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Editor's Note: This article is part of a series produced by the Southwest Times Record in Fort Smith. The remaining articles will be published in The Commercial as space permits. The entire series will be published online at www.pbcommercial.com. Next: Overprescription can add to problem.
FORT SMITH — As Arkansas health and human services leaders work to reduce prescription drug abuse, they use statistics from a variety of sources to guide their decisions and measure their progress.
Drug Director Fran Flener with the Department of Human Services said her office uses research from the Arkansas State Crime Laboratory, the Arkansas Department of Health, the Arkansas Crime Information Center and — perhaps most of all — from Pride Surveys, which conducts the Arkansas Prevention Needs Assessment, an annual survey of public school students across the state.
"It does guide us in our policy and public education efforts," Flener said.
Through a newly formed coalition called Arkansas TakeBack, Flener and other state leaders in 2010 developed the Monitor, Secure, Dispose education program and organized the state's participation in the National Prescription Drug Take-Back initiative.
In five take-back days since September 2010, Arkansas has collected more than 23 1/2 tons of medications — an estimated 66 million pills — and ranks No. 4 in the nation in pounds collected per person, according to Arkansas TakeBack.
In that same timeframe, prescription drug abuse by young people in Arkansas has decreased significantly, Flener said.
The latest Arkansas Prevention Needs Assessment figures, collected in fall 2012, show that only 7.9 percent of the surveyed students statewide reported using prescription drugs over their lifetime, compared to 10.4 percent in fall 2010, the year the Take-Back program started. Students claiming they used prescription drugs in the previous 30 days totaled 3.5 percent, compared to 4.4 percent in 2010.
Flener said the downward statistical shift is no coincidence.
"Twenty-three tons has got to make a difference," she said. "That's 66 million pills that we have safely and effectively destroyed — pills that will never get into the wrong hands to be abused or be accidentally ingested or cause an overdose."
So far, the education and take-back efforts have been centered on drug abuse by young people.
"The reason we focus on youth is because we have the data," Flener said.
The APNA surveys Arkansas public school students in the sixth, eighth, 10th and 12th grades about their risk behaviors, and since 2008 the studies have included data on the use of prescription drugs.
"They survey 90 percent of the public schools in Arkansas," Flener said. "We have a group of school-age people that we can survey in the fall of every year during a one-hour class period. We have done this for six years, so those who are seniors now were in the sixth grade when we started. … And we're very fortunate to have regional and county-level data as well."
Steve Varady, DHS drug policy coordinator, said reliable information such as that found in the APNA reports also has helped guide efforts to develop the new state Prescription Drug Monitoring Program, which was launched March 1.
Another data source — DAWN, or Drug Abuse Warning Network, which monitors drug-related deaths and emergency-room visits — provides national and metropolitan-level figures that Varady said can be "extrapolated" for state use.
Ed Barham, public information officer with the state Department of Health, said the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program aims to "stem the tide on the fastest-growing drug problem in America," prescription drug abuse, largely by reducing doctor shopping, a phenomenon he said is revealed in ER data supplied by hospitals.
Also based on ER data, Barham said his department has developed a protocol for prescribing pain medication and opioids. Hospitals can download and post the protocols in their emergency rooms.
Unlike the APNA data, some statistics can be difficult to use effectively, especially if they come from sources that aren't dedicated to collecting the desired information.
"Analyzing data is always a challenge," Flener said. "It always seems like it's very hard to drill down and answer the questions you want to ask."
Health Department statistician Dorene Harris said that based on requests from reporters or government offices, she has compiled ad hoc reports listing specific drugs, including alcohol and over-the-counter medications, that are mentioned on death certificates as the underlying cause of death.
Because most drug fatalities involve multiple substances — she has seen as many as 16 listed on one death certificate — the total number of drug "mentions" exceeds the total number of drug deaths.
"The reports cannot show if the drug was prescribed to the person who took it, or if they took it purposely or were confused and took too much, or if they got it illegally," Harris said.
For 2008, the latest year for which an ad hoc report was available, 355 drug deaths were reported, including 191 accidental deaths, a homicide, 63 suicides and 100 deaths of undetermined intent.
The state crime lab reported that of 1,250 autopsies performed in 2011, drug intoxication was reported as the primary cause of death in one out of nine cases. And in one out of four deaths, drugs were listed as a contributory cause, meaning drug intoxication may have led to the primary cause, such as a car accident.
Like Flener, Barham said the numbers aren't always as enlightening as one might wish.
"We're not particularly proud of the numbers we have," he said.


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PLYMOUTH – The injuries started almost from the beginning of the season and virtually never ended, leaving the Plymouth North hockey team short-handed in most of its games. With that as a backdrop, it's not surprising that the Blue Eagles struggled through a 2-14-4 season (1-9-2 in the Atlantic Coast League).
"At one point we had nine players out for one or more games," Head Coach Tony Rota said. "It just really ran through the entire team. We had to change the lineup from day to day. We just couldn't get any consistency."
Sophomore center Dylan Figueroa was lost for the season with a broken ankle in the fourth game, while senior center Adam LeBlanc never returned from an intestinal illness that landed him in the hospital for two weeks.
"[Adam] tried to come back, but he just didn't feel good," Rota said. "And he had missed a lot of time in school. At that point, he felt school was more important, which I certainly understood."
Freshman center Nate Fleet also broke his collarbone in the opener against Hanover and junior wing Joey Durand was sidelined with a shoulder injury.
On a more positive note, senior Tom Duddy was named to the ACL All-Star team after collecting 13 goals and 10 assists, and the Blue Eagles were honored with the league's Sportsmanship Award.
Brian Fanning was second in scoring with 16 points (four goals, 12 assists), while Cory Caraher chipped in with nine goals and six assists.
Despite their lack of success, the Blue Eagles battled all season, playing Division I powerhouse Marshfield tough in a 3-2 loss, and also acquitting themselves well in season-ending games against Falmouth and Scituate.
"They didn't quit. They ended the season with three pretty tough teams and they battled and played them hard right to the end," Rota said.
Junior Ryan Boudreau and sophomore Luke Whalen provided stability on the blue line, and Rota is expecting both to be team leaders next season.
The goaltender job will be up for grabs between Steve Murphy, Colin Moriarty and Jake Yorks. Murphy is the projected starter at this time, but that could change.
"They're all in the mix," Rota said. "I think it will be a battle. There's no huge difference between the three of them right now."
The Blue Eagles move into the Patriot League next season, which is a good news/bad news situation.
"We won't be playing Falmouth and Marshfield anymore, but we'll have Duxbury, a Super 8 team," he said. "Looking ahead, the biggest thing for us is making sure everybody is healthy."
Location, ST | website.com

subset: commoncrawl


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|Black Canyon Raft Tour
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|Hoover Dam Postcard Tour
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|Group Charters
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Located a short distance from the Las Vegas Strip in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, the Black Canyon, is truly one of those unique places to visit. This canyon, formed over millions of years by volcanic activity, lies just below the mighty Hoover Dam where the canyon walls rise nearly 2,000 feet from the river's edge.
The Black Canyon Raft Tour departs from the Lake Mead RV Village in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area. From here board a raft for a trip downstream, through spectacular and historic Black Canyon with a beach stop for lunch before arriving at Willow Beach Marina - on the northern reaches of Lake Mohave. Disembark at our full-service marina where you'll have time for a bit of shopping and refreshment before boarding comfortable tour buses for the ride back to the Black Canyon River Adventures location for drop off or continuation on to Las Vegas (depending on tour).
Venture down to the waters emerging below Hoover Dam and explore incredible Black Canyon on the Colorado River.
Want a historic experience on the river? Try the Colorado River Exploration Tour into the Black Canyon. This tour starts with a trip back in time on a scenic ride to Eldorado Canyon with a visit to the historic Techatticup Mine, followed by a raft ride up the Colorado River, lunch on a beach, continuing on from Willow Beach Marina for a photo stop at Hoover Dam.
Don't have all day to spend on the river? Take the Hoover Dam Postcard Tour that allows visitors to view Hoover Dam and the new bypass bridge from the river - a rare view indeed. This tour is a great addition to a tour of Hoover Dam and completes the experience from top to bottom.


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Journalists at GateHouse Media newspapers in Southern Illinois are making it easier to follow local sports action on Twitter. A hashtag - #SILscores - is now commonly used to identify tweets related to our coverage of high school, college and recreational sports. In some instances game coverage is in real time.
The hashtag symbol followed by a word or phrase (uninterrupted by spaces) makes it easier to follow a topic in Twitter search.
Readers of our print and digital products are also encouraged to use #SILscores to report developments in area contests they attend as well.


