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It's been something I've been thinking about for a while, but could never answer in a more concrete way. This is most apparent when I compare the functions of 何 and どう. I know that 何, どう and どんな are great basic building blocks, but I'm not sure about what each implies when used to ask a question. Does anyone know?
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I assume you are already familiar with the "1-to-1 mappings" that @Jamal posted above. That's not all there is to it, though.
You can think of it as limits to areas that each question may address, if that helps. For example, you can say 「何をすればいい?」 or 「どうすればいい?」, as their target areas overlap, but the second is, to my knowledge, a more common and natural construction for "What should I do?" For an emphatic statement, you can say 「何をどうすればいいんだ?」
Essentially, it doesn't matter what the apparent 1-to-1 mappings to English may be, because the target area of a question word is more based on context, construction, and practice. Another example of overlap that breaks the 1-to-1 mapping is どういう and 何, i.e., 「どういうわけか、彼は日々に変わっていった」 "For some reason, he changed as the days went by" is equivalent to 「理由は何かわからないが、彼は日々に変わっていった」 "I don't know the reason, but...", but the second is definitely a clunky phrasing that would not pass muster in a submitted assignment.
I tend to think of (こ・そ・あ・ど)んな as contractions of (ど)のような〜, as it emphasizes the question of aspect in my mind. よう is occasionally written in kanji as 様, which strengthens the association with appearance or manner. It's a stilted translation, but "What manner of [thing]?" is a good way to highlight its wide range. 「こんなことで私達が別れるなんて…」 "[I never thought that] we would break up over something like this...". The "like this" part is essentially contained within the two words この[this] and よう[like]. 「そのとき、容疑者はどのような動きを?」"At that point, what manner of movement did the suspect perform?"/"At that moment, exactly how did the suspect respond?"
There are two ways to learn something like this that I know of. You can either get a Japanese grammar dictionary or collocation/phrase book, or read a heck of a lot of books/manga and watch TV. If you give it a solid year of heavy consumption you should start to feel unconscious promptings about what is "right" in one situation or another.
You'll see どんな in the sentences that ask: "What kind of watch is that?" or "What the heck is that thing?".
You'll see 何 in sentences that ask: "What is he doing?" or "What is that thing?"
Note: In the first example, the speaker is expressing surprise, disgust, or heightened curiosity. In the second example, the speaker is just asking a straightforward question, ie. a plain inquiry.
You'll see どう in sentences like: "How's the food?" or "How is he faring?" or "What's his prognosis?".
Note: "What's his prognosis?" can be reworded as "How is his chances?"
I hope this helps with your understanding of the 3 words.


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This is a serious observation from my experience taking AP Statistics. We are given a bunch of unexplained formulas and are expected to make sense of them in real world applications without knowing why they hold. In the algebra classes, I can at least bridge my number sense intuition with the materials to construct an equation, but in statistics we don't use such reasoning to arrive at equations, rather the equations are given and we have to think of them in an applications based context. When I ask my teacher he doesn't seem very receptive to the idea of explaining the equations from pure common sense, instead he talks about what the symbols mean.
Once upon a time an illiterate was recruited as a student by Prestigious University because he was a talented football player and they badly wanted him on the team. On a midterm exam they asked him "When was the War of 1812?" He said "I don't know", and that was undeniably correct, so he passed instead of flunking out, so he could stay on the team, and everyone lived happily ever after.
Math is a subject that everyone is required to take, including those who don't want to learn math. That is a crime. A consequence is that math courses are taught the way that football player's course was taught. That way they can get everybody through. Let's say students are told that variance is $$ \frac1n\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-\bar x)^2,\text{ where }\bar x = \frac{x_1+\cdots+x_n}{n}. \tag1 $$ (The version with $n-1$ in the denominator instead of $n$ is used ONLY when estimating a population standard deviation based on a sample standard deviation, and the conventional argument for doing that is immensely weaker than most who teach statistics seem to suspect, and at any rate I have a reason for avoiding it here.)
An intelligent student who wants to understand will wonder why the square root of the quantity in $(1)$ is used instead of the mean absolute deviation $$ \frac1n\sum_{i=1}^n |x_i - \bar x|. \tag2 $$ So what happens if the teacher tries to explain that? Students say "Why do we have to learn this? That other instructor doesn't make his students learn this. Learning that is too high a price to pay to get an "A" in this course!" They regard learning the material as a price they pay to get a grade rather than as the thing they showed up for. The reasonable solution is to expel them and teach a course for honest students. But politicians say "That other country over there is full of students who have surpassed ours on standardized tests showing that they've memorized this formula without understanding anything!!! They will slaughter us in a nuclear war next week if we don't make our students do the same!!!!". Everyone including professors believes every word of this and harshly condemns all who disagree and wants to pay higher taxes to make students memorize formula $(1)$ above. And one can't cover everything that will be on the standardized test and still have time to accomodate intelligent students who ask questions about things like this. They must be told to realize that students who want to become illiterate blue collar workers are who the course in statistics is for and curious and intelligent students should learn their place and not misbehave in class while their dumber classmates do what neither they nor anyone else wants to do.
I'll come back later and maybe add something about why $(1)$ rather than $(2)$. The short version: because the variance of a sum of independent random variables is the sum of the variances.
PS: There is also something less nocent involved: People in many fields may want to use the mathematical results derived in statistics without necessarily being able to understand the theory.
PPS: Alright, why is the square root of $(1)$ used as a measure of dispersion, instead of $(2)$? Both have the property that if you multiply $x_i$ by $c$ for $i=1,\ldots,n$, you multiply the measure of dispersion by $|c|$. They also have the property that adding $c$ to each $x_i$ does not alter the measure of dispersion. Those two properties together make them both measures of dispersion.
So find the variance of this set of numbers: $1,2,3$, and also this one: $1,2,3,4$. What's the sum of the two independent random variables? Look at this addition table: $$ \begin{array}{|r|ccc|} \hline & 1 & 2 & 3 \\ \hline 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\ 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 \\ \hline \end{array} $$ The sums are: $2,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,7$. Find the variance of the numbers in that list. It will be the sum of the variances found above.
This can be shown to work generally, and that's not hard.
A consequence is that one can apply the central limit theorem to sums like $X_1+\cdots+X_n$ and one knows what the variance of the sum of the many random variables will be.
PPPS: That the sum of the variances equals the variance of the sum, when independent random variables are added, doesn't work when you use $n-1$ rather than $n$. That's what I had in mind when I said I have a reason to avoid that here.
As someone who has taught "Math for Business Majors", teaching stats to anybody that doesn't have a least a couple years of college undergraduate math under their belt is very difficult. It many ways it's just as unpleasant for the instructor as the students.
Each of those formulas could take a full day of class or more to derive from basic principals. Deriving all those formulas is the topic of an upper division college math course. You simply don't have the tools needed to understand the proofs.
Mathematics is a language. What you're doing in your stats class is the equivalent of being given a phrase book in a foreign language. You can find the bathroom with it, but there's no way you can express complex ideas.
Think of it as a shop class with formulas instead of power tools. The intent is that you learn some of the uses and limitations of the tools, not that you learn how to engineer new tools.
It's the same in college.
In my opinion, the real culprit are all of the student who want to pretend that they are scientists but can't handle the rigor of mathematics. They have to take stat courses, but they couldn't handle the material if it was taught correctly, so the courses become "memorize, apply, and pray".
I wouldn't say the "pure math" courses are completely innocent either. It's not uncommon to see attempts at trying to get around having to prove things by just having extremely (unnecessarily) complex definitions.
Probability, and by extension, Statistics, is a difficult subject. Urn problems and the like are rather simple, but the difficulty increases sharply from there. Many ideas from Probability are difficult to formalize without use much more sophisticated mathematics, for instance, measure. Ideas seem to be thrown out of nowhere, mostly because, to go about doing them in a "proper" way would require more resources than most high schools have. Not to mention, a higher mathematical maturity than most High-schoolers posses.
If you're interested, though, you should be able to find reasonably good explanations for your questions with a few searches along the internet. In college, the problem is still there, unless you take much higher level Mathematics and Statistics courses.
Micahel Hardy's answer is perfect, but I can't help adding a story of my own. I had a student come to me for help with her first-year stats homework. Here is the problem she gave me:
Can you see what is horrifyingly wrong with this problem? In a small way, this problem exemplifies everything that is wrong with the way statistics (and math in general) is taught. It's not about understanding what you're doing, it's about following instructions and applying rules.
I explain more specificially whats wrong with this problem in a couple of blogposts starting here.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Crews battle
E. Springfield fire
EAST SPRINGFIELD - Fire crews were busy Friday evening battling a structure fire on County Road 60 near East Springfield.
Details were not available at press time.
Graham named to
state committee
STEUBENVILLE -Jefferson County Commissioner Thomas Graham has been named to the taxation and finance committee of the County Commissioners Association of Ohio.
The committee discusses tax policy, user fees, auditing and accounting, budget procedures, purchasing and investment policy.
Work scheduled at
Bryden Road
STEUBENVILLE - The city's wastewater department will be working on the pumps and electrical system at the Bryden Road lift station starting Tuesday.
Wastewater Collections Foreman James Jenkins said the work will continue through Friday. "The wastewater department will be temporarily using a diesel motor pump to bypass the lift station during the work. It may be noisy at times. And area residents may see minor traffic delays on Bryden Road during the delivery of equipment and truck traffic. We are asking all motorists to use caution in the work area," he said.
All questions about the project should be directed to the wastewater department at 740-283-6150 or 740-283-6000 extension 5001.
ESC reschedules
special meeting
STEUBENVILLE - The Educational Service Center Governing Board has rescheduled a special meeting for 9:30 a.m. Monday at the board offices.
Council committees set meetings
STEUBENVILLE - City Council has scheduled a Service Committee meeting at 6 p.m. Tuesday to discuss the city's street program.
The Finance Committee will meet at 6:30 p.m. to discuss the city's 2013 budget.
Road work
The West Virginia Division of Highways has announced minor road work to be performed next week, pending suitable weather.
In Hancock County, crews will be patching Lyons and Kingsdale roads, Princess Drive and Patricia Avenue; and ditching along Patterson and Smith roads.
In Brooke County, crews will be patching U.S. Route 22 and pulling shoulders and ditches along state Route 2.


