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Car Craft All Star Drag Racing Team - All-Star GloryWritten by on January 1, 1999 Contributors: Scott Killeen, Chuck Schifsky
The '98 Car Craft All-Star Drag Racing team is dedicated to four-time CC All-Star winner John Myers who recently lost his life in a motorcycle accident. Godspeed, John...we'll miss you buddy.
There's no sport like drag racing, and there are no drivers like drag racers. While many motorsports thrive on fans watching the racing, most don't allow fans to intermingle with the drivers and crews. That's part of what makes drag racing great-fans can go into the pits, rub elbows with their favorite drivers, get autographs, and ask questions. That alone is usually worth the price of admission. It's this same concept that we apply to the Car Craft All-Star Drag Racing Team-let the fans and industry insiders choose who they want to be on the All-Star team.
We've been doing the Car Craft All-Star Drag Racing Team gig since 1967. Each year we run a ballot that lets readers and racers choose their favorite drivers, crewchiefs, sponsors, equipment manufacturer, chassis manufacturer, and automobile manufacturer. The votes are tallied and then three finalists in each category are formally invited to a big, glitzy All-Star awards banquet where the winners are announced. In addition, the CC staff presents awards including Special Recognition, Person of the Year, and the prestigious Ollie Lifetime Achievement Award. The "Ollie" is the most coveted All-Star award as it recognizes a person who, over their career, has made an outstanding impact on the sport of drag racing.
The banquet is open to anybody that wants to attend-and who can shell out the 75 clams for the ticket and show up in some fancy duds (preferably a tuxedo). In 1998, the banquet returned to its roots during the U.S. Nationals in Indianapolis after a several-year departure to Dallas and then Los Angeles.
Putting on the All-Star banquet is a lot of work, and we couldn't do it without the support of great sponsors. Just like with a race car, sponsor support helps make dreams realities-so please consider which companies support drag racing the next time you make a purchase. There are also others to thank: the racers/builders for their outstanding efforts throughout the year; Jon Asher, Beth Stewart, Dave McClelland, and Chuck Schifsky for their weeks of hard work; and you, the fans who read Car Craft and have voted for your favorites. Now, without further oildowns, we proudly present your winners for the '98 Car Craft All-Star Drag Racing Team.
NMCA Racer All-Stars
If there's one notable about the All-Star Team it's that it has never been afraid to change with the times. As drag racing has changed over the years, so has the All-Star team. The biggest change this year is the inclusion of three driver categories from the fastest growing segment of the sport, "street legal" drag racing, as represented by the National Musclecar Association. You've read about these street-legal potent performers in the pages of Car Craft and Hot Rod magazines, and you made history by voting for your picks as the first-ever winners in this new category.
Top Fuel Driver
Cory McClenathan
Top Fuel Crewchief
Mike Green
Funny Car Driver
John Force
Funny Car Crewchief
Austin Coil/Bernie Fedderly
Pro Stock Driver
Warren Johnson
Pro Stock/Pro Mod Crewchief/Engine Builder
Rich Purdy/Jerry Bickel
Pro Mod Driver
Scotty Cannon
Pro Stock Motorcycle
Matt Hines
Alcohol Dragster Driver
Rick Santos
Alcohol Funny Car Driver
Frank Manzo
Competition Driver
Darren Davis
Super Stock Driver
Dan Fletcher
Stock Driver
Al Corda
Super Comp/Quick Driver
Scotty Richardson
Super Gas/Rod Driver
Mike Ferderer
NMCA Pro Street
Tony Christian
NMCA Super Street
Billy Glidden
NMCA Class Racer
Gary Rohe (EZ Street)
Sportsman Chassis Builder
Undercover Chassis (Kurt Damron)
Pro Stock/Pro Mod Chassis Builder
RJ Race Cars (Rick Jones)
Top Fuel/Funny Car Chassis Builder
Murf McKinney
Sportsman Sponsor
Federal Mogul
Pro Stock/Pro Mod Sponsor
GM Performance Parts
Top Fuel/Funny Car Sponsor
Equipment Manufacturer
MSD Ignition
Automobile Manufacturer
Special Recognition Awards
Steve Johnson (Pro Stock MotorcycleDriver)
Clark Head Gaskets (Richard Clark)
SSI Blowers (Gerry Korman)
John Slikkerveer (Goodyear Tires)
Persons of the Year
Matt Hines and Byron Hines (Vance & Hines Pro Stock Motorcycle)
Ollie Award
John Force
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
Warren Johnson continued to prove that he's definitely the "Professor of Pro Stock" as he scooped up All-Star honors as Pro Stock Driver. W.J. was also a finalist as Pro Stock Crewchief. W.J.'s sponsor, GM Performance Parts, was named to the '98 All-Star team as Pro Stock Sponsor. W.J.'s chassis builder, Rick Jones of RJ Race Cars, snagged All-Star glory as Pro Stock Chassis Builder.In NHRA Super Stock, Dan Fletcher has been the man to beat. His Valvoline/Summit-sponsored '69 Camaro helped Fletcher land in the winners' circle on a regular basis including three straight times during the '98 season alone. Could this be why he was voted Super Stock Driver All-Star? Duh.Rick Santos is one of those guys who doesn't talk, he performs. His diamond-encrusted '97 NHRA Federal Mogul Championship ring is proof, but he's not resting on his laurels-he's working hard for the '98 ring too. Consequently, he was the overwhelming choice for the Alcohol Dragster Driver All-Star.Earlier we stated that some companies, with their outstanding sponsorship support, make drag racing a reality for so many racers. No company offers more sponsorship help than Winston. Fans recognize this and, consequently, Winston was the clear choice for the '98 Top Fuel/Funny Car Sponsor All-Star.Once a rock starts rolling, it's hard to stop it. Such is the case with Alcohol Funny Car Driver All-Star Frank Manzo. As last year's Federal Mogul Funny Car champion, he's well on his way to another NHRA championship for '98.Although Stock Driver All-Star Al Corda won the '97 NHRA Winston Stock Eliminator championship with his super-sano, Mopar-sponsored, Hemi-powered '70 Dodge Challenger, he's struggling to repeat the feat for '98.Pro Stock Crewchief honors went to the dynamic duo of Rich Purdy and Jerry Bickel who have made Jim Yates' (also a finalist) Pro Stock Firebird such a powerful force.Ollie Lifetime Achievement Award
 It's not surprising that readers voted the always-jabbering John Force as the Funny Car Driver All-Star, making Force a winner for the eighth straight time. It's Force's popularity that also made him the Ollie recipient for '98. Could it be due to Force's winning ways, his dangerous driving, his awesome antics, his witty words, or just because of his publicity ploys? We don't know, but it sure has made Force a superstar standout and worked to make a lot of non-racing people rabid fans of drag racing. Force always has something up his sleeve, we just can't wait to see what's next.
