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Wikipedia lists the graviton as a hypothetical particle. I wonder whether graviton is indeed hypothetical or does its existence directly follow from modern physics? Does observation of gravitational waves amount to the discovery of graviton or could there be gravitational waves not composed of gravitons?
Gravitons are hypothetical, but they're far less hypothetical than most of the other particles which theorists speculate about (such as axions, magnetic monopoles, strings, sterile neutrinos, and the like).
That probably sounds a little strange. Let me explain.
We don't have a complete theory of quantum gravity. But we do actually have an extremely good incomplete theory of quantum gravity. This theory is an "effective quantum field theory". It doesn't work for physics at distances smaller than the Planck scale, but it works just fine above that scale. In other words, it's good enough for all practical purposes. You get this theory -- maybe we should call it 'effective quantum general relativity' to distinguish it from classical GR -- by introducing a Planck scale cutoff into general relativity and then doing the path integral or canonical quantization or whatever your favorite procedure is.
Such effective theories are widely used in physics. One of the more famous ones was Fermi's theory of the weak interaction. It was broken in ways that drive theorists crazy -- non-renormalizable and non-unitary -- and it eventually had to be replaced with the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam theory. But it worked great. You can do essentially all of nuclear physics with just Fermi's theory. Hans Bethe even used it to explain how the sun produces energy.
So we have this theory, and it's ugly, but it works just fine at energies below the Planck scale. It gives correct answers; for example, it predicts that quantum gravity phenomena are practically impossible to detect in normal terrestrial physics. Moreover, this theory is mathematically pretty much unique: any theory of quantum gravity which reduces to classical general relativity at low energies must reduce to this effective QFT along the way. You really can't avoid it.
So we should take this theory pretty seriously, since it works well and doesn't require a lot of extra assumptions. And since this theory describes all gravitational phenomena we know about in terms of gravitons, it's probably fair to say that the existence of gravitons is a fairly good bet. (You might have to wait a long time to collect on that bet though.)
Gravitons are the particles you get from quantizing General Relativity. Since we don't know yet how to correctly quantize GR (or whether trying to quantize it is actually the right way to go forward; for all we know it might just be an effective theory where the more fundamental theory has to be quantized instead), we cannot know for sure whether the ultimately successful theory of quantum gravity will indeed contain gravitons. Thus it is still hypothetical. When we have an established theory of quantum gravitation, and that theory indeed includes/predicts a graviton, then its status will be elevated to "predicted".
At the moment we believe that at the micro level the underlying framework of nature is quantum mechanical and from that level the classical mechanics, thermodynamics and electromagnetism emerge.
"Believe" means physicists have gathered an enormous number of data which have been fitted beautifully with a quantum mechanical theoretical model, and the theory predicts behaviors successfully. All this is encapsulated in the standard model of physics, which includes three forces, the strong the weak and the electromagnetic in a mathematically similar manner, meaning that interactions happen with the exchange of the gauge bosons of each theory, gluons, photons, weak bosons, the red column of the table in the link.
Further, the theoretical model constructed to describe the data for particle physics, also predicts that at very high energies these three forces are unified having one exchange particle and the fact that we see three separate forces now is because of symmetry breaking as the interaction energy falls.
Now the big laboratory in the sky studied by astrophysicists has managed to construct a mathematical model, called the Big Bang model of the universe, where way back in time the energies available for the matter in the cosmos was of the order of magnitude where there was unification of the three forces, and this model agrees with all observational data to date. So there is a validation of the unification phenomenon by the good agreement of the BB model with data.
The holy grail of theoretical physics now is to get a theory with quantized gravity that can include the standard model of particle physics and for very high energies of interaction will unify gravity with the other three forces at the quantum mechanical level.
If this is true, then the graviton will be the first to differentiate itself from the unified forces , as its coupling constant is very weak and needs very high energies for its unification.
There does not exist such a comprehensive theory of everything at the moment. String theories do have quantization of gravity, hence gravitons, and can accommodate the standard model of particle physics but have other difficulties that have to be overcome before a theory of everything worthy of the name comes out.
But, physicists are good at effective theories, and an effective theory where gravity is treated as quantized and has the graviton as the exchange particle of gravitational interaction, exists and has been used in the Big Bang model
For a unified theory at the core of the theory of everything, a gravitational wave is composed/emerges from gravitons by construction as electromagnetic waves emerge from photons.
Here is a graphic of the big bang history of the universe:
In order for astrophysicists to explain the observation from the CMB ( cosmic microwave background) that the universe at the time the photons of the CMB decoupled was unexpectedly very uniform, they posited the inflationary period where the system is quantum mechanical and the uniformity observed in the decoupling epoch is the result of the mixer that the inflaton field is.
A prediction of this model is that at about $10^{-32}$ seconds the gravitational field decouples from the soup ( similar to the photons decoupling at about $10^{10}$ seconds and giving the snapshot of the CMB), and spreads onward as gravitational waves which waves are composed out of gravitons, the way electromagnetic waves are composed out of photons.
Here is another image of the Big Bang theory showing the expansion of the gravitational waves.
A prediction of the theory is that the polarization of photons/electromagnetic waves induced in the deformations of space as the gravity waves pass, will be imprinted in the CMB photon polarization as the light from $10^{10}$ seconds decoupled and arrived at our times mostly without interactions ( that is what decoupling means).
On March 18 a very important announcement was made by the BICEP2 collaboration , that this polarization was measured in the CMB and confirmed with good statistical accuracy the existence of gravitational waves hence, for the model to hang together, gravitons.
The physics community is waiting for confirmation, one experiment is never enough, (that is why the LHC has two large similar objective experiments) but if the result holds up we are living in very exciting times for physics. Here is one of the many discussions on the subject found in the blogosphere.
In conclusion, if the BICEP2 results are confirmed the graviton on the hypothetical scale will be as hypothetical as the quarks and gluons : dependent on the theoretical physics models, which at the moment have not been falsified.
Gravitons are hypothesised to be the mediating particle for the gravitational force. Even if Gravity appears to be the curvature of spacetime rather than an actual force, a "graviton" is still needed as means of communication of matter/energy to "tell" spacetime to curve. Gravitons afaik are hypothesised rather than predicted (might be wrong here) due to some of its properties (e.g a massless spin-2 particle gives rise to a force that looks like gravity).
The wikipedia page has a nice summary of the graviton.
Gravitational waves are just a phenomenon predicted by General Relativity, which has not been formulated with the idea of a graviton (or a mediating particle) in mind. Hence, if General Relativity is correct (its so well tested that its unlikely to be wrong), gravitational waves can exist within that framework with or without gravitons.
Gravitons are hypothetical in the sense that we don't have a theory of quantum gravity. Furthermore, there are strong reasons to believe that individual gravitons can never be detected with any remotely realistic technology.[Rothman 2006]
However, there are fundamental reasons for believing that gravitons must exist. This goes beyond a general feeling that the laws of physics seem to be quantum mechanical. In standard quantum mechanics, it is not possible to couple a quantum-mechanical field to a classical field. If you want to couple the known, quantum-mechanical fields (electromagnetism, etc.) to the gravitational field, and leave the gravitational field classical, you need to modify the fundamental postulates of quantum mechanics.[Carlip 2006]
Carlip, "Is Quantum Gravity Necessary?," http://arxiv.org/abs/0803.3456
Rothman and Boughn, "Can Gravitons Be Detected?," http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0601043


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Jerrie Williams is a blogger on the Beauregard Daily News website. The name of her blog is C.O.P.E. Community Organized Parents in Education. This blog is syndicated statewide to all GateHouse websites. She will not only be blogging about local education concerns, but information about resources for parental research on different subjects concerning children and their well being. Jerrie Williams is the mother of three autistic children. Her journey began in 1999, when she discovered that her children were not developing according to the national mind stone charts. This was after they had received immunizations and developed reactions to them. She later learned the immunizations contained an agent that her children were allergic to, which led to their developmental delays. She moved her children to Georgia to be treated by a specialist in autism and brain injury in 2000. Since then she has been searching and discovering several research-based interventions and resources to educate, support and assist in the recovery of autism. She moved to Louisiana in August, 2011, and has been involved in educating the community about autism and the resources available to parents of autistic children as well as adults with autism. She has been instrumental in helping the Beauregard Parish school system to design an individualized curriculum that was suited for the educational needs of her children as well as other special needs children. Her children have since blossomed with this curriculum and continue to thrive. She will continue in her journey as a mother and an advocate for others.
Portfolio Implementation Snapshot
The Portfolio Implementation Snapshot shows district progress across the 7 Portfolio Components. The snapshots frame district reform efforts within the portfolio model using data and interviews. The snapshots shown below are a sample from various portfolio cities. In January 2013, we will add many more cities to this array.
In order to login and view all district snapshots in detail, please create a user account. Representatives from Portfolio School District Network districts will receive permission.
Taken from: http://www.crpe.org/portfolio/dashboard

