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Care for others, care for creation... St. Francis redivivus!
The words kept recycling. Care for others ... care for creation ... care for others ... care for creation...The homily of Pope Francis at his installation Mass this morning stunned me first into disbelief, then into self-reflection, then into joy and hope. Even if he had not already told us which namesake he chose, today there would be no doubt. This opening homily was St. Francis redivivus!
Building off the image of St. Joseph as a "protector," through "unfailing presence and utter fidelity, even when he finds it hard to understand," Pope Francis elaborated the vocation of the protector:
The vocation of being a protector, however, is not just something involving us Christians alone; it also has a prior dimension which is simply human, involving everyone. It means protecting all creation, the beauty of the created world, as the Book of Genesis tells us and as Saint Francis of Assisi showed us. It means respecting each of Gods creatures and respecting the environment in which we live. It means protecting people, showing loving concern for each and every person, especially children, the elderly, those in need, who are often the last we think about. It means caring for one another in our families: husbands and wives first protect one another, and then, as parents, they care for their children, and children themselves, in time, protect their parents. It means building sincere friendships in which we protect one another in trust, respect, and goodness. In the end, everything has been entrusted to our protection, and all of us are responsible for it. Be protectors of Gods gifts!
It's not as if this message, which connects care for others, care for families, and the preferential option for the poor to the necessity of our care for the environment, has been absent from Catholic ethics. In fact, it was signaled already by Bl. John Paul II in Evangelium Vitae and Centesimus Annus, and then Pope Benedict XVI treated this theme frequently in his writings, especially Caritas in Veritate and his Messages for the World Day of Peace.
Over the weekend on MSNBC, I myself expressed hope for a focus on this connection after hearing the comments at Pope Francis's first press conference.
But never has the theme taken center stage as it did today. Care for creation or the environment was mentioned at least ten times (by my count) in a relatively short homily. It even spurred the primary exhortation of the homily:
Please, I would like to ask all those who have positions of responsibility in economic, political and social life, and all men and women of goodwill: let us be protectors of creation, protectors of Gods plan inscribed in nature, protectors of one another and of the environment. Let us not allow omens of destruction and death to accompany the advance of this world!
In the spirit of Jesus and St. Paul, the Pope then resounded perhaps the most foundational paradox of Christian ethics: "authentic power is service." Only this stance will "open up a horizon of hope."
(N.B. quotes come from the Vatican Radio transcript, and have not been checked against the audio/video feed)
About the Author
Michael Peppard is associate professor of theology at Fordham University, author of The World's Oldest Church and The Son of God in the Roman World, and on Twitter @MichaelPeppard.
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Ann:Thank you for the reply, but he didn't say,Let us not allow destruction and death to accompany the advance of this world! He said omens of death and...It is the "omens" part of what he said that seems odd...
"Those who have positions of responsibility in economic, social, and political life." Who is the patron saint of bankers? (there must be one; the Medici must have seen to that when they helped put the profession on the map, at least in the West -- the Chinese, of course, did it centuries earlier). If you have access to the American Scholar, read William Quirk's article "Good Fences Make Good Bankers." And if you don't, here it is:http://theamericanscholar.org/good-fences-make-good-bankers/#.UUhrWzfkeNA
The development of an "official" stance of the Church towards the environment is stiil something that is important. Personally, I would be happy if Pope Francis was a latter day Pope Leo XIII an produced the environmental equivalent of Rerum Novarum.Just as labour laws and an emphasis on the rights of the worker had been percolating for some time. so environmental issues have been percolating for quite awhile. Once again, emphasis on environment is a postive, added emphasis. I totally agree it was signalled by his predecessors and maybe now is the time for it to blossom.I know that there is a lot more that I could do beginning with seriously moving in the direction of the slow food movement. I have a friend who is involved and it seems to me to be a credible movement.http://www.slowfood.com/
The National Survivor Advocates Coalition (NSAC) appreciates Pope Francis emphasis today on protection. But the word must become kinetic to solve and eradicate the crisis of sexual abuse in the Church by priests and nuns. It must have the energy of action behind it to truly protect children and give the survivors the protection of justice. Given the gravity of this crisis to speak of protection and directly link the word to children in the inaugural homily holds out hope and not to act on these words would border on cruelty not on tenderness. That means removals and resignations not only of predator priests and nuns but Cardinals, Archbishops, Bishops, Curia and Chancery personnel who aided and abetted criminals and obstructed justice favoring the predator over the child. Criminally convicted Bishop Robert Finn of the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph must be replaced. Cardinals spoke frequently publicly before the conclave about how the Church realized it and a new pope must act regarding sexual abuse. Two popes before Francis offered words.Words alone, pretty or plain, will be no substitute for action. We wait now for action from this new pope. But not with patience for the wait so far in this crisis for the Church to act decisively to cleanse itself and set up a new path has taken far too long. The National Survivor Advocates Coalition (NSAC) is an all volunteer organization of in the pew Catholics and men and women of goodwill supporting survivors of sexual abuse and working to educate society about sexual abuse and to bring about effective legislative reforms. www.nationalsurvivoradvocatescoalition.wordpress.com
I commend a short simple poem JOSEPH by U A Fanthorpe. 4 stanzas only, as befits a man of few words like Joseph of Nazareth.Here are the first two stanzas - I daren't quote it all for fear of breaking copyright!I am Joseph, carpenter,Of Davids kingly line,I wanted an heir, discoveredMy wifes son wasnt mine.I am an obstinate lover,Loved Mary for better or worse.Wouldnt stop loving when I foundSomeone Else came first.The other two stanzas are immensely moving - and are we not all foster-children of Joseph?
Leave it to Kris Ward [above] to nail it!The perhaps apocryphal words of Francis of Assisi keep cropping up in the media come at the start of his namesake papacy:"Preach the Gospel always, and if necessary use words!"If Francis I has only "words" for us, he will miss a critical moment to change our future.
What do these words of Pope Francis mean?:Let us not allow omens of destruction and death to accompany the advance of this world!It probably is clear to everyone else, but I'm kind of dense.
Bob S. --He was just talking about environmental destruction, so no doubt he meant the ordinary kind. But atomic warfare also is terribly destructive of the environment, and it is once again a primary issue. Not to mention the threat of new biological organisms taking hold because of so much travel by humans, and the lowering of life expectancy of the poor across the cultures because of unfair distribution of goods.
"But never has the theme taken center stage as it did today."The point exactly. On the website of every dicocese you will find mention of the duty of caring for the poor and downtrodden. But mostly it is lip service. Francis has raised the decibel level and cut to the heart of the the reason Jesus came and of his anointing.
Mr. Jenkins - you say: Preach the Gospel always, and if necessary use words! but there is not historical proof that connects this phrase to Frances - it is part of the mythology of our Francis tradition.
not historical proof that connects this phrase to FrancesHow about "it is no use walking anywhere to preach unless our walking is our preaching"?
So much in the homily sounded hopeful. I really want to believe my two favorite saints, Ignatius and Francis, have melded in the pope. Only time will tell if his deeds match his words, but his homily reminded me of this video segment from Brother Sun Sister Moon, where Francis meets and inspires Pope Innocent :) .... http://www.wingclips.com/movie-clips/brother-sun-sister-moon/popes-blessing
I have no idea about the validity of this story but it claims that St. Bonaventure refers to it in the Legend of the Three Companions. At one time, Francis invited a friar to preach at the nearby town. They arrived at the town and the friar eagerly awaited to stop and preach. As they walked through the town Francis greeted everyone with great love and charm as was his custom. He stopped and embraced some sick people, played with some children and went through greeting others and being his usual kind and polite person.When they reached the gate at the opposite end of the town the friar asked, "Father, where are we going to preach?" To which Francis answered, "We just did."When I saw Cardinal Bergoglio on his way to the Basilica get out of the jeep and tenderly embrace the severely disabled man and then mention tenderness in his homily, I tend to think that we have another St. Francis, who preaches with words and actions.We must not be afraid of goodness or even tenderness! Astounding!
Bob S. --I would say that the condition of Mother Nature today (which is getting worse) is quite ominous for the future of the human race, as are the North Korean atomic threats. The continual cropping up of extremely deadly viruses and bacteria promises disaster later, and the unequal distribution of wealth (also getting worse) is an omen of social disruption to come.
According to this report, before the ceremony in Rome Francis telephoned to Buenos Aires and spoke to thousands gathered in the square in front of the Cathedral there. "Dear sons and daughters, I know you have gathered in the square. I know that you are saying prayers, I need them very much," he said. "It is beautiful to pray because we look to heaven and know that we have a good father who is God."Pope Francis called the cellphone of one of his aides, Father Alejandro Russo, rector of the cathedral, according to the Argentine newspaper Clarin."I want to ask a favor of you," he said. "I want to ask for us to walk together, to care for one another, for you to care for each other. Do not cause harm. Protect life. Protect the family; protect nature; protect the young; protect the elderly. Let there not be hatred or fighting. Put aside envy."In a saying well-known in Buenos Aires, he added: "No le saquen el cuero a nadie," which means literally, "don't flay or skin anyone alive." Figuratively it means, "don't gossip, don't criticize one another."Watching on four huge screens set up outside the plaza's Metropolitan Cathedral, many spent the entire night holding vigil before the Vatican Mass began. Other churches around the country also stayed open all night and set up television screens in plazas."http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/19/pope-argentina/1999569/
Francis goes back to basicsFrom the beginning of his papacy a week ago, it has been clear that Pope Francis I is going to be a different sort of pope.But it is not because he is doing new things, or inventing new doctrines.He sees it as his mission to remind Christians of the oldest, and most fundamental, things.In his first Mass as pope, last week, speaking without notes or text, he said we need to get back to gospel values: How did Jesus ask his followers to live?In short, we know how to talk the talk of Christianity. How do we walk the walk?The pope's chosen patron, St. Francis of Assisi, heard the voice of God say to him:"Rebuild my church."How did Francis do this? He went back to the roots. He renounced all earthy goods and stability and traveled Europe as an itinerant, ministering to the poor and living among them, preaching a gospel of forgiveness and compassion. If there was a Francis in our time, it was Mother Teresa, who lived and worked among the poor as one of the poor and asked her order of sisters to do the same. When a wealthy Catholic donated a lovely old house in New York to her order, the first thing she did was take out all the comfortable furniture, rugs, and appliances. She was trying to get back to what Jesus taught, how he lived, and the people he served -- the lame, the lepers, the drunks and addicts, the broken in body, mind, and spirit.That is exactly what this Francis, who began his priesthood working among the poor of Argentina and never lost touch with his flock, is trying to do today: Go back to the roots. Francis used his inauguration Mass as pope to talk, not about about himself and his visions and plans for the Church, but to talk about St. Joseph, whose feast day it is. Francis picked, not his own readings for his installation, but the readings for the feast of St. Joseph. They were modest readings for two modest men. St. Joseph -- the worker, the foster father, the patron of fidelity and steadfastness. St. Joseph is often the forgotten saint. We know little about him. He is not much talked about. It is possible to enter a Catholic church today and not see his image. It is possible to enter a church that bears his name and see no sainted glass window depicting him. And that would probably be OK with Joseph. The modern mentality might see Joseph, if he were considered at all, as Mr. Nice Guy -- the ultimate patsy.But Francis spoke of him as the ultimate protector; as a man able to clear away his own ego and wants so that he could listen to God and let God do the building; as a man who heard God say one simple thing: Serve.The only point of his papacy, indeed, of papal power, said Francis, is to serve.And he urged us to do the same -- serve the poor, protect our families, cherish and protect God's creation.He called Joseph a "realist" who knew that "lowly, concrete, and faithful service," is how to walk the walk. "We must not be afraid of goodness or tenderness," said the pope. Embrace these qualities and you will be a "shaft of light" shinning through the darkness of our age, when "hatred, envy, and pride, defile the human race."Compassion, devotion, and humility are the examples of Joseph, and the mark of a true Christian realism.So, the simpler rituals and dress and the small acts of humility in the first week of the papacy of Francis are actually about something. Francis is going back to basics; back to the roots. Less doctrinal debate; more time in soup kitchens. "All you need is love." But practical acts of love.This pope's election seems a kind or miracle. With a little help from Francis, God just might rebuild a broken church. Keith Burris is associate editor of the Toledo Blade and author of Deep River: The Life and Music of Robert Shaw.
Vatican Insider:"Meanwhile, pending potential future reforms, "self-reform" has started in the Roman Curia and in whoever gravitates around the Vatican. The Pope may not wish to use the flagship vehicle of a fleet of luxury sedans but several of those who were accustomed to using them are beginning to wonder how they can continue to do so. Some men with links to the Vatican financial institutions have been left hanging: "The new Pope is not Italian, he is not European, and he is unfamiliar with the way things work here... Italy could become a country like any other." There is one particular concern meandering in the Tower built by Nicholas V, the headquarters of the IOR, the Institute for Works of Religion. Hundreds of thousands of euros were spent on just one market research study and the finger is pointed at the president of the "Vatican Bank". People who are used to using the large official vehicles of the Vatican fleet to ferry them back and forth are beginning to think that it might be much better to take a taxi. Better not to risk it. The Pope, who is used to taking the minibus with his "Cardinal brethren", standing in line for breakfast at the self-service restaurant in the Domus Sanctae Marthae and settling his hotel bill in person, could look out of the window and see that he is surrounded by people who are not getting the drift and not following suit."Self-reform" might not relate only to the Holy See, the Vatican, and the style of the Curia. It could also extend to the dioceses.http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/world-news/detail/articolo/francesc...
My sainted sixth-grade teacher, Sister Mary Adelaide, frequently opined: "Apples don't fall far from their trees." Apparently, folk wisdom rings true for Catholic hierarchs.I found this morning's NY Times article [Pope Francis Old Colleagues Recall Pragmatic Streak] about Francis' record in the sex abuse scandal as it evolved in Argentine somewhat disturbing: The same old pattern of first protecting, sheltering and excusing priest abusers instead of a 'preferential option' for the victims that has characterized the Catholic Church's initial response to the sexual exploitation of children around the world seems to have motivated Bergoglio in Argentina. I was encouraged that Bergoglio was pragmatic enough to endorse the idea of civil unions for LBGT folks in the face of certain rejection by the overwhelming majority of the voters. The only problem is that gays and lesbians, and their supporters, have now evolved to the point that they want their freedom to exercise ALL of their human rights.This is a bitter pill for the Catholic hierarchy shepherds to swallow: Their once un-thinking deferential flocks now dismiss their prejudicial political and moral opinions as crass hypocrisy while rumors of a corrupt priesthood that harbors men who lead morally duplicitous lives grows unabated.http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/20/world/americas/pope-francis-old-collea...
I found this mornings NY Times article [Pope Francis Old Colleagues Recall Pragmatic Streak] about Francis record in the sex abuse scandal as it evolved in Argentine somewhat disturbing: The same old pattern of first protecting, sheltering and excusing priest abusers instead of a preferential option for the victims that has characterized the Catholic Churchs initial response to the sexual exploitation of children around the world seems to have motivated Bergoglio in Argentina.I don't see anything about sexual abuse in the article. Has it been revised since you read it? I haven't read anything anywhere accusing Francis of being inolved in moving priests around. I recall reading at least one article in which he was quoted as saying (within the past week or so) that moving priests around wasn't acceptable.
Jim, After looking around I found this is the Washington Post. perhaps his is the article you meant?It discusses the cases of two priests who were convicted about five years ago. It doesn't provide enough details to undertand what Francis' role was or even if they were in his diocese."No one has presented evidence that Bergoglio was directly involved covering up sex abuse. But Moreau told the AP that Bergoglio, as the top authority for the Argentine church, was ultimately responsible for the treatment of the victims, who have yet to get medical treatment or compensation."http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/clergy-abuse-victims-ca...
Today the Vatican announced a major change in the Pope's schedule for Holy Thursday.For some decades popes have celebrated two Masses on Holy Thursday, the Chrism Mass in the morning at St. John Lateran (the pope's cathedral church) and in the evening, the Mass of the Lord's Supper, including the Washing of the Feet of twelve priests, at St. Peter's.In a significant break with previous custom, the Pope will celebrate the morning Chrism Mass at St. Peter's, not St. John's. (Probably because he has not yet had time to take possession of of his cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of Rome. That will come soon after Easter.)But the major change is here: the Pope will not return to St. Peter's in the evening for the Mass of the Lord's Supper. Instead, he will celebrate the Evening Mass in a much simpler setting, a detention center for juveniles. During the Mass he will wash the meet of twelve of those in the center.The Pope wanted to continue his custom as archbishop of Buenos Aires of celebrating the Evening Mass in a home for the elderly, a hospital, or a prison.So far, the rest of the Holy Week liturgies will be at St. Peter's, with the exception of the now established practice of the Stations of the Cross on Good Friday evening at the Colosseum. The emphasis on service continues.
Correction:Last year, it appears that Pope Benedict celebrated the Chrism Mass in the morning at St. Peter's and the Evening Mass of the Lord's Supper at St. John Lateran. This seems backwards to me. At least up to John Paul II, it was indeed the other way round. But that aside, the significant change remains, the Evening Mass will be celebrated by Pope Francis, neither at St. Peter's nor at St. John's but at a Rome juvenile detention center.


