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I have had this thought running through my head and wondered what your thoughts were on it. Can a book, a story I should say, be written without an antagonist or antagonistic theme? I have an idea to write a story which takes place in the Judeo-Christian heaven which would not contain, necessarily, any antagonists.
A story without an "antagonistic theme" is a story with "no conflict." Conflict drives plot. Without plot, you have a character study. Without conflict, the character has no reason to change, grow, or develop, so there's not much to study.
What in heaven's name (pun intended) could you write about without any conflict occurring?
Yes, a book can work without an antagonist. For example, in "end of the world" disasters, the source of friction often comes from the disaster, and not an antagonist. (To use an example, while not a book but a film, think "Armageddon" as exhibit A.) Romance novels often don't have antagonists, either. The conflict could also come from inner conflict, such as drug addiction.
Can a book exist without any friction (which is what I assume you mean by no "antagonistic theme")? Possibly, but I can't imagine it would be an exciting read; it may depend on the audience. Perhaps someone has an example of a book like that, but I can't think of any.
Certainly stories can be written without a "traditional" antagonist. An example that popped to mind was Daniel Abraham's The Curandero and the Swede: A Tale from the 1001 American Nights; this story meanders between fable-like stories, all basically dealing with how people cope with the troubles life sends their way.
But really, I've seen lots of no-antagonist stories. The trick is to find out what is interesting in the story, if it isn't overt conflict. Sometimes it's a character portrait; sometimes it's an intriguing situation; perhaps a personal experience. Sometimes it'll be a unique literary experimentation. (In general, short fiction seems a better match for this than a novel - it doesn't need to be as compelling or as plot-driven, and you can mess around with format more because it doesn't need to hold up very long.)
"Angels in heaven," for example, isn't a story yet - it is, perhaps, a setting. An angel ruminating on the nature of sin and of providence might be spun into an intriguing short piece; or angels trying to learn to see the world through mortal eyes - you've got movement, development, and story even without an antagonist. But "angels sitting around all day praising the Lord" would be rather dull, whereas "angels fighting demons and bringing justice to Sodom" would be lively, but have clear antagonists.
Edited to add: here's a few short stories I can readily link to which I'd describe as not revolving around antagonism:
Why no conflict in heaven? There are a number of accounts of war in Heaven in both Jewish and Christian literature.
"And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, And prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven." -- Rev. 12:7-8
But the conflict need not be so visceral. Perhaps the conflict lies in the difference between the expectations of the newly arrived and the reality(?) of the Heavenly circumstances.
All fiction must have conflict, but that conflict certainly doesn't have to spring from the existence of a personified antagonist. There's man-against-nature (e.g., any survival story), man-against-himself (any kind of addiction-recovery story), and even conflicting protagonists (i.e., two characters have incompatible goals and struggle to defeat each other but reader isn't invited to root for one over the other). Even in traditional man-against-man stories, sometimes the enemy doesn't exist as a character, the protagonist is struggling against the villain's malign influence.
There are even weirder cases. In the Sherlock Holmes short story, "The Man with the Twisted Lip", there's no antagonist, no villain, and no crime, although I don't think Conan Doyle could have stretched it out for a whole novel without enraging his readers. Arthur C. Clarke's novel Rendezvous With Rama similarly lacks any kind of negative character (although you could argue it lacks a plot altogether). My wife is reading Eat, Pray, Love -- I bet there's no antagonist there, but I can't be troubled to check.
An interesting example from the movies (it's much easier to talk about movie plots because they are so much simpler and because there are so fewer movies made then novels, most people have seen most popular movies): The Fifth Element has a clear and heroic hero (Dallas) and a clear and villainous villain (Zorg) but the two never meet and are never aware of each others' existence. They are in the same scene, once, but Bruce Willis walks out of frame before Gary Oldman walks in.
Isn't there conflict in every story? If there's no conflict, there's no interest for the reader...what a boring story it would be! As far as an antagonist goes, I agree that it could play the part of anyone or anything, internally or externally, but there is almost always an antagonist to create conflict. By simple definition, it's that someone or something that opposes the protagonist or hero, which I think could extend to natural disasters, internal conflicts like drug addiction or depression, and divine intervention.
Westerners, esp. movie goers, are conditioned to expect certain elements in a story eg protagonist antagonist etc. A goal must be set and the goals impeded somehow by an antagonistic force, whether darth vader or the weather in " a perfect storm". If there is no antatgonist, the story can still "exist" or "be written", but it may not be appreciated.
I accept a Short Story(eg 7 minute play) and poetry for example dont necessarily have time for a hero's journey and may not need an "antagonist" and they can still be "good" because they reflect on the depth of an issue rather than "plot".
But if you want to engage an audience for 2 hours and be liked (story/movie/novel), you'll need a goal and impedance, and audience to root for the hero. The tried and tru structures work. change them after ytou ahve mastered them. As a corollary any person can record music in their garagae, but whether 900/1000 will want to listen to it is another thing.
I absolutely think it's possible for a novel to be written without an antagonist. So long as it's entertaining, enlightening, and the characters grow and change, then there doesn't need to be a "bad guy"... but I agree about conflict. Your characters must face and deal with/overcome obstacles for the plot to be interesting to /most/ readers.
Take children's literature and/or picture books as an example. Sure there are a lot of differences between novels for adults and stories for children, but that may be a place to start your research. A lot of books for small children don't have an antagonist. The situation becomes the "antagonist" or the obstacle to be overcome.
An antagonist doesn't have to be a physical or internal entity, so i'd argue no. Any good story has a force of any description that opposes the hero, that in the long run they have to overcome. For instance, the "antagonist" in a psychological thriller might be the main character's mental illness and how it might inhibit them along the course of their journey. In Disaster movies, the Antagonist is usually the disaster itself, although this obviously doesn't have to be exclusive. In Post Apocalyptic stories showing how the main characters survive, often the antagonist turns out to be the apocalypse itself and how it turns mankind against itself.
An Antagonist is crucial for any story, because otherwise its not a story, its just a series of events that happen. Without an antagonist of any description there is nothing for the hero to overcome.
Theoretically, it's possible as long as you replace the lack of antagonism with an inner conflict in the protagonist.
As many of the other answers discuss, conflict with an antagonist drives plot, and plot is something that a story is obviously heavily reliant on.
Keep in mind however, that an antagonist doesn't necessarily have to be someone with evil intent. You can still write a story in Heaven.
An antagonist can be someone whose views differ from the protagonist.
Done correctly, this can be a hugely rewarding concept.
You can't really write a story without an antagonist. Remember an antagonist could be anything from a person, to an internal conflict in the protagonist. It's what gives readers a reason to read your books.
http://www.ipl.org/div/farq/plotFARQ.html <-- gives more info than I intended but here goes..
http://www.slideshare.net/caitlingillmett/types-of-conflict-5478403 <-- this one is better (direct info)
Of course there is narrative fiction without conflict. Example:
Many children's books tell tales that do not feature an antagonist and are free of conflict, instead they focus on learning (usually without resistance on the part of the protagonist) or happiness (Guess how much I love you).
You can find many examples in adult fiction, too, if you stop confusing the presence of conflict with an antagonist. An antagonist is an opposing force that the protagonist has to overcome to reach his one central goal. There is much fiction, where the protagnoist does not have a goal (e.g. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas), or where conflict is not opposed to the protagonist's goal and does not have to be overcome (e.g. much of documentary fiction).


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Pebblebrook High School Performs Crazy For You The MusicalFri, February 1, 2013 - 8:00 PMAnderson Theater in Marietta, GA
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If I say, "Tonight will be the X night of the Omer", why is that considered as I've already counted? If I say, "G-d is blessed for creating the fruit of the tree", don't I still need to make the Bracha is hebrew before eating the apple?
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See Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 489:4 that when one says tonight is such and such during Bein HaShemashos (the period of twilight when it is possibly day, possibly "night") one may no longer count again with a blessing. The M.B. seif katan 21 says that one has fulfilled ones obligation b'dieved (after the fact) even not having said "of the Omer". Since one has already effectively "counted" then and subsequent counting is not the fulfillment of a mitzvah and a blessing is unnecessary.
The Shulchan Aruch continues to explain that if one said tonight is such and such while it is still day, i.e. prior to Bein HaShemashos the time for counting has not arrived at all and one may count at night with a blessing.
Nevertheless it seems that many are careful even prior to nightfall to say "last night was such and such night of the Omer" leaving us to infer what tonight is. This is not halchically necessary but it seems to me that it has the very positive effect of reminding people to be careful about this halachah for when it is Bein haShemashos.
It is a Bracha Blessing on the performance of a Mitzvah, hence once you have stated the day you have already preformed the Mitzvah and no longer can make the Bracha because it is alredy done,we have a similar concept in picking up the Esrog we pick it up upside down because we do not want to fulfill or obligation untill after the Bracha hence we do it with a Shinu:An ALteration from the regular approach in order to prevent this very Problem.


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Mathematically, completely positive maps on C*-algebras generalize positive linear functionals in that every positive linear functional on a C*-algebra $A$ is a completely positive map of $A$ into $\mathbb{C}$. Furthermore, we have the Stinespring construction as a powerful generalization of the GNS construction.
Certainly, the relationship between completely positive maps and positive linear functionals can only go so far. I am curious about what physics has to say about this analogy/generalization. It seems that completely positive maps should serve as generalized states of a quantum system, but I've mostly seen cp maps arise in the discussion of quantum channels and quantum operations. I'd like to know precisely in what sense a completely positive map can be viewed as a generalized physical state.
Question: What is a completely positive map, physically? Particularly, in what precise sense can a completely positive map be regarded as a generalized (physical) state?
If there are nice survey papers discussing the above relationship, such a reference may serve as an answer to my question.