subset: commoncrawl


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Are you happy that the NFL refs are back to work?
I wish someone at my job would totally screw up so I could get more money and security.
the NFL has reached an agreement to bring back the refs for Thursday's game and every game for the rest of the season.
So long replacement refs, you did an awful job!
16 Answers answer
Thank the FSM. I was really worried that I was going to have to boycott the NFL. Then what would I do all day on Sundays?
I thought it was more entertaining with those guys!
Man am I glad. It's sad that the NFL had to wait until an incident like the one on MNF to take care of this but... Finally!!
I honestly couldn't care less.
YES, this is good news!
Finally, we can all start complaining about the real refs again!
I was once told the goalie in soccer was the worst position because all you can do is lose the game. I would guess the ref is a step or two below the goalie as far as popularity goes. Then again, I'm an auditor... bummer.
Thank you LORD!! I'm so happy. I'm a simple man. I love my football and hockey. I was pretty upset the one thing I like to watch was being ruined. The regular refs are just as bad SOMETIMES. I don't mind that.
Absolutely, because it makes other people around me happy.
Cool, now the talking heads on ESPN can go back to complaining about concussions and bounties.
Yep! Now I won't have to see a hundred statuses on Facebook complaining about bad refs after every game!
I'm punching the first person I hear whine about a bad call this weekend.
I'm happy the new refs that are hired will not have a pension. Thats about it.
Much more important things in life.
I look forward to seeing Ed Hochuli's guns back in the NFL ref uniform!
@supersox: I'd run through a wall if Big Ed told me to. He's so confident in his calls it's like the coaches dare not throw a challenge flag on him
It didn't matter a whole lot to me one way or the other. I would have been watching on Sunday anyway.


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Traditional Thanksgiving Dinner Menu Recipes (Slide 16)
(Slide 16 of 18) Start at the beginning | View recipes as list
Recipe: Two-Toned Mashed Potatoes
View as: Thumbnails List
Apple-Shallot Roasted Turke…
In this herb-roasted turkey recipe, apples and shallots cook inside the bird to keep the meat moist …View slide
Green Bean Casserole
This healthy revision of green bean casserole skips the canned soup and all the fat and sodium that …View slide
Wild Mushroom Stuffing
Wild mushrooms make an amazing, rich base for a stuffing for Thanksgiving dinner. This stuffing incl…View slide
Cider Gravy
Make this low-fat gravy in the roasting pan while the turkey rests. Apple cider adds rich fall flavo…View slide
Creamed Onions
A holiday staple in many households, creamed onions are usually bathed in a rich white sauce made wi…View slide
Bacon Mashed Potatoes
Serve these bacon-studded chunky mashed potatoes with grilled steak or chicken.…View slide
Meringue-Topped Sweet Potat…
This lightened-up take on the classic Thanksgiving sweet potato casserole is spiked with crushed pin…View slide
Gingered Cranberry-Raspberr…
Unlike cranberry sauce, a relish involves no cooking. Here, plump raspberries add a juicy freshness,…View slide
Thyme-Braised Brussels Sprouts
Brussels sprouts braised in broth and thyme is a surprisingly simple preparation that yields rich an…View slide
Fig-Anise Rolls
The early American yeast bread, anadama bread, made with molasses and cornmeal, inspired these delic…View slide
Deep-Dish Apple Pie
With all that delicious fruit an apple pie should be healthy, but the truth is a slice can have as m…View slide
Holiday Pumpkin Pie
This lighter pumpkin pie has the rich, subtle spices of the classic and a delicate, faintly sweet cr…View slide
Sage-Rubbed Roast Turkey wi…
This roast turkey recipe is flavored with sage and served with gravy made extra-tasty with the lemon…View slide
Sweet Potato Pie with Cream…
This creamy sweet potato pie recipe is seasoned like a pumpkin pie with plenty of cinnamon and nutme…View slide
Cranberry Sauce with Star A…
This cranberry sauce recipe is scented with star anise, which has a dynamic flavor—earthy, spicy a…View slide
Two-Toned Mashed Potatoes
In this recipe, Yukon Gold potatoes and sweet potatoes are roughly mashed together with leeks for a …View slide
Mini Apple Pies with Cheddar
Here's a healthy—and adorable—twist on deep-dish apple pie. This mini apple pie recipe will gi…View slide


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Jeep: See What You Want To See
Category: Advertising,
Posted by: Thea
Posted: Jul 7th 2014
No. of comments: 1
Posted: Jul 7th 2014
No. of comments: 1
An unusual and clever campaign from Jeep. Flip the page on its head and what you thought was a cute giraffe is transformed into a waddly little penguin.
Comments: 1
Patrick WolcottUnited States, Chicago | Sep 16th 2014Cool!


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Implant Radiation for Prostate Cancer
John Han-Chih Chang, MD and Kenneth Blank, MD
Last Modified: November 1, 2001
Dear OncoLink "Ask the Experts,"
What is Implant radiation (Brachytherapy) for prostate cancer?
Maggie Hampshire, RN, BSN, OCN with Ken Blank, MD With Special Commentary from Dr. Richard Whittington, MD, Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology Respond:
Implant radiation (Brachytherapy) for prostate cancer is the actual placement of radioactive seeds into the prostate. The advantage of this treatment over external radiation is that the radioactive seeds can deliver a highly concentrated dose of radiation to the tumor without increasing the likelihood of affecting the surrounding organs and causing side effects. Recent press coverage of this treatment option has sparked many questions. We asked Dr. Richard Whittington, Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology at The Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, to answer some of the more frequently asked questions.
Can an implant be used to treat any type of prostate cancer?
Usually, implants are used only for those men with Stage B cancers.These cancers are entirely confined within the prostate capsule. If the cancer is Stage C (grown through the prostate) or greater, the implant may not work because the implant cannot reach enough tissue around the prostate.
What about my PSA (prostate specific antigen) and Gleason scorescan I have an implant if these are high?
Many authorities are not recommending implants for men with PSA levels >15 or, at some institutions, greater than 10. High PSA levels usually indicate that the cancer is beyond the reach of the radiation from implants. Similarly, Gleason scores greater than or equal to 8 indicate aggressive disease, which may have spread outside the prostate capsule. These tumors are better treated with external radiation alone or a combination of external radiation and hormones.
Are some men just too"sickly" for implants?
An implant is easily tolerated by most men. Only spinal anesthesia is needed. Men with a cardiac history or other severe medical conditions however, must be cleared medically before the procedure.
I've had a TURP - can I have implants?
Men who have already had a TURP (transuretheral prostate resection) may be at increased risk of urinary complications. According to Dr. Whittington, "It is very difficult to distribute the seeds evenly through the (prostate) gland to get an even distribution after a TURP."This may be due to scarring of the prostate tissue caused by the TURP, if this is an issue, a planning CT scan or MRI can be used to check if enough prostate tissue remains in order to have an implant.
I've been told my prostate is too large for implants. Is this true?
Men who have a very enlarged prostate prior to implantation may not be a candidate for implants. Dr. Whittington explains, "The bones get in the way of the needle and make it difficult to get the seeds out to the edge of the gland. Since most tumors arise at the outer edge of the gland, it is more likely for a piece of the tumor to be missed with the implant." For this reason it is unlikely for a man with a very enlarged prostate to be chosen as a candidate for implants, although, there is a slight possibility that these men may still be eligible for implant with hormone treatment before the implant to shrink the prostate.
The Procedure: Who does the implant?
Many centers have an "implant team" who will be present during the procedure. This team is led by a radiation oncologist and a urologist and also includes a technician, a nurse, and an anesthesiologist. The team will be wearing sterile surgical attire. They do not, however, need to wear any special radiation protection if Palladium seeds are used, because only a very slight amount of radiation is given off by these seeds and they are not, therefore, in danger from the low amount of radiation. All members of the team must be over 18 years old and not pregnant.
What happens when I enter the OR?
The anesthesiologist and assistants will administer spinal anesthesia. This will eliminate all feeling from below the waist. "General anesthesia can be used, but this requires placing a breathing tube and hooking (the patient) up to a respirator. Most patients recover more slowly from this than from spinal anesthesia." notes Dr. Whittington. You are then positioned on your back with your legs elevated in stirrups. An ultrasound probe is then placed into the rectum to show the radiation oncology physician exactly where the prostate gland is located. The entire procedure is done under continuous ultrasound guidance.
A series of hollow needles are then inserted through the skin into the prostate. When it is determined that the needles are in the correct position, the radioactive seeds are loaded through the needles. The needles are then removed and only the seeds are left behind. This distributes the seeds throughout the prostate. Dr. Whittington assures us that "After all the seeds are placed, a cystoscopy is done in case a seed falls into the bladder or the urethra. These seeds (are retrieved) and are reimplanted." When this is completed, a catheter is placed in the bladder and you are taken to the recovery room. The catheter will be removed before you go home.
How many needles and seeds are used?
This is highly variable from patient to patient and depends to a large extent on the size of the prostate gland. Larger glands need more seeds to cover the area. It is important to realize, however, "The dose (of radiation) is the same for each man." as Dr. Whittington states.
How long does the procedure take and when will I go home?
The procedure takes about 60 minutes and is done either on an outpatient basis or the patient stays one day in the hospital. At the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania , the patients stay overnight.
When do the seeds come out?
The seeds will remain in the prostate permanently. They will give off more than 97% of their radiation in 6 months. The metal casings of the pellets are not reactive to the body. They are not large enough to be detected by metal detectors and do not interfere with MRI scans.
If the radioactive seeds are going to stay in me, what precautions should I take?
The radioactivity from the pellets is almost completely absorbed by the prostate. Therefore, patients are discharged from the hospital the day after the procedure without radiation precautions. However, just to be safe, most radiation oncologists recomened that children under 18 years old and pregnant women should stay 6 feet away for 2 weeks after the implant.
What are the immediate side effects and long term complications?
The side effects and complications of implant radiation are similar to those of external radiation.
Urinary symptoms are caused by the inflammation of the prostate and the part of the bladder and urethra that run through the prostate. These symptoms are frequent urination with less warning (urgency), especially at night. Symptoms usually begin one-two weeks after the implant and can last 3 months. Dr. Whittington states that "At it's worst, men go (to the bathroom) every 2-3 hours during the day and 3-4 times per night."
Some bleeding on urination may occur immediately after the implant. This is due to bruising from the needles. It will clear up in a few days. Incontinence (loss of bladder control) can occur in a very small percentage of patients. This problem may be worse when men cough or sneeze. Dr. Whittington reassures us that "this almost always clears up within 2 months".
Rectal symptoms are caused by the inflammation of the small section of the rectum, which is connected to the prostate. The symptoms are increased mucous in the stool, a feeling of irritation when passing a large bowel movement, and more frequent bowel movements. This could last 2 to 3 months. Minor rectal bleeding or ulceration can also occur. Dr. Whittington states, "Three percent of men may get an ulcer in the rectum causing pain and bleeding with bowel movements. This can happen up to 2 1/2 years after the implant and last for 4-6 months. If it is detected and treated early, the symptoms can be minimized."
Sexual function can be affected by the implants. Some men report a burning sensation on ejaculation for 3 to 6 months after implant. Some men notice a decrease in the amount of fluid on ejaculation. Patients who are considering having children after the procedure should bank their sperm before the implant. This is due to a small chance of blockage of the ducts, which deliver the sperm, and the loss of the ability to ejaculate. Forty percent of men may become impotent after the implant. Although this may seem alarming, impotency rates after implants are lower than those after external radiation or surgery.
When can I go back to work?
Patients are instructed to avoid heavy lifting for several days but can return to work the week after the implant.
How do we know if the implant is successful?
PSA levels will be closely watched over the year following implant to make sure they are decreasing. If the PSA starts to rise significantly after the implant, this might indicate either an infection or the cancer is returning. Dr. Whittington states that if an infection is suspected, "You may be treated with an antibiotic. If your PSA falls (after the antibiotics), that suggests that an infection was present. If it does not change or it goes up, that suggests that the tumor has returned." If this happens, a bone scan will be done to check for metastatic disease. If there is no bone disease, then another treatment will be considered. The possibilities include hormones, cryosurgery or experimental treatments, such as Photodynamic Therapy. The choice will depend on the extent of the cancer and the reason for the failure of the implant. All of these options should be discussed with the patient's physicians.
Nutrition and Diet for Prostate Cancer [Webinar]by OncoLink Editorial Team
September 06, 2013
3 Great Reasons To Have Gratitude On Your Cancer Teamby Marlys Johnson
July 25, 2016


