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In what instances do you feel that striking your child is the most appropriate course of action?
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I'm trying to think of a case, and I can't. So: Never?
Update: I think my answer is less helpful than some that got less votes so I'm updating it to be more helpful and also to show that the question may not be subjective, and that it shouldn't necessarily be closed, but that it should be fixed. Here goes.
It is a well established fact that hitting your kids is a bad idea and may make your kids more aggressive.
Corporal punishment doesn't make your kids more well behaved, they tend to make them less well behaved. And if you want more links, I refer you to philosodads answer.
Since this is well established and uncontroversial, the question can reasonably be interpreted as asking when it is appropriate with physical punishment with the basic standpoint that it in general is not appropriate. In that way, the question is about if it ever is appropriate, but badly formulated. This is how I first interpreted it. This probably shows a naivety on my side with respect to the average level of ignorance on these issues, which I started noticing from an answer here that actually advocates corporal punishment for discipline and instilling respect for adults.
In this interpretation, the question is indeed subjective.
But the debate, I think, has clearly shown that this is not how the question in general is interpreted. Instead it has generally been interpreted to ask how and when to use corporal punishment for discipline. I don't know if that was the OP's intention, but that is clearly how may others have interpreted it. And in that case the question is not subjective. In that case there is a clear and objective answer, and it is: It is not appropriate with corporal punishment. The links above and in philosodads answer shows this with little doubt.
I used to work with someone who was a huge proponent of spanking. His claim was that without spanking, his kids would be out of control, disrespectful, and so forth. Corporal punishment, he claimed, worked.
Among the things that he had to discipline his kids for? Disrespect for authority figures. Destruction of property. Lying. Hitting each other. Hitting other kids. My personal favorite was the time they pushed a $5000 sewing machine down the stairs because they wanted to see what would happen.
Still, despite having to mete out spankings on a regular basis, he was convinced that spanking worked.
But the truth is that the scientific evidence tends towards the opposite conclusion. (see 1,2,3,4) Spanking is ineffective as a form of discipline, and may have many negative effects on children. There's just no reason to think that spanking--or indeed, punishment in general--is an effective means of long term behavior modification. (see 5,6,7)
I can't think of any situation where it might be appropriate or constructive in any way. I got slapped on the cheek sometimes when I was a kid, but I never felt it was helpful in any way. I think it was a combination of parents' exasperation and not thinking fast enough to realize the ineffectiveness and stop themselves.
What did work very well though was my father's way of grabbing me tightly by my upper arms and holding me there, while very obviously fighting his temper and just telling me what's right and wrong. That made a much stronger impression on me than any face slaps ever did.
I find myself sometimes grabbing my toddler that way too; just holding him so he can't move much, or lifting him away from harm's way. I hope it's not a bad thing!
When physical punishment is appropriate varies greatly from one child to another. I know that many think it is horrible to ever spank your child but it is a very effective form of discipline if not abused. In my experience, many (not all) children who are never spanked are extremely disrespectful to authority figures and their own parents. They tend to be the ones who like to push the limits of what is allowed.
My son does not understand talking with him or time out, but slapping him on the hand he understands (I have always been against any form of slapping on the face). He rarely gets spanked on the behind unless he is doing something that is dangerous or just being stubbornly disobedient. Most of the time just telling him to stop something or saying "NO" is all that is needed.
But every child is different. The guy I work with has 2 sons, one spanking was very effective, the other it was not effective at all.
But if you do spank, make sure you do it out of discipline, and not anger or embarrassment.
In my childhood I had one parent who used physical punishment more frequently and one that used it rarely. I cannot remember most of the reasons for the punishment from my father, but I still remember what I had done to warrant the discipline from my mother. I had done something that was very unsafe and I had been asked not to do it and been told what the consequence would be- when I disobeyed she fdoollowed through. This was followed by a hug and she talked to me about what I had done and why I received the spanking. Her discipline method got my attention, stopped the behavior, and she taught me something.
Our older child has been spanked, but I try to follow my mother's model and teach him something in the process. We try to use other methods of discipline before spanking such as allowing him to take some space, talking about things, etc. Usually something else will work, but if he is doing something unsafe and has been warned, one spanking will get his attention. I never want my children to fear me or behave out of fear of punishment. My job is to guide them and teach them, but sometimes my teaching is better heard when I have his attention.
Never. Never ever. Ever.
I'm sorry to be blunt, yes, but that's just the way it is.
Note that I'm not saying "hand's off your child". Sure, it may be required to get physical with the child to prevent them from doing something. Even to a point where it hurts them. It may be required to hold them down, roughly even. Sure. But that's a lot different from physical punishment.
Physical punishment is about deliberately hurting your child for the sake of hurting. (I mean that the hurting is what is used there cause the effect, it's essential to the punishment.) Some may try to sugar-coat it by saying that you don't really "want" to hurt the child and but that it's good for them. Well, guess what, it isn't good for them.
Is physical punishment an immediately effective means of teaching the child what they shouldn't do? Sure. It's an easy way out, for the parent. But you have a huge risk of teaching the child to be violent and making them emotionally insecure. (I will try to link this to some studies later, when I have more time.)
There's always an alternative. Maybe an alternative method of punishment (tips: unforced seclusion and inattention are good ones). Many times, you don't even need to go as far as punishment, just teaching the child it was wrong (and why it was wrong) will do.
I can think of only one situation where physical punishment would be ok. Wait... No, I really can't, unless I want to go absurd. If you, the reader, are using physical punishment, I'm sure you just didn't have enough information. So stop it right now. There's nothing wrong in having being wrong, there is a lot wrong in continuing to be wrong.
As others have pointed out, if you've reached the point of physical punishment, you've already lost the battle. Fear can be a great motivator and is often confused with respect. It also only works for a while. Really all you are teaching is that violence is a way to solve your problems.
Countless studies have shown that negative reinforcement doesn't work nearly as well as positive. In most cases, you're teaching the child to avoid the punishment not change their behavior.
I find that walking over and gently touching my 4-year-old works better even than yelling from across the room. (when he's pretending not to hear me)
I'm also working on the concept of the "micro timeout". If he sasses me or makes a rude noise I make him stand in the middle of the room and count to 15. It has the advantage of immediacy and also breaking up the "dance" that parents and kids can get into. Sometimes his response leads to a full-on timeout, but I think this technique shows some promise...
First, I think it is important to differentiate between "striking" a child, which I am interpreting to mean purposeful physical contact in anger and without consideration, and "spanking" a child, which I am interpreting to mean a calm and considered open hand hitting the bum/backside/buttocks.
Second, it is important to distinguish between the impetus behind the action. "Striking" a child is abusive. "Spanking" a child indicates lack of skill as a parent. In my opinion, "spanking" is better than no discipline at all, which may well be the cause of MasterZ's comment about "children who are never spanked (being) extremely disrespectful". Children must have limits.
I would consider spanking a child in order to produce an emotional response to a violent disciplinary issue (biting, hitting, scratching, etc.) that has not previously been possible to elicit through other means. This is the absolute last resort in asserting authority over a child who is not complying on a critical issue that MUST stop for their own well-being and those around them.
That being said, I do not advocate spanking. In my experience, cold showers are more effective and less humiliating. But again, children must behave within limits. Sometimes it is critical that these limits be imposed. Here is a link to another post that refers to research on physical punishment.
If you down-vote this answer, please leave a comment to explain why. I understand that this is an unpopular/dissuaded stance and am writing the post to provide a counter-arguement, with parameters, firmly placing the responsibility on the parents for being ineffective but recognizing that they are not avoiding their duty by making this decision.
The only thing that hitting a kid teaches them that can't be taught through other means is that being hit by a parent sucks.
Spanking (since striking is rightfully illegal in most countries) is in some cases can be somewhat beneficial.
But there are problems with it:
While establishing limits is an essential task in bringing up a child, using spanking as the most common tool for that is outright wrong.
What I feel is in line with the opinions already given. But that's only half of the question.
Apparently, it does make sense, but only with younger kids. And that means up to 3 years of age, roughly. In particular, it only makes sense with kids whose verbal skills aren't well-developed enough to understand a stern lecture.
Even then, there are obvious restrictions. The first is, it's only used in the most extreme cases, where your kid risked his life and somebody needed to save him. If that was traumatic enough by itself, you don't need to reinforce that. Otherwise, the punishment should be quick. Such young kids wouldn't be able to link a delayed punishment to the offense, while the intent is to make a direct connection between the life-threatening act and the very negative consequences. The next time, there might not be an adult around to save your kid.
As you can see, this is really an exceptional corner case. Most parents will never encounter such a horrible scenario, and that's a good thing. I'm having some problems finding my sources for this, though.
I feel that striking your child is the most appropriate course of action for instances when you want to teach it that it cannot trust you or that hitting in general is an appropriate response.
(I hope that no one here wants to teach a child these things.)