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Top Definition
A taunting word. Its suggestive, but it doesn't have a meaning other than a simple lamp post. Its used for fun, to see how far the oblivious member of the group can go with elaborating about "Lamp Posts".
Person 1: "Haha, thats a big lampost!"
Oblivious Person: "Yeah, I bet you do like that big lamp post! Get it? Get it? Eh...?"
Oblivious Person: "Yeah, I bet you do like that big lamp post! Get it? Get it? Eh...?"
by Amber F April 27, 2008
Trending Now
Mr. Tumnus met Lucy by the lamp post.
by Starrgrl October 23, 2009
A structure used to hold a lantern in place with the intention of lighting roads, footpaths, car parks or other such areas at night. They generally consist of a post (or 'column'), and an arm (or 'bracket') onto which the lantern is inserted. The first 'lamp posts' probably consisted of burning torches on top of wooden poles around villages. Gas lamps were originally used in modern society, but their light had a very limited range, and they had to be lit by hand every night. In the twentieth century electric lamp posts became commonplace, are now to be found in towns, villages, cities, on motorways and other main roads everywhere. Originally they were made of cast-iron, but throughout the decades lighter metal lamp posts gradually came into use. Concrete lamp posts became popular during the fifties, as they did not need to be painted and were sturdy. These kinds of lamp posts (which are the best in my personal opinion, especially the older, more ornate ones)have concrete brackets with metal pipes inside them. Although there were concrete lamp posts before the war, the shortage of metal during and after the war probably helped their popularity. In recent years, however, concrete lamp posts are all being removed due to corrosion or the worry they could be dangerous if someone crashed into one and it fell on either them or a passer-by. (It is actually the metal piping inside the bracket, along with the bolts holding it to the post, which rust, buckling out of shape and cracking the concrete. If it wasn't for this you could probably have a concrete lamp post which lasted forever). Metal and plastic lamp posts are now in common use, many without brackets.
They are now putting modern (albeit cheap) lamp posts up all around the towns and villages. This has the negative effect of making the place look tacky and detracting from the beauty of the place.
by Stormsworder January 11, 2007
The name you would be called after doing a stupid action.
"Aiden, you're such a lamppost!" His friends yelled at him.
by JPSzfilms December 05, 2013
To give a lamppost is dragging ones sack over the opposite sexes face in an attempt to cheer them up. this is usually followed by some foreplay and then a 69 and or Doggy/Oral.
"Hey Sarah, you look quite down... would you like me to give you a lamppost
by bludinnitbraap July 22, 2008
Something people like to commit random drunk acts around.
"Baker danced around a lamp post"
by shlovesyou April 19, 2009
"Do you want to make a lamppost"
by europiss November 25, 2005


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I've started working out on the tredmill at 12km/hr for 30 minutes almost every day. For the last 3 minutes I kick it up to 14-15km/hr. Is this a good workout or am I better to run on an incline but slower?
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Running flat will tend to train your stamina while running on an incline will help to increase your leg endurance and strength. So the answer depends on your running goals.