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I have a few question related to customizng Ubuntu 12.04 Live CD using the tutorial given at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LiveCDCustomization .
For me it was possible to modify till the section where we install new softwares ( section 6.1.2) to the live cd. After that I directly jump to Advanced Customization (section 6.7) located at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LiveCDCustomization#Advanced_Customizations . My questions are:-
1) When I run the following command to mount the live cd, it shows a warning that the iso is mounted as read only. Is it ok, or should it be writable?
2) There are three folders created in the folder livecdtmp. They are edit, extract-cd and mnt. My questions are, which folder should I edit so that the change happens to the "customized live cd", and which folder to edit to have the customized Ubuntu installation ?
3) What is the use of extract-cd, edit and mnt folders ?
4) The tutorial says, to have a custom background for GNOME, I have to edit /usr/share/gnome-background-properties/ubuntu-wallpapers.xml . Which file, or the file in which folder should I edit for the change to happen both in Live cd and the customized installation.
5) Then, coming to the Advanced Customiation --> Kernel Updation, once inside the chroot, I cannot issue the following commands :-
sudo cp edit/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-26-k7 extract-cd/casper/vmlinuz
sudo cp edit/boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-26-k7 extract-cd/casper/initrd.lz
It says, folder dosn't exist. Should this be done from inside the chroot environment ?
6) The tutorial says that, in order to edit the inird.lz file, I have to perform the following steps.
# cd extract-cd/casper
# mkdir lztempdir
# cd lztempdir
# lzma -dc -S .lz ../initrd.lz | cpio -imvd --no-absolute-filenames
Should this be done in chroot environment that we initially prepared ? Does editing this file alone make changes to both the customized live cd as well as to the installation made from that live cd ?
When I run the last command, I get the error, that there is a premature end of archive, or no file found ?
From the # symbol, it means that I should run it within the chroot environment. But the problem is that, whenever I run the command cd extract-cd/casper , it says, there is no such directory which is actually true, because, what is mounted is the 'edit' folder. So, what should be done ?
7) There are initrd.lz file in /casper folder in both 'extracr-cd' and 'mnt'. Should I copy the Kernel file to both these folders? Which one should I need to edit inorder to have updated kernel, new plymouth theme, etc ?
8) I wish to set gnome-classic to have in the live cd? What should be done in order to have the gnome-classic in both the live cd and in the installation made with that cd ?
9) How to remove lightdm login screen and to have the gdm like login screen that was initially present in Ubuntu till around 9.10 ?
Update:- When I ran the following command outside chroot, I get the following error.
roshan@roshan-Studio-1558:~/initrd$ lzma -dc -S .lz ../livecdtmp/extract-cd/casper/initrd.lz | cpio -imvd --no-absolute-filenames
lzma: ../livecdtmp/extract-cd/casper/initrd.lz: File format not recognized
cpio: premature end of archive


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The 6 Creepiest Marketing Campaigns Aimed at Children
When you're a child, all of your income is disposable, and as far as you're concerned so is your parents'. That's why everyone from mega-corporations to school yard drug dealers crowd in to get a piece of the pie.
It's also why you get advertising campaigns so desperate they're downright creepy. Such as:
#6. Abercrombie & Fitch's Thongs For Kids
Clothing retailers are no strangers to racy ads. For instance, American Apparel takes a lot of heat for their overtly pornographic ads featuring underage women engaged in what appears to be an especially naked form of yoga.
But American Apparel is predominantly worn by people over 18, so it's all adult fun, right?
The same cannot be said for Abercrombie, a company that produces clothing that is extremely cool to wear when you're in high school, and suddenly transforms into the official uniform for the varsity douchebag squad the day you get to college. Since high school students are the only people who can wear the brand without being called "bro" ironically, you might find it odd that minors aren't allowed to purchase Abercrombie's quarterly clothing catalog. But you'll probably find it less odd once you see that the catalog is mostly pictures of naked teenagers playing touch football in rustic locations, instead of, you know, clothing.
In 2002, Abercrombie decided to take it to a whole, new level of creepy when they unveiled thong underwear for 10 year old girls. Now, no doubt some have tried to rationalize away the unspeakably nasty implications here by saying maybe there must be some perfectly good reason for the design (comfort? Saving fabric?).
Just to make sure no one makes that mistake, Abercrombie & Fitch added skanky little captions to the underwear like "eye candy" and "wink wink." We want to ask who exactly is supposed to be the audience for a message printed across a little girl's crotch, but we're scared of the answer so we'll just move on.
From A&F's new Jailbait line, due out this September.
#5. Freddy Krueger's Bed-Time Story 900 Line
This ad has the decency to encourage children to get their parents' permission before they dial the number for Freddy's "Dead Time" stories.
Notice the way the guy's voice swells with mocking laughter when he tells "children" to "ask your parents before calling?" If we didn't know any better, we'd think this ad was trying to send children an unspoken message, along the lines of:
"That's right kids, go ask your parents to spend $28.55 / hour so you can listen to stories told by the character who turned Johnny Depp's bed into a Bellagio fountain of blood!
Oh hey kid, wait a second! Back here. It's me, the subtext. I know that guy just said to ask your parents, but you're young enough to not be embarrassed by bed-time stories, so that makes you what, six or seven? Yeah, that's no good. Your parents are going to say no. Or they're going to say yes, which means you have terrible parents. So bad news either way.
Don't ask them kid, show them how tough you are. On the phone bill. Now if you'll excuse me, I have to go talk to your dad about something called phone sex."
#4. Rozerem - Back to School Sleeping Pills
Back to school, that special time when families everywhere head to Target to buy pencils, Hannah Montana lunchboxes and ... prescription sleeping pills. In 2006, a sleeping pill called Rozerem started running an ad that managed to be simple and direct and baffling at the same time.
According to the pharmaceutical website Pharmalot.com, the ad has someone reading the words "Rozerem would like to remind you that it's back to school season" over images of chalk boards, school books, a school bus, and kids with backpacks.
Simple enough. Thanks for the reminder Rozerem, but what the hell does that have to do with your product? Are you suggesting that parents use the pill as a weapon in the battle over bedtime? Or is it just that when you're Rozerem, ads don't have to make any sense? You might remember the other Rozerem campaign in which Abraham Lincoln talks to a beaver.
Nobody at the pharmaceutical company ever owned up to approving the back to school spot, so we'll never know if they were actively playing the drug dealer on the playground or just not even trying to put a coherent message together. The FDA really didn't give a shit either way since Rozerem hasn't been approved for children.
Sorry mom and dad. Looks like you're going to have to go back to shots of whiskey to get the kid to stop bitching about how Freddy's coming.


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I am going to be looking at the new Geocortex software soon, and wondered if anyone else was using it, what they think of it and if they had any online resources they could share.
closed as not a real question by Simon, Chad Cooper, Devdatta Tengshe, iant♦, whuber♦ Dec 12 '12 at 17:12
It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
I work in the Product Support department at Latitude Geographics, so I can't answer your questions as a client might, but I can certainly provide some insight.
I'm assuming you are referring to the use of Microsoft Workflow Foundations in the Geocortex Essentials product. Many of our users use this technology, either directly by implementing their own custom workflows or indirectly by using a workflow that is shipped with the product or developed by our Professional Services department.
While the intent of the Workflow component is to allow you to visually configure a GIS-related workflow without any prior programming knowledge, programming knowledge is extremely helpful due to the syntax used within the designer tool, particularly when working with your own custom solutions.
As for online resources, we have a Support Center that you would receive access to once you have a valid license for Geocortex Essentials. The Support Center has a discussion forum, knowledge base, code gallery and API reference that will help you develop your own workflows.
Latitude also offers training and support services to further assist you if the online offerings don't meet your needs.
Hopefully other folks will be able to post their opinions on the product. I think it's pretty great.


