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Gear Combination Guide - "Gearing" For PerformanceWritten by on September 1, 2008 Contributors: Patrick Hill, Todd Ridgeway Chassis Setup Is Critical To On-Track Performance, But So Is The Ability To Deliver Power At The Tire-Patch
Before digging into the subject, we need to review some assumptions on which our discussion will be based. This story isn't intended to identify specific gear combinations for equally specific track conditions. Rather, it's meant to establish some lines of thought that will enable you to make informed decisions while utilizing information that relates directly to how you can integrate various factors that help enable sensible gear choices.
In circle track racing, it's problematic that track conditions undergo a constant state of change during a race. Obviously, this can be more of an issue on dirt than asphalt. Some compensation for this can be made by driving technique while other solutions may be based on chassis setup and gearing, the latter of which we'll be reviewing. In addition, there is no such animal as "absolute traction." In fact, in some instances, a racecar will accelerate more quickly during tire spin, based on where in the rpm (torque) range this situation occurs. Then there are times when the engine is not at wide-open-throttle. But even though these conditions tend to dilute the "academic approach" to determining the best gear/track combinations, there are some guidelines we can discuss. There's more to working out proper gear combinations than just selecting gears. Part of the process involves what you'll be providing for their input.
Defining The Problem
Smokey once told me that circle track racing is little more than a "series of drag races, tied together with corners." For as much of an oversimplification as this may be, it does represent a measure of truth. We'd like to have the car accelerate as quickly as possible on those parts of the track that will reduce lap times the greatest, enable passing when the need arises, and provide the greatest level of control. Clearly, there are variables in play that include an ability to integrate available power with chassis setup and reaction. But unless the mechanical link between flywheel power and the driving wheels is properly matched, on-track performance will suffer. At this point, overall gearing enters the picture.
Torque Vs. Horsepower
In some areas of motorsports, there's an axiom stating "torque creates acceleration, horsepower makes speed." As discussed in earlier CIRCLE TRACK technical materials, torque may be defined as a potential twisting force. Acting over a period of time, torque creates horsepower. That's a generic and simplistic perspective. In terms of accelerating a mass (a racecar), what's important is the amount of torque available at the tire-patch. Since many circle track cars operate without a multi-gear transmission, the final-drive ratio becomes particularly critical to this issue.
Also included in the equation is driving tire circumference or roll-out, not to exclude the total weight of the tire/wheel combination. At the end of the day, tire/wheel units become "flywheels" that must be accelerated along with the dynamic mass of the vehicle. In fact, there are instances where a final drive ratio change may be necessary to overcome the rotational inertial resistance of a given tire/wheel package, simply because the package happens to be either required or the best compromise for the particular situation; e.g., track conditions, length, surface, rules, and so on.
Whether you should concentrate on torque or horsepower, the type of racing dictates which is more important. For example, a short track Sprint Car would benefit from an abundance of torque probably more than a Cup car on a superspeedway where the range of rpm variation is narrow and quite high. Consider the fact that camshaft and valvetrain technology (particularly the latter) have enabled Cup engines to run long-distance races at 9,000-plus engine speeds. These are cases where horsepower equates to speed, as previously suggested. For the majority of weekly racing engines, torque can be a saving grace. In this regard, there is some valuable information that can be derived from reading dyno sheets, according to the following section. Bear with us for a few more paragraphs. All this seemingly nonrelated information should then come into focus.
Reading The Dyno Sheet
Traditionally, translating dyno-measured power information to on-track performance can be difficult. Unless the dynamometer you're using actually accelerates a mass of vehicle-equivalent weight (inertial resistance), an engine doesn't experience the type of loads found in the vehicle. Even so-called dyno "acceleration" tests that incorporate a controlled unloading of the power-absorber doesn't duplicate what an engine sees on the track. So what information can you use from an engine dyno that will, at a minimum, help you anticipate on-track performance? Let's talk about brake specific fuel consumption data.
We know that BSFC is essentially a measure of how efficiently an engine (through the combustion process) is converting fuel into heat or power. The process involves observed horsepower and fuel flow, in units of time. So, in a sense, it's the time-rate measurement by which fuel is converted into horsepower. What can this tell us about track performance? As an example, let's assume you have two engines of essentially the same power characteristics. This might even be one engine with back-to-back, comparatively equal power levels that differ primarily in BSFC performance.
In either of these two cases, the BSFC differences outweigh the power differences. And, you could say BSFC includes a time-based perspective; the combination of parts (or tune) that produces the lower BSFC performance will tend to perform better on the track, particularly regarding acceleration (or throttle response), all else being equal. The kicker is this will also be the combination that responds best to gear changes you make. Thought we'd never get there, right? You'll also discover that on-track fuel economy will be the best with this same lower BSFC combination.
Where's The Power Being Produced?
Before we discuss applying available power to the track, it's necessary to determine what's available. Overall, you need to gear to the rpm range linked to the most power available. In other words, there's little value in trying to conclude final-drive gear ratios and an applicable rpm range without first making certain the engine's power range matches the gears you'll be using, or the opposite.
Once again, even though the ability to achieve optimal traction may not be possible, using "absolute" traction for the purpose of determining initial gear selection will eliminate one variable that's unavoidable. Whether through experience or after experiencing a given set of track surface conditions, you can make subsequent gear ratio changes to compensate for differences between absolute and those of the track on which you're racing. In any case, you'll need to begin somewhere and matching engine power range to on-track rpm (gearing) is a starting point.
Critical "Gearing Points" On The Track
If there is a consensus about the most critical track location that relates to a specific power range, it's the point of corner exit. In fact, you will find that you'd like the engine to be (at wide-open throttle) roughly 200 rpm below its peak torque value when the car reaches and begins to leave the corner exit point. This will encourage maximum acceleration up to peak power as the car travels the back straight (or that portion of a more circular track) or heads for the flag stand.
This optimization of corner exit acceleration, based on what you know about the engine dyno data, can be achieved by selecting a final-drive gear ratio that places the engine in this rpm range at that point on the track we've identified. In the end, you'll likely determine that corner exit speed is more critical than cornering speed, thereby placing particular importance on selecting a final-drive gear combination that allows the engine to begin this acceleration process just below its peak torque value where throttle response and its ability to rapidly increase in rpm (don't forget the lower BSFC notion) past peak power.
Ultimately, you may find that final-drive gear ratios that allow the engine to operate in this "just below peak torque" to "around peak power" range will provide the best corner exit speeds and lowest lap times, respectively. Proper gear choice will help make this happen, somewhat independent of available traction. In fact, this approach does a fairly good job of addressing the traction problem.
A Discussion With Dennis Wells On The Issue Of Gearing
Dennis Wells is well known to the CT readership. Wells Racing Engines has been prominent in both dirt and asphalt circle track racing for more than 25 years, and their exploits having been periodically chronicled on the pages of CT magazine. Relative to how Dennis works with his engine customers on the issue of relating dyno power to on-track performance, the following discussion took place.
CT - Let's assume, for the sake of this conversation, that there are four principle variables affecting on-track conditions over which we have little or no control: absolute traction, constant track conditions, continuous wide-open throttle, and primary environmental conditions. Would you agree these play a role but are not within our control?
Wells - Absolutely. However, even though all of these can affect our gearing choices, we need to first assume they are constant when making overall gear selections, and then adjust the car for how a given set of conditions impacts our choices.
CT - Let's assume I'm one of your customers and you've just handed me a dyno sheet that maps out my particular engine. Maybe I know just enough to be dangerous when it comes to gearing choices, so how would you guide me through the process?
Wells - First of all, you'll probably look at how much power is available and where it's being made. Let's say that's at 7,000 rpm and you figure this where you gear the car to run. However, it's not. My experience has been, especially on a "tacky track," that you want the engine to operate from about 800 to 1,000 rpm above peak power, at maximum rpm. For example, most of my dirt modified engines run best around 7,800 to 8,200 rpm. This means most of these engines, on the dyno, will run peak power around 6,800 to 7,200, depending upon camshaft and cylinder heads. But that's a pretty good estimate.
CT - Do you factor piston displacements into this?
Wells - Well, let's say you have a 400-inch engine with a long stroke. These tend to peak power earlier than the shorter-stroke engines that have about the same cylinder heads and camshafts, pretty much independent of displacement, unless you're talking about significant differences in cubic inches. Then, of course, the larger engines will peak at lower rpm than the considerably smaller ones. What we've found is that the guys who run the longer-stroke engines, without getting into elaborate heads that flow a lot of air, tend to complain about too much bottom end and not enough top end. These include the long-stroke 406-type engines, too.
CT - Specifically, how do you address the issue of "too much bottom end" and "not enough top end"?
Wells - What I generally do is build to either a 3.5-inch or a 3.5625-inch stroke combination so the engine is a little "softer" on the bottom end and doesn't just fall off in the upper rpm. This gives a lot more throttle control, makes gearing selections more effective, and improves lower end traction, plus the car is easier to drive and more predictable.
CT - In terms of how you recommend gearing these cars, have you found that what you might call "driver preference" comes into play, too?
Wells - Yes, and sometimes this can complicate the matter. For example, you may have a driver that has really good throttle control with his foot and will want an engine that's really powerful. He'll hunt for the tacky spots on the track. Then you'll get another driver who wants to gear the car higher to where the engine is really "soft" most of the time, so he doesn't spin the tires because he doesn't have the good "foot feel" like the first driver I described. So the bottom line is that no two drivers will want the exact same thing regarding where the engine makes power or how the car is set up or geared.
CT - So is it fair to say that with the number and range of variables that come into play, it's difficult to lay down any hard and fast rules about gearing for all circumstances?
Wells - I think a more accurate way to look at this is to say there are some "guidelines" to be considered, not strict rules.
CT - Let's talk about guidelines.
Wells - Well, first you need to consider that some of the variables over which you have no control, like track conditions, weather, on-track traffic, and other uncontrollable factors, not only change from week to week but even during the course of a race. So what I'll call the "gearing target" is constantly moving. So black and white steps just aren't practical. However, there are places on the track where you'd like more power or torque than others. This is especially true during corner exiting. In our experience, you'd like the engine to be geared where it's slightly below peak torque rpm when you begin to exit the corner so it'll accelerate toward peak power in the straight. Based on track conditions anticipated, this will provide you a starting point from which ratio changes or driving technique can be adjusted accordingly to fit the needs of the track. We've also found that this approach will help compensate for traction problems during corner exit. Of course, much of this is a compromise that's driven by the fact that there are variables like the ones we mentioned, over which you have much less control than when selecting gear combinations.
CT - Let's go back and talk a bit more about where you think engine rpm should be when corner exit begins, if you're running a longer stroke combination. Stroke and rod length, all else being equal, can affect the rpm span between peak torque and peak power.
Wells - That's right. In these cases, where the rpm between peak torque and peak power becomes more narrow, you'd probably want to gear the car to a slightly lower rpm below peak torque so you won't run out of rpm between there and peak power during acceleration onto the straight. Normally, these guys will run a higher gear ratio than those with the shorter-stroke engines, primarily to compensate for how the longer stroke affects low-end torque.
CT - OK, where else on the track do you consider gear selection critical?
Wells - Some of the drivers I work with like to use lower gears to help engine braking during corner entry, rather than rely more heavily on the brake pedal. Of course, like in so many situations, compromise enters the picture. For example, gearing lower for braking into a corner means the car will try to accelerate more quickly out of the turn, but the tendency to break the tires loose is increased. Depending on traction conditions, this can become another problem.
CT - Is there anything else you pull from a dyno sheet when reviewing this type of information with your customers?
Wells - I like to see my engines geared to run about 1,000 rpm above peak power at maximum straightaway speeds. Of course, this assumes customers have maintained the valvetrain so it'll sustain 8,000 or so rpm under these conditions. From an overall track performance standpoint, that seems to work best and it'll still provide sufficient margin to make sensible gear choices. I know this isn't high rpm for today's Cup engines, but it's about the limit for the weekly racer who's running stainless steel valves and trying to keep springs in the engine, considering the ramps we run on these type of cams.
CT - Earlier in this story, we mentioned evaluating engines with comparable power where one had a lower BSFC curve (numerically) and quicker on-track acceleration. Have you had any experience with this?
Wells - Yes. In fact, that's not only true but the one with the lower BSFC curve will also be more responsive to the final gear changes, especially when you're able to match corner exit rpm to the rpm range we discussed earlier. These engines just seem to have more throttle response anywhere on the track.
CT - Any other thoughts about relating dyno charts to gearing and on-track performance?
Wells - Overall, I like to see relatively flat torque curves. In fact, I don't like peaky torque or powerbands. The flatter the torque curve, the more driveable the car becomes, and it'll also be more sensitive to gear changes. I compare this with how two-stroke engines come up "on the pipe," so to speak. If the torque hits all at once, the car becomes less driveable. Plus, torque curves that fall off too quickly can cause you to incorrectly gear a car in an effort to make up for torque (through ratio multiplication) that's not there. And this, of course, can cause problems in areas where the engine is actually making decent torque. I've found this to also cause similar problems with powerbands that are too peaky.
CT - Final thoughts?
Wells - Over time, we've seen suspension systems technology make some incredible improvements. As this has happened, we've found that you often need to re-evaluate how a car is geared. In particular, use of four-link systems has led the way for some significant traction improvements in recent years. I never thought I'd see the ability to lock down 650 hp on the size tires (small) we're using today. As this has happened, we've had to rethink how we gear these cars. Where before we might have needed to run higher ratios, improved traction and how this tends to lug engines down into lower rpm ranges has caused higher ratios to be required in order to place the engine in a speed range where it's most torque efficient.
Some Concluding Thoughts
While there are software simulation packages that address the optimization of on-track gearing for circle track cars, an assortment of assumptions prevent results from being absolute, although helpful. Some degree of trial-and-error testing is typically required, although such computer programs are improving as they evolve. Meanwhile, and for racers who do not have access to such programs, information shared in this story can hopefully clarify certain issues while bringing others to the point of consideration. If you've come to the realization that there's more to gear selection than matching peak power with maximum speed, then this particular story stayed on track.