Competition Driver All-Star Darren "The California Kid" Davis is far from juvenile, with driving talents that helped him to the final round many times-including the season-opening '98 Winternationals.Persons of the Year
 The father and son combo of Byron and Matt Hines has been an unstoppable force in Pro Stock Motorcycle during '97 and '98. Currently, Matt holds the best win record of any NHRA racing category and shows no sign of letting up. Together, Matt and Byron have brought outstanding awareness to Pro Stock Motorcycle with their domineering force and positive attitudes, which made them shoe-ins for the Car Craft All-Star Persons of the Year award.Most anybody can buy a stack of speed parts, but to properly assemble the combo and tune it is the real trick. As crewchief for the McDonald's Top Fueler, Mike Green has consistently provided that winning combo. Green was awarded the Top Fuel Crewchief All-Star, and Cory "Big Mac" McClenathan snagged the Top Fuel Driver All-Star honors.Gary Rohe is that little kid with a big punch. This year alone, Rohe has wheeled his home-built '80 Mustang to no less than seven final round victories and was the first EZ Street racer to crack the 8-second barrier. Plus, he's a nice guy. This may be why you voted him your NMCA Class Racer All-Star for '98.The Pro Street class is what put NMCA street-legal racing on the map. Over the last few years Tony Christian has been snagging wins with his wild '57 Chevy that ran low 7s. For '98 Christian switched to a new, sleeker '98 Firebird but stayed with the proven power of a Reher-Morrison powerplant that had enough torque to grab numerous wins including Pro Street Driver All-Star for Tony.Billy Glidden loves to race, just like his dad Bob Glidden. Bob has three All-Stars to his credit, and Billy's mom, Etta, even scooped up a few All-Stars a few years ago. Based on stellar performances in NMCA's Super Street class, Billy was named All-Star winner. Ever get the feeling that the Gliddens are just an All-Star family?Federal Mogul has always been there to support Car Craft with parts for its buildups, but recently they stepped up with an unbelievable amount of sponsorship support for NHRA Sportsman racers. We shouldn't have even counted the votes because it was a landslide victory for Federal Mogul as Sportsman Sponsor All-Star. Pictured are F-M's Bill Martens, David Hakim, and Kent Chalfant.Rick Jones gained fame building IHRA Pro Mod chassis but has recently made the switch to stitchin' NHRA Pro Stockers. Currently, Warren and Kurt Johnson both use RJ Race Cars chassis and we know how well the Johnsons perform. Maybe that's why Jones was voted as the All-Star for Pro Stock/Pro Mod Chassis Builder. Oddly enough, Jones has built many chassis for Pro Mod racer Scotty Cannon who was this year's All-Star pick for Pro Mod Driver.


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I am a beginner in software development. I've started learning algorithms, networking and software development practices from various books. My seniors advised me to read one book and learn one thing at a time.
Which one is better? Can topics like algorithms, networking and software development practices be read simultaneously? Or should I read one topic at a time and after understanding it completely, start another topic?
Or is there any other way to learn computer science and programming topics effectively?
And last but not least, what is the learning strategy to improve my programming skills ?

subset: commoncrawl


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Killeen (January 12, 2012)--A family of four left homeless three days before Christmas when a fire destroyed their home has been overwhelmed by the community's help.
Although the fire, which is still under investigation, destroyed their home and even caught their truck on fire, it could not ruin their Christmas and the start of their new year.
Roland Wornham said his neighbors, former co-workers, local charities and many others in the community all pitched in to remind him and his family of four they're not alone.
"They came out here, and they delivered presents to make sure the kids had stuff and clothes," Roland said.
"There's been contributions of money to help get some of our essentials and even food baskets."
They've made it work the past few weeks, but they now are working toward living together again.
Roland and his son Christopher are staying with Roland's other son, daughter-in-law and their new baby.
Roland's daughter Theresa and her 7-year-old son Capone are staying with Roland's sister.
"We're kind of split across town," Roland said.
The Wornham family is now trying to figure out if their home, the place where they've celebrated Christmas together every year, will be theirs again.
"My grandson told me last night, 'I don't want to move,'" Roland said.
Roland said they'll have to evaluate the cost of the damage and whether it's repairable.
"If we have to be somewhere else, then that's what God decided."
The family said regardless of their situation, they're thankful they have each other and the opportunity to start over again.
"Usually if something bad happens, something good will happen," Theresa said.
"My dad's always been a go-getter, and he's never let things bother him too bad," Christopher said.


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Qigong for Self-Healing with Daverick Leggett (Saturday 15th October)
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Edmund L. Andrews
Recent and archived news articles by Edmund L. Andrews of The New York Times.
Bernanke Says Fed 'Should Have Done More'
Under fire from both parties, Ben S. Bernanke conceded that "I did not anticipate a crisis of this magnitude."
December 4, 2009, Friday
Senator Moves to Hold Up Bernanke Confirmation
The move is unlikely to derail Ben S. Bernanke's reappointment as chairman of the Federal Reserve, but it could give the Fed's critics more time to press their case.
December 3, 2009, Thursday
Fed Begins Testing a Strategy to Exit a Securities Program
The Fed said that it would begin testing its plan to shrink its trillion-dollar portfolio of mortgage-backed securities and unwind its biggest program to prop up the markets.
December 1, 2009, Tuesday
White House Intruders Want Money for Tale
The aspiring reality-TV stars who finessed their way into a state dinner are trying to cash in on their notoriety.
November 29, 2009, Sunday
Fed Tightens Regulations on Its Regional Directors
In response to criticism, the Federal Reserve closed a loophole that allowed a director at Goldman Sachs to be a director of the New York Fed as the agency was bailing out Wall Street.
November 26, 2009, Thursday
Fed Cautious About Strength of Recovery
Fed policy makers continue to predict that unemployment will remain well above 9 percent through the end of 2010.
November 25, 2009, Wednesday
Wave of Debt Payments Facing U.S. Government
The ultralow interest rates the U.S. has been paying on its colossal debt may not last much longer, and the White House estimates that the tab will exceed $700 billion a year in 2019.
November 23, 2009, Monday
Bernanke's Confirmation Hearing Scheduled
Ben S. Bernanke has finally been scheduled for confirmation hearing for a second four-year term as Federal Reserve chairman.
November 20, 2009, Friday
Panel Votes to Broaden Oversight of the Fed
Rejecting warnings by the Obama administration, a committee approved a plan by Representative Ron Paul to carry out sweeping new audits of the central bank's policy decisions and operations.
November 20, 2009, Friday
South Korea Trade Pact Is Revived by Obama
President Obama pledged to complete a long-stalled trade agreement with South Korea that he inherited from former President George W. Bush.