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Ford GT-5.4Written by on October 10, 2003 Contributors: Randy Lorentzen An Inside Look at Ford's New, All-Aluminum Blown 5.4L V-8
Ford's been on a heritage kick lately. First, the Blue Oval hit styling home runs with the Forty-Nine concept car and the reincarnation of the Thunderbird, then it wowed crowds by releasing a retro-styled design for the upcoming '05 Mustang. But the coup de grace was the unveiling of the spectacular GT40 concept car at the 2002 Detroit auto show, a design that Ford has now slated for production starting in 2004. Not since the announcement of the Dodge Viper in the early '90s has an American car with such audacious design and performance been released in such unadulterated form. With a sticker price around $150,000 and production limited to 1,500 per year and a total run of 4,500 cars, few hot rodders will have the opportunity to get their hands on one of these truly world-class supercars. However, we have it on good authority that the awesome 500hp supercharged V-8 engine that will power the GT to glory will eventually find its way into vehicles that are far more likely to find a home in your garage.
"You don't actually think we'd build an all-new engine just to put it in one car, do you?" That was an incredulous Ford Special Vehicle Team boss John Coletti in response to our asking where else we could expect to see this monster modular motor appear over the next few years. Coletti's Special Vehicle Team is the group that builds Ford's in-house hot rods, including the Mustang Cobra, Lightning pickup truck, and the new SVT Focus, and it's also spearheading the design, engineering, and production of the new GT in cooperation with several outside vendors, including performance powerhouses Roush and Saleen. Coletti wasn't giving us any scoops during our trip to Detroit, but that didn't stop us from making a couple of obvious guesses. How about a new Lightning pickup based on the newly restyled F-150? Or even more enticing, how about an '05 Mustang Cobra? We'll have to wait to see if those guesses are obvious only to us, but for now, we're content to share an up-close and personal look at the inner workings of the all-aluminum 5.4L supercharged V-8 nestled ahead of the six-speed transaxle in the new GT's rear-mounted engine compartment. We finagled a ride in one of the GT prototypes in the parking lot behind SVT headquarters, and we're still giddy over the experience. It's a serious thumper.
With the GT's accelerated production schedule, the best-and-brightest team of engineers assembled by SVT faced a number of challenges. First, it wouldn't be enough to take an off-the-shelf engine design and change cam profiles or port the heads to bump it up a few horsepower. This engine had to be capable of producing world-class performance in a state-of-the-art supercar, and more importantly, it had to fit in that car--and with a rear-mounted transaxle and ground-scraping profile, this wasn't as easy as it might seem. In the words of one engineer at Ford, "We had aggressive performance targets. It had to be able to beat a Viper in a straight line and a Ferrari around the track." Once the goals of 500 hp and 500 lb-ft of torque were set, the engine development team set about deciding how best to achieve it. The '03 SVT Cobra's supercharged 4.6L DOHC V-8 produces 390 hp at 6,000 rpm and 390 lb-ft at 3,500. Stout numbers for sure, and plenty capable of providing an exciting ride in a Cobra, but still far short of the GT's goals. The 5.4L DOHC V-8 in the Lincoln Navigator had the cubes, but its naturally aspirated 300 hp and 355 lb-ft, combined with its portly cast-iron block, fell even shorter of the target. But what if they combined the two engines and turned up the volume? That's basically what happened.
If time was one big challenge for the design team, another was meeting some goals that were as much political as practical. Ford could have easily farmed out the whole project to specialists and stuck a Blue Oval on the finished product, which incidentally is not all that far from what happened with the original GT40s (they were designed and built in England). To maximize the image-building potential of the GT--which was the official vehicle of Ford's Centennial celebration and got the production green light directly from Ford Chairman and CEO Bill Ford Jr.--the new car had to be a truly Ford-designed and engineered product, built using as many corporate resources as possible without draining too much time and talent from the more mundane but moneymaking bread-and-butter products like SUVs and minivans. Insiders call it "polishing the Blue Oval."
"We basically threw everything we knew at this," says Curt Hill, powertrain manager for the GT program and a 25-year Ford engineering veteran, "and Coletti gave us the go-ahead to do that. It's a no-excuses design." The result is an engine that easily meets the stated 500/500 goal of the program (far exceeds it, we muse), as well as the mandate that it pass all of the company's standard durability tests so it can be covered under a standard service warranty, just like any other Ford product, which as Hill admits, "put us off in some durability areas nobody's ever been in."
Like the 289s and 427s in Ford's legendary, four-time Le Mans-winning GT40s from the '60s, the new GT's 5.4L dual-overhead-cam modular V-8 engine is based on an existing production engine design. It most closely resembles the cast-iron-block 5.4L DOHC V-8 used in the Lincoln Navigator luxury SUV with which it shares bore and stroke dimensions and a forged-steel crankshaft, but that's about where the similarities end. Just about every other internal and external part--including the all-new aluminum block, dry-sump oiling system, screw-type supercharger, intercooler, accessory drive, and cylinder heads--is unique.
We spent two days as Ford SVT's guest in Dearborn, touring the research and development, production, testing, and manufacturing facilities involved in the creation of this exciting new engine and interviewing the people responsible for its creation to bring you this exclusive look at the inner workings of a powerplant we think is destined to become one of the greatest to ever brag "Powered by Ford" on its valve covers.
Failure Analysis
Strengthening the theory that the GT's new 5.4L V-8 will soon find its way into other Ford products is the fact that it was mandated to pass the same battery of tests as any other production engine built by Ford, from the most mundane four-banger minivan engine to a grunting dump-truck mill. For one, that meant surviving Ford's grueling 300-hour engine-durability testing procedure, where the engine is cycled by a dyno through the rpm range between its torque and horsepower peaks for 300 hours to simulate the wear and tear of about 150,000 miles of in-car use. The GT's engine development team is proud of the fact that the 5.4 passed the 300-hour durability test on only its third attempt (typically engines need five or six tries), even after the first two tests revealed a hidden crankshaft problem that had the design team scrambling to quickly find a solution. A process that usually would take months to resolve and had the potential to descend into a bureaucratic morass was reduced to days, as experts at Ford's Vee Engine Engineering and materials testing lab traced the problem to an undercut fillet on the crankshaft snout (see photos), the design team proposed a change to the crankshaft machining process, and the staff at Ford's Engine Manufacturing Development Operations (EMDO), where the GT's block, heads, and crank are machined prior to assembly, confirmed they could implement the change into the production process. The speed with which the problem was identified, corrected, and successfully retested is a testament not only to the high-level importance assigned to the GT program within Ford, but also to the enthusiasm shown by all levels of labor and management for the project.
Virtual Engine Development
When you think about the enormous task of building a new engine essentially from scratch, it's natural to wonder where to even begin. In the old days, engineers would literally start with a clean sheet of paper and draw up working blueprints before making prototype parts. Today, engineers have the advantage of powerful computers running sophisticated engine modeling and design software that enable them not only to "build" the physical parts of the engine in virtual reality, but also to simulate the dynamic operation of the complete engine and resulting output.
For the GT engine, extensive computer-aided modeling was done to develop the coolant passages in the cylinder block and heads, resulting in a siamesed cylinder design that provides much more even bank-to-bank cooling. As Ford engineers explained it to us, without proper design in a typical siamesed modular V-8 block, the distribution of coolant in the water jacket results in about 90 percent of the coolant flowing around the outside walls of the block. Through a computer modeling program, engineers were able to redesign the coolant flow to achieve a much-improved 55/45 split around the block's siamesed cylinders.
Side by Side
The GT's 5.4L engine will be handbuilt by specially trained two-man teams alongside the '03-'04 Mustang Cobra's 390hp supercharged 4.6L DOHC V-8 on the niche assembly line at Ford's Romeo, Michigan, engine-assembly plant, where the single-cam version of the 4.6L V-8 used in GT Mustangs and many other applications is built on the main line.
The Development Mule
With the expedited design and production schedule of the new GT, which was slated to hit production less than two years after the engineering team was formed in May 2002, developers didn't have any time to wait until working prototypes of the GT chassis were ready to go before they could start testing the new engine. They decided to build their own test mule, and they needed a vehicle that would allow them to run the engine with the same accessory drive and intake configuration as the GT, as well as have enough room to install the extensive plumbing for the dry-sump oiling system, intercooler, and expanded cooling system. The result is a pair of the wildest Ford F-250s on the roads around Dearborn, complete with handbuilt fiberglass cowl-induction hoods that route air to production GT airboxes. The trucks are strippers with vinyl seats and rubber floor mats, and each was originally powered by a V-10 Triton engine hooked to a five-speed manual transmission. After riding in one for a few laps around Ford's Dearborn testing track, we want one for our next tow rig.
Critical Engine Specs
Horsepower: 500+ hp at 6,000 rpm (est)
Torque: 500 lb-ft @ 4,500 rpm/400 lb-ft at 2,000 rpm
Compression ratio: 8.3:1 nominal
Bore: 90.2mm/3.55-inch
Stroke: 105.8mm/4.165-inch
Displacement: 5,409cc/330ci
Main journal diameter: 67.5mm/2.66-inch
Rod journal diameter: 53mm/2.09-inch
Rod length: 169.1mm/6.66-inch
Intake valve diameter: 37mm/1.46-inch (two per cylinder)
Exhaust valve diameter: 32mm/1.26-inch (two per cylinder)
Rocker-arm ratio: 1.81:1
Intake valve lift: 11.2mm/0.441-inch
Exhaust valve lift: 11.5mm/0.453-inch
Intake duration: 242 degrees
Exhaust duration: 247 degrees
Injectors: 32 lb/hr (two per cylinder)
Supercharger type: Lysholm screw
Supercharger displacement: 2.3L
Supercharger rpm (max.): 14,500 rpm
Weight: 315 kg with twin-disc clutch and oil reservoir
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
Although it shares bore and stroke dimensions with the Navigator engine, the GT block is significantly strengthened by a series of ribs across the valley, as well as by taller "china walls" at the front and back of the block. For added strength, and because there is no need to have an open vacuum plenum in the crankcase with the engine's dry-sump oiling system, there are also no "window" openings through the main cap bulkheads as are found on other modular blocks. Deck thickness was increased to 13mm from the 4.6L aluminum block's 10mm to increase structural integrity and cylinder sealing under boost.The GT block is the only production modular V-8 that features billet-steel four-bolt main-bearing caps with cross-bolts. Other mod motors, including the Cobra engine, which also has four cap bolts and two cross-bolts, and the SOHC 4.6L with two bolts and two cross-bolts, have nodular cast-iron main caps. Unlike traditional modular V-8s, which require hand-setting the cap-to-block side clearance with a jackscrew during assembly, the GT's billet caps are machined for a precision fit.Bottom-end structural integrity is enhanced by the addition of a cast-aluminum combination bearing-cap brace/windage tray that mounts to the main cap bolts.The GT block's pan rails were widened to provide room for drainbacks that return oil directly into the oil pan, bypassing the crank and windage tray for improved oil control.Many modern production engines use low-friction aluminum bearings that do a great job of maintaining tolerances over a long service life, but aren't as good at withstanding the pounding from a high-performance engine. The GT engine uses the more durable tri-metal bearings we're used to seeing in highly stressed performance and race engines. The groove in the upper shell feeds oil to the built-in piston squirters.Among the trickest new parts designed for the GT engine are the forged H-beam rods made for Ford by Manley with ARP capscrew bolts. A design borrowed from diesel engines, the trapezoidal shape of the rod's small-end (inset) reduces the reciprocating weight of the rod without reducing the cross section of the pin bushing when the piston is loaded against the rod.To reduce the high internal operating temperatures generated by supercharging, built-in piston oilers squirt up to 2 liters of oil per minute to cool the piston skirts. Oil is drawn from the main bearings through metered orifices seated behind the grooved upper bearing shells (inset).Manufactured by Mahle for Ford, the GT's forged-aluminum pistons are dished to provide 8.3:1 nominal compression and feature low-friction skirt coatings and hard-anodized top ring lands for improved durability. The ring pack consists of an alloy steel top ring, a cast-iron second ring, and a three-piece stainless steel oil-control ring.One of the few major components of the GT engine carried over from another production engine is the forged-steel crankshaft with a 105.8mm stroke (about 4.165 inches) borrowed from the 5.4L V-8 used in the Lincoln Navigator. The crank-snout profile had to be redesigned to correct problems that arose during the GT engine's durability testing (see the Failure Analysis sidebar).
The ports in the GT engine's dual-overhead-cam cylinder heads are essentially the same as those used on the limited-production '00 SVT Cobra R factory race car with the exception that the volume of the coolant passages has been increased slightly. The coolant passages in the Cobra R head were intentionally left smaller to allow more room for porting.The GT head's four-valve arrangement consists of a pair of 37mm (1.46-inch) intake and 32mm (1.26-inch) exhaust valves per cylinder, which are good for a 25 percent improvement in head flow over a stock SOHC DOHC 5.4L Navigator cylinder head.Like the '03 Cobra's 4.6L, the GT engine uses four-layer multiple-shim head gaskets for ultimate cylinder sealing.The lobes splined onto the GT's camshafts are forged steel, same as the lobes used on other modular V-8s. Note the balancing marks (arrow) used to reduce harmonics and NVH. Lobe lift is increased 1.5 mm over the '03 Cobra camshaft profile.The key to the 5.4L GT engine's 500 hp and 500 lb-ft is the Eaton-built twin-screw supercharger displacing 2.3 liters. It produces 12 psi of boost compared to 10 psi for the Cobra and 8 psi for the Lightning truck.Air entering the front of the blower case from the throttle-body and air inlet is compressed horizontally along the screw-like rotors of the supercharger that squeeze it into the outlet at the opposite end of the case, hence its designation as a screw-type blower. This design is more thermally efficient than the Roots design used on the Cobra and Lightning, which compresses the air around the outside path of the rotating rotor lobes.Air exiting the blower at 300 degrees F is cooled to about 170 degrees F as it passes through a honeycombed air-to-water intercooler encased between the upper and lower halves of the intake manifold (shown upside down in this photo), allowing the engine-management computer to provide greater spark timing without fear of detonation. The intercooler is plumbed into a separate coolant reservoir that circulates through a remote-mounted electric water pump to provide cooling regardless of the car's road speed.As the cooled air charge passes through the intercooler element, it's diverted by the ridge running down the middle of the lower manifold and redirected up through the intake ports into the cylinder heads.
To meet the engine's demands, fuel is supplied by two 32 lb/hr injectors per cylinder. This was needed because large single injectors could not provide the injection control needed to meet emissions and driveability requirements at idle.A cast-aluminum oil pan is used primarily to mount the external oil pump and to quell noise and harmonics emanating from the crankcase.An externally mounted dry-sump oil pump incorporates two scavenging stages that evacuate oil from the crankcase into a 10-quart remote oil reservoir, and one pressure stage that provides pressurized oil to the engine bearings.Shown here with the cover removed, the oil pump is driven by the crank with a herringbone-pattern belt.The cartridge-style oil filter element is enclosed in a unique cast filter housing mounted on the passenger side of the engine, which also houses a built-in oil cooler. The filter is easily serviced by removing the spin-off cover.The GT's front-end accessory drive, or FEAD, presented one of the toughest design challenges to the engine development team. A two-sheave system was designed with each sheave resulting in near-equal but opposite force vectors for minimal loading on the crankshaft. The supercharger and power steering pump are driven on the inner sheave with a 10-rib belt. The alternator, A/C compressor, and water pump are driven on the second sheave by a 6-rib belt.About 125 hours into the 5.4's first 300-hour durability test, the test engine failed when the beltdriven crankshaft pulley flew off, embedding itself in the roof of the dyno cell and setting off alarms that summoned the local fire department. Engineers traced the problem to an undercut fillet (arrow) that created a stress riser at the intersection of the machined flat that drives the internal oil pump on traditional Ford modular V-8s (inset photo). On unblown 5.4L Navigator engines, which use the same crank forging, the reduced stresses on the crank had not revealed any problems with this design.
Since the internal oil pump is replaced by an external dry-sump pump on the GT engine, engineers eliminated the stress riser by machining off the stepped portion of the snout into a radius with the No. 1 main journal (arrow), and solved the problem. The change was easily incorporated into the machining process at EMDO.


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This beautiful yarn has an amazing soft handle and although it is light weight it appears dense when knitted, thus creating perfect looking colour work and stitch designs.
The perfect blend of lambswool and kid mohair creates a lovely soft yarn which is worked into a beautiful colour palette.
This cotton is perfect for all year round knitting especially cable and textured knits.