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I know I need better productivity skills, but looking at some of the questions and answers here makes it sound like a daunting task. For example, I can't imagine how long it would take me to get my current email inbox empty. Contemplating sorting everything in my life sounds like it would take a painfully long amount of time.
I know there are different systems for organizing and improving productivity, but I'm wondering how much time and effort I should expect to put into those tasks before I can see results.
Does that vary by the system used?

subset: commoncrawl


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WELLSBURG - City Council members, the mayor and other officials will receive a raise next year following council's actions Tuesday.
City Council moved 6-1 to raise the pay of whomever is serving after next year's election and voted 7-0 to raise pay for the mayor, collector-treasurer and city clerk.
Half of council's eight seats and the positions of mayor and collector-treasurer will be on the ballot next year, and the raises will go into effect on July 1, the first day of the new terms and mid-term for those who won't be up for election until two years later.
Following the recommendation of the city's finance committee, council members will receive $250 for attending council's regular monthly meeting, up from $100; and $50 for attending all other committee and special meetings, up from $5.
The mayor will receive $500 for attending the regular council meetings, up from $300; and $50 for special council meetings, for which the mayor didn't receive compensation in the past.
No provision was made for the mayor's attendance at committee meetings, which are chaired by a council member. The mayor leads the council meetings and may be called upon to break a tied vote.
The city clerk, who records minutes for regular and special council meetings, will receive $400 for the monthly meetings, up from $300; and $50 for special meetings, for which the clerk wasn't paid in the past.
The additional compensation for the various officials attending special and committee meetings depends on their attending those meetings, according to the ordinances approved by council.
The yearly salary of the collector-treasurer will increase from $20,000 to $27,000. A raise for the police chief, also an elected position, was discussed but dropped because the chief received an increase in pay in recent years.
While the police chief and collector-treasurer positions are described as full-time in city ordinances, compensation for the other city officials has been based on attendance at meetings, though those officials may and often do serve the city outside the meetings.
Voting for the raises were 1st Ward Councilmen Bruce Hunter and Mike Mitchell, 2nd Ward Councilman Paul T. Billiard, 3rd Ward Councilmen Randy Fletcher and Tom R. Diserio and 4th Ward Councilwoman Della Serevicz.
Fourth Ward Councilman Jeff Tarr voted against raises for council but supported the other raises. He couldn't be reached for comment. Second Ward Councilman Ron Michaux didn't attend the meeting.
Mayor Sue Simonetti said the raises are due because pay hasn't changed in 16 years for the mayor and council members and in six years for the collector-treasurer and city clerk.
She said residents should look at the increases as raises for the positions, not the people holding them, since most of the officeholders will be up in next year's election.
Ordinances establishing the raises underwent a first reading Tuesday. They will undergo a second reading at council's Dec. 11meeting and must be approved before the city's election filing period begins in January.
In other business:
Billiard, who chairs the city's park and recreation committee, suggested council consider hiring an independent contractor to remove playground equipment at the former St. John School to be donated by St. John Catholic Church.
He said the equipment and a fence at the playground are cemented to the ground but are in good condition and it would cost the city about $4,000 to purchase the equipment itself.
Council approved year-end bonuses of $300 for each full-time employee, $100 for each part-time employee and $50 for the city's crossing guards and meter readers.
Council approved a $3,300 contract with Pyrotecnico of New Castle, Pa., to provide a fireworks display for the city's New Year's Eve celebration. Each year the city provides refreshments and music for those who gather on the town square to view the fireworks.
Council approved the $3,396 purchase of a debris loader to collect leaves. City Manager Mark Henne said the leaf machine purchased by the city last year couldn't handle the volume and was returned, with the city receiving reimbursement.
Council agreed to pay $1,625 to the Walter H. Drane Co. of Beachwood, Ohio, which prints its codebooks, to post the city's ordinances on its website.
City Solicitor Bill Cipriani said the ordinances also can be found at the company's own website at www.walterdrane.com.
Appointed Tarr to chair the finance committee, following Michaux's resignation from that position. Simonetti said Michaux intends to to remain a member.