November 20, 2009, Friday
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3-Ingredient Breakfast Recipes (Slide 2)
(Slide 2 of 8) Start at the beginning | View recipes as list
Recipe: Apricot Smoothie
View as: Thumbnails List
Pineapple-Raspberry Parfaits
You won't mind serving dessert on a busy weeknight after assembling these quick parfaits.…View slide
Apricot Smoothie
Canned apricot halves blend with yogurt in a tangy and refreshing smoothie.…View slide
Overnight Oatmeal
Here is an easy way to serve a crowd a hearty breakfast before facing the elements for a day of wint…View slide
Poached Eggs
There are lots of ways to poach an egg. We tried 'em all. This was the winning method.…View slide
Breakfast Parfait
A little low-fat dairy and some vitamin-rich fruit and you've just started your day right, nutrition…View slide
Creamy Polenta
This easy polenta takes only a few minutes of stirring before it's left to cook on its own to creamy…View slide
Roasted Apple Butter
Making apple butter in the oven, rather than on the stovetop, produces a delectable spread with a di…View slide


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Applying for Grinnell-in-London or Grinnell-in-Washington is one-step process, unlike with other off-campus study programs. The deadline for GIL is therefore later than the general Grinnell OCS application deadline.
APPLICATION DEADLINE FOR GIL FALL 2016: Monday, February 1, 2016
To apply to the Grinnell-in-London program, please do the following:
- Read the Off-Campus Study Handbook, the Grinnell-in-London Student Handbook, the GIL website, and talk with GIL program advisers and returned students to learn what you need to about the program.
- Fill out the 2016 Grinnell-in-London Application, which has several parts. Copies are available on the brochure rack in the Office of Off-Campus Study, and as two files under "Documents" to the left.


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Addison Ice Arena
Addison Ice Arena is one of the premier family ice sports complexes in the Chicagoland area, featuring one NHL rink, one Olympic rink, the Grace St. Bar and Grill, and an Advanced Pro Shop.
Oak Meadows Golf & Banquet
Professional caliber 18-hole golf course. Banquets/meetings up to 400 year-round. Four distinct rooms for meetings, seminars or receptions. Accessible from O'Hare Airport and major expressways.
Hampton Inn & Suites Addison
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - This comfortable Hampton Inn & Suites is conveniently situated near the Marcus 16 Cinema IMAX, Dave & Busters, Famous Dave's and Home Run Inn pizza. We are 18 miles west of downtown Chicago and 10 miles from O'Hare, located off I-355 at Lake Street.
Hilton Garden Inn Addison
The Hilton Garden Inn Addison is located only 11 miles from O'Hare and 22 miles from Midway Airport. Certain to please executive travelers are the hotel's wide array of amenities including complimentary high-speed internet, in-room hospitality center, Herman Miler chairs and much more!
Howard Johnson
Howard Johnson Hotel in Addison has two meeting room. The largest is 500 sq.ft., Smoking rooms available; continental breakfast included in rate; free shuttle to/from O'Hare airport; free Wi-Fi, pet-friendly.
Dave & Buster's
There's no place quite like it! From hand-crafted tables and world class pocket billiards to the vast array of games in the Million Dollar Midway, D&B will provide one of the most unique entertainment outings you'll ever experience.
Venuti's Ristorante & Banquets
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - The Venuti family will customize your special event in a lavish banquet setting that can accommodate up to 1,000 guests. Venuti's houses three opulent bridal suites, a quaint chapel for 100 guests, dramatic marble double staircase and granite dance floor. The restaurant offers a warm setting and fine Italian cuisine, including scrumptious homemade specialty pastas.
K1 Speed
This indoor kart racing and entertainment facility features CyberSport, a multiplayer game that blends bumper cars, lacrosse and basketball into an alternative to racing for groups of 10 to 400.
Marcus Addison Cinema
The Marcus Addison Cinema is your premiere entertainment destination with 21 state-of-the-art auditoriums. The facility can accommodate rentals for group outings, corporate events, birthday parties & various other occasions.
Swap O Rama Flea Market
Chicagoland's largest and most modern indoor/outdoor Flea Market. Everything from unusual, new, used, hard to find and everyday items, all at bargain prices!
DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago-Alsip
193 Rooms. Full service hotel located near Midway Airport in the Chicago Southland area.
Grand Geneva
100 rooms. Seven suites. Valet. Business center. Exercise facilities. Complimentary breakfast. Special amenities incluse microwave and refrigerator in all rooms, 33cable stations. Located eight miles south of Midway Airport.
Baymont Inn & Suites - Alsip
The Baymont Inn is pleased to provide our guests with exceptional service. We are an incorridor property with 3 floors. Whether you are here for business or leisure, we have many amenities at an affordable price.
Days Inn - Alsip
Limited-service hotel - entertainment and shopping nearby - continental breakfast - Free local phone calls - 30 minutes from airports and downtown Chicago. Many discounts offered.
Budget Lodge - Alsip
Nice, clean, newly decorated rooms. Cable TV and very low rates. Easy access to highway and restaurants nearby.
Presidential Inn & Suites Motel - Alsip
This inn offers spacious standard, double, queen and king guestrooms. Non-smoking rooms available.
Key Motel
This property has 20 guest rooms that include free parking, Wi-Fi access as well as microwave and refrigerator availability.
Veterans Plaza
Public park-like setting dedicated to the Veterans and Heroes of our nation.
VFW Post 450 Iraqi Memorial
This is a memorial for troops lost in Operation Iraqi Freedom & Operation Enduring Freedom.
Allgauer's Restaurant
Allgauer's Restaurant features steak, chops, pasta and seafood. Join them for breakfast, lunch, dinner and their award winning champagne Sunday brunch.
Wingate By Wyndham Arlington Heights
Complimentary continental hot breakfast, free airport and local shuttle (Monday through Friday), whirlpool, exercise room, guest laundry, Jacuzzi suites, and meeting rooms available. High-speed wired and wireless Internet access throughout the hotel. 5 miles from Schaumburg Convention Center. Easy access to I-90. Minutes away from O'Hare Airport. Only 3 miles from Woodfield Mall. Complimentary Manager's Reception Monday through Thursday.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Red Roof Inn Chicago - O'Hare Airport
Features 25" TV, 24 hour gourmet coffee, USA Today newspaper, pay per view movies, voicemail, remodeled in 2004.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Courtyard By Marriott Chicago Arlington Heights North
Whether traveling for business or pleasure, we are the key to a fabulous trip. Featuring a healthy breakfast with hot items, eggs cooked-to-order, as well as a selection of ala carte items, freshly prepared and reasonably priced. Now with free high-speed internet access.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Metropolis Performing Arts Center
More than 40 productions and 360 performances each year ranging from musical theatre, plays, live music, dance, family shows, The Second City Comedy and professional regional children's theatre.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Francesca's Tavola
Contemporary, casually sophisticated trattoria ambience with authentic rustic cooking, friendly service, and fair prices. perfect location for a great night out or a private party.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Paradise Raceway
This slot car racing establishment has three fast tracks and a drag strip.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Jameson Suites - Arlington Heights
Free hot/cold breakfast buffet, also Japanese breakfast items, Japanese TV and newspapers, free WiFi, whirlpool. Extended stays welcome. King & Double/Double bed rooms with sofa sleeper. Executive Suites available.. Complimentary O'Hare shuttle and shuttle provided in a 5 mile radius. Work-out facility plus complimentary Health Club passes. New Dreamium Bedding. Renovation 2008-2009. Next to Mitsuwa Marketpalce.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Fuego Mexican Grill & Margarita Bar
A taste adventure beyond traditional Mexican cuisine, featuring specialty Mole sauces, recipes right from Grandma Paula's kitchen and fresh guacamole prepared tableside. Full service bar serving an endless selection of Margaritas, Tequilas, and Cervezas.