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Mark and Annie Mulligan / The Herald
Ray Jones (back row, second from right), 54, of Lake Stevens, spent 36 years at the mill, taking classes along the way and working his way up to a position as a manager. Surrounding Ray are his brother, Ron Jones (far left), who spent 23 years at the mill, who was recently hired as a mechanic at Boeing in Auburn; Ray's uncle Ernie McClellan, who worked at Scott Paper Mill from 1956-1961; Ray's son, Tyler Jones, who started working at Kimberly-Clark 2 1/2 years ago; and Ray's father, Frank Jones, who worked as a journeyman painter for 38 1/2 years at Scott from 1955 to 1993.
Voices of the mill: Ray Jones, 55, of Lake Stevens
Manager, 36 years
The Last Smokestack
Faces of the mill
Photo gallery
More mill stories
- Federal aid to help 570 K-C mill employees find work (April 2012)
- Julie Muhlstein: Kimberly-Clark mill's end �devastating' (January 2012)
- Mike Benbow: 'Last of the big smokestacks' (September 2011)
- Op-Ed: Weigh in on the K-C site's future (March 2012)
- Pete Jackson: More than pulp and steam (September 2011)
- Talks begin on future of Kimberly-Clark mill site (April 2012)
- Voices of the mill: A strawberry princess turned boiler operator (March 2012)
Ray Jones was one of those kids that wasn't serious about high school.
He graduated from Cascade High School in Everett, and after goofing around a bit, decided to get work at the Scott Paper Co. That was in 1976.
He started out re-sorting packages of pastel toilet tissue into boxes — back then it came in yellow, blue, pink, green and white. Each box got a few rolls of each.
That was fine until he got married.
"That was a wake-up call for me," he said. "I realized I didn't want to do work shift work the rest of my life."
He took advantage of Scott's educational reimbursement program and went to college.
For six straight years he worked full-time at night and attended school full-time during the day.
By the end, the guy who didn't care much for high school had a master's in business administration.
The company promoted him to one of the manager positions and he made the awkward transition of becoming the boss of his peers.
During his more than three decades at the mill, he saw it become a safer place to work. He saw the mill become more automated and how that shrank the number of jobs. He saw the elimination of shift supervision. He saw what had been a family-orientated company become more professionalized.
As a kid, the Scott Paper Co. would rent out the Everett Civic Auditorium and throw a big party around the holidays. He remembers circus acts and then Santa distributing gifts back stage afterward.
Later, the gifts were handed out from the back of a truck behind the mill. Later still, everyone got a box of candy. By the end, the company sent out electronic seasons greetings.
A lot of that already was happening before Kimberly-Clark took over, just part of the march of change and the competitive pressure to reduce costs.
Jones planned to work through mid-April, helping his colleagues find new careers. The company paid for him and others to help their peers transition into other careers.
Some are getting jobs at Boeing. Others are relocating to other parts of the country to work at pulp-and-paper mills, including some owned by Kimberly Clark. Some aren't going back to work at all.
"I feel blessed," he said. "The company has been good to me. Outside of the disappointment of this closure, I have no complaints."
As for his own path, he hopes it stays here. He's applied for work but it's not easy fighting "the stigma of age."
"It's disappointing," he said of the closure. "Being on the inside — it's tough right now for the people who are still down here. They are grateful for the few months of work."
Some are still making paper towels. But a lot of the activity is preparing the mill for closure — a reminder of what's been lost.
• The Last Smokestack: Go to the main series page


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There is a Word of Power next to the Shrine to Meridia near Solitude, but it will not give the word to me. It plays the epic music, but the word doesn't shine and nothing happens when I get close.
Although I'm not sure if you're asking a question or making a statement I would like to confirm that the word "Grah" of the Elemental Fury shout found at Meridia statue is in fact bugged. As far as I can see there isn't a perfect fix yet. This is from the Skyrim wiki
and from the Skyrim wikia
A work-a-round involves reloading a previous save and trying again and again until it works. Not the best solution I know but at least you know you can read it and you're not the only one experiencing this problem.
I had the problem also. I got it to work by saving while standing in front of the wall. Exited the game, then re-entered the game. And then the word glowed correctly, and I learned/absorbed it.
protected by Community♦ Nov 18 '12 at 14:38
Thank you for your interest in this question.
Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).
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Fight Club (10th Anniversary Edition) [Blu-ray]: Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, Helena Bonham Carter… for $10.01
16 Comments add a comment
In for one, too good of a movie, too cheap of a price to pass up.
The first rule of fight club is that we never speak of fight club.
The second rule of fight club is that we NEVER speak of fight club.
A must see movie if you haven't yet!
For MEN who like MOVIES!
You girly men can go watch Eat, Pray, Love....
Not a bad movie, but please don't take my man card away!
"It's only after we've lost everything that we're free to do anything."
Tyler Durden is THE MAN!
Stupid movie.
My last name is Dowden. I named my son Tyler. You do the math.
@smede13: True! I was surprised that this could even be posted without violating those rules!
Ive never made a comment here, but jdmac made me log in just to tell him what an idiot he is. Fight Club is one of the greatest movies ever made.
@i1patrick: Actually, that's English.
Relly good price on a great movie. Also has one of the best "easter egg" jokes on the blue-ray versions.
@i1patrick: Wow, that's a lot to live up to.
I find it amazing how a movie where the protagonist is a domestic terrorist could be so popular. But, even so, one of my favorite movies.
@benyust2: That is so true. But it about how society emasculates males. Tyler Durden represents man basic needs to be a "MAN". Men are being told that losing is acceptable, not to be proud to be strong and powerful, and that we should strive to be gender neutral. While Tyler Durden is in the end the extreme example of a man gone too wild. You have to respect his message that you don't have to live up to society's definition of a modern man as a effeminate object that should strive to be more in touch with feminite side. Men, as woman, come in many shapes and sizes. They should be proud of their masculinity. In summary, I AM MAN, HEAR ME ROAR!
Hey, does anyone want to talk about fight club?
@zuiquan: Yeah, it is, but only in an inside-joke sort of way.
Don't know why, but it turned out that naming him what I did was strangely prophetic. He's not even seven years old yet and he already has that "alpha male" personality. He bosses the ten-year-olds in the neighborhood around (including his older brother).
I keep saying he's going to grow up to be either a company CEO or a Marine Corps drill sergeant.


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Back to Previous Page | Curriculum Home
LAC614: APEngLang+ (2014-2015)
CURRICULUM PROGRAM: Advanced Placement
COURSE TITLE: AP English Language & Composition+
COURSE LENGTH: 36 weeks
Major Concepts/Content: The AP English Language and Composition course is designed to help students become skilled readers of prose written in a variety of rhetorical contexts and to become skilled writers who compose for a variety of purposes. Both their writing and their reading should make students aware of the interactions among a writer's purposes, audience expectations, and subjects as well as the way generic conventions and the resources of language contribute to effectiveness in writing.
DoDEA English Languange Arts Standards
Course Objectives:
Upon completion of the AP English Language and Composition course, students should be able to:
- Portrait of William Wordsworth, 1842, by Benjamin HaydonTo enable students to read complex texts with understanding and to write prose of sufficient richness and complexity to communicate effectively with mature readers.
- Writing and reading assignments will help students move beyond such programmatic responses as the five-paragraph essay that provides an introduction with a thesis and three reasons, body paragraphs on each reason, and a conclusion that restates the thesis. Although such formulaic approaches may provide minimal organization, they often encourage unnecessary repetition and fail to engage the reader. Students should be encouraged to place their emphasis on content, purpose, and audience and to allow this focus to guide the organization of their writing.
- Exams and activities will help students to become more critical readers and writers. Students will complete assignments in the style of the actual AP test and gain confidence in their ability to pass the AP exam with a score of 3, 4, or 5.
Course Outline (1st Semester)
- Module 0: Introduction to course
- Module 1: Introduction to Rhetorical Analysis and Rhetorical tools
- Module 2: Transcendentalism: Introduction to early American historical texts, essays; understanding works in historical context
- Module 3: Exam Week 1: Timed writing and multiple choice test practice
- Module 4: Novel study: F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby
- Module 5: Exam Week 2: Timed writing and multiple choice test practice
- Module 6: Non-Fiction: Chosen Essays
- Module 7: Non-Fiction Exam Week 3: Timed writing and multiple choice test practice
- Module 8: Coming to America: interpreting point of view and using the tools of logic and analysis
- Module 9: American Poetry: Learning to find author's purpose and use of rhetorical tools through the use of poetry
Essential Software:
- These may change during the school year.
- The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald
- The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, Ann Fadiman
Course Notes: Weighted - Must Take AP Exam (+ indicated Weighted)


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Lori St. John, a Class of 2000 graduate who founded and directed the law school's former Innocence Project, will return to Rutgers School of Law–Newark on Monday, November 25, 2013 to speak about "Protecting the Innocent."
St. John is author of the new book The Corruption of Innocence: A Journey for Justice (Creative Production Services, 2013), which details her four-year fight to save the life of Joseph Roger O'Dell III, who was executed for murder in 1997. Prior to law school, St. John was doing volunteer work when she discovered the O'Dell case and, convinced of his innocence, brought international attention to efforts to stop the execution.
Sister Helen Prejean, author of Dead Man Walking, says of the St. John book: "This amazing story of a woman's valiant attempts to save an innocent man from execution might seem like a hyped-up overwrought suspense novel. But everything told in these pages actually happened. Fasten your seat belt. It's going to take you for quite a ride."
After receiving her J.D., St. John was an associate deputy public defender for the Adult Felony Division of the Essex County Public Defender's Office. She then litigated criminal cases in Colorado's adult felony court and did post-conviction appellate work for the state's Alternate Defense Counsel.
In addition to providing an overview of the case at the heart of her book, St. John will update the audience on the legal landscape of wrongful convictions and exonerations and offer effective principles and practices for effective litigation.
|"Protecting the Innocent"
|Lori St. John '00, author of The Corruption of Innocence: A Journey for Justice
|5:00 pm, Monday, November 25, 2013
|Justice Robert N. Wilentz Appellate Courtroom (room 122), Rutgers School of Law–Newark


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Welcome to Wayne County!
Capitol Reef and High Plateau Country
This web site offers you Wayne County government information, and it also offers tourism information and links for hotels, motels, bed and breakfast inns, cabins, campgrounds, RV Parks, restaurants, shopping, services, activities and attractions for Wayne County, Utah.
This area of southern Utah has a diversity of landscape like no other area in the state - red rock formations and canyons, pristine meadows, alpine forests, as well as lush green valleys. That landscape makes Capitol Reef Country perfect for outdoor activities such as hiking, biking, horse and ATV rides, fishing, hunting or just a quiet picnic!
After your vacation here, you too will regard beautiful Wayne County, Utah as a Land of Solitude and Contrast.


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A client's website is currently at www.domain.com, with domain.com redirected there automatically. I've suggested that they reverse the redirection to drop the "www", so I can set up a subdomain that can use shared session cookies (= login to domain.com stays logged in at sub.domain.com). However, they're concerned that the change will impact their search engine rankings. Any advice?
First of all, as you're mentioned the reason to change that are cookies - there's no need - see "sub-domain cookies, sent in a parent domain request" on Stackoverflow:
SEO-wise: If you go with "www." or without is not important, as long as you 301-redirect from the one to the intended one and all webmaster tools know what your intended domain is. BUT: If you would change this in an existing project, keep in mind the already existing backlinks and if it's worth to redirect them and possibly lose some link juice.