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Hi everybody,
Does there exist an explicit formula for the Stirling Numbers of the First Kind which are given by the formula $$ x(x-1)\cdots (x-n+1) = \sum_{k=0}^n s(n,k)x^k. $$
Otherwise, what is the computationally fastest formula one knows?
Hi everybody,
Does there exist an explicit formula for the Stirling Numbers of the First Kind which are given by the formula $$ x(x-1)\cdots (x-n+1) = \sum_{k=0}^n s(n,k)x^k. $$
Otherwise, what is the computationally fastest formula one knows?
There is an explicit formula : $s(n,m)=\frac{(2n-m)!}{(m-1)!}\sum_{k=0}^{n-m}\frac{1}{(n+k)(n-m-k)!(n-m+k)!}\sum_{j=0}^{k}\frac{(-1)^{j} j^{n-m+k} }{j!(k-j)!}.$ For once, it is not in Wikipedia (en), but in the french version of it (and I posted it there myself, if I may so brag)
Since the Stirling numbers are the coefficients of a polynomial of degree $n$ which is already factored, it can be evaluated at the roots of unity in $O(n\log n)$ multiplications. Then, by Fourier transform, the coefficients can be found in another $O(n\log n)$ multiplications, of roughly $O( n)$ bit numbers. This will find an entire row of the Stirling triangle in time $O(n^2 \log^k n),$ or $O(n \log^k n)$ time per Stirling number. The exponent $k$ is something like $2+\epsilon.$
REMARK The recurrence approach takes $O(n^2)$ arithmetic operations, or $O(n^3)$ bit operations to generate either one, or all of the Stirling numbers, so if the goal is to generate all of them up to a certain size, the simple approach is better. However, if one needs either a single number or a row, the approach I give is considerably faster.
In Pari/GP; one could simplify for either readability, speed or memory organisation for big matrices:
{ makemat_St1(dim=n) = local(f, M); M=matid(dim); f=1; for(r=2,dim, \\ comp diagonal and first column M[r,1]=f;f*=(r) ); for(c=2,dim, \\ compute core entries for(r=c+1,dim, M[r,c]=M[r-1,c-1]+(r-1)*M[r-1,c] ) ); f1=1; \\ apply signs for(r=2,dim, f1*=-1;f2=-f1; for(c=1,r-1, f2*=-1;M[r,c]*=f2 ) ); return(M) }
A shorter form is this
{makemat_st1(dim=6) = local(m); \\ give it a default dimension of 6 m=matrix(dim,dim); m[1,1]=1; for(r = 2,dim, m[r,1]= 0 - (r-1)*m[r-1,1] ; \\ first column has no up-left neighbour for(c = 2,r, m[r,c]= m[r-1,c-1] - (r-1)*m[r-1,c] ); ); return(m);}
Stirling Numbers of the First Kind are treated in the book "Matters Computational" (was: "Algorithms for Programmers") by Jörg Arndt. A C++ implmentation of Arndt is at stirling1-demo.cc. The author is known for writing fast algorithms.
Another resource for formulas is the The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences - search for your terms.


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I have a Ubuntu machine next to my TV. Sometimes I use my TV (hdmi) as a secondary monitor, twinview.
Using the "NVidia X Server Setting", nvidia-settings, I can turn the second monitor (TV) on or off. (NVidia driver version is 260.19.06)
However, since I do this quite frequently I would like to install a keyboard shortcut. So step one is to turn on/off the 2nd monitor using command line.
Any idea on how to control this, using command line?
Cheers Leif


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Whether you'd like to upgrade your shower or want to completely remodel your bathroom, Re-Bath® of Albuquerque can make it happen without all of the frustration, disruptions and exorbitant costs. How do we do it? Through a patented installation process that's carried out by highly experienced, extensively trained technicians. Our product lineup includes so many options that you can easily achieve the perfect look. With Re-Bath® of Albuquerque, there's never any need to compromise.
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Two Paws Up To All Our Military Branches!
Saturday, May 19, 2012
Days like this hit a little closer to home since my human-owner joined the Army. They seem even more real with PFC Benjamin Jeffrey now deployed to Afghanistan. Today is Armed Forces Day. But do you know what Armed Forces Day is? Most people know about Memorial Day – which is next weekend by the way – and of course July 4th Independence Day is big too.
When Digital Bear Molly asked me to write a tribute post here on Behind the Seams I was thrilled and it was all I could do to keep my stuffing from bursting the seams!
Yes, yes, yes I would love to write about this very important day.
I even gathered a bunch of my military furry friends from General Sarge HQ for the occasion. We made a stop at Central Park in my hometown and posed for a picture. We got some interesting looks from people as they passed by, but we saw a lot of smiles too because everyone loves furry friends! If you look real close you will even see my furry-friend brother, Rockin' Sarge, in the right hand side of the picture sitting in front of my tent and playing his guitar. Rockin' and his new wife Photo Lady Sadii Sarg – who took this picture – moved back to New York State to be near my human-owner's parents while my human-owner is deployed. It made us all very happy.
What Is Armed Forces Day?
Armed Forces Day was created in 1949 honoring Americans serving in the five U.S. military branches – the Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force and Coast Guard. The creation of the day also coincided with the consolidation of the branches of service into what is now known as the Department of Defense. Armed Forces Day was originally celebrated with parades, open houses, receptions and air shows! In 1962 it was declared an official holiday by President Kennedy.
To all of those serving now and to all who have served in any branch of the military in the past we salute you this day.
Two paws up!
General Sarge
General Sarge is a Build-A-Bear Workshop Teddy who's human-owner – PFC Benjamin Jeffrey – is currently serving in Afghanistan with the Infantry Division of the U.S. Army. Our vision, mission and purpose – "Comforting Military Families One Furry Friend at a Time".
For more information visit the General Sarge website.
Dr. Rus Jeffrey – General Sarge's handler – is proud to be included as a blogger for Behind the Seams. Find out more about Dr. Rus, General Sarge and how they "Comfort Military Families One Furry Friend At A Time" on the Behind The Seams blogger information page.