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Mopar Axle & Bearing Upgrade - Quick TechWritten by on March 1, 2009 Here is an easy way to improve your rear end with new Mopar axles.
As Mopar drivers, we're lucky to have some of the toughest equipment ever built by Detroit. Our cars have bulletproof engines, some of the best transmissions ever built, comfortable and tough torsion bar suspensions, and most came equipped with one of two extremely rugged rear differentials, the 8 3/4 or the Dana 60. Since these rear ends are so tough, very few ever broke, so most of us are driving around with the factory differential in our cars still intact, maybe even with the factory gear lube still installed. While this is a testament to the strength of the most common Mopar rear ends, there is still room for improvement in these differentials, specifically the axles and axle bearings.
While factory axles and axle bearings perform just fine in stock applications, the fact is most of our cars are no longer stock. There have been major improvements in engine technology since the engines in our Mopars were first built, so even fairly stock rebuilds can have significantly more axle-taxing power than the factory engine. With a stroker motor in a heavy car, especially with slicks, the factory axles don't stand a chance. And if you race your car at sanctioned drag racing events, there's a good chance the factory axles aren't even legal.
There's another anomaly with factory Mopar axles, and it has to do with the non-sealed axle bearings and the adjustor. To achieve the proper axle endplay, Chrysler added an adjustor to one of the axles. While not super complicated, this adjustor can be a pain, especially if you perform frequent gear changes. Additionally, the factory axle bearings are not sealed, and must be repacked with grease at regular intervals to perform properly.
Fortunately, Strange Engineering has the answer to both these issues. Whether you simply want to replace your factory axle bearings with sealed units that eliminate the adjustor, or you want to toughen up the rear with new forged axles that are approved by all major sanctioning bodies, Strange has you covered. In this months Quick Tech we'll show you how easy it is to improve your rear end with new axles, or at least new bearings on your stock axles.
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Factory axles were held in by five nuts and studs on the axle end tubes. With the brake drum removed, you can access the nuts through a hole in the axle flange. Note the factory adjustor on this axle.The axle bearings are held in place by a pressed-on sleeve. Since our new bearings will come with new sleeves, it's usually easiest just to cut the factory sleeve off with a grinder and cut-off wheel. Use caution not to cut into the axle, however.The axle bearing kit from Strange comes with new, non-adjustable, sealed bearings (commonly called "green" bearings), new axle retainers, new press-on sleeves, and gaskets. These bearings are fully sealed and non-adjustable, eliminating the factory adjustor and never requiring maintenance.A hydraulic press can be used to remove the old bearings, and is a necessity to install the new bearings. If you don't have one at home it should only cost a few bucks to have an automotive shop press the new bearings in place.As an alternative to changing the bearings on your factory axles, a new axle kit can also be ordered from Strange. These axles are far tougher than factory units, and meet the aftermarket axle requirement of racing sanctioning bodies.The new Strange axles come with the sealed, non-adjustable bearings already pressed into place, with new axle retainers to hold the axles in the housing. They're also available for all common Mopar rear ends, and can be made for custom narrowed applications as well.Unlike factory axles which have pressed in wheel studs, the Strange axles utilize stronger, screw-in style wheel studs. These should be installed using Lock-Tite, and will take far more abuse than the factory studs.Replacing factory axle bearings is a good upgrade, but for the money we recommend an axle package from Strange. New axles will save the hassle of pressing bearings on and off, and you won't have to wonder about them if your car is equipped with a powerful engine. Once bolted in, you should never need to worry about the axles for the life of your car!