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Mexico thumbnail gallery with 1,500+ Mexico thumbs from 32 cities!
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It is common to solve PDEs with e.g. Fourier and Laplace Transforms. It is often said that Wavelets are a progression compared to them with many nice features.
My question: Which Ansätze do you know to solve PDEs with Wavelets? Are these solution methods actually superior to the classical Ansätze?
Are there even Ansätze to solve stochastic partial differential equations? I am also especially interested in parabolic equations like e.g. diffusion equations.


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JBB Antique Silver-Plated Pewter Fan Shape Bail
Explore your options with this silver-plated bail. The top of the bail is fashioned into a three ridged fan that artfully covers its metal loop and hook. The small size of this bail makes it an unobtrusive addition to your jewelry designs. Be sure to check out our other
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Harbinger Kettlebell Arm Guards
Product Information:
Give your forearms and wrists optimal protection with the Harbinger Kettlebell Arm Guards. This secure guard includes flexible padded inserts in a stretch, cotton terry material to cushion against impact. This one size fits all arm guard also features an easy pull on/off design and absorbent plush material for minimal interference during strength training. Get more security and control when using your kettlebell with the Kettlebell Arm Guards.
For additional information relating to the Manufacturer's Warranty, please contact 1-800-729-5954.
- Pair of kettlebell arm guards for ultimate protection against impact and abrasion
- Made of 90% cotton, 5% EVA and 5% PE materials
- Flexible padded inserts in stretch cotton terry material for superior comfort
- Plush material absorbs moisture during functional fitness workouts and strength training
- Designed with easy pull on/off design forms to forearm for secure fit
- Ideal protection from kettlebell bruising, rope burns, plyo box bashing and more
- One size fits all
- Recommended Care: Hand wash cold and air dry
- Warranty: 90 days
- Style: 7336200
- Harbinger
For additional information relating to the Manufacturer's Warranty, please contact 1-800-729-5954.
Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 21976316
Customer Reviews:
Rated 4.7 out of 5�by 13 reviewers.
Rated 4 out of 5�by Carmen Great for my kettlebell workouts:) I bought this product a couple weeks ago. Switching up workouts to kettlebells and they definitely protect my wrists. March 15, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5�by dabowhite Excellent protection I purchased these to cover an activity tracker that I wear when performing kettlebell exercises. Regular wristbands didn't quite do the trick. These afford adequate protection and do a great job of protecting the tracker. May 30, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5�by Fred Good for what it does Works great just what I needed for protection Saved my forearm May 19, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5�by adoverpro Harbinger Kettlebell Arm Guards In performing movement where I have to raise the kettlebell overhead or, snatch, or clean the bell these help with wrist support and arm protection so I am no longer banging the bell against my bare arm-a good buy for these work-outs. April 24, 2015
Rated 4 out of 5�by starvingandy this product is very good Before I was getting bruises on my forearm, but eversince I bought the guards, my bruises have gone down. February 18, 2015
Rated 4 out of 5�by Kris Good protection from Kettlebells I recently started including a lot more (and heavier) Kettlebell work into my routines. I love their versatility but didn't like the occasional lump or bruise if the bell landed wrong on my forearm. Problem solved! These slip on easily and offer enough protection that I haven't had a bruise since. The only issue I have is black lint all over my sweaty arm when I remove them..I'm sure this won't be an issue after the first wash. July 2, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5�by Bonedog Perfect protection These Arm Guards are perfect for the kettlebell workouts I do. When I flip the weight up and over this covers the wrist perfectly. It also helps to support the wrist when swinging the weights around. June 11, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5�by Traderjay Probably the best kettlebell forearm guards out there... They're heavy terrycloth and a bit warm, but, I can't think of a better option...especially compared with other materials like neoprene that other makers of these things use.... When you're working out, you don't notice them. Sweat is absorbed and doesn't make it down to your grip, but more importantly, even with really bad kettle bell snatches or clean technique, with the really heavy weight slamming into your wrist, you don't even feel it while wearing these things. In other words, they do their job... I've heard dealers of another product criticize the plastic inserts in these Harbinger guards as being too flimsy, and they offer a hard plastic guard that goes on one side....But that's the problem, with the one sided guards, you always are trying to align the guard with the proper spot. With these Harbingers, you don't have to worry about position, because they guard the entire circumstance of the wrist and forearm area equally...The plastic inserts are just enough to where you don't feel or experience the impact or weight of the kettle bell on the wrist bone, and that's exactly what I wanted. If it does the job well, no need to fix it! May 26, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5�by saintsfan arm gaurd Good padding and light weight I use them all the time now May 13, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5�by Jimboy3625 Does what it says This is great for preventing or limiting forearm bruising when using higher weight kettlebells. The are a good fit and don't move around much once placed on your forearm. Your forearm does get a bit warm with them on but I don't see anyway to prevent that, definitely tolerable and better than bruises. May 13, 2014