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Boxing champion Laila Ali spoke with EBONY about her new YouTube series 'Around the Clock' which focuses on motherhood and marriage with other celebrity moms including Ali Landry and Kendra Wilkinson.
The series which is part of the Everyday Health Channel has touched on a myriad of topics including how to maintain intimacy in marriage after having a baby and everyday issues such as how to keep your children occupied on a long car ride. Check out Laila's take on motherhood, fitness, and family and what we can expect in upcoming episodes:
EBONY: I've watched all of episodes of your show 'Around the Clock' and I've found them refreshingly honest. How did you become interested in participating in the show with the other mothers featured?
Laila: It was a natural fit. I love engaging in conversation with other moms because we can relate to one another and we swap valuable insight and information.
EBONY: Like I said, I think it's the level of honesty in the shows that make them stand out. Particularly the episodes about intimacy in a marriage generally and after you have a baby. You mentioned in the episode about celebrity kids needing privacy that you are a very private person, do you ever feel nervous that the topics discussed are too personal for you to talk about in public?
Laila: I'm private in the sense that I like my personal space and only want people in the parts of my business that I choose to share. Anything I feel is too personal to share publicly, I keep to myself.
EBONY: Are there any topics that are off limits for you on the show?
Laila: I have not come across any yet! But there are topics that I may not be that opinionated about because of lack of interest. But hopefully we won't come across many of those topics. If we do, I'm sure the producers won't put me in the rotation. Lol!
EBONY: I think that by being so open a lot of women even if they aren't married can relate; What is your ultimate goal for the shows?
Laila: I would like our shows to be entertaining, informative and inspiring! All women, moms or not, need a few minutes out of the day where we can connect. 'Around the Clock' is a great place to do it.
EBONY: Is one of the goals for the star moms to open up so that other women can relate and get sage advice about what motherhood and marriage in order to get a sense of what it might really like and how to make the most of it?
Laila: That would be great! But even if just to get a few laughs is a good stress reliever!
EBONY: How do you balance 'mommy life' and staying so fit?
Laila: There is so much that I can say but that would be another article. To put it simply, we all need to make fitness and health a priority and a lifestyle. Eating properly and exercising regularly is key. We need to stay in tune with our bodies. When something does not feel right, instead of ignoring it or taking a pill, do some research and figure out how to fix the problem instead of masking it. We must respect our body by listening to the signs it gives us. That is the only way to get in balance and reach optimal health.
EBONY: Do you make time for exercise even when you are balancing career and family and what tips do you have for women in this area? Is your daily workout you put on your schedule or is it something that you just do naturally because you have a background as a professional athlete?
Laila: I do my best to workout 5 days a week. There are times when I can only get in 3 days a week because I am traveling or just need rest due to a hectic schedule. But working out is always a priority and if I fall off due to my schedule, it is not long before I get back on track. People who are fit are the same as anyone else. The only difference is their level of commitment. If looking good and being fit was easy, everyone would do it! Most people don't want to put in the work or make the sacrifices needed in order to be fit.
I recommend that beginners set realistic short term and long term goals and take it day by day. Have a plan, be disciplined and stick to it!
EBONY: I loved the episode where you talk about the back story of when your father changed his name from Cassius Marcellus Clay to Muhammad Ali. It got me thinking about that idea of what is in a name. You grew up as the daughter of one of


text:
BEST ENTRANCE: Nordstrom
LOCATION IN MALL: Located at the main entrance of Nordstrom from within the mall.
(561) 620-5555 | Driving Directions | Nordstrom In House Cafe & Coffee Bar Website |
View Deals | Mall Map
More stores to consider
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text:
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Farmingdale Apartments for Rent
Urban Edge, the best source for no fee apartments in NYC, NJ and CT, makes finding an apartment for rent easy. To narrow down your search results or to search for rental apartments in other areas, go to our no fee listings page.
You can also read our neighborhood guides to learn more about living in Farmingdale or hundreds of other neighborhoods in NYC, NJ and CT.
You can also read our neighborhood guides to learn more about living in Farmingdale or hundreds of other neighborhoods in NYC, NJ and CT.
List of No Fee Apartments Now Available in Farmingdale
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text:
Taking Efficiency One Step Further - F#
- Posted: Jun 19, 2009 at 4:23AM
- 8,612 views
- 4 comments
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Thanks for posting this. It is the start of a compelling argument for me to explore this language further. F# information seems very fragmented in blogs, sample chapters of future books, etc For me, F# needs an "Annotated Reference Manual" equivalent.
However we make do, and this was good. Are there videos of the other two talks Oliver Sturm gave?
We're in the process of getting the rest of the devdays videos online. We're still waiting for the videos. We have to process them and upload them to channel9. Lot of work. I would suggest you subscribe to this RSS feed: http://channel9.msdn.com/tags/DevDays+2009+NL/RSS/ you will get notified when we post new videos.
Inmiddels een paar maanden verder. Hoe staat het met de andere filmpjes?
I t was very interesting. I was wondering if anyone knows the reason behind a specifict F# design decision.
About the pipe operator: |>
Why is a |> b c interpreted as a |> (b c) instead of (a |> b) c ? Isn't left to right most logical?
A more specific example:
let multiply a b = a * b;;
let substract a b = a - b;;
multiply 2 3 |> substract 10;;
returns 4
so it is interpreted as:
multiply 2 3 |> (substract 10);;
while it seems logical to interpret this as:
(multiply 2 3 |> substract) 10;;
furthermore, in response to the question from your audience, about inserting the middle parameter, you could have answerd:
let answer a b c = a / b - c;;
if you want to insert the middle parameter b,
(multiply 2 3 |> answer 30) 4;;
will yield the desired result...
Comments have been closed since this content was published more than 30 days ago, but if you'd like to continue the conversation, please create a new thread in our Forums, or Contact Us and let us know.


text:
For some reason, the last line doesn't work at all. I've looked through different forums and kept finding the same code for adding the integers in an array, but nothing happens.
I've just started learning Java this month, so I really need the help. Thanks!
public static void main(String[] args) { int[][] array2D = {{0,1,2,3},{4,5,6,7},{8,9,10,11},{12,13,14,15}}; for (int row=0; row<array2D.length; row++) { for (int col=0; col<array2D[row].length+1; col++) { if (col<array2D[row].length) { System.out.print(array2D[row][col] + "\t"); } else System.out.println(); } } int sum = 0; for (int i=0; i<array2D.length; i++){ sum += array2D[i]; //this one has the error } System.out.println ("The sum of all the elements is: " + sum);


text:
I was wondering, which is the correct sentence in this case.
你的生日是几月几号? or 你的生日几月几号? (without 是)
Also can I omit 的 in this case?
The line without 是 is not a correct sentence because it doesn't have a verb. It's fine in spoken language but should be avoided in formal writing.
In this sentence, it is fine to omit 的 in spoken language, too.
To recap,
As a general rule, if you use a 是, you should have a corresponding 的.
For instance:
这是很好吃的! 我今天是很忙的。 你今天是怎么样的呢?
The Chinese, though, favor saying less to get the same meaning across. So when speaking, sometimes the 是 and/or the 的 will not be spoken.


text:
I am using Selenium WebDriver and run into a issue.
In the UI, elements are seen by the WebDriver but couldn't perform any actions such as click, type, select etc. Elements are findby the selenium and returned as instance of webelement. I can get, getText(),isEnabled() etc, but wont perform any actions. There is no exceptions, it just hangs.
I dont understand this behavior. If it seen by the WebDriver, it should click. I have tried using actions. That too shows the same behavior.
How to debug this issue? Any ideas?
Sample code,
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Integer.parseInt(Timeout), TimeUnit.SECONDS);
This works in other websites. Not in the one I'm testing. So I don't know, is there issue in WebDriver or in AUT.
EDIT: After moving to Selenium 2.13.0, above issues resolved. But I still want to know how to debug in case of error.


text:
It Really IS Rocket Science!
Location:Hilton Head Branch
Date & Time:Monday, June 16, 2014 - 2:00pm – 3:00pm
This afternoon we're trying out some cool science experiments that explore propulsion science! We'll make some simple rockets and then launch them to see how far they go. You'll get lots of ideas for trying out more science experiments at home. Space is very limited and you must register for this program. For students in 2nd-4th grades.


text:
More than thirty 2-man teams enjoyed a fun-filled weekend as Green Valley hosted their annual member-guest tournament. The two-day event began on Saturday with the horse race and a par 3 tournament, then culminated on Sunday with 18 holes of play. There were 8 scramble holes, 8 low ball holes and 2 alternate shot holes on Sunday.
In addition, meals were provided throughout the weekend by the Green Valley ladies.
The assembled field enjoyed the unseasonably mild weather for July. "This is the coolest it has ever been for the member-guest," reported Bill Biles, tournament organizer. On Sunday, it was cool enough that numerous golfers sported the layered look.
It was by all accounts a fun and successful event. Winners of the various events are as follows:
Horse Race
Division 1
1. Kent Montei/ John Mathes
2. Kevin Becker/Ned Albers
3. Randy Hageman/ Greg Hageman
Division 2
1. Josh Wallace/ Jeremy Hopkins
2. Scott Elliot/ Dan Theis
3. Steve Wright/ Kenton Ladenburger
Par 3
1. Elliot/Theis
2. Kevin Biles/ Brian Meyers
3. Simmons/ Adelhardt
1st flight
1. Hageman/ Hageman
2. Montei/Mathes
3. Malone/McAtee
2nd flight
1. Householter/ Hill
2. Russ Theis/ Gary Talbot
3. Wilson/ Ibarra
Flight play
1. 65 Ryan Clark/ TJ Watson
2. 66 Garrett Hixon/ Ray Hitt
3. 66 John Gatz/ Tyler Gatz
4. 67 Kevin Biles/ Brian Meyers
1st flight
1. 73 Jason Ruckle/ Brent Miller
2. 73 Kevin Becker/ Ned Albers
3. 73 Justin Simmons/ Scottie Adelhardt
4. 73 Marlin Stotts/ Brad McDonald
2nd flight
1. 78 Jim Gfeller/ Don Hommertzheim
2. 78 Gabe McCullum/ Dillon Ezell
3. 78 Norm Forssberg/ Brandon Forssberg
4. 78 Al Stevens/ Tim Renner
Location, ST | website.com