text:
10 Eco-Friendly Crafts for Earth Day
4 of 11
Wind Sock
Crepe paper and a leftover oatmeal container are all you need to make this colorful windsock. When you're done, hang it outside a prominent window so your child can watch his masterpiece blowing in the wind.
Get the directions for Wind Sock.
Next: Eggshell Mosaics


text:
Faculty Profile (Back to Menu)
Helen A. Garten
Professor of Law and Alan Schwarz Scholar Emerita
Professor Garten joined the Rutgers faculty in the fall of 1984 and becamse professor emerita in July 2012. She earned her A.B. from Princeton and her J.D. from Harvard where she was articles editor of the Law Review. She served as law clerk to Judge Eugene H. Nickerson of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Prior to joining the Rutgers faculty, she was associated with a New York City law firm. She is author of the books Why Bank Regulation Failed and US Financial Regulation and the Level Playing Field, as well as numerous articles on financial regulation.
- Education:
J.D., Harvard
A.B., Princeton
- Contact:


text:
Following are some general health topics of interest to NYU students. If you do not see the topic you are looking for, please contact the Health Promotion office and we'll work with you to gather information relevant to your needs.
Don't let this information take the place of regular medical care. For a list of services at the NYU Student Health Center click here.
726 Broadway, 3rd Floor
Telephone: (212) 443-1234
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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I'm pretty interested in seeing demographic data as I find them good targeting tools. But other than the ESA reports (free) and NPD numbers (paid) does anyone know any other sources for such data?
Here is a website that has very interesting demographics regarding MMORPG's in the US. http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/gateway_intro.html
This is from the same site but it has a bit more general data. Just keep clicking the small "Next Page" link at the bottom for more statistics including Good vs Evil, Choosing a Race, and etc. http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/001558.php
Here is a slide show on demographics for teen and adult gameplay in 2009 http://www.pewinternet.org/Presentations/2009/11--Cheats-for-Video-Game-Marketers.aspx
This is another site that has demographic data on game developers which is useful for those developing an SDK or engine. You can also submit a survey to help improve these statistics. http://archives.igda.org/diversity/report.php
If you are looking for specific demographics you could also try picking up the phone book and calling major players in the game development realm. For example, I am sure Microsoft will have no problem giving you demographics on its specific users. Hope this helps.
Not free, but you might want to talk to EEDAR.
These look pretty nice, though I'm not sure:
EDIT: Also, free.


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text:
Did you say Derek Holland Kenny?
John Danks? Kenny just hung up:
But there is another suitor:
You mean the Yankee$ aren't among the suitors? Well:
One more:
Sources: #Rangers pursuing #WhiteSox's Thornton. White Sox want Holland in return. #tradedeadline #MLB
— Ken Rosenthal (@Ken_Rosenthal) July 30, 2011
Did you say Derek Holland Kenny?
Source: #Rangers would only move Holland for Thornton if #WhiteSox expanded deal to include a starter such as Danks. #tradedeadline #MLB
— Ken Rosenthal (@Ken_Rosenthal) July 30, 2011
John Danks? Kenny just hung up:
#chisox telling teams john danks is not available. makes sense. they are only 2 out in L column. #tradedeadline
— Jon Heyman (@JonHeymanCBS) July 30, 2011
But there is another suitor:
#mlb #Red Sox pushing hard for Carlos Quentin and LHP Thornton, but #White Sox would have to be overwhelmed with prospects# tradedeadline
— Bob Nightengale (@BNightengale) July 30, 2011
You mean the Yankee$ aren't among the suitors? Well:
Sense #Whitesox have really fallen out love with Thornton, would love move $13M owed '12-'13. #Yankees among teams watching the LHR
— Joel Sherman (@Joelsherman1) July 30, 2011
One more:
Dbacks would love LHP Matt Thornton, but source says it "can't happen" given White Sox demand of top prospects whom Dbacks won't give up.
— Nick Piecoro (@nickpiecoro) July 30, 2011
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text:
After less than 24 hours in a fairly closed beta, it's clear that the current voting system is not actually causing the "best" on- and off-topic questions to rise to the top. Out of the ten most-followed proposals, we only found three cases (30%) where the top 10 "on-topics" and the top 10 "off topics" were actually good descriptions of the site. What is the Area 51 team doing to try to improve this?
What is meta?
- Any Stack Exchange user can ask a question
- The community provides support, votes on ideas, and reports bugs
- Your voice helps shape the way Stack Exchange operates
We are going to implement a few changes that we hope will help.
Feedback is welcome!
In my opinion, the "10 most voted" is not enough, and I never considered it to be enough to define the scope.
For me, all these questions are defining the site somehow, but only as a very basic draft. Someone will have to come after to take the actual rules from these questions.
Lesson for later: don't answer Joel spolsky's questions, they are not actual questions.
Edit: I like the current system though, because besides the noise, it is a "brainstorming" atmosphere: you think of a question, you add it, without wondering if it is so important. Same for votes, you don't care if the question is really defining the site, you just say if on or off topic. The new system, in my opinion, will be more "stressing". You have a limited amount of actions, so everything has to be important. Ok, then no more freedom in it, let's only propose a few questions.
But in this case, there was no need for a whole new site. A Meta discussion would have been enough.
What could be better though, would be to leave things like this for the "brainstorming phase", where you determine on and off topic, and add a new "selection" phase, where people will vote if useful or "Meh" on the current batch of questions.
I totally disagree with this new policy of limiting question examples and votes; this completely kills of the "brainstorming" atmosphere.
It also will discourage people from posting new questions on an already running proposal and/or voting on low-score questions, because nobody will be going to really care about them anyway if the gap with already "established" examples is too great.
Also, while the goal of finding the most relevant on- and off-topic questions is definitely important, I think posting questions freely helps a lot in getting an idea of what the proposed Q&A site will actully become like, thus helping people tailor the proposals better (and also helping the SE team evaluating them properly).
I for me don't see anything wrong in having lots of example questions on a proposal, as long as they're not blatantly obvious or duplicates. I actually find this a lot more useful than keeping them to a minimum and strive to find the top 10 ones. This kind of filtering can be safely done in the second phase, after the proposal has gathered enough followers and examples to get a good view of what can actually come out of it.
I think there's a better way to approach the whole voting issue; please have a look here.
I'm reposting (and slightly editing) this from a different question, which I just deleted the old answer to - I didn't realize that this topic existed, and it's obviously a lot more relevant.
5 total on-topic/off-topic votes is simply absurd. It's already a lot of mental effort to think about some of the more borderline questions (which are the ones that are really important) and reason about whether or not they would belong on their respective sites. Now you're telling us that we have to do this for every question, and that we have to rank them; that's BS.
You're asking for people to do way too much work. And the list of questions is constantly in flux (or at least should be) in the discussion phase, so people have to keep going back and updating their "favorites." Few people have that kind of time or patience - especially when you wear it down by turfing all the decision-making work and critical thinking they've done so far.
I think that the most likely outcome of this change is either: (a) You get a really inconsistent and mostly-useless list of top-rated questions, because people will use up their whopping grand total of 10 votes in 6 seconds and then give up, or (b) You end up with a fraction of the participation that you had originally because everybody hates the system. Or possibly (c) all of the above.
You wave (a) away by saying that once you've found 5 questions for both on and off-topic, your work is done. Is it? That biases the system even more toward early questions, because users won't come back once they've done their voting. You're very likely to end up with an entirely random distribution of votes, per category, and that doesn't help you find the best questions at all.
I can understand your grievance, kind of. But I really think that you need to find a better way, because some of what you're doing will make the situation worse. Maybe you need two tiers of votes - on-topic/off-topic and interesting/boring - basically like how close/reopen votes and upvotes/downvotes work on Stack Exchange sites already. I don't know if that's the right solution, but I'm pretty sure that the one you're apparently about to implement isn't. You just can't ask people to pick 5 and only 5 questions from a list of 150.
Joel: You are the last person I would have expected to make a decision like this. You know that reducing the quantity does not improve the quality. You've written about it on your blog!
Limiting questions is fine, because it doesn't add any further burden to users (if anything it reduces it, there are fewer questions to worry about). And randomizing the sort order is a great idea. But please, think carefully about the long-term effects of your decision to limit votes - not to mention the ill-will you'll receive by trivializing everybody's effort so far.
After watching Area51 for awhile, I have come to the conclusion that the original voting scheme was better. Before, I could simply vote on each question individually. The best (most representative) questions tended to bubble up to the top as many people weighed in on the value of the question.
Now that I have to decide if a question is better than others, and try to keep track of how many votes I have left, I find that there is simply too much cognitive dissonance. It is inhibiting my desire to vote. And apparently that's true for other people as well; as the number of proposals and the restrictions on how you can use your votes both increase, the amount of participation in the evaluation of questions is dramatically decreasing also.
If you are going to attempt to steer the process towards those questions that you like, why bother asking the community?
You should look at the questions with the most votes, not those with the highest and lowest score.
People vote when they care or the decision is clear-cut. Clear-cut questions definitely shape the purpose of the proposed site, while emotional/controversial issues (for the beta testers, at least) are the cases likely to be the most interesting and have the biggest impact.
Does looking at the top 20 most-voted questions give you a better picture? Does taking the top 40 and tossing clear cut issues into various buckets (many are likely to be similar) and then looking at the top 20 of what's left give a decent shape?
Regarding the limits to votes and questions in #2 and # 6 above, can I assume that is per user per proposal?
I think that the intent of both rules makes sense, and will discourage inane question generation to generate rep points or stalve off boredom. But both numbers seem a tad low, especially the 5-question limit. I think the limiting of the up/down votes, in conjunction with the "Meh" vote, will allow for much more effective selection of the "right" questions (and the wrong ones). Given a strong selection system, you should be more comfortable with a larger sample size, especially since the noise will quickly be Meh'd out of the way.
[I cannot comment because of rep...]
I am increasingly wary about anything that Stackexchange does. You dropped SE 1.0 because it was not working. And, now you are changing the voting rules and asking users to vote again when several of us have spent time thinking through the questions and voting them up or down. I understand that improvement is necessary but the speed with which things change here does not encourage me to spend a lot of time on the proposals or the Stackexchange system.
How do I know that the rules will not change again?