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I've just asked a question (the link is for 10k users) that was closed. However all I asked was a list and no discussions of this list nor any comparisons of compilers. Some of Stackoverflow user are very experienced and could have given this answer to me. Note that answer to such question cannot be found using Google.
How can I dispute on moderators decision?


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MotherHome Inn Siem Reap Hotel
A free pick up service valid only between 7:00am to 10:00pm
(the pick up will be charge if between 10pm to 7am)
Breakfast : Included (Daily Buffet breakfast)
Our Free Breakfast Contains : All Basic European Continantals + Asian Basic Breakfast Fresh Milk + Chilled Fruit Juices + Seasonal Fresh Fruit and Tea/ Coffee.
Learn More
We are opening our MotherHome Inn on 01 August 2011 after, successfully managing the MotherHome Guesthouse was lovely for over 3 years experiences and run by a owner who has worked in one of the leading overseas 5 star hotel
- Breakfast Included- Air conditioning
- Slippers
- In-Room Safety Box- Cable/Satellite LCD TV 32" - Private-Bathroom:with Hot & Cold Shower- Writing Table
- Paper
- Pen- Complimentary Bottle Water- Wardrobe
- Hair dryer
Take a Tour of Our Hotel
Relaxed elegant dining at the MotherHome Inn, where rich aromas sense in the tropical breeze and...
Relaxed elegant dining at the MotherHome Inn, where rich aromas sense in the tropical breeze and…
Address: Tapul Village, Sangkat Svay Dangkum, Siem Reap, Kingdom of Cambodia.
English-Thai Speaking: +855-17 773 434中文: +855-12 943 019 Phone: (855) 63 764 248Fax: (855) 63 764 249E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com (English), firstname.lastname@example.com (中文) Website: www.motherhomeinn.comWeb Statistics


text: "Eyes are the window to the soul." This quote comes to mind for this tutorial of "How to Draw Eyes in Pencil." I took the time to detail the pupil, iris and skin surround the eye. If you have trouble drawing eyes, don't worry because this tutorial gives lots of tips that can open your mind to the universe of the eye. I've worked hard for both of us. This is my very first time drawing an eye in detail. So I made sure to research, draw, and apply new tips to pass over to you. Personally, I love people and how their eyes speak their emotions. The eye is a beautiful thing. I hope you enjoy this tut. Please vote, comment, and/or fav because it really helps to know who is being helped. I love you all and success to this adventure of "How to Draw Eyes in Pencil!"


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De Anza's physical education staff is committed to excellence and the development of each individual by creating an atmosphere of fun, focus and friendship.
The mission of the Physical Education and Athletics Division is the development of the total individual by offering a comprehensive program emphasizing health, wellness and lifelong learning through exercise, sports skill development and critical thinking. The division is also committed to providing vocational training opportunities to prepare students for employment.
What We Offer
We offer several vocational programs leading to certificates or degrees. Massage Therapy is our largest vocational program. Students may earn a certificate or continue their studies for an A.A. degree. Our winter quarter massage clinic is extremely popular with students, staff, faculty and the community.
The De Anza Athletics program is one of the most diversified and comprehensive in Northern California. It is comprised of 18 sports for men and women.
Course Information
There are over 70 activity courses ranging from one-half to two units. Classes are offered Monday through Friday between 5:30 a.m. and 10 p.m.
Physical Education courses are usually offered for 1/2-unit laboratory sections two hours per week. Courses that are offered for three hours are given one unit of value and usually have an "X" listed in the course number.
Grading Policy: Most Physical Education courses are now accepted for completion of Area E General Education and are graded on a four-point scale. However, students can take the courses on a Pass/No Pass basis upon request. Note: All students who wish to earn a certificate of achievement or proficiency must take "required" courses for a grade.
Information on specific activity courses and programs is provided on this site. Students can find advisory and prerequisite notes in the course listings.
Contact Us
See the physical education staff directory for phone numbers and e-mail addresses of instructors. If you have further questions, please contact the Physical Education/Athletic Division office at: (408) 864-8751, Building PE4, Room 41C.
(Photos by Marjan Sadoughi, courtesy of La Voz)
Physical Education
Building: PE
Contact: Susan Ho
Phone: 408.864.8751


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1984 Movie - Horror - Directed by Wes Craven. Starring John Saxon, Heather Langenkamp, Johnny Depp and Robert Englund as the killer, Freddy Kruger. Kruger attacks his victims while they sleep ... from inside of their dreams.
923 views
Why is it 'Elm' in 'A Nightmare on Elm Street'?
What does Elm depict in A Nightmare on Elm Street? Does Elm tree represent something bad in the horror context?


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If you grew up on classic arcade games, our iPad Atari Arcade gaming dock will send you back in time to relive your favorite arcade games. Connect via bluetooth to your iPad, iPad 2 and the new iPad for hours of real arcade action– complete with stick shift joystick and classic arcade buttons. Relive the excitement of arcade classics like Asteroids, Centipede and Missile Command. Simply download the free Atari Arcade Greatest Hits app from the Apple Store, attach your iPad to the dock and you're on your way to hours of classic arcade action. . Transforms any iPad, iPad 2, the new iPad generation 3 and iPad with Retina Display into a retro arcade gaming console.
See more details
Item # 201109
There's nothing quite like a classic Atari Arcade game! The stick shift joystick and retro four-button configuration Atari Arcade gaming dock gives you the look and feel of a classic arcade game on any iPad®. Just download the Atari Arcade Greatest Hits app from the Apple® Store and you'll have everything you need for 1 person 2 people or team arcade action.
• Transforms any iPad, iPad 2, the new iPad generation 3 and iPad with Retina Display into a retro arcade gaming console
• Download the free app – Atari Arcade Greatest Hits for Duo
• Play classics like Centipede, Missile Command and Asteroids
• Dock locks your tablet into vertical portrait mode
• Dock includes retro joystick and arcade buttons in classic 4 button configuration
• No power source required, runs off the power of your iPad®
• 1 Player, 2 Players or Team Play
• Rubberized feet keep dock from shifting during play
Length: 11.25
Width: 7.5
Height: 3.25
Weight: 1.1 Lbs
Our Price: $59.99
Enter your promo code at checkout to see your savings!
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The Nebraska Supreme Court's public information office announced Monday the scheduled retirement of Second Judicial District Judge Randall Rehmeier.
Judge Rehmeier, a former Otoe County prosecutor, has served more than two decades on the bench. He served on the county court bench from 1987 to 1990 before his appointment to the district court.
In his resignation letter to the Governor, Judge Rehmeier noted, "I am proud to have served as a judge in this great state for over 25 years. The duties and responsibilities of being a judge are many and I have given it my best effort."
Judge Rehmeier has been an active member of many committees throughout his service to the judiciary. He served as chairman of the Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee as well as president of the District Judges Association.
Rehmeier currently serves on the Supreme Court Case Management Committee for Nebraska Trial Courts as a district court representative and will continue to represent judges on the Nebraska Public Employees Retirement Board.
For 10 years, he mentored new judges through the District Judges New Orientation Committee and has served as faculty and adviser for many education sessions.
He closed his letter to the Governor saying, "The legal and judicial system of this state and county represent the cornerstone of what makes this county great. I feel fortunate to have had the opportunity to contribute and serve."
The first step in replacing Judge Rehmeier will be for the Judicial Resources Commission to call a meeting to decide if there enough workload to create a judicial vacancy.
The Commission is scheduled to meet Tuesday, April 2, 2013, at 1:00 p.m. central time.
Location, ST | website.com


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Trying to figure out a way of doing this via arcpy, but don't see anything remotely related to this. My raster dataset is a GRID.
'pPixBlock is an IPixelBlock
'sets raster to be one column and one row in size
pSizePoint.SetCoords(1, 1)
pPixBlock = praster.CreatePixelBlock(pSizePoint)
Any insights will be greatly appreciated. Thanks!


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For Record Store Day our mate courtney barnett released a very special zine 'A View To A Gig'.
You can now relive your grade 3 nightmares of colouring inside the lines and have a crack at the Colouring Book version of the zine online here
Courtney is asking fans to colour their favourite page and post the pictures of your masterpieces on instagram.
Tag your photo #courtneybarnett #aviewtoagig on the Instazzz.
Courtney's The Double EP: A Sea Of Split Peas out now via Milk Records / Remote Control Records


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Get the Look: Courtney Love's Beachwear
Starsurf/Splash News; Flynet
Newly slim Courtney Love got the Internet buzzing with photos of her bikini-clad body on a Maui beach vacation last week. We were fascinated watching her change into swimsuit after swimsuit, conjuring images of another starlet who has an endless wardrobe of string bikinis. Courtney showed her rock 'n' roll roots in her one-piece cut-out navy bathing suit by Fabucci ($228, at shopbop.com). Later, the singer/author hit the sand in a Missoni Florida Zigzag Bikini ($315 at net-a-porter.com). Tell us: What do you think of Love's bikini looks?


