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Possible Duplicate:
$a^{1/2}$ is either an integer or an irrational number.
Will every $n^{th}$ root of $2$ be an irrational number? If yes, how can I prove that?
Will every $n^{th}$ root of $2$ be an irrational number? If yes, how can I prove that?
marked as duplicate by Arturo Magidin, Qiaochu Yuan, J. M., Aryabhata, Pete L. Clark Nov 26 '10 at 20:05
This question has been asked before and already has an answer. If those answers do not fully address your question, please ask a new question.
Yes. In fact, for every integer $k$ and every $n\gt 1$, the $n$th root of $k$ is either an integer or irrational.
One way to prove it is to use exactly the same idea as for proving the square root of $2$ is irrational: suppose $\sqrt[n]{k} =\frac{p}{q}$, with $p$ and $q$ integers, relatively prime. Then $q^nk = p^n$. Now think about the prime factorizations: every prime that divides $q$ must divide $p$, but $p$ and $q$ are relatively prime, so $q=1$. That means that you must have $k=p^n$ with $p$ an integer. That is, the only way for the $n$th root of $k$ to be a rational is if $k$ is an $n$th power of an integer.
Or you can use the Rational Root Test: an $n$th root of $k$ is a root of the polynomial $x^n - k$. But a rational root of a polynomial with integer coefficients that is written in lowest term $\frac{p}{q}$ must have denominator $q$ that divides the leading coefficient and numerator $q$ that divides the constant coefficient. So any rational root of $x^n-k$ must be an integer.
Getting this back to your question, since $2$ is not an $n$th power of an integer for any $n\gt 1$, $\sqrt[n]{2}$ is not a rational for any integer $n\gt 1$.
If $\rm\ \sqrt[n] c = a/b,\ \ gcd(a,b) = 1\ $ then $\rm\ c\ b^n = a^n\ \Rightarrow \ b\:|\: a^n\:.\: $ But $\rm\ gcd(a,b) = 1\ \Rightarrow\ gcd(a^n,b) = 1\ $ by Euclid's Lemma. Thus $\rm b = 1\ $ hence $\rm\:\ c \ =\ a^n\:.\ $ In particular $\rm\ c = 2\ \Rightarrow\ n = 1\:.$
There are many possible variations on such irrationality proofs, e.g. using the Rational Root Test or directly using Unique Factorization of integers, or using the principality of denominator ideals. Perhaps the most elegant is to employ Dedekind's notion of the conductor ideal - which yields a one-line proof that a $\rm PID$ is integrally closed, i.e. satisfies the monic case of the rational root test.


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As a lawsuit against the University of California system wends its way through the legal system -- with a hearing on a motion to dismiss the complaint to be heard in federal court in Los Angeles on December 12, 2005 -- the media is taking notice of it again. The suit charges the University of California system with violating the constitutional rights of applicants from Christian schools whose high school coursework is deemed inadequate preparation for college.
In the seemingly endless stream of articles on challenges to evolution education from across the country, recent stories from California Schools, New York's Newsday, the Chicago Tribune, and the Baltimore Sun especially deserve a read.
Lord May of Oxford, the president of the Royal Society of London, criticized "intelligent design" -- which he described as a "disguised variant" of creationism -- in the course of his fifth and final anniversary address to the Society on November 30, 2005. His address was webcast [Link broken] and also posted in PDF form on the Royal Society's website. In the published version of his address, he wrote (pp.
On November 5, 2005, the Biophysical Society adopted a new statement on the teaching of evolution and "intelligent design." "What distinguishes scientific theories from these theological beliefs ["intelligent design" and biblical creationism] is the scientific method, which is driven by observations and deductions, leads to testable predictions, and involves the formulation of hypotheses that can be refuted," the statement says.
A photograph of Charles Darwin in his old age adorns the cover of the November 28, 2005, issue of Newsweek, with the headline "The Real Darwin: His Private Views on Science & God." Within the magazine, in his article "Charles Darwin: Evolution of a Scientist," Jerry Adler takes the opening of the American Museum of Natural History's new exhibit on Darwin (on display from November 19, 2005, through May 2
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Don't shy away from seat belts in your car now that you are pregnant. The belt won't constrict the fetus or hurt it upon impact. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, "Studies have shown that in nearly 100 percent of car crashes, the fetus recovers quickly from any pressure the seat belt exerts and suffers no lasting injuries." Put the safety belt under your abdomen and position the shoulder harness between your breasts.
Editor's note: Avoid travel to areas affected by Zika virus during pregnancy, and always talk with your doctor about international travel plans well in advance.
Because life does go on during pregnancy you might soon find yourself making plans for a vacation or business trip and worrying about its effect on your fetus. In most healthy pregnancies, traveling isn't a problem during this time; in fact, if this is your first child this is a great time to get away and savor the time alone with your partner. But there are a few precautions and considerations you should think about before you take off.
Always check your travel plans with your doctor early in the planning stage. If there is any medical reason your trip should be canceled, postponed, or shortened, you'll want to know before you buy tickets or schedule time off from work. Your doctor might also have some tips or advice unique to your pregnancy that will make your trip more comfortable and safe.
Consider the timing of your trip. The best travel time for pregnant women is usually in the second trimester. This is the time you have the most energy and are relatively free from the fatigue and morning sickness of the first trimester and the discomforts of the last trimester (such as backaches, hemorrhoids, and heartburn). Fears of miscarriage and premature birth are also less common during this middle period.