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Bones To BarsWritten by on September 14, 2009 Building A Triangulated Four-Bar With The Look Of Split 'Bones
If there's one thing hot rodders have, it's a lot of options. Which options you choose depends a lot on your priorities. Are looks more important than comfort? Is performance more important than budget?
One big priority for a lot of hot rodders these days is traditional styling. Traditional is synonymous with "early." Unfortunately, "early" can be synonymous with outdated technology. And outdated technology can be synonymous with failure, especially if being able to drive your hot rod is also a priority.
This is especially true when you're talking about suspensions where, in addition to style, your choices will affect performance and, most importantly, safety. If it's only about traditional appearance, then wishbones are at the top of the list. Split 'bones were the prominent suspension choice during the first years of hot rodding, and still look great on early cars. When it comes to performance, however, look for those 'bones at the opposite end of the list.
The problem with split wishbones is that they have to take a lot of twist, especially when driving on uneven roads or making turns into driveways and similar conditions. If the limited articulation can't handle the stress, you end up with twisted, bent, and broken parts.
A four-bar system beats those 'bones every time. With a pair of lower bars to locate the axle front to rear, and a pair of upper bars to control axle rotation and hold the pinion angle stable, plus a Panhard bar controlling side-to-side (lateral) movement, this type of suspension has all the advantages except one. Which brings us back to style. For many traditional rodders, four-bars, like IFS, is a style about 20 years too late for a Fifties-influenced rod.
Some creative rodders have figured out how to have the best of both worlds by building a triangulated four-bar system using wishbones as the lower arms of the setup. On a triangulated four-bar, the upper bars are angled from the frame rearward and inward, closer to the center of the axle. The angle helps center the rearend, eliminating the need for a Panhard bar-which opens up room for the exhaust and other components.
Believe it or not, we were at Hollywood Hot Rods the very day Ryan Rivers and Troy Ladd were building a triangulated four-bar system for a '32 roadster, using wishbones for the upper and lower arms. The upper bars are mounted out of sight, inboard and high on the 'rails. The lower arms are mounted in plain view, where they have all the appearance of split wishbones. Looks old-timey. Works new-timey. It's win-win for hot rodders who like tradition and performance.
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
These Ford wishbones are on the way to being transformed into upper and lower four-bars for the roadster, using the accompanying tie rod ends, sleeves, bungs, and bushings, plus some fabricated sheetmetal brackets. The '36 rear 'bones will become the lower bars and the shorter '35-41 front 'bones (on the right) will become the upper bars.Here, the smaller-diameter 'bones, which will be the upper arms, have already been cut to fit. The tapered end (left) will be bracketed to the frame and pivot on a urethane tie rod end from SO-CAL Speed Shop (shown on the left). The other end will be bracketed to the rear axle and pivot on a urethane bushing in a steel sleeve (on the right).Instead of leaving a portion of the upper arm extending beyond the sleeve, he instead chose to cut the arm right at the sleeve for a cleaner look.Brackets were fabricated from 1/8-inch cold rolled plate to hold the forward end of the upper arms to the boxed framerails. The bracket is tack welded here, but will later be welded, of course. The tie rod ends with urethane bushings are more contemporary looking than the overall theme of the roadster, but they will be invisible after the body is dropped onto the frame.A smaller pair of tabs was built, also from 1/8-inch plate, to mount the upper arms to the rear axle, just to the outside of the third member housing. These arms are fastened with a bolt, and will be plenty strong to handle the longitudinal force. Note the section of 2-inch square tubing stuck between the axle and the C-notch in the frame (arrow). These were used on each side to establish the proper ride height and pinion angle while Ryan accurately located the upper and lower arms. The mounting tabs at the front and rear of these upper arms were sized to keep the front and rear pivot points horizontal (and the arms parallel to the ground) at ride height.The larger wishbones were cut to length for use as lower arms, and are fastened at the front pivot points on the outside framerails with standard early Ford polished stainless steel tie rod ends (for a more traditional appearance) and weld-in stainless bungs.The framerails were drilled the diameter of the bungs, which were cut the exact width of the frame, and will be welded on both sides of the 'rails.
The bung diameter is large enough to get a socket into the inside of the framerail to reach the nut. The castle nut shown in this photo was supplied with the tie rod end, and used temporarily while mocking up the arms, it will be replaced with a self-locking Nylock nut at finally assembly.The rearward end of each lower arm was drilled and sleeved for the urethane bushings that will provide the lower rear link points.The lower arms are fastened by a bolt to pivot on rear axle brackets that you're about to see made. Notice that one of the yoke flanges was ground off. The other has been retained and will eventually be heated and bent into position for use as a lower shock mount. After being ground and dressed, it will look great.In addition to the relatively simple brackets that mount the upper bars, Ryan designed and built the brackets that will connect the lower bars to the rear axle.Our spatial skills not being what they used to, we had a hard time envisioning how those assorted pieces of plasma cut, 1/8-inch steel plate would become a pair of brackets until Ryan mocked it up for us. The straight lower portion will hold the lower bar; the curved upper portion and the thick-wall tubing at the end will hold the spring perch for the Model A high-arch leaf springs. They meet at the axle. When welded, the curved I-beam design will be very strong but also lightweight.As with a lot of fabrication, perfectly fitting the long, curved bottom piece of the brackets involved a combination of eyeballing and trial-and-error, helped by Ryan's experience in working with sheetmetal.The brackets were tack welded and temporarily mounted on the axle, with the lower arms in position. The square tubing is still in place to set the ride height. The drop in the rear brackets that holds the lower arms was determined carefully to make sure the lower bars are parallel to the ground at ride height. In this case, it's approximately 4 1/2 inches lower than the axle centerline.
This matches the position of the front pivot points where the lower bars connect to the framerails so that-like the upper arms-the front and rear pivot points are horizontal at ride height. As you can see, this photo was taken before the spring mount was cut from the lower four-bar.Here is the welded bracket with the shackles (from Reid's Rod Parts), springs, and lower four-bar in place.


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I have a MacBook Air running Lion. Issue is I cannot delete things from USB sticks. The icons disappear but if I try to copy something on I get a not enough space error message.
I can format the stick to delete everything, but it seems I must do this every time.
Can anyone help me out?