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The wind turbine may have been abandoned, but the park makes the most of energy generation and water conservation
More from: Marathon not a sprint
Bespoke lighting masts on the main concourse incorporate small wind turbines. A proposal for a permanent 120-metre high wind turbine on the Eton Manor site was granted planning permission in 2007. Members of the design team had travelled to Norway where they had seen large-scale, well-established wind turbines in urban settings, and the hope was to jumpstart this technology in the UK. However, changes to the EU Machinery Directive, which regulates lifts in wind turbines, deemed the proposed design non-compliant and the supplier, unable to resolve the issue in time to meet the programme, withdrew from the project. The turbine was cancelled in 2010.
John Mcaslan + Partner's Olympic Park and Stratford Energy Centres enable district-wide energy provision to the Olympic Park and parts of Stratford (including Westfield) both during and after the Games. The buildings, clad in COR-TEN steel mesh are easily identifiable landmarks, explicit reminders of where energy is generated. They provide heating, cooling and electricity via a gas-fired CCHP and a biomass plant.
A legacy of Robin Lee and Alan Pert's NORD partnership, now dissolved, the Primary Substation was the park's first completed building. Its robust brick construction a clear reference to Stratford's 19th century industrial heritage. (AJ Specification 11.09)
The Pudding Mill Pumping Station collects the sewage from the new 1.8 kilometer-long sewer network below the Olympic Park and pumps it 21 metres up to meet the adjacent Northern Outfall Sewer that runs under the Greenway. John Lyall Architects challenged Thames Water's approved outline design for a brick shed and worked with the civil engineers to build a building out of its component parts. Elements such as an illuminated flue tower, bright pink odour filtration tanks and printing 19th century engineering drawings on exterior walls make what could have been an unsightly utilitarian shed, a memorable building. (AJ 12.09.10)
Jointly funded by the ODA and Thames Water as a pilot research project, the Old Ford Water Recycling Plant houses innovative water cleansing technology. The plant is located in a small nature reserve south-west of the Olympic Stadium. Sewage from the nearby Northern Outfall Sewer is cleaned through a multi-step process and re-circulated to irrigate the Olympic Park and for toilet flushing in legacy venues. Wet sewage passes through two enormous sediment tanks outside the building, before being treated inside to remove micro-organisms. A larch-clad steel structure sits over gabion walls that provide a robust finish to the base of the building and enhance biodiversity on the site.
London 2012: Sustainable Design:
Delivering a Games Legacy
This book by Hattie Hartman is published by John Wiley & Sons, £49.99.
For a 25% discount for AJ readers, go to www.wiley.com and enter promotion code VB802
The Big Three
Lee Valley White Water Centre
Olympic Infrastructure
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expert advice MORE
Transitioning from Parochial to Public School
Q: Is there a preferred time to transition a child from a parochial school to a public school? I'm trying to decide if my fifth-grade daughter should make the transition to the new school in sixth grade or wait until high school?
A: Transition to a new school is never easy, and it can be even more difficult when a child moves from one level to another. It's very important to talk with your child and make sure that she plays an important part in this decision.
If several elementary schools feed into the middle school, your child would not be the only "new" student next year. She would be able to become accustomed to the new school environment along with other students who are having the same experience. Plus, she would develop friendships making the transition to high school easier. And she would have the opportunity to get into sports, music, and other activities that she could continue in high school.
In making this decision, consider if your daughter is ready to handle more responsibility next year. In middle school, students have several teachers and will not have the direction, guidance, and support that elementary teachers provide. Will your child do well in a larger, more impersonal school? Or would she be more ready for high school with three additional years in the smaller, more supportive, elementary-school environment?
If your daughter continues in parochial school until high school, you will need to think about the social consequences of this decision. Will some of her friends be following this path so she sees some friendly faces and doesn't feel totally alone? Can she make new friends easily?
Some middle schools and high schools have excellent transition programs. One of these programs, plus your support, will make it much easier for your child whenever she moves to the public-school system.
More on: Expert Advice
Peggy Gisler and Marge Eberts are experienced teachers who have more than 60 educational publications to their credit. They began writing books together in 1979. Careers for Bookworms was a Book-of-the-Month Club paperback selection, and Pancakes, Crackers, and Pizza received recognition from the Children's Reading Roundtable. Gisler and Eberts taught in classrooms from kindergarten through graduate school. Both have been supervisors at the Butler University Reading Center.


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Night of the Living Dead/Carnival of Souls - DVD - Double Feature for $1.99
List Price: $9.98
Price: $1.99
You Save: $7.99 (80%)
+$2.98 shipping.
Format: Black & White, DVD, NTSC
Language: English
Region: Region 1 (U.S. and Canada only. Read more about DVD formats.)
Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
Number of discs: 1
Rated: Unrated
Studio: Good Times Video
DVD Release Date: August 27, 2002
Run Time: 171 minutes
2 Comments add a comment
Not a bad price for two movies, but just thought it's worth pointing out that if you type in "public domain" and "movies" to any search engine and go to any of the resulting sites, you can watch both of these for free whenever you want. If you're into that.
True, you can with some, but the problem can be that the sound an/or the video will be degraded. I'd rather spend a few bucks and get a decent copy, but then again, I love older movies, so it's a bigger deal to me.


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There is a saying that when translated from my language is Through difficult to defeat. Is it correct to say it this way? I know that the correct saying is To stars through difficulties.
It is very important for me to know as I need to use it for a tattoo.


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David Delucineay, 33, was apprehended Tuesday morning. Delucineay and his brother, Roger, led police on a chase through Butler County last night.
According to the Butler County Sheriff, Deputy Dwayne McKinney got a call from his neighbor saying they had spotted one of the escapees hitch-hiking on Highway 106.
McKinney picked up Deluncineay and drove hime into town. When Delucineay got out McKinney revealed that he is deputy sheriff.
Sheriff Ken Morris says, "Of course, he'd seen the pictures and he said I'm going to have to place you under arrest. He told him to turn around and assume position and the guy bolted."
At that time the canine officer arrived and the dog was able to apprehend Delucineay. David Delucineay is now in the Butler County Jail.
HIs brother, 34-year-old Roger Delucineay, is still on the loose.


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Pepsi And Bigfoot Beverages Partner Up For Exclusive Family Nights At CGS
By Ben Deatherage
Cottage Grove, Oregon- The fine folks at Pepsi and their local distributor Bigfoot Beverages have partnered up with the Cottage Grove Speedway to present five exclusive Family Nights in 2014. These nights will offer even more incentives for families to come out and enjoy the best racing action in the area. On these special nights in addition to the purchase of the $35.00 Family Pass folks will receive a FREE small soft drink beverage with their admission courtesy of Pepsi and Bigfoot Beverages.
The five events that are designated as Pepsi Family Nights are April 19th, May 17th, June 21st, July 12th, and August 9th. Be sure and don't miss this opportunity to enjoy some family fun this race season at the Cottage Grove Speedway. As mentioned above the Family Pass is only $35.00 and is good for two Adults and up to four Youths (children ages 6-12).
Pepsi is synonymous with refreshing and tasty soft drink beverages not only in America but throughout the entire world. Cottage Grove Speedway is proud to serve Pepsi and all of their other great tasting flavors at all of its concession stands locations throughout the entire facility. Watch exclusive videos, shop for cool swag, or enter to win fabulous prizes by visiting their website at www.pepsi.com.
Serving from five conveniently located distribution centers throughout the state of Oregon, Bigfoot Beverages is proud to vend the local area with their great tasting products. Got a major event coming up or looking to switch vendors? Be sure and contact the fine folks at Bigfoot Beverages via their website at www.bigfootbeverages.com.
Cottage Grove Speedway is a ¼-mile clay oval that has hosted auto racing since 1956. Regarded as one of the fastest race tracks in the country and hosts regular actions every Saturday night from April to September. Regular featured classes include 360 Sprints, IMCA Modifieds, Northwest Extreme Sprints, Late Models, Northwest Extreme Modifieds, Street Stocks, and Hornets. Be sure and visit www.cottagegrovespeedway.com for all of the latest information and stories.
Driven by MyRacePassTM
Cottage Grove Speedway | All rights reserved