If you are traveling for an extended period in the last three months of your pregnancy, take extra precautions to keep yourself and your baby safe and healthy:
If you're traveling by plane, think ahead for your own comfort and safety. Although plane travel is generally safe during pregnancy, there are certain precautions you should think about. In fact, some airlines have restrictions on pregnant travelers. To avoid a delivery at 33,000 feet or an emergency landing, some will not carry women past their 36th week. This is important to keep in mind for the return trip. You might get out of your hometown at Week 30, but if you're planning to return very close to your due date, you might have trouble getting permission to board for the return trip.
As for the plane ride itself, pamper yourself:
When you travel, be sure to pack your prenatal vitamins and quick-energy snacks.
Because x-rays are dangerous to a developing fetus, many pregnant women are worried about passing through the airport x-ray machines used for security. Although x-rays are used to examine carry-on luggage that gets sent down the transport belt, the metal detector you walk through is harmless!
The real danger from radiation comes from flying itself. Flying in an airplane exposes you to high-energy cosmic radiation given off by the stars and sun. The amount of radiation depends on your location and altitude. The nearer the North or South Pole you fly and the higher you fly, the greater the level of radiation. Frequent flyers, flight attendants, and pregnant women have been warned that long, high-altitude flights over polar regions can expose them to more radiation than the federal government currently recommends. If you're taking a short domestic flight to visit your mother, don't worry at all. But if you're doing extensive, long-range flying, you should talk to your doctor about the levels of radiation you might be exposed to.
Traveling to a foreign country is always exciting and packed with adventure. But traveling abroad can also expose you to diseases that your immune system (which is weakened during pregnancy) might have a hard time fighting off. Proper immunizations will protect you from most problems; ideally you should get these vaccines several months before you become pregnant. But if you must be immunized now, talk to your doctor about which ones are safe during pregnancy.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests the following:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also tells us that there is no convincing evidence for risk to the unborn baby from inactivated viral or bacterial vaccines. These vaccines include: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, rabies, injected typhoid, meningococcal, pneumococcal, Tetanus-diphtheria toxoid, injected polio, and Japanese encephalitis.
Another problem that can ruin a trip to a foreign country is travelers' diarrhea. There are organisms in the food and water of some countries that don't bother the natives because they are used to them, but they can make you very sick. To reduce the risk of illness when visiting less-developed foreign countries, drink only bottled water, do not use ice cubes in your drinks, and avoid fresh, uncooked produce.
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pregnancy and Childbirth © 2004 by Michele Isaac Gliksman, M.D. and Theresa Foy DiGeronimo. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit Amazon's website or call 1-800-253-6476.
© 2000-2016 Sandbox Networks, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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I'd like to make some biscuits (cookies), but I have no eggs, and I don't want to leave the apartment.
Can I use something else?
I'd like to make some biscuits (cookies), but I have no eggs, and I don't want to leave the apartment.
Can I use something else?
I've cooked a number of batches of cookies based on small variations of this recipe, which is very simple and requires no eggs. I generally use a little more oil and water than the recipe recommends, but perhaps that's just my preference.
There's a replacement, but it's not an ingredient most people have sitting around -- flax seed.
I use it when I'm cooking for a few of my friends who are vegans. Grind up some flax seed in a coffee grinder. For each egg, take 1 TB of flax seed meal, and 3 TB of water. Stir it up and let it sit for a while -- it'll get kinda slimy. Use that in place of the eggs.
Obviously, this won't work for anything where the whites and yolks are used separately, but I've used it for years for Christmas cookies -- the only problem is that the dough doesn't hold together quite as well when you're dealing with refrigerator cookies.
update: it's also a good idea to make friends with your neighbors. I've known the folks living in one of the houses behind me since high school ... we've been known to call each other up when we're short on sugar / flower / eggs / milk / vanilla, etc.
The first thing I thought of when I saw this question the Tool song "Die Eier Von Satan". Its lyrics are a recipe for cookies that have no eggs in German.
After reading the recipe in English, it had occurred to me that it is probably not far off a recipe for shortbread. I realize that you had asked for substitutes for eggs, but maybe a better alternative is to make a different kind of cookie. Shortbread cookies are awesome and tasty and the recipe is simple. ...and no eggs!
From allrecipes.com
I just make no-bake cookies when I want a quick dessert with no eggs. There are a number of recipe variations available with or without peanut butter, marshmallows, oatmeal or coconut, cocoa or chocolate chips. I usually have the ingredients in the pantry for some version, and the nice thing is that I don't have to turn the oven on and heat up the kitchen - however these cookies do not travel well here in the American southwest as it is hot enough outside (currently 111 degrees F) to remelt them and you just end up with a bag of melted cookie goo.
This is a pretty good page of vegan egg substitutions.
You can substitute canned pumpkin for eggs.
I have a very simple recipe for egg less almond cookies...
Make sure that the butter is completely soft and at room temperature, otherwise you will get crumbly dough when you mix and end up adding more milk than necessary, which will make the baked cookies more crackly and hard.


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Microsoft Xbox LIVE 12 Month Gold Membership (Digital Code) for $34.99 + free shipping
It says out of stock but it still lets you add it to the cart. If that does't work here is the address for the physical card, same price.
11 Comments add a comment
Out of stock. :(
Physical cards are still aviable with free two day shipping with shop runner
They are Back in Stock!!!!!!!! :-p ;-D
Ordered. Thanks for posting! Newegg says to allow 1 - 2 business days to process the order.
Or get it for $31.49 by:
Going to http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16874103258
using V.me by Visa and apply code VMEPROMOMAR13
Just got one.
Anyone know if Xbox Live codes will work with the Xbox 720 Xbox live? Next gen consoles will be available this year...
I just got two. It's a great price.
@mgbillow: When the 360 came out, you could migrate over your membership from the original xbox. Microsoft hasn't said for sure that you'll be able to migrate over to the new system when it comes out, but I wouldn't think that they're going to make you drop your old account and pick up a new one.