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I need to run a program (
libreoffice) as another user. I noticed that the program started in the background when invoked as
kdesudo -u otheruser libreoffice, possibly to avoid social engineering attacks.
(in the below text, "logged-in user" refers to me, not "otheruser")
- Is it safe to run an untrusted program in this way?
- Does it affect the current logged-in user? (file and process access in the context of the logged-in user)
Denial of Service attacks by fork-bombs, using excess CPU, etc. are excluded since those can occur too if I login directly on
otheruser. For clarity, I'm looking for differences between running programs in directly when logged in as
otheruser and running programs using
gksudo and


text:
Safest Sunscreens for Kids
2 of 16
Environmental Working Group (EWG) Rating System
The EWG offers a rated, comprehensive list of over 1,700 sunscreens, making it easy to find a safe and effective brand for your child. They use a rating system on a scale of 0-10, with zero being the lowest hazard risk, and ten being the highest.
Aside from the rating, the EWG offers a list of ingredients to look for and to avoid on each product.
Active ingredients to look for include:
- zinc oxide
- titanium dioxide
- avobenzone or mexoryl SX
These options are the best for children, people with sensitive skin, and for optimal UVA protection. It is also best to use a cream-based sunscreen with a broad-based spectrum, and with an SPF of 30+ for pool or beach use. Water-resistant brands are also good for these activities, as well as for use during exercise.
Ingredients to avoid include:
- oxybenzone
- Vitamin A (retinyl palmitate)
- added insect repellents
In addition, avoid sprays or powders, since these can pose an inhalation risk, and anything with an SPF of 50+.
Although some of the EWG's picks cost a little more than typical sunscreens, they tend to be a lot thicker, so you end up using less. The following is a list of the top-rated sunscreens for kids within a reasonable price range, from lowest to highest price per ounce. Read on to find the right one for your child.
Next: Caribbean Solutions Sol Kid Care Natural Sunscreen
(6 oz)


text:
A Brief Review of Leonardo's Laptop
By Janicec-Oracle on Aug 27, 2007
Janice Critchlow is a technical writer in the Software Information Products Group. She has been a valued member of the Software User Interface Review Board (UIRB) for many years.
Imagine a change in the way that we think about and design technology -- a change comparable to those that Leonardo DaVinci influenced in the arts and sciences in the 15th Century. That is the premise of Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies, authored by Ben Shneiderman. It's not exactly a book that asks
What would Leonardo do? but more a call to action for computer user experience to undergo something of a Renaissance.
Ben starts by reviewing some history related to Leonard DaVinci and computer experiences. Among other things, he cites several instances in which poor user interface design causes more than just inefficient work, but actually causes injury. He talks about how developments in technology relate to user experiences, and goes on to suggest that our technology-centric approach to user interface design should become more user-centric.
After defining the user-centered approach to design, Ben examines the user experience in several segments of our worldview in detail: education, commerce, medicine, and politics. For each segment, he suggests how changing the way that we experience technology could significantly improve our lives.
From my perspective as an information designer, two key concepts jumped out at me. The first was Ben's assertion that a "user interface" encompasses much more than just the look-and-feel of an application and that we need to consider this expanded definition when designing our products. Specifically, he mentions the importance of items such as:
- Documentation
- Quality assurance
- Simplicity
- Good error handling built into the product
- Testing
The second major concept was a discussion about getting users to know what they need to know ("bridging the gap"). Ben talks about the different ways that people learn and a variety of techniques that we can use to enhance that learning. Some techniques are within the product interfaces themselves, while others fit into the more traditional "training" space.
References to Leonardo DaVinci's life and works are scattered throughout the discussion, which make for an engaging, although somewhat esoteric, read.
If you're looking for a book about technology, history, and user experience that makes you think, this is an excellent choice. If you're looking for a "formula" to solve all user experience problems, this book is not the answer. In fact, my interpretation of Ben's writing is that there is no simple formula to solve all user experience design problems. Instead, we need to use an approach that considers the users' needs before all else as we mesh technology, sociology, psychology, and art.


text:
Record 912-pound NH bluefin tuna bound for Japan auction
PORTSMOUTH — Roughly 15 miles off the coast of Portsmouth, two local fishermen over the weekend hauled in one of the biggest bluefin tuna ever recorded in New Hampshire. The fish, which weighed in at 912 pounds and measured 119 inches, took nearly four hours to capture and left both Sam Smith and Ned Bulmer completely exhausted.
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Those who use a credit card may be paying a bit more on a trip to the store.
Merchants are now allowed to charge between 1.5% and 4% on your total purchase.
This is so businesses can cover their credit card processing fees.
But local merchants, like Barbara Stewart Interiors, say they will not be passing on these surcharges as it is unfair to the customer.
"It's like penalizing them for using a credit card. I have noticed over the Christmas Holiday that we have received more and more debit cards and they cannot surcharge a debit card or an American Express Card, " says Susan Hoechner of Barbara Stewart Interiors.
Business who do choose to impose the surcharge must post a notice on the register.
Online merchants will also have to post a message on their homepage.


text:
TigerDirect: 100 Deals Under $100
Monitors hard drives, enclosures. SSDs, printers, gps and more
4 Comments add a comment
The "Thermaltake 850W Modular Smart Series Power Supply" on there is a great, GREAT PS. Bought mine refurbed for ten dollars more than this, though you've got a MIR, here.
Fake edit: Should be noted here that TG is not a "free shipping" company, though their shipping prices are generally very low compared to most online stores I've seen.
@smitelight: I bought the same power supply last week from Best Buy and I am very happy with it.
@smitelight: I agree with everything you've said until you talked about shipping. In my experience TD has one of the highest shipping prices on most items. I have seen much better shipping on most things at newegg, amazon, best buy, even walmart.
Toxic "customer service." Factor that in your decision...