subset: commoncrawl


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In an ongoing effort to be recouped for costs associated with last month's twin snow storms, the Leavenworth County Commission Thursday approved two resolutions proclaiming the damaged caused by the events.
County Emergency Management Director Chuck Magaha said in a previous update that the Kansas Department of Emergency Management was working on an application for federal disaster assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, allowing local governments to be reimbursed for 75 percent of their expenditures as a result of the storm. Magaha said earlier this month that the county was reporting about $322,000 in costs incurred as a result of a pair of systems that together dropped close to 20 inches of snow on the Kansas City metropolitan area.
"It's not just damages but the cost of dealing with it by public works and so forth," said County Administrator Pat Hurley.
The storms took place on Feb. 20 and 25, Hurley said, though he confirmed there had been talk at one point of combining the two events.
In the meantime, he said the commission needed to approve resolutions proclaiming both of the storms were local disasters.
"Under virtue of your authority under certain Kansas statutes, you proclaim that a state of local disaster emergency exists," Hurley said, reading from the documents.
The commission approved both resolutions.
Location, ST | website.com


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The lowest volume I can get by pressing the volume keys is still too loud when I'm wearing headphones. How can I make it even lower?
I have a Mac Mini 2011 (5,1) running Mountain Lion.
The lowest volume I can get by pressing the volume keys is still too loud when I'm wearing headphones. How can I make it even lower?
I have a Mac Mini 2011 (5,1) running Mountain Lion.
Pressing ShiftOptionVolume Up/Volume Down allows you to adjust in quarter-box increments. You can also click the volume icon in the menu bar and fine-tune with the slider, or open the Sound panel in System Preferences and get a bigger slider there, which would allow for finer control.
CanuckSkier already covered many ways. For terminal geeks, here is another way:
You can use the command line to set exact levels:
Just checked on my Mountain-Lion-running MacBook: the maximum is 7, not 10 as it was in Leopard. So, when you want the volume level to be 50%, use this:
and (of course) you can use
EDIT (june 4, 2014)
I'm surprised with the comments, about the fractional size precison. So, here are some technical details.
For the applescript
what prints something like:
So, in the future (when the possibility to set the volume level with decimal values will be removed) will be possible only 101 exact volume levels - as integers between 0 and 100 (inclusive). Of course, this is for the applescript, programmers at system level of course can use any 32bit floating number between
If someone want to know, the SHIFT+OPTION+VOLUME sets the next "output volume" (integer) levels: 0 1 3 5 6 8 9 11 13 14 15 17 19 20 22 24 25 26 28 30 31 33 34 36 37 39 40 43 44 45 47 48 50 52 53 55 56 57 60 61 63 64 65 67 68 70 71 74 76 77 79 80 82 83 85 87 88 90 91 93 95 97 98 100, what clearly shows: it using the floating point levels what are rounded to integer with applescript. (therefore mostly skips by 2 but sometimes only by 1)
As well as the ways covered in the other answers, there is another simple way to get a volume lower than one box full.
This gives you a very quiet volume that is between mute and one box full.
This zero-box-full volume is even quieter than one-quarter box full, the minimum volume you can set with CanuckSkier's Shift-Option method. However, if sound is playing while you set the volume using this method, the sound is muted for the moment between steps 2 and 3, which can be a little annoying.
I'm in what may or may not be a similar situation, with highly-sensitive earpieces. (Shure SE 535s, in case you're wondering.)
The problem in my case is that the Mac's headphone output has a certain element of noise to it: for most head- and earphones, this simply isn't an issue, but for mine, lowering the volume to an acceptable point means leaving me free to hear the background static that much more clearly.
The solution for me is hardware rather than software: a little attenuator that plugs in between the headphone jack and my earpieces. I then turn the volume on the Mac up to 12/16, and use the attenuator to lower the volume to an agreeable level. That combination gives me both fine-grained analog volume control and a conspicuous absence of static. (Shure's model is the EA650, and sells for a pinch over $16 at the time of writing; there may be others that work just as well.)
I just had the same problem with iTunes music being too loud on even the lowest volume setting.
The solution turned out to be that iTunes has a separate volume control. Turning that down reduced the music volume enough that I could turn up the system sound volume a couple of ticks.
This has the added benefit that system sounds are now audible over the music.
When you hold SHIFT+ALTwhile pressing Volume UP/DOWN, you can change the volume in 1/4 increments.
Thank you for your interest in this question.
Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


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Forward March
It may not be as much of an indicator as job creation. But after years of flat spending, direct marketers are again investing in their databases, according to Direct's annual database survey.
Of those polled, nearly 41% said they will increase their allocations in 2005, compared with just over a third last year. (Direct, July 2003).
Who's doing the spending?
Consumer firms, almost half of which are planning an increase in 2005. That's up from a third of them last year.
In contrast, 36% of the business-to-business firms foresee an increase. But that's still a 6% improvement over 2003.
The upturn seems to be greatest among midsize marketers, those with revenue between $10 million and $100 million. The percentage grew by 11%


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As an existing Paperless Billing customer your Paperless Billing account will transfer to your new location. However, you must add your bank account information to your new account as shown:
If your Paperless Billing/e-Bill account is through your financial institution, it will not transfer to your new location. After your new account is active, please re-enroll your new account through your financial institution.