@mgbillow: I would say yes....I found one around the house from the early days of the original xbox and it worked just fine......the service stays consistent...only the hardware changes
the price is coming up $49.99????


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Essential Rules of Parenting: Raising Teenagers Successfully
5 of 6
No, not your own sex life. I hope that's already healthy. I mean sex in general and, in particular, your teenager's sex life. They may not have one yet (are you sure?), but they will sooner or later. And you want to make sure that when they do, it's happy and safe and fulfilling, not furtive.
What is the single factor most likely to give your teenager a good experience? And, indeed, the confidence to delay that first experience until they're ready? That's right: Being comfortable with the subject. The more your child knows about sex and finds it easy to talk about, the more able they will be to say no, or to insist on a condom, or to respect their partner's feelings.
You can pretty much take it as read that the more you talk about sex (and drugs, alcohol, smoking, and all the rest) at home, the more confident your teenager will be in making mature decisions for themselves when the time comes. Even broad-minded parents who report strong relationships with their teenagers generally say that this is the trickiest subject to discuss comfortably, probably not least because teenagers also report that they find it difficult. But the onus is on you to show that it's a perfectly acceptable, normal thing to talk about.
School will teach your child the mechanics of sex, of course, and very probably also the basics of HIV and STDs and how to put on a condom. But your kids will giggle their way through this with their friends, and it won't tell them anything about the fact that sex is a normal part of adult life, and that it has a complex relationship with the emotions. You'll have to tell them that -- don't count on school to do it.
Next: More popular galleries
More on: Teen Behavior and Discipline
From The Rules of Parenting Copyright © 2008, FT Press. Used by permission of FT Press, and Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
To order this book go to Amazon.


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Planning Appeals
A planning applicant has a right of appeal to the Planning Inspectorate if -
- No decision has been reached on the planning application within the statutory period
- The planning application is refused
- The applicant does not agree with one or more of the conditions on a planning approval
There is no third party right of appeal, ie someone who objects to a planning application does not have a right to appeal if the application is approved.
Appeals can be time consuming and expensive. Before you choose to appeal, it is worth speaking to the planning officer who dealt with your application to see if there is a compromise and submit an amended application.
More recent information on planning appeals and planning decisions is held on Planning Online.
- There are 3 ways in which an appeal can be dealt with
·Written Representations - this is the quickest method. The appellant and the Council prepare written statements for the Planning Inspectorate to consider. A Planning Inspector will visit the site and then issue a decision.
·Informal Hearing - This is a discussion of the planning issues involved between the Council and the appellant which is led by the Planning Inspector.
·Public Inquiry - each side presents its case verbally before an Inspector and the witnesses for each side can be cross-examined by the opposing parties. This is usually a more lengthy and expensive procedure as it normally involves professional representation and complex arguments.
- How do I make an appeal?
Appeal forms are available from the Planning Inspectorate. Further advice is also available on the Planning Portal website.
- How long have I got to appeal?
Appeals in relation to householder applications must be submitted within 12 weeks of the date shown on our decision notice and for advertisement applications the period is 8 weeks.
The time period for all other types of application appeals is 6 months, except for lawful development certificate applications for which there is no time limit.
- Who is the Planning Inspectorate?
The Planning Inspectorate works for the central government department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) and are independent inspectors of planning decisions.
- What if I am unhappy with the way my planning application has been processed?
You can complain about our service by submitting your comments via 'Your Views'.
- Can't find what you're looking for?
If you haven't been able to find the information that you need then the link below will take you to a form that you can use to ask us further questions.Service Specific Enquiry


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7 Celebrities Who Invented Amazing Things on the Side
Most of us are lucky if we can make it through life with even one outstanding talent. But some just aren't content with that. Sometimes, celebrities lead second lives as inventors, either because being rich and famous is just too boring, or because inventing stuff doesn't get you laid.
#7. Neil Young Improved the Model Train
Regarded as one of the greatest singers and songwriters of all time (or a high-pitched grandpa who looks like a homeless man, depending on your tastes), Neil Young is up there with Led Zeppelin in terms of influence and prominence in your parents' record collection. But just like all hard rockers, Young needs to take some time now and then to chill out. Unlike most rockers, though, Young's private passions have taken the form of a second, more adorable career.
He nurtures tiny baby birds under that hat.
The Invention:
Young is a model train fanatic, and when he wasn't giving your mother un-Christian thoughts, he was also part owner of Lionel, LLC, a model train development company that sold all of his innovations.
What may be his most prominent invention came about while he was trying to come up with a way for his son Ben to enjoy trains as much as he does. Ben has cerebral palsy, and lacks the motor skills necessary to work the intricate controls on many train sets.
We kinda thought the point of trains was to cackle maniacally and stamp on your minions.
But no son of Neil Young was going to be unable to enjoy model trains. Not on his watch. So Young strapped on his train engineer's hat and invented a whole new remote control system called the Trainmaster Command Control, a programmable system that would reduce complex train maneuvers to something Ben could control with the tap of a button.
Great dad, or best dad?
And, sure, if you're Neil Young's son and you want to follow in your dad's footsteps, you'd probably rather he invent something that makes playing awesome guitar much easier and more accessible instead of improving your ability to screw around with trains, but it's the thought that counts.
#6. Zeppo Marx Invented a Heart Attack Alarm
For those of you growing up in the iPod generation, the only Marx Brother you're likely to recognize is Groucho, and only because his likeness makes possible the world's laziest Halloween costume.
Team with a bed sheet for a more up-to-date look.
But there were four Marx Brothers in the original comedy act, and the youngest, Zeppo, worked as the straight man. Because of this, he never really developed his own comedy persona apart from being "the normal-looking one," and he never became as iconic as his brothers, because you can't really make money selling a normal-looking guy's face as a Halloween mask.
