, and leave it there a very long time, it sets up a field $E=k{q \over r^2}$. No photons. When another charge enters that region, it feels that force. Now, that second charge will scatter and accelerate, and there, you will have a $e^{-}->e^{-}+\gamma$ reaction due to that acceleration, (classically, the waves created by having a disturbance in the EM field) but you will not have a photon exchange with the central charge, at least not until it feels the field set up by our first charge, which will happen at some later time.
Now, consider the black hole. It is a static solution of Einstein's equations, sitting there happily. When it is intruded upon by a test mass, it already has set up its field. So, when something scatters off of it, it moves along the field set up by the black hole. Now, it will accelerate, and perhaps, "radiate a graviton", but the black hole will only feel that after the test particle's radiation field enters the black hole horizon, which it may do freely. But nowhere in this process, does a particle leave the black hole horizon.
Another example of why the naïve notion of all forces coming from a Feynman diagram with two pairs of legs is the Higgs boson—the entire universe is immersed in a nonzero Higgs field. But we only talk about the 'creation' of Higgs 'particles' when we disturb the Higgs field enough to create ripples in the Higgs field—Higgs waves. Those are the Higgs particles we're looking for in the LHC. You don't need ripples in the gravitational field to explain why a planet orbits a black hole. You just need the field to have a certain distribution.
I think it's helpful to think about the related question of how the electric field gets out of a charged black hole. That question came up in the (now-defunct) Q&A section of the American Journal of Physics back in the 1990s. Matt McIrvin and I wrote up an answer that was published in the journal. You can see it at https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebunn/ajpans/ajpans.html .
As others have pointed out, it's easier to think about the question in purely classical terms (avoiding any mention of photons or gravitons), although in the case of the electric field of a charged black hole the question is perfectly well-posed even in quantum terms: we don't have a theory of quantum gravity at the moment, but we do think we understand quantum electrodynamics in curved spacetime.
While in many ways the question was already answered, I think it should be empasized that on the classical level, the question is in some sense backwards. The prior discussion of static and dynamic properties especially comes very close.
Let's first examine a toy model of a spherically-symmetric thin shell of dust particles collapsing into a Schwarzschild black hole. The spacetime outside of the the shell will then also be Schwarzschild, but with a larger mass parameter than the original black hole (if the shell starts at rest at infinity, then just the sum of the two). Intuitively, the situation is analogous to Newton's shell theorem, which a more limited analogue in GTR. At some point, it crosses the horizon and eventually gets crushed out of existence at the singularity, the black hole now gaining mass.
So we have the following picture: as the shell collapses, the external graviational field takes on some value, and as it crossed the horizon, the information about what it's doing can't get out the horizon. Therefore, he gravitational field can't change in response to shell's further behavior, for this would send a signal across the horizon, e.g., a person riding along with the shell would be able to communicate across it by manipulating the shell.
Therefore, rather than gravity having a special property that enables it to cross the horizon, in a certain sense gravity can't cross the horizon, and it is that very property that forces gravity outside of it to remain the same.
Although the above answer assumed a black hole already, that doesn't matter at all, as for a spherically collapsing star the event horizon begins at the center and stretches out during the collapse (for the prior situation, it also expands to meet the shell). It also assumes that the situation has spherical symmetry, but this also turns out to not be conceptually important, although for far more complicated and unobvious reasons. Most notably, the theorems of Penrose and Hawking, as it was initially thought by some (or perhaps I should say hoped) that any perturbation from spherical symmetry would prevent black hole formation.
You may also be wondering about a related question: if the Schwarzschild solution of GTR is a vacuum, does it make sense for a vacuum to bend spacetime? The situation is somewhat analogous to a simpler one from classical electromagnetism. Maxwell's equations dictate how the electric and magnetic fields change in response to the presence and motion of electric charges, but the charges alone do not determine the field, as you can always have a wave come in from infinity without any contradictions (or something more exotic, like an everywhere-constant magnetic field), and in practice these things are dictated by boundary conditions. The situation is similar in GTR, where the Einstein field equation that dictates how geometry are connected only fixes half of the twenty degrees of freedom of spacetime curvature.
In my opinion this is an excellent question, which manages to puzzle also some accomplished physicists. So I do not hesitate to provide another, a bit more detailed, answer, even though several good answers exist already.