CITY:Arlington Heights
The Grand Station Restaurant & Cocktails
This grand gathering place dishes up classic American comfort food complemented by a selection of grand desserts. The Grand Station, where comfort abounds in grand proportions.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Lake Arlington
Sail boating, Memorial Day through Labor Day, and weekends in September and October. Includes boat rentals (sailboat and paddleboat), 2 mile bike/walk path, picnic area, and playground.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Arlington Lakes Golf Club
The challenging 18-hole layout spans 90 acres of superbly manicured fairways and greens with 14 beautiful lakes to negotiate during a round. Features clubhouse, snack bar area, pro shop, and patio area.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Nickol Knoll Golf Course
Large bentgrass tees and greens give this fun layout a big course feel. Several shots from elevated tees provide a beautiful view of the area. Features pro-shop, snack bar and club house.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Birch River Grill
Contemporary restaurant that showcases hearty, American cuisine and features rustic-chic decor. The cozy and elegant homespun feel celebrates the rustic American food and design.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Fox and Hound Arlington Heights
Neighborhood sports bar featuring 28 big screen TVs, billiards, darts, ping pong, video gaming, and late night entertainment. Private party space available! Full menu till close! Best party in town 7 days a week!
CITY:Arlington Heights
Peggy Kinnane's Irish Restaurant and Pub
Authentic Irish Pub in the northwest suburbs. The attention to detail has paid off both in its decor and its delicious fare. Enjoy many Irish favorites and live entertainment on the weekends.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Salsa 17
A tasty adventure in authentic Mexican cuisine featuring fresh seafood, specialty Mole sauces and guacamole prepared table side. Full-service Tequila and Margarita bar, live Mariachi music Wednesdays and special Tequila dinners.
CITY:Arlington Heights
La Quinta Inn - Chicago/ Arlington Heights
The La Quinta Inn Chicago Arlington Heights is Northwest of downtown Chicago, close to Arlington International Racecourse and the Village of Long Grove. We are centrally located to several major corporate centers, including Motorola and Federal Express. Just a few miles away is the Metra station for trains to downtown Chicago venues.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Mitsuwa Japanese Marketplace
Largest Asian market in the Midwest. Fresh take-out sushi available. Grocery, food court featuring seven types of Asian cuisine, bakery, ice cream parlor, travel agency, book store, and liquor store. Events and demonstrations throughout the year. Annual Bon Odori Festival in August.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Arlington International Racecourse
At Arlington International, we aim to make every day of the season special by combining the excitement of thoroughbred racing, gorgeous grounds and fantastic food to create a winning track experience for our guests! Whether you're looking for a fun and exciting day out with friends and family, a casual and charming afternoon at the races, or a sophisticated and stylish get-together, Arlington International offers an extraordinary experience for everyone! Live racing and entertainment from May through September or find a full calendar of race dates and events at arlingtonpark.com.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Arlington Heights Historical Museum
The Coach House, a replica Log Cabin, the 1882 home of F.W. Muller and the 1908 Banta House tell the story of Arlington Heights over the last 150 years. Tour guides introduce you to the life of early residents. Tours: Sat. & Sun. 2pm & 3pm Heritage Gallery & Gift Shop: Fri.-Sun. 1:30pm-4:30pm
CITY:Arlington Heights
Big Shot Piano Lounge & Restaurant
Big Shot is an upscale Restaurant & Piano Bar. A cozy place to meet, eat, and drink while listening and interacting with talented musicians. From the warm atmosphere to the variety of enticing menu items, this intimate spot will showcase live talent every night. The extremely friendly restaurant will invite its patrons to participate and sing along with new songs performed by talented professionals. This will definitely be a place to start and end an evening.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Downtown Arlington Heights Shopping & Entertainment District
Diverse collection of charming local shops and major retailers. Outstanding restaurants, theaters, nightlife, and entertainment, all within walking distance.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Walgreens Chicago International Dragon Boat Festival
Come see the world's fastest growing water sport at Lake Arlington. Twenty paddlers move in unison, combining strength with teamwork in a boat whose elaborate design originates in ancient China.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Courtyard by Marriott Chicago Arlington Heights - South
Located off I-90, Courtyard by Marriott Chicago Arlington Heights - South has an indoor pool, whirlpool, fitness center, restaurant serving breakfast, free high-speed internet. This is a non-smoking property.
CITY:Arlington Heights
DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago - Arlington Heights
Our newly renovated hotel located in Chicago's Northwest Business Corridor is close to all major attractions including great shopping centers. The hotel features complimentary high-speed internet access in each guest room, complimentary 24-hour business center, and complimentary shuttle to O'Hare and the surrounding 5 miles (subject to availability). With over 8600 square feet of flexible meeting space, the DoubleTree Hotel can accommodate events small and large with the highest level of personalized service.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Holiday Inn Express Chicago - Arlington Heights
The best choice in suburban hotel! Perfectly situated in the Northwest Suburbs just off of I-90 taking the Arlington Heights exit heading north. Only 7.5 miles from O'Hare International Airport (ORD) and less than 10 minutes to the Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg. Complimentary shuttle service to and from O'Hare Airport and within a 5-mile radius of the hotel. Complimentary deluxe continental breakfast with hot items available every morning. Wireless Internet is accessible throughout the hotel at no charge. 125 beautifully appointed oversized rooms with the simply smart bedding collection.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Motel 6 - Chicago/ Arlington Heights
All new rooms. Completely renovated Motel 6 from top to bottom. Flat screen TV's and all new furnishings. Located just off I-90 on West Algonquin Road. Woodfield Mall - 3 miles. Complimentary morning coffee WiFi available in all rooms. Motel 6 offers clean comfortable rooms and great service at the lowest price of any national chain.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Laser Quest - Arlington Heights
Laser Quest is a family entertainment venue combining the classic games of hide-and-seek and tag with a high tech twist. Our multi-level arenas have specialty lighting, swirling fog and energetic music to add to the excitement for up to 30 or more players in each game.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Gatsby's Pub
Gatsby's was established in 1973. Interior pieces were purchased on 55th and Halsted in Chicago and bring that old town look to Arlington Heights. Gatsby's has found its unique way of incorporating the new with the old, including the addition of 80 plasma TVs for everyone's viewing pleasure. It's a neighborhood "cheers" bar with specials, trivia nights, and beer of the month!