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Aqua Vision Aquatics Precision Aquarium Supplements - Medi-Pak
Aqua Vision Aquatics Aiptasia Solution - .68 oz
Use Aiptasia Solution for the treatment of Aiptasia and Majano anemones. This product is simple to apply and works quickly often yielding results within minutes of application. It is reef safe and will not alter the aquariums chemistry
Aqua Vision Aquatics Cyano Solution - 3g
Use Cyano Solution for the treatment of Cyano Bacteria in marine and reef aquariums. Cyano Solution will not discolor your aquarium's water. This package will treat 400 gallons (1514 liters).
Aqua Vision Aquatics Phosphate Solution - 1 oz
Use Phosphate Solution for the management of phosphate levels in saltwater and fresh water aquariums. Phosphate Solution will remove phosphates from aquarium water; continued use of the product will improve vitality, color and growth of aquarium inhabitants.
Aqua Vision Aquatics Flatworm Solution - 1 oz
Use Flatworm Solution for the treatment of Flatworms in marine and reef aquariums. This package will treat 400 gallons (1514 liters). Flatworm Solution is safe for both reef and fish only aquariums.
Aqua Vision Aquatics Garlic Solution - 1 oz
Use Garlic Solution for the treatment of finicky eaters. Garlic Solution is a garlic and vitamin C food soak that will increase the appetite of finicky eaters. It is safe for use in both freshwater and saltwater aquariums.
Garlic is well known for its effectiveness in the repelling of ectoparasities as well as its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Garlic Solution also contains vitamin C which will aid in the color and vitality of aquatic life.
Aqua Vision Aquatics Coral Dip Solution - 1 oz
Use Coral Dip Solution for the treatment of parasites and protozoan diseases that attack saltwater corals. Most of these diseases become a problem during the collection, transportation, and propagation of corals.
Use Coral Dip Solution before adding new corals to your aquarium to prevent the introduction of unwanted parasites (ie: parasitic sea spiders, flatworms, and nudibrancs). Coral Dip Solution is safe for use on SPS, LPS, and zooanthid colonies.
Aqua Vision Aquatics Lugol`s Solution - 1 oz
Lugol's Solution is the strongest legal (2%) source of free iodine and iodide available on the market today. Due to its high concentration, Lugol's provides an excellent source of iodine for all corals, marine fish and other reef invertebrates.
Using Lugol's Solution as a supplement will increase the vitality and polyp extension of corals. In addition, Lugol's Solution will help corals maintain their natural color and will help protect them against bleaching. Using Lugol's Solution as a dip is a very effective treatment for new corals being added to the aquarium, as well as for treating damaged coral specimens.
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Aqua Vision Aquatics Aquarium Supplies
The mission of Aqua Vision Aquatics is to provide a relevant line of aquarium products to ensure success with aquatic systems. They accomplish this by using only the highest quality ingredients available, developing innovative new products and offering improvements on tried-and-true products. You will find that Aqua Vision Aquatics offers value by giving the strongest formulations, the most precise directions and product information available. The Aqua Vision Aquatics team has over 30 years of professional experience in the aquarium industry. In keeping with their mission, they provide products that offer "Solutions for Success." Whether it's their line of Precision Supplements, Precision Solutions or Aquarium Accessories, you will find dedication to their mission in each and every product.
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For the most current version of this Note, see Background Notes A-Z.
Area: 1,960,582 million sq. km. (784,233 sq. mi.), slightly more than one-fifth the size of the continental United States.
Cities (2006 est.): Capital--Riyadh (pop. 4.3 million). Other cities--Jeddah (3.4 million), Makkah, (1.6 million), Dammam/Khobar/Dhahran, (1.6 million).
Terrain: Primarily desert with rugged mountains in the southwest.
Climate: Arid, with great extremes of temperature in the interior; humidity and temperature are both high along the coast.
Nationality: Noun--Saudi(s). Adjective--Saudi Arabian or Saudi.
Population (July 2010 est.): 28.7 million (23.1 million Saudis, 5.6 million foreign nationals).
Annual population growth rate: (2010 est.): 1.8%.
Ethnic groups: Arab (90% of native pop.), Afro-Asian (10% of native pop.).
Religion: Islam.
Language: Arabic (official).
Education: Literacy--total 78.8% (male 84.7%, female 70.8%).
Health: Infant mortality rate (2010 est.)--11.57 deaths/1,000 live births. Life expectancy--male 74 years, female 78 years.
Work force: 6.49 million, about 35% foreign workers (2005 est.); industry--25%; services (including government)--63%; agriculture--12%.
Type: Monarchy with Council of Ministers and Consultative Council.
Unification: September 23, 1932.
Constitution: The Holy Qur'an (governed according to Islamic Law), Shari'a, and the Basic Law.
Branches: Executive--King (chief of state and head of government; rules under the title Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques). Legislative--a Consultative Council with advisory powers was formed September 1993. Judicial--Supreme Court, Supreme Judicial Council, Islamic Courts of First Instance and Appeals.
Administrative divisions: 13 provinces.
Political parties: None; formal political parties are not recognized by the government and have no legal status.
GDP (2010 est.): $623 billion.
Annual growth rate (2010 est.): 3.8%.
Per capita GDP (2010): $24,200.
Natural resources: Hydrocarbons, gold, uranium, bauxite, coal, iron, phosphate, tungsten, zinc, silver, copper.
Agriculture: Products--dates, grains, livestock, vegetables. Arable land--1.76%.
Industry: Types--petroleum, petrochemicals, cement, fertilizer, light industry.
Trade (2010 est.): Exports--$253 billion: petroleum and petroleum products. Imports--$99 billion: manufactured goods, transportation equipment, clothing and textiles, processed food products. Major trading partners--China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, U.K., U.S.
Saudi Arabia's 2010 population was estimated to be about 28 million, including about 5.6 million resident foreigners. Until the 1960s, most of the population was nomadic or seminomadic; due to rapid economic and urban growth, more than 95% of the population now is settled. Some cities and oases have densities of more than 1,000 people per square kilometer (2,600 per sq. mi).
Saudi Arabia is known as the birthplace of Islam, which in the century following the Prophet Muhammad's death in 632 A.D. spread west to Spain and east to India. Islam obliges all Muslims to make the Hajj, or pilgrimage to Makkah, at least once during their lifetime if they are able to do so. The cultural environment in Saudi Arabia is highly conservative; the country officially adheres to the strict Wahhabi interpretation of Islamic religious law (Shari'a). Cultural presentations must conform to narrowly defined standards of ethics. Men and women often are not permitted to attend public events together and are segregated in the work place.
Most Saudis are ethnically Arab. Some are of mixed ethnic origin and are descended from Turks, Iranians, Indonesians, Indians, Africans, and others, most of whom immigrated as pilgrims and reside in the Hijaz region along the Red Sea coast. Many Arabs from nearby countries are employed in the kingdom. There also are significant numbers of Asian expatriates mostly from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Westerners in Saudi Arabia number under 100,000.
Except for a few major cities and oases, the harsh climate historically prevented much settlement of the Arabian Peninsula. People of various cultures have lived in the peninsula over a span of more than 5,000 years. The Dilmun culture, along the Gulf coast, was contemporaneous with the Sumerians and ancient Egyptians, and most of the empires of the ancient world traded with the states that existed on the peninsula, which lay along important trade routes.
The Saudi state began in central Arabia in about 1750. A local ruler, Muhammad bin Saud, joined forces with an Islamic reformer, Muhammad Abd Al-Wahhab, to create a new political entity. Over the next 150 years, the fortunes of the Saud family rose and fell several times as Saudi rulers contended with Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and other Arabian families for control on the peninsula. The modern Saudi kingdom was founded by the late King Abdul Aziz Al Saud (known internationally as Ibn Saud, or "Son of Saud"). In 1902, Abdul Aziz recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's ancestral capital, from the rival Al-Rashid family. Continuing his conquests, Abdul Aziz subdued Al-Hasa in the east, the rest of the central Nejd region, and the Hijaz along the Red Sea coast between 1913 and 1926. In 1932, Abdul Aziz declared these regions unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Boundaries with Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait were established by a series of treaties negotiated in the 1920s, with two "neutral zones"--one with Iraq and the other with Kuwait--created. The Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone was administratively partitioned in 1971, with each state continuing to share the petroleum resources of the former zone equally. Tentative agreement on the partition of the Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone was reached in 1981, and partition was finalized by 1983. The country's southern boundary with Yemen was partially defined by the 1934 Treaty of Taif, which ended a brief border war between the two states. A June 2000 treaty further delineated portions of the boundary with Yemen. The location and status of Saudi Arabia's boundary with the United Arab Emirates is not final; a de facto boundary reflects a 1974 agreement. The border between Saudi Arabia and Qatar was resolved in March 2001.
King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Saud, who reigned for 11 years. In 1964, Saud abdicated in favor of his half-brother, Crown Prince Faisal, who had served as both prime minister and foreign minister. Because of fiscal difficulties, King Saud had been persuaded in 1958 to delegate direct conduct of Saudi Government affairs to Faisal as prime minister; Saud briefly regained control of the government in 1960-62. In October 1962, Faisal outlined a broad reform program, stressing economic development. Proclaimed King in 1964 by senior royal family members and religious leaders, Faisal also continued to serve as prime minister. This practice has been followed by subsequent kings.
The mid-1960s saw external pressures generated by Saudi-Egyptian differences over Yemen. When civil war broke out in 1962 between Yemeni royalists and republicans, Egyptian forces entered Yemen to support the new republican government, while Saudi Arabia backed the royalists. Tensions subsided only after 1967, when Egypt withdrew its troops from Yemen.
Saudi forces did not participate in the Six-Day (Arab-Israeli) War of June 1967, but the government later provided annual subsidies to Egypt, Jordan, and Syria to support their economies. During the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, Saudi Arabia participated in the Arab oil boycott of the United States and the Netherlands. A founding member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Saudi Arabia had joined other member countries in moderate oil price increases beginning in 1971. After the 1973 war, the price of oil rose substantially, dramatically increasing Saudi Arabia's wealth and political influence.
In 1975, King Faisal was assassinated by a nephew, who was executed after an extensive investigation concluded that he acted alone. Faisal was succeeded by his half-brother Khalid as King and Prime Minister; their half-brother Prince Fahd was named Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister. King Khalid empowered Crown Prince Fahd to oversee many aspects of the government's international and domestic affairs. Economic development continued rapidly under King Khalid, and the kingdom assumed a more influential role in regional politics and international economic and financial matters.
In June 1982, King Khalid died, and Fahd became King and Prime Minister in a smooth transition. Another half-brother, Prince Abdallah, Commander of the Saudi National Guard, was named Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister. King Fahd's full brother, Prince Sultan, the Minister of Defense and Aviation, became Second Deputy Prime Minister. Under King Fahd, the Saudi economy adjusted to sharply lower oil revenues resulting from declining global oil prices. Saudi Arabia supported neutral shipping in the Gulf during periods of the Iran-Iraq war and aided Iraq's war-strained economy. King Fahd played a major part in bringing about the August 1988 cease-fire between Iraq and Iran and in organizing and strengthening the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), a group of six Arabian Gulf states dedicated to fostering regional economic cooperation and peaceful development.
In 1990-91, King Fahd played a key role before and during the Gulf war, helping consolidate the coalition of forces against Iraq and define the tone of the operation as a multilateral effort to reestablish the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Kuwait. Acting as a rallying point and personal spokesman for the coalition, King Fahd helped bring together his nation's GCC, Western, and Arab allies, as well as nonaligned nations from Africa and the emerging democracies of Eastern Europe. He used his influence as Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques to persuade other Arab and Islamic nations to join the coalition.
King Fahd suffered a stroke in November 1995. From 1997, Crown Prince Abdallah took on much of the day-to-day responsibilities of running the government. Upon King Fahd's death on August 1, 2005, Abdallah assumed the throne as King. Prince Sultan, Minister of Defense and Aviation, became Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister. Since ascending to the throne, King Abdallah has continued to pursue an incremental program of social, economic, and political reforms. In September 2009, he inaugurated the King Abdallah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), a graduate-level research institution and Saudi Arabia's first co-educational university.
The central institution of Saudi Arabian Government is the monarchy. The Basic Law adopted in 1992 declared that Saudi Arabia is a monarchy ruled by the sons and grandsons of King Abdul Aziz Al Saud, and that the Holy Qur'an is the constitution of the country, which is governed on the basis of Islamic law (Shari'a). There are no officially recognized political parties. Following the first municipal elections in 2005, elections to select half of all municipal councilors have been scheduled for September 2011. The king has broad powers with limitations coming from a need to observe Shari'a and other Saudi traditions. He also must maintain consensus among the Saudi royal family, religious leaders (ulema), and other important elements in Saudi society. In the past the leading members of the royal family chose the king from among themselves with the subsequent approval of the ulema. In November 2006, King Abdallah established an Allegiance Commission that will select future kings and crown princes, a step designed to help formalize the selection process.
Saudi kings gradually have developed a central government. Since 1953, the Council of Ministers, appointed by and responsible to the king, has advised on the formulation of general policy and directed the activities of the growing bureaucracy. This council consists of the king (as prime minister), the first and second deputy prime ministers, 20 ministers, two ministers of state, and a small number of advisers and heads of major autonomous organizations.
Legislation is by resolution of the Council of Ministers and the Consultative Council, ratified by royal decree, and must be compatible with Shari'a. Justice is administered according to Shari'a by a system of religious courts. A 2007 law created a new Supreme Court to replace the Supreme Judicial Council (SJC) as Saudi Arabia's highest court authority. The same law transfers powers that the Ministry of Justice formerly exercised to the SJC, such as the authority to ability to establish and abolish courts, and name judges to the Courts of Appeal and First Instance. The independence of the judiciary is protected by law. The king has the authority to hear appeals and has the power to pardon in cases where the punishment is not ordained in the Qur'an. Access to high officials (usually at a public audience, or majlis) and the right to petition them directly are well-established traditions.
The kingdom is divided into 13 provinces governed by princes or close relatives of the royal family. All governors are appointed by the king.
In March 1992, King Fahd issued several decrees outlining the basic statutes of government and codifying for the first time procedures concerning the royal succession. Fahd's political reform program also provided for the establishment of a national Consultative Council, with appointed members having advisory powers to review and give advice on issues of public interest. It also outlined a framework for councils at the provincial level.
In September 1993, King Fahd issued additional reform decrees, appointing the members of the national Consultative Council and spelling out procedures for the new council's operations. He announced reforms regarding the Council of Ministers, including term limitations of 4 years and regulations to prohibit conflict of interest for ministers and other high-level officials. The members of 13 provincial councils and the councils' operating regulations also were announced in September 1993. In February, March, and April 2005, Saudis voted in the country's first municipal elections in more than 40 years. Only male, nonmilitary citizens at least 21 years old were permitted to vote.
In July 1997, the membership of the Consultative Council was expanded from 60 to 90 male members, and again in May 2001 from 90 to 120 members. In 2005, membership was expanded to 150 members. The Council also includes female non-voting advisors; in 2010, their numbers were increased from 10 to 13. Membership has changed significantly during expansions of the council as many members have not been reappointed. The role of the royally appointed Council is gradually expanding as it gains experience.
In November 2006, King Abdallah announced the formation of an Allegiance Commission which, in the future, will select a king and crown prince upon the death or incapacitation of either. A December 2007 royal decree named the initial members of the Commission, all of whom are sons, grandsons, or great-grandsons representing each branch of the descendants of the kingdoms' founder, King Abdul Aziz. Only direct male descendants of Abdul Aziz are eligible to become crown prince or king.
Principal Government Officials
King, Prime Minister, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques--Abdallah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Saud al-Faisal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud
Ambassador to the U.S.--Adel al-Jubeir
The Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is located at 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; tel. 202-342-3800.
Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia by U.S. geologists in the 1930s, although large-scale production did not begin until after World War II. Oil wealth has made possible rapid economic development, which began in earnest in the 1960s and accelerated spectacularly in the 1970s, transforming the kingdom.
Saudi oil reserves are the largest in the world, and Saudi Arabia is the world's leading oil producer and exporter. Oil accounts for more than 90% of the country's exports and nearly 75% of government revenues. Proven reserves are estimated to be 263 billion barrels, about one-quarter of world oil reserves.