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|Adil Ahmad Haque
The laws of war were primarily designed to regulate armed conflicts between states. Yet in contemporary warfare, combatants often wear no uniforms, conceal their weapons, and intermingle with civilian populations. These changes in the nature of warfare have exposed gaps and ambiguities in the law of armed conflict that leave civilians without adequate legal protection. In his forthcoming book, Law and Morality at War (Oxford University Press, 2015), Associate Professor Adil Ahmad Haque draws on moral and legal philosophy to propose specific reforms to better protect civilians caught in the crossfire.
What sparked your interest in the legal and moral issues raised by armed conflict?
These issues are forced upon us by the world in which we live. As a teenager, the wars in the former Yugoslavia awakened me both to the atrocities that occur during armed conflict and to the promise of international criminal law as a means of responding to war crimes. Still, I assumed at the time that the laws of war were settled and only enforcement was necessary. That assumption was shattered by the mass targeting of civilians by Al Qaeda on September 11, 2001, and by the subsequent use of torture by the United States. Suddenly it seemed that no legal principle was truly secure. Most recently, the insurgencies and counterinsurgencies in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere revealed that some of the most important legal constraints—those governing target verification, discrimination in the choice of weapons and tactics, precautions in attack, and proportionality—are among the least understood.
How do you define a "just war"?
War can never be wholly just, since war inevitably infringes the human rights of civilians and inflicts undeserved suffering on combatants. At best, the resort to war can be morally justified as the lesser of two evils, for example when the only alternative is acquiescing in aggression or genocide. In addition, particular military operations can be morally justified only if they target combatants and military objectives and if they avoid inflicting disproportionate harm on civilians. My job is to work out the details of those constraints. How certain must you be that someone is a combatant before using lethal force? How precise must be your weapons? What risks and precautions must you take during a military operation to avoid harming civilians? When is harm to civilians proportionate? Law can never make war just, but by better understanding the moral function of the law we can make war far less unjust than it is now.
What do you see as the most significant violation of the laws of war in contemporary armed conflicts and how would you correct that?
We have to fight on two fronts. We have to defend the absolute prohibition on targeting civilians, which is primarily under attack by non-state armed groups. At the same time, we have to insist that state armed forces more carefully verify their targets, use more precise weapons, reduce the risk they impose on civilians (even if that means placing their own soldiers at greater risk), and inflict harm on civilians only when necessary to prevent substantially greater harm to others. In addition, we have to insist on civilian protection for individuals (some of whom are morally reprehensible) who support non-state armed groups and criminal organizations but who perform no combat function. The distinction between civilians and combatants is the most important moral and legal constraint on the conduct of armed conflict, and it must be preserved.
You argue that what constitutes a war crime should be defined more broadly. Would that require an expansion of the international criminal tribunal system?
Not necessarily. War crimes are primarily prosecuted at the national level, in military tribunals. International criminal tribunals exist only to prosecute war crimes that states are unwilling or unable to prosecute themselves. That is as it should be. States bear primary responsibility for training their armed forces in the law of armed conflict and for enforcing their compliance with the law. The better states become at their job, the less work international tribunals will have.
You make a number of specific proposals for how the law of armed conflict should be interpreted, applied, and reformed. Have you had any reaction to your proposals from military lawyers or government officials?
I've been fortunate to discuss my work with a number of important policy makers, from the Obama Administration's top lawyer on the targeted killing program to a senior lawyer for the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General for Law of War Matters. I've also benefitted from conversations with a former Legal Advisor to the International Committee of the Red Cross as well as the Air Force lawyer who oversaw the NATO bombing campaign in Kosovo. I've been impressed with the seriousness with which practitioners engage my arguments and proposals, and the depth of their desire for answers to the hard questions I address. Many practitioners hunger for serious scholarship that is theoretically sophisticated but oriented toward urgent practical issues. Fortunately, Rutgers-Newark has a long tradition of producing scholarship of precisely that kind, and I'm proud to be a part of that tradition.
Posted 1/2/14


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Can You Afford to Have Another Child? 8 Financial Questions to Consider
2 of 9
What prenatal costs does your health insurance cover? You'll need to visit your doctor many times during your pregnancy, and the costs can add up. Don't forget to add in prenatal vitamins and other supplements you may need to take. After delivery, just remember that another little person in your family means more healthcare costs and higher premiums.
Questions about health insurance can be confusing and overwhelming. Use this list of questions to ask your insurance representative to help streamline the process and help you get the best care possible.
Next: "Start Up" Items


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Serves 2•1 1/2 cups cubed grilled chicken breast•1/4 cup chopped celery•1/4 cup coarsely chopped walnuts•3 tablespoons mayonnaise•1/4 teaspoon salt•Several large lettuce leaves•1 kiwi, pared and sliced1. Combine the chicken, celery, walnuts, mayonnaise, and salt.
2. Spoon onto two lettuce-lined salad plates.
3. Garnish each serving with the kiwi slices.Source: California Kiwifruit Commission
Click here for the main article, The Health Benefits of Soy.
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S. Somasegar (Soma): Introducing Visual Studio 2010 RTM
- Posted: Apr 12, 2010 at 9:00AM
- 38,933 views
- 7 comments
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/* Life Runs on Code */
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2000 BEEP! Haha, I actually laughed out loud
Soma, you and your group did such a wonderful job with this release! There were a lot of things that really snapped into place at the right time. Whatever process you used to get this one out the door, I would stick to it.
I know, it sounds lame, but any word on SourceSafe service pack for VS2010 integration?
Edit: Never mind, SourceSafe 2005 plus update for VS2008/Vista integrates in Visual Studio 2010 as soon as you have opened a SourceSafe managed project. Thanks.
I've been using VS 2010 + .NET 4.0 + C# 4.0 since they first Beta (almost a year before), and I'm very pleased that finally they're now officially released.
But what I like the most is that all these stuff is not anymore the "future" but the "present" technologies. So now we can advance to talk towards a new set of "future" technologies, tools and improvements.
In particular, I'm very eager to see Anders Hejlsbegs talking about the new C# 5.0 (or even a new language if the changes are too dramatic to be ensembled into our loved C#), considering its PDCs and TechTalks comments about Compiler Services, Metaprograming, Immutability features.
Too much of a good thing can be wonderful, Excited to work on it....
good Video. i thing Microsoft forget productivity in VS 2010. i don't know how microsoft test his software. when i test i have more bug in VS 2010. i already contact some Vs 2010 developer and forums but not have a good response from Microsoft
Comments have been closed since this content was published more than 30 days ago, but if you'd like to continue the conversation, please create a new thread in our Forums, or Contact Us and let us know.


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4.33333333333 StarsRatings (2)
This would be very useful in the classroom
|Printable View
|Printable Image
Nam June Paik
|Walker Art Center
|Not on view.
|Mixed media, Media Arts, Multimedia | television cabinet, 32 video monitors, 4 laserdisc players, steel
|overall installed 148 x 64 x 48 inches
|Collection Walker Art Center; T.B. Walker Acquisition Fund, 1990
|Accession Number:
|© Estate of Nam June Paik
|Nam June Paik, American, South Korea, 1932 - 2006
|Life Dates:
|American, South Korea, 1932 - 2006
|Added to Site:
|March 1, 2009
Matthew Andress May 2, 2009
Some video from this installation would be great!
aloeffler November 5, 2011
the form is awesome!
Related Items
This tour looks at the theme of identity by examining works by artists who have lived in more than one place or culture. This activity could be used in the Walker Art Center galleries, Minneapolis Sculpture Garden, or in the classroom with a selection of images from Art Collector. The artworks included in the activity are suggestions only and instructors may choose different artworks to accompany the discussion questions. This particular activity comes from the section of the Tour Guide Tool Kit called Living in Our Time.
Walker Art Center
Walker Art Center
Living in Our Time Activity Title: A Foot in Two Cultures Theme: Who Am I? Age: Grades 8–Adult Overview: This tour looks at the theme of identity by examining works by artists who have lived in more than one place or culture. This activity could be used in the Walker Art Center galleries, Minneapolis Sculpture Garden, or in the classroom with a selection of images from Art Collector. The artworks included in the activity are suggestions only and instructors may choose different artworks to accompany the discussion questions. Procedure: Setting the Scene What does it mean when we say we live in a global world? It can mean many things economically, politically, and culturally. In our world today people move between places and cultures more than ever before. They move as immigrants, refugees, or visitors and travel either physically or virtually, through the media and the internet. Ask (Note: Some of the following questions may be too personal for some people. Let them know that they can just think about these ideas. You could also ask if they have traveled to a different culture.) Have you ever lived in a country other than the one you were born in? If so, where did you live? How was that place different from where you live now? Or have you ever lived in two cultures simultaneously, such as here in the Twin Cities and in another place? Perhaps you experience different cultures at home and at school or work. Have you ever been with a group and felt like an outsider? The United States, Minnesota, and the Twin Cities, for example, have become more culturally diverse because of movement between cultures. For many people, including artists working today, their identity is a mixture of two or more cultures. On our tour today, we are going to see how some artists express this in their art. Begin Looking Begin the tour in the Pop gallery to develop a shared understanding of how culture can be expressed through art. Ask: What do you know about the culture of the 1960s in the United States? Who were important people? (Think about musicians, politicians, celebrities, and artists.) What places were important (New York, San Francisco)? What activities typified the 1960s art world? (Answers include happenings, blurring the boundaries between high art and popular culture, and technologies such as photo silkscreen, Polaroid, and video.) What ideas were key to the 1960s art world (experimentation, sexual freedom, protest, counterculture)? Discuss with the group one or two works of art that reflect some of these elements from the 1960s. Select works by three or four artists who have lived in more than one country or culture. (See the list below for ideas.) Discuss each work with a focus on how the artist's multicultural background informs his or her art. Some topics to include: • places that have been part of this artist's experience (for example, the artist's birthplace, traditional cultures, where he or she was educated, places where the artist has immigrated or traveled) • people (such as other artists, cultural figures, or celebrities) who are part of their art world • activities important to the artist (for example, art forms, techniques, and media; traditional practices; contemporary practices) • ideas (such as religious, political, and philosophical) with which the artist is familiar How do these things help us to understand the work of art? Ask What do you see in this artwork? How can we learn about the culture (people, places, activities, and ideas) of these artists? What do you know about the artist's home country or current place of residence? Does the artist include cultural references in this work? If so, what are they? Does the artist's experience of bridging or coming from contrasting cultures inform this work? How? Why do you think the artist chose to make this work? How does the artist's choice of materials contribute to the overall meaning of the work? Are there other ideas or issues expressed in the work? Suggested artists: For each of these artists, more research needs to be done to provide information about their cultural world. Yoko Ono Nam June Paik Isamu Noguchi Julie Mehretu Chris Ofili Gabriel Orozco Conclusion Is it important to understand the cultural references and/or background of the artist in order to understand or appreciate the work? Why or why not? Many people (artists and others) have lived in more than one culture. Knowing their backgrounds can help us to have a broader definition of contemporary art in a global world. And it helps us find a path to understand the meaning of unfamiliar artwork. What are some ways that artists express their experience bridging cultures? What makes up your cultural world? How might you express this in a creative way?
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overall installed 148 x 64 x 48 inches
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I've been working on a Wordpress site for a while and have gone to make it live this afternoon.
After following this tutorial video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=cM9Z8aQTCvQ), I went into settings on my localhost installation and changed them to my live site, therefore my local Wordpress installation no longer works.
Is there an easy way to access that page and point Wordpress locally again? The upload didn't work out so I decided to just do a manual re-install.