CITY:Arlington Heights
Old Country Buffet Arlington Heights
Help yourself to a wide variety of choices for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. And don't forget dessert! Try something new and stick with your favorites, all in the same visit. At Old Country Buffet, there's always something delicious waiting for you.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Javier's Sabor Mexicano
Javier's Sabor Mexican is an everyday celebration of fresh food, margaritas, and a large selection of fine tequila. This Mexican restaurant has been around since 1967. Consistency, quality, and generous portions are what keeps everyone coming back. Javier's Sabor Mexicano features four separate dining rooms and a full service bar for your dining pleasure as well as private parties and special events.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Arlington Heights Farmers Market
Enjoy fresh produce, flowers, cheeses, bakery good, jams, jellies, and more from local farmers. Open June through October.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Arlington Million
The Arlington Million brings together horses, owners, trainers, jockeys and fans from every corner of the world. Immerse yourself in the Arlington Million experience... history and tradition, special performances, fashionable apparel, and delectable cuisine.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Circa 57
Get ready for a time warp Arlington Heights! A place where the food is good and the cars have fins. A time when some of the simple pleasures of life meant things like sharing a milkshake at the soda fountain, the daily Blue Plate Special at the diner, a hearty home cooked meal by mom, or a Tbone steak off of dad's backyard grill on a summer night. We are at the corner of Vail and Campbell in downtown Arlington Heights – in between the public parking garage and the train station. The perfect place to grab a donut and a cup of joe in the morning or to grab some takeout on the way home. Stop by!
CITY:Arlington Heights
Cooper's Hawk Winery & Restaurant - Arlington Heights
After four years of planning and construction, Cooper's Hawk Winery & Restaurant opened in 2005 in Orland Park, a south suburb of Chicago. The concept was unique. We would create a signature menu with a selection of dishes designed to pair perfectly with our own Cooper's Hawk wines, made in our own private winery. With sophisticated food and exceptional wines, our concept was born. The Cooper's Hawk concept includes four distinct components: an upscale casual dining restaurant, full-service bar, private barrel-aging room, and Napa-style tasting room and retail gift store…all under one roof. Each Cooper's Hawk location is distinctive in layout and décor, but carries the same warmth and elegance that guests have come to expect.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Harry's of Arlington
Harry's of Arlington is a local's favorite bar and restaurant. Located in downtown Arlington Heights it is where fun is had by all! Come on by with family and friends for dinner and one of our many drink options.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Jimmy D's District
Jimmy D's District is a local bar and restaurant in Arlington Heights. With a menu featuring everything from burgers to pizza to salad, and an extensive drink menu. It's a great place for any gathering!
CITY:Arlington Heights
Johnnie's Beef
Johnnie's Beef has been a staple restaurant in the beef business for many, many years! Serving Italian beef and fresh cut fries has been their specialty from the start!
CITY:Arlington Heights
House of Music and Entertainment
H.O.M.E. aka House of Music & Entertainment is the Chicagoland suburbs hot destination for the best in live music and sports.The premium sports bar features built-in table taps, 80 plasma TV's, and a full menu featuring classic American bar food with some twists.H.O.M.E. offers NFL Sunday Ticket, ESPN Gameplan, and MLB Extra Innings so you can watch your favorite teams all of the time.Our H.O.M.E. Theater will offer 1000 of our guests the ultimate experience in live music and entertainment. The 15,000 Square Foot theater features a 28'x30' stage, state of the art sound system, and stadium style booth seating. The theater will feature local and national performances from bands, DJ's and entertainers.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Rack House Kitchen and Tavern
Rack House Kitchen & Tavern serves American style cuisine with rustic smokehouse flair.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Trackside at Arlington Park
Off-track betting. First-class dining with year-round entertainment. Private dining.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Walker Brothers Pancake House
Walker Bros. has been proudly serving the North Suburbs of Chicago for more than 50 years! We pride ourselves on serving you the very best, from our famous Apple Pancake to our thick sliced Bacon and our freshly squeezed Orange Juice.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Clementi's Pizzeria and Bar
A neighborhood Italian ristorante just steps from Arlington Park. Clementi's strives to serve the freshest dishes in a relaxed setting at an affordable price. A true family-owned and operated restaurant, our wish to you is that you should be treated as one of our own.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Francesca's Tavola
Contemporary, casually sophisticated trattoria ambience with authentic rustic cooking, firendly service, and fair prices. Perfect location for a great night out or a private party.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Toscana Restaurant
Toscana offers a little taste of Europe and brings the good sentimental feelings together with its cozy, inviting and yet sophisticated atmosphere. Our professional and caring staff is truly dedicated to serve your needs. We proudly present our fine signature dishes, tasted and modified to perfection.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Javier's Sabor Mexicano
Javier's Sabor Mexicano is an everyday celebration of fresh food, margaritas and a large selection of fine tequila. This Mexican restaurant has been around since 1967. Consistency, Quality, and Generous portions are what keeps everyone coming back. Javier's Sabor Mexicano features four separate dining rooms and a full service bar for your dining pleasure as well as private parties and special events.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Mago Grill and Cantina
A celebration of Mexico's heritage, Mago Grill & Cantina's original Mexican and Latin menu is comprised of authentic favorites of freshly smashed tableside guacamole, seafood ceviches, savory salsas, fresh salads, and main dishes of steak, chicken, pork and seafood including the chef's own Grandma Paula's family recipes.
CITY:Arlington Heights
La Tasca Tapa Restaurant
Hola! La Tasca means "local gathering place" in Spanish, and it translates perfectly at our lively Arlington Heights location. Whether the need be a private party, drinking homemade sangria at the bar, or hearing some of the hottest live Latin music around, La Tasca is sure to please.
CITY:Arlington Heights
La Roca Tapas Restaurant
To Us, food is synonymous with freshness, and quality . We are your quintessential tapas restaurant which preserves one of Spain's greatest traditions, excellent Tapas.We stay away from assembly-line work and still prepare our dishes fresh upon ordering and entirely from scratch. Where Tim Trujillo promises "The worlds greatest homemade sangria."
CITY:Arlington Heights
Carlos & Carlos
In the heart of Arlington Heights down town, is an elegant French Italian Bistro, limited sitting (70 guests) offering the best of Italy and France, and featuring a Chef's Table to experience special gourmet menus. Our whole mission is to give you the best experiences, whether you enjoy a light dinner or an elaborate one let us assure you that all of us at Carlos & Carlos will do what it takes to see you and your guests enjoy.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Cocina Tricolore
Family owned and operated restaurant featuring Italian and Mexican dishes at an affordable price.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Dolce Italian Caffe and Bakery
Dolce is a unique experience that our customers love. We are a full service restaurant as well as a bakery! Stop in for our delicious dishes or our variety of fresh desserts. Our family recipes comes straight from Italy. These recipes have passed from generations of cooks and we are proud to bring them to you!
CITY:Arlington Heights
Armand's Pizzeria is a family owned business that has been delivering some of Chicago's best thin crust pizza since 1956. Besides pizza, Armand's also offers a variety of other signature dishes.