The Invention:
Zeppo didn't find his career in comedy particularly rewarding, at least not compared with his primary love -- engineering. Zeppo was the mechanic of the family, and it was largely his tinkering efforts that kept the family car running. After quitting the Marx Brothers, he formed a company that designed a lot of doodads that wound up making him more money than showbiz ever could.
It looks like a particularly attractive extra has just wandered in from stage left.
One of his most notable products was a device he catchily termed the cardiac pulse rate monitor. Kind of like one of James Bond's high-tech gadgets, if James Bond had a severe cholesterol problem. It had two clock faces, one of which told the actual time, while the other one took note of your heart rate. If your pulse started doing a slapstick routine in your chest, the watch would pick it up and an alarm would sound.
"If no defibrillator is handy, a liberal application of custard pie to the face will serve."
It didn't quite revolutionize the medical industry, but it was perfect for anyone who realized they had a serious medical condition but were content to put their lives in the hands of someone who used to slip on banana peels for a living.
#5. The Creator of Wonder Woman Invented the Lie Detector
Rightfully tired of the sausagefest that was the world of comic books, in 1941, William Marston (with some help from his wife Elizabeth) created Wonder Woman, the Amazonian warrior with an affinity for S&M and a magical weapon called the Lasso of Truth, which forced anyone ensnared by it to tell the truth. In reality, Marston spent his life trying to build a Lasso of Truth of his very own, which led to ...
The Invention:
The lie detector. More specifically, the version of the test that measures blood pressure. The connection between blood pressure and lying had already been explored in some detail in the late 19th century, but Marston was the first person to actually try building a way to measure it. Though, at this stage, the lie detector was not in lasso form.
"Sure, Marston, DC will treat her with the same respect as Superman. Say, why is that thing beeping?"
Marston first built his device in 1915 when he was a graduate student of psychology at Harvard, with the intent of using it to extract confessions from German POWs. However, despite successful results from tests aimed to find out its effectiveness in interrogation, it was never ever used for such purpose. Actually, that was probably for the best -- by the time he'd finished writing up his results to help persuade the government, it was the end of 1917, thus making any information gained useful only to time travelers.
"Where were your troops positioned last October 25?"
But Marston may have had some ulterior motives in designing his lie detector. In the process of refining it, he needed somebody to strap down and hogtie into the thing, a job which frequently went to his wife. Now, we're not saying that the modern lie detector owes its existence to the bizarrely specific sexual fetishes of one man, but considering everything we know about Wonder Woman's early career ... actually, yes, that is exactly what we are saying.
"You're lying. Crack out the spanking stick."
#4. Robert Heinlein Invented the Waterbed
Robert Heinlein is often nicknamed "The Dean of Science Fiction," up there with Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke in terms of influence. If you're going to imagine science fiction writers inventing anything, it's probably going to have a lot of lasers attached to it and not be practical for another 200 years. For that reason, you probably never noticed that Heinlein is responsible for something a little more mundane.
The Invention:
The waterbed. For background, Heinlein served in the U.S. Navy until 1934, when he caught pulmonary tuberculosis, which, like any illness with that number of syllables, is something you really don't want to have. So Heinlein found himself lying in a hospital bed for a long period of time with nothing to do but think about how uncomfortable his bed was.
"I need something to stop people sticking needles into me."
So, he started doing exactly what science fiction nerds do while the rest of us are imagining attractive people naked -- he drew up absurdly detailed schematics in his mind for a thing that he wished existed. As Heinlein wrote in 1980:
"I designed the waterbed during years as a bed patient in the middle '30s; a pump to control water level, side supports to permit one to float rather than simply lying on a not very soft water-filled mattress. Thermostatic control of temperature, safety interfaces to avoid all possibility of electric shock, waterproof box to make a leak no more important than a leaky hot water bottle rather than a domestic disaster, calculation of floor loads (important!), internal rubber mattress and lighting, reading, and eating arrangements -- an attempt to design the perfect hospital bed by one who had spent too damn much time in hospital beds."
"And lasers to give my eyes the right kind of sexual magnetism."
From then on, waterbeds started appearing in all of Heinlein's stories. They turn up in the novels Beyond This Horizon, Double Star and Stranger in a Strange Land. In fact, his descriptions of them were so detailed and accurate that, when someone actually tried to patent the idea in 1968, he was rejected, since technically, Heinlein owned the rights to the idea.
Either Heinlein's was a mind that simply would not and could not quit, or "inventing waterbeds" is just a crazy specific side effect of pulmonary tuberculosis. Either way, waterbeds rule.
It's the closest we'll ever get to zero-gravity sex.


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write a C program , to find whether a number is ODD or EVEN without using Control structures , looping, arrays, functions , operators(namely relational, arithmetic , logical )??????????
C programming
OK, we can't use relational, arithmetic, logical operators, but we can use bit-wise and operator.
Code: CPP
if(A&1) {printf("%d is odd\n", A);}
else {printf("%d is even\n", A);}
but control structures(if... else) also should not be used...... but ur logic is right....
try that!!!!!
try that!!!!!
We can always replace the if...else with the conditional operator <condition> ? <true case> : <false case> .
That way, the code becomes :
That way, the code becomes :
Code: CPP
(A&1) ? printf("%d is odd\n", A) : printf("%d is even\n", A);
hmmmm then i ll put my question , in this way... there is a way to print without this conditional operator also.... try
thank u
thank u
Then I would do it this way
Code: CPP
char Result[2][5] = {"EVEN", "ODD"};
printf("%d is %s\n", A, Result[A&1]);
hmmmm ..in my question i already said without using arrays toooo u should do it!!!!!!!
printf("1 for odd, 0 for even -> %d \n",A&1);
hmmmmmm this is the right answer.....