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Why do bad things happen to good people?
And, even if they do, bad things, not good things, should happen to bad people!
Why do bad things happen to good people?
And, even if they do, bad things, not good things, should happen to bad people!
If only good things happened to good people and bad things to bad people then there would be a big limitation on free will.
They don't. We just don't see the big picture. It's like someone who comes in in the middle of surgery and sees this man wearing a mask with a knife in his hand cutting someone open. If you would see the big picture, you would realize that person is really saving his life.
Here's an excerpt from the Shaar Bitachon which addresses this: http://dafyomireview.com/article.php?docid=380
If one asks: Behold we see some tzadikim which must work very hard to earn a livelihood while many people who rebel against G-d live a good life in comfort? The answer to this was already addressed by the prophets and the chasidim (extremely pious). One of them said "You are right, O L-ord, when I contend with You, but I will argue with You. Why has the way of the wicked prospered, all who deal with treachery have peace?" (Yirmiyahu 12:1), and another "Why do You show me iniquity and look upon mischief; and plunder and violence are before me; and the one who bears quarrel and strife endures." (Chavakuk 1:3), and "Therefore Torah is slackened, and justice does not go out forever, for a wicked man surrounds the righteous; therefore, justice emerges perverted." (Chavakuk 1:4), and "[You are] of eyes too pure to behold evil, and You cannot gaze upon iniquity. Why should You gaze upon traitors, be silent when a wicked man swallows up one more righteous than he?" (Chavakuk 1:13), and another one said "Behold these are wicked, yet they are tranquil in the world and have increased wealth." (Tehilim 73:12), and "But for naught I cleansed my heart and bathed my hands with cleanliness" (Tehilim 73:13), and another said "And now we praise the bold transgressors, those who work wickedness are built up, they tempt G-d, and they have, nevertheless, escaped." (Malachi 3:15), and many more like this.
But the prophet refrained from giving an answer because each specific case has its own particular reason. Therefore Moshe Rabeinu commented on this in the torah saying (Devarim 29:28) "the hidden things belong to G-d"..and "the Rock, His deeds are perfect for all His ways are just" (Devarim 32:4).
WHY THE RIGHTEOUS SOMETIMES SUFFER Nevertheless, I would like to clarify the matter to some extent. The possibilities why a tzadik is prevented from obtaining his livelihood without effort and must instead be put through the system of efforts and tests is as follows. 1. A previous sin for which he is now obligated to pay for. "the tzadik will pay in the land" (Mishlei 11:31)
WHY THE WICKED SOMETIMES PROSPER Sometimes G-d sends good to the wicked for the following reasons: 1. A previous good deed he did, to pay him in this world, as written "And He repays those He hates to their face, to destroy them" (Devarim 7:10) which the Onkelos renders: "He pays those He hates their good deeds during their lives to destroy them".
There is not necisarily a bad thing it's just hashem saving you from something more severe
sources: davar Torah a few weeks ago


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LG PetCare Canister Vac (New) for $279.99 + $5.00 shipping
LG packed loads of vacuum innovations into a low-profile, compact canister design
The canister design offers easy access to several tools, including a dusting brush, crevice tool, bare floor nozzle, and a telescopic wand that can be stored in the canister itself
The Kompressor system uses a unique wiper blade within the bagless bin to keep it clean while compressing dust intake
Allowing you to store up to 3 times more dust vs. non-compressor models, and means there's an easy-to-dispose-of cake of dust when you empty it
5 Comments add a comment
No idea if this vacuum is any good, but I can't stop thinking that the canister in metallic green vaguely reminds me of a helmet from Halo...
I really don't think I'll be able to convince the dogs or the cats to sit still while I vacuum them. It's all I can do to vacuum the floors without the Aussies making sneak attacks on our refurbed Dyson.
@lavikinga: Make that 2 more Aussies on attack. This vac looks like it could be a duck with no head, makes it even tastier!
The comments at amazon are worth reading. Generally great reviews, but also a significant number of people had theirs lose suction and/or had wiring issues, and some had trouble with getting warranty repairs done right.
I too have had my problems with warranty, I sent mine in only after 30 days of owning it. The part it needed was BO so after 2 weeks I called and spoke to someone in America and they just sent me a new one. If you need warranty service make sure you speak to someone in the states, they will take care of you.
My problem was were the handle and the tube snap together. The plug inside broke because it has these two tiny pieces of plastic that broke, and that just happened from using it, the stress from going back and forth fatigued the plastic. Just a overall bad design. But while its working it is awesome! This thing picks up everything.


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So, I noticed that Mr. Vargas was watching quite a lot of interesting films on MGM-HD and was wondering why I didn't have access to such a nice channel. I checked the MGM-HD website and it indicated that the channel was available through Comcast, but it wasn't part of my lineup. So, I called Comcast customer support to ask if there was any way I could get MGM-HD. "It's not currently available in your area," they said. "But we can put in a request if you would like."
"Sure, okay," I said, figuring that a request wouldn't do much of anything.
"Hold for one moment," they said. I waited. "Sir?"
"I put in a request, and it was successful. You should have MGM-HD as part of your lineup within 2-4 weeks."
Talk about customer service. I know that plenty of people have had problems with Comcast, but I figure that something this awesome deserves to be shared, too. Anyway. That made my day.


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Frank V. Fossella, Russell DeVore, Ronald N. Kerr, et al.
Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania
Last Modified: November 1, 2001
Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 18, Issue 12 (June), 2000: 2354-2362
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of deaths related to cancer. Surgery is the treatment of choice, but only about 20% of tumors are suitable for potentially curative resection. Most patients with late stage or metastatic disease are treated palliatively. Recently, several new drugs have demonstrated a promising anti-tumor activity against NSCLC. However, with the relatively small absolute survival benefits observed for chemotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer, large numbers of patients are required to draw conclusions with confidence. In this randomized phase III study, the researchers compared docetaxel versus vinorelbine or ifosfamide in patients with advanced NSCLC.
A total of 373 patients with advanced NSCLC previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy were included. Of them, 125 were randomized to treatment with docetaxel 100mg/m2(D100), 125 were randomized to 75 mg/m2 (D75), and 123 patients to the vinorelbine or ifosfamide (V/I).
In this study, patients with advanced NSCLC appeared to benefit from a trial of docetaxel with a dose of 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. This study and other studies using similar regimen demonstrate that at a dose of 75 mg/m2, the benefits of docetaxel therapy outweigh the risks.