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By Mrs. Natela Cutter (TRADOC)April 6, 2010
PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. (Apr. 2, 2010) - Lt. Gen. Robert L. Caslen Jr., commander of the Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., visited the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center April 1 and 2 to get an overview of DLIFLC's foreign language and culture teaching mission.
Caslen had an opportunity to talk with DLIFLC staff about the resident courses for professional linguists, distance learning used to support language learners worldwide, and discussed DLIFLC's role in the Campaign Continuity Language Training Detachment establishment, as well as the Pentagon's new Afghanistan/Pakistan Hands program. As part of his two-day tour, Caslen also visited classrooms and spoke to students.
"You have to be encouraged when you see how enthusiastic these young men and women are in learning these very complex languages," said Caslen, after visiting Institute's immersion facility and observing ongoing classes of students in Chinese, Korean and Farsi.
When asked what role foreign language and cultural awareness play on the battlefield, Caslen, having just returned from a deployment in Iraq as commander of the 25th Infantry Division, said, "Our best commanders were those who were culturally astute - they were the ones who could identify the network and the fabric of the society, all the different elements of it, whether it is economic, political [or] tribal."
Caslen noted that although U.S. forces have withdrawn from a majority of Iraqi cities and towns, they are still mandated to fulfill the same requirements of maintaining peace and setting the conditions for Iraqis to build their government. He said that this can be achieved only through building relationships.
"The best units are those units who did not have to fire a shot, because they could accomplish everything they needed to accomplish through the relationships and partnerships that were established," he said. "It is not all about control and power, but about influence as a result of a relationships and partnerships. That is why you have to have these type of skills, and these are the same skills that are being taught right here at DLI."


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I "give" Better Half a "gift" every morning, five days a week.
I leave for work.
When I think of what constitutes music to my husband's ears, I imagine it to be the sound of the garage door closing and the Kiaskimobile chugging up the hill out of the subdivision.
Away she finally goes, off to help make another newspaper happen, he might be thinking. Ahhh, peace and quiet for at least eight beautiful hours.
I can only imagine that behind the closed doors and drawn curtains that there is a man doing a happy dance due to my departure.
OK, so he's sleeping and snoring, not even aware that I'm on my oh-so-merry way, doing my miniscule part to keep the Social Security system solvent.
We were sitting at the kitchen table the other evening, talking about Christmas shopping and how we don't really know what gifts to get each other this year and that we don't really feel much like looking around for things to buy and wrap when it occurred to me that, gee whiz, sweetums, we're always giving each other gifts - 365 days of the year, not just on Dec. 25 when it's expected.
So what's the big deal?
Consider that we are a "giving" couple all the time, I reminded him, and not just when I go to work every day to give him a little quality time with himself.
The bottom line here is we "give" each other stuff every day.
Allow me to count our "giving" ways.
We "give" each other advice, me suggesting things he can do in my absence - you know, tackle a honey-do list, make dinner, do this, do that.
His advice is quit making lists.
We "give" each other grief, me especially if nothing is scratched off the honey-do list, especially dinner.
We "give" each other our opinions, solicited or not.
A Bible verse behind a magnet appeared, for example, on the refrigerator one day courtesy of a jesting Better Half who likes to provide me with food for thought when I open the refrigerator door for food for my stomach.
It was that verse from Luke in the New Testament that mentions not worrying about what you'll wear.
He's been razzing me lately that my middle name should be "Me-Me!" based on new clothing purchases of late.
We "give" each other heck, too. Sometimes we even deserve it.
We "give" each other a lot of good stuff, too.
Inspiration. (Better Half is the source of many column ideas, including this one.)
We "give" each other cause to laugh.
And we give each other the gift of love.
The best thing about our "giving" habits is that we don't have to keep receipts or dread exchanges. It's a win-win.
And at the end of the day, Better Half really gets lucky.
I give him the best gift of all.
I come home from work.
Enough of that quality time. Merry Christmas!
(Kiaski, a resident of Steubenville, is a staff columnist and features writer for the Herald-Star and The Weirton Daily Times and community editor for the Herald-Star. She can be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com.)


text:
If I am optimizing a query, in order to ensure that this query does NOT uses cached execution plan I use OPTION (RECOMPILE) with the query. Is it a good approach?
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migrated from stackoverflow.com Jan 21 '12 at 15:00
This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.
Standard procedure is to run...
Recompile just updates the query plan for the specified procedure, doesn't clear cached pages etc.
For example if you try the below you will see a different plan with and without the hint commented out (on SQL 2008 SP1 CU5 and later) .
If you connect via the DAC then the plans seem to be neither used from the cache nor saved to the cache without this optimisation side effect of
Or failing that on 2008 you can at least be more surgical about just removing the specific plan as shown below.
You have no further need to clear buffers or caches: you are testing a query, not the IO stack to read data back into memory. If you're tuning a query that runs frequently, then data will be in cache most likely in real life. If it runs Sunday 3am once, who cares...?
And maybe you can't run these DBCC commands anyway unless you have sa rights...
Edit, Jan 2012
For SQL Server 2008+, you also have the
Be aware of the impact that this will have on others on your system (don't do this in production!):


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November 3, 2010
Joseph Stalin's Great Terror took the lives of between 12 million and 20 million while millions more languished in the Gulag, freed only after his death in 1953. Yet the dictator remains popular in Russia today.
New York University Professor Stephen Cohen, author of the recently published The Victims Return: Survivors of the Gulag After Stalin (PublishingWorks), and Katrina vanden Heuvel, editor and publisher of the Nation, discuss the historical and present-day factors behind this unsettling sentiment at a public discussion on Tuesday, November 23, 7 p.m. at the NYU Bookstore, 726 Broadway (between Waverly Place and Washington Place).
The free event is part of the NYU Bookstore's Event Series. For more information, call 212.998.4653 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. Subways: Subways: N, R (8th Street); 6 (Astor Place).
Reporters wishing to attend the event must RSVP to James Devitt, NYU's Office of Public Affairs, at 212.998.6808 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
In The Victims Return, Cohen, a professor in NYU's Department of Russian and Slavic Studies, tells the stories of those who survived the dictator's brutal imprisonment. The work is based on interviews Cohen and vanden Heuvel conducted with former inmates over their 30 years of visiting Moscow. The resulting narrative recounts the prisoners' post-Gulag fates, from their liberation and return to Soviet society to their long struggle to salvage what remained of their lives and their search for justice.
The New York Times Book Review concludes that Cohen provides "a needed, well-written and compact reminder that Russia is still struggling to reconcile the conflicting narratives of the great crimes in its past, and will continue doing so long after all the victims and perpetrators — often one and the same — are gone."
This Press Release is in the following Topics:
bookstore, Faculty, Events and Traditions, Research, Arts and Science, Around the Square, Events
Type: Press Release
Press Contact: James Devitt | (212) 998-6808


text:
A friend asked me to explain "why" a particle's energy is proportional to it's frequency, i.e: $$E=h\nu$$
The reason this result is so un-intuitive, is that in the macroscopic world, A wave's energy (e.g electric power dissipated through a resistor) is not frequency dependent but rather amplitude dependent. Of course a "pure" photon doesn't really have an amplitude due to it's description as a plane wave, but that's beside the point.
So in short: Is there an easy explanation of "why" the energy is only dependent on frequency? can this be "derived" from other principles (say, the particle-wave duality)?
N.B. I'm aware there are no real "reasons" for any law of physics other then the fact that they agree with experiment, but laying those laws on a smaller number of basic principles is always nice when possible.