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Crockett, Winebarger, S. Mayea, Tanner, And Pierce Historical Night Winners At CGS
By Ben Deatherage
(Photo Courtesy of Dirt Monkey Productions)
Cottage Grove Speedway would have a packed house on Saturday August 2nd as the historic ¼-mile clay oval would host their annual Historical Night. Classes in action were the Huddle Automotive Repair 360 Sprints, IMCA Modifieds, Late Models, Street Stocks, and Hornets.
Before we get into the race recap we would like to congratulate the 2014 class that was inducted into the Wall Of Fame: the Marvin Smith Pit Crew, Dane Smith, Buck Thompson, Mark Deraita, Carl Miller, Sue Miller-Nystrom, Rick Brown, Greg Brown, Rosalie Wilson, Ernie Owen, and Edie Owen. Also multi-time CGS track champion Tex Jackson would take some laps around the track in a restored vintage Hardtop Modified and proved that despite being in his late seventies he still can wheel a race car.
In the Huddle Automotive Repair 360 Sprint division feature Colin Baker would set a rapid pace for much of the early stages, Baker, from Cottage Grove and driving the Hedge Carter owned Huddle Automotive Repair/Steelhouse Metal Roofing Supply/Oregon West RV/Hedge Carter Gutter Service/Royal Flush Environmental Services #71 XXX, would maintain the lead despite a couple of cautions occurring in the first five laps.
After a lap four restart the race would be caution free. Baker would again master the restart but as the green flag run would go longer and longer it would put lapped traffic into the mix. Baker would handle the first couple of cars nicely but Roger Crockett would make a couple of key moves on lap sixteen to capture the lead. Crockett, from Medford, would then establish a sizable lead and stay out in front for the remaining distance to put his Rocket Designs/Al Parker Racing Engines/Omlid & Swinney Fire Protection and Security/Tech Equipment #11 KPC in victory lane for the second time in just two 2014 starts.
Colin Baker was a respectable second while the Cook Crane Corporation/Linder Powdercoating/Rodgers Racing Engines/Speedmart Inc. #22 KPC of Central Point's Garen Linder was third and the last car to finish on the lead lap. Kyle Miller from Salem would finish fourth in the Brian Crockett owned BC Motorsports #51 Avenger while Raquel Ivie out of Eugene was fifth in her Three Rivers Casino and Hotel/Bi-Mart/More Of Everything Racing Collectibles/Brook's Cut Rate Auto Parts #70 Maxim.
The IMCA Modified main event would witness Collen Winebarger of Corbett take care of business. Winebarger, in his Discount Race Car Parts/Gordy Lee Photography/Bessette Family Racing/Frisbie Motorsports #SW Shaw by Jeff Taylor, would capture the lead on the initial start. Winebarger would keep all challengers behind him and did very well when it came to restarts. For Winebarger it would be his first win of the year at CGS and the first time he has done so in a Modified.
The Dog House Racing/Hoppes Construction/Payroll Specialties Inc./Schram Brothers Excavating #1M Impressive of Mark Wauge from Jacksonville was second and Cottage Grove's Braedon Hand would come home third in the Todd's Auto Body/D&D Automotive/Vintage Inn Family Restaurant/KNND 1400 AM #5 Shaw by S.D.M.F. Curt Coggins of Medford came across the wire in fourth in his Cook Crane Corporation/Pro Service Center/Colortyme #21C Loose Gruff while the Delta Bar/Royalty Homes/Furniture Options/X-Factor Race Cars #W7 Loose Gruff of Kevin Williamson was fifth driving for his older brother Kelly.
In the Late Model feature Joey Tanner of Portland was ultra-quick. Tanner was untouchable and appeared to be on his way to victory lane until his All-In Property Investments/X-Factor Race Cars/Gullet Racing and Customs/Schram Brothers Excavating #111 X-Factor would get together with a lapped car resulting in Tanner coming to a halt and going to the back. Bend's Shaun Mayea would take over the lead on the restart and lead the rest of the way to earn his third win of the season at CGS for him and the Cold Springs Resort/R.G. Remanufacturing/Superior Fuel Cells/Driving Force Graphics #36 Rocket team.
Pleasant Hill's Blaine Taylor would finish in second in his My Boys Slate Fired Pizza/Taylor Restaurant Equipment/Mueller Commercial Services #18 MasterSbilt while the Discount Race Car Parts/Gordy Lee Photography/Bessette Family Racing/Frisbie Motorsports #SW MasterSbilt of Collen Winebarger was third. The rest of the top five was made up of Randy Martin from Eugene in the Team S.D.M.F. #88M Warrior in fourth and the Quantum Mechanics #68 Rocket of Greg Schellhorn, also from Eugene, was fifth.
Jody Tanner, Joey's father, of Portland was the car to beat in the Street Stock main. Tanner, driving the Eastside Paving/Wilburn Racing #36 Camaro, would build a huge lead as the lap count continued to wind down. Tanner nearly lost the position in the couple of laps but was able to retain the top spot as he accepted the checkered flag to pick up his first Street Stock win of the year.
Kelly McDonald of Cottage Grove was second in the D&L Truck Parts/Engine Research Development #74 Nova for car owner Tom Langan while completing the running order in third would be the Dot's Trophy Shop/Ollivant Timber Salvage/Robert Howell Logging/Gilkison & Dad Inc. #85 Nova.
In the Hornets it would be a caution plagued event. Eric Cooper of Cottage Grove would capture the early race lead in his Eastside Rollforming Specialties/R&D Specialties #32 Nissan 200SX. He would be overtaken shortly after a lap five restart when Chris Pierce, also from Cottage Grove, would get to the front on lap six. Pierce would blaze the trail the rest of the way to put his Froggy's Towing/Bigg Dogg Recycling/AP Media/Meineke Car Care Center #28 Chevy Cavalier in the winner's circle for the fifth time of 2014.
Jayson Nelson from Springfield would have a career best night finishing in second in the Quality RV Repair/Springfield Automotive Service #51Honda Intergra while behind him in third would be the Dr. Vape Products/Dalton Carpet/T.L. Morgan Motors/Quantum Mechanics #30 Mazda Protégé of K.C. Scott also out of Springfield. Fourth place would go to Veneta's Joe Maricle, driving his Maricle Stainless #11 Totoya Celica GT, and the Junction City Muffler Shop/Gurantey Chevrolet/Forté Motorsports/Twisted Bit Arena #23F Nissan Centra of Marcel Forté out of Junction City was fifth.
Cottage Grove Speedway will be back in action for a doubleheader starting off with the Friday August 8th Kage Kart race. On Saturday August 9th it will be Cottage Area Chamber Of Commerce/Pepsi Family Night. Classes in action include the BC Motorsports Northwest Extreme Sprints, Late Models, IMCA Modifieds, and Hornets.
General admission to the Kart race on Friday will be FREE of charge. Pit Passes are $10.00 and Car and Driver fees will be $35.00. The Pit Gate will open up around 3:00 PM and the Pit Meeting is at 6:00 PM with Hot Laps and Racing to follow.
On Saturday Pit Gates will open at 2:00 PM, Front Gates open at 4:00, and racing starts at 6:45. Tickets for this event are Adults $12.00, Seniors/Military/Juniors (13-18) $10.00, Youths (Ages 12-6) $5.00, and Children under the age of 5 are FREE. We will offer our normal family pass for two Adults and up to four Youths for just $35.00 but being that it is Pepsi Family Night complimentary small soft drink beverages will be included with the admission. For more information log on to www.cottagegrovespeedway.com and click "Fan Info".
Race Summary:
Historical Night
Saturday August 2nd, 2014
Cottage Grove Speedway
Cottage Grove, Oregon
Huddle Automotive Repair 360 Sprints
A Feature: 1. 11-Roger Crockett; 2. 71-Colin Baker; 3. 22-Garen Linder; 4. 51-Kyle Miller; 5. 70-Raquel Ivie; 6. 71JR-Steven Horner; 7. 5D-Patrick Dills; 8. 4-Jesse Thistle; 9. 18-Mike Carrothers; 10. 42-Ron Osbourne; 11. 16-Nick Tomlinson; 12. 7K-Kyle Mehner; DNS 6A-Kady Adelman
Late Models
A Feature: 1. 36-Shaun Mayea; 2. 18-Blaine Taylor; 3. SW-Collen Winebarger; 4. 88M-Randy Martin; 5. 68-Greg Schellhorn; 6. 111-Joey Tanner; 7. 88P-Mike Peters; 8. 16-Rob Williams; 9. 100-Todd Neal; 10. 24-Nathan Augustine; 11. 22-Mike Linder; 12. S09-Kevin Kirk; 13. 78-Ed Peters; 14. J871-Roy Kirk Jr.; DNS 4E-Trent Elliott
IMCA Modifieds
A Feature: 1. SW-Collen Winebarger; 2. 1M-Mark Wauge; 3. 5-Braedon Hand; 4. 21C-Curt Coggins; 5. W7-Kevin Williamson; 6. 85-Ricky Ashley; 7. 34-Albert Gill; 8. 44-Greg McDonald; 9. 9-David Schmidt; 10. A-1-Justin Hood; 11. 77-Kreg Britton; 12. 73-Bryan Gray; 13. 50-Justin Ryker; 14. 16-Austin McTaggart; 15. 10-Gus Cooper; 16. 11X-Tom Berry Jr.; 17. 1K-Kinzer Cox
Street Stocks
A Feature: 1. 36-Jody Tanner; 2. 74-Kelly McDonald; 3. 85-Evan Britton; DNS 75-Don Garrett III
A Feature: 1. 28-Chris Pierce; 2. 51-Jayson Nelson; 3. 30-K.C. Scott; 4. 11-Joe Maricle; 5. 23F-Marcel Forte; 6. NE1-Josh Linville; 7. 1M-Jason Moore; 8. 2-Alex Potter; 9. 32-Eric Cooper; 10. 48-Mike Swaim; 11. 7-Josh Corley; 12. 41-Jim Simmons; 13. 29-Scott Britton; 14. 277-Dusten Henderson
Driven by MyRacePassTM
Cottage Grove Speedway | All rights reserved