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I have heard about 18% gray tone — what is it really, and why 18% (and not 20% or some other value), and how can I make it in Photoshop?
Warning: this is a long, somewhat technical post that includes some math (but when you get past the superscripts and such, it's ultimately pretty simple math).
First of all, I should start with a simple idea of how I believe 18% was selected in the first place. I can't remember which one any more, but one of Ansel Adams' books mentions what I think is probably the origin.
About the most reflective naturally occurring substance on earth is fresh, clean snow, which reflects somewhere around 95% of the light falling on it (depending a little on exactly how fresh, how clean, how cold and/or moist it was when the snow formed, etc.)
At the opposite extreme, a surface covered in fresh, clean soot reflects about the least light of any naturally occurring substance. The range here is from about 3 to 4%. Let's again take the middle of that range, and call it 3.5%.
To can an overall average, we can then average those two. However, given such a wide range, the statisticians tell use an arithmetic mean produces a poor result (the larger number dominates almost completely, and the smaller one is nearly ignored). For numbers like this, a geometric mean is the "correct" way to do things.
The geometric mean of these works out as the square root of .95 * .035. Running that through the calculator, we get 0.1823458... Rounded to two places that's 18%.
Since the Thom Hogan article has been cited, I'll talk a bit about it. Some time ago, Thom Hogan published an article:
...that claims meters in Nikon digital cameras are calibrated for a mid-level grey that corresponds to 12% reflectance rather than the 18% grey of most standard grey cards.
Unfortunately, while the title and opening paragraph of the article are quite emphatic about 18% being a "myth", the remainder of the article fails to provide much factual basis for this claim. Here's what Thom gives as the basis for his statements:
In the end, he seems to have no real basis for his claims, merely a statement that "12% seems to be correct," with no real evidence, or even information about why he considers this correct. Despite this, however, this article is now widely cited on various photographically oriented web sites (among other places) as if it were absolute and indisputable fact.
Since this issue seems to be of interest to a fair number of photographers, I decided to see if I could find some real facts with evidence to support them. The first step in this journey was to find the standard in question. Doing some searching, I found what I believe is the relevant standard. Contrary to Thom's implication above, this is really published by the ISO rather than ANSI. This may be trivial to most, but when I was looking for the standard it was somewhat important – I put in a fair amount of work trying to find an ANSI standard that apparently does not exist. In the end, however, I found the relevant ISO standard: ISO 2720-1974, "Photography - General purpose photographic exposure meters (photoelectric type) - Guide to product specification (First edition - 1974-08-15)".
I also found that Thom was (at least from my viewpoint) quite mistaken about prices as well – a copy of this standard costs only $65 US. This didn't strike me as "big bucks" -- in fact, it seemed like a fair price to pay for some real enlightenment (pun noted by not really intended) on the subject.
The standard confirmed part of what Thom had to say, such as calibrating meters directly from sources that emit light rather than from reflected light. Unfortunately, other parts of what Thom had to say are not quite so closely aligned with the content of the standard. For example, at the conclusion of his article, he includes a comment from "lance" that mentioned a "'K' factor", without specifying its exact meaning or purpose. Thom replied by saying: "No manufacturer I've talked to knows anything about a K factor, though, and they all speak specifically about the ANSI standard as their criteria for building and testing meters."
As stated, this may not be exactly wrong – but it's certainly misleading at best. In reality, a large part of the ISO standard is devoted to the K factor. Much of the rest is devoted to the C factor, which corresponds to the K factor, but is used for incident light meters instead (the K factor applies only to reflected light meters). It would be utterly impossible to follow the standard (at least with respect to a reflected light meter) without knowing (quite a lot) about the K factor.
The standard specifies that: "The constants K and C shall be chosen by statistical analysis of the results of a large number of tests carried out to determine the acceptability to a number of observers, of a number of Photographs, for which the exposure was known, obtained under various conditions of subject matter and over a range of luminances."
The standard also specifies a range within which the K factor must fall. The numbers for the range depend on the method used for measuring/rating film speed (or its equivalent with a digital sensor). For the moment, I'm going to ignore the DIN-style speeds, and look only at the ASA-style speed ratings. For this system, the allowable range for the K factor is 10.6 to 13.4. These numbers do not correspond directly to reflectance values (e.g. 10.6 doesn't imply a 10.6% grey card as mid-level grey), but they do correspond to different levels of illumination that will be metered as mid-level grey. In other words, there is not one specific level of reflectance that is required to be metered as mid-level grey – rather, any value within the specified range is allowable.
The K factor is related to a measured exposure by the following formula:
Using this formula and a calibrated monitor, we can find the K factor for a specific camera. For example, I have a Sony Alpha 700 camera and a monitor that's calibrated for a brightness of 100 cd/m2. Doing a quick check, my camera meters the screen (displaying its idea of pure white) with no other visible light sources, at an exposure of 1/200th of a second at f/2. Running this through the formula, gives a K factor of 12.5 – just above the middle of the range allowed by the standard.
The next step is to figure up what level of "grey" on a card that corresponds to. Let's do that based on the sunny f/16 rule, which says a proper exposure under bright sunlight is f/16 with a shutter speed that's the reciprocal of the film speed. We can mathematically transform the formula above to:
Let's work things out for ISO 100 film:
The .01 and 100 cancel (and they will always cancel since the rule is that the exposure time is the reciprocal of the film speed), so this simplifies to: L = 256K.
Working the numbers for the lowest and highest allowable values for the K factor gives 2714 and 3430 respectively.
Now, we run into the reason the ISO standard specifies light levels rather than reflectance of a surface – even though we've all seen and heard the sunny f/16 rule, the reality is that clear sunlight varies over a considerable range, depending on season, latitude, etc. Clear sunlight has brightness anywhere from about 32000 to 100000 lux. The average of that range is about 66000 lux, so we'll work the numbers on that basis. This has to be multiplied by the reflectance to give a luminance – but the result from that comes out in units of "apostilbs" rather than cd/m2. To convert from apostilbs to cd/m2, we multiply by 0.318:
We already have the values for L that we care about, so we'll rearrange this to give the values of R:
Plugging in our minimum and maximum values for I, we get:
Then we plug in the two values for L to define our allowable range for R:
In other words, between the range of brightness of the sun and the range of K factors allowed by the ISO standard, a reflectance anywhere from about 8.5% to about 34% can fall within the requirements of the standard. This is obviously a very wide range of values – and one that clearly includes both the 12% Thom advocates and the 18% of a typical grey card.
To narrow the range a bit, let's consider just the arithmetic and geometric mean of the range of brightness from the sun: 66000 and 56569 lux respectively. Plugging these into the formula for the range of possible reflectance values gives:
The results from those are:
An 18% grey card is close to one end of this range, but still falls within the range. A 12% grey card falls outside the range; we have to assume an above-average light level for it to work out. If we average the four numbers above together, we get a value of about 16% grey as being the "ideal" – one that should work out reasonably well under almost any condition.
To summarize:
This is the amount of light used by most cameras for determining exposure. This was chosen (instead of 20%, etc) because, on average, most "photographs" used by average photographers tend to work out to roughly the same amount of light exposure as solid, 18% gray.
If, however, you're shooting something that has a lot of white, or a lot of dark, you're exposure will be off. For example, if you take a photo of a large white building, you'll probably want to adjust your exposure to compensate, since the default will target 18% gray, see all of the white, and lower your exposure (to make the entire picture average the same light content as 18% gray). You'll want to have a higher-than-default exposure to compensate.
You can use a solid card that's colored the appropriate gray tone to help compensate for this in your camera. Many cameras have exposure compensation functions that will let you configure your camera by pointing it at something with the right amount of color saturation.
If you want to make your own card, you'll want to saturate the card with 18% grey. This will work out to a solid fill (in RGB) of about 46 for R, G, and B. Just be aware, however, that most printers will distort your color somewhat -so when you print, you may want to check the results against your original.
Think of the tonal scale from black to white. Instead of an even gradient, break it into 11 parts (called zones). Zone 0 is solid black with no detail. Zone 10 is solid white with no detail. Zone 5 in the middle is 18% gray. Google "zone system" for more info.
It's very likely that the gray tone you actually care about is 12% as this is what camera meters are most probably calibrated to measure. See Thom Hogan's article about gray cards.
The OP asked: why does the standard grey card have a reflectance of 18%?
The short answer is that a significant number of manufacturers calibrated their light meters in the belief that a standard scene averages 18% reflectance.
The following manufacturers work to 18% reflectance:
This information was taken from their light meter manuals. Follow the links to see my references.
The following are believed to work to 12% reflectance, though I was unable [to confirm this. Information derived from the light meter Wikipedia article. See also this article from photo.net
While I have no information for Olympus.
So the next question becomes: why do some manufacturers choose 18% and others choose 12%?
The answer can be found in ISO 2720, which states that:
This means that each manufacturer is free to determine by measurement what the average grey level of the standard scene is. Given that they have used independent measurements of the calibration constants (K and C) it is surprising (and gratifying) that there is so much agreement.
K and C are the calibration constants for reflected light and incident light meters.
Now it turns out that the two groups of manufacturers, though their own testing, have arrived at different values of K and C. And these values, through the simple application of the laws of physics, result in either 18% or 12% reflectance for the standard scene.
For the interested, the formulas can be found in the Light Meter Wikipedia article, so I won't repeat them here.
So what is the 'correct' value? 18% or 12%?
a) you don't have much choice but to work with the value your manufacturer has chosen.
The bottom line is that the 18% or 12% values for average reflectance were arrived at by measuring the average reflectance (photographically) of a large number of scenes. So these are numbers that were arrived at experimentally and it is not surprising that there are some differences.
Is there any way to arrive at the number theoretically?
In the Lab colour space L* (brightness) can range from 0 (black) to 100 (diffuse white). I choose Lab colour space because it is designed to approximate human vision. If one makes the assumption that average brightness falls mid-way between these two extremes then one has a starting point of L* = 50.
Now, using Bruce Lindbloom's excellent CIE Color Calculator, we can calculate the corresponding luminance and the sRGB pixel values. This gives values of 18.4% luminance (Y on the CIE XYZ scale) and 118.9 pixels for sRGB.
Of course, to say that the average scene's average brightness is mid-way between white and black is a big assumption and over simplifies the real world. One really needs some kind of experimental basis for this assumption. But it is certainly interesting that this calculation arrives at a result close to that of many manufacturers.
The cards are designed to reflect about 18% of the incoming light, which to a human appears half way between max white and darkest black and happens to be a fairly good guess at the average reflectance of typical natural scenes - L*50 as has been mentioned correctly above.
The next question, and where the 12% comes from, is this: If we meter off the 18% gray card, which to a human appears as mid-grey but really has about 18% the intensity of maximum diffused white, what value should this information be recorded at in our raw files. Remember that film has a gentle rolloff in the highlights, while digital has an absolute cutoff. So they decided to give a half stop of extra headroom to safeguard the highlights (possibly specular) and, if desired, provide a half stop rolloff. It was decided that luminance coming from a gray card reflecting 18% of incoming light, aka L*50, aka mid-gray should be actually recorded at 18%/sqrt(2) = about 12.8% of max diffused white - in the linear raw file.
As to what happens to the data after that, it becomes very messy and the standards have really made a mess of it, imho.
18% grey is the shade that through the lens (TTL) metering base their exposure figures from -- you can also use it to check white balance if you want to calibrate for a shoot.
When you haven't got one to hand, you can usually substitute with an area of concrete, if it's in the scene or at least under similar lighting circumstances.
For the most part, standards aren't designed to explain theory. Their purpose is to describe how to do something, determine film speed, calibrate an exposure meter, etc, and they are based on research which can be found in scientific papers in scientific journals. Three papers that describe the theory of meter calibration are:
Stimson, Allen, An Interpretation of Current Exposure Meter Technology, Photographic Science and Engineering, vol 6, No 1, Jan-Feb 1962.
Scudder, Nelson, Stimson, Re-evaluation of Factors Affecting Manual or Automatic Control of Camera Exposure, Journal of the SMPTE, vol 77, Jan 1968.
Connelly, D, Calibration Levels of Films and Exposure Devices, The Journal of Photographic Science, vol 16, 1968..
On how to print an 18% card, with no theory or rationale as to why 18 not some other number...
Following any theory or advice on setting RGB values in a graphics program isn't reliable. Monitors and printers are designed to make graphics look good and fall short of scientific accuracy. Even if your whole system is calibrated - well, I never quite trust such things to be accurate, especially not for physical optical properties of printouts.
Ultimately, you'll have to make a big gray rectangle of some chosen RGB value and print it out. How to know what RGB value?
First use your graphics program to print a fine grid of black squares on an empty white background. Make the squares cover 18% of the area. The gap between squares should be 1.59 times the width or height of the squares. Make this grid small but large enough to have good control over accurate geometry, and make it cover a whole page.
With good dark ink in the printer, the white will be almost 100% reflective and the black almost 0% (but nothing is perfect) so the overall reflectance averages out to 18%. Photograph this black & white printout out of focus, letting the camera do the averaging.
Guess an RGB value, make the whole page that value of gray and print it out. Photograph it, out of focus, next to your black and white grid. Based on whether it's lighter or darker than the grid, refine your RGB guess. Repeat until they match.
Be careful to have uniform lighting and avoid vignetting effects in the optics.
To summarize an answer.
From white to black, the eyes see a range of greys. Because the eyes see logarithmic (and the ears hear logarithmic), what the eyes looks like the middle - this is actually not contains 50% black + 50% white, but 18%.
The middle point for the eye contain 18% Black On White.
To make this on Photoshop you fill a white background with 18% black pattern. So in photoshop if you fill with half black a white background, you do not get the middle gray that eye can see.
Many years ago I was made a page base on that 18% rule to calibrate the monitor. The different with other calibrations was that, I use 18% to fill the background with black and not 50%
I still have this gamma calibration page online. Blur your eyes and try to make the circle inside to disappear.
"18%" is the amount of light reflected by the midpoint of black and white (Adams' Zone V). The precise convention of 18% (not 17%, 19%, etc) comes from the graphics industry (probably - see links).
In photography, it has two main uses:
However, in the largest typeface possible here:
18% grey is not what your meter is calibrated to.
Really and truly.
This is a persistent myth, but is not actually the case. Your in-camera meters are calibrated closer to 12% grey, which is a difference of approximately half a stop. This is the ANSI standard.
There's a practical explanation by Thom Hogan here: http://www.bythom.com/graycards.htm
And for those who prefer to deal in foot-candles and foot-lamberts, a mathier version here: http://www.richardhess.com/photo/18no.htm
That's a shocking revelation, what should I do?
Probably nothing. Most grey cards sit unused in the closet. Even in use, a half stop is pretty negligible in most situations. So if you're happy how things are, continue!
If this difference matters to you, the Hogan article has practical advice on a sidebar, excerpted here:


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Possible Duplicate:
Is it possible for web crawlers to see static pages without following a link to them?
I have some URLs (some pdfs and static HTML files) in my website that I want only few people to know. These URLs dont have any pointing links from my website or any other source.
So my question is this: Can google crawl an URL (say some static HTML file) that has no incoming link?


text: Chippewa Men's 8" Black Oiled Sportility® Logger Style: 73015 Chippewa Boots! Features • Men's 8" Black Oiled Sportility® Logger Footwear • Goodyear Leather Welt Construction • Dri Lex® Gusset Lining • Cushioned Insole • Vibram® Logger Yellow Plug One-piece Outsole Men's Sizes Available: MED 6-12,13,14 WIDE 6-12,13,14 This Chippewa Men's 8" Oiled Black Logger Sportility lace up boots feature an upper of oiled black leather along with leather welt construction by Goodyear. There is a gusset lining of Dri-Lex in the boot along with an insole of cushion. This boot also features a Yellow Logger Vibram Plug one piece outsole. The sizes that are available include W 6-12, 13 and 14 along with M 6-12, 13 and 14. This boot features the Chippewa logo on the heel as well as golden hook and eye grommets to hold laces tight. This is a solidly constructed work boot that will take abuse while keeping you solidly on the ground and protects your feet from danger. This is the best reason to buy a pair of these quality work boots for yourself or someone else. This provides excellent protection in the work place for feet and toes. This boot can also help you avoid spills and falls.


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Can to save yourself money. Far as what it was time to go into determining insurance quotes. In the auto insurance for your needs. Once a week, you could be extremely high insurance rates prevailing in the case because you have got a less risks. Versus what you don't have two or three years instead of a lawsuit. Premiums has been called and spoken to once. Drivers with a spotty driving record change, so do nothing.
Need to study and enroll from the loss of an individual. Bad credit rating, many companies are flocking to the main driver to carry on it. That your policy online without supplying any private passenger automobile insurance companies are more stringent age requirements. It is not the cheapest car cover. Information age we live in an accident due to the user's interests. Easiest way to reduce your premium. Cosmetic damage is the fact that your car for both parties.
Brokers generally make more claims and staged auto accidents than drivers over 50 auto insurance companies from the actual exam. Great, but you can save, do it. Your dish washer when it comes to young drivers. Tend to get better insurance rates. The whole point behind the steering wheel hub or dashboard. Seen i-95 in the future, we suggest a cheaper candidate.
To get a car from self ignition, lightning, external explosion, fire, burglary or theft out of pocket . You to spend on your pocket. The repair of a number of insurance would be to having estimates only. Still enjoy driving privileges will be on the cost. At campuses in either vehicle or truck within the quote.
Quotes and you'll find that when it comes to paying less. Need to make an inquiry. So, if you want to get a job. That you receive on christmas last year there is full of kids. Option to offset the higher their risk exposure, insurers have developed an addiction for the shows. About 10% of your own home. Since there are types of coverage that you have a video slide show manhood.
You are advised to inquire regarding boat dealer insurance. The way of bad luck from coming it with what they are in any state. Unhappy with your practical limits or a theft. Carbreak-in, slashed tires, or replaced in couple of years. Safely and lower your premium.