I think that at least part of this question is based upon an incomplete understanding on what it means to mediate a static force from a particle physics point of view. As others have mentioned in their answers already, you encounter a similar issue in the Coulomb problem in electrodynamics.
Let me answer your question from a field theory point of view, since I believe this concurs best with your intuition about particles being exchanged (as apparent from the way you phrased the question).
First, no gravitational waves can escape from inside the black hole, as you hinted already in your question.
Second, no gravitational waves have to escape from inside the black hole (or from the horizon) in order to mediate a static gravitational force.
Gravity waves do not mediate the static gravitational force, but only quadrupole or higher moments.
If you want to think about forces in terms of particles being exchanged you can view the static gravitational force (the monopole moment, if you wish) as being mediated by "Coulomb-gravitons" (see below for the analogy with electrodynamics). Coulomb-gravitons are gauge degrees of freedom (so one may hesitate to call them "particles"), and thus no information is mediated by their "escape" from the black hole.
This is quite analog to what happens in electrodynamics: photon exchange is responsible for the electromagnetic force, but photon waves are not responsible for the Coulomb force.
Photon waves do not mediate the static electromagnetic force, but only dipole or higher moments.
You can view the static electromagnetic force (the monopole moment, if you wish) as being mediated by Coulomb-photons. Coulomb-photons are gauge degrees of freedom (so one may hesitate to call them "particles"), and thus no information is mediated by their "instantaneous" transmission.
Actually, this is precisely how you deal with the Coulomb force in the QFT context. In so-called Bethe-Salpeter perturbation theory you sum all ladder graphs with Coulomb-photon exchanges and obtain in this way the 1/r potential to leading order and various quantum corrections (Lamb shift etc.) to sub-leading order in the electromagnetic fine structure constant.
In summary, it is possible to think about the Schwarzschild and Coulomb force in terms of some (virtual) particles (Coulomb-gravitons or -photons) being exchanged, but as these "particles" are actually gauge degrees of freedom no conflict arises with their "escape" from the black hole or their instantaneous transmission in electrodynamics.
An elegant (but perhaps less intuitive) way to arrive at the same answer is to observe that (given some conditions) the ADM mass - for stationary black hole space-times this is what you would call the "black hole mass" - is conserved. Thus, this information is provided by boundary conditions "from the very beginning", i.e., even before a black hole is formed. Therefore, this information never has to "escape" from the black hole.
On a side-note, in one of his lectures Roberto Emparan posed your question (phrased a bit differently) as an exercise for his students, and we discussed it for at least an hour before everyone was satisfied with the answer - or gave up ;-)
Gravitation doesn't work the way light does (which is why quantum gravity is hard).
A massive body "dents" space and time, so that, figuratively speaking, light has a hard time running uphill. But the hill itself (i.e. the curved spacetime) has to be there in the first place.
I think the best explanation that can be given is this: you have to discern between statical and dynamical properties of the space-time. What do I mean by that?
Well, there are certain space-times that are static. This is for example the case of the prototypical black-hole solution of GTR. Now, this space-time exists a priori (by definition of static: it always was there and always will be), so the gravity doesn't really need to propagate. As GTR tells us gravity is only an illusion left on us by the curved space-time. So there is no paradox here: black holes appear to be gravitating (as in producing some force and being dynamical) but in fact they are completely static and no propagation of information is needed. In reality we know that black-holes are not completely static but this is a correct first approximation to that picture.
Now, to address the dynamical part, two different things can be meant by this:
The black hole does "leak" information, but it is not due to "gravitions, but in the form of the Hawking radiation. It has its basis in quantum mechanics, and is a thermal sort of radiation with extremely low rate. This also means that the black hole is slowly evaporates, but on a time scale that is comparable to the age of the universe.
The origin of this radiation can be described in a little bit hand-waving way as such: due to quantum fluctuations, there's particle-antiparticle pair creation going on in the vacuum. If such a pair-creating happens on the horizon, one of the pair can fall into the black hole while the other can escape. To preserve the total energy (since the vacuum fluctuations are around 0) with a particle now flying away, its fallen pair has to have a negative energy from the black hole's point of view, thus it is effectively losing mass. The outside observer perceives this whole process as "evaporation".
This radiation has a distribution as described by a "temperature", which is inversely proportional to the black hole's mass.
Might want to check out http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation and other sources for more details...