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My camber weight 29lbs. Over the holidays she ate a little too much and gained a dropper a post. Gonna take her to the gym and go tubeless and get new wheels. Hopefully she can be back down to a healthy weight of 26 lbs soon.
Results 76 to 100 of 110


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Is there any way to set the default web browser from within Mac OS?
I currently run Firefox 4 Beta, and haven't been able to find anywhere within the browser to set it as the default - possibly because it is a Beta. However, this makes Chrome start up as soon as I click a link from somewhere other than within FF, which is a tad annoying.


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Sleep debt is the concept that if you skip half an hour of sleep now, you'll need to catch it up later. I would expect though, that if you skip some sleep, but then start having a normal amount sleep, that gradually your sleep debt would decrease (decay) by itself. Has there been any research on how sleep debt decays?
Very little research exists and over a long period of time it may not even be possible..., the model I work under is this:
If you sleep less than your body would like to, then you pay for it, either you pay for it in terms of more sleep the next day, or you pay for it in terms of lost alertness, creativity, or mood.
If we were cattle, and all we had to do was eat and stand, then sleep deprivation wouldn't make that much difference to everyday life - similarly if the thing we have to do in a day is travel, then being sleep deprived might not make a difference when all you are doing is sitting on a plane seat for 15 hours.
But if you work in a creative, intellectual, or life-or-death trade, then being 10% off your best can have serious long term implications (junior doctors working on little sleep are the classic case). I suspect that the trade off isn't this simple but consider it as a question - you can wake up an hour early every day of your life, but you'll be only 95% percent of the person you could be - would you take that choice?
According to the Sleep Docter, you cannot just catch up on sleep. You will eventually return to normal when catching up, but it will take a lot longer than you would generally expect according to a few studies in this aricle.
Personal experience suggests the decay is quite slow.
Ie debt maintains at or near 100% for beyond 7 days.
Again - if personal experience is any measure then I sense it also depends on age of the person also and possibly fitness level.
I could skip a nights sleep without much effect when I was in my 20s but I'm a bit older now and I notice my ability to concentrate is affected substantially by sleep debt until 'caught up'
In 2004 there was a reality show/ TV game series in the UK called 'Shattered' - where the object of the game was to stay awake long as possible.
I did very much wonder how long they slept for - after the game was over.
The winner endured 178 hours of sleep deprivation.
There were doctors and psychiatrists attached to the show - it would be great to hear their 'after' stories.
Incidentally the winner was female and I started wondering if there is a difference between genders regarding need to recover sleep debt.
It does not seem implausible to me that women are able to recover sleep debt faster -if evolution has played a part - when you consider the sleepless nights involved in child rearing.
It would also be interesting know of the effects of modafinil - a drug that allows users to stay alert for around 40 hours without sleep I believe. It is reported that users can continue off the drug without making up the debt.
Likewise the question of the effects of Caffeine on sleep debt is an interesting query.
Seems like I've answered your question with more questions ! Sorry but just trying to lay out the different areas you'd need to look at to fully answer this.
There is however some interesting research reported here
And with apologies for stating the obvious - the Wikipedia Page is also very useful


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Hello all. My name is ExPl0iT3. Pretty New with programing. I know basic things. Still need to learn more. Hope i could learn a little more from this site. Thanks All for posting all this infomation on the web!
Hey People..
Hello and welcome to the forums and I am sure you will have lots of things to learn and share here.


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Hispanic name for new Waterbury school?
Growing population justifies it, Board of Ed official says
|WATERBURY - Posters like this one on the door of Wendell Cross Elementary School have been posted around the district to advertise course offerings at the city's new technical high school. So far, it has been referred to as the Waterbury Career Academy, but officials will soon begin accepting suggestions for names.
A couple of civic leaders are eying the new technical high school being built for $68.2 million off Birch Street. It's due to open in August, and a recent topping-off ceremony has set the clock ticking on a schedule for picking a name.
Board of Education Vice President Karen Harvey, an African American, was one of the strongest proponents for naming a school that opened this year for the Rev. Jonathan E. Reed. This broke the city's history of never having named a school for a minority figure.
Reed had been a popular local pastor, community leader and noted academic.
As in the 2010 push for Reed, Harvey and others argue that the district's largely minority student body needs more minority role models. Harvey believes it's time for a Hispanic name, given the size of that population. This time, Harvey said, she would let the school board's two Hispanic members take the lead. She promised support.
The percentage of Hispanics in Waterbury schools is climbing rapidly, according to state and local data. State data show Hispanics jumping from 38.4 percent in 2001 to 44 percent in 2009.
This year, Hispanics make up 48.3 percent of the district's 18,387 students, according to a Republican-American analysis of data provided by the local Department of Education.
The percentage of African-American students has fluctuated during that time, and now stands at 24.7 percent. White students have declined, and make up 21.8 percent of the current student body.
Board of Education member Jose Morales said naming a school for a Hispanic has been an ambition during his two years on the board. He's vetting potential candidates. According to district policy, they must be deceased at least three years.
"We have to have someone to represent us who is a role model," Morales said.
Mayor Neil M. O'Leary said he supports naming a public building for a Hispanic, but not this school.
O'Leary said he's concerned that naming the school for any individual will distract from its mission to train students from across the community in technical skills. He said he would put in a request to the board to keep the name that has been applied to the building thus far — Waterbury Career Academy.
"I don't want to narrow the scope of the meaning of this school by naming it after an individual," O'Leary said.