text:
Ostrich Checkbook Clutch
$185.00 $138.75
Select Color
Product Actions
Style# WO247
- Description
Print The Ostrich Collection owes its distinctive look to embossed calf leather and gold-plated hardware. This clutch is an instant outfit changer. Featuring a classic shape, it's a perfect companion to dressing up your outfit.
- Details
Print H 4" x W 1" x L 7.5" Outside zip pocket. Two inside pockets. Two bill compartments. License window. Seven credit card slots. Lined. Snap closure.Measurement Guide
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Print The leather has been treated for water repellency. Each piece is hand-stitched and rubbed with natural dyes and oils for a lustrous, protective finish.
This leather can usually be cleaned with the use of a soft cotton cloth slightly dampened with distilled water (sodium-free seltzer water may be substituted) and a mild bar soap, applied in a circular motion. Repeat with distilled water only to ensure no residual soap remains. The leather should then be allowed to dry completely.
This collection requires no creams, polishes or leather conditioning products to maintain its beauty.


text:
Voters Grow Weary of Washington's Drama
The Two Parties' Ongoing Budget Battles Are 'Old Hat' and Faraway to Many Residents in One Arizona Swing District
CASA GRANDE, Ariz.—In Washington, leaders of both political parties are warning of dire effects if across-the-board federal budget cuts aren't averted. Here in this swing congressional district in Arizona, voters all along the political spectrum say they aren't moved by the alarms.
After two years of creating and then resolving a series of budget showdowns, lawmakers are losing the power to summon concern—or even much interest—among the public, voters here say.
"It just happens so often, it's white noise to me," said Eric Jones, general manager and partner of the Glenn Jones Ford dealer in Casa Grande, who is a Republican. The budget cuts, known in Washington parlance as sequestration, would come less than two months after a fight between President Barack Obama and congressional Republicans over tax increases and spending cuts, called the fiscal cliff, which were resolved right as they were kicking in.
"They always wait until the last minute," said Doug Culpepper, a Democrat and nurse, while getting a haircut at the Clip Joint here. The constant squabbles have left him tired of finger-pointing, he said. "I don't pay attention to who's doing what."
Residents in this city south of Phoenix were focused on more immediate concerns last week than on budget-cut recriminations between the two parties. Unusual winter storms that produced snow and hail overshadowed most news from Washington.
Matt Herman, a Republican whose family owns an RV dealership, said the fiscal fights are starting to be "old hat" with locals. "They don't believe it's going to happen, because every time we come up to the debt ceiling or the fiscal cliff or the sequester, the government just passes the next bill," said Mr. Herman, who is a Casa Grande City Council member.
Arizona's First Congressional District is divided politically—it backed Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney last year while sending a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives—which makes it a good sounding board for the current fiscal debate.
The lack of alarm here has implications for lawmakers, particularly for Mr. Obama and Democratic Party officials, who are trying to portray the pending cuts as damaging to defense, education and other programs.
Their goal is to persuade voters to push Republicans to agree to higher tax revenue as part of any plan to replace the budget cuts with a longer-term deficit-reduction plan.
Republicans say they agreed to raise tax rates on the wealthy in January and don't want to raise revenues again. While some Republicans embrace the cuts as a needed step to rein in the deficit, some also warn they will have a significant effect, especially on defense programs.
But many voters here say they don't see harm to themselves in the looming cuts—"not a bit," said Flagstaff resident Patrick Shiels, a registered libertarian and a professional artist and engineer. He said he thinks all $1.2 trillion in planned cuts over the next decade ought to be implemented this year.
That feeling isn't universal. Some worry about education cuts, and some say defense cuts could hurt the state's economy. A study for the Aerospace Industries Association by George Mason University and Economic Modeling Specialists Inc. ranked Arizona ninth among states most vulnerable to defense jobs that could be lost because of the sequester.
LaVelle McCoy, president and chief executive of McCoy Motors Inc., a car dealership in Flagstaff, said customers long have been opting for vehicles with lower payments. The sequester "conceivably can exacerbate that" by crimping consumer spending, Mr. McCoy said, though he believes spending cuts are inevitable. Still, he views the latest crisis as less worrisome than previous episodes. "The fiscal cliff, psychologically, was more ominous," he said.
Many residents here find the two parties equally to blame for the latest budget tangle. "They're fighting like 2-year-olds," Bryan Schultz, a politically unaffiliated information-technology contractor for industrial giant Honeywell International Inc., said at the Cotton Bowl Lanes bowling alley in Casa Grande. "They need to get their act together."


text:
Welcome to our selection of free and low-cost activities you can do with your children this Christmas.
At The Children's Society, we believe that every child deserves to enjoy a good childhood.
Christmas is a magical time for children. But it doesn't have to involve expensive toys and gadgets – as you'll see from the following pages.
From Christmas tree angels to reindeer droppings (they're edible – honest!), Batteries not included features plenty of things to do, to make and to bake. None of the ideas cost the earth and all will bring a smile to your child's face – to yours, too, we hope!
Batteries not included is divided among the following sections:
- Craftsy Christmas -- fun things that you can make
- Family fun time -- holiday activities
- All present and correct -- homemade gift ideas
- Festive feast treats -- sweets (and some veg) for holiday treats
Enjoy – and have a very merry Christmas!
Batteries not included relies on suggestions from supporters and colleagues -- thank you to everyone who has shared their ideas.
We want to hear your holiday ideas! The easiest way to reach us is on Facebook. Let us know if you enjoy using our suggestions and share your own tips for Christmas fun.
This Christmas, you can help keep runaways like Rosie safe - read her story and support our Christmas appeal.
The most disadvantaged children rarely suffer on just one front. We work directly with these children, many of whom have nowhere else to turn, to ensure that they are loved, valued and listened to. With them we fight childhood poverty, harm and neglect.
Our network of programmes includes drop-in services for runaways, as well as children's centres and support for young carers. We support children who are refugees from violence, and we give those in care a voice. We transform the lives of many more children by pressurising government and local authorities to change policy and practice to protect them, and we challenge the negative attitudes that perpetuate harm and injustice.
In hard times, children are among the hardest hit. We don't just help them survive - we support them to flourish. Please learn what you can do.


text:
The Original Zwirl Football
The original spiral ball: A Winter Bros. Design.
This unique award-winning design positions your hand for the perfect grip and the soft pliable grooves enhance your ability to catch it.
- Aero-dynamic: built to fly
- All season: Year round play
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- Assortment of colors: Yellow, Orange, or Green
- Award Winning Design: Quality upscale collectible
Size: 9" x 5.5"
Color may vary. One (1) Zwirl Football will be shipped at random.