The various theories - QED, GTR, classical electromagnetism, quantum loop gravity, etc - are all different ways to describe nature. Nature is what it is; theories all have defects. So far as saying whether gravity resembles electromagnetism in some way or not, is just blowing warm air about how humans think and not saying anything substantial about physical reality.
So what if we don't have a full grasp of quantum gravity? Gravitons are a sensible concept, and a key part in some unified (or semi-unified) field theories. It might get tricky because unlike other quantum particles, gravitons are a part of the curvature of spacetime and the relations of nearby lightcones, as they fly through said spacetime. We can sort of ignorer that for now. The question is good, and can be answered in terms of quantum theory and gravitons. We just don't know, given the existing state of physics knowledge, how far we can push the idea.
When charged particle attract or repel, the force is due to virtual photons. Photons like to travel at the universal speed c, but they don't have to. Heisenberg says so! You can break the laws of conservation of energy and momentum as much as you like, but the more you deviate, the shorter the time span and smaller the bit of space in which you violate these laws. For the virtual photons connecting two charged particles, they've got the room between the two particles, and a time span matching that at lightspeed. These not running waves with a well-defined wavelength, period or phase velocity. This ill-defined velocity can be faster than c or less equally well. In QED, the photon propagator - the wavefunction giving the probability amplitude of a virtual photon connecting (x1, t1) to (x2, t2) is nonzero everywhere - inside and outside the past and future light cones, though becoming unlimited in magnitude on the light cones.
So gravitons, if they are that much like photons, can exist just fine outside the horizon and inside. They are, in a rough sense, as big as the space between the black hole and whatever is orbiting or falling into it. Don't picture them as little energy pellets flying from the black hole center (singularity or whatever) - even with Heisenberg's indulgence, it's just not a matter of small particles trying to get through the horizon the wrong way. A graviton is probably already on both sides!
For a more satisfying answer, I suspect it takes knowing the math,Fourier transforms, Riemann tensors and all that.
The holographic principle gives a clue, as pointed out by David Zaslavsky. The Schwarzschild metric element $g_{tt}~=~1 – r_0/r$, for $r_0~=~2GM/c^2$ gives a proper distance called the delay coordinate $$ r^*~=~r~+~r_0 ln[(r-r_00)/r_0] $$ which diverges $r^*~\rightarrow~-\infty$ as you approach the horizon. What this means is that all the stuff which makes up the black hole is never seen to cross the horizon from the perspective of a distant outside observer. The clock on anything falling into a black hole is observed to slow to a near stop and never cross the horizon. This means nothing goes in or out of the black hole, at least classically. So there really is not problem of gravity escaping from a black hole, for as observed from the exterior nothing actually ever went in.
No escape is necessary (a slightly diifferent perspective).
A lot of nice answers so far but a couple of things need mentioning. It's not clear where, exactly, the mass of the black hole is supposed to be. Where does the mass reside? That's one thing. The other thing is, how does the mass/energy in the gravitational field, itself, fit into this picture?
I think (and I'll no doubt get hammered mercilessly for this) that the mass of a black hole resides spread out through its external gravitational field and nowhere else. The mass of a black hole resides, wholly and solely, in the gravitational field outside the hole. Fortunately for me, I'm not completely alone here.
The calculation of the total gravitational field energy of a black hole (or any spherical object) was made in 1985 by the Cambridge astrophysicist Donald Lynden-Bell and Professor Emeritus J. Katz of the Racah Institute Of Physics. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1985MNRAS.213P..21L, Their conclusion was that the total energy in the field is ... (drum-roll here) ... mc^2 !!!
The total mass of the BH must reside, completely, and only, in the self-energy of the curvature of spacetime around the hole!
Here are a couple of quotes from the paper: "... the field energy outside a Schwarzschild black hole totals Mc^2." and, " ... all these formulae lead to all the black hole's mass being accounted for by field energy outside the hole."
The answer to your question, then, is this: information about the mass of a black hole doesn't have to escape from within the black hole because there is no mass inside the black hole. All the mass is distributed in the field outside the hole. Therefore, no information needs to escape from inside.
it's not gravity that carries the information - we simply learn about the black hole by observing the effects of gravity on objects close to it (as you rightly pointed out, nothing escapes a black hole after crossing an event horizon, so we don't anything about what happens to objects beyond that point, except that they are never observed again). Gravity is a force and we need it to act somewhere before drawing conclusions about it's dynamic characteristics.