O'Leary and Morales have recently been at odds politically. O'Leary helped unseat former state Rep. David Aldarondo — a Morales ally — in the city's 75th District. That seat will shortly be claimed by Victor Cuevas, an ally of board member Felix Rodriguez.
Rodriguez said he believes the city should name a school for a Hispanic, but isn't sold on the idea that it needs to be this one. He said he would leave it to the community to let their preferences be known. And if someone does suggest a Hispanic name for the high school?
"It would be something I definitely would consider," Rodriguez said.
Anyone can suggest a name.
According to a tentative schedule worked up by the board, suggestions will be accepted between Dec. 17 and Feb. 15. A public forum to discuss suggestions will be held around mid-March, with a school board subcommittee making a recommendation in April. A week later, the full Board of Education would vote, according to the draft schedule.
Suggestions should be sent to Carrie Swain, clerk to the Board of Education. Application forms are available in her office at the Chase Municipal Building or at the Department of Education website (www.waterbury.k12.ct.us).
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rayinnc wrote on Nov 25, 2012 4:24 AM:
Roanka wrote on Nov 25, 2012 8:14 AM:
someone wrote on Nov 25, 2012 9:01 AM:
so let me get this straight now because there are alot of hispanics that means we should name a school for after a hispanic person?
so if there were no hispanics we wouldnt dare do it? i mean seriously this seems a bit racist toward hispanics in its nature. hey theres alot of you now so we think we should name a school after you.
if there were only 25 percent hispanics we wouldnt do it.
the numbers also show something interesting that appears to be worse than i had thought. the great white flight is upon you waterbury... i had always seen numbers of whites in the high 30s to see student numbers in the low 20s tells you only one thing. white folks dont want to raise their kids in waterbury, and i dont blame them. "
wtbywtchdog wrote on Nov 25, 2012 10:16 AM:
The mayor keeps saying do less with more. I say prove it. "
Reality wrote on Nov 25, 2012 10:26 AM:
Mag wrote on Nov 25, 2012 12:32 PM:
Water Berry wrote on Nov 25, 2012 4:32 PM:
roy wrote on Nov 26, 2012 7:51 AM:
Resident wrote on Nov 26, 2012 8:18 AM:
Enough wrote on Nov 26, 2012 8:48 AM:
ram wrote on Nov 26, 2012 9:03 AM:
Puerto ricans are a mix of African spain and the taino indias native of puerto rico
is so sad to see so much hate
The lord know I will give my life to stop it if I can my grandparents had to live tru it now me
and I hope my kids don't
But I'm just a dreamer!!! "
ram wrote on Nov 26, 2012 10:04 AM:
Is funny every time I try to Awser to your hate full comments
They never show up here
And they al are in a respectful manor
The will never be justice in this stolen land claim by the White man
Went the white man is a immigrant him self "
ram wrote on Nov 26, 2012 11:09 AM:
But is a good star to make it better
The drugs dealers are facing possession on a school zone now
May be there on the run already
More traffic and more police present
may be the forgotten neighborhood will get better "
al.cap wrote on Nov 26, 2012 12:34 PM:
ram wrote on Nov 26, 2012 12:38 PM:
A town in Puerto rico
The biggest radar telescope in the word
Made and own by the. Usa
Thas the reason we are united state citizens "
0uts1d3r wrote on Nov 26, 2012 4:10 PM:
carmen wrote on Nov 26, 2012 4:42 PM:
The Father of Puerto Rico
Luis Muñoz Marín
Poet, grassroots politician, governor of Puerto Rico, and inspired orator of the Popular Democratic Party.
Don Luis Muñoz Marín was the first elected governor of Puerto Rico and its chief political leader for over 25 years. Previous governors had been appointed by the President of the United States. In 1952, under his leadership, Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth of the United States.
Muñoz Marín's policies and programs transformed Puerto Rico's economy, politics, and society. His main goal was the economic development of the island. He accomplished this by building up the educational system tremendously, at all levels, and by using tax breaks to induce U.S. companies to locate manufacturing plants in Puerto Rico. His Operation Bootstrap was a comprehensive development program that brought land reform, roads, and schools to neglected areas of Puerto Rico. As a result of Operation Bootstrap, nine companies established plants on the island in 1947; 16 came the next year; 83 five years later. Within a decade the island's gross domestic product of 1947 had doubled. Puerto Rico's economy had begun to bloom.
Muñoz Marín was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on February 18th, 1898.. He was the son of Luis Muñoz Rivera, who was instrumental in obtaining a measure of home rule from Spain in 1897 and U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans in 1917. Luis Muñoz Marín was educated at Georgetown University in Washington DC where he studied law. Muñoz Marín served as governor of Puerto Rico from 1949 to 1965. He died in San Juan in 1980.
After completing his education Muñoz Marín went on to work in New York City as a freelance writer and translator for ten years. In 1926 he returned to Puerto Rico, serving as editor and publisher of the newspaper La Democracia, founded by his father. Luis Muñoz Marín joined the new Liberal Party which supported independence for Puerto Rico. In 1932, he was elected to the Puerto Rico Legislature as a senator. After leaving the Liberal party in 1937, he founded the Popular Democratic Party, which was dedicated to improving the lives of the campesinos (peasants) and to building a closer relationship with the United States.
In 1940 his party won control of the legislature and he became President of the senate. In 1948, Muñoz Marín became the first governor to be elected by the people of Puerto Rico, rather than appointed from Washington. Re-elected in 1952, he became the first governor of the newly created Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. He was again reelected in 1956 and 1960. In 1968 Muñoz Marín was elected to a 4-year term in the Puerto Rican senate.