text:
Mailed gifts substitute for the real gift of presence
But my friend frets over the time that I spend ferreting out this treasure and fusses, too, though she will not say it, over the money I spend. She cannot know the thrill it is for me to prepare my little package in New England and send it southward, knowing it will meet a receptive audience. She cannot know that she is robbing me of that silly pleasure. We have come to an age, she says, where we don't need things to attest to our devotion, and maybe she is right.
All of this she tells me in a three-page letter that arrives a week after Thanksgiving. The letter is on good, heavy paper and printed in a jolly red ink. The letter is newsy and discursive, toggling from the health scares of mutual friends, to the meagerness of our last shared salad, to a blunt criticism of a recently finished book that disappointed.
I read the letter at the end of the day, when I have purged my skin of the day's pollutants and plunged into a pair of fleece sweatpants and flannel top. I am very still when I read the letter, and alone, the only sound the sibilant spray of the shower in which my son sings softly to himself. It is one of those letters that can make you feel that you have dined with a person, looked into their familiar gaze and traced the pattern of their drifting thoughts. With a letter, of course, you have a souvenir.
A few days before my friend's request, I sat across from a friend I hadn't seen in two years in a coffee shop whose cheerful décor bled away as we spoke. His life has been hard and messy, and though there was nothing I could do to tidy the fraying of it, and though I brooded over it for days after, I felt strangely enriched. I realized how few genuinely attentive conversations I had had in the past year. I realized that it was not so much the talking I missed, as the listening.
The following day, I found myself ambling aimlessly in the local mall, needing nothing but looking for something. My gifts had been bought, wrapped, tucked away, or mailed. I had name tags filled out and receipts annotated, but still I dawdled, peering listlessly through the thick glass at the frantic shoppers, dodging parents clinging to the limbs of howling toddlers, picking up baubles and frippery and wondering what an overly disciplined shopper like me was doing in a mall in the Christmas rush.
What I was looking for, of course, was a package that would give me the feeling I had when I left my friend at the coffee shop or when I sat transfixed by my friend's letter. I was looking to purchase the experience of conversation, of the charged energy generated by two people following one another's lovingly appreciated digressions. It's impossible to buy that, of course, which hasn't stopped us from trying.
The rampant debt with which so many of us are wrestling has been engendered in part by a gluttony for objects that substitute for the kind of experience I had with my friend. This year, as in many of the last, the most popular category of gifts will be electronic gadgets, most of those relating to communication — tablets, Androids, Smart phones, net books.
I will miss the time I spent prowling about the bookstores and burning myself on oven racks — all part of the care I took to send my friend a gift I delighted myself in imagining that she would enjoy. But the gift of presence, the reward of intimate attention, is one that I long for most. All of the rest, I realize, was only a substitute for that.
Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com.
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|Topic Review (Newest First)
|29th July 2016 01:26 AM
It's about time!
|21st June 2012 07:34 PM
You are right, I meant distance between mast foot and fin.
You are also right that I am simplifying. However, my take is that I will choose sail size first according to the wind. Theoretically, fin selection would be second, depending on the water state and ride objective. The smoother the water, the faster I'll go, and the smaller fin I will use. If I had a big quiver, board selection would be last step. Enough mast-foot to fin length to cover well my sail, enough width to make sure I am not overpowered by the fin, but not too much width to loose traction all the time due to chop.
Volume itself is important only if uphauling is required. Weight + 30l in my case for easy success. Volume is also practical to describe the boards since it cover both width and length in a single number, but it is not accurate at all. My Kona One behaves roughly like a 135l board but is 220l. The critical measurements are the same however.
|21st June 2012 03:14 PM
unreg, (I don't know which one)
If Roger made a mistake, it was not asking for more detailed information regarding the original posters question. Uphauling ability is based upon experience and the original poster could have offered more about his/her experience, but didn't, so Roger just made a calculated guess.
Since I don't know how many different "unregistered" posters are on this tread, this discussion is going around in circles unless the original poster can identify him/her self and expand on their experience so a better response can be provided.
One issue I have with Sailboarder's comments on board/sail size is that some of the shortest boards on the market carry the largest sails = Formula boards. Board width (in the tail) is also an important factor with determining sail size (fins too).
|21st June 2012 01:05 PM
If you go to extremes, a small 3.5 sail will always have it CE in front of the CLR of an ultrasonic board. Because of this, the board will always head downind.
Now if you take a specific 100l board with it's optimal 6.0 sail, it can be used with two people of vastly different weight. I guess my wife at 60 kg could plane with this in 14 knots. Myself, at 95 kg, will need more than 20 kts. Somewhat independantly, the water state will also be important. My wife will want to use that board in flatish water, but I will like it in chop.
|21st June 2012 08:38 AM
Just because one person finds a skill easy does not make it so for everybody..
The benefits gained from going to 100 litres (for 68 kg) would be outweighed by extra risks. There are lots of 115 litre boards that would fit bill perfectly.
|21st June 2012 08:12 AM
|nakaniko unreg.
I don't see the problem. I agree with Roger, a 68 kg guy can easily uphaul over a 100 lt board, ad with a 5,3 that is the best board for a nomal-intermediate sailor. I'm 90 kg and I easily uphaul over a 112 old board (Mistral Score), even using a slightly out of range Superfreak 8,0.
Obviously if someone wants to have more volume to have more safety for the conditions, and/or for his still low learning level, none forbid to use a bigger board, well knowing that it will be less than perfect. In the first years I rode a Mistral Echo 138 lt even in waves in the sea with NW strong wind in Tunscany, yes it was a rodeo, but I was able to uphaul even in the middle of the sea (yes I also was younger...).
Volume is reated to sails, are the sails that change range of wind and use with different weights.
|20th June 2012 05:12 PM
I quote
"It would seem that for your 150 Lbs./68 kg. body weight you could easily uphaul a
100 liter board, " From a Starboard expert...for someone asjking advice re uphauling and a 130 litre board
68 kg is not a heavy sailor; but the blokes board will weigh minimum of 8 kg. (wet straps etc) His mast a couple; (probably more) his sail 4 or 5 and his boom a couple. His wetsuit/harness will add another couple.(at least) Total approx 17kg..
68+ 17 = 85kg...
Doesnt need a science expert or a sailing one to know that any sailor is not going to be able to uphaul with that level of flotation easily.. Its a developed skil and a difficult one at that. Throw in rough water and a relative new sailor and its a recipe for rescue !!! And why ??? Like I said earlier its fashion.. Push sailors onto smallest possible board...often too early and in many cases inappropriate !!!
Watch so many "experts" all over world sailiung(actually wallowing) on boards that are simply too small. Would have thought that someone with your knowledge (and Roger`s) woukld be a little more careful with your advice; especially on issues that could develop into safety risks..
There are loads of great boards out there capable of been uphauled with 85kg load and handle 5.3 in rough water... If there arent any in starboard range thats a different issue...
|20th June 2012 03:31 PM
There are so many variables (body weight, board volume, board width, wind speed, skill level, water conditions, type of sailing, salt/fresh water) that there just isn't a simple way to provide what you want.
That's why there is a forum to help individuals determine what will work best for you given your circumstances and skills. That's Roger's goal.
For each board, given it's volume, width , length and design purpose, certain size sails work best, regardless of body weight.
For me at 165 lbs, it's somewhat easy for me to uphaul a 105 liter board (it doesn't sink) and deal with little or no wind if I get stuck. We each find our comfort zone for uphauling based on our skill, sailing site and typical conditions, and it will vary quite a bit for many sailors of the same weight on the same board.
Some 150 lb sailors had difficulty uphauling on a 200 liter board when they began windsurfing and with highly developed skills, can now uphaul an 75 liter board.
Those of us that think before we act and ask questions or research windsurfing, are never victims.
I find that I have the most fun on the smallest board that will maintain good speed/planing given the wind conditions. For me, that's over 20 knots of wind. While I still have fun in lighter winds on bigger boards/sails, the smaller board it just more fun. I think this is true for most windsurfers that get frequent or occasional windy days, but we sometimes go too far and select something that is too small and struggle a bit. It's just a little too much optimism at times, expecting the wind to do more than it can. Bummer, then we have to re-rig something larger.
|20th June 2012 12:12 PM
Mr Average weighs around 75kg.. In an attempt to sell as many of any individual board as possible ALL boards are designed with this in mind. The further you stray from being Mr Average (in weight) the harder it is to find a board that works for you in conditions you sail.
Unfortunately the situation is endemic. Most will tell heavyweights they need "more skill" (to uphaul/gybe/wave ride etc etc) but in reality they simply need more volume.. Reserve volume is even geared towards maintaining this BS... Its a ridiculous concept.. Imagine an oil tanker with 10 litres reserve volume...It would be sinking... A duck on the other hand floats happily with lots less than 10 litres reserve volume...Afraid all our sport is based on psuedo science... The manufacturers cant even (or wont)quote real volumes; in this way they are allowed to manipulate all us naive sailors into buying this years trend/revolution/wide board/tri fin/quad/ etc etc .. All we really need is a board that floats us and planes when its windy; gybes when we need and jumps when we want...But we are all victims of sponsored sailors/flashy magazines/sails patter and end up with 4 boards (3 of which are basically too small) ; 8 sails and 4 masts...
Oh and its fashion to sail a board thats too small... Go to any venue and everyone does it..Its not cool to sail a board thats big enough for you dude...
|20th June 2012 11:26 AM
|Unreg Reg
Amazing to me that manufacturers still quote this nonesense about sail range with no mention of weight !!
(Mind you when they cant measure the volume of boards properly it shouldn`t be surprising)
Any board asked to carry a load of 100kg will never have same sail range when carrying 60kg.. It simply cant...
A heavier sailor will not be able to carry as big sail on a given board but will be able to use the board with smaller rigs... A 100k sailor can knock roughly (roughly) 1 metre off top and bottom limits of sail range.
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text:
I recently saw a stew recipe for Conch and wanted to try it - I've never purchased it before from an actual fish market (only in cans). What should I look for and any tips on cleaning would be great!!
Conch should have a nice light pink color. If it's gray or browned, steer clear. Like most seafood, the best indicator is smell. If it smells salty like a walk near the beach, it's fine. If it smells like a stagnant wharf or a warm dumpster, steer clear. To clean, run it under cold water. Cut off any membrane, and drain it before cooking. Conch is chewy, so don't treat it like scallops or lobster. It can be tenderized through pounding, cooked in a pressure-cooker, food-processed and stewed, or slow-cooked. Keep an eye on the texture. Chewy conch is not ideal.
This is assuming you aren't buying conch in the shell.
Read more: article.cfm/how_to_buy_and_clean_a_conch


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I would like to change Global Navigation so that all Site Collections within the Web Application will be visible, without changing or adding new masterpage, and publishing features are not enabled. thanks for advices.
If you want dynamic navigation i.e. a new site collection added should automatically be available in the navigation menu then you will have to custom develop this http://www.sharepointmechanic.com/?p=439
Other options include jQuery:
Or you can manually create links on the top navigation bar, but it would be tedious to maintain.
Regarding the error message, the solution was not tested with host named site collections so I'm not sure if it will work with those or not. The error message you're seeing indicates to me that you are missing a reference to your MyTestTopNavProvider in your masterpage.


text:
I am a bit confused about the words parallel and parallelism: When and where should one use which?
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First of all, consider the grammatical class they belong to in order to understand usage better:
When it's an adjective, as you may already know, it's used to classify objects that put side by side have the same distance continuously everywhere.
But it has also other meanings: about Computing, for example, it means "involving the simultaneous performance of operations". It can be also related to Music or Grammar.
As F'x said, it means: "the state of being parallel
So, if you're discussing mathematics, computer science or literature, odds are you want parallelism. For everything else, parallel is more likely what you need.