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In his memoir, 14 Minutes, Alberto Salazar talks about the cautious, long-term approach he took in his early years working with Galen Rupp (whom he's coached for more than a decade). "I kept him from overreaching," Salazar wrote, "refusing to let him make the same mistakes that I'd committed over and over as a young runner." Even now, he notes that Rupp has yet to run a marathon, even though by the time he was Rupp's age, Salazar had run eight and was well into his decline.
As anyone who watched the Olympics last summer will remember, it was a strategy that paid off, with Rupp sprinting to 10,000m silver--the first 10,000m medal for an American male since Billy Mills in 1964.
Most recreational racers also claim long-term goals, one of the most frequent being, "I want to be doing this for the rest of my life." But how many of us really work to a long-term plan? We want to be fast now, and think that if we just work intensely enough for a few months, we can have that huge PR we've always dreamed of and still run for a lifetime. Long-term goals, however, require thought, planning and changing bad habits for good ones. If you're committed to working progressively and waiting for the goal to come to you, here are some steps you should take.
Masters runner John Keston, who at one time was the oldest man to run a sub-3:00 marathon, first took up running when he was 55--an age at which most of us are starting to decline. But it wasn't until age 62 that he set his PRs. Even runners who take up the sport later in life need about seven or eight years to reach their peak performances, he wrote in his 2010 memoir Expressions of Aging. "During that time they're building training base and gaining experience."
If that applies to older runners fighting the aging clock, it applies even more strongly to younger ones. "It takes about six to eight years to develop a runner," says Heike McNeil, head coach of Northwest Christian University in Eugene, Ore. "I get athletes all the time who want to run 80 miles a week and I'm like, 'No, you're not. The maximum increase is about 10 miles a week per year, and you're not going to do any more than that.'"
If that sounds conservative, that's the whole point. The Internet is full of programs for faster progression. The world is also full of injured or burned-out runners.
"Americans have difficulty thinking in the long term," says Bob Williams, assistant coach at McNeil's cross-state rival, Concordia University in Portland--even though the strongest benefits come not from intense training bouts but from staying healthy, year after year. "I think if people learned to train a little bit less intensely, they would stay healthier longer," Williams says.
Amy Yoder Begley, a 2008 Olympian-turned-coach, agrees. "The question to ask," she says, "[is] 'Would you rather be 90 percent and healthy at the start of the race, or injured on the sidelines?'"
"Most recreational athletes should be thinking at least one to two years out," says Williams.
Yoder Begley concurs, saying a two-year plan gives runners ample training time, as well as the opportunity to experiment with training techniques and strategies. "It also gives [you] the sense that each race or workout is a steppingstone," she says.
It helps to realize that for most of us, the easy gains are in the past. "It's a lot easier in a 5K to go from 30 minutes to 21 than to go from 21 to 18," says Chicago-based coach Brendan Cournane. "In a marathon, it's easier to go from 4:30 to 3:30 than to go from 3:30 to 3:15."
This doesn't mean you should be writing out training schedules years in advance. Rather, it's more a change in mindset that reduces the sense of urgency that so often leads to avoidable injuries.
"I always encouraged my college runners to think in terms of about a 10 percent improvement during their four years at college," says Jack Daniels, author of Daniels' Running Formula. "The point was not to think of how much better you want to get this year. Sure, it is good to have short-term goals on the way to the long-term goals, but sometimes things come around more slowly than you would like."


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I've noticed in some proofs, if $A\subset B$ for $B$ a topological space, it seems that it is enough to show that $A$ intersects every set in a base of $B$ to prove that the closure $\overline{A}=B$. I noticed this for instance in the proof that the closure of $\mathbb{Q}$ is $\mathbb{R}$ in the lower limit topology.
Is this ultimately true in general, that if a subspace meets every subset of a base of the ambient space, that the closure of the subspace is the whole space? If so, why?


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On page 74 of the DMG (Step 5: Consequences), it says that if you fail a skill challenge, it can become more difficult, such as detouring you in a different direction. Could you attempt the same challenge again at a higher difficulty? So, could you try 'talking to the ogre again,' but since it already knows what you want, it makes it more complex and you need to work harder for the answer?
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As a GM, I would personally avoid allowing your party to rehash a skills challenge at a greater DC for both narrative and creative reasons. To elaborate your ogre example a bit, let's say the PCs quest is to rescue a group of villagers which have been captured by an ogre. The captain of the guard wants you to kill the monster, while the local druid sympathizes with the creature since his territory has been encroached upon by the growth of the village. In this case, the goal of your challenge would be to convince the ogre to release his captives through some non-violent means.
If your party fails to broker a peace, allowing a "redo" detracts from the dramatic weight of the skills challenge - where is the tension if the players can simply attempt a second round of negotiations? Failure needs to hold certain consequences in order to be meaningful, and win or loose, a skills challenge should always advance the narrative in some direction, not leave the party back at square one. Similarly, skills challenges are an awesome opportunity at collaborative story-telling between the players and the GM - you want to reward new and innovative thinking on the part of your PCs. Allowing your paladin to attempt yet another a diplomacy check isn't an especially creative approach to the problem presented.
Failing a Skill Challenge Should Be Interesting
DMG 76 says,
This means a DM should never introduce a skill challenge whose failure will stop the story (which is really what it means if they have to try it again and again until they win). Always have an interesting consequence that presents that party with an answer to "what do we do next?" It might be another skill challenge, or a combat encounter, or an intense RP session, but it shouldn't be "try it again, and do better this time." That's boring and frustrating for the players and the DM.
Despite the story-stopper, already pointed out, sometimes a retry could be allowed
Like a dead end cave, where a landslip had blocked the return path, and now the players must swim the way off. It's nice to see some char struggling to swim and hold the breath, and the multiple skills checks should be increasingly difficult every time they fails. In the end, the character dying or making it through the deep waters would have added a lot of tension.


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Can someone tell me why this works:
SELECT name FROM user WHERE uid IN (SELECT uid2 FROM friend WHERE uid1=me()) AND strpos(lower(name),"jo") >=0
however this does not:
"SELECT url, id, type, site FROM object_url WHERE strpos(lower(url), 'sephora') >= 0"
When I put it in http://developers.facebook.com/docs/reference/rest/fql.query/
I get this response:
Your statement is not indexable. The WHERE clause must contain an indexable column. Such columns are marked with * in the tables linked from http://developers.facebook.com/docs/reference/fql
however "url" in indeed indexable.
any thoughts? I've already scoured stackoverflow but no answers found.


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The new Special Edition Xbox 360 250GB console with Kinect brings games and entertainment to life in extraordinary new ways—no controller required.
The Special Edition Xbox 360 250GB Console with Kinect. Kinect brings games and entertainment to life in extraordinary new ways—no controller required. Easy to use and instantly fun, Kinect gets everyone off the couch moving, laughing, and cheering. See a ball? Kick it. Control an HD movie with the wave of a hand. Want to join a friend in the fun? Simply jump in. Wi-Fi is built-in for easier connection to the world of entertainment on Xbox LIVE, where HD movies and TV stream in an instant. Xbox 360 is more games, entertainment, and fun.
*Kinect sensor and supported games coming November 2010. Microsoft Points required to purchase games, add-ons and media content (sold separately). Instant on HD in full 1080p available with select videos; requires HDMI cable, HDCP compliant 1080p display, minimum 4 mbps broadband speed. Xbox LIVE Gold membership and Netflix unlimited membership required to instantly watch movies streaming from Netflix. See Netflix Terms of Use for details about Netflix service. Xbox LIVE Gold membership required for online multiplayer, video chat, Facebook, Twitter and Last.fm. Broadband internet required.