text:
I'm trying to convince somebody of the benefits of switching to a 64-bit OS but I'm having a hard time finding arguments other than "you can use more than 3GB RAM". Are there any other clearly-communicable benefits in having a 64-bit operating system?
In fact, you can run more than 3 GB (or more than 4 GB) of RAM on 32-bit operating systems. PAE provides a means for an x86 or x86-64 processor to access up to 64 GB of memory even on a 32-bit operating system. It's not quite as straight-forward as just running a 64-bit OS, mind you. The memory is paged, and so each process is still limited to a maximum of 4 GB. Additionally, not all operating systems support this. Some versions of 32-bit Windows made use of PAE, but unfortunately, so they could support badly written drivers, most versions limited support to 4 GB of memory. For example, Windows XP and Windows Vista are limited to 4 GB (and, as noted, tend to only expose around 3 GB). On the other hand, Windows Server 2008 Enterprise, Datacenter supports 64 GB of RAM.
The Linux kernel supported more than 4 GB as part of the 2.6 kernel. However, the Linux distributions sometimes make you install a "server" kernel image in order to make use of this feature.
It really depends on what you want to use the OS for. For the vast majority of "normal" users, the move to 64-bit doesn't really give them much of anything. The only areas currently where 64-bit is really useful is if you want to use more than 4GB of memory (as you stated), or doing calculations with numbers that won't fit into 32-bits.
Eventually, all PCs and OS's will only come in 64-bit varieties, but for now if all they want to do is surf the internet or check e-mail, there isn't a pressing need to move to 64-bit.
Not only can you have more than 3 GB of RAM, any software compiled/written with 64-bit in mind can use 64 bit registers and data types which can definitely speed up applications that move around enormous amounts of data, such as 3D programs, CAD, Photoshop, etc.
However, if you're just an average Joe that doesn't work with creative programs, and just reads e-mail, surfs the web, watches YouTube videos, you probably won't even notice unless you plug in a device that requires 64 bit drivers, but the vendor has not released any.
The .NET JIT (Just-In-Time) engine contains more advanced optimizations in x64 version (tail-recursion optimization, for example). This means .NET applications have potential to run faster on 64bit systems.
No. That's about it.
For general home users there is no advantage to x64. If anything, because all your pointers and now 64 bit, you may find you use more memory to do the same thing.
The only significant advantage to x64 is more memory, and currently that is only really being utilised by servers.
If you can find some good 64-bits versions of your popular software then yes, upgrading to 64-bits will be an advantage. And there are 64-bits versions of certain applications available. However, these applications tend to be related to image manipulations, movie editing and of course sound editing. Basically, just applications that will handle loads of data. The quality of watching a DVD movie on your PC will also increase since the system can handle the data a bit faster and it can store more data too, if your system has more RAM available.
There's also a small performance gain if you tend to run lots of applications simultaneously. (Even if all those applicatuions are 32-bits versions!) Why? Because the OS itself can handle the additional memory a bit easier, thus allowing more applications to stay in-memory which results in less swapping to the swap file. (And you can have a lot bigger swap file too!)
But I upgraded to 64-bits because I do a lot of image manipulations, which requires a powerful system and lots of memory. (Well, I need a lot of memory, at least.)


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Reviewed By: Joe Loviska on 11/20/09
I've found the Barrier pants to be exactly what I want in a rainpant. It has wide legs and long, heavy duty zippers at the bottom for easy entry and allowance for any type of pants to fit underneath. The Velcro at the ankles is also really sturdy, although to cinch them down tight means to fold the pant leg and zipper in a slightly awkward way. The elastic drawcord around the waist is the only other possibly chintzy feature, but I find that you don't need much to keep the pants up, and it's nice not to have any bulk at the waist. In all, these pants are made to last - heavy duty, sealed pocket zippers, strong fabric, and effective reflective piping along the seam. I actually tore a small hole in the seat doing something incredibly dumb, but the repair tape that I used to patch it has stuck perfectly, and the pants are as good as new.


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Assessing Student Learning
This is the second of three "backward design" tutorials in the following sequence:
- Creating Learning Expectations
- Assessing Student Learning (this tutorial)
- Creating a Learning Activity
Many of us plan our courses at the activity level because activities are engaging, and we like having them in place when we face our students on Monday morning. In Understanding By Design by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe (available at Cline Library), the authors ask us to hold off on thinking as activity designers and to first think like assessors. Why? Because assessment is how you find out whether students have learned what you intended.
What You Will Learn
By the end of this tutorial you will be able to do the following:
- For each of your learning objectives, list at least one type of assessment that demonstrates acceptable evidence of student mastery/understanding for that objective.
- Create a sample assessment that aligns with your intended course outcomes.
The assessment work you do in this tutorial will serve as the foundation for the activity work in the next tutorial, Creating a Learning Activity.
Ideally, your learning expectations lead you to create assessments that in turn lead to the learning activities in your course. This cycle is shown in the following diagram of an aligned curriculum model from Using Biggs' Model of Constructive Alignment in Curriculum Design, part of the University College of Dublin's Open Educational Resources.
First decide what you want your students to end up knowing. We covered this in tutorial 1, Creating Learning Expectations. From there, you can engage in "backward design" by choosing an assessment that will demonstrate what students have learned, and then you choose activities that will help students learn the concepts sufficiently to demonstrate them acceptably.
In Thinking Like an Assessor, Chapter 7 of Understanding by Design, the authors ask following questions (from p. 150):
What kinds of evidence do we need to find hallmarks of our goals, including that of understanding?
What specific characteristics in student responses, products, or performances should we examine to determine the extent to which the desired results were achieved?
Does the proposed evidence enable us to infer a student's knowledge, skill, or understanding?
Thomas A. Angelo and K. Patricia Cross share 50 classroom assessment techniques (CAT) for various kinds of expectations in Classroom Assessment Techniques: A Handbook for Teachers (Jossey-Bass, 1993). An online version of these can be found at http://pages.uoregon.edu/tep/resources/newteach/fifty_cats.pdf, and the book is available at Cline Library.
Activity: Identify Types of Assessments that Match Your Learning Expectations
Let's examine for a moment how we came to including the following activity in this lesson. We first identified a learning expectation for this lesson, and then we identified an assessment that would demonstrate whether the expectation had been met.
|Stage 1 ➠
|Stage 2 ➠
|Stage 3
My hope is that by the end of this tutorial students will be able to …
How will I know if this goal has been reached?
What will students have to do to accomplish this?
By the end of this tutorial you will be able to identify at least one assessment activity and at least one learning activity to be used in this tutorial and tutorial 3, Creating a Learning Activity.
You will complete your own version of this table.
You will read pages 123–135 in Understanding by Design, and then you will fill out a version of this table, using one of your own learning expectations that you identified in tutorial 1, Creating Learning Expectations.
So, what are some examples of learning expectations, and what aligned assessment activities do these suggest? For now, concentrate on the Assessment Activity column. We'll focus on the Learning Activity column in the next tutorial.
My hope is that by the end of this course students will be able to …
How will I know if this goal has been reached?
Students will be able to identify the main signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
Students will pass a multiple-choice test.
Students will be able to write an acceptable research proposal in the discipline.
Students will submit a 1,000-word research proposal that describes their topic and research methodology and includes a preliminary literature review of at least 5 relevant peer-reviewed articles.
Students will be able to demonstrate effective oral and visual presentation skills.
Students will develop and deliver a 15-minute in-class presentation that includes audio or visual supporting materials.
These examples are drawn in part from Teaching for Quality Learning at University: What the Student Does by John B. Biggs and Catherine So-Kum Tang.
Now, using the learning expectations that you wrote in tutorial 1, suggest some assessments that align with your learning expectations for your course. Think carefully about whether the assessment you want to use accurately demonstrates students' learning. For example, in a speech class, having students give a speech is probably a better assessment than having them take a quiz about giving speeches.
Type your answers in the fields provided below.
Note: If you want to keep a copy of your answers, click the Show Answers button near the bottom of this page, and then print the resulting page.
Next Tutorial: Creating a Learning Activity
Now that you have identified your learning expectations and assessments, you need to create learning activities that will help students to meet your learning expectations and be able to demonstrate their level of mastery on your assessments. Go to the next tutorial, Creating a Learning Activity.
Further Reading and Activities
The assessment activities in the examples above correspond to three tools in Blackboard Learn: assignments, tests, and collaboration. For more information on these tools see http://ondemand.blackboard.com/assess.htm.
Rubrics can enhance assessment activities. In the podcast series Tuesday Tips on Teaching with Technology, John Doherty and Wally Nolan of NAU's e-Learning Center discuss rubrics and assessment with Sue Pieper, the e-Learning Center's coordinator of assessment. Check out Episode 12, Assessment and Large Course Redesign Discussion.
Now that you have some ideas for your assessment activities, see the e-Learning Center's tutorials and training schedule for more information on how to implement the assessments in Blackboard Learn.
For more information on this topic, contact the e-Learning Center at nau.edu/elearning. We are also on Twitter (twitter.com/nauelearning) and Facebook (on.fb.me/nauelc), and we blog at nauelearning.wordpress.com.