CITY:Arlington Heights
California Pizza Kitchen
California Pizza Kitchen is a casual-dining restaurant serving up California creativity through its innovative menu items. CPK provides a range of inspired dishes, from hearth-baked pizzas, to creative salads, pastas, entrees, soups and sandwiches. Offering dine-in, take-out, catering, online ordering and an award-winning CPKids Menu.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Jameson's Charhouse
At Jameson's we bring you the same wonderful experiences we grew up on: from our warm Greek hospitality; to the authentic aromas in our open kitchen; to our flavorful, handmade recipes passed down for more than 3 generations.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Elly's Pancake House
At Elly's Pancake House, we offer a casual contemporary dining atmosphere serving your favorite dishes all day long. Home to our signature oven-baked pancakes, we invite you to enjoy our farm-fresh omelettes, powdered sugar dusted waffles, homemade blintzes or crepes with our freshly squeezed juices. The char-broiled prime beef burgers and specialty sandwiches are also sure to please.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Gatsby's Pub
Gatsby's was established in 1973. Interior pieces were purchased on 55th & Halsted in Chicago and bring that old town look to Arlington Heights. Gatsby's has found its own unique way of incorporating the new with the old, including the addition of 80 plasma TVs for everyone's viewing pleasure. It's a neighborhood "cheers" bar with specials, trivia nights, and beer of the month!
CITY:Arlington Heights
Sam's of Arlington
Sam's of Arlington is the perfect venue for any occasion. Our menu is based on a distinguished list of homemade recipes that use only high quality ingredients. Our impressive full-service bar is always kept stocked so you can enjoy a cold one while you take in the big game.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Scooby's Red Hots
Stop by Scooby's in Arlington Heights for a great meal in a warm, fun atmosphere. We have hot dogs, Italian beef, burgers, chicken and more. Check out our daily specials. Stop by and try us out - we guarantee you'll keep coming back for more!
CITY:Arlington Heights
Tore & Lukes
Tore & Lukes is proudly family owned and operated by Tore Gagliano for over 33 years. Our specialties are Italian Beef, Chicago style Vienna hot dogs, calabrese style pizza, italian sausage, hamburgers, and our famous big bag of fries! We have an extensive menu for lunch and dinner for dining in or out.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Come to altThai for lunch or dinner, or order online and pick-up your food hot and ready! altThai offers an extensive menu of asian cuisine and drinks.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Asian Bistro
Asian bistro has a modern, contemporary environment, fusion presentation of entrees and authentic in taste. Specializing in SzeChuan and Mandarin Cuisine as well as some popular Thai entrees and Vietnamese noodle soups.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Bangkok Cafe
Serving authentic, home style Thai Cuisine to Chicago's Northwest Suburbs since 1994. We offer traditional flavors that delight your taste buds and warm your soul. Fresh from our kitchen to your table.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Bistro Chen
In Chinese culture, quality and health are more than just values, they're traditions. Everything on our menu is made to order with these two traditions in mind. We've brought the finest Dim Sum chefs in from Chinatown, and let them loose in our kitchen, to create an authentic Dim Sum selection rarely found in the suburbs.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Rokbonki Japanese Steak House
Offering the best in Japanese teppanyaki since 1989. Our experienced chefs will not only provide a memorable and enjoyable experience, but we pride ourselves in using only quality and fresh ingredients to maximize taste with all of our homemade teriyaki sauce, salad dressing, horse radish, spicy garlic and tokyo batters.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Wildfish Sushi
WILDFISH is Located in the heart of downtown Arlington Heights, Wildfish delivers the concept of contemporary Japanese dining by fusing traditional and urban cultures. Wildfish has been known to be a hidden gem as it is tucked away in the corner of downtown Arlington Heights.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Palm Court
Since 1979, the Sellis family has created an imaginative and tantalizing menu combining American cuisine with European influences. Quality fresh seafood, including Dover Sole is expertly prepared and served at your table. Skilled chefs prepare steaks to your liking. Stop by Palm Court and enjoy the piano lounge and a drink!
CITY:Arlington Heights
The choices offered at this establishment are overwhelming, accurately billing it's fare as an "International Vegetarian Cuisine". The diverse menu covers virtually all popular cuisines from basic American to Mexican, Italian, Middle Eastern and truly provocative varieties from Indian cuisine.
CITY:Arlington Heights
Arlington Heights Downtown Business Association
Stroll through our 8-block Downtown Business Association and find a great array of shops, many of which have provided quality services to our community for decades. The Downtown Business Association is home to a pharmacy and grocery store, to jewelry stores and art galleries, to clothing stories and home décor boutiques. Transportation services are also available if you wish to take in other Chicagoland sites.
CITY:Arlington Heights
LaQuinta Inn & Suites - Bannockburn
Unwind at La Quinta Inn & Suites with complimentary breakfast, swimming pool, whirlpool, fitness center, Club Room and more. Enjoy our oversized rooms and upscale accommodations complete with in-room coffee maker, refrigerator, microwave, and high-speed wireless internet access.
Civic Center Authority Visitor Center
The Bedford Park Heritage Corridor Visitor Center is full of information and literature of exciting things to do and see throughout the Heritage Corridor. The Visitor Center provides National Heritage Corridor promotional literature and I&M Canal related resources to the public. It is operated by the Civic Center Authority in partnership with Heritage Corridor Convention and Visitors Bureau and the Village of Willow Springs. The Center is staffed by volunteers recruited and managed by the Civic Center Authority. Open Saturday 11:00 AM - 3:00 PM and Sunday 12:00 PM - 3:00 PM.
CITY:Bedford Park
5 Rabbit Cerveceria
Great brewery tours, great beers, Taco Thursdays - you must see 5 Rabbit! The name 5 Rabbit was inspired by the Aztec culture of Latin heritage. 5 Rabbit beers are mysterious and captivating, and every taste reveals a new detail. Great for those seeking fresh, unique and delicious beers.
CITY:Bedford Park
White Pines Golf Club & Banquets
A local favorite since 1928, White Pines is conveniently located minutes from O'Hare, and its two year-round 18-hole courses are situated on 240 beautiful acres. Banquet facilities are perfect for golf outings, weddings, business or social events, large and small.
Country Inn & Suites O'Hare South
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - A 92-room, 26-suite hotel with complimentary high-speed internet access and airport shuttle located on beautiful Legends Executive Golf Course.
37 Bar & Grill at White Pines Golf Club
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - Enjoy a variety of daily and weekly food and drink specials, along with craft beers offered on tap and by the bottle. Seasonal patio dining available, and the new bar area has sitting room for 38 guests, boasting multiple HDTV screens.
Bensenville Park District
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - Ten minutes from O'Hare, Bensenville Park District offers everything for your leisure, fitness & banquet needs. From the outstanding White Pines Golf Club to the award-winning Deer Grove Water Park, come and enjoy a variety of activities, parks & events.