More than 95% of all Saudi oil is produced on behalf of the Saudi Government by the parastatal giant Saudi ARAMCO. In June 1993, Saudi ARAMCO absorbed the state marketing and refining company (SAMAREC), becoming the world's largest fully integrated oil company. Most Saudi oil exports move by tanker from Gulf terminals at Ras Tanura and Ju'aymah. The remaining oil exports are transported via the east-west pipeline across the kingdom to the Red Sea port of Yanbu.
Due to a sharp rise in petroleum revenues in 1974 following the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, Saudi Arabia became one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. It enjoyed a substantial surplus in its overall trade with other countries; imports increased rapidly; and ample government revenues were available for development, defense, and aid to other Arab and Islamic countries.
But higher oil prices led to development of more oil fields around the world and reduced global consumption. The result, beginning in the mid-1980s, was a worldwide oil glut, which introduced an element of planning uncertainty for the first time in a decade. Saudi oil production, which had increased to almost 10 million barrels per day (b/d) during 1980-81, dropped to about 2 million b/d in 1985. Budgetary deficits developed, and the government drew down its foreign assets. Responding to financial pressures, Saudi Arabia gave up its role as the "swing producer" within OPEC in the summer of 1985 and accepted a production quota. Since then, Saudi oil policy has been guided by a desire to maintain market and quota shares and to support stability in the international oil market.
Saudi Arabia was a key player in coordinating the successful 1999 campaign of OPEC and other oil-producing countries to raise the price of oil to its highest level since the Gulf War by managing production and supply of petroleum. That same year saw establishment of the Supreme Economic Council to formulate and better coordinate Saudi economic development policies in order to accelerate institutional and industrial reform.
In response to increasing international demand for oil, Saudi ARAMCO engaged in an expansion of its oil production capacity and raised its capacity from 11 million barrels/day (mb/d) to 12 mb/d in 2009. Saudi ARAMCO is also increasing production of associated and non-associated natural gas to feed the expanding petrochemical sector. Notably, Saudi Arabia has awarded contracts to foreign companies to conduct gas exploration in selected regions of the country--the first such foreign participation in the petroleum sector upstream since the nationalization of ARAMCO began in the 1970s.
Saudi Arabia continues to pursue rapid industrial expansion, led by the petrochemical sector. The Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), a parastatal petrochemical company, is now one of the world's leading petrochemical producers, and the government promotes private sector involvement in petrochemicals. The government also plans new investments in the mining sector and in refining,
After Saudi Arabia announced its intention to join the World Trade Organization (WTO), negotiations focused on increasing market access to foreign goods and services and the timeframe for becoming fully compliant with WTO obligations. In April 2000, the government established the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority to encourage foreign direct investment in the country. Saudi Arabia signed a Trade Investment Framework Agreement with the U.S. in July 2003, and joined the WTO in December 2005.
Through 5-year development plans, the government has sought to allocate its petroleum income to transform its relatively undeveloped, oil-based economy into that of a modern industrial state while maintaining the kingdom's traditional Islamic values and customs. Although economic planners have not achieved all their goals, the economy has progressed rapidly. Oil wealth has increased the standard of living of most Saudis. However, significant population growth has strained the government's ability to finance further improvements in the country's standard of living. Heavy dependence on petroleum revenue continues, but industry and agriculture now account for a larger share of economic activity. The mismatch between the job skills of Saudi graduates and the needs of the private job market at all levels remains the principal obstacle to economic diversification and development; about 4.6 million non-Saudis are employed in the economy.
Saudi Arabia's first two development plans, covering the 1970s, emphasized infrastructure. The results were impressive--the total length of paved highways tripled, power generation increased by a multiple of 28, and the capacity of the seaports grew tenfold. For the third plan (1980-85), the emphasis changed. Spending on infrastructure declined, but it rose markedly on education, health, and social services. The share for diversifying and expanding productive sectors of the economy (primarily industry) did not rise as planned, but the two industrial cities of Jubail and Yanbu--built around the use of the country's oil and gas to produce steel, petrochemicals, fertilizer, and refined oil products--were largely completed.
In the fourth plan (1985-90), the country's basic infrastructure was viewed as largely complete, but education and training remained areas of concern. Private enterprise was encouraged, and foreign investment in the form of joint ventures with Saudi public and private companies was welcomed. The private sector became more important, rising to 70% of non-oil GDP by 1987. While still concentrated in trade and commerce, private investment increased in industry, agriculture, banking, and construction companies. These private investments were supported by generous government financing and incentive programs. The objective was for the private sector to have 70% to 80% ownership in most joint venture enterprises.
The fifth plan (1990-95) emphasized consolidation of the country's defenses; improved and more efficient government social services; regional development; and, most importantly, creating greater private-sector employment opportunities for Saudis by reducing the number of foreign workers.
The sixth plan (1996-2000) focused on lowering the cost of government services without cutting them and sought to expand educational training programs. The plan called for reducing the kingdom's dependence on the petroleum sector by diversifying economic activity, particularly in the private sector, with special emphasis on industry and agriculture. It also continued the effort to "Saudiize" the labor force.
The seventh plan (2000-2004) focused more on economic diversification and a greater role of the private sector in the Saudi economy. For the period 2000-04, the Saudi Government aimed at an average GDP growth rate of 3.16% each year, with projected growths of 5.04% for the private sector and 4.01% for the non-oil sector. The government also set a target of creating 817,300 new jobs for Saudi nationals.
The eighth plan (2005-2010) again focused on economic diversification in addition to education and inclusion of women in society. The plan called for establishing new universities and new colleges with technical specializations. Privatization as well as emphases on a knowledge-based economy and tourism would help in the goal of economic diversification.
The ninth plan (2010-2014) aspires to eliminate poverty and increase development in infrastructure, medical services, educational capacity, and residential housing. The plan also aims to increase real GDP by 15% over 5 years and calls for substantial government investment in human resource development, in order to decrease Saudi unemployment from 9.6% to 5.5%.
Saudi foreign policy objectives are to maintain its security and its paramount position on the Arabian Peninsula, defend general Arab and Islamic interests, promote solidarity among Islamic governments, and maintain cooperative relations with other oil-producing and major oil-consuming countries.
Saudi Arabia signed the UN Charter in 1945. The country plays a prominent and constructive role in the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and Arab and Islamic financial and development assistance institutions. One of the largest aid donors in the world, it still gives some aid to a number of Arab, African, and Asian countries. Jeddah is the headquarters of the Secretariat of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and its subsidiary organization, the Islamic Development Bank, founded in 1969.
Membership in the 11-member OPEC and in the technically and economically oriented Arab producer group--the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries--facilitates coordination of Saudi oil policies with other oil-exporting governments. As the world's leading exporter of petroleum, Saudi Arabia has a special interest in preserving a stable and long-term market for its vast oil resources by allying itself with healthy Western economies which can protect the value of Saudi financial assets. It generally has acted to stabilize the world oil market and tried to moderate sharp price movements.
The Saudi Government frequently helps mediate regional crises and supports the Middle East peace process. A charter member of the Arab League, Saudi Arabia supports the position that Israel must withdraw from the territories which it occupied in June 1967, as called for in United Nations Security Council Resolution 242. Saudi Arabia supports a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict but rejected the Camp David accords, claiming that they would be unable to achieve a comprehensive political solution that would ensure Palestinian rights and adequately address the status of Jerusalem. Although Saudi Arabia broke diplomatic relations with and suspended aid to Egypt in the wake of Camp David, the two countries renewed formal ties in 1987. In March 2002, then-Crown Prince Abdallah offered a Middle East peace plan, now known as the Arab Peace Initiative, at the annual summit of the Arab League in which Arab governments would offer "normal relations and the security of Israel in exchange for a full Israeli withdrawal from all occupied Arab lands, recognition of an independent Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital, and the return of Palestinian refugees." In March 2007 the Arab League reiterated its support for the Arab Peace Initiative by emphasizing that it could be the foundation for a broad Arab-Israeli peace. In November 2007, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal attended the Annapolis Conference, along with more than 50 representatives of concerned countries and international organizations. The conference was convened to express the broad support of the international community for the Israeli and Palestinian leaders' courageous efforts and was a launching point for negotiations designed to lead to the establishment of a Palestinian state and the realization of Israeli-Palestinian peace.
Saudi Arabia supports the establishment of a unified, independent, and sovereign Iraq. The kingdom is a charter member of the International Compact with Iraq and participates in the Expanded Iraq Neighbors process. In January 2008, Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal reiterated Saudi Arabia's intention to open a diplomatic mission in Baghdad and appoint an ambassador.
In 1990-91, Saudi Arabia played an important role in the Gulf War, developing new allies and improving existing relationships between Saudi Arabia and some other countries, but also suffering diplomatic and financial costs. Relations between Saudi Arabia and Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya deteriorated. Each country had remained silent following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait but called for an end to violence once the deployment of coalition troops began. Relations between these countries and Saudi Arabia later returned to their pre-war status. Saudi Arabia's relations with those countries which expressed support for Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait--Yemen, Jordan, and Sudan--were severely strained during and immediately after the war. For example, several hundred thousand Yemenis were expelled from Saudi Arabia after the Government of Yemen announced its position, thus exacerbating an existing border dispute. Saudi Arabia's relations with the Yemeni Government have improved, but the current instability in Yemen remains a significant concern to the Saudi Government. The Palestine Liberation Organization's support for Iraq cost it financial aid as well as good relations with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states. Saudi Arabia's relations with Jordan and the Palestinian Authority later improved, with the Saudi Government providing assistance for the Palestinian Authority.
During and after the Gulf War, the Government of Saudi Arabia provided water, food, shelter, and fuel for coalition forces in the region, and also made monetary payments to some coalition partners. Saudi Arabia's combined costs in payments, foregone revenues, and donated supplies were $55 billion. More than $15 billion went toward reimbursing the United States alone.
Since ascending to the throne, King Abdallah has followed a more activist foreign policy, offering Saudi assistance and support in efforts to resolve regional crises in Lebanon, Sudan, and Somalia; fostering Israeli-Palestinian peace efforts; and increasing Saudi diplomatic engagement around the world. In particular, he has pursued an Interfaith Dialogue Initiative to encourage religious tolerance on a global level, which was endorsed in a session of the UN General Assembly in November 2008.
Saudi Arabia's unique role in the Arab and Islamic worlds, its possession of the world's largest reserves of oil, and its strategic location make its friendship important to the United States. Diplomatic relations were established in 1933; the U.S. embassy opened in Jeddah in 1944 and moved to Riyadh in 1984. The Jeddah embassy became a U.S. consulate general. The U.S. consulate general in Dhahran opened in 1944 in response to the growing oil-related U.S. presence in eastern Saudi Arabia.
The United States and Saudi Arabia share common concerns about regional security, oil exports and imports, and sustainable development. Close consultations between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia have developed on international, economic, and development issues such as the Middle East peace process and shared interests in the Gulf. The continued availability of reliable sources of oil, particularly from Saudi Arabia, remains important to the prosperity of the United States as well as to Europe and Japan. Saudi Arabia is one of the leading sources of imported oil for the United States, providing more than one million barrels/day of oil to the U.S. market. The U.S. is Saudi Arabia's largest trading partner, and Saudi Arabia is the largest U.S. export market in the Middle East.
In addition to economic ties, a longstanding security relationship continues to be important in U.S.-Saudi relations. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has a role in military and civilian construction activities in the kingdom reaching back to the 1950s. A U.S. military training mission established at Dhahran in 1953 provides training and support in the use of weapons and other security-related services to the Saudi armed forces. In 1973, another security assistance organization (SAO) was established to assist in the modernization of the Saudi Arabian National Guard. More recently a SAO was authorized to train and equip a Facility Security Force, part of the Ministry of Interior. All three of these SAOs are funded through the U.S. Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program. The United States has sold Saudi Arabia military aircraft (F-15s, AWACS, and UH-60 Blackhawks), air defense weaponry (Patriot and Hawk missiles), armored vehicles (M1A2 Abrams tanks and M-2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles), and other equipment. In September 2010 the U.S. announced a major new FMS program to sell fighter aircraft and helicopters to the Saudi military services in support of defense modernization plans.
Although Saudi Arabia's relations with the United States were strained after September 11, 2001, Saudi Arabia is now one of the United States' strongest partners against terrorism. Fifteen of the suicide bombers in the attacks of September 11 were Saudi citizens. In May 2003, a terrorist organization directly affiliated with al-Qaeda launched a violent campaign of terror in Saudi Arabia. On May 12, suicide bombers killed 35 people, including nine Americans, in attacks at three housing compounds for Westerners in Riyadh. On November 8, 2003, terrorists attacked another compound housing foreign workers from mainly Arab countries. At least 18 people, including five children, died in this attack, and more than 100 were injured. On May 1, 2004, terrorists killed two Americans in the Yanbu oil facility in the western part of the country. On May 29, 2004, terrorists killed one American and wounded several others in attacks on an official building and housing compound in al-Khobar in the Eastern Province. On June 6, terrorists shot and killed a BBC journalist. On June 9 and June 12, 2004, terrorists killed Americans Robert Jacobs and Kenneth Scroggs. On June 18, 2004, terrorists kidnapped and beheaded American Paul Johnson. On December 6, 2004, terrorists attacked the U.S. Consulate in Jeddah, killing five consulate employees. Terrorists also targeted and killed other foreign nationalities during this time. As a result, in 2005, the Saudi Arabian Government enacted new laws to increase punishment for terrorist-related crimes.
Saudi security services have waged an active counterterrorism campaign that has largely neutralized this terrorist organization, though sporadic instances of terrorism still occur. In May 2006, terrorists attempted to attack the major ARAMCO oil-processing facility at Abqaiq. In February 2007, four French nationals were killed in western Saudi Arabia in a suspected terrorist attack. In August 2009, an al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) suicide bomber attempted to assassinate a Saudi royal and senior Ministry of Interior official.
Saudi Arabia is a strong partner in the campaign against terrorism, providing military, diplomatic, and financial cooperation. Counterterrorism cooperation between Saudi Arabia and the United States increased significantly after the May 12, 2003, bombings in Riyadh and continues today. In February 2005, the Saudi Government sponsored the first-ever Counterterrorism International Conference in Riyadh. The Saudis were instrumental in thwarting the planned October 2010 "printer bomb" attack against the United States. They also provided crucial information on the planned May 2010 Times Square terrorist attack. In addition, they work closely with U.S. law enforcement to ensure the security of both countries' national security interests.
Human Rights
Despite generally good relations, the United States remains concerned about human rights conditions in Saudi Arabia. Principal human rights issues include abuse of prisoners and incommunicado detention; prohibitions or severe restrictions on freedom of speech, press, peaceful assembly and association, and religion; denial of the right of citizens to change their government; systematic discrimination against women and ethnic and religious minorities; and suppression of workers' rights.
Principal U.S. Officials
Ambassador--James B. Smith
Deputy Chief of Mission--Susan L. Ziadeh
Counselor for Consular Affairs--Glen Keiser
Counselor for Economic Affairs--Angus Simmons
Counselor for Management Affairs--Alison Barkley
Counselor for Political Affairs--Lisa Carle
Counselor for Political-Military Affairs--Scott McGehee
Counselor for Public Affairs--Bonnie Gutman
Consul General, Dhahran--Timothy Pounds
Consul General, Jeddah--Tom Duffy
The U.S. Embassy in Saudi Arabia is located in the Diplomatic Quarter of Riyadh (tel. 966-1-488-3800). The Consulate General in Jeddah is located on Palestine Road, Ruwais, Jeddah (tel. 966-2-667-0080); and the Consulate General in Dhahran is located between ARAMCO Headquarters and the King Abdul Aziz Airbase (tel. 966-3-330-3200). The embassy and consulates are open for business Saturday through Wednesday, in accordance with the official workweek of Saudi Arabia.