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FORD CITY, Kan. (AP) _ If Andy Thompson's wife had been in town last week, there would have been no need for a tiebreaker in the city council race in a tiny southwest Kansas community.
But Thompson tells The Dodge City Globe his wife's return from a visit to their grandson was delayed when the boy got appendicitis.
So she wasn't among the 42 Ford City voters who cast ballots in the April 2 council election, which ended with 21 votes apiece for Thompson and Betty Shearon.
The Ford County Board of Canvassers decided the race this week by putting the candidates' names in a hat and having an impartial third party draw one name. Thompson won.
County Commissioner Jerry King says the Ford City example shows the importance of every single vote.
Information from: The Dodge City (Kan.) Globe, http://www.dodgeglobe.com


text:
Hybrid View
13 Oct 2012 9:42 PM #1
Unanswered: Nested List XML Parsing Example Needed
I Need Nested List XML Parsing Example Code
15 Oct 2012 9:00 AM #2
- Join Date
- Mar 2007
- Location
- Gainesville, FL
- Posts
- 39,172
- Vote Rating
- 1257
- Answers
- 3855
There is an example that loads via JSON so it should be pretty trivial for you to make an XML document based on the JSON.Mitchell Simoens @LikelyMitch
Sencha Inc, Senior Software Engineer
Check out my GitHub, lots of nice things for Ext JS 4 and Sencha Touch 2
Think my support is good? Get more personalized support via a support subscription. https://www.sencha.com/store/
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FORT HOOD (December 14, 2012)--Fort Hood police officers early Friday shot and killed a man who fired shots at them from inside a vehicle parked at Kouma Lake.
A news release issued Friday afternoon by III Corps and Fort Hood public affairs office said Fort Hood Directorate of Emergency Services patrol officers were sent at 3:20 a.m. Friday to investigate a suspicious vehicle parked near Kouma Lake.
As officers approached the vehicle at least one gunshot was fired from inside.
The officers returned fire and fatally wounded the occupant.
Efforts were made to revive the man, but they were unsuccessful, Fort Hood said.
Bell County Justice of the Peace Garland Potvin pronounced the man dead at the scene.
Subsequent investigation revealed the man was a 30-year-old Fort Hood soldier who was assigned to the 1st Cavalry Division.
The victim's name is being withheld until notification of his next of kin.
Potvin ordered an autopsy, which the military will handle.
He said he didn't know how many times the soldier was shot.


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The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah received World Bank President Robert Zoellick at his residence in Kuwait on Sunday.
During the meeting they reviewed the Bank's contribution to the rebuilding effort in Gaza. They also discussed efforts by the Bank to implement an initiative, announced by King Abdullah at the Jeddah Energy Conference in June, to provide energy for the world's poor.
The King is in Kuwait to attend the Arab Economic, Social and Development Summit, which began yesterday.
Since his arrival, King Abdullah has held private meetings with Emir Sheikh Sabah Al-Sabah of Kuwait, King Abdullah II of Jordan, King Hamad Al Khalifa of Bahrain, President Bashar Al-Assad of Syria, Emir Sheikh Hamad Al Thani of Qatar, and President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt and Senegalese President Abdullah Wad.
During the sessions, the leaders discussed issues on the agenda of the summit, as well as developments in Gaza.


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Battle Plan Shifts on Dodd-Frank
Many bankers and investors who supported Mitt Romney hoped the Republican's election would pave the way for a paring back of the 2010 Dodd-Frank financial overhaul.
But while President Barack Obama's victory means the law will stand, the finance industry could yet trim some parts of the law because changes now are politically less risky for the administration and Democrats in Congress.
"The door is open for modifications that can produce economic growth," said Jaret Seiberg, Washington analyst with Guggenheim Securities.
He predicted that small changes will move through Congress in the next couple of years.
Wall Street also has won some victories in court and may redouble its legal challenges now that a legislative rollback has been ruled out.
More lawsuits are likely, particularly against the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, where federal courts already have thrown out two rules spawned by the law.
Business groups have argued successfully in recent cases to overturn SEC rules that regulators failed to properly analyze the costs of their regulations, and the court has been receptive to such arguments.
"The court has set such a low bar for challenging new regulations in the first couple of months after their adoption that I think it's tempting for industry to challenge regulations whether they're good or bad," said Bruce Kraus, a partner at the law firm Kelley Drye & Warren LLP who was a co-chief counsel in the SEC's risk division.
Regulators have had their wrists slapped by the courts and now it is up to them to "get it right," said Tom Quaadman, vice president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness.
Ken Bentsen, who heads the Washington office of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, said the Wall Street trade group will continue engaging with regulators and "advocating where we think it's appropriate for legislative fixes" to the law.
Efforts to tweak Dodd-Frank haven't been without success, particularly when changes can be shown to benefit the broader economy rather than just the biggest financial firms.
A sign that bipartisan changes are possible: The House Financial Services Committee has adopted several Dodd-Frank changes with bipartisan support, many of them tweaking the derivatives provisions banks and nonfinancial firms have protested. None has yet become law.
Any changes are "going to be driven a lot more by the impact that Dodd-Frank has on smaller banks," said one financial executive. Community banks have far more political clout with both parties than big banks do.
Financial-industry officials say they will be watching how the parties deal with the looming "fiscal cliff"—the raft of tax increases and spending cuts that will take effect Jan. 1 if the parties don't reach a debt deal—as an indication of the level of cooperation likely.
Some are less optimistic that even small changes can make it through Congress, whose dynamics were largely unchanged by the election.
A Democratic aide to the Senate Banking Committee pointed out one minor fix to the law has been blocked by Sen. Jim DeMint (R., S.C.), despite being supported by GOP leadership. Staff members at Mr. DeMint's office weren't available for comment.
Republicans, on the other hand, said they want to be able to vote on amendments, which Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D., Nev.) has blocked them from offering to protect Democrats up for election from taking tough votes.
Despite Mr. Romney's loss, the financial sector has other means to delay or even overturn some parts of the law.
No fewer than five Dodd-Frank rules, with estimated upfront costs of more than $4 billion, have been rejected by the courts or are the subject of lawsuits.
Among them, the Securities and Exchange Commission last year lost a legal challenge to its plans to empower shareholders to oust underperforming directors, called the "proxy access" rule.
Even without court battles, regulators have struggled to meet deadlines.
Only a third of the 398 rule makings required by the act were finalized as of Nov. 1, according to analysis by law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP. More than half the law's deadlines for rules have been missed, the analysis found.
Bart Chilton, a Democratic commissioner of the Commodities Futures Trading Commission, said it is a headache for regulators to determine whether industry lobbying is based on a legitimate concern or is simply a delaying tactic. "Often it's both," he said.
He said one reason the CFTC has moved slowly on rules is because officials want "to be sure we don't have these legal challenges."
Mr. Chilton said the agency will likely appeal later this month a federal judge's ruling striking down a high-profile Dodd-Frank rule designed to curb speculative trading, according to Mr. Chilton. The "position limits" rule at the center of the court battle caps the derivatives contracts traders can hold in certain commodities.
—Jamila Trindle and Jessica Holzer contributed to this article.
Write to Victoria McGrane at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Can you take part in the famous Carnaval parade in Rio de Janeiro if you are there only for a limited period, or would that require quite some preparations?
Yes, although it will still require a few preparations, as you'll need to join a samba school. Although you won't need to know how to samba!
From BookersInternational:
What you require
All you require is to choose which samba school you'd like to parade with and which wing of the parade you'd like to be in. Each wing has its own costume and you can browse through these online, choose the one that catches your fancy and order it your size. Then you simply have to show up at the parade venue on the appointed day. Remember that the Carnaval 2012 Rio parade samba schools will close their costume order bookings around December 2011.
Before the parade
You will receive, along with your booking, a copy of the theme song of the Carnaval 2012 Rio samba school you have decided to parade with, so you can be prepared to sing along at the show. You don't even have to attend any rehearsals. Simply show up at the school's meeting point (which will be informed to you) around 2 hours before the scheduled parading time of your school. Some packages even arrange a pick up and drop to the Sambadrome.
During the parade
You will be briefed about what to do during the parade when you arrive at the warming up or 'concentracao' area, but you mainly require to follow the others in your wing. While you are there to have fun, remember that what you do will also reflect on the school's final score so make sure you conduct yourself appropriately. Other than that, just enjoy yourself! If your school is among the top 6 winners you can participate again in the Carnaval 2012 Rio Champions' Parade.
And from Rio-Carnival.net, you can buy a package to be part of the parade, with a costume, again through a school:
To be able to participate you only have to
Any Rio de Janeiro travel agency (like riocharm.com) can buy you costumes ahead of time, which guarantees your participation. Costumes can range from US$250 to US$2000, depending on the school's ranking, fame and intricacy of the costume. The part-taker should learn a few samba moves, so as not to look like a total gringo, which can harm the samba school's votes.


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A Mayo Clinic study found that people with nonresponsive celiac disease often have additional conditions, such as bacteria in the small intestine (bacterial overgrowth), colitis, poor pancreas function or irritable bowel syndrome.
In rare instances, the intestinal injury of celiac disease continues even though you follow a strict gluten-free diet. This is known as refractory celiac disease.
If you continue to experience signs and symptoms despite following a gluten-free diet for six months to one year, your doctor may recommend further testing to monitor the celiac disease and look for other explanations for your symptoms. Your doctor may recommend treatment with a steroid to reduce intestinal inflammation, or a medication that suppresses your immune system.
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World Vision began resuming limited operations in Upper Nile, South Sudan after suspending programs last month due to violence.
The Girls Count Act prioritizes birth registration of all children as part of U.S. foreign policy and assistance.
Organizations applaud new law that will help ensure children everywhere are registered at birth and have a chance at a successful future.
World Vision will deploy its 53-foot mobile warehouse tomorrow morning from its disaster supply warehouse in Grand Prairie to homes in Blanco that have been damaged or destroyed by last week's deadly flooding in Texas.
NGOs call for humanitarian support and consideration for migrants stranded at sea in the Indian Ocean.
Thanks to the generosity of Boeing, children will have bicycles that will enable them to travel to school more quickly and safely, and allow people of all ages more range and opportunities in their communities.