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In the category of smooth real manifolds, do all small colimits exist? In other words, is this category small-cocomplete? I can see that computing push-outs in the category of topological spaces of smooth manifolds need not be manifolds, but this is not a proof.
I'd like to recast Reid's (excellent) answer slightly. The essence of it is the following principle:
The point is, it's usually much easier to show that an object $X$ of $\mathcal{D}$ is not an object of $\mathcal{C}$ than it is to show that $\mathcal{C}$ has nothing that looks like $X$. For a simpler analogy, think of the difference between proving that $(0,1)$ is not complete versus proving that $(0,1) \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ is not closed. The essence is the same, but the latter always seems to me to be a lot easier to grasp.
Back to the principle. As stated, it's not quite strong enough. You need a condition on the embedding:
Again, by analogy: to prove that a metric space $X$ is not complete, we need a continuous map from $X$ to a complete space with non-closed image. An arbitrary map won't do.
Back to the case in hand. As the functor $M \mapsto C^\infty(M,\mathbb{R})$ is a (contravariantly) representable embedding, it preserves colimits and so is suitable for the argument to go through.
However, it does not preserve limits so if you asked the corresponding question about limits, you'd need a different embedding. It turns out, though, that there is a complete and cocomplete category in which the category of manifolds embeds preserving all limits and colimits. That is the category of Hausdorff Froelicher spaces. Froelicher spaces may feel a little more topological than algebras so for those who, like myself, prefer topology to algebra, here's a recasting of Reid's answer using (Hausdorff) Froelicher spaces.
The key thing is that a Froelicher space is completely determined by either the smooth functions from it to $\mathbb{R}$ or the smooth curves in it (i.e. smooth functions from $\mathbb{R}$).
We take the same colimit: the pushout of
$$ \begin{matrix} \{0\} &\to& \mathbb{R}\\ \downarrow \\ \mathbb{R} \end{matrix} $$
We shall show that it is the union of the $x$ and $y$ axes in $\mathbb{R}^2$, which is clearly not a manifold.
Let us write the colimit as $X$. First, we define a smooth function $F \colon X \to \mathbb{R}^2$. It is the obvious one: it sends the first copy of $\mathbb{R}$ to the $x$-axis and the second copy to the $y$-axis. As these two functions agree on $\{0\}$, this is a well-defined smooth function.
We want to show that this is an initial map. One sufficient (but not necessary) condition for this is that every smooth function $f \colon X \to \mathbb{R}$ factors through $F$.
As Reid says, a smooth function $f \colon X \to \mathbb{R}$ consists of two smooth functions $f_1, f_2 \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ satisfying $f_1(0) = f_2(0)$. Let $g \colon \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}$ be the function $g(x,y) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) - f_1(0)$. This is smooth and we have $g(x,0) = f_1(x) + f_2(0) - f_1(0) = f_1(x)$ and, similarly, $g(0,y) = f_2(y)$. Thus $g \circ F = f$ and so every function $X \to \mathbb{R}$ factors through the inclusion $X \to \mathbb{R}^2$. Hence the inclusion $X \to \mathbb{R}^2$ is initial. Thus we can identify $X$ with its image, that being the union of the two axes.
As I said, this is merely a recasting of Reid's answer. I post it partly to make it more topological in feel, but mainly to expose the general principle which Reid uses.
I'll show that the pushout that glues two copies of $\mathbb{R}$ at the origin does not exist in Man. Suppose for the sake of contradiction that it did; call the resulting manifold $M$, and the common image of the origins $x \in M$. The real line $\mathbb{R}$ is a ring object in Man, and it represents the functor $X \mapsto C^\infty(X)$. So, we learn that as a ring, $C^\infty(M)$ consists of pairs of functions on the real line with the same value at the origin. Similarly we can identify the ideal $I$ in $C^\infty(M)$ of functions that vanish at $x$ with pairs of functions on the real line that both vanish at the origin. Now we may compute that $\dim_{\mathbb{R}} I^n/I^{n+1} = 2$ for all $n \ge 1$, which cannot happen for a point $x$ of a smooth manifold $M$.


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Accuweather is warning that a blizzard is expected to unfold in Colorado Wednesday and roll northeastern into Canada late on Thursday.
High winds, gusting to 50 mph are expected in the plains, are expected to cause white out conditions where there is blowing snow.
Widespread travel problems are anticipated with this storm.
Accuweather's local forecast calls for a snowstorm in Nebraska City Wednesday afternoon into late Wednesday night. Blizzard conditions are forecast late Wednesday with snow accumulation of 4 to 8 inches.
Location, ST | website.com


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Home > LEAGUE SERVICES > Indepth > March 2013 > Educational Opportunities
Contrary to popular belief, you don't have to be a sophisticated employer with an elaborate benefits package. There are many relatively simple ideas that can help make a difference in your employee's morale and productivity. Some topics that will be discussed in the Employee Engagement, Rewards & Recognition QuickBites on March 19 (Session Code: 443) will include:
Regulatory Update I Webinar (Session Code: 448). March 19, 2013, 1:00-2:00 p.m. (ET)
Notary Training Webinar (Session Code: 449). March 21, 2013, 1:00-2:00 p.m. (ET)
One of the keys to fixing real property-secured loans in this economy -- is having the correct tools. Ten years ago handling "short sale" requests was easy: "No." But in this economy the answer takes more thought. And while some specific rules may vary from state to state, there are a number of factors all creditors should consider before coming to a decision about whether to accept or reject a short sale. During the Short Sales QuickBites on March 26 (Session Code: 445) program, participants will learn the following:
The Share Member Accounts Webinar on March 28 (Session Code: 450) will discuss basic credit union share accounts. Including membership requirements, account terms and issues that most credit union account agreements do not adequately address, with recommendations to address those issues. It will also include joint accounts and beneficiaries. Plus basic TIS requirements, Funds Availability and Reg. E issues that should be addressed in account agreements. Bank Secrecy Act training is available on demand! The Bank Secrecy Act requires that all frontline personnel be trained on money laundering and the responsibilities of the financial institutions on currency reporting and suspicious activity every year. See the ICUL education calendar for the schedule of BSA on demand training and all QuickBites and Telecourses. Also available on demand: Financial Exploitation of the Elderly. Elder abuse training – regarding financial exploitation of the elderly -- is now required for employees and officers with direct customer contact. Examiners are collecting information about your credit union's training on this subject, as IDFPR is required to report training data on a bi-annual basis. This QuickBite will meet the training requirements and will cover:
All credit unions face situations where only they have an opportunity to witness suspected exploitation. Participate in this QuickBite to learn the common indicators and the actions you can take.
Play it again! The audio archive of all QuickBites and telecourses is 60 days with paid registrations for most sessions. Whether you were unavailable for the scheduled date and time of a particular call or just want to hear the session again, you will have 24/7 access for the entire 60 days after the scheduled session. This feature enhances the value of audio training and is included for no additional charge. The audio archive link will be activated within 48 hours of the live event.
For a complete calendar of all Educational offerings, please click here.
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The 7 Most Terrifying Pirates from History
#3. William Dampier, Science Pirate
scribblemesomething, Wikipedia
Englishman William Dampier was a bit of an overachiever. Not content with being the first man to circumnavigate the world three times and becoming a celebrated author and scientific explorer, he also had a little hobby: raiding Spanish settlements and plundering other people's ships. All in the name of science, of course.
"Or maybe I science in the name of plunder, I've forgotten."
Pop culture demands that all pirates be toothless hobos who talk like fucking idiots, but Dampier was the exact opposite of that: he didn't just respect the English language, he actually expanded it. The Oxford English Dictionary cites Dampier's writing over a thousand times, since he provided the first written example for words like "barbecue," "avocado," "chopsticks" and hundreds of others.
Left to our own devices, we'd be eating green sushi thingies with grabby grabby sticks.
Dampier has been called the first natural historian of Australia -- he was the first person ever to describe things like the "large hopping animal" and the "midget bear with a fondness for humping trees"[citation needed]. Dampier's contribution to Western culture is so massive that Darwin based his work on evolution off of his observations and Gulliver's Travels specifically mentions how awesome he is.
Also he had a sticky mail whozit dedicated to him.
His most badass moment has nothing to do with science or literature, though. In 1688, when his first trip around the world was almost over, Dampier told his crew to eat a dick and voluntarily marooned himself off the coast of Thailand, otherwise known as "the middle of fucking nowhere." He grabbed a native canoe and sailed off on his own, showing up in England three years later, completely penniless, carrying nothing but his journals ... and, um, a tattooed slave prince.
At this point he published his first book, which was an immediate success, also making a little money on the side by showing off his new friend.
#2. Black Bart Dishes Out Some Sea Justice
In the 17th and 18th centuries, sailing with the navy or on a merchant vessel was a shitty, shitty job. The conditions were miserable, and if you did anything to piss off the officers of the ship, punishment was brutal and often deadly. The job was so harsh that nobody wanted to do it, so the navy and the merchants would literally kidnap people out of the ports and force them to work on their ships. Shockingly, this was later proven to not be such a fantastic way to engender the loyalty of one's crew.
"Don't let all our blade-sharpening ruin your sleep, Captain."
Bartholomew Roberts (or "Black Bart") was a reluctant pirate himself, which didn't make him any less good at his job. Roberts happened to be working in a slave ship that was captured by pirates -- when the pirates "asked" the crew to join them, he looked at his measly salary and figured, "Why the hell not?" Also, there's a pretty good chance they threatened to kill him if he didn't. Roberts quickly became the pirate captain's trusted confidant because of his intelligence and navigation skills. When the captain was killed, Roberts (who had only been with the pirates for six weeks) was elected as the crew's new leader, reportedly stating "Better being a commander than a common man."
"Also, better to not be killed by pirates than to be killed by pirates."
Roberts went on to become a legendary pirate on his own merits, but apparently he never forgot where he came from: After capturing a ship and before taking his pick of the booty, he would ask the captured crew whether or not they were treated well by the captain and officers. If any of the commanding officers or the captain received complaints, he'd slice and dice them to the cheers of those they mistreated. This was actually a common practice among some pirates, some of whom used more elaborate forms of punishment, like making the torturers run in circles for 10 minutes while the men stuck forks, knives and compasses into their butts.
While a violin plays. Seriously.
Roberts, a civilized man, eventually forced his crew (the same crew who captured him months earlier) to agree to a strict 11-point code of conduct, including articles like no gambling for money, no women on board, lights go out at 8 p.m., keep your shit clean and "If any man rob another he shall have his nose and ears slit, and be put ashore where he shall be sure to encounter hardships."
For such a strict man, he sure did have a happy little flag.
#1. Barbarossa Says Fuck It, Starts Own Nation
When you look at movie or TV pirate captains, they're always lucky if they have one ship and a few dozen men to follow their orders. It turns out some real-life pirates had it slightly better than that. Ottoman pirate Hayreddin "Redbeard" Barbarossa didn't just have his own fleet -- he had his own damn country.
A land of rape, pillage and magnificent beards.
Barbarossa started out as a legitimate merchant sailor in the 16th century, but was forced to flee the Eastern Mediterranean after backing the wrong candidate for sultan. Becoming a pirate, he started attacking Christian ships around what's now Tunisia until his enemies took his base, leaving him homeless once again. Tired of getting kicked out of countries all the time, Barbarossa went ahead and started one for himself: the Regency of Algiers (present-day Algeria, Tunisia and parts of Morocco). He did this by pledging alliance to the Ottoman sultan and getting in return enough ships and weapons to blow the shit out of whoever lived there before him.
The exact number of ships is unknown, since it was more than anyone could draw.
How big of a deal did this guy become? Let's put it this way: At one point, Barbarossa single-handedly defeated the combined forces of Venice, the Vatican, Genoa, Spain, Portugal and Malta during the Battle of Preveza (1538), and by "single-handedly" we mean it was just him and 122 ships he commanded.
"Jack Sparrow can eat a dick!"
For more pirate adventures, check out Yosomono at the Gaijinass website or follow him on Twitter @Gaijinass.
For more badasses you may have forgotten about, check out The Badass Roots of 5 Sissy Dogs and 6 Real People With Secret Identities Nobody Saw Coming.
And don't forget to follow us on Facebook and Twitter to get sexy, sexy jokes sent straight to your news feed.
Do you have an idea in mind that would make a great article? Then sign up for our writers workshop! Do you possess expert skills in image creation and manipulation? Mediocre? Even rudimentary? Are you frightened by MS Paint and simply have a funny idea? You can create an infograpic and you could be on the front page of Cracked.com tomorrow!