Actually, only a gravitational wave and not a uniform gravitational field is composed of gravitons. I think that just like en electromagnetic wave, a gravitational wave is a sum of sinusodial waves with gravitons of different energy for different wavelengths in that sum. An isolated blackhole doesn't emit gravitons but a pair of orbiting blackholes does. I don't know how it emits gravitons. Maybe we'll never know because we'll never observe one because a gravitational wave pretty much doesn't get absorbed by anything.
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Apple 32GB iPad Tablet w/ WiFi/3G for $229.99 + free shipping
1st generation
WiFi and 3G
21 Comments add a comment
I can't be the only one who thinks the prices on these things is over inflated! Right? I mean, you try selling a laptop you bought for only $500, 3 years ago. It's depreciated way more than 50%! So has any cell phone that old! What makes the "iPad" hold its value so well? There should be a glut of first gens out there, prices shouldn't be this high, right? Am i crazy? I might be crazy.
Yes nuangel, you are crazy lol
There is a reason why Toyota and Honda vehicles hold their value. Well made products are worth more than POC products.
Price is about what you pay on Craigslist around here. (Virginia Beach)
@drmithra: I think getting it from a Best Buy company with 30-day return is better than CL.
@nuangel: So long as people will pay outrageous prices for iThings and obsess about the latest model with some inconsequential difference, they will continue to sell for above and beyond what they're worth. Sadly, for many, it's far more about brand recognition:
"Oh noes! I don't want my kid to be the only one that's using a Motorola Xoom when all the cool kids have iPads!"
It wouldn't matter if the Xoom was 1,000 times better than the iPad, people would still make excuses to go with Apple just because "everyone's buying it."
@nyy4life: Congratulations! You're a victim of marketing hype!
When they first came out I went to the Apple store. All I could see was that it's an iPod that won't fit in my pocket.
It's listed as a 3G model, but doesn't say whether it's for AT&T or Verizon.
@johns43: I think 1st gen 3g iPads work with at&t.
*This iPad model supports both 3G data (UMTS/HSDPA -- 850, 1900, 2100 MHz - 7.2 Mbps) and GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz) data networks.
Get $10 off to bring it down to $219 w/ this promo code:
Helps with the Sales Tax... :)
@nyy4life: Completely invalid comparison. A car will function as long as gasoline doesn't change. Not so with a computer. A computer's functionality depends on more than electricity. It needs software and connectivity. So a better comparison is a VCR or video game. It doesn't matter how well-built the machine is. If it can't keep up with the latest applications, then it becomes useless. I still have a working Windows 95 computer with a dialup connection and CRT monitor that cost me over $2000. Would you pay for it? Charities don't even want it.
I also have a Palm Pilot PDA that is perfectly functional. It's filled with great apps from 8 years ago. What do you think its resale value should be?
While this iPad can still run many apps, just as my Win95 computer can run many of today's software, you can't compare it to a car. In fact, it's worse than a PC because the iPad isn't upgradable. You cannot put in a retina display or add memory. By all logic, this is overpriced.
@spyder69696969: Exactly. It's why white earbuds were so popular years ago, even among non-iPod owners. There was nothing practical about being white -- in fact, they soiled easily. But it was "cool."
Aren't most tablets still holding their value at $200+? I look at Craigslist fairly regularly and people still want $200 or above for their Xooms, Iconias, Transformers, and Galaxy Tabs. Even the Viewsonic gTab was selling at $150+ until somewhat recently.
$229 doesn't seem bad, but I'm not buying one. :)
If you're worried about holding value, the main page has the XOOM for $300... So there's that. If you don't think this is a good deal, just vote it down, that's what the buttons for.
On the topic of the main deal, seems pretty good, especially with a 30 day return/warranty from a reputable seller.
@princeendo: Those Android tablets on Craigslist are generally current generation or are easily upgradeable to be current generation, i.e. Ice Cream Sandwich. This iPad is 1st generation, while the iPad is now up to its 3rd generation. It's almost like buying an Android tablet with Android 2.x (or even 1.6) .. which generally goes for around $100 or less, brand new.
@sdc100: actually iPads all run the same OS.
I wouldn't completely go that far, especially considering the comment @morriea made. The OS is current, it's basically an iPad 2 without a front camera that's a little fatter, and it still accomplishes nearly all the tasks that most tablet users are interested in.