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I remember hearing that trees and other plants actually obtain a large amount of their mass from the carbon floating in the air, not the ground beneath them. Does the makeup of air actually contain enough carbon to support this theory, and is a tree's surface area actually large enough to obtain the amount of carbon it needs directly from the air?
migrated from chemistry.stackexchange.com May 28 '12 at 10:05
This question came from our site for scientists, academics, teachers and students.
The vast majority of a tree's carbon comes from the air, which averages 0.03-0.04% by volume (300-400 ppmv) CO2. This is fixed through photosynthesis and eventually stored as glucose which the plant can then use for its metabolism.
Doing some quick math, this means that in order to produce 1 kilogram of carbohydrates (e.g. cellulose) a plant needs to process on the order of 2000-3000 cubic meters of air (and ≈550 g or mL of H2O), which would fill a cube measuring 13-14 meters on a side. Note this is an ideal figure; a plant's fixing efficiency will likely fall as it depletes the air of CO2.
Plants do take a great deal from the ground, namely water, fixed nitrogen (for proteins), phosphorous (for nucleic acids), and several ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, among others)
I'm surprised nobody has mentioned Jan van Helmont. To summarise Blankenship's account, in the 17th century, he (Helmont, not Blankenship) grew a tree in a known dry weight of soil and weighed the fallen leaves of the tree, and then eventually the whole tree including the root system. He found that the mass of the soil had barely diminished and concluded that the tree's mass was overwhelmingly due to watering (CO2 had not been discovered.)1
With the benefit of knowledge of CO2 we can conclude that the mass of trees comes from the fixation of CO2 and H2O as well as the presence of H2O as a biological solvent.
(1) Blankenship, R. E., Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, Blackwell Science, 2002, p. 26
Yes. In fact the organic compounds' mass comes mostly from the air, since Photosynthesis essentially builds up glucose by only adding hydrogen to CO₂. The 2 H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂ reaction can be treated seperately, as was determined by Sam Ruben and Michael Kamen with ¹⁸O isotope tracing, i.e. in fact only the hydrogen in the carbohydrates comes from the soil, and this has of course a much smaller mass.
As said by Nick T, the more complex compounds also incorporate other elements that the plants get from the soil, but most of them still consist mainly of C and O. The total mass of a tree of course also has a lot of water and some minerals in it, but it's still safe to say that a tree "consists mainly of air".
To your question about surface area and air CO₂ content, neither is usually the limiting factor: in nature, light exposure, water and mineral supply are (although in enclosed spaces like greenhouses CO2 fertilization is sometimes necessary).
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It is the policy of New York University (NYU, "the University") that all new awards must be set up in the University's proposal and tracking system, Cayuse and in the PeopleSoft financial system (FAME).
The purpose of this policy is to establish the requirements for obtaining a new project ID for sponsored awards, which allows Principal Investigators (PI's) and their designees to expend award funding.
This policy is applicable to all schools, departments, units, and personnel of the University involved in administering sponsored awards.
Depending on the modification, SPA may generate and distribute to the Project Team a new Project Authorization Form with any changes highlighted in bold.
Departments must request prior approval (PAS) from OSP through a Request for OSP Action to incur pre-award costs on Federal grants. If the research involves Human or Animal Subjects, they must have proper approval from the Internal Review Board (IRB) or Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) before submitting the project setup request. In addition to receiving approval from OSP, the Department/School will need to request the risk project be established following procedures detailed below in the section What is an Advance/Risk Project?
The department will need to complete a Request for Risk Project. This will require approval of the Fiscal Officer of the administrative unit. Advance/ Risk accounts are usually established when:
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Heart shaped box
In 1991, Jim Dine took an electric grinding tool to his face. When he was finished, the face, which the artist had captured on a 1974 etching plate, was obliterated. In its place, Dine affixed an abraded crimson heart, itself clouded and crusty with black grind. The result, "The Little Heart in the Landscape," is quintessential Dine — intentionally kitschy and scathingly personal.


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Obama And Romney Have Lunch, Agree To 'Stay In Touch'
It was an off-the-record lunch and a photo op for the official White House photographer only. But it was a start.
President Obama hosted his recently ousted rival, Mitt Romney, for their first post-election meeting Thursday at the White House, a lunch of turkey chili and Southwestern grilled chicken salad.
Other details of their hourlong meeting are a bit of a mystery. As The Washington Post reports: "White House press secretary Jay Carney declined an appeal ... to open the Obama-Romney lunch to the media for photos and video."
The White House released a short statement about the meeting:
"This afternoon, President Obama and Governor Romney visited for an hour over lunch in the Private Dining Room adjacent to the Oval Office. Governor Romney congratulated the President for the success of his campaign and wished him well over the coming four years. The focus of their discussion was on America's leadership in the world and the importance of maintaining that leadership position in the future. They pledged to stay in touch, particularly if opportunities to work together on shared interests arise in the future."
Before lunch, Romney traveled to Capitol Hill for a meeting with his former running mate, Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis.
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The question is as per the title.
I read about log lines on Query shark. Now I know what Wikipedia says about them, but I'm still not sure what they are, and why are they bad for writers / queries?
The question is as per the title.
I read about log lines on Query shark. Now I know what Wikipedia says about them, but I'm still not sure what they are, and why are they bad for writers / queries?
What Query Shark Says
Let's take a look at what precisely QS has written there:
She's also written:
And also:
What Query Shark Means
I'm not sure my answer corresponds with QS's opinion precisely, but here's what I'd take away from what she's saying. Writers tend, in log lines, to try to amp up the drama tremendously, while not being able to provide any meaningful detail. Very often, the result is artificial (hence she's able to easily, intuitively, pick them apart and expose how hollow they are), and also not compelling (because of the lack of detail - which is what the agent/editor is actually interested in - and the familiarity of the format; it probably comes across at best as exciting hyperbole with little focus).
The log line may be effective for marketing purposes, when it's aimed at a less-discerning audience who aren't committed yet to devoting any attention to this particular piece. In a query, though, you've already got the agent's full attention; what they want to hear is detail about the book. A log line usually doesn't supply that, and some agents may find them actively irksome. They also have a tendency to be poorly constructed or thought out, which adds to the nuisance. Hence (I presume), Query Shark does not like log lines in her queries.
Log lines are just a way of quickly, pithily summarizing your book's plot and appeal into one sentence.
They're not necessarily bad. as the Query Shark admits, lots of agents recommend using them. They're a style, and as such, some will appreciate them more than others.
I think the thing to definitely avoid is using a BAD log line. Make sure you actually say something important in it, and don't get so caught up in being pithy that you make the content nonsensical. In the Query Shark's example, everyone knows that the characters of the book don't "resign themselves to inertia" so those are really wasted words, even though they have a nice ring to them.
As stated a log line is used more in the film industry. It is a quick "statement" with a beginning, middle, and end that summarizes the story. Typically, a sentence or two.
In the publishing field you send a query letter with a pitch.
The pitch (like it or not) should include your introduction, a summary of your work, your credentials, and your closing.
The summary is 100 to 200 words that presents your setting, your protagonist and the problem.
I will suggest that the intro,credentials, and closing are close to the same length together as the summary (200 words.) You are selling yourself with these. The summary sells your story.
So you have 400 words instead of a couple of sentences in a log line. But those 400 words have to all be golden and convince an agent/editor they want to read more. Those words are the only chance you get to make a sale.


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A 2010 national study found that 1 in 6 women and 1 in 19 men will be stalked in their lifetime. While stalking occurs across the lifespan, research indicates that approximately 10% of stalking victims are ages 50 – 64 and 4% are age 65 or older. Most stalking victims know their offenders. For older stalking victims, the offender may be current or former intimate partner, a relative, or an acquaintance, such as a current or former care giver. Victims of stalking in later life face unique challenges, including lack of dedicated services for stalking victims and lack of recognition of stalking among providers of services to older adults. This webinar will provide participants with an understanding of the dynamics of stalking, explore the challenges faced by victims of stalking in later life, and provide professionals with considerations for working with older stalking victims.In connection with this announcement, the presenters are requesting that you provide them with examples or brief descriptions of cases of stalking in later life from your community or based on your experience - by January 18, 2013, if possible. They are interested in including information about as many cases as possible in the webinar. They will redact identifying information. Please direct any case examples to Linda Dawson at email@example.com [2].
Links:[1] http://bwjp.ilinc.com/register/bkcpvht
[2] mailto:email@example.com
[3] http://www.nsvrc.org/event-type/webinar