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Guy Ritchie
News about Guy Ritchie, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
'Straight Outta Compton' Tops Box Office
The N.W.A. biopic, backed by a sophisticated marketing campaign, touched a cultural nerve over the weekend, taking in $56.1 million at the domestic box office, an astounding total for an R-rated drama.
August 16, 2015, Sunday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Gray, F Gary , Ritchie, Guy , N W A (Music Group) , Warner Brothers Pictures , Advertising and Marketing , Movies , Rap and Hip-Hop
Review: 'The Man From U.N.C.L.E.' Resurrects a Glossy, Action-Packed '60s
Guy Ritchie's big-screen rendering of the 1960s television series tries hard not to be a museum piece, partly with a slick, agitated style.
August 14, 2015, Friday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Movies , Ritchie, Guy , Cavill, Henry , Hammer, Armie
The Man From U.N.C.L.E. (With Movie Trailer): Guy Ritchie Narrates a Scene
The director discusses a sequence from the film featuring Henry Cavill, Armie Hammer and Alicia Vikander.
August 14, 2015, Friday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Movies , Ritchie, Guy
Madonna and Guy Ritchie Model a 'Good Divorce'
Madonna and Guy Ritchie were the model of good post-divorce parenting at their son's bar mitzvah. My husband, his ex-wife and I have not always been so mature.
July 15, 2013, Monday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Madonna , Ritchie, Guy , Divorce, Separations and Annulments , Parenting
Guy Ritchie Discusses a Scene From 'Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows'
Guy Ritchie offers some commentary on an action sequence in the second installment of his "Sherlock Holmes" franchise.
December 15, 2011, Thursday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Law, Jude , Doyle, Arthur Conan , Downey, Robert Jr , Ritchie, Guy , News , Holmes, Sherlock (Fictional Character)
Sherlock Holmes, Amorphous Sleuth for Any Era
Cerebral soul? Action hero? Who is Sherlock Holmes? Arthur Conan Doyle's creation has had probably the most successful and elaborate afterlife of any fictional character.
January 6, 2010, Wednesday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Holmes, Sherlock , Books and Literature , Movies , Downey, Robert Jr , Ritchie, Guy , Doyle, Arthur Conan
The Brawling Supersleuth of 221B Baker Street Socks It to 'Em
There are worse things than loutish, laddish cool, and as a series of poses and stunts, "Sherlock Holmes" is intermittently diverting.
December 25, 2009, Friday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Movies , Doyle, Arthur Conan , Ritchie, Guy , Downey, Robert Jr , Law, Jude , McAdams, Rachel
Is That You, Sherlock?
Sherlock Holmes is a brainy action hero for the Victorian underworld and, maybe, a mass audience.
January 25, 2009, Sunday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Motion Pictures , Holmes, Sherlock , Downey, Robert Jr , Law, Jude , Ritchie, Guy
Madonna's Divorce Is Nearly Final
On Friday, Madonna, the singer, and Guy Ritchie, the film director, were granted a preliminary decree of divorce by a London court.
November 22, 2008, Saturday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Divorce, Separations and Annulments , Madonna , Ritchie, Guy
Guns N' Poses: Thugs, Drugs and Style in Shady London
Guy Ritchie reshuffles a worn-out deck in "RocknRolla," a return to the shady stylings that characterized his earlier flicks.
October 8, 2008, Wednesday
MORE ON GUY RITCHIE AND: Motion Pictures , Ritchie, Guy , Butler, Gerard , Wilkinson, Tom , Newton, Thandie
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text:
My niece is 7 months old, and has long hair: around say 20-25cm. We are planning to cut her hair against our wishes because we think it could make it easier for her to catch a cough or cold. Is long hair seriously dangerous?
Long hair in infants and toddlers is not dangerous. It can be irritating for mom and dad as the kid gets active and the hair gets dirty and tangled and requires more attention, but that is about it.
I haven't cut any of my kids hair until age 3 (even my son, as it is a Jewish tradition). Their hair ranged in length. They didn't so much like when I put it up to keep it our of their face, however, that was the only down side. I don't see the danger.
My youngest has only had one trip to get rid of some split ends - she is nearly 6, so her hair is long enough to sit on.
She had no problems with long hair.
Admittedly, during hot months we would tie it up into a pony tail, but that was just to help keep her cool and to stop her hair getting sweaty and tangled.
Have a look at the answers on this question about cutting a 15 month old's hair - I think they will be relevant for you.


text:
You limited your search to:
Department: Education
Collection: UNT Theses and Dissertations
An Analysis and Evaluation of Two Methods of Teaching Language Arts
Date: August 1940
Creator: Harrell, Ruth
Description: This study compares and and provides an evaluation of language arts progress made by elementary school children using two different methods of instruction. One traditional method stressed grammar and the other experimentally focused on mechanics.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
Analysis of Changes in Reading Techniques over a Ten Year Period, 1926 - 1936
Date: August 1939
Creator: Ware, Vernon Jordan
Description: This study examines the reading ability of elementary school students in multiple courses in order to determine the need for a change in curriculum.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
An Analysis of Evaluation Techniques for an Activity Program
Date: May 1939
Creator: Mathis, A. D.
Description: This thesis is an examination of the techniques used to evaluate the effectiveness of activities planned by elementary school teachers. The reasoning, functions, and adequacy of evaluation are among the covered topics.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
An Analysis of Teachers' Ratings of Pupils as Bright or Dull
Date: August 1940
Creator: Lovelace, William True
Description: This thesis resulted from an examination conducted to determine teacher ability to identify individual student capability based on rapport between the two parties.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
An Analysis of the Adequacy of the Health Program in Certain Texas High Schools
Date: June 1939
Creator: Heizer, Richmond P.
Description: This thesis examines the state of Texas high school health programs using federal standards first established seven years previously.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
An Analysis of the Problem of the Insecurity of Children
Date: June 1939
Creator: Little, Edith
Description: This study is an attempt to find causes and indications of insecurity in elementary school children. Possible solutions and ways to increase security are also explored.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
The Commercial Offerings and the Requirements for a Major at Seventy - One Institutions which Hold Membership in the American Association of Teachers Colleges
Date: August 1939
Creator: Currie, Caroline
Description: The aim of this study is to discover how many of the examined seventy-one places of higher education offer undergraduate commerce courses.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
A Comparative Study of Commercial and Non-commercial High School Graduates.
Date: August 1939
Creator: Stewart, J. W.