Because he brought prosperity to the island Luis Muñoz Marín is known as the "Father of Puerto Rico." Today he is honored not only in Puerto Rico but also in New York with airports, schools, and streets that carry his name. The United States Postal "
rukiddingme wrote on Nov 26, 2012 5:17 PM:
Ctant wrote on Nov 26, 2012 6:33 PM:
flogo wrote on Nov 26, 2012 10:00 PM:
wtbywtchdog wrote on Nov 26, 2012 11:09 PM:
0uts1d3r wrote on Nov 27, 2012 12:05 AM:
Mark wrote on Nov 27, 2012 1:04 AM:
JC wrote on Nov 27, 2012 9:58 AM:
I never had much growing up. But my parents taught me self-respect and dignity. So I went to school, got extra education and now own a nice house with a beautiful family and have a very well paid job. It all starts in the house I guess.
This it's happening on all races. But being a minority, we stand out like a sore thumb; hence we tend to get blame for most of the problems we're facing in these harsh economic times. But one thing is for sure: not ALL of us are free loaders. There are many, like me that work very hard, have pride and want to contribute to make Waterbury a better place to live.
With that said, I don't feel any school should be named after any Hispanic person…at least for now. "
Middle Class taxpayer wrote on Nov 27, 2012 10:20 AM:
Obamaphone wrote on Nov 27, 2012 11:19 AM:
Conservative- off subject but your comment about the "Obamaphone". That President Bush started it but President Obama expanded on it is way off. Like Isaid it was part of the telecommunications act of 1996. President Clinton signed it. The actually lifeline ,safelink services are not paid for by government taxes, the free cellphone service is paid for by the phone providers through the universal fund on your phone bill. Notice the commercials state its government APPROVED not government FUNDED. The government monitors what they do with the money they collect on this phone tax. Fact check that . Can't wait for your reply. "
formertaxpayerresident wrote on Nov 27, 2012 11:31 AM:
I agree with you. I was in your place 20 yrs ago. I would be enraged if I still lived there and had to absorb those taxes. Just move and rent. I did, for other circumstances, and it was the best decision I could have made. I was in a panic for awhile, not being a homeowner, and with school aged children.
It all worked out.
PS The new school should be named "Whatever"!!! "
ram wrote on Nov 27, 2012 11:39 AM:
You probably right they might be misspelled
but how can you show so much hate towards Hispanics Puerto Rican blacks and have no problem getting your garbage posted here
Go back and read your comments what you said about my people
I live on Maple Hill Road in Naugatuck surrounded by raisis people just like you
For the past 10 years I'll learn to ignore them so whatever you say dosent bother me a bit so save your garbage
shame on you for always talking bad about minority
And blaming all your problems on us shame on you "
ram wrote on Nov 27, 2012 12:29 PM:
they seem to have a problem with my grammar but they don't have a problem with all the negative comments you post here on a daily basis I wonder why "
blue star wrote on Nov 27, 2012 1:01 PM:
Sandy Socks wrote on Nov 27, 2012 1:40 PM:
All the right wing racist knuckhead bloggers at this site are having a wonderful old time for themselves with their insults. Its being noticed. Oh yeah. To even suggest to these insulters that we are all one country is heresy.
Two years/four years from now when their Republican candidates gets less than 20% of the Latino vote they be crying and whining and lamenting its the end of the USA. Just like they're doing now. "
ram wrote on Nov 27, 2012 4:15 PM:
Blame puertoricas for your hate
Like i say before is a shame tha most people tha go to catolic school are so stuck up you have to pull them from the ceiling
Il pray for you !!
Hope one day you get up and see tha my puertorican people are not wrose or better than any race "
KITTY wrote on Nov 27, 2012 4:42 PM:
blue star wrote on Nov 27, 2012 5:28 PM:
middle class taxpayer wrote on Nov 27, 2012 7:11 PM:
middle class taxpayer wrote on Nov 27, 2012 7:14 PM:
We plan on moving in the spring. Living this city behind will be the best feeling! "
al.cap wrote on Nov 27, 2012 7:20 PM:
i also think sandy's suggestion is worthy of consideration. "
doesnt make a difference wrote on Nov 27, 2012 7:42 PM:
conservative1 wrote on Nov 27, 2012 8:05 PM:
Sandy that was a very sad day in Waterbury. I was on one of the ambulances. The accident happened becausde the firetrucks were all old and not being maintained properly. After the accident, DMV inspected the FD fleet and took a bunch of them off the road. The city had to buy a bunch of new firetrucks in one day. This is going to happen again. We are running the FD on bubblegum and spit. Borrowing firetrucks from New Haven and other towns. I pray we don't have to kill another of our brave firemen.
Why does the school have to be named after anyone? This is just an attempt to BUY votes. "
ram wrote on Nov 27, 2012 9:03 PM:
I happen to know the entire Hughes Family
My best friend m Hughes lost his brother tha day
Al.cap i say nice not perfect "
ram wrote on Nov 27, 2012 9:13 PM:
Is she right, is that the only reason they deleted her comments?
Not because she said puertocicans have no pride and are freeloaders. From what I know there are more hispanic corner store owners than anyone and dont forget the pride of the puertorican day parade going through your front yard'.. "
NWO wrote on Nov 27, 2012 9:20 PM:
There are more TAKERS than MAKERS! "
Obamaphone wrote on Nov 27, 2012 9:23 PM:
Conservative---- no reply.... Will you now remove obamaphone from your vocabulary? I wouldn't want you to sound ignorant. "
formertaxpayerresident wrote on Nov 28, 2012 5:09 AM:
See you do have a plan B. Trust me any of the surrounding towns will offer you quality of life and you obviously prioritize by putting your children first. Why should you have to incur the cost of an additional course ...when some people get the department head job at Kennedy ( familiar name , hopefully ?!?) without the proper certification. A sixth yr. is expensive. You get extra pay for that. The fact that no one checked is just outrageous and ludicrous.