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Is there a way to find what type of encryption/encoding is being used?
For example, I am testing a web application which stores the password in the database in an encrypted format (
WeJcFMQ/8+8QJ/w0hHh+0g==). How do I determine what hashing or encryption is being used?
Is there a way to find what type of encryption/encoding is being used?
For example, I am testing a web application which stores the password in the database in an encrypted format (
Your example string (
The "normal" way to know that is to look at the application code. Application code is incarnated in a tangible, fat way (executable files on a server, source code somewhere...) which is not, and cannot be, as much protected as a secret key can. So reverse engineering is the "way to go".
Barring reverse engineering, you can make a few experiments to try to make educated guesses:
Edit: I just noticed a very cool script named hashID. The name pretty much describes it.
Generally speaking, using experience to make educated guesses is how these things are done.
Here is a list with a very big number of hash outputs so that you know how each one looks and create signatures/patters or just optically verify.
There are two main things you first pay attention to:
Several password cracking programs (John the ripper for example) apply some pattern matching on the input to guess the algorithm used, but this only works on generic hashes. For example, if you take any hash output and rotate each letter by 1, most pattern matching schemes will fail.
What you have posted is 16 bytes (128 bits) of base 64 encoded data. The fact that it is base 64 encoded doesn't tell us much because base 64 is not an encryption/hashing algorithm it is a way to encode binary data into text. This means that this block includes one useful piece of information, namely that the output is 16 bytes long. We can compare this to the block size of commonly used schemes and figure out what it can't be. By far the most common schemes are:
The next thing we need to do is to look at other blocks of cipher text to figure out the answer to the following question:
If not all blocks are the same length then you aren't looking at a hashing algorithm, but an encryption one. Since the output will always be a multiple of the underlying block size the presence of a block that is not evenly divisible by 16 bytes would mean that it cant be AES and therefore must be DES or 3DES.
If you have the ability to put in a password and observe the output this can be determined very quickly. Just put in a 17 character password and look at the length. If its 16 bytes you have MD5, 20 bytes means SHA-1, 24 bytes means DES or 3DES, 32 bytes means AES.
It depends upon the format - some protocols for storing encrypted text have a cleartext portion that defines how it's encrypted. From your example, I'm doubtful since the string you reference is so short that it looks like it's just the encrypted text.
I'd suggest a couple thoughts:
Encoding can generally be guessed at. For example, the string you posted in your question is Base64 encoded. The equals signs are padding in the Base64 scheme. That's something I know on-sight from experience.
If you gave me a string that was encrypted, I may be able to tell you the encoding but I can't tell you the algorithm used to encrypt it unless some sort of metadata is available. The reason is this: encryption algorithms work by producing what appears to be random data. If I encrypted two sentences each with two ciphers (four outputs), you would be unable to tell me with any confidence which ciphertext belonged to which cipher unless you decrypted it or broke the cipher.
In regards to your specific instance, passwords are usually hashed. That means you can't recover the password from the hash, but you can test to see if the hash matches for the password. In that regard, @john's answer is golden. If you can input a password that you know and then try common schemes against it, you can learn what the hash used is.
The only way is to guess. With experience, guess works will be more correct.
For example: Based on length of output: MD5 output is 128 bits, or 16 bytes, SHA1 output is 160 bits, or 20 bytes. Based on charset of output: BASE64 produces output with printable characters.
At the end of the day, it's the try-and-error approach that teaches you how.
If this is indeed a simple password hash, we might be able to use Google to crack it. Base64 is hard to search for, though, with all those slashes and plus signs, so let's first convert that hash into hexadecimal:
OK, now we can Google for it. At the moment, I'm getting only one hit, from md5this.com — although obviously there will quite soon be more, including this post.
Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately, depending on your perspective), we're not lucky enough to actually find a preimage (the site currently lists this hash as "cracking..."), but the fact that it's on that list at all does strongly suggest that it's indeed an unsalted MD5 hash of a real password.
The only way is when there's some metadata that tells you. For instance, I've been working with PDFs lately, and the format includes a dictionary containing the filter, algorithm, key size etc. But if all you've got is the ciphertext, then all you've got is some opaque blob of data.
protected by Jeff Ferland♦ Jun 18 '13 at 21:51
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If you had the possibility of having an application that would use both Haskell and C++. What layers would you let Haskell-managed and what layers would you let C++-managed ?
Has any one ever done such an association, (surely) ?
(the Haskell site tells it's really easy because Haskell has a mode where it can be compiled in C by gcc)
At first I think I would keep all I/O operations in the C++ layers. As well as GUI management.
It is pretty vague a question, but as I am planning to learn Haskell, I was thinking about delegating some work to Haskell-code (I learn in actually coding), and I want to choose some part where I will see Haskell benefits.


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Introduction. Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$, and let $n\in\mathbb N$. Let $V=k^n$. The group $\mathrm{GL}_n\left(k\right)=\mathrm{GL} V$ acts on $\mathrm{End} V$ by conjugation, and thus also on the space of $s$-multilinear forms $\left(\mathrm{End} V\right)^s\to k$ for each $s\in\mathbb N$.
For every $p\in\mathbb N$ and every $p$-multilinear form $f:\left(\mathrm{End} V\right)^p \to k$, we define the antisymmetrization of $f$ to be the $p$-multilinear form
$g:\left(\mathrm{End} V\right)^p \to k,$
$\left(A_1,A_2,...,A_p\right) \mapsto \dfrac{1}{p!}\sum\limits_{\sigma\in S_p}\left(-1\right)^{\sigma} f\left(A_{\sigma\left(1\right)},A_{\sigma\left(2\right)},...,A_{\sigma\left(p\right)}\right)$.
This $g$ is an antisymmetric $p$-multilinear form.
For any integers $p\geq 0$ and $q\geq 0$, any antisymmetric $p$-multilinear form $\alpha:\left(\mathrm{End} V\right)^p\to k$ and any antisymmetric $q$-multilinear form $\beta:\left(\mathrm{End} V\right)^q\to k$, we can define an antisymmetric $p+q$-multilinear form $\alpha\wedge\beta:\left(\mathrm{End} V\right)^{p+q}\to k$ as the antisymmetrization of the form
$\left(\mathrm{End} V\right)^{p+q}\to k,$
$\left(A_1,A_2,...,A_p,B_1,B_2,...,B_q\right)\mapsto \alpha\left(A_1,A_2,...,A_p\right)\beta\left(B_1,B_2,...,B_q\right)$.
(We could also define it using shuffle products, but that's not important in characteristic $0$.)
For any $p\in\mathbb N$, let $\Omega_p : \left(\mathrm{End} V\right)^p \to k$ be the antisymmetrization of the form
$\left(\mathrm{End} V\right)^p \to k,$
$\left(A_1,A_2,...,A_p\right)\mapsto \mathrm{Tr}\left(A_1A_2...A_p\right)$.
Then, it is known that the ring of antisymmetric $\mathrm{GL}_n\left(k\right)$-invariant multilinear forms on $\mathrm{End}V$ (with multiplication being given by $\wedge$) is generated by the $\Omega_p$ for $p\in\mathbb N$ (this follows from the First Fundamental Theorem for $\mathrm{GL}_n\left(k\right)$, which actually gives all multilinear invariants rather than just the antisymmetric ones). It is also easy to see that $\Omega_p=0$ for all even $p$, and the Amitsur-Levitzki theorem yields that $\Omega_p=0$ for all $p\geq 2n$.
Thus, the family $\left(\Omega_{p_1}\wedge\Omega_{p_2}\wedge ...\wedge\Omega_{p_r}\right)$ (indexed by all strictly increasing sequences $\left(p_1,p_2,...,p_r\right)$ of odd positive integers smaller than $2n$) generates the vector space of all antisymmetric $\mathrm{GL}_n\left(k\right)$-invariant multilinear forms on $\mathrm{End}V$.
Question. How to prove that this family is a basis of this space?
Context. This is quoted as a consequence of (not further specified) invariant theory in Pierre Cartier's A primer of Hopf algebras, page 9, §2.1. I am suspecting Cartier wants to involve some kind of Second Fundamental Theorem, but I don't know it well enough. Maybe there is a slick proof in the same vein as one shows that Amitsur-Levitzki does not hold in smaller degrees than $2n$ ?


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Nadal: The Soft Hands of a Hard-Court Champion
The Spaniard Tops Djokovic for His 13th Career Grand Slam Title
Everyone knows what makes Rafael Nadal, who won his second U.S. Open title Monday evening, a champion. It's the best topspin forehand in history. Speed, footwork and otherworldly powers of concentration. A mastery of tactics, and a peerless eye for opportunity. He's also relentless. But against Novak Djokovic in Monday's U.S. Open final, Nadal relied, when it mattered most, on his hands.
"He has unbelievable feeling," said Francis Roig, Nadal's part-time coach, earlier in the tournament. "To survive a difficult situation, nobody has hands like him."
There was danger aplenty in Nadal's 6-2, 3-6, 6-4, 6-1 victory. After a sleepy first set, Djokovic, the world's top-ranked player and the best hard-court player on the planet the past three seasons, went on the attack and left Nadal staggered. He won a 54-stroke rally on break point for a 4-2 second-set lead. (Over the course of the match, there were 52 rallies of nine shots or more.)
For a while, all Nadal could do was absorb the blows and use his hands—his touch and timing—to hit the perfect shot when he needed it most.
"Sometimes I really don't know how I am able to beat him," Nadal told a small group of reporters after his victory. "The matches are always very, very close and anything can happen."
"Feel" is an oft-debated word in tennis, and there's no data to back up who has more of it. Roger Federer, of course, is considered to have as much as any player ever. John McEnroe, Rod Laver and other legends of tennis's serve-and-volley days come to mind. Andy Murray, whose soft hands helped him win Wimbledon this year, is in the conversation too.
Nadal is a much different player. His strokes are more brutish than pretty, his tactics more bullying than stylish. Yet he has hands comparable to all the graceful champions who have come before him.
In the seventh game of this match, Nadal returned a Djokovic overhead and then hit a passing shot on his way to a two-break lead. In the third set he hit a perfect drop shot at deuce when he was down a break of serve. In the final game of that set, Nadal used a remarkable combination—precise backhand lob, then a drop shot, then a reflex forehand volley winner—to rattle Djokovic, who had led 30-0 in the game.
Nadal ticked off the next three points in succession and won the set. As he bent down and pumped his left fist repeatedly, the crowd in Arthur Ashe Stadium went berserk. In the fourth set, Nadal took an early lead and didn't let it slip.
For Nadal, the victory completed an astonishing career comeback. Last year at this time, he was in the midst of a seven-month layoff with a knee injury. He returned to the tour in February, played through pain—and kept reaching finals. His numbers for the year: 60-3, 12 finals in 13 tournaments, 10 titles, his eighth French Open title and his second U.S. Open title, which places him third on the all-time list with 13 major singles titles, behind only Federer (17) and Pete Sampras (14).
After his victory, Nadal collapsed to the court, walked to the net to shake Djokovic's hand, and then collapsed again and began to cry. Never had he been so emotional after winning a major title.
"It's normal that I was crying, I came from a not good situation, a tough one," he said. "All the things that are happening to me is a surprise."
The biggest surprise of all: Nadal is 22-0 on hard courts this year, with titles in Indian Wells, Montreal and Cincinnati, along with the Open. It's an impressive record for the best clay court player in history. Chances are Nadal will finish the season as the No. 1 player in the world.
For Djokovic, the loss ended a year that was both spectacular—he reached three major finals for the second straight year—and disappointing (he won just one major title, as he did last year). He looked dejected, if not quite gutted, after the match.
"In the important moments he played better tennis, and that's why he deserved to win," Djokovic said. "I congratulate him, and I move on."
Nadal, who is 27, and Djokovic, 26, have been the two best players in the world for three years now, winning nine of the 12 major titles in that span and 12 of the last 16. The Open final was their 37th meeting, the most matches between any two men in the Open era. Nadal now leads 22-15.
But where does tennis go from here? These two are unlikely to sustain this remarkable run for much longer, no matter how weak the generation behind them seems to be. There will be challenges from men their own age (Andy Murray is 26, Juan Martin del Potro is 25, Stanislas Wawrinka, who reached the semifinals here, is 28) and maybe from an aging Federer, too (he's 32). Djokovic's big-match confidence will remain a question. So will Nadal's knee; he said it has never felt 100% since his most recent injury.
"I can have pain, but the most important thing is I can play with no limitation," Nadal said. "That's something that is happening."
If it continues to happen, these two may yet push each other to even greater heights. First Nadal dominated their rivalry, then Djokovic broke through and beat Nadal in three consecutive Grand Slam finals. Nadal has adapted. It's up to Djokovic, or someone else, to move the game forward once again. That is, assuming there's anywhere else left for tennis to go.