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In trying to keep VM images consistent across our development team we need to ensure that SharePoint groups/users/permissions/audiences etc stay in sync as part of our CI process.
Can anyone suggest a good approach to this? I was thinking scripts that use stsadm to update the SharePoint sites would be a good idea, similar to what we do for non-SharePoint database updates.


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In our garage, I'm trying to mount a flourencent light fixture that is 4 foot long. The problem is, I don't know how to mount it. I'm assuming that I would want to drill the screws into the ceiling joists, however, that's posing to be an issue due to the ceiling joists running horizontal, which is the same way I'm trying to mount the light fixture. Additionally, I can't exactly run it vertically as the only junction box in the garage is between the garage door opener and the attic door. Is there another way to be able to mount this thing?
Are you able in the garage attic? If so you can use the existing junction box and run a wire from it to a new receptacle box where you need it. Or two boxes for another receptacle and another light later. If your garage is unfinished then it will be even easier. If you cannot get to the attic you can use surface mount raceway.
The raceway comes in 5 foot sticks, and has an adhesive on it's back. You can also get clips to attach it to the ceiling and not worry about the adhesive. It's 2 pieces, front & back. Boxes, flat elbows, tee's and many more accompanying part are available.
If your box is round you can use this extension box. They do make these in 1 gang boxes also. It does not have a back to it so you can put it over the box you have and run the wires through the raceway.
To terminate into the box you might use this if you have a 1/2 knockout.
For all the parts available from the company I picked, click here.
The pros on the raceway is it is not too expensive and easy to use. The raceway is made by lots of companies so there will be different sizes available. Different fittings and elbows and terminations should be available and some will interchange with other brands. It should be easy to find at a big DIY box store.
The cons are that it is surface mount and it will be seen.
I'm assuming your garage ceiling is drywall? Why not get some heavy-duty drywall anchors (toggle-type) and just mount it to ceiling?
A 4ft fluorescent light fixture isn't that heavy, the drywall can easily support it, you don't need to anchor into the ceiling joists.