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Tuesday, July 2, 2013
Contact: Jennifer See 814-464-5409
Casino Raises $30,000 for Charity Golf Tournament
Erie, PA — Officials at Presque Isle Downs & Casino announced today that $30,000 was raised during the First Annual Charity Golf Tournament.
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The Erie Community Foundation is one of the largest in the country and serves the Erie County Area through grants to various non-profits.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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I would like to know the historical reason why the letter H is used for Sobolev spaces. In particular, why not S? It would be interesting to know the same for the letter W.
The history of both the name "Sobolev space" and the notation (which changed over the years), has been well described by J. Naumann [link to pdf file]. The history of the name is particularly amusing:
These spaces, at least in the particular case $p=2$, were known since the very beginning of this century, to the Italian mathematicians Beppo Levi and Guido Fubini who investigated the Dirichlet minimum principle for elliptic equations. Later on many mathematicians have used these spaces in their work. Some French mathematicians, at the beginning of the fifties, decided to invent a name for such spaces as, very often, French mathematicians like to do. They proposed the name Beppo Levi spaces. Although this name is not very exciting in the Italian language and it sounds because of the name "Beppo", somewhat peasant, the outcome in French must be gorgeous since the special French pronunciation of the names makes it to sound very impressive. Unfortunately this choice was deeply disliked by Beppo Levi, who at that time was still alive, and - as many elderly people - was strongly against the modern way of viewing mathematics. In a review of a paper of an Italian mathematician, who, imitating the Frenchman, had written something on "Beppo Levi spaces", he practically said that he did not want to leave his name mixed up with this kind of things. Thus the name had to be changed. A good choice was to name the spaces after S.L. Sobolev. Sobolev did not object and the name Sobolev spaces is nowdays universally accepted.
Concerning notation, in the 1950's $BL$ was used (for Beppo-Levi space), notably by Nikodym. Sobolev himself originally used $L$ before switching to $W$ in his 1950 book. With the demise of the Beppo-Levi name, $W$ became commonplace.
I agree with Nate that the notation $H$ for $p=2$ is a clear reference to Hilbert.


text:
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text:
Sorting Excel 2007 Data on a Single Column
You may find data in an Excel 2007 worksheet easier to view if it's sorted on a particular column, in ascending or descending order. Excel sorts in the following pattern: numbers, spaces, special characters (such as ! # $ % & * < = >) and finally, alphabetic letters.
Sorting data in ascending order sorts text from A to Z; numeric information from low to high; and dates with the earliest date first. Sorting data in descending order sorts text from Z to A; numeric information from high to low; and dates with the most recent date first.
Create a contiguous list with headings specifying the contents of each column.
For the easiest sorting, there should be no blank rows or columns in the list.
In the column you want to sort by, click any cell containing data.
If the data isn't in a contiguous list, you must first select the entire list. If Excel finds unselected data in columns next to the selected data, it may prompt you for more information.
Click the Sort A to Z button in the Sort & Filter group on the Data tab.
If the current cell contains a value, the button says Sort Smallest to Largest. If the cell contains a date, the button states Sort Oldest to Newest. Excel sorts the entire list in ascending order on the specified column.
Click the Sort Z to A button in the Sort & Filter group on the Data tab.
Excel sorts the entire list by descending order on the current column. If Excel incorrectly sorts a cell that contains a value, make sure the cell is formatted as a number and not as text.
If your data doesn't sort as you expect, check to see if the data in the sort column contains any leading spaces and remove them. This occasionally happens when you import data from another file or application.


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Hey guys
I'm out of cards to find the solution for this.
I align the zenith by looking through the viewfinder and aiming the center focus point to the center of the nodal ninja logo.
However, I keep on getting this result.
standardrmtb-1 Panorama_patch_3 by JoyCaluma, on Flickr
Hope you can help/advise.


text:
We went to a planetarium last night last night and watched "Black Holes" narrated by Liam Neeson. If I recall correctly, he said that scientists believe that they have identified a number of Black Holes, and that they think there are White Holes at the bottom of Black Holes and instead of drawing matter/light in, the White Holes spew matter out. I didn't get to ask this question after the session was over: Have scientists been able to find an example of a possible White Hole?
It's only a fictional object that agrees with einstein's formulas. But there is no evidence that that objects exists or had existed.
White hole is possible under General Relativity but violates the second law of thermodynamics. It is thus impossible.


text: Hiya everyone! This will be my first attempt at a tutorial from when I got back from my hiatus! Also, I received a drawing tablet, so this is also created using Paint Tool Sai. Sorry if my hand's too shaky, and have fun!~ My hand was awfully shaky in the first step, please forgive me.


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Ansonia meets North Branford
No state team has won more football championships than Ansonia, and the Chargers will get a shot at No. 18 on Saturday when they face North Brandford at Rentschler Field. The 13-0 Chargers (riding a 27-game win streak) will tangle with the 12-0 Thuderbirds at 10:35 a.m. in the Class S title game
Last year Ansonia beat Ledyard, 35-0, in the Class M final. North Branford hasn't been in this game since 2001. Its only state title came in 1979.
Ansonia beat Hyde in the Class S semifinals Sunday, while North Branford raced past Woodland in the other semi.
Complete state final schedule
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text: Lots of anime drawings are in this tut. Peach Girl, Please Teacher!, Xam'd, Inuyasha, Eden of the East, Vampire Knight, and Blood+ are featured. Also the preview picture features the Special A Class's Hikari and Kei's eyes. You see their mirrored reflection in their eyes. In the beginning I have a couple of tips that might help you to draw anime eyes. I hope you enjoy this tutorial. Please let me know how you feel about it by commenting, faving or clicking on "Love It." Thanks sooo much!