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Michael Slackman
Recent and archived news articles by Michael Slackman of The New York Times.
Covering the Israeli-Palestinian Battle
Michael Slackman, deputy international editor, is coordinating coverage of the conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. We asked him to share the desk's plans for coverage.
July 11, 2014, Friday
A Radical Revolution
The Arab Spring uprisings showed hard-line Islamists who had embraced violence a peaceful path to change.
September 8, 2011, Thursday
Al Qaeda Attack Was Thwarted by Three Arrests, Germany Says
The German police arrested three suspected members of Al Qaeda on Friday, saying they represented "a concrete and imminent danger" to the nation.
April 30, 2011, Saturday
Bomb Strikes Moroccan Cafe, Killing Mostly Foreigners
An official said the explosion appeared to be a deliberate attack on a cafe frequented by foreigners in Marrakesh.
April 29, 2011, Friday
Embattled Arab Leaders Decide It's Better to Fight Than Quit
The lesson autocrats are taking from the Arab Spring is that those who quit, like Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, face humiliation, while those who continue to use force gain leverage.
April 28, 2011, Thursday
President of Yemen Offers to Leave, With Conditions
Ali Abdullah Saleh agreed to cede power if certain conditions were met, including immunity for him and his family.
April 24, 2011, Sunday
Mubarak Leaves an Air of Wistfulness
There is an undercurrent of discomfort with how Hosni Mubarak has been treated since being forced from power in Egypt.
April 21, 2011, Thursday
As Inmates 23 and 24, Stunned Mubaraks Adjust
A prison that once held enemies of Egypt's powerful now houses defeated and docile power brokers, including Gamal Mubarak and his brother, Alaa.
April 17, 2011, Sunday
Egyptian Court Formally Breaks Up Mubarak's Party
The dissolution of the National Democratic Party continued the process of dismantling Hosni Mubarak's institutions of power.
April 17, 2011, Sunday
For Mourners of Knut, a Stuffed Bear Just Won't Do
When the Berlin Zoo's director announced plans to preserve a polar bear's body, a very human drama unfolded.
April 12, 2011, Tuesday
Rss Feeds On Michael Slackman
Subscribe to an RSS feed on this topic. What is RSS?


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I've been following a mish-mash of Google News alerts as well as some 'security' influencers on Twitter, but have a feeling there's a more efficient way to deal with this out there...
If you are looking for the vulnerability reports and databases, I've already answered this in this stackoverflow answer.
Copy-pasting again for easy reference:
Various list above have feeds or subscription feature which you can subscribe to get the vulnerability information delivered right to your inbox.
If you want to keep yourself about the latest discovered security vulnerabilities, BugTraq would probably be your best bet.
If you want to keep track of security breaches of organisations, the news would be your best bet. There is no consolidated resources that provide immediate feedback about such matters that I know of.
If you're concerned that your account might have been included in a security breach, you should check out...
I think it's pretty good. I follow a bot on Twitter that tracks account credential dumps and within 24 hours, an email address in a dump was flagged on shouldichangemypassword.com. It's run by the same people behind AVG antivirus.
By the way, the twitter bot is here:


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by Melissa Brunner
I'm not much of a germ-o-phob, but a PR pitch from Prevention magazine that landed in my inbox today caught my attention. Their upcoming issue looks at the eight germiest public places around and provided a preview. Some of them - like the doctor's office - make sense. Others make you think! The article says we touch an average of 30 objects in a minute. We obviously can't avoid all of them, so here a few to consider:
Lemon wedges on your restaurant drinks. Prevention reports a 2007 study in the Journal of Environmental Health found nearly 70 percent of those fruity additions harbored disease-causing microbes, including E. coli and other fecal bacteria. I'll take my iced tea minus the bacteria, please!
Speaking of restaurants, how about those menus? How many times have you seen messy fingerprints or streaks of who-knows-what on a page or two? Yes, hundreds of people might handle those culinary guides and odds are no one is washing them or spritzing them with sanitizer. Prevention recommends you never let a menu touch your plate or silverware, and wash your hands after you place your order.
As you wash your hands, consider whether you're getting what you think you are! Prevention puts public restroom soap dispensers on their list because a recent study found about 25 percent of them are contaminated with fecal bacteria. The study found most of these containers aren't cleaned, so soap scum builds up, creating a breeding-ground for bacteria, fed by the dirty hands that constantly use them. Prevention suggests you scrub hands your 15 to 20 seconds with plenty of hot water and finish it off with a dose of your own alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
You can check out the rest of the gross-out list at www.prevention.com. Now, excuse me as I break out the hand sanitizer!


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Martha Bejar: Driving a 3 Billion Dollar Microsoft Business
- Posted: Apr 03, 2009 at 10:23AM
- 33,251 views
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As corporate vice president for the Communications Sector, Martha Béjar is responsible for setting Microsoft's strategy and driving the sales and marketing of solutions and services for telecommunications, hosting, and media and entertainment companies. The Communications Sector works with service and content providers around the globe, addressing the specific needs of wireline and wireless telecommunications companies, cable operators, hosting service providers, and media and entertainment organizations. A veteran telecommunications industry executive, Martha bring a wealth of experience, the ability to drive and support innovation, and a strong track record of leadership with one the world's leading communications companies. Meet Martha as she tells us about her diverse career, Latin background, and what it's like to be the "new kid" on the block among the Microsoft execs.
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How many people were affected during the famine? Are there any sources for Soviet records on the Golodomor?
According to the official internal Soviet statistics, the number of excessive mortality in Ukraine in 1932-1933 was 1,532,700 people, of which 1 million 385 thousand in 1933.
A paradoxical fact of this is that in 1933 the total harvest for the USSR was 69 million tonnes (some think this number is overestimation due to the counting method used in the USSR and the actual harvest was about 50 million tonnes), compared to average 35 million tonnes during the war, which did not cause a hunger. The shipment of grain abroad was also drastically cut in 1933. The harvest of fish in 1933 was also very good.
From 19 March 1932 to 4 July 1933 the government shipped additional 1 million tonnes of food to Ukraine at expense of other regions.
It should be noted also that the most of deaths happened in June and July of 1933, during the summer, an non-typical time for hunger.
Another peculiarity of the deaths was that there were no reports of dystrophy which is typical for any historical hunger, including that of 1920s in Volga region, of 1947 and of the siege of Leningrad, as well as hungers in India. Instead, there were numerous reports of widespread tumescence.
It was conjectured by some historians that the actual reason for the excess deaths was a liver disease due to consumption of defective grain.
This could happen because a serious portion of grain was hidden from the state agents or stolen from the kolkhoz fields. The farmers could not purify and winnower their grain themselves because the necessary equipment was transferred to the kolkhozes in the course of collectivization.
It is known that consumption of such grain leads to exactly the same symptoms as those reported for the victims.
Also there were no reported cases of mortality in cities, which always consumed properly processed grain.
Kosior in his report to Stalin wrote:
Overall the picture was the same: where the less were procurements, the higher was mortality.
It should be noted also that there were reported numerous cases where grain storages were found in households where all the family members were found dead.
Kosior wrote to Stalin:
According to one GPU repot,
Given these reports and the harvest statistics (which was known to Stalin) it is possible to suggest that Stalin possibly thought that there was enough food available and the farmers intentionally had hidden it and starved due to their own greed.
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor#Death_toll
The Western authorities on this are Robert Conquest (Harvest of Sorrow) and Timothy Snyder, already mentioned. Robert Conquest gives an estimate of 4 millions. Snyder is somewhat more conservative.
But we will never know the exact number: the earliest census after this was forged, and those who did it exterminated.
EDIT. In one comment a method of "asking random Ukrainians" is proposed. I am a Ukrainian, and my grandparents survived it, by escaping from a village to a large city (Kharkiv) shortly before it began. I lived in Ukraine for 36 years, and have heard plenty of eyewitness accounts.