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Essential Rules of Parenting: Discipline Do's and Dont's
5 of 7
Apologize if You Get it Wrong
One of the things that should be coming through by now is that the way we behave is the strongest model our kids have for their own behavior. We've said that if you don't want them to lose their temper, you mustn't lose yours, and if you want them to say please and thank you, you must be as polite to them. Well, now here's another of those things you have to do with your kids, and funnily enough lots of parents seem to have a problem with this one.
I guess the feeling is that if you admit you were wrong, you undermine your child's confidence in your all-powerfulness. If you say sorry, they'll realize you're not always perfect. Well, I've got news for you. It's only a matter of time before they work this out for themselves. You might as well let them down gently by showing them, now and again, that you're not God and you do make mistakes.
The more ready you are to apologize when you're wrong, the more your kids will see that it's not belittling to admit to being wrong-grown-ups they admire can do it readily. And they'll also see that everyone makes mistakes and it's nothing to be ashamed of. Aware of, yes, and ready to put it right, but not shaming. You need your kids to regard saying sorry as something they instinctively do as soon as they realize they've hurt, offended, inconvenienced, or upset anyone.
Next: Let Them Back In
More on: Discipline Strategies
From The Rules of Parenting Copyright © 2008, FT Press. Used by permission of FT Press, and Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
To order this book go to Amazon.


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Norah's Christmas in Latvia
I had the pleasure of spending Christmas in Riga, Latvia this year. What a beautiful place! The city is so walkable too. We strolled from Christmas market to Christmas market (there are a lot of them!) from museum to museum and from lovely restaurant to lovely restaurant…. viewing SO MUCH amazing architecture along the way. Of course, I was most fascinated by the yarn and hand knitted good in the markets. One pair of mittens was more beautiful than the next and the same could be said of the socks. My favorite wool was hand dyed with plants.
Riga has a fantastic central market which is held in 3 adjoined Zeplin hangers. Among the piles of dried fish, meat, breads and fruits, I once again spotted some yarn and mittens. Actually my husband, John snapped these photos for me, so I could spend my time ogling.
…and it goes on.
Santa brought me a cool lens for my iPhone, so most of my Riga photos look like this!
If you ever get a chance to visit, go for it. I would love to go back in the summer, when there is a longer day, and see the country side.
– Norah
Pepija #
What a surprise! Glad you liked the city! Did you buy anything knit for yourself?
Very surprised knitter in Riga, LatviaJanuary 9, 2012
Madara #
It´s great to hear that you liked Riga. Well, we like it too and whole Latvia as well. Yes, and we have something about knittingJanuary 9, 2012
Oh my gosh what fun that must have been! I am afraid that if I saw that table of socks and hats I would have done a belly flop right into it.January 9, 2012
Lovely! Was there a particular reason to be in Riga this holiday, or was it some place you've always wanted to visit and just decided to go?
The yarn would have definitely done me in.January 9, 2012
Caroline #
I was there 6 years ago in October and though it was cold, it was incredibly beautiful. Did you find the Textile Museum? I still have mittens I bought there and from the ladies outside by the church. warm and beautiful!January 10, 2012
Diane Zangl #
Isn't it the greatest place to be a knitter? I had the opportunity to spend 10 days there back in 2001 on a trip with Lizbeth Upitis. We got to look at (and study) the mittens in the archives of the museum in Riga. Heaven! If you ever want a travel partner for a return trip, I'm up for it.January 13, 2012
Andra #
great photos. memories from my trip to Riga in 1994. thanks!January 13, 2012
Lucky duck you! Would love to see more photos! I have a question for you, what is the price range for these lovely hand knits in the local markets?January 13, 2012
Marite Plume #
Our Latvian Folk Art museum in Chicago has many of these style mittens on display. You can take a quick look at our Facebook page to see some of them. They are awesome. Visiting is by appointment only but I am trying to get a knitting club going in the building.January 20, 2012
Dace Kezbers #
Perhaps some of you are aware of the fact that in 2006 at the NATO Summit in Riga, Latvia, knitters knit 4,500 pairs of mittens, each different, to give to the delegates and the press. You can view and download pictures of these beautiful mittens from:
http://www.rigasummit.lv/en/id/cats/nid/698/January 27, 2012
Talley Parker #
The photo gallery of mittens is pure pleasure. Thanks for the link.February 9, 2012


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I am following the instructions located here to setup my server. It states that I have to apply a patch which I've downloaded onto the machine. My question is, the article says to use the following command:
/usr/src/linux # patch -p1 < file.diff //note I replace file.diff w/ routes-18.104.22.168.diff
This returns:
-bash: /usr/src/linux: No such file or directory
I go on to assume that
/linux # should be replaced with the actual linux kernel version/dir. I've tried this using the following command:
/usr/src/linux-headers-18.104.22.168 patch -p1 < file.diff
This returns the same. When I view the contents of /usr/src I only have two directories
linux-headers-220.127.116.11 and
linux-headers-18.104.22.168-generic-pae I need guidance as to the correct way to apply a patch to the kernel.
If I execute
/usr/src/linux-headers-188.8.131.52/ patch -p1 file.diff I get
-bash: /usr/src/linux-headers-18.104.22.168: is a directory. I need to know how I go about finding the specific file that needs to be patched here...