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Is global warming so bad?
Trying to distract myself from the polar vortex and wondering what a bipolar vortex must be like, I found myself listening to what Newt Gingrich has to say about climate change. He suggests that fretting about global warming is a form of hubris and insists that "life was fine" in those hazy, lazy days of the Jurassic age. It must be cerebral frostbite, but I find the opinion appealing.
About the Author
Michael O. Garvey works in public relations at the University of Notre Dame.
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Your reaction is natural but is a major problem in raising awareness of the seriousness of the problem: humans naturally think that warmer is better, so it is very difficult to get people worried about global warming.
Is global warming so bad? Instead of Gingrich, let's turn to the last report of the world's climate scientists, http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2013/09/the-new-ipcc-clima...
Warming is occuring, mostly because of human influence, it is irreversible, and temperatures by 2100 may rise by 4 Celsius degrees. Sea level will rise. With unabated emissions, by 2100 it will have risen by 1 to over 3 meters. The Artic ocean will be ice-free in the summer. If temperatures rise by more than 2 Celsius degrees, it will cause the melting of Greenland, eventually raising sea level by 7 meters. Regional climates will change, dry areas becoming drier, wet areas wetter. The Gulf Stream will weaken. The oceans will acidify.
What does that mean in practice? I think that it means that as some regions that are currently populated will no longer be able to support their population, we will see more and more "climate refugees", and there will be large movements of populations.
The idea of a 4 degree temperature rise is doubtless appealing to those people who spend their winters shoveling snow, but, of course, that's not how it works. Atmospheric air flow drives climate; with warming, the motion of air molecules increase, with the expectation that there will be more net air flow and, therefore, more extremes in air flow.
On NPR this morning, a climatologist explained the current polar vortex and how it is plausible that average warming could cause more such extreme dislocations of arctic air. So there are more extreme disruptions of regional climate, in general. It's not a benign and benevolent slight increase in temperature everywhere. And, of course, the air temperature is not the only consideration to people who live near sea level.
An overlooked consideration is that we humans are now breathing in the highest CO2 levels since the emergence of homo sapiens as the modern human species. In short, we didn't evolve at the current CO2 levels. Our body's pH buffer system is based on CO2; increasing CO2 requires our bodies to compensate metabolically. We don't know what effect this long term exposure to higher CO2 levels will have on our own species and on other species. In some ways, it's the greatest human guinea-pig experiment in history. I personally think it's anything but conservative to allow this experiment to intensify.
- Larry Weisenthal/Huntington Beach CA
Surely we can make out the sound of tongue in cheek?
Probably the first person to try to quantitatively relate atmospheric CO2 content to temperature near the Earth's surface was the eminent Swedish physical chemist Svante Arrhenius, in the late 19th C. He was entirely clear that fossil-fuel (in his day mostly coal) burning was adding CO2 to the atmosphere. He was all for it, anticipating that it would improve the length of the growng season in Scandinavia. Arrhenius got the thermodynamics rigt, to a strong first approximation, but he did not understand the global circulation system and so did not see the full implications.
Anyone wo doubts global warming needs to take a field trip: Lac de Gras, in the baren lands about 250 km NE of Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories will do. I have worked there since 1995, and the loss of permafrost and the decline in the availability of the ice roads is astonishing. We can speak with some of the "locals" about what this means.
Mark L.
I knew there was a reason I never, ever watch cable TV news. Just reading that transcript made me dumber.
Can anyone explain why some people will act on the advice of their doctors (who are biological scientists) but refuse to take the earth scientists seriously, even when biological scientists vouch for the competence of the earth scientists? I mean, if a heart doctorr tells you you need a transplant desperately, you agree to look for a heart. But if the chemists and meteorologists and physicists tell us that the sealevel is rising precipitously, many people just stick their heads in the snd.
We don't need to know more than *grammar school* science to know that water unfreezes at just over 32 degrees F, and most of us should be smart enough to understand that if Greenland and other arctic areas unfreeze the sealevel will wipe out vast coastal areas, e.g., Florida, much of Massachusetts, and most of Manhattan, not to mention Bangladesh, etc.,etc., .... Yet many "smart Americancs" who claim to love their children and grandchildren ignore what the Earth scientists are telling them. I say it's a sin.
In my old religion classes the nuns and priests used to talk about "vincible ignorance". That meant not finding out what a prudent person *ought* to know and being responsible for the consequent dangerous ignorance. The priests should preach about this more often.
Jim P, --
What do you know that the scientists don't know?
Ann -- There are three reasons a lot of Americans don't take seriously the scientific evidence of global warming. First, the level of basic scientific illiteracy among the public is really appalling. There's a lot of blame to go around for this -- scientists, the media, the public itself -- but the fact remains. Second, it's no secret that many of these Americans have fundamentally religious objections to modern science -- evolution = global warming = Satan. Third, Americans sense (rightly) that if the evidence for global warming is sound, there's a great deal about their lives that will have to change. I suspect that third reason is the most significant.
The "easiest" way to produce less CO2 is to consume less energy. But changing our lifestyle is extremely difficult as a society.
- Say that we realize that we should and could comfortably live in houses that are only half as large as current houses. But the houses are already there. They're already built. How do we change that?
- Say that we decide to drive less. But housing is already scattered across spread-out surburbia, so how do we design public transportation alternatives?
- Say that we realize that flying is highly damaging and decide to fly less or not at all. But family and friends are spread over far apart states or different countries. Do we resign ourselves to not seeing our kin any more?
The more we develop ways of life that are naturally conducive to using lots of energy, the more painful the adjustment will be.
Ann - I think you misunderstood my comment (which wasn't my deepest, in any case :-)). I was commenting on the general level of discourse in cable news roundtable segments, typified by Newt Gingrich's comments.
Since you've sorta asked for my views on global warming, though, l'll mention this: I do trust scientists, but look at politicians (both Newt Gingrich and Al Gore) with a jaundiced eye. I'm not sure that I'm skeptical about the dangers of global warming, but I can't point to any concrete terrible things that have happened so far because of it. That some really dire predictions haven't panned out so far, and that there have been a couple of cases in which scientists have spectacularly discredited themselves, isn't helpful. Mostly, I'm pessimistic. I don't think there is anything that can be done about it. I think we need to cling to the adaptability of the human race and God's creation as our best hope.
Michael Garvey, perhaps you are suffering from cereberal frostbite. What will you do when Lake Michigan overflows its banks and innundates the Golden Dome? To say nothing of South Bend.
Peggy, As long as the lake water is warm, I won't mind.
Jim, I believe that scientists attribute storms like hurricane Sandy to global warming. More specifically, they attribute the strengthening of such storms to the steeper temperature differentials that warming leads to. (This is my layman's understanding.) That being said, the billions of dollars of damage that Sandy caused, and the lives and resources that were lost as a result of such storms, are certainly concrete.
I'm more optimistic about the possiblity for tanglible action, except for within the political arena. We could massively re-forest sections of the world, which would drastically (and naturally!) cut CO2. We could put more resources into trying to develop non-fossil based fuels. We could massively build up public transportation infrastructure to cut the numbers of cars on the road.
To Jim Pauwels, unfortunately, adaptation by human beings to climate change will probably take the form of massive starvation, displaced populations and the attendant wars and genocides. I prefer the adaptation that requires positive action in the form of education, lifestyle change, and development and application of technology. This is not a game. This will require commitment to the moral equivalent of a world war, nothing less.
That some really dire predictions haven't panned out so far, and that there have been a couple of cases in which scientists have spectacularly discredited themselves, isn't helpful. Mostly, I'm pessimistic. I don't think there is anything that can be done about it
I think that Ann's analogy to a disease progressing with few visible symptoms, like, say, cancer, is apt. Your reaction, Jim, shows that climate scientists have not been able to make their case and do not have the credibility of medical doctors. This lack of credibility has become a major issue discussed among scientists.
A "solution" to global warming: http://climatesight.org/2013/11/06/cover-your-ears-and-sing-loudly/ :
At public hearings on the environmental impacts of proposed oil pipelines, Canadians are no longer allowed to discuss climate change: any testimonials concerning how the oil was produced ("upstream effects") and what will happen when it is burned ("downstream effects") are considered inadmissible. This new policy was part of a 2012 omnibus bill by the federal government.
An interesting comment on http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2013/11/from-global-climate-change-to-local-consequences/
Socio-economic and climate change impacts on agriculture: an integrated assessment, 1990–2080 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2005
"The results from the study suggest that critical impact asymmetries due to both climate and socio-economic structures may deepen current production and consumption gaps between developed and developing world; it is suggested that adaptation of agricultural techniques will be central to limit potential damages under climate change."
So the models suggest big changes are needed in agriculture, because otherwise the rich and fat will be doing all right, and the rest of the world will be feeling the damage. (...)
"How would you feel if the world was falling apart around you
Pieces of the sky were falling in your neighbors yard
But not on you
Wouldn't you feel just a little bit funny
Think maybe there's something you oughta do"
from "Before Believing" (Danny Flowers)
Thomas - I've also heard (vaguely) that explanation of Hurricane Sandy. It could be right. On the other hand, hurricanes have always been a risk for people living in coastal areas. Without wishing to side with the skeptics, I just want to note that it's not difficult for them to explain away that particular example. It's ambiguous, and most of the world wasn't affected by that hurricane. As a galvanizing event to shake people out of their torpor, I'm not sure it succeeds.
Stanley P Kopacz - mass starvation, world wars, genocide and displaced populations are exactly the sort of dire predictions that haven't come to pass so far. There have been no world wars during my lifetime. Mass starvation is becoming less rather than more frequent. The examples of genocide that I can think of during my lifetime aren't commonly attributed to global warming.
Some of the positive things you mention, such as education and the development of adaptive technology, are what I had in mind in saying that we need to cling to the adaptability of the human race. We could add to the list: diplomacy and technology in the event of a world war; agricultural technology and genetics to help compensate for the loss of arable land; and so on. I think those sorts of things are possible and are our best hope. If that passes for optimism, then I'm an optimist, too. Lifestyle changes and reforestation (mentioned by Thomas Jacobs) - those sorts of thinigs, I'm pretty pessimistic about, as I just don't see the will for them on a large scale. I'm also pessimistic about persuading developing nations to curtail their economic development in order to slow global warming. I've also recently read something to the effect that once the chemicals in the air that cause global warming are present, they become cumulative; they don't naturally disappear over time, and so we're already beyond the point of safety. That's a big cause of my pessimism.
The bottom line is hard science. In spite of absorption of CO2 by the oceans and living systems, the CO2 in the atmosphere has been steadily rising. The rest is Planck's radiation law. Eventually, the surface temperature will rise until the earth's surface radiates energy at the same rate as it absorbs. The pathway to that new equilibrium is what is difficult to predict. How much of the heat will the oceans absorb? What will happen to cloud formation? We are moving an important parameter of the system which supported the emergence of civilization outside the range of that time. Another thing to consider. 4°C (7°F) may not seem like much, but it's 4% of the difference between freezing at 0°C and boiling at 100°C. And our comfort level is much narrower.
Jim, mass starvation has been avoided due to the green revolution which is fossil fuel based. Also, the earth has not yet gotten to equilibrium. This technology will go away. Notice the price of breakfast cereal lately? Cereal boxes are starting to look like CD cases. Food prices were also one of the causes of the Arab uprisings. Technology will not fix the coming problem without lifestyle changes. I drive a Prius. But it would be better if the metals in my car were used to build a wind generator and I could walk or bike to the supermarket. I share your pessimism about lifestyle change but this is what is most necessary. I can and am working on changing my personal situation to be more in line with my goals. But it is only national consciousess, consensus and communal action that will avert catastrophe.
mass starvation, world wars, genocide and displaced populations are exactly the sort of dire predictions that haven't come to pass so far.
Africa is the continent most vulnerable to climate change, and the nezs don't cover Africa all that much. Don't you have the impression that there is increasing social unrest in Africa, though? Haven't you heard, vaguely, about some recent droughts there? Wikipedia: "Weather conditions over the Pacific, including an unusually strong La Niña, interrupted seasonal rains in East Africa for two consecutive seasons, precipitating in 2011 the worst drought in the region seen in 60 years. (...) In 2012, American researchers uncovered a link between the region's low rainfall and changes in the sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean, which they suggested was largely responsible for the disruption of the long rains." According to the United Nations report http://www.unhcr.org/4ec230f00.html , "One of the worst humanitarian crises in decades continues to unfold in Somalia and the region. Fighting in the southern and central parts of the country, coupled with widespread famine and drought, has forced a quarter of a million Somalis to flee their country during the first nine months of 2011. UNHCR has registered more than 917,000 Somali refugees in the region, and more than one-third of the entire refugee population in sub-Saharian Africa is of Somali origin."
Claire - no, I'm sorry to say, I had not heard of any of those items before. I don't think I'm the least uninformed person around, but those things had not pierced the wall of stuff in my life that prevents news of other stuff from leaking through.
Jim - I guess it's from the French news, mostly, that I hear about Africa. It's true that in the US mainstream news that kind of things rarely makes it through.
As a further illustration of my general pessmism ont his topic: I don't think people in the US will be roused to make major changes until something really hits home. If LA or Boston (or Chicago) become uninhabitable because of rising sea levels, that's the sort of thing that could wake people up. I have to say that I'm somewhat pessimistic that even that would do the trick. A lot of people don't care very much what happens to others, especially when they're far away. And almost nobody wants to make changes that will diminish their living standards. It's a tough sell. Here in Illinois, we can barely muster the will to do anything about government debt. I find it difficult to believe that we could find it within ourselves to make substantial changes, particularly changes that would diminish our own well-being or comfort, for the sake of the environment.
I'm sorry for being such a downer on this topic.
But it would be better if the metals in my car were used to build a wind generator and I could walk or bike to the supermarket.
Stanley - right. I do ride a bicycle, including for my commute to work, when weather permits (I'm in a suburb of Chicago and do not ride in the cold and snow). Bikes aren't really that great for grocery shopping, as even a gallon of milk is somewhat awkward to carry back, but for picking up just a few lightweight items it works well, and I run as many errands on the bicycle as I'm able.
As a practical matter, the town where I live could be more encouraging of cycling by making its roads and intersections safer and more friendly for cyclists - even something as simple as a crosswalk with cross/don't cross light systems at busy intersections would be helpful (for pedestrians, too). And merchants could put bike racks on their store and strip mall properties. I suggest these as simple and inexpensive things that can be done to encourage lifestyle changes.
Over time, this sort of change in habit does make some sort of marginal difference - at least I hope it does. It also has health benefits, and financial benefits, as the mileage on the car accumulates more slowly and I'm buying gasoline less often.
Jim, I agree, it's difficult to believe that the entire society could willingly do a turnaround on lifestyle, but we can easily do better than we are doing now.
I struggle with is travel. For my work, it is expected that I travel a lot, mostly by flying. I try to avoid flying, but give in when "important enough" travels happen. What's "important enough"? If I knew that one transatlantic trip on my part statistically implied one more future death of a child by starvation in the horn of Africa, then no work meeting would be important enough to make up for that (even if the child does not exist yet? Do future generations have rights?). But instead, the information is only in the aggregate, and we are very, very far from being able to quantify impact in such a precise way.So I fly anyway, and hope that my great grand-children won't listen with horrified fascination to stories of the trips their greatgrandmother took around the globe, and of how her generation damaged the earth irreversibly. If they do, I will say "But I did not know... I could not know!", and they will find my response pretty lame.