Description: None
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
A Comparative Study of the Educational Achievement of Two Groups of Seventh Grade Students Matched on the Basis of Intelligence Quotient, One Group from Independent School Districts, the Other from Common School Districts in Young County, Texas
Date: August 1939
Creator: Fain, William Floyd
Description: This study is the result of testing conducted on seventh grade students to determine the influence of environment on academic achievement.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries
A Comparison of the Cost of Operating Contracted and District - Owned School Buses in District Four, Texas
Date: August 1939
Creator: Greer, William Arthur
Description: This study compares and contrasts operational expenses of district-owned to privately owned school bus services operated in Wichita, Clay, Montague, Jack, Wilbarger, Throckmorton, Baylor, Palo Pinto, Young, and Archer counties within the state of Texas.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries


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| Hill, D., ARC Adivsory Group, Dedham, Massachusetts; Woll, D., ARC Advisory Group, Dedham, Massachusetts; Miller, Paul, ARC Advisory Group, Dedham, Massachusetts
[process control]
[digital control]
[pneumatic control]
[advanced process control]
As long as there have been hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) facilities to process crude oil and
intermediates, there have been instruments in place to assist
plant operators in measuring, recording and controling
pressures, flows, levels, temperatures and other process
variables. Initially, these were (by todays standards, at
least) crude Rube Goldberg-like instruments
utilizing ingenious mechanical and/or pneumatic mechanisms.
In the early petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants,
many of the control concepts conceived during the Industrial
Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries were further
developed, refined and proven. It would be exceedingly
difficult, if not impossible, to operate a typical present-day
refinery or petrochemical plant without good,
closed-loop process control. The continuous, generally
steady-state nature of processing liquid petroleum feedstocks and intermediates lends
itself to closed-loop feedback control, using a standard set of
measurement, control and final control/actuation instruments.
However, with so many process variables, interactions and
nonlinearities involved, the process can overwhelm the human
mind. Additional challenges include more complex processes and
plants, less uniform feedstocks, increasing use of
unconventional feedstocks, variable energy costs,
and an increasingly difficult regulatory environment. These further increase
the reliance on automation and help explain the universal
acceptance of sophisticated process control and automation
systems in todays plants.
While it hasnt always been the case, process control
isfor the most partan exacting science made
possible by continuous advancements in control theory,
processing technologies and process-control instrumentation and
systems. These developments enable not just individual control
loops, but entire units, plants, and even integrated
petrochemical complexes to be operated in a close-to-optimum
manner (with optimum determined by product cost,
quality, yields, throughput and so on). Rather than those
quaint, if ingenious, mechanical and pneumatic instruments
utilizing basic feedback control, current process measurement
and control in HPI plants are performed by networked field
instrumentation with more onboard intelligence than early
mainframe computers and computer-based process automation
systems that are many times more powerful and capable than the
NASA control centers that sent the first men to the moon.
This article will briefly trace how we got from point
A to point B.
Modern process control instrumentation evolved from the
basic instruments and devices developed to control prime
movers, such as James Watts steam engine, during the
Industrial Revolution. In the 1850s, following the revelation
that crude oil could be refined via distillation into kerosine for
lighting purposes, which ended the whale-oil industry, the
first petroleum refineries were constructed in Europe and the US. Sensing the
opportunity, a handful of instrumentation companies (Honeywell,
Fisher, Foxboro, Bailey, Bristol, Taylor, Brown, etc.) began to
adapt their temperature, level and pressure gauges, and
pen-based, mechanical circular chart recorders to meet the
basic measurement and control needs of the early refineries.
During this industrial period, control was purely manual, with
field operators monitoring the gauges, taking notes and making
any needed process adjustments by manually opening or
throttling valves. Often, this meant the
operator had to move around quite a bit, including climbing up
to places that are restricted under current OSHA rules.
In the late 1890s and early 1900s, refineries began to
implement automated feedback control using a combination of
direct-connected, pneumatically operated instrumentation
utilizing ingenious combinations of nozzles, flapper valves,
bellows, springs and other mechanismsall powered by
compressed air. This provided a reasonable degree of on-off
control. Separate indicators and chart recorders were often
used to provide the human interface and record-keeping
functionalities. By combining basic mechanical pressure, level,
flow and temperature measurement instrumentation with
field-mounted pneumatic controllers and actuator-driven valves, closed-loop feedback control
became possible. Fisher Controls (now part of Emerson Process
Management) introduced its field-mounted Wizard pneumatic
controller in 1930, as shown in Fig. 1A.
Fig. 1A.
Indicating/recording pressure gauge
circa 1908. Photo courtesy of Invensys
Operations Management. 1B.
introduced its field-mounted Wizard 1
pneumatic controller in 1930. Photo
of Emerson Process Management.
More sophisticated, large-case field-mounted pneumatic
instruments incorporating control, indicating and recording
functions began to appear on the scene around 1915. Initially,
these just provided on/off and/or proportional control
capabilities. Foxboro (now part of Invensys Operations
Management) introduced the Model 40, the first
proportional-plus-integral controller, in 19341935. In
1941, Taylor Instruments (now part of ABB) introduced the
Fulscope 100, the first controller to provide full
proportional/integral/derivative (PID) control capability in a
single unit. At present, PID methods remain the workhorse of
process control in refineries, petrochemical plants and other
process plants around the world.
To avoid tampering by operators who were worried about
keeping their jobs in the face of all this
automation, instrument suppliers had to start
putting locks on the cases to keep employees out. While this
practice certainly helped secure the instruments
integrity, it created many problems when the instrument had to
be adjusted or repaired, especially when no one could find the
While relatively primitive compared to todays digital
controllers, these early mechanical/pneumatic instruments did a
surprisingly good job of controlling process variables. They
were so reliable that a number of them are still operating in
some older refineries and petrochemical plants.
A major breakthrough in process control occurred around 1938
with the introduction of pneumatic transmitters and large-case
instruments modified to accept pneumatically transmitted
signals from field-mounted transmitters and then sending
pneumatic control signals back to valve actuators. For the
first time, this made it possible to physically
separate the process-measurement instrumentation from the
recording/indicating/controlling instrumentation. This led to
the appearance of local control rooms in refineries and other
process plants, as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Large-case
pneumatic instruments in a
control room at Gulf Oil Co.s Port
Texas, refinery. Photo courtesy of
Refiner, March 1949.
In some cases, these local control rooms were located up to
several hundred feet away from the processing units (but no
further, due to the distance limitations of the pneumatic
signals). With this instrumentation, control room operators
could remotely monitor process variables, setpoints and valve
outputs, and switch between automatic and manual control. To
ensure that different suppliers instrumentation would
function properly together, the industry soon established the
3-psi to 15-psi standard signal range for pneumatic
transmission, which remains in effect today.
Since control room space in HPI plants is usually limited
and always expensive to build, following World War II (WWII),
instrumentation suppliers focused on reducing the size of the
instruments mounted in the control room. The resulting
miniaturized controllers typically measured
approximately 6-in. by 6-in. on the front faceplate, complete
with a built-in indicator. With these smaller instruments, it
now became practical to embed the indicators, controllers and
recorders in appropriate locations on wall-sized graphical
diagrams, as shown in Fig. 3. These diagrams
illustrated the process unit, providing operators with a more
intuitive sense of how the instrumentation related to the
process. While these graphic panels helped reduce training
requirements and enabled operators to monitor process
operations more effectively, they still required fairly large
control rooms. This led to the development of