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This blog is about new paperless reading materials like downloadable audio books, ebooks, and online magazines, made available to you through the Appleton Public Library. I plan to provide helpful tips on using these new products, along with reviews of audio books, music on cd, and movies on DVD and Blu-ray. The library is changing as rapidly as your access to media and the Internet. We want to keep on top of the trends and bring you information and entertainment in a way that fits your life today. -Beth
New OverDrive eReading Room for Kids and Teens
Mon, Feb 17, 2014
New--Monday, February 17!
OverDrive has provided a new interface to make it easier for kids and teens to look for books at their interest level. You may bookmark the new interface on your child's device. The new screen will only show ebooks and audio books for kids and teens.
It's easy to search by interest, ATOS or Lexile levels if you are a parent, and kids can still search or browse like they are used to when finding books of interest to them--by topic, author or title.
To go to the full OverDrive menu, there is a link in the top left corner of the page which takes you back to the main OverDrive page.
New Zinio titles now available!
Mon, Jan 6, 2014
New magazine titles are:
4 Wheel & Off Road
American Patchwork & Quilting
Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Aviation Week & Space Technology
Baseball America
Beer Connoisseur
Bloomberg Businessweek
Cabin Life
Diabetic Living
Economist—Latin America
Elle Décor
Finescale Modeler
Fit Pregnancy
Gluten-free Living
Guitar Player
Hispanic Network
Hot Rod
iPhone Life
Martha Stewart Weddings
Men's Journal
Publisher's Weekly
Taste of Home Holiday
Town & Country
Tulsa Book Review
Us Weekly
Working Mother
If you are new to Zinio you can create a free account through the Appleton Public Library gateway, then make your own Zinio.com account. You must choose your magazines through this gateway in order to get them for free.
Once you have checked out your magazine issues, you can read online or open the magazines in a free app on your device. Download the app from your app store, then open the app, touch Read at the bottom of the screen, and download the issues by touching the arrow in the center of the magazine cover. The percent downloaded will show at the top of the screen. You will need to fully download the issue, which may take a few minutes.
Issues stay on your device until you delete them by touching Edit, and then the X in the center of the magazine. They can be restored through a similar process.
Learn more at https://www.rbdigital.com/help/zinio-faq.
Changes to Learning Express (Learn-a-test) start January 3
Sat, Dec 28, 2013
Have a test coming up--the GED, SAT, or TOEIC? Or you'd like to polish your math skills or learn about Adobe Photoshop? LearningExpress Library provides these options and many more. If you have not yet signed up, please wait until January 3 to create an account and take advantage of the improved format.
"On January 3, 2014 LearningExpress will be updated to LearningExpress Library 3.0.
LearningExpress Library is a collection of web-based test preparation tools and skill-building materials for children, teens, and adults. Improve your academic skills, achieve educational goals, and prepare for careers with LearningExpress Library!
LearningExpress Library 3.0 is a whole NEW experience! It offers improved functionality and content including:
Users should register for a new account at their earliest convenience after January 3rd.
For questions about the update to LearningExpress Library 3.0, please contact BadgerLink."
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Thu, Dec 19, 2013
New titles are being added early to the Zinio downloadable magazine collection. Additional titles were chosen for 2014, and many of them are already available. By the beginning of January there will be about 140 titles, up from 2013's 100 titles.
For those new to Zinio, you can fully access and download individual issues of magazines for free, through the Appleton Public Library. In some cases you will have access to back issues as well. Go to the Appleton Public Library website at www.apl.org and click on the Zinio logo, under the image of the library card. You will create a Zinio account, using your Infosoup library card number and PIN/password. Here's how.
Unfortunately we will also be losing access to a few digital magazines. The publishers of Consumer Reports will no longer make it available to libraries through Zinio as of January 1, and NFL Magazine has gone out of business. There may be a couple of others as well.
Zinio is easy to use, but if you aren't sure how to add the app and access the magazines, you can sign up for a 1:1 session with a librarian who will work with you to get started. Sign up here.
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Mon, Nov 25, 2013
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On your bookshelf, under the Download and Read buttons, it shows when your title is due. With 3 days left, the Renew function (with a circled arrow) appears. If the arrow is green, you are able to renew the item as soon as your checkout expires. If it is grayed out, you can get back on the holds list.
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Click the link in the email. Or follow these instructions. You will only be allowed to renew this title one time.
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| Ahamad, S., Bechtel Corp, Houston, Texas; Vallavanatt, R., Bechtel Corp, Houston, Texas
[flue gas]
Process heaters are the largest consumers of energy in most
plants. A refinery, on average, burns
approximately 2 billion Btu/hr of fuel in fired heaters. The
total quantity of fuel burned (heat released) is so high that
any improvement will result in significant fuel savings.
Although there are many ways to improve heater performance,
including better design, operation and maintenance, excess air
is the No. 1 contributor to poor heater efficiency and must be
High energy costs and tighter emissions regulations require
increased understanding and control of excess air. Any
reduction in excess air will raise the efficiency of a heater
and reduce total emissions. NOX emissions are of the
highest concern in a fired heater, although excess air control
will also reduce refinery CO2 emissions and boost heater
Fuel efficiency in a fired heater is a function of heater
design, maintenance and operating
parameters. Heaters must be designed for optimum efficiency,
and providing an adequate heat-transfer area at the design
stage will ensure better efficiency. It is recommended that the
flue gas temperature approach (defined as flue gas temperature
leaving convection, minus process inlet temperature) be between
50°F and 100°F, depending on heater tube material and
the cost of fuel. However, heater efficiency may decline with
the degradation of heater components. The degree of degradation
is dependent on the quality of the maintenance program implemented at
the refinery.
Excess air is defined as the amount of air above the
stoichiometric air requirement that is needed to complete the
combustion process. Excess oxygen (O2) is the amount
of O2 in the incoming air not used during
In an operating plant, the airflow rate can be adjusted at a
fixed absorbed-heat duty (constant feed flowrate and
inlet/outlet conditions) until an optimum fuel-to-air ratio is
achieved. It is important to note that there is a limit on
minimum possible excess O2. Below this level,
combustibles can enter the flue gas, which poses a safety
hazard. Heater and burner manufacturers establish this minimum
limit during the design stage. Operators should also keep a
safe margin for upset conditions.
A frequently asked question is, Why do operators often
run heaters with higher excess air? The answer is that
additional excess air reduces flame temperature, shortens flame
length and decreases tube flame impingement, thereby making it
easier for workers to operate the heater without overheating
the tube.
Excess O2 can be measured in flue gases, which
can be correlated with excess air. Fig. 1
provides a correlation between excess air and flue gas
O2 for a typical natural gas. Also, the following
equation can be used to calculate the excess air based on flue
gas O2:
Higher excess O2 helps achieve a stable flame in
the firebox. At the same time, it reduces the efficiency of the
heater. As a general rule, 3% O2 in flue gas is
equivalent to 15% excess air.
Flue gas quantity increases with a rise in excess air, which
lowers heat and increases the fuel requirement. Fig.
2 provides a correlation between flue gas generated
during combustion, and excess air.
Fig. 1. Correlation between
excess air and flue
gas O2 for a typical natural gas.
Fig. 2. Correlation between
flue gas generated
during combustion, and excess air.
The following equation can be used to calculate approximate
flue gas quantity for natural gas:
qf = 1 + 0.167 3 (100 + EA)
EA = excess air, %
O2 = vol% of flue gas oxygen (dry)
qf = flue gas quantity in lb/lb of
As a general rule, flue gas quantity is approximately 20
times the fuel quantity at 15% excess air.
The net eddiciency of a fired heater is equal to the total
heat absorbed, divided by the total heat input. The heat
absorbed is equal to the total heat input, minus the total
losses. The net thermal heater efficiency can be calculated
using the following equation:
η = Net thermal efficiency, %
LHV = Lower heating value of the fuel, Btu/lb of
Ha = Sensible heat of air, Btu/lb of
Hf = Sensible heat of fuel, Btu/lb of
Hm = Sensible heat of atomizing media,
Btu/lb of fuel
Hs = Stack heat losses, Btu/lb of
HL = Setting loss, Btu/lb of fuel.
For all practical purposes, we can assume
Ha and Hf to be
negligible. Hm is applicable for fuel oil
firing. Setting (casing) heat losses are in the range of
1.5%2.5%, depending on the capacity, design and size of
the heater. Given these assumptions, there are two parameters
for the estimation of efficiency: excess air/flue gas
O2 and stack temperature.
Fig. 3 depicts a graph for the estimation
of fired heater efficiency, based on flue gas O2 and
stack temperature for a typical natural gas with a setting heat
loss of 1.5%. For heat losses higher than 1.5%, additional heat
loss should be reduced from the calculated efficiency.
For example, consider a heater operating at a stack
temperature of 400°F, with 4% O2 (dry), and a
1.5% setting loss. Using the graph in Fig. 3,
the efficiency can be estimated at 89%. For the same heater
with a higher setting loss of 2.5%, the efficiency is
Fig. 3. Estimation of fired
heater efficiency.
Natural draft heaters use the draft (buoyancy) effect of hot
flue gases to draw combustion air into the heater. The net
draft available is the draft created by the stack effect, minus
frictional and velocity losses. The net draft should be
sufficient to obtain a negative pressure along the heater flue
gas path.
It is important to maintain a safe draft level in a fired
heater to achieve the best possible efficiency and operation.
The target draft of 0.1 inchWC is set at the heater arch. A
higher value of draft will result in ingress of tramp
air into the heater. Tramp air takes heat from the
combustion process and exits the stack, reducing heater
efficiency. The flue gas sample taken from the stack does not
represent the actual volume of O2 available for
combustion. It is the sum of unused O2 from the
firebox (actual excess O2) and O2 from
tramp air.
A positive draft value will result in the leakage of hot
flue gases through openings in the heater. This is a hazardous
operation that can overheat the steel structure, refractory and
heater supports, and, consequently, shorten heater life.
Fig. 4. Value of draft
generated in the heater
for flue gas and ambient air temperatures.
Fig. 4 provides the value of draft
generated in the heater for flue gas temperature and ambient
air temperature. It should be noted that stack effect decreases
with an increase in site altitude. The calculated draft should
be amended using the correction factor for site altitude. The
following equation can be used to calculate the draft generated
in a heater:
H = Height, ft
Patm = Atmospheric pressure, psia
Tamb = Ambient air temperature,
Tfg = Flue gas temperature, °R.
As a general rule, for every 10 ft of firebox height, the
draft increases by 0.1 inchWC:
Draft at burner (inchWC) ≈ 0.1 +
Hfb ÷ 100 (5)
Hfb = Firebox height, ft.
As an example, for a 50-ft-tall firebox, the draft at burner
is 0.6 inchWC (0.1 inchWC at arch, plus 0.5 inchWC as a stack
effect). Generally, the stack effect decreases with an increase
in site elevation. For example, a taller stack will be needed
for a heater operating in Wyoming (altitude ~ 5,000 ft) than
for one operating along the Texas Gulf Coast (altitude ~ 0
The typical combustion air preheater (APH) will increase the
heater efficiency by approximately 10%. Fuel gas generally
contains H2S or sulfur, which convert into
SO2 and then into SO3. The APHs
heat-transfer surface is subject to cold-end corrosion caused
by condensation of sulfur trioxide (SO3), which
results in APH leakage. Air preheater leakage is one of the
most common APH operating problems, and any such leakage
results in a reduction in the overall efficiency of the
In APH operation, the flue gas is generally at negative
pressure, and the air is at positive pressure. Therefore,
leakage occurs from air to the flue gas side. This reduces the
quantity of air available for combustion, and it increases the
quantity of flue gas leaving the APH.
This leakage can be detected by measuring the flue gas
O2 content at the APH inlet and outlet. Any leakage
will result in higher flue gas O2 at the APH exit,
compared to the APH inlet. Generally, the APH is not equipped
with a flue gas O2 analyzer at the inlet and the
outlet; however, the inclusion of 2-in. connections at the
APHs inlet and outlet will enable operators to measure
O2 levels using a portable analyzer.
Another method of measuring leakage involves heat balance.
The flue gas/air heat balance across the APH can be described
as follows:
(m 3 Cp ∆T)flue
gas = (m 3 Cp
For a typical fuel gas at 15% excess air:
mflue gas ≈ 1.05 3
Cpflue gas ≈ 1.15 3
∆Tair ≈ 1.2 3
∆Tflue gas
m = Flowrate
Cp = Specific heat
∆T = Temperature difference across the APH.
Any leakage in the APH will reduce the ratio of
∆Tair to ∆Tflue
gas. For example, for a 10% leakage in the APH, the
ratio of temperature difference will be around 1.1.
Fig. 5 indicates the percentage of air
leakage based on the ratio of ∆Tair
to ∆Tflue gas for a typical natural
gas firing.
Fig. 5. Percentage of air
leakage for a typical
natural gas firing.
A fired heater is not a 100% sealed unit; there are always
openings through which air ingress (tramp air) can move. The
volume of tramp air depends on the opening size and the draft
at the location of the opening.
After the draft at the opening location is estimated, the
following equation can be used to estimate the air leakage
through an opening:
∆P = C 3 0.003 3 ρ 3
v2 (8)
This equation can be simplified for the leakage calculation
purpose based on the following data:
The simplified equation reads:
ΔP = Draft at opening location, inchWC
ρ = Density of air at ambient temperature,
v = Velocity of air through opening, ft/s
C = Velocity head
ql = Air leakage, lb per
T = Ambient air temperature, °R.
Fig. 6 provides the quantity of air leakage
per ft2 of opening size. This figure is based on an
ambient air temperature of 60°F. Once the opening size is
known, the amount of air leakage can be estimated. The
estimated air can be translated into the additional firing rate
Fig. 6. Quantity of air
leakage per ft2 of opening
A commonly asked question in heater discussions is,
How much fuel can be saved if excess air is
optimized? The efficiency chart in Fig.
3, which shows operating O2 and target
O2, helps calculate the savings.
However, there is a drawback. The absorbed heat duty of the
fired heater is constant. Any increase in the O2
level will reduce the efficiency, resulting in a higher firing
rate. This increase in the firing rate will lead to a rise in
stack temperature, which results in another reduction in
efficiency. This reduction, in turn, demands a further increase
in the firing rate.
For example, a 100-MM-Btu/hr fired heater is designed for
operating at a stack temperature of 600°F, with 84%
efficiency at 3% O2. The operating efficiency at 6%
O2 is around 80% (and not 82%, as shown in the
efficiency chart).
The method of efficiency calculation for off-design
operating conditions presented in API-560 Appendix G can be
used to estimate the stack temperature when excess air is
present. This method can be simplified for excess air as
Ts = Flue gas stack temperature,
EA = Excess air, %
Tf = Feed inlet temperature, °R
(Tf1 = Tf2)
Φ = Excess air correction factor (subscripts 1 and 2 refer
to design and operating conditions, respectively).
Once the new flue gas stack temperature at excess air is
known, then the heater efficiency can be estimated.
Fig. 7 shows the estimated fuel savings for a
reduction in the O2 level to 3%. This graph is based
on a fuel price of $6/MMBtu. The design flue gas temperature
lines indicate the baseline stack temperature (i.e., the flue
gas stack temperature at 3% O2).
Fig. 7. Estimated fuel
savings for a reduction
in the O2 level to 3%.
The volume of CO2 emissions generated in a fired
heater is directly proportional to the firing rate. In
combustion processes, fuel carbon converts into CO2.
Therefore, excess air reduction will lower CO2
Fig. 8 provides estimated decreases in
CO2 emissions through a reduction in the
O2 level to 3%. The basis for this graph is the same
as that in Fig. 7.
Fig. 8. Estimated decreases
in CO2 emissions
through a reduction in the O2 level
to 3%.
Heater excess air control starts at the design stage.
Well-designed heaters have low tramp air. There are three
stages of excess air control:
The following methods can be used to reduce excess air and
tramp air in the heater.
Design stage. A heater has many potential
leak points for air ingress:
These leak points must be designed for the lowest possible
leakage. Suggestions for designing a low-leakage heater include
the following:
Maintenance. Routine maintenance of the
heaters is essential, since corrosive agents can be present in
flue gases. Deterioration from sulfur oxides occurs mostly on
cold sections of the steel casing. Climate conditions can also
lead to rusting on exposed surfaces of the heater casing.
Suggested inspection and maintenance methods include the
Excess air control. Knowing the target flue
gas O2 content is the first step in excess air
control. Each heater is unique in its design. The O2
level required to achieve ideal combustion may be anywhere from
1%4% or higher, depending on the design and operating
characteristics of the heater.
The following two instruments are necessary to control
excess air:
Heater O2 and draft at the radiant arch should be
checked and, if necessary, adjusted at least once per shift and
whenever there is a change in process load. All operators
should be familiar with the heater controls. Often, heaters
with air registers and stack dampers become jammed simply
because they are not used. Fig. 9 provides
tactics for controlling excess air in a natural draft heater.
For controlling excess air in other types of heaters,
Table 1 and Table 2 can be
used alongside Fig. 7.
Fig. 9. Tactics for
controlling excess air in a
natural draft heater.
The basics of automatic heater control are similar to those
described in the manual control method. In automatic control,
reliable instrumentation is key. One reason for the small
number of heaters with automatic control is a lack of
confidence in reliable instrumentation. Also, artificial
intelligence can be built into the control system to account
for all operating cases.
A remote manual control for both O2 and draft is
best suited for the natural draft heater. A fully automated
control can be safely implemented on balanced draft heaters.
Optimum heater performance can be achieved by controlling
O2 and combustibles in flue gas using an
O2/CO analyzer and automatic dampers.
In this case study, a vertical, cylindrical, natural draft
heater with an absorbed heat duty of 100 MMBtu/hr included the
following design parameters:
The heater operated under the following conditions:
In this case study, the heater experienced leakage through
the bottom guide and an open peephole. The coil guide and
sleeve size were 2-in. Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Schedule 80 and
3-in. NPS Schedule 80, respectively. The heater was not
provided with a cap on the sleeve. The open area between the
sleeve and the guide included an inside cross-section of 3-in.
NPS sleeve and an outside cross-section of 2-in. NPS guide
(equal to 2.96 in.2). Other design parameters
Based on revised excess air, a fuel savings can be
calculated as in Case Study 1:
Controlling excess air has many benefits, and opportunities
exist to save fuel regardless of whether the heater is old or
new. Day-to-day monitoring significantly improves heater
operation. The first visible benefit of excess air reduction is
a decrease in fuel consumption. Reduction of emissions, including CO2,
is another benefit.
The heater must be provided with at least two instruments
(an O2 analyzer and a draft gauge at the arch), both
of which are important for energy improvement. Additionally,
proper training should be provided for heater operators, and a
simple and straightforward heater tuning program must be
implemented. It is unlikely that an operator will voluntarily
adjust the heater unless a plan is in place to do so.
All comments are subject to editorial review.
All fields are compulsory.
good to see your article , Sultan ..
ripal shah
we have natural draft cylindrical bottom fired heter. i want to reduce stack temperature from 240 deg c to 145 deg c.pl give idea.
If a furnace running low NOx burners (using fuel gas) has air infiltration problems in the box, can heavy crosswinds affect excess O2 thereby causing higher NOx emissions?
thank you. Very Good information
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I had thought that the translation for the English word "slang" in French was "argot", but it seems that there is a subtle difference in meaning in that slang tends to be used and/or understood by most of the language speakers, whereas argot is only known to a small subset. Is there a more accurate French translation of the English word "slang", or does it need to simply be borrowed into French?
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Slang is supposed to refer to English specifically.
I also found the translations dialecte (specific to a region) and jargon (specific to an activity) but I don't think they do justice to slang.
You will also want to visit the wikipedia page registres de langues en français which in addition of the already mentionned language familier, brings us the language populaire which may be the level you're looking for.
Slang has a wide meaning in English. AFAIK, it covers:
I don't know a word in French which covers it all.
I agree with you on the idea that argot is not a correct translation. Argot is meant to make the language cryptic to other people, which is different from slang.
Depending on what exactly you mean by slang, you can say:
Les mots argot et slang ont les mêmes sens en anglais et en français, mais ce n'est pas le même sens qui domine dans les deux langues. Il y a essentiellement trois sens.
Argot is a good translation, better than dialecte or jargon.
I'd use argot or langage familier.
"Slang" translates to argot, with a clear english parallel:
slang vs. argot
cockney-rhiming slang vs. argot
The latter is a specific type of slang which basically encrypts the language and makes imposible to understand to someone who doesn't know it. The former is .. Well.. just slang. Common idioms that aren't the proper language, but known by the majority.
The word 'argot' is understood, based on context, to mean whichever is appropriate.
"Argot" is a good translation for "slang".
However people most often just use the adjective "familier":