One thing that makes the automobile such a great offender is the inefficiency of the internal combustion engine. I did the math on my Prius, drag coefficient, areal cross section, energy density of gasoline, mpg. Best I came up with was 27% efficiency. For most of the auto age, the efficiency was around 10%. All that oil, thrown away. All that carbon footprint, wasted. People are driving more efficient vehicles but it's too little, too late. Energy that could have been used to establish sustainable infrastructure was used to push air out of the way of SUV's. President Carter was building awareness and had a realistic view of the problem. The next guy rolled the country to sleep.
@ Gene
Yes, I find it appalling that people look out their windows, see blizzard conditions, and take this as proof that there's no global warming. I guess they all played hooky from school on the day that the geography teacher mentioned the existence of a SOUTHERN hemisphere.
Climate change deniers are like Scarlett O'Hara ("I'll think about it tomorrow"). Unwilling to confront the likelihood that they'll have to give up their SUVs and lower their standard of living, they listen to Fox and talk radio, which assure them that if they ignore or downplay the issue, it will go away. They appear to have learned nothing from the experience of Europeans in the 1930's who kept telling each other that Hitler can't possibly mean all those things he says about Jews, he's just playing to his base, we can wait him out.
If people don't take the scientific evidence seriously it is primarily because people feel that they are being manipulated;a sense that global warmers are dictating what the facts are and any skepticism is demonized;you're anti science ,you're stupid or ignorant, you're a religious fanatic of the worst sort,etc. This smacks of propaganda.it's like being dismised as a bigot if you belive in voter i.d. or being called anti woman if you oppose legalized abortion,for example.Climate encomasses alot of science;over time and place[the whole earth];it's not a simple cut and dry phenomena[what's the gage, what's the time span,where do you draw the plumb line?] for scientists to study.Although proponents talk as if it were and as if scientists rarely erred.Global warmers are stridently pushing a sky- is- falling- fear mongering[protesting too much?]which in an ever changing earth that is billions of years old is virtually meaningless. Some skeptics see an agenda of wishing to demonize corporatons [energy producers who are super profitable] ,and this is perceived as an anti corporate capitalism agenda.Or as a cottage industry itself; a way to get govn't, grants or publicity or renown.Or a religion;a community of true believers united by a noble cause;possession of the Truth,come to save mankind.
Rose-Ellen: I am a scientist.
It's odd to see you be so dismissive of scientists, when they have been instrumental in so much that you use every day, starting from the computer on which you typed your comment and the internet which is used to share the information; some of the electricity you use was generated by nuclear power plants designed thanks to science; even for the "softest" of sciences, the science of the living, the medicine you take when you're sick was designed thanks to science.
Read the summary report I linked to in the first comment to see what climate scientists say about climate. The report is a collaborative effort of the world's leading climatologists. It is short, it sticks to the things on which they have expertise. It is not a manipulation.
I don't want to start an argument BUT saying i'm dismissing scientists by stating they make errors, AND telling me all the good things science has brought us,like i don't know that if it were not for scientists[our natural curiosity about the world and desire to better our lives] we'd still be in the stone age is part of the propaganda manipulation i'm talking about.
at the American Institute of Physics website is my favorite link giving the background of 180 years of established science on the subject. No one was trying to manipulate the economy or scare anyone. They were just trying to figure out why ice ages began and ended. In the process, they stumbled upon the problem of human-induced greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere. I have a B.S. in physics and an M.S. in optical engineering but am not a climate scientist. To me, as an engineer used to recognizing risk and taking steps to mitigate it, even without exact knowledge, I estimate the risk as severe. The last thirty years have been very frustrating for me, as I saw the proliferation of SUV's and McMansions, totally opposite to risk mitigation.
Rose-Ellen: read the report. They do not say that the sky is falling. They do not demonize corporations. They are not anti corporate capitalism - in fact they do not talk about corporations at all. The report is not for a government grant. They do not write like believers of a religion. They do not claim to be saving mankind. They know climate is not a cut-and-dry phenomenon, and they take care to assess a likelihood to the events they study. They are measured and prudent, and they stick to the things on which they have expertise. I urge you to read their summary.
All right Clair.I'll read it.As a penance[just kidding].Don't mean to be glib but I was responding to the post demonizing ,in effect, skeptics.
Correction: I re-read the summary, and the 1-to-more-than-3-meters sea level rise is for the year 2300, not for 2100.
Gene McCarraher --
Yes, many people find their religious beliefs threatened by science, and it's not just the theory of evolution. The scientific establishment has for a hundred years or more generally subscribed to what the philosophers call "scientism", the position that all there is is matter, hence no spirit, no God. This is a philosophically wholly uncritical position, and it is finally being contested by some of the biggest philosophers, the biggest being Nagel. God bless the atheist Nagel. He has had the guts to explicitly take on the science establishment, while at the same time admitting that science has been extraordinarily competent in discovering *scientific* truths. Now if only the fundamentalists would also give the scientists their due.
Yes, there is even some argument in the scientific community about the causes of global warming. But *almost all* of the big ones agree that there is a humongous problem as yet unsolved.
Hey, the scientists themselves have children and grand-children -- do the fundies think the scientists are making all this up to scare their kids for no good reason? And the children these days *are* scared, and rightly so.
I simply cannot understand the people who claim to love their children yet ignore the science. Don't they realize that their children are going to despise, even hate them, if these problems are allowed to ruin the planet?
" I'm not sure that I'm skeptical about the dangers of global warming, but I can't point to any concrete terrible things that have happened so far because of it."
Jim P. --
How about Katrina and Sandy???? How about the glaciers falling into the sea in both the North Atlantic and Northen Pacific? What would impress you if those don't?
You say, "Ithink we need to cling to the adaptability of the human race and God's creation as our best hope." And what would you do to adapt? Be specific now.
Claire --
Yes, all those factors contribute to the problems. But alternative energies of various sorts could solve them. Yes, more research and development is needed, especially for tidal energay. But it IS doable. It will just cost money, and that implies a lower standard of living until we have the answers. But consider the alternative -- the death of the planet as we know it.
None of this is likely to make much difference in my life -- I'm 83 and my life is almost over. But there are some young people whom I love. I just can't see 1) refusing to admit the problems and 2) refusing to taking the steps necessary solve the problems, no matter what the cost to me now. God is going to ask me, "What did you do to help the little ones?"
Claire --
Does that Canadian law REALLY mean that people can't ask questions at public hearings? Dear God, my highly curious Canadian ancestors must be spinning in their graves.
I struggle with is travel. For my work, it is expected that I travel a lot, mostly by flying.
Claire, fwiw, I'm in a position now that in former times would have been a high-travel position, but it's literally been years since I've traveled on business - in fact, your comment has me wondering whether my American Express corporate card has expired. We use remote-meeting software instead. All I need to do my job is a notebook computer, a telephone (which actually is also optional) and a way to connect to the Internet. Most days, I work from home - another transformative habit which, if it could be more widely mobilized, might have a substantial affect on fossil fuel consumption. (I've read that the biggest impediment to more widespread 'telecommuting' is trust: front-line supervisors don't trust that the workers won't goof off if an eye can't physically be kept on them).
I don't know whether the reasons you travel (e.g. academic conferences?) are amenable to this model or not.
Those who don't believe in global warming may want to move to drought parched California and then try to maintain that belief.
"(She) was referring to the first regular snow survey of the winter season, conducted by DWR on Jan. 3 at locations throughout the Sierra Nevada. It found the snowpack at 19 percent of average on that date. In the five days since, the snowpack has shrunk to 17 percent.
This comes after two dry years, which left many reservoirs in the state depleted. Folsom Reservoir in the Sacramento area was at 18 percent of capacity on Tuesday. Water agencies that depend on the reservoir have begun enacting water conservation orders. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has cut flows into the American River to levels not seen in 20 years.
California has been affected by a persistent high-pressure ridge looming over the Pacific Ocean that has blocked storms from entering the state. Long-range forecasts suggest the dry trend will continue for the balance of January. This means two months that are normally among the wettest for the state will have produced next to nothing in terms of precipitation." (http://www.sacbee.com/2014/01/07/6054675/state-water-officials-considering.html)
Even these guys might be becoming believers: http://www.wunderground.com/news/california-bishops-pray-rain-20140108
Hi, Ann - in some subsequent comments, which you may have read by now, I did expand a bit on one or two of these points. At any rate, I'm not interested in being pegged as the village denialist :-)
Ann: I'm not sure what that Candian law means...
Stanley, that essay is great! I think I've seen it before - it's a little long but very well written!
Jim: For example, I spent last week in a greek Starbucks kicking ideas around with three colleagues from three other countries. I don't know why, but the ideas that sometimes appear when we've spent a few hours brainstorming don't happen on Skype.
I just finished an interesting book, which is related to some of these issues; "Forty Chances - Finding Hope in a Hungry World" by Howard G. Buffett. ( I would link to it, but for some reason the "control C" copy function isn't working on this site). A lot has been written about climate change, but even optimists admit that turning it around is going to be difficult and expensive, and we may not see a noticeable improvement for centuries even if we do everything we are able. "Forty Chances" suggests that we are neglecting a crisis which is literally under our feet, which can be improved in a generation. That would be the destruction and erosion of our topsoil. Green agriculture practices have more to do with feeding ourselves and fighting starvation in the developing world than possibly anything else. It is worth reading about.
Jim P. ==
I"m glad you're not inclined to be a denialist. But I think you need to be more alert to what is happening in other places. For instance, about displacement of people that you wondered about: before Katrina there were 445,000 people in New Orleans, but three years later, in 2008, there were only 311,000. 70,000 jobs were lost, and they will not be made up easily, at least not for a long time. And there will be more hurricanes.
It seems to me that the issue around climate, has to do with the causes and reasons for the global warming. We should consume less and take care of our environment. But that is an intuition as far back as Genesis. We are ecologically connected to our planet, mother earth and we should care for her.
BUT....and this is a big BUT, as an Appalachian woman writer I once heard said, nature is a mother but she's a mean mother. And that is true. We simply cannot fight back the forces of nature. Still, we have to become aware of our overconsumption and I have no clue how to get people to see that. If awareness of the contribution (note I said contribution not sole cause) that we make to climate helps in that, good.
I read an interesting article that talked about the strengthening of the US economy. Yet part of it is due to fracking!!! So we are literally prepared to poison our air and water for natural gas!I
I live by one of the great lakes and fear for the safety of that lake as this practice gains greater acceptance!
Michigan recently joined other Great Lakes states in passing the Great Lakes Compact, an agreement limiting large water withdrawals. Despite the fact that each fracking well can use up to five million gallons of locally-sourced water, the practice is exempt from regulation under the legislation implementing the Compact.
I'm not a denialist either. There is no way I would deny that "global warming", "climate change" or whatever the next iteration may be, is not a quasi-religion that has been trumped up mostly by people who need something to believe in.
Who was it who said that someone who does not believe in God is liable to believe in anything?
Mark, this discussion was sensible and now you are muddying the waters with irrelevancy. To me, saying "the climate is going into dangerous territory due to increased CO2" is like saying "your car is going to need new brakes". It is a diagnosis and prognosis of a physical system based on scientific knowledge. To say it is motivated by substitution for belief is an insult to anybody trying to understand the science. As far as I'm concerned, I'd like to tool around in a crew cab F-250 and could afford it. But knowing what I know, and caring about what God creates, that would be irresponsible. One more thing. If there IS a substitute for belief in this society, it is money, stuff and entertainment. It may have been in the pages of this very magazine in the 80's that I read that the pursuit of money might end up filling the hole left by God.
When you found out about the emails exposing the bias in the "science" of "climate change," what impact did it have on your beliefs?
The so-called climategate affair has been run past academic panels. The accusations have been found to be without content. At any rate, it is amusing that you think I can be swayed by such irrelevant shenanigans. The science is well grounded. If you want to change my mind, you'll need to present some sound scientific reasoning based on physical laws. I worked in a physics-based branch of engineering and the physics seems incontrovertible. Also, the science is interesting. Emails are boring.
Mark: here's a response.
- mots important: the science behind climate change is solid.
- less important: the emails were cherry-picked for the purpose of manipulation. http://www.uea.ac.uk/mac/comm/media/press/CRUstatements/statements/CRUnov11
Tue, 22 Nov 2011
While we have had only a limited opportunity to look at this latest post of 5,000 emails, we have no evidence of a recent breach of our systems.
If genuine, (the sheer volume of material makes it impossible to confirm at present that they are all genuine) these emails have the appearance of having been held back after the theft of data and emails in 2009 to be released at a time designed to cause maximum disruption to the imminent international climate talks.
This appears to be a carefully-timed attempt to reignite controversy over the science behind climate change when that science has been vindicated by three separate independent inquiries and number of studies – including, most recently, the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature group.
As in 2009, extracts from emails have been taken completely out of context. Following the previous release of emails scientists highlighted by the controversy have been vindicated by independent review, and claims that their science cannot or should not be trusted are entirely unsupported. They, the University and the wider research community have stood by the science throughout, and continue to do so.
See this link for responses from Prof Phil Jones regarding a selection of the stolen emails.
When I read the predictions about 'settled climate science' all I can hear is Malthus or for that matter Paul Ehrlich or global cooling in the 1970s. I find it amazing that scientists have come to the complete understanding of God's knowledge and truth about climate with nothing remaining to be discovered by man. What about the fact that plants breathe in CO2? Oh, but there is zero chance that 'global climate change' might be beneficial to man and the earth. Humans hate change, that doesn't make it 'bad' or even mean that the net result is negative.
Bruce, no one is claiming a "complete" understanding with "nothing remaining to be discovered". Every statement they make has an attached probability. When they say that something is "likely", "very likely" or "extremely likely", it has a precise meaning: at least 66%, 90%, and 95% probability, respectively. If you compare the IPCC report from 2007 with the most recent one, for some events the only difference is that something that was considered "likely" in 2007 is now termed "very likely" - a lot of research happens to get to insert that single additional word, "very".
Scientists are aware of the possible mitigating effects of plants. It would be naive on their part to ignore it. Do you think that they're stupid? Do you think they willfully discount factors that might be important? In the apostolic exhortation of pope Francis, he insists that ideas (models, theories) are dynamically worked out, continually refined in contact with reality. Climate scientists are doing precisely that.
Realities are more important than ideas
231. There also exists a constant tension between ideas and realities. Realities simply are, whereas ideas are worked out. There has to be continuous dialogue between the two, lest ideas become detached from realities. [...]
232 [...] What calls us to action are realities illuminated by reason. Formal nominalism has to give way to harmonious objectivity. Otherwise, the truth is manipulated
Of course some changes are beneficial for some regions in some ways. For example, the UK is producing more and more wine, and I am told that its wine is becoming of better quality...
The earth has, in the past, suffered extremes of climate, from becoming a snowball twice to an overheated state that led to the Permian extinction of 95% of species. These are examples of how the system be thrown out of balance. Especially relevant is the first event when a new life form, the cyanobacteria, invented photosynthesis. The oxygen produced oxidized the methane into water and carbon dioxide. The weaker greenhouse effect cooled the earth which formed ice pole to pole 2.6B years ago. It is surmised that it was volcanic CO2 that eventually melted the earth. Now we have an extremely novel life form, us, who can hack the universe. This is causing a buildup in CO2. We need to do what we do better, and move from short term thinking to thousand year thinking.
Fuzzy, wishful thinking will not help, just as it doesn't prevent space shuttle disasters. Plants and the oceans have been absorbing lots of CO2 and the levels continue to rise. What happens if these processes saturate and slow down their absorption?
Bruce --
Why do you believe your doctors (whom I assume are not Nobel prize winners) when they diagnose what is wrong with you, but you don't believe the world-class physicists, chemists, climatologists, etc., who agree that climate change is real and threatens the human species? Do you think that medical science is surer than the basic sciences which form the basis of earth science? If you do, pray tell us why that is your belief.