text:
While meningitis has reached Kentucky, we can confirm no one has receive a contaminated injection in South Central Kentucky.
Interventional Pain Specialists say they did not receive any of the contaminated injections.
"Thank you for calling Interventional pain specialists of Bowling Green. If you are calling regarding the recent meningitis scare, please know that we do not, nor ever will use anything from the New England Compounding Center."
That's the recording you will hear when you call the Interventional Pain Specialists regarding the recent outbreak of meningitis.
Doctors for the clinic say they serve the needs of about 90 percent of South Central Kentucky.
When the clinic learned of the outbreak of a rare form of meningitis, they wanted to make it clear they only use pharmaceutical companies approved by the FDA.
"We immediately wanted to inform all of our patients that they were not at risk for this particular outbreak of meningitis," says Dr. Paul Malinger.
Compounding centers are pharmaceutical companies, which are not approved by the FDA.
"They are, unlike mainstream pharmaceutical companies, not FDA regulated, and are often regulated by state agencies," Dr. Malinger says.
The New England Compounding Center released several lots of contaminated steroid injections nationwide.
The injections were infected with fungal meningitis.
Symptoms include headaches, stiff neck, fever, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light and a change in mental status.
A few patients have visited the Medical Center with these symptoms.
"We've seen about a half a dozen cases in the last week to ten days. None have tested positive for meningitis. That was verified this morning by our infection control coordinator," says Bob Peglow, Director of Emergency Services for the Medical Center.
All of those patients came from Nashville's St. Thomas Outpatient Neurosurgery Center, which is now closed.
Tennessee has had 32 reported cases and three fatalities, which is more than any other state.
Fungal meningitis cannot be spread through human contact.


text:
September 18, 2013
More than 200 million of the world's children under five begin life at severe risk, which threatens global aims of poverty eradication, sustainable development, and social stability, according to a new report by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, a research initiative set up at the request of the United Nations Secretary-General.
In response, the initiative's work group on early childhood, education, and the transition to work, co-chaired by Hirokazu Yoshikawa, a professor at New York University's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, and Madhav Chavan, CE-President of the education non-profit Pratham in India, calls for member nations of the UN to establish goals to address early childhood development (ECD) in its 2015-2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
"Early childhood development, other than reducing infant mortality, was not part of the Millennium Development Goals," says Yoshikawa. "Yet beyond the critical issues of infant mortality and survival, children have a right to thrive and have a chance at contributing to sustainable development."
The report, "The Future of Our Children: Lifelong, Multi-Generational Learning for Sustainable Development," synthesizes the current global research on the benefits of early childhood development programs and policies. It notes that "benefit-cost evidence suggests that early childhood development interventions of sufficient quality could ensure that hundreds of millions of children reach their developmental potential and thereby contribute substantially to the world's future workforce."
It points to three types of early childhood interventions with demonstrated cost effectiveness: integrating a parent responsiveness and stimulation emphasis in health and nutrition programs for 0-3 year olds; quality pre-primary education; and direct poverty reduction through cash transfer, paid parental leave, and other policies for families with young children.
"Children's health, learning, and behavior during the early years are the foundation for later school success and completion, close nurturing relationships with peers and adults, and the capacity to contribute to community, workplace, and society," observes Yoshikawa, a professor in NYU Steinhardt's Department of Applied Psychology. "Early childhood is thus a critical life stage for a country's sustainable development -- it is a culmination of learning for one generation embodied in the beginning of a lifetime of learning for the next."
For a copy of the report, click here.
About the Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development (@NYUSteinhardt)
Located in the heart of Greenwich Village, NYU's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development prepares students for careers in the arts, education, health, media, and psychology. Since its founding in 1890, the Steinhardt School's mission has been to expand human capacity through public service, global collaboration, research, scholarship, and practice. To learn more about NYU Steinhardt, visit: http://steinhardt.nyu.edu.
This Press Release is in the following Topics:
Research, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development
Type: Press Release
Press Contact: James Devitt | (212) 998-6808


text:
Xbox chief Marc Whitten departs Microsoft for SonosWritten by: / / No Comments
Microsoft has announced the departure of chief product officer of Xbox, Marc Whitten, after nearly fourteen years with the company.
After joining the Xbox team on April 1st, 2000, Whitten has contributed to the development and release of all three of Microsoft's game consoles, as well as Xbox LIVE, most recently overseeing the launch of Xbox One in November 2013 and finishing up his work on a high note with the launch of Titanfall this month.
During Whitten's tenure, Xbox LIVE has grown to 48 million users in 41 countries, Xbox 360 has sold 80 million units, and the original Xbox has sold 25 million. Whitten said of his time with Xbox:
"I have had the extreme pleasure over the last 14 years to work on the greatest product with the greatest team and for the greatest community. Xbox is so special because of the amazing team I've had the opportunity to work with and because our fans are the most incredible fans on the planet.
"It has been the highlight of my career to work on a product so loved. It's incredibly tough to leave but I am confident the best days are ahead for Xbox fans, in the capable hands of a very talented team."
As Whitten takes a job at wireless speaker company Sonos, the Xbox leadership team will report to Microsoft's operating systems group executive vice president, Terry Myerson, as the search for a replacement for Whitten begins.
Here's Whitten's public note on his departure:
"I started at Xbox on April 1, 2000, when the console was just a vision of what gaming could be. Over the last fourteen years, I've worked with an amazing team of highly passionate people who are driven to make gaming and entertainment the best experience for our Xbox fans.
"Since then, we've shipped over a hundred million consoles with tens of millions of people on Xbox Live. And, we are just getting started. There are amazing things on the horizon and I am so excited to see where this talented group of men and women will take Xbox. One of the best parts of Xbox has been its fans. I want to thank you for making Xbox what it is today and what it will be in the future.
Since the beginning, it's always been about gamers. In my heart, I am a gamer and Xbox has been my family. While today I am announcing my departure from Microsoft, I have the utmost confidence in this amazing team and our products.
"See you on Xbox."
Tags: marcwhitten, microsoft


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Creative people often love to experiment with different sounds and improve on their existing skills. An extended range electric guitar is an ideal way to advance playing abilities and add a unique twist to your killer riffs. Since the 1950's when electric guitars really started to explode on the music scene, artists have been adding strings in order to create new and exciting sounds to the electric guitar. While a standard electric guitar has six strings, an extended range guitar would have seven, eight, or 12 strings. A 12 string guitar generally features twin sets of strings paired close together on the neck and tuned octaves apart. The pairs are played together as one, and most of the strings are tuned octaves apart for a fuller tone. This provides a harmonic, rhythmic sound often heard in folk music or classic rock. George Harrison of the Beatles, Jimmy page of Led Zepplin and Roger McGuinn of the Byrds have all used 12 string guitars in their music. If you're going for a louder, harder hitting sound, a 7 or 8 string guitar is what you need.
These guitars often appeal to metal players who use the additional strings to beef up their lower end play and to increase the range of pitches available to them. These guitars provide an exceptional range when you need to fill the room with power. If you're looking for steller tone without pitchiness for blasting hard rock and metal tunes, these are the guitars for you. Extended range electric guitars are a fantastic route when you've mastered the intricacies of your favorite instrument and are ready to kick it up a notch and create a more memorable sound. Even the most talented musicians would agree there is always room for growth and increasing your skill set. With a seven, eight, or 12 string electric guitar, you'll be blasting new and exciting tunes before you know it.
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.