I , too, placed my children in parochial kindergarten, but after doing the math, realized moving and renting would be cheaper than mortgage taxes and their future schooling.
PS I was born there, educated there and taught for one year there. I have a little insight on the city and how it operates or doesn't. Past performance is an excellent predictor of present and future performance . "
al.cap wrote on Nov 28, 2012 5:10 AM:
Linda wrote on Nov 28, 2012 7:34 AM:
ram wrote on Nov 28, 2012 9:09 AM:
The rest are OK
Went I say I'm surround it by
Is the town not my neighbors
They know I'll do anything for anybody
And have learn to respect me over the years cus I show them respect. From day one
they know I'm a community volunteer
And work whit kids "
blue star wrote on Nov 28, 2012 9:11 AM:
I always thought the brakes gave out, or there was some other mechanical malfunction. I was in that firehouse prior to the accident, and remember thinking that engine was in terrible condition. I had never seen anything like it. Most of the apparatus on the road today is in disgraceful condition. No excuse for this.. None. "
conservative1 wrote on Nov 28, 2012 10:44 AM:
NWO I am also white. And a taker is a taker no matter their color. You can not argue the point that all the projects in this city are overwhelmingly minority filled, as are the prisons in this state. "
al.cap wrote on Nov 28, 2012 10:48 AM:
NWO wrote on Nov 28, 2012 8:08 PM:
I'm not disputing the percentage of minorities in both the projects and the prison system, all i'm saying there is plenty of white trash on the system and i'm not discriminating against any particular race, TRASH COMES IN ALL COLORS! "
Larry wrote on Nov 28, 2012 11:11 PM:
ram wrote on Nov 29, 2012 8:54 AM:
Consevative 1
shame on the newspaper shame on you !!
enough is enough I'm copying al your post and I'm going to send them all to Waterbury Republican and News Channel 8 I'm going to demand an explanation
I'm going to make sure this doesn't happen again "
blue star wrote on Nov 29, 2012 9:12 AM:
ram wrote on Nov 29, 2012 9:26 AM:
Why because my kids are americans
My business is here
I go visit pr 2 times a year
Now tell me why you don't go back to your country
Just jack "
ram wrote on Nov 29, 2012 9:35 AM:
Now the rep-am
Must stop posting al tha costipated racist comments enough is enough
you are a disgrace to your race
because half of my family is Italian and they don't act like you "
Clark wrote on Nov 29, 2012 11:42 AM:
conservative1 wrote on Nov 29, 2012 9:45 PM:
Ram. What is racist? Saying black? Or PR? Or telling the truth? I don't mean to come off as racist, I just tell the TRUTH.
I can't go back. I'm from here. Bishop St to be exact. I wouldn't wish living there on my enemy now. It's 3rd world conditions there now. The residents have ruined it. ( is that being racist)? You should be angrier than me that your people ruined the south end that they give Puerto Ricans a bad name. Just like I hate the Mafia types. "
ram wrote on Nov 30, 2012 9:37 PM:
are own by people out of state
They fixed it up so they could be section 8 approve
after that they don't care they don't even pay their taxes
that's why South Main looks like it looks look around see all the abandoned houses "
Mike wrote on Dec 1, 2012 9:13 AM:
ram wrote on Dec 1, 2012 12:28 PM:
ever since text and internet came out people starting coming out of there skirts they hide behind the Internetthe feel brave now to say whatever they want to say
don't you feel free now?
feels so good to say whatever you wanna say
and not worry about nothing "
al.cap wrote on Dec 1, 2012 12:40 PM:
my mother owns several sec 8 properties in wtby. every time a tenant leaves, the place is wrecked. she repairs it all, only to have the next one destroy it.
this goes straight to the heart of what all these arguments are about. the "takers" have no vested interest in anything, therefore, they care about little, if anything. the evidence is there in plain sight, for all to see. as long as our leaders continue on the present path, it can only get worse. "
ram wrote on Dec 1, 2012 12:44 PM:
To the top of the word !!
I living the American dream .
Big house
And making money doing what I love
teaching and coaching basketball
how cool is that !! "
ram wrote on Dec 1, 2012 2:04 PM:
To the top of the word !!
I living the American dream .
Big house
And making money doing what I love
teaching and coaching basketball
how cool is that !! "
blue star wrote on Dec 1, 2012 5:04 PM:
ram wrote on Dec 1, 2012 7:51 PM:
I don't need perfect grammar to coach and teach basketball
Just my knowledge of the game is good enough we are 10 and 0
Go /^&&#@@ we going to win it all again !! "
al.cap wrote on Dec 2, 2012 8:14 AM:
blue star wrote on Dec 2, 2012 10:01 AM:
Apologies to ram. Lo siento Amigo. "
ram wrote on Dec 2, 2012 5:16 PM:
Me gusta gue lo sientas
Grande es pa que goze "
blue star wrote on Dec 2, 2012 6:46 PM:
shame wrote on Dec 3, 2012 9:18 AM:
To them al Puerto ricans are no good no matter what
Raisis is a cancer tha attacks your brain goes to your hart and then your soul
A raisis person is of a devil mentality and so is this news paper "
ram wrote on Dec 3, 2012 9:43 AM:
There no kimo to cure this cancer is to strong and well advance and the rep-am give them a place to make it stronger
I give up is effecting me too I don't whant to catch a uncurable deciese and star to hate people just because there skin color "
shame wrote on Dec 3, 2012 9:46 AM:
Keep doing what you doing and stay strong don't let the opinion of ignorance people poison your blood "
blue star wrote on Dec 3, 2012 12:40 PM:
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