text:
Presidential Range > Mount Clay > Climber's Log
Mount Clay Climber's Log
[ Sign the Climber's Log ]
|Mt. Clay via Jewell Trail
Date Climbed: Jan 4, 2009
|Picture-perfect day with clear skies, light winds and an undercast.
|Posted Jan 5, 2009 1:37 pm
|Route Climbed: Jewell Trail
Date Climbed: Jun 1, 1996
|Jewell trail to Mounts Clay, Jefferson, Adams, Quincy Adams and Madison. Perfect weather, great views.
|Posted Dec 9, 2008 8:47 am
Date Climbed: Sep 5, 2008
|Ran up Clay on our way from Jefferson to Washington. Great view of Washington and views of where we came from earlier that morning. Windy, but sunny. Lovely day.
|Posted Sep 8, 2008 8:55 am
|A scenic bump on the Presidential Traverse.
|Posted Dec 1, 2007 9:53 pm
|Presi Traverse
|We all wondered why this did not count as a 4,000 footer - the effort we put in to climb it made us want SOME recognition for it.
|Posted Aug 10, 2007 7:11 pm
|Presi Traverse
Date Climbed: Sep 4, 2006
|Nasty weather and no views. 1st mountain on second day of traverse
|Posted Sep 26, 2006 10:18 pm
|presi traverse
Date Climbed: Sep 16, 2006
|walked right over this one on the way to washington
|Posted Sep 21, 2006 4:18 am
|Brian Jenkins
|Via Gulfside from Washington
Date Climbed: Sep 4, 2006
|Bagged this after Washington with Flanders on our south to north Presidential Traverse. Almost no visibility, lots of rain. Was soaked to the bone by this point. so, on we trudged to Jefferson................
|Posted Sep 12, 2006 5:58 pm
Date Climbed: Aug 9, 2006
|120 miles of visibility...only the second day this year! In talking to locals they said that many of them had been up in the area multiple times and NEVER had a day like that. From Washington down to Clay on to Jefferson and the rest of the northern Presidentials with a stopover at the Madison Hut.
|Posted Aug 13, 2006 8:31 pm
|Jefferson/Clay Loop
Date Climbed: Jul 9, 2006
|Nice day in the whites
|Posted Jul 10, 2006 12:19 pm
|Up Six Husbands, down Great Gulf headwall
Date Climbed: Sep 4, 1976
|Needed 2 Wilderness permits then, because we entered/left the Wilderness twice
|Posted Jun 14, 2006 12:25 am
|Route Climbed: mt clay loop Date Climbed: many
|Posted Dec 30, 2005 1:45 pm
|Seth Maciejowski
|Route Climbed: Wait Until Dark Gully Date Climbed: April 2005
|We climbed the fissure in the east face of Mt. Clay from the Great Gulf that is called Wair Until Dark Gully. It's a nice climb and the weather was absolutely stunning. We came from pinkham via damnation gully and the great gulf headwall and returned via wait until dark, Mt. Washington Summit and right gully in tuckermans after climbing the tuckerman headwall. A great day in the mountains.
|Posted Oct 18, 2005 9:04 am
|Cookie Addict
|Route Climbed: Presidential Traverse Date Climbed: June 3,2005
|8 peaks - we missed the last one on accident - in 19.8 miles. I slept REALLY well that night!
|Posted Oct 14, 2005 5:20 am
|Route Climbed: summit loop (from Washington) Date Climbed: Sept. 19/2005
|Enjoyed the hike and getting to know more of the presidentials. Great views...
|Posted Sep 21, 2005 12:51 am
|Route Climbed: summit loop via gulfside (presi traverse) Date Climbed: 10 sept 2005
|Met a number of people "climbing" this peak by walking down from Washington after taking the railroad up.
Dramatic views into the Great Gulf and up to Washington.
|Posted Sep 13, 2005 11:11 pm
|Route Climbed: Mt Clay Loop Trail Date Climbed: July 23, 2005
|After summiting Mt Washington, I reached Mt Clay. I then headed to The Great Gulf to camp for the night,.
|Posted Jul 25, 2005 8:51 pm
|Route Climbed: Ammonoosuc Ravine - Jewell Trail Loop Date Climbed: June 19, 2005
|Neat summit because we were able to see Washington the whole way down since we couldn't see it the whole way up. Beautiful views where we could see them. Nice view into Great Gulf.
|Posted Jul 2, 2005 9:11 pm
|Route Climbed: Ammonoosuc-Jewell Loop Date Climbed: June 19, 2005
|Beautiful views into the Great Gulf and back to Washington and the rest of the White Mountains from the summit. Perfectly crystal clear afternoon and lovely day above the timber.
|Posted Jun 24, 2005 11:53 pm
|Route Climbed: Jewell-Ammonusic Loop Date Climbed: June 2004
|Clay was a good ending to the summit. Did Monroe, Washington and Clay on the same day. Now regret that I didn't press on toward Jefferson.
|Posted Jun 15, 2005 1:28 am