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Stargazer Eau de Parfum
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This wonderful fresh green fragrance highlights the stargazer lily with a charm irresistible to both men and women. This is straight up lily with an infusion of white ginger. A green floral with a modern edge.
50 mlStyle # 500764395
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On this day: December 6
POSTED: 12:00 AM Dec 06 2012 UPDATED: 2:00 AM Dec 06 2015
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Harriet Tubman escapes slavery, the capstone is set on the Washington Monument, the TV special "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" debuts, and Roy Orbison passes away, all on this day.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.
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I am making my first program and am having a little bit of trouble. I want to have the program create files that have a file name that is the same as an input, but an error always occurs when i try. Here is my code so far:
Code: CPP
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
string fname, lname, number, hits, n,;
cout << "Enter first and last name ";
cin >> fname;
cin >> lname;
cout << "Enter number ";
cin >> number;
cout << "Enter Hits ";
cin >> hits;
cout << lname;
ofstream myfile (lname.txt_str());
if (myfile.is_open())
myfile << "Name Number Hits.\n";
myfile << " ";
myfile << ""<<lname<< ", " <<fname<< " " <<number<< " " <<hits<< "\n";
myfile << ""<<n<<".\n";
else cout << "Unable to open file";
cin >> n;
return 0;
Last edited by shabbir; 7Mar2006 at 14:15.. Reason: Edited to add syntax highlighting


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Main Content
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$4.99 flat rate shipping. See other shipping options.
Belts offer a lot more than just a stylish way to keep your pants up. They give you an extra boost of swag! This Barranca webbed belt from Element will give you way more than a boost. It features jacquard tonal "Element" lettering throughout its length and a color-matched buckle and tip. Not every outfit can handle the awesomeness of this belt, so choose wisely.
- 100% Polyester fabric
- Jacquard tonal branding
- Measures approximately 1.5" in height
- Measures approximately 38" in length without buckle
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Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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The dream stays alive.
The NCAA Tournament hopes of the Fort Lewis College women�s soccer team got a boost Wednesday with a 2-0 shutout over UC-Colorado Springs in the quarterfinals of the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Tournament.
Sam Weiss scored once in each half, tying the FLC single-season goal scoring mark of Kate Mahler set in 2006 at 16. Weiss also set the single-season school record for points, breaking the previous mark of 37 set by Carissa Bradford in 1999.
Elena Benavides assisted on Weiss� first-half tally, while Emma Cannis had the helper after intermission.
The Skyhawks did well to put Regis� late rally for a draw Sunday behind them, coming out firing early and fending off a tough, physical Mountain Lions side.
�They�re just mature. They�re starting to mature and able to put those kind of things behind them,� FLC head coach Damian Clarke said from Colorado Springs.
FLC entered the game in the sixth and final postseason slot in the South Central Region rankings. UCCS, meanwhile, was fifth.
FLC (13-3-3) will get a crack at the No. 4 team in those rankings, Regis, on Friday in Denver in the tournament semifinals.
�We�ll see kind of how that all pans out,� Clarke said. �Numbers, strength of schedule, all that sort of stuff to be honest with you can be all over the map.�
Amanda Raso made four saves for the Skyhawks� 11th shutout of the season as FLC avenged a 1-0 overtime loss to the Mountain Lions from September.
To keep the dream of an RMAC Tournament title alive, FLC will have to get past Regis for the first time this year. The two played a 3-3 draw Sunday, and Regis won the first matchup.
�Definitely looking forward to it,� Clarke said. �Should be another classic battle.�


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What is the best discount site at Cyber Monday?
Where can i see the biggest discount on apparel site at cyber monday?
4 Answers answer
Sorry to break it to you, but Cyber Monday is over and the next one is 369 days away. I'll have a better answer for you then.
"At cyber monday"?
Maybe it's a dance club? A new dinner destination where you're served by robots?
Oddly enough, it's Tuesday Morning.


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- Home
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I work in a bank. In my desk I do 18(eighteen) kinds of tasks. One of them is to handover Cheque Books. The procedure is as follows:
(1) Find the requisition slip.
(2) Inspect if the signature on the requisition slip is verified.
(3) Find the book.
(4) Note down the starting and ending serial numbers form the book on the slip, give an initial on the slip.
(5) Take the signature of the customer in the register and (6)give an initial.
(7) Give an initial on the requisition slip in the book being issued.
(8) Post the issued book in the software.
(9) Send the requisition slip to another person for the authorization of software entry.
(10) Keep the slip in a specific file.
Now, most of the time I forget the point (2) and (6).
I often forget to write the name of my bank in the address section on any letter-envelope. For example, in place of
Card Division,
Abcd Bank Ltd.,
20, X Avenue,
Y area,
Z City.
most of the time I write:
Card Division,
20, X Avenue,
Y area,
Z City.
This is problem from my childhood.
Can anyone please point out the cause?
How to solve this?
How to solve my absentmindedness in general?
NB. My absentmindedness heavily increases when I am mentally disturbed. That is natural. But I become mentally disturbed and excited very easily. I have almost zero patience in everything.