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Name a theorem T that has a proof based upon the truth of a conjecture C, and also has another proof based upon the falsehood of the same conjecture C, but for longtime has no known direct proof that is independent of C. For instance, it would be a claim that can be proved if P=NP, and can also be proved if P is different from NP. I apologize if the question was previously asked (I also apologize for the title if it does not faithfully reflect the question).
If you are asking for an example of such a method in action, then you have the theorem of Hecke-Deuring-Heilbronn that $h(D) \rightarrow \infty$ as $D \rightarrow \infty$, where $h(D)$ is the class number of the imaginary quadratic field with discriminant $D$.
The Hecke part is that the result is true if there are no Siegel zeros of L-functions for imaginary quadratic fields. Siegel zeros are exceptional zeros occurring in the real line in the interval $(\frac{1}{2}, 1)$. The Deuring-Helbronn part is that the result is true if there are Siegel zeros. The proof uses an effect of "repulsion" of such zeros, which is called the Deuring-Heilbronn phenomenon. This is all explained by Dorian Goldfeld in a bulletin article, "Gauss' Class number problem for Imaginary Quadratic Fields".
The existence of Siegel zeros is a stronger version of the negation of the Generalized Riemann hypothesis. Hopefully in future the generalized Riemann hypothesis would be proved and thus hopefully it will be shown that the study of Sigel zeros had been just the study of the empty set.
Later story(added just for additional information): This method was later strengthened by Landau, Siegel and so on, and finally with more recent developments on the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture by Gross and Zagier, an effective version of this theorem was proved by Dorian Goldfeld, and the explicit constants were computed by Joseph Oesterlé. Thus the Gauss class number problem was solved in its entirety.
Thanks to Keith Conrad for correcting ambiguities.
Another standard example is Littlewood's theorem that the number of primes less than x is sometimes greater than Li(x). His proof used different arguments depending on whether the Riemann hypothesis is true or false. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewes%27_number
How about this basic one:
Theorem: There exists an irrational number $p$ and an irrational number $q$ such that $p^q$ is rational.
Proof: Let $q=\sqrt{2}$ and note that it is irrational. Conjecture: $q^q$ is irrational. If this conjecture is false, then we are done (the theorem is proved with $p=q$). If the conjecture is true, then let $p=q^q$ and note that it is irrational. The theorem is true in this case as well since $$p^q=(\sqrt{2}^{\sqrt{2}})^{\sqrt{2}}=\sqrt{2}^2=2$$ is rational.