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The 5 Most Unintentionally Offensive Comic Book Characters
Comics, like any art form, are a product of the generation that created them. In some cases, it's nice to see Captain America channel American patriotism to beat Nazi ass. In other cases, Indian Chief.
Still, like society comics strive to move forward and away from the sins of the past. Sure, they've made some slightly bad racial decisions ("We should call every black superhero 'Black SomethingOrOther,' so everyone knows how black they are"), but at least they tried to progress. Even if their attempts at racial sensitivity are misguided or poorly thought out, you can't fault them for trying, right?
Oh wait, of course you can.
#5. Marvel Creates a Gay Hero Presumably Based on Will & Grace Reruns
Homosexual characters have been featured in comics prior to 2003, but usually he (it was always a he) would be a mincing effeminate poof who would be either the butt of constant jokes, or beaten up, or both. (Or, you know, Robin.) But the mainstream comic scene had not yet seen a gay title character in a comic, which is actually pretty shocking, when you realize that they'd made room for the roller-disco demographic. So, Marvel decided to team veteran comic artist John Severin with writer Ron Zimmerman to help correct that oversight.
The plan was to revamp The Rawhide Kid, a tough, quick-gunned cowboy from the 50s. They were going to keep his toughness and attitude, just with a gay twist. By making a gay character that was both a hero and a cowboy--typically uber-masculine roles--it was a great opportunity to break away from stereotypes and show the comic-reading audience that not all homosexuals were screaming hairdressers or over-the-top caricatures; they could be just as tough and badass as your favorite action hero. If handled properly, this could be a very important comic series.
So, How'd That Go?
Not, uh... not great.
Rawhide Kid was every negative, damaging gay stereotype dressed in a cowboy hat. Sure, he was still a good fighter and a great shooter, but he was also a nancing, effeminate goon and the exact kind of character people didn't need to identify the gay movement with. He's the title character, but he's still the butt of the joke. Additionally, his antics made him, and we say this respectfully, annoying as shit. He says things like "toodles" and calls out "meow" when he's being bitchy. He gives out douchey fashion advice...
...he speaks in lame double entendres and cracks himself up while confusing everyone around him...
...he practices being a cowboy in nothing but his chaps because he likes the feeling of the "wind on [his] cheeks."...
And what kind of a superhero calls fighting bad guys "boring" in a fucking comic book?!
Marvel could have created a character that positively impacted the homosexual image in the eyes of the mainstream comic audience and maybe given some folks a fresh perspective. Instead, they wheeled out every corny stereotype and made an aggressively annoying character that no one under any circumstances would want to read.
Still, the worst thing that came out of all of this was probably Marvel's reaction. It's bad enough that they lazily embraced every gay stereotype in the creation of their character, but they also slapped an "explicit content" warning on the cover. Now, nowhere in the comic will you see nudity, sex, kissing or even the Kid explicitly admitting he is gay. The fact that he was acting overtly gay however was, according to Marvel, for "Adults Only."
#4. Marvel Wants an Irish Superhero, But Also Hates Ireland
The Irish people deserved a hero. The closest thing they had to a mascot was the Lucky Charms leprechaun, and he was hardly representative of Ireland's rich culture. He was just a green-loving, red-headed little bastard named "Lucky." No, Ireland needed a hero to let the world know there was more to the Emerald Isle than just clovers and superstition.
So, How'd That Go?
Well, her name is Shamrock, and she's a red-haired, banshee-fueled chick whose superpower is that she's really, really lucky. As in "Tony Stark lost his keys but Shamrock found them first because of her superpower!" And we mean it when we say she's banshee-fueled; her power comes from displaced poltergeists and spirits wandering around Ireland. It's like Marvel's only research into the character involved drinking whiskey and watching Darby O'Gill and the Little People.
Thankfully, her well-crafted disguise helped retain dignity.
But that's the thing about Shamrock: She could have been totally awesome. Her power is that she is possessed by the ghosts of dead soldiers who have unfinished business. The potential with a power like that is limitless, but Marvel decided they wanted it manifested as "poltergeists which affect probability within a 20-foot radius of her, altering situations so that she is given an advantage." Because that's what a displaced war veteran wants to do. Affect probability.
Shamrock, whose real name was the overbearingly Irish "Molly Fitzgerald," was not a popular character. She was so pointless, in fact, that Molly eventually retired from being a superhero and became a hairdresser and no one else gave a crap. She didn't turn evil. She wasn't killed off. She just figured that being the vessel for thousands of displaced souls was better suited for cutting hair and she was fucking right. When Spider-Man wants to call it quits, he's reminded by everyone that, "With great power, comes great responsibility." But when Shamrock wants to hang up the tights to give perms, the hero community just says, "Yeah, that's probably for the best."
#3. Racist Comics Editor Creates Black Superhero, Goes Exactly As You'd Expect
Led by Superboy, the Legion of Super-Heroes was a club of superpowered teenage do-gooders that banded together to form a sort of ultra-police, like a young Justice League that occasionally time travelled. Since several members were from the future, of course they had members from various species, including a blue-skinned woman and an orange skinned boy. Suspiciously absent from this team? Black people. In fact, in the entire run of the Legion of Super-Heroes comics before 1976, there had not even been a single black character depicted even once.
All white people.
So, DC vowed to rectify this inequity by adding an African American superhero to the Legion. This was a full year before Black Lightning entered the scene, so it was a pretty big deal. His name was Tyroc...
So, How'd That Go?
...and he was a racial separatist. It turns out, (as a way to explain the total lack of black people in the Legion's universe), that all of the black people exiled themselves to an island off the coast of Africa and lived alone, to be away from everyone else. Also, the island disappears every once in a while.
If the idea of a disappearing island that houses all of the world's black people sounds like a racist's wet dream, that's likely because it is. To really understand this move, and everything else about Tyroc, you need to understand Murray Boltinoff, the editor of Legion at the time. We don't want to say anything as libelous as "Murray Boltinoff is a racist," but he's the reason no black people ever made it to a Legion comic and he once ordered the colorists to change a black background character into a white character for no stated reason. And it was because of Boltinoff that Tyroc couldn't be a hero who happened to be black; he needed to be a former slave turned racial segregationist. Also, the disappearing island thing? Because Blotinoff is OK with the idea of black people, as long as they stick to their island that is totally unreachable.
Jim Shooter, one of DC's artists at the time called the depiction of Tyroc "pathetic and appalling" and co-creator Mike Grell described Tyroc's segregationist backstory as "possibly the most racist concept I've ever heard in my life." Grell was so disgusted with the insulting way the character was being handled that he intentionally designed Tyroc to look like a shithead:
Grell says "I gave him a silly costume. It was somewhere between Elvis' Las Vegas costume and something you would imagine a pimp on the street corner wearing."
Yep. That is exactly what that is.
Tyroc rarely had anything to do in the Legion, and eventually went home to Marzal and disappeared again. When writer Paul Lezitz spent 15 years on a Legion reboot, Tyroc, unique among pre-1989 members, never appeared.


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Metropolitan State University
Metropolitan State University offers a large, dynamic program in technical communication. We offer both undergraduate and graduate programs in Technical Communication and Professional Writing.
The degrees prepare students for professional careers and includes workplace experience though an internship and course projects with real clients. The Master of Science in Technical Communication prepares students for advanced careers and includes in-depth instruction in both theory and practical skills. Both programs involve students with a range of current and emerging digital technology.
Through the Technical Communication Advisory Board, our technical communication program works closely with industry, government, and nonprofit organizations to ensure our program offers students the highest quality, relevance, and currency. All professors and instructors have practical experience in the field, and all classes are available on evenings and weekends.
- 700 7th St E
- Saint Paul
- 55106-5000


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Social-engineering attacks, like tricking a user into running a malicious program,
are far more common than attacks on security vulnerabilities. Application Reputation
in IE9 helps protect users from these socially engineered malware attacks. This post
offers details about real-world attacks and how these protections work.
For context, recent studies (like
this one) show that despite the headlines that exploits of software vulnerabilities
get, people browsing the Web are more likely to face a socially engineered attack.
Recent articles (like
this one) have compared different approaches to protecting people. Application
Reputation is a natural extension of the current protections
introduced in IE7 & IE8 that block phishing sites and sites that
distribute malicious programs.
User-downloaded malware is a huge problem and getting bigger.
Through the SmartScreen Filter, IE has been
effective at blocking socially engineered malware attacks and malicious
downloads – IE blocks between 2 and 5 million attacks a day for IE8 and IE9 customers.
Since the release of IE8, SmartScreen has blocked more than 1.5 billion attempted
malware attacks. IE is still the
only major production browser to offer this kind of protection from socially
engineered malware. From our experience operating these services at scale, we have
found that 1 out of every 14 programs downloaded is later confirmed as malware.
Originally, SmartScreen protection was URL-based. IE7 introduced protection from
phishing attacks by integrating a cloud-based URL-reputation service. IE8 added
another layer of protection, also based on URLs (or Web addresses), to protect users
from sites that offered malicious downloads and used social engineering techniques
("Run this to watch movies for free, download this security software to clean your
machine, or get great emoticons!") to get users to download and run them. URL-based
protection from socially engineered malware attacks is an important layer of defense
for consumers today on the Web.
That said, IE9 adds another layer of defense against socially engineered attacks
that now looks at the application being downloaded - this is in addition to the
URL-based protection described above. This new layer of protection is called SmartScreen
Application Reputation. When it comes to program downloads, other browsers today
either warn on every file or don't warn at all. Neither of these approaches helps
the user make a better decision. Application Reputation also addresses a limitation present
in all block-based approaches that happens at the beginning of new attacks,
before a Web site or program has been identified as malicious.
Using reputation helps protect users from newly released malware programs - pretending
to be legitimate software programs - that are not yet detected by existing defense
mechanisms. Reputation also enables IE9 to remove unnecessary warnings for downloads
with an established positive reputation. Both publishers and individual applications
build reputation. For example, a digitally signed application from a well-known
publisher that has been widely downloaded has a better reputation than an unsigned
application that has not yet been downloaded widely and has just been posted on
a newly created Web site.
Let's look at how the feature protected actual IE9 users from one particular attack.
The figure shows the download traffic of a very large-scale malware attack (hundreds
of thousands of downloads). Application Reputation warned IE9 users about this malicious
program from the very moment it hit the Web at Hour 0:
Real Malware Attack Traffic & Timeline
Traditional block-based protection (URL-blocking as well as anti-virus) came in
after Hour 11, well after the attack had passed its active period. The download
warning within IE about the lack of an application reputation was the only defense
that users had. 99% of IE9 users who clicked to download this malicious program
chose to delete or not run the program from the Application Reputation unknown
program warning.
SmartScreen Application Reputation Unknown Program Warning
In this attack, IE9 Application Reputation interrupted the deception of the attack
(which was otherwise very convincing) and most users were able to make a great decision
on their own. This outcome is exactly why we built SmartScreen Application Reputation
into IE9. 99% of users were able to avoid the infection.
This is just one real-world example. Below, we discuss how this trend holds strong
in aggregate. Application Reputation is a game changer for protection against socially-engineered
malware attacks, which is the largest risk on the Web today.
From looking at IE9 usage data, starting from the IE9 beta, we see two main patterns:
The reputation that applications and publishers build from actual customers is at
the core of how this protection works. Most people would be cautious about buying
something online from a complete stranger. Sites like
Ebay, Etsy,
Angie's List, and Amazon.com show
how people use reputation features to make better trust decisions online.
IE9 applies the concept of community reputation to programs that users download.
From the data we've collected about user downloads from the browser, 1 out of every
14 programs downloaded is later confirmed as malware. Consumers need information
to make better decisions.
IE9 uses an application's reputation to warn customers about downloads that carry
a higher risk because they have not yet established a reputation. More than 50%
of programs lacking a reputation are new to the Web on a given day. On a daily basis,
25% to 70% of programs that trigger an Application Reputation warning in IE9 are
later confirmed as malware. Programs and publishers that have already built reputation
do not show a warning.
Many users rarely or never download programs that don't already have an established
application reputation. When they do, this warning is critical. Users are more likely
to pay attention to this warning because it appears infrequently. Users can still
choose to download the file. Our data shows that customers are making more informed
choices – taking the time to check the source, or confirm it is something they meant
to download. With SmartScreen Application Reputation, users are doing a much better
job distinguishing between malware and legitimate downloads.
Our goal is to establish a reputation for the publisher of every program on the
Web so that consumers can have a safer and easier experience downloading them. Leading
up to the IE9 beta, we analyzed billions of downloads and built a continuous model
of application reputation and trust across the Web.
To sustain these coverage rates, we've built large-scale, objective intelligence
systems that process billions of pieces of information on a daily basis. These systems
are constantly building out reputation for new and existing applications and publishers.
As of today, there are tens of thousands of publishers and millions of individual
applications with an organically established reputation and we're adding more all
day, every day.
Sometimes, some users will see warnings for legitimate software that happens to
be new and has not yet established a reputation. From the reports we received from the community, this is a rare exception. A new program from an existing publisher
with an established reputation inherits the publisher's reputation from that publisher's
code signing certificate. New publishers can build their code-signing reputation
quickly with every download. Unsigned programs were the cause of 96% of the warnings
that consumers have seen to date. The remaining 4% of warnings came from certificates
previously associated with malware or certificates that were new and are still building
a reputation. Customers can and do make informed choices to click through the warning
when they trust the person they are transacting with and expect a download.
By following industry best practices, developers can accelerate the process of building
a good reputation. For example, signed programs typically build reputation twice
as fast as unsigned programs. We recommend
digitally signing programs with an Authenticode signature. Making
sure that programs are not detected as malware is clearly important as well. The
Windows Logo
process also helps establish a software publisher's reputation.
SmartScreen Application Reputation is protecting consumers every day.
There are many reasons to recommend your friends and family upgrade to Internet
Explorer 9. We think staying safer online is a big one.
—Jeb Haber, Program Manager Lead, SmartScreen