Besides, the fact that something IS upgradable to ICS doesn't mean it is officially supported by that product. One of the main benefits to Apple products is the less DIY approach. For example, I currently use and love my HP Touchpad, but it's not exactly out-of-the-box awesome, and running ICS is still a pain sometimes because of all the bugs you have to deal with. It was a struggle with my Viewsonic gTab, too. That thing was a hassle and a half, but it still sold for $180 when I listed it. Sometimes things just hold value.
These are used and not refurbed. One of the images I looked at clearly showed case denting. Buyer beware.
@miniskunk: They are advertised as used...look closely at the stated condition of each one and choose the best available. You still have Best Buy backing for 30-days.
@morriea: My point is if you are spending over $200 for a tablet it better be in like new condition. I am with the "this is way over priced" crowd. It really says something about an Apple junky that is willing to pay this much for something in crappy condition. 30 days isn't much of a guarantee. There is no telling when something that has signs of having been battered or dropped will fail. Very risky.


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San Diego Folk Song Society Sunday Circle
- When Multiple dates from Jul 28 - Dec 22, 2013 [days & times]
- Where Serra Mesa-Kearny Mesa Branch Library, 9005 Aero Drive, San Diego, San Diego Map | Website
- Age limit All ages
- Categories Arts, Folk
- Cost Free
Above: Exterior image of Serra Mesa-Kearny Mesa Branch Library.
The San Diego Folk Song Society was founded in 1957 by Sam Hinton to encourage the local community of musicians to gather and share their music.
We meet on the fourth Sunday of each month and welcome all instruments and people at all levels of musicianship, from beginners up, so, please, don't be shy. We invite you to come, bring your songs, your instruments and your friends.
Join the folk song circle and enjoy free, live music.
Location: Serra Mesa Public Library, 9005 Aero Drive, San Diego, CA Google Maps


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Prestigious King Of The West Kage Kart Race Returns; Will Be Ran At CGS For First Time Ever
By Ben Deatherage
(Photo Courtesy of Hull Family Photography)
Cottage Grove, Oregon- In the Pacific Northwest it was regarded as the most prestigious Indoor Kage Kart race of them all. At one time it nearly collected a total of sixty Open Kage Karts. From 2007-2011 it was competed at Salem Indoor Speedway at the Oregon State Fairgrounds the first edition being at "The Pavilion" and the other four at the Forester Livestock Pavilion. Now in 2014 it will be resurrected and brought back to life but this time at the Cottage Grove Speedway during Labor Day weekend.
The event will be contested over two nights beginning with Saturday August 30th and Sunday the 31st and will draw the area's best Kage Kart drivers. This event has traditionally drew Karts from Oregon, Washington, California, Idaho, and Montana. Details regarding the purse and format will be released soon.
One statistic that goes with the King of the West is that there has not been a repeat winner. In five years there were five different feature winners from three different states. Ben Hinkle, Jason Mendenhal, Tommy Brown, Jake Claasen, and David Lyons have etched their names in eternal glory as past King of the West feature winners.
During Labor Day weekend in the years of 2010 and 2011 a two day was held named the Northwest Kart Classic. During those two years drivers from all over the Western United States would venture to CGS and put on some great contests. In those two editions David Lyons and Patrick Dills would wind up victorious when it was all said and done. For the latest news and information regarding the Cottage Grove Speedway log on to www.cottagegrovespeedway.com.
Former King of the West Feature Winners
2007- Ben Hinkle
2008- Jason Mendenhal
2009- Tommy Brown
2010- Jake Claasen
2011- David Lyons
Former Northwest Kart Classic Winners
2010- David Lyons
2011- Patrick Dills
Driven by MyRacePassTM
Cottage Grove Speedway | All rights reserved


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The Roman forum is reported to have already been falling apart in 8th century by a anonymous traveler, according to Wikipedia. The question is, with the Visigothic and Byzantine conquests of Italy, when did the forum cease to play any political role or otherwise when did it start to fall into disuse and disrepair? I expect this to be a process rather than a point in time, so please provide as many details as possible.
The Roman Forum was initially constructed in the 8th century BC (as a temple to Vesta), started hosting games sometime around the 4th century BC, and was continually rebuilt and upgraded until about 29 BC. So it can be fairly said that it was (somewhat organically) designed to service the entertainment needs of the capital of the Roman empire, home to somewhere under 250,000 people.