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Stalin's arch rival Trotsky was exiled, but why did Stalin wait until later before sending assassins to finish him off?
He was exiled to Turkey by way of Khazakstan and not Siberia - and it wasn't until the Show Trials until Stalin felt he had consolidated enough power to order Trotsky's death.
I'm not sure there's going to be a definitive source for an answer to this.
From a (sociopathic autocrat's) political standpoint, I do think it was good timing. If he'd done it earlier when the guy was still in the news and had lots of followers, he would have created more of a martyr.
Better to let things cool down for a while, perhaps spend a few years finding and purging any well-placed followers he had and letting the state propaganda system have some time to lessen any following he had among the people. Then, when the guy's bascially already a non-entity, kill him to show the world what you do to folks who go up against you.
In 1936 Trotsky was convicted by a Moscow court to death in absentia. After that the 4 years before his assassination was just a technical period of preparation for the perpetration of the sentence.


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I did a 30 second long shot without the lens and checked the sensor and saw some dust on my sensor (even though camera has sensor cleaning). I didn't see any defects on photos yet, but is it something to consider and take actions ASAP?
Dust on your sensor happens to many of us, its not the end of the world.
If you're not seeing it on photos, I definitely wouldn't take drastic action. Order something like this rocket blower, set your camera to mirror lockup, and gently try to blow the dust off. You can also look at gentle liquid cleaning solutions.
If you are unable to remove the dust yourself and it becomes apparent in your photos, consider having your camera professionally cleaned by a shop or the manufacturer.
You won't see any dust from a long exposure without a lens. The dust becomes visible when you take pictures with a very small aperture, like f22, and without the lens you get a very large aperture, like f0.5. The exposure time is not relevant, the dust doesn't get more visible from a longer exposure.
What you see might be dead pixels in the sensor. In that case there is nothing that you can do about them.


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There are numerous car parks providing facilities for short- and long-term parking at both terminals. The new P6 car park, near Terminal 2, offers a more flexible 'intermediate' parking option with a number of fixed-term packages.
Car hire
Car hire companies at Nice Côte d'Azur Airport include: ADA, Avis, Budget, Europcar, Hertz, National Citer, Sixt and Libertans. Desks for these operators are on the arrivals levels of both terminals. Vehicles are collected and returned at the new Car Rental Centre, near Terminal 2. This is reached via the Terminal 2 shuttle bus from Arrivals.


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Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz today called on people of different faiths to focus on their shared values and reject extremism.
The King made the remarks in an opening address at the World Conference on Dialogue in Madrid, Spain. Participants at the three-day event include major figures from Islam, Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Shintoism and Confucianism.
"If we wish this historic meeting to succeed, we must focus on the common denominators that unite us, namely, deep faith in God, noble principles, and lofty moral values, which constitute the essence of religion," King Abdullah said.
The King also urged people of the world to reject extremism and embrace reconciliation.
"It is therefore incumbent upon us to declare to the world that difference must not lead to conflict and confrontation, and to state that the tragedies that have occurred in human history were not attributable to religion, but were the result of extremism with which some adherents of every divinely revealed religion, and of every political ideology, have been afflicted."
As a result of a spiritual void, humanity is facing numerous crises, including growing crime, terrorism, drug abuse, a disintegration of the family and exploitation of the poor, the King said.
"There is no solution for us other than to agree on a united approach, through dialogue among religions and civilizations," he noted.
"Let our dialogue be a triumph of belief over disbelief, of virtue over vice, of justice over iniquity, of peace over conflicts and wars, and of human brotherhood over racism."
The conference is focusing on four major themes: The importance of dialogue in human society; the foundations of religious and civilizational dialogue; the common human aspects in dialogue; and the evaluation and promotion of dialogue.
The Madrid conference follows a dialogue among Islamic scholars that took place in Makkah, Saudi Arabia in June.


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Cancer stem cells have now been identified in a variety of tumor types, lending further credibility to the "cancer stem cell hypothesis," and the proposed role these cells play in tumorigenesis, metastasis and treatment resistance. Clinical candidates targeting cancer stem cells continue to show efficacy in the treatment of both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Despite these leaps forward, questions remain around the biology of cancer stem cells, and how best to move forward toward novel therapeutics for cancer. Each year, Targeting Cancer Stem Cells brings together academic researchers advancing our understanding of the basic science of cancer stem cells with scientists leveraging this knowledge to identify druggable targets and develop novel candidates for the next generation of cancer therapeutics.
Day 1 | Day 2 | Symposia Brochure | Full Event Brochure | Symposium Attendee List
Thursday, February 13
7:30 am Registration and Morning Coffee
9:00 Chairperson's Opening Remarks
9:05 Poised with Purpose: Understanding Cell Plasticity in Cancer
Christine Chaffer, Ph.D., Post-Doctoral Fellow, Robert Weinberg Laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Here we demonstrate that basal breast cancer non-CSCs are plastic cell populations that readily switch from a non-CSC-to-CSC state. We identify that maintenance of the ZEB1 promoter in a bivalent chromatin configuration enables these cells to switch to a CSC state. Our findings support a dynamic model where interconversions between a low and high tumorigenic state are common occurrences. Inhibiting non-CSC-to-CSC plasticity should be considered as an important adjuvant for current therapeutic regimens.
9:35 Myeloproliferative Neoplasia Remodels the Endosteal Bone Marrow Niche into a Self-Reinforcing Leukemic Niche
Eric Pietras, Ph.D., Passegue Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco
The bone marrow (BM) niche contains specialized cell types necessary for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance. We show that secreted and cell-bound factors overproduced by myeloid cells during myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) remodels the BM niche into a fibrotic, self-reinforcing leukemic niche that impairs normal hematopoiesis and favors leukemic stem cell (LSC) function. Targeting this pathological interplay could represent a novel avenue for treatment of MPN-affected patients and prevention of myelofibrosis.
10:05 Progression after Chemotherapy and Cancer Stem Cells
Carlos Cordon-Cardo, M.D., Ph.D., Professor, Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
The CSC model comprises an attractive framework to explain acquired chemotherapy resistance, since chemotherapy resistant CSCs would be expected to be well suited to initiate progressive disease. A recent and growing body of evidence supports the contribution of CSCs to chemotherapy resistance across a range of hematological and solid malignancies. For example, CSCs contribute to chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer, and targeting prostate CSCs has stimulated therapeutic combination strategies that suppress acquired resistance.
10:35 Coffee Break with Exhibit and Poster Viewing
11:05 Novel Methods for Isolating and in vitro Expanding CSC for HTS Drug Discovery
Steve McClellan, Manager, Research Operations; Chief, Flow Cytometry & Imaging Core Labs; Coordinator, CSC Working Group, Basic & Translational Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute
Traditional methods of isolating CSC from fresh tumors have been difficult. Our laboratory has developed new methods to identify CSC that work across most all tumor types, such as the expression of alkaline phosphatase, and live cell mRNA expression of stem cell markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. We will also present data on the development of new techniques to expand CSC in culture, in such quantities that reliable and reproducible HTS using CSC will now be a reality.
11:35 Beyond WNT, Notch and sHH: Novel CSC Targets
Elaine Hurt, Ph.D., Scientist II, MedImmune
CSCs have high expression of several polycomb repressor members, including EZH2, which is thought to hold the cell in an undifferentiated state. We extended these observations into development of a high throughput assay that obviates the need to isolate CSCs. Using our EZH2 assay, we have identified several novel candidate CSC drug targets in two independent target identification campaigns. This talk will briefly describe this assay and focus on its use in identification of both previously known and unique CSC targets.
PRECLINICAL ADVANCES TARGETING CSCs
12:05 pm SIRPaFc: A Novel Biologic Targeting the CD47 "Do Not Eat" Signal on CSCs and Bulk Tumor Cells
Bob Uger, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer, Stem Cell Therapeutics
CD47 binds to SIRPα on the surface of macrophages and delivers a "do not eat" signal that suppresses phagocytosis. There is strong evidence that CSCs and bulk tumor cells in many hematopoietic and solid cancers exploit the CD47-SIRPα pathway to escape macrophage-mediated destruction. Blockade of CD47 using SIRPαFc has emerged as a promising strategy to neutralize the suppressive effects of CD47, and is currently being developed as a treatment for AML.
12:35 Luncheon Presentation (Sponsorship Opportunity Available) or Lunch on Your Own
1:05 Session Break
1:50 Chairperson's Remarks
1:55 Development of New Therapeutic Agents that Reduce Tumor Initiating Cell Frequency
Tim Hoey, Ph.D., Senior Vice President, Cancer Biology, OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Cancer stem cells (or tumor initiating cells) mediate tumor progression, metastasis, and recurrence after therapy. We have developed new biologic agents that block key CSC pathways including Notch, Wnt and RSPO-LGR. Currently, we have five therapeutics in clinical testing, anti-DLL4 (demcizumab), anti-Notch2/3, anti-Notch1, anti-FZD (vantictumab), and Fzd8-Fc and others in preclinical development. These agents inhibit tumor growth through multiple mechanisms including a reduction of CSC frequency.
2:25 Targeting Ubiquitination Pathways for Cancer Therapy
Hui-Kuan Lin, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
In this talk, I will discuss the role of distinct ubiquitin ligases (E3) in orchestrating non-proteolytic functions in kinase signaling activation. I will also discuss the potential mechanism by which E3 ligases regulate kinase signaling and their role in cancer development. Finally, I will present the evidence that targeting ubiquitination pathways represents a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer stem cells and cancer treatment by using genetic and pharmacological approaches.
2:55 Refreshment Break with Exhibit and Poster Viewing
3:25 BNC101: A Novel Therapeutic Antibody Against LGR5 that Inhibits Tumor Growth and Reduces Frequency of Cancer-Initiating Cells
Christopher L. Reyes, Vice President, Research and Development Biologics, Bionomics
BNC101 is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets LGR5, a 7-transmembrane receptor that is highly specific to cancer stem cells. In multiple preclinical studies, BNC101 blocks the growth of cancer stem cells derived from primary patient tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Our therapeutic hypothesis is that targeting of CSCs with BNC101 will lead to durable cures in the clinic by eliminating cancer stem cells at the root of cancer.
3:55 Targeting Cancer Stem Cells with 4SC-202 – An Epigenetic Wnt and Hh Inhibitor
Daniel Vitt, Ph.D., CSO, 4SC AG
4SC-202 is a new epigenetic modulator of the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathway currently tested in a phase I clinical trial. 4SC-202 inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway by coordinated transcriptional regulation of positive and negative modulators of the signaling cascade, mediated by specific inhibition of LSD1 (KDM1A) and HDAC1, 2 and 3 enzymes. Comparison with other class I specific HDAC inhibitors shows huge differences in gene regulation and mode of action. By inhibition of the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathway, 4SC-202 provokes the inhibition of stemness-related properties like anchorage independent growth, spheroid formation, invasion and metastasis. Preliminary data from phase I 'TOPAS' trial and translation of preclinical biomarkers to patient samples will be presented.
4:25 Breakout Discussions
Challenges and Opportunities in Translational Studies for Cancer Stem Cell-Based Therapies
Moderated by Christopher L. Reyes, Vice President, Research and Development Biologics, Bionomics
• Development and use of appropriate pre-clinical models for evaluation of drug efficacy against cancer stem cells
• Translating emerging insights into the dynamic nature of cancer stem cells and impact on clinical development
• Biomarker strategies for therapies targeting cancer stem cell pathways
Links between Epigenetics and Cancer Stem Cells
Moderated by Daniel Vitt, Ph.D., CSO, 4SC AG
• Links between epigenetics and stemness
• ES signatures and epigenetics/plasticity of cancer cells
• Impact on future clinical trials in epigenetics?
• Anything we can learn from new CSC drug discovery for the epigenetic field?
5:25 Close of Day
Day 1 | Day 2 | Symposia Brochure | Full Event Brochure | Symposium Attendee List