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STANKO, Mr. Andrew "Andy," 88,of Graham, died at Alamance Regional Medical Center on Wednesday, December 12, 2012, at 9:20 a.m.
A native of Steubenville, OH, he was the husband of Luella Riddle Stanko, who survives and the son of Andy and Anna Stanko, both deceased.
Andy was a graduate of "Big Red" High School and Ohio University. He was a veteran of the U. S. Army serving during World War II in Europe and participated in the battles in Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes and Central Europe. He retired as an Industrial Engineer at Weirton Steel Company. He was a member of the Graham Presbyterian Church and the Brotherhood Class. He was also a member of the American Legion Post 63.
Article Photos
In addition to his wife of the home, survivors include two sisters, Anna Mae Livingston of Levittown, PA and Betty Lenz of Ocala, FL; and many loved nieces and nephews.
The funeral service will be conducted at the Rich & Thompson Chapel in Graham on Saturday, December 15, 2012 at 1 p.m. by Rev. Steve Braswell with the family receiving friends from noon to 1 p.m. prior to the service. Burial will follow in Graham Memorial Park with military honors. Other times, they will be at the residence.
In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to a charity of one's choice.
Condolences may be offered at www.richandthompson.com.


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When market makers price options on hard-to-borrow equities, they include the cost to borrow the underlying equity that their broker is going to charge them to sell the security short to hedge. I'm trying to back-out this cost. I'm guessing it is similar to implied volatility but I'm solving for the interest rate. Can anyone point me in the right direction?
As 'sheegaon' suggested, you can solve for an implied interest rate -- which is not necessarily the cost of borrowing the underlying stock -- using put-call parity.
As you probably know, an implied volatility algorithm increases and decreases its implied volatility guess until the theoretical price and market prices of an option converge. Similarly, to imply options' interest rate and implied volatility, take a put and call pair with the same strike and expiration, and increase or decrease their interest rate and implied volatility inputs until put-call parity holds and the put and call theoretical and market prices converge. In building such algorithms, I take advantage of the property that puts have positive and calls have negative sensitivity to interest rates, while both calls and puts have positive sensitivity to implied volatility.
Note that put-call pairs of different strikes or expirations often imply different rates.
The cost of the hedge does not appear directly in the price for any one option, but rather will appear as an apparent violation of put-call parity. However, due to differing demand for puts and calls, this merely widens the arbitrage bounds ordinarily set by put-call parity, but does not imply a single implied borrow rate. In other words, the borrow rate is an input to establishing the put-call parity bounds. One can reverse the relationship to obtain a lower limit on the borrow rate, but an upper limit cannot be inferred.
Please be aware when you back out implied interest rate for stocks with uncertain dividend payout.


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As a kid no one ever taught me basic social skills such as saying "hi" to someone you know when you see them. And as an adult now, it is hard for me to meet new people and keep lasting relationships. Could someone give me advice or recommend a book to me as to how I should refine my inadequate social skills?
closed as not constructive by Renan, Adam Wuerl Apr 13 '12 at 12:31
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Definitely try to say simple things like hi and bye and bless you. You can even try it on total strangers. To not look too creepy, imagine that you already talked to this person before and he/she was nice to you, that'll take the weight off your shoulders. Try being genuinely interested in the other person. It will be hard at first at smalltalk, but use the basic questions and ask them about themselves. Ask them things like where they grew up, what school, what kind of work they do, their family and so on (depending on who you are talking to). Then you will see people opening up to you and you will be more open to them. It may take a while, though... Remember to smile, too.
You can also find a group of people with the same interest (comic books, sewing, programming, cooking, knitting, whatever) in your area and join, you will at least have something to talk about to start with.
You also may want to try to volunteer if you can, any kind of (social) work will do.
And also, sometimes it is better to be quiet rather than talk, so don't feel like you need to talk if you really don't want to, being quiet sometimes is totally acceptable too. Just smile!
You can do it.
Basic secrets: Smile and Eye contact
is a very good book on this subject.
This is a particularly rough problem. The techniques of social interaction are a lot like language. We absorb them unconsciously as young children and, as a result, have trouble defining and articulating them once we're adults. An adult who needs to learn social skills "as a second language" has distinct difficulties in interacting with people both personally and professionally, but without the resources or awareness that would be available if they were having to learn the actual language.
I deal with similar issues to yourself and have done a lot of looking for materials on the subject. Unfortunately, I haven't found much. Most of the advice available boils down to "try harder". One book I do highly recommend is "What Does Everybody Else Know That I Don't?" by Dr. Michele Novotni. While intended specifically for adults with ADHD, much of the material would be helpful to any adult trying to cope with non-fluent social skills.
If you have the resources for it, there are also professional social skills coaches, who observe your interactions with them and others and provide specific feedback. Even if you could only meet with them very occasionally, the evaluation would help identify and prioritize the specific skills that you most want to improve.


text:
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March 19, 2013
New York University will host Edwy Plenel, founder and CEO of the digital newspaper Mediapart, for a public lecture, "Digital Revolution, Democratic Revolution? How the Digital Revolution is Changing Public Space," on Friday, April 12, 6 p.m., at NYU's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute, 20 Cooper Square (between 5th and 6th Streets), 7th floor.
The event, co-sponsored by NYU's Institute of African American Affairs and Institute for Public Knowledge, is free and open to the public. To RSVP, call 212.998.IAAA(4222) or click here. Subways: 6 (Astor Place); N, R (8th Street). Reporters interested in attending must contact James Devitt, NYU's Office of Public Affairs, at 212.998.6808 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Like the previous two industrial revolutions, the digital revolution has radically changed public space: it has become borderless and open to all individuals. This technological revolution offers huge democratic opportunities that confront state authorities and economic powers. The event will use the French experience of Mediapart—a digital newspaper, that is both independent and participatory—to reflect upon the political Internet. Penel will discuss new media and democracy in Europe as well as the relations between North and South in the context of the Internet and the global changes that it is bringing.
Plenel, previously editor-in-chief of Le Monde, has published several books, including, most recently, "Le droit de savoir" ("The Right to Know", Don Quichotte, 2013).
The event is supported by NYU's La Maison Française.
This Press Release is in the following Topics:
Around the Square, Arts and Science
Type: Press Release
Press Contact: James Devitt | (212) 998-6808


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This document supports compliance by states with the NAAQS for ozone. It provides technical information on NOx controls for fossil fuel-fired utility boilers that state and local agencies may use to develop and implement regulatory programs to control NOx emissions from fossil fuel-fired utility boilers. It was prepared by EPA under Section 183(c) of new Subpart 2 to Part D, which was added to the CAA by the CAAA of 1990.
This alternative control techniques document describes available techniques for reducing NOx emissions from utility boilers. Discussion of the formation of NOx and uncontrolled emission levels are included. Control techniques include overfire air, low NOx burners, flue gas recirculation, reburn, selective noncatalytic reduction and selective catalytic reduction.
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