The problem after that is the city itself went into decline (some might say eclipse). By 350ish AD it was down to no more than 125,000 people. It was no longer the sole capital of the empire, and all the Egyptian grain deliveries that were sustaining its numbers had now been re-routed to Constantinople.
By the mid 6th century, it was controlled by the Ostrogoths, and was no longer larger than Constantinople. By the 8th, it was deemed so worthless that the Pope was left to run the city himself, and it had totally fallen off the map. Here's what Colin McEvedy said about it:
I think his "100" here refers to the size of the Pope's retinue, not the size of Rome itself. However, the city didn't make his map for that date, which means it had less than 15,000 people. (It wasn't alone. No city in western Christendom was that size. They call it the Dark Ages for a reason.) It certainly was no longer of a size that required a stadium suitable for a city of 250,000. So basically, it fell into disuse because the entire city did.
A note on the numbers:
I used population figures from by Colin McEvedy (and I believe his partner Richard M. Jones). I like them because I know their source, they are well presented, and I can get them for most parts of the world for most of human history. The biggest drawback to them is that most of the research behind them was done prior to 1980.
There do appear to be another set of numbers for Roman population that are consitently in the neighborhood of 4x higher floating around the internet. I managed to track the source back to a paragraph in Luc-Normand Tellier's Urban World History. Wikipedia uses this in its Rome entry, whereupon it is spread throughout the Internet. Try as I might, I can't suss out where Tellier got his numbers though.
However, since the scale of the difference between the two sets of numbers stays the same, none of this really affects the argument I put forth in this answer, which was based on relative numbers, not absolute numbers.
I'm going to embrace your assumption that by "use" of the forum, we're referring to political discussion. (people doubtless "used" the forum for whatever function they found appropriate at the time). Others may challenge this assumption; I have no doubt that the Roman Forum was used for a variety of religious and public functions even when it was no longer connected with the governance of the Republic/Empire.
I suspect that there are two fundamental shifts that reduce the importance of the Roman forum.
The first shift was probably the crisis of the third century. Governance of the Empire declined, and at one point the army auctioned off the office of Emperor. I have no doubt that politics was discussed in the forum and the Senate during this period, but the point of the crisis was that governance was not extended throughout the Empire in any meaningful fashion.
I think the second and more significant shift away from the political use of the forum was when Diocletian decided that Rome needed to be taught that it was no longer relevant to the governance of the Republic.
I have heard different stories to explain Diocletian's relationship with Rome, but they all seem to agree that Diocletian made a concious decision to break with history and put Rome and the Senate in their place.
You could make a related but more subtle argument that the evolution of governance into the hands of a professional body of career bureaucrats undermined the function/effect of "public" governance".
You could also make the rather simple argument extracted from wikipedia


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- A new generation of gaming with enhanced graphics and social features.
- Xbox One Controller builds on the Design of the 360 Controller to create a more comfortable gameplay experience.
- Use Smartglass to expand your gaming experience on compatible Tablets and Smartphones.
- With the enhanced gaming engine, experience Call of Duty: Ghosts, included as a full game download card, on a completely new level.
- Show yourself to be a leader with an exclusive, weapon camo, reticule and patch for use in Call of Duty: Ghosts Multiplayer.
Please note
More details
Please Note:GAME cannot ship the Xbox One console outside of the UK. Xbox One no longer guaranteed for launch.
New hardware
Xbox One was designed from the ground up to be the centerpiece of every living room with modern hardware, and it features the all-new Kinect, the new Xbox One Wireless Controller, a 500GB hard drive, 3 an eight-core, x86 processor, wireless networking connectivity, HDMI®, three super-speed USB 3.0 ports, and a high-speed Blu-ray™ disc player. Features include the following:
- Xbox One console. Designed with the 21st century living room in mind, the Xbox One console features a premium design with a gloss black finish, horizontal orientation and a slot-loading Blu-ray™ disc player.
- Updated wireless controller. Enhanced with more than 40 technical and design innovations, the new impulse triggers offer precise haptic fingertip feedback and a newly engineered D-pad delivers greater responsiveness and control.*** An infrared LED on the front of the controller allows Kinect to automatically recognize you, making it easier to pick up and play.