text:
Rhonda Rider: 11 Works Inspired by the Grand Canyon
You are hereHome/ Rhonda Rider: 11 Works Inspired by the Grand Canyon
(BOSTON—September 6, 2011) The Boston Conservatory presents cellist and faculty member Rhonda Rider in a free encore performance of 11 Works Inspired by the Grand Canyon. The performance takes place Saturday, Sept. 24, 2011 at 8 p.m. on campus at Studio 401 (31 Hemenway St., 4th floor). For more information call The Boston Conservatory event line at (617) 912-9240 or visit www.bostonconservatory.edu.
As 2010-2011 Grand Canyon Artist-in-Residence, Rhonda Rider commissioned 11 composers to write pieces for solo cello inspired by the Grand Canyon. Rider brings this encore performance to The Boston Conservatory in anticipation of a recording and the Grand Canyon National Park premiere in October 2011. She will perform works by Yu-Hui Chang, Howard Frazin, Laura Kaminsky, John Kennedy, Emma Lively, Jeffrey Mumford and David Rakowski, as well as Boston Conservatory faculty members Marti Epstein, Jan Swafford, Andy Vores and Dalit Warshaw.
Rhonda Rider is a founding member of the Naumburg Award-winning Lydian Quartet, and a member of the celebrated piano trio, Triple Helix. An active touring artist, she has been heard at international festivals including Concerts Spirituel de Geneve, Septembre Musique de L'Orne, American Academy in Rome and Tanglewood. She has performed at the Kennedy Center, Lincoln Center, Wigmore Hall, Moscow Conservatory, Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Library of Congress. Dedicated to the performance of new music, Rider has premiered and recorded works by such composers as John Harbison, Lee Hyla, Steve Mackey, Bright Sheng and Elliott Carter. Formerly on the faculties of Brandeis University and Wellesley College, Rider is presently Coordinator of Chamber Music and on the cello faculty at The Boston Conservatory and Boston University.
About The Boston Conservatory
The Boston Conservatory trains exceptional young performing artists for careers that enrich and transform the human experience. Known for its intimate and supportive multi-disciplinary environment, The Boston Conservatory offers fully accredited graduate and undergraduate programs in music, dance and theater, and presents more than 200 performances each year by students, faculty and guest artists. Since its founding in 1867, The Boston Conservatory has shared its talent and creativity with the city of Boston, the region and the nation, and continues to grow today as a vibrant community of artists and educators. For more information, visit www.bostonconservatory.edu.
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Can you "win" a game of Dwarf Fortress? Is there like an ending or some victory condition? Or does the game just go on forever sort of like The Sims?
Dwarf Fortress is a "sandbox" game, like Minecraft. Sandbox games typically have no set objectives and, yes, no official way to win them.
Unofficial ways to "win" would be along the lines of player-set goals or challenges like these.
One could definitely consider a successful fort that accomplishes a major goal/challenge or two as "winning" the game, as you've likely mastered it by now, but you haven't officially won it, because doing so is impossible.


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I'm building a platform with a strong security. Security is based on encrypting data with AES-256 encryption. Yet the system needs to "share" these keys among the users and they need to be transferred in an encrypted way too. In order to do this, I'm using an RSA algorithm. The question is how can I generate a secure pair of RSA keys? I also read that p, q, φ(n) need obviously to be kept secret. By the way, when I send a public key, I also need to send the modulo n. Given that the totient function is publicly known, everybody could calculate φ(n), right? So, how can I keep secret φ(n)?
Computing φ(n) from n is equivalent to factoring n:
Therefore, it is no empty banter than to call the public key "public": you can make it public without giving away the private key.
Generating a RSA key pair is not mathematically difficult, but, as with all things crypto, it can fail in many subtle ways that you would not be able to detect (as usual, you cannot test for security, only for functionality). Therefore, it is highly recommended that you use existing code and facilities for such jobs (i.e. a crypto library like OpenSSL, or something already included in your programming framework like Java's
Producing key pairs is the easy part. Public-Key Infrastructure is about the hard part: distributing the keys. Asymmetric algorithms like RSA split keys into a public key and a private key, and you only have to distribute the public part, and since it is public, such distribution requires no encryption. This makes key distribution easier; but not easy. THe main problem is how User A will make sure that it got the "right" public key for User B (i.e. the public key for which User B indeed knows the private key, and not another key which the attacker cunningly pushed in lieu of the right key).
PKI is known to be a very complex issue (and a difficult market as well); the best practice is not to rebuild it from scratch. Instead, research X.509 PKI (in particular this tutorial) and OpenPGP (X.509 is designed to support hierarchical PKI, while OpenPGP was meant for Webs of Trust).