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BOSOLD, Anne M. Caiazza, 95, of Shadyside, passed away Friday, October 18, 2013, at Liza's Place.
She was born August 21, 1918, in Cleveland, the daughter of the late George and Mabel Cifaldi Sisamis.
In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her first husband, John Caiazza in September of 1960, and her second husband Robert R. Bosold in July of 2012 and a sister Rose Sisamis.
Anne was the owner of the former Carriage House Restaurant and Bar in Shadyside until her retirement in 1978. She loved her family, home and took great pride in her beautiful yard and flower gardens. She attended Belmont Presbyterian Church.
Surviving are her children, Joanne (Dennis) Mihelich of Omaha, Nebraska, John (Terrie) Caiazza of Shadyside and Pamela (Stan) Cwalinski of Jacobsburg; a sister Mary Pappas of Akron, and brother Paul (Leona) Sisamis of Destin, FL.; grandchildren include Heidi Mihelich, Amber (Jim) Chill, Brant Cwalinski, Clayton (Alissa) Cwalinski, Erik Cwalinski, Angela Caiazza, and Vince Caiazza; great- grandchildren include Giovanna Chill and Mia Cwalinski. There are also several nieces and nephews.
Friends will be received at the Bauknecht Altmeyer Funeral Home and Crematory, 3900 Central Avenue, Shadyside, Monday, October 21, 2013 from 2-8 p.m. and Tuesday from 10 a.m. until time of funeral service at 1 p.m. with Pastor Pete Walburn officiating. Interment will follow at Powhatan Cemetery.
In lieu of flowers memorial contributions may be made to Liza's Place or Belmont Presbyterian Church.
Condolences may be offered at www.altmeyer.com


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What does Google think of you? - 09-09-2008, 06:27 PM
Please don't post the entire list of statements you'll get when you type in your username or first name, as there are lots of repeats and unfunny statements. Please just post a maximum of 20 statements; just pick out the funny ones. If you don't abide by these rules, then your post will be deleted.
Here's mine:
miranda is a daughter of the magician prospero in shakespeare's the tempest
miranda is another one of our very special honeybees
miranda is the innermost and smallest of uranus's five largest moons
miranda is de elfde van de satellieten van uranus
miranda is doing great with her new diet
miranda is walking home alone in the dark
miranda is a pretty kind person
miranda is afraid of human emotion
miranda is resolutely against falling in line; sick of being dictated to
miranda is constitutional
miranda is a 2 year old dog adopted from the santa fe animal shelter
miranda is a unique individual who is able to speak in the visual language of animals
miranda is a sleepless cranky mess
miranda is one of those people who has a passion for her work
miranda is also set in the wilderness
caitlin is that caitlin is not a delinquent yet
caitlin is known as an outspoken supporter of martian independence
caitlin is a non
caitlin is attracted to him; and paul's "magic 8 ball" is uncannily accurate about every prediction (Makes no sense to me. XD)
caitlin is a well
caitlin is one of the hundreds of thousands of dogs who suffer in puppymills across this country (D=)
caitlin is the only singer i can think of who has enough power and nuance in her voice to do freddie mercury justice (OMGYAY)
caitlin is used to being second
caitlin is ok i think caitlin
caitlin is primarily backed on while you weren't looking by former whiskeytown alumni
caitlin is an australian by birth but a scot at heart (huh?)
caitlin is a full peruvian with beautiful fiber and very good bone and presence
caitlin is a dedicated and brilliant heart surgeon whose abilities are second only to those of her mentor and colleague patrick
caitlin is as "normal" as any child without a disability
caitlin is (is what?)
That's the only ones that struck me as particularly funny. XD
I stare at the girl in the mirror: T-shirt, torn up jeans, no beauty queen.
But the way that you see me, you get underneath me, and all my defenses just fall away, fall away.
I am beautiful with you, even in the darkest part of me. I am beautiful with you;
Make it feel the way it's supposed to be!
hayley is here
hayley is the star of this page
hayley is a goddess
hayley is alternately attracted to stephen and confused by his behavior
hayley is widely regarded as the best female hockey player in the world
hayley is also attracted to mitch
hayley is upset and angry and leaves mitch
hayley is favourite to be the next pop idol reject
hayley is acting too strangely for john
hayley is doing a little better with the potty
hayley is the mother of 19
hayley is distraught; jesse is in serious trouble thanks to her
hayley is goofy and full of fun
hayley is not only the woman of lewis' dreams
xD Some are funny, they didn't have a lot for my spelling.
lol This looks fun! The stuff in parentheses was written by me
danielle is the real winner (you bet XD)
danielle is racing
danielle is presently upgrading this site email her for more info
danielle is too se*xy (um okay...O.o)
danielle is here
danielle is the light of the world
danielle is beautiful
danielle is an ex
danielle is dead (sure i am T.T)
danielle is now tucked away writing her new material
danielle is smart enough to know that it is best to get the "original 6" broken up
danielle is a sassy little 13 3/4" sable & white bit*ch who thinks that everyone should stop and pet her (O.O ..... no comment)
danielle is about 15 inches tall and is a soft ragdoll dressed in a schoolgirl's blue plaid dress with a yellow collar and red piping around the waist
danielle is a regular auxiliary pioneer
danielle is now 9 years old and carlos is 8 years old
danielle is now at work
danielle is a member of nysta
cassandra is standing in hollviken in the south of sweden
cassandra is kneeling next to a statue of what is believed to be athena
cassandra is no exception
cassandra is a program designed for recognition of coding segments
cassandra is an accomplished marathon runner with a decade of international marathon wins
cassandra is a superb teacher with the rare ability to direct her instructions to many skill levels simultaneously
cassandra is the greek woman who told the trojans not to let that wooden horse inside
cassandra is among the first students to graduate from the new neuroscience degree course
cassandra is born and adopted by hijad
cassandra is plagued by shyness
cassandra is portrayed as a mouse and the other characters as lizards
cassandra is also apollo's victim
cassandra is not particularly good
cassandra is a great film
cassandra is beautiful
cassandra is a favorite in greek mythology
cassandra is a comprehensive software solution facilitating the identification
cassandra is used for the cassandra application and database compact utility 4
cassandra is presenter at the arc trust's genesis awards
cassandra is really interesting
cassandra is an unusually readable book
cassandra is a twelve
cassandra is now a settled part of her adoptive family?
cassandra is an abyssinian
cassandra is a sleek black
cassandra is the daughter of trojan king priam and hecuba
cassandra is organizing a club also looking for a few good women to work with her in her studio
cassandra is an excellent wrestler and martial artist
cassandra is the absolute best
cassandra is in a class by herself
cassandra is the founder and artistic director of jawaahir dance company
cassandra is fearless
cassandra is behind the others
cassandra is so different from mine
cassandra is better known as margo von romberg
cassandra is the only one of us four born in the state of california
cassandra is the first product that truly allows the user to visually construct complex financial derivatives from basic components
cassandra is one of the nine units in a small village called "sueño real"
cassandra is wasting her time on this frivolous activity that reminds her too much of her former husband
cassandra is on track to becoming a premiere
cassandra is a former leg and foot model and an avid collector of fetish shoes
cassandra is more than she appeared to be
cassandra is listening and is impressed
cassandra is also an accomplished photographer
cassandra is a 16
cassandra is in a chariot outside agamemnon's palace
cassandra is charmed by his town air and delighted to have the opportunity to learn more about the father she had loved as a child but who had left to her own
cassandra is not an easy read; 138 pages
cassandra is approximately 192
cassandra is always physically similar
cassandra is a green hedgehog with a chameleon tail and red eyes
cassandra is not a licensed counselor
cassandra is a constant source of inspiration
cassandra is nowhere near as good as in other puzzle titles such as jewels of the oracle or clandestiny
cassandra is our award winning dressage mare
cassandra is probably the best person to go to dinner with because she knows where the best eateries are in new york
cassandra is a concerned and involved member of her community
cassandra is for all of us the metaphor of someone who is alone with the truth and whose truth will not be accepted or believed
cassandra is "bi" or so she tells me
cassandra is up to no good and adam is aware of it
cassandra is still exploring her powers
You're slower than a herd of turtles stampeding through peanut butter.
I did something different
my dog is capable of advanced logic
my dog is an elephant
my dog is different
my dog is digging to china by penny
my dog is human
my dog is an escape artist
my dog is an astronaut
my dog is a carrot
my dog is still my hero
my dog is goofier than your dog
my dog is a disco dancer
my dog is my beary best friend
my dog is hot
my dog is fresh
my dog is a prison escapee
my dog is more punk than your dog
my dog is vomiting? it can be very upsetting to see your dog vomiting
my dog is showing very submissive behavior when my husband is present
tenisha is joining our program
tenisha is a small forward that is very athletic and has the competitiveness and intensity to go along with her athleticism
tenisha is an outstanding individual who maintains a 4
tenisha is aware that some high school students in cleveland schools do not receive the kind of attention she did
tenisha is 17
tenisha is an adorable little girl that is all smiles when meeting new people
tenisha is julissa
tenisha is seven years old
tenisha is from tucson
tenisha is the girl who will be wronged and will seek revenge
tenisha is one of 1
tenisha is beautiful
tenisha is a proud member of several organizations including
tenisha is bottle
tenisha is an academic all
I am a bottle XD I think I like that one
ruth is spreading her message
ruth is a single mexican woman from hermosillo
ruth is coming ruth is coming
ruth is from venus?
ruth is an orphaned seamstress
ruth is founded on the very principle found in the scripture above
ruth is here isn't she?
ruth is outward bound
ruth is researching this line
ruth is not autobiographical
ruth is the bored and restless wife of a british copper magnate
ruth is on this site
Heh, pretty funny xD
There is a theory which states that if ever
anybody discovers exactly what the Universe
is for and why it is here, it will instantly
disappear and be replaced by something
even more bizarre and inexplicable.
There is another theory which states that this has already happened.
- Douglas Adams
Well, I figured I'd do my real name and my nickname on here so laughs ahoy!
kitty is freshly radioactive
kitty is dressed in a variety of star prints and sprinkled with starry fairy dust
kitty is really desperate to try and catch that fly which is hovering above her
kitty is also available as a dressed doll in a bridal gown
kitty is counted as a book leading to 13 possible bookskitty is following her and is leading her into a trap
kitty is a 7
kitty is really fun for a few months
kitty is pretty hello kitty is **** hello kitty is the cat's meow hello kitty is one of the many hello kitty is everywhere hello kitty is the cat's meow
kitty is dead china doll
crystal is currently a hot item nationally and vintage crystal is still a bargain compared to buying new crystal
crystal is forever
crystal is a family of shrink
crystal is a nice point with a centrally located point and an isis face
crystal is a reward in itself
crystal is making tremendous adjustments within your energy field
crystal is a web based mailing list archive
crystal is well formed or distorted in its growth
crystal is the crystal of death or outcasting
crystal is a tabby and hosts soft green tourmalines
crystal is priced at $400
I'm a hot item It probably has to do with my radioactiveness.
Av & Sig Credit: Me
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If you had to pick one, which one would you pick and why?
For myself, I think I would pick Before Sunrise because it's a little more pure and 'fairy-tale' like where the Jesse-Celine romance is being developed rather than the rather grounded Before Sunset which sheds Before Sunrise's escapism and deals with the aftermath of Before Sunrise.
By the way, I don't see a review for either of these movies?


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Gold Medal Award Presentations Kick Off Day 4 at
Please use for reference only.
Kristine M. Conner
Medical Correspondent, OncoLink
Last Modified: November 1, 2001
Giulio J. D'Angio, M.D., and J. Martin Brown, Ph.D., were presented with ASTRO's highest honor, the Gold Medal Award, at a ceremony this morning. Dr. D'Angio is Professor of Radiation Oncology at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, and Dr. Brown is Professor and Director, Division of Radiation Biology, and Director of the Program in Cancer Biology at Stanford University. Both were honored for decades of outstanding contributions to the field of radiation oncology.
Patrick R. Thomas, M.D., introduced Dr. D'Angio as "undoubtedly one of the great figures in Pediatric Oncology, and Pediatric Radiotherapy in particular." He praised Dr. D'Angio's early work on the relationship of actinomycin-D and radiation therapy as "seminal." Dr. Thomas described him as "one of the first to understand that adult doses and fields applied to children could be devastating for the growth, development, and health of the cured patient." He held up Dr. D'Angio's work on the now thirty-year-old National Wilms Tumor Study as an "amazingly fruitful" contribution to cancer research that has provided an important model for other studies. Dr. Thomas also praised Dr. D'Angio for his qualities as a mentor and teacher, both in his work with students at the University of Pennsylvania and with scientists and physicians overseas.
In accepting the award, Dr. D'Angio first pointed to the slide projected on the screen behind him, which showed him holding a baby to his chest. "Gold Medal Awards are fine and good," he said, "but that baby didn't survive." With characteristic humility, he noted that more work remains to be done to ensure that all children survive. He gave credit to the early mentors with whom he worked at Boston Children's Hospital for shaping the course of his career. These men influenced what he called the "guideposts" for his work with young cancer patients: first, the conviction that "cure is not enough," and second, the need to look beyond the disease itself to provide "total care" for the patient and family. "It is our responsibility to make sure that the cured child of today is not the deformed adult of tomorrow," he added, a reference to the late effects of radiation therapy.
Dr. D'Angio called for improved cooperation among the radiation therapists, chemotherapists, and surgeons who care for children with cancer. Radiation therapists should not perceive themselves as having to "defend their turf" against chemotherapists, he stated. Physicians in all three specialties must not look upon each other as the enemy, but instead focus on defending children against cancer. That means working together and letting the child's best interests determine what treatment or treatments should be used.
Finally, Dr. D'Angio addressed the young people in the audience-"some of you perhaps not so young anymore," he added playfully-with whom he has worked over the course of his career. "It's been a privilege and a pleasure," he told them, recalling the many hours spent collaborating on research. "Those have been my golden hours in medicine, and I would not trade them for all the gold in Byzantium," he added. "You have realized the alchemist's dream. You have become my own gold medals that I wear in my heart."
Dr. Eric Hall then took the podium to introduce the second award winner, his colleague and friend Martin Brown. A native of Yorkshire, England, Dr. Brown was educated at the University of Birmingham and earned his doctorate at Oxford University. Dr. Hall recalled how his friend went to America and drove across country to accept a post-doctoral position at Stanford University. He never left Stanford and has risen through the ranks to his present position. Dr. Hall praised Dr. Brown's work on drug development as "world-class," emphasizing how few researchers ever see their agents achieve any success in clinical trials. "His work on Tirapazimine has been widely applauded and recognized," he said, and its "recognition in the wider world of cancer research brings credit to the whole radiological field." He also praised Dr. Brown for his contributions beyond the field of research, calling him both a "gifted teacher and lecturer."
Dr. Brown showed his sense of humor in accepting the award, using a poem he had written and a slide show to give a quick overview of his career. He recalled arriving at Stanford during the height of the Vietnam era and being struck by the contrast between the turmoil in America and the relative calm in England. But he managed to carry on with his work, which at that time focused on how to make tumors lose their resistance to radiation. He believed that the fact that they were hypoxic might hold the key, so he set out to develop radiosensitizers that would target hypoxic cells. When these did not prove successful in the clinic, he shifted his focus to developing agents that would actually kill hypoxic cells. This led to the development of the drug Tirapazimine.
Like Dr. D'Angio, Dr. Brown finished his acceptance by paying tribute to the young researchers with whom he has worked at Stanford over the years. His final slide pictured his current laboratory staff at Stanford, whom he thanked for their invaluable contributions to his work.
Editors Note: As one of the "not so young anymore," with whom Dr. D'Angio has worked over the course of his career, I can honestly say that there has never been a more inspiring mentor. It is Dr. D'Angio alone who fostered my own career in pediatric radiation oncology. Speaking on behalf of my peers, the privilege has been all ours.
Joel W. Goldwein, MD
coEditor-in-Chief, OncoLink