- Redesigned Kinect. It includes a 1080p, HD camera that captures video at **0 frames per second. All-new, active-infrared capabilities increase precision, allowing it to work in nearly any lighting condition and expanding field of view to accommodate a greater variety of room sizes. Microsoft proprietary Time-of-Flight technology measures the time it takes individual photons to rebound off you to create unprecedented accuracy and precision. The new noise-isolating multimicrophone array filters ambient sounds to recognize natural speaking voices even in crowded rooms.
Gaming on Xbox One
Gaming on Xbox One immerses you in bigger, more cinematic worlds that look and feel more lifelike, featuring more believable characters and richer stories. Game worlds come alive through the unlimited processing power of Xbox One and the cloud. Features include the following:
- Smart Match. Estimates wait times for multiplayer gaming and lets you enjoy other Xbox One activities including live TV, Skype or sports experiences while waiting for a new game to begin. On Xbox One, your Xbox Live reputation fundamentally matters and helps you find the best match based on skill, game style and language for a deeper online multiplayer gaming challenge.
- Expanded achievements. Allows for new achievements powered by the cloud and offers more ways to earn, more frequent updates and the ability to share wins with friends. An expanded achievements system captures videos of gameplay and continues to grow achievements over time, and Gamerscores carry over from Xbox 360.
- Living Games.*** Leverages the power of the cloud so games can evolve and learn from actual players, letting you play against your friends' shadow. Dynamic, living worlds evolve and improve the more you play, and games stay in sync with what's happening today — real-world events can be instantly added to games, and the latest stats can be automatically added to sports titles.
- Game DVR. Captures and saves in-game highlights and epic moments to the cloud. Use editing and sharing tools to post game footage to your Xbox Live profile and social networks.
Xbox Live
The new generation of Xbox Live is completely redesigned to harness virtually unlimited power to connect, save and store personalized profiles, games and entertainment so they can be accessed anytime and on any Xbox One console. Connecting to Xbox Live makes accessing content effortless by installing games in segments so that playback starts quickly and updates happen in the background. Features include the following:
- Xbox SmartGlass.*** Turn smartphones or tablets into second screens that intelligently interact with Xbox One and serve extended experiences for games, TV shows, movies, music, sports and apps. Navigate with touchscreens, pause or rewind a movie, or swipe, pinch and tap to surf the Web on the TV using more devices than ever before.
- Multiplayer gaming. Enjoy a smart, quick and intuitive gaming experience in which multiplayer gaming has been enhanced to support playing with friends with no waiting in lobbies, and matchmaking features such as Smart Match and reputation let you architect your personal, favorite matches.
- Apps. Discover and download a variety of Xbox One apps using simple voice searches.* Pin favorites to the dashboard and jump in and out of apps instantly, or Snap them side by side to do two things at once.
- Web for the TV. Explore the Web with Internet Explorer for Xbox One. Use Kinect and voice commands to browse your favorite sites with ease.* Use Xbox SmartGlass to control your experiences with a swipe of your finger and send websites from tablets and smartphones to the biggest screen in the house.
- Xbox Live Gold. Existing Xbox Live Gold Membership for Xbox 360 will seamlessly carry over to Xbox One, becoming more valuable than ever.****
* Kinect voice functionality only available in supported locales and languages; anticipating global scale over time.
** Xbox One system software uses a significant amount of storage; less internal storage will be available to users. 500 GB = 500 billion bytes.
*** In supported games.
**** Subject to content geographical restrictions.
Call of Duty: Ghosts
The franchise that has defined a generation of gaming is set to raise the bar once again with the all-new Call of Duty: Ghosts on Xbox One.
Published by Activision and developed by Infinity Ward, the studio that created the original Call of Duty and the critically-acclaimed Call of Duty: Modern Warfare series, Call of Duty: Ghosts ushers in the next generation of the franchise, delivering a riveting all-new gameplay experience built on an entirely new story, setting and cast, all powered by a new next-generation Call of Duty engine.
Call of Duty Ghosts will feature new characters, in a new world fighting through a new narrative. America is crippled with both military and government in disarray, only a remnant of the US military is available to fight.
One of the new characters to be introduced to the Call of Duty Ghosts campaign is multiplayer favourite, the Dog. Your four legged soldier will sniff for bombs and even protect characters if the enemies get to close.
Infinity Ward has revamped the multiplayer by introducing dynamic maps that will keep you on your toes as you're battling in online warfare as Earthquakes shake your crosshairs and floods wash over the map. Players can even have an effect on the maps themselves which could turn the battle in-or-against your favour.
On top of the this, Call of Duty Ghosts will feature character customisation so you can stand out from the crowd as you enter the firefight alongside your friends.
Pegi Rating:Suitable for people aged 16 and over.
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Wall Murals
Best place to find what you need for your projects.
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Wall Murals
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Additional Information
"seamless pattern with a green forest" - Sticker
Sticker seamless pattern with a green forest will be a perfect horizontal decoration for your wall. We print all our stickers to size, so you will easily fit it to the size of the particular surface. On the illustration you will find some popular motives:
Sticker seamless pattern with a green forest will look great, if you mix it with decorations with motives such us Season
If you are looking for other propositions in this style, take a look at our ideas from the category Tree, specially the flora.
You can order selected sticker either with white background or cut along the contours – in this case order a wall decal of multiple use PIXERStick, which you can freely stick and unstick, and then transfer it wherever you want to.
This is a great sticker for kids, as it allows to play in decorating the kid's room. Additionally you can also change its look and get for example a sepia sticker or a sticker in black & white.


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Golf Photos
Golf Slideshow
Premier League: West Ham's new home could be named the 'Tesco Stadium'
West Ham could be playing their home football in the 'Tesco Stadium' next year, with reports that the supermarket giants have put in a bid for the Olympic Stadium naming rights. More »90Min - 4 hours ago
MLS: The lesser-known All-Stars that could cause Arsenal problems
Arsenal play the MLS All-Stars this evening and Kristan Heneage has taken a look at who might give Arsene Wenger food for thought. More »Kristan Heneage - 2 hours 20 minutes ago
Football: Conte quiet on Tevez, apologises for Fabregas red
Chelsea boss Antonio Conte refused to shed any light on claims he wants to bring Carlos Tevez from Boca Juniors to Stamford Bridge. More »Omnisport - 5 hours ago
La Liga: 5 veterans who could be the missing piece for Barcelona
Barcelona are missing one final piece of the jigsaw, so Ameen Rabban takes a look at five strikers who could be joining the Catalan giants to complete the picture. More »Yahoo Sport UK - 3 hours ago
Hot Football Transfer Gossip: Barcelona 'want Newcastle striker', Arsenal 'keen on Mustafi'
Boss of Goss Kevin Darling on Barca's audacious apparent attempt to lure a Magpie from the the Championship to the Champions League More »Kevin Darling - 5 hours ago


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Minneapolis, MNUSA
June 12, 2012
No introduction yet
If you're looking to make new friends or enhance your sense of community, the TC Social Meetup is for you. The TC Social Meetup is made up of, married, single, old, and young, we welcome you to join us at one or all of our events.
Our group is large and that can be intimidating to new people. But our members are very welcoming and happy to introduce new people. When you attend your first event don't be shy, let us know you are new and you will soon be introduced, by the end of the night you will probably have meet more people than you can remember.
Our activities include things like bowling, game nights, dinner, comedy clubs, art fairs, festivals and more. We are always looking for event suggestions from members, as well as people who are willing to host/help with events.
Meet TC Social Members Online by adding Pip as a Facebook friend: http://www.facebook.com/editaccount.php?networks#/home.ph...
RSVP Policy: Please update your RSVP as plans change. Our organizers need to have an accurate count of people attending. Within 12 hours of the event we request that you make a decision (Yes or No). Your membership may be suspended if you miss events you register YES for events you do not attend.
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Discounts & Freebies with Mac purchase!
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The boys of Trinity High School faced off against the girls of Sacred Heart Academy during the "Rock the Heart Showdown," a lacrosse game for charity, held Oct. 3.
The Valkyries jumped to a quick lead early in the game, but Trinity made a comeback to win 15-9 on Sacred Heart Academy's Horton Field.
The annual "Rock the Heart Showdown" benefited Norton Cancer Institute.
Photos by DAMON ATHERTON | Contributing Photographer


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Women who confront a cancer diagnosis during their childbearing years may have questions about how cancer and its treatment will affect their fertility. In a webinar, Memorial Sloan Kettering experts discuss these issues, the steps that can be taken to preserve fertility, and other options that can be considered for building a family after treatment. The experts also answered questions received during the course of the webinar, such as whether and when it is safe to become pregnant after cancer treatment ends.
For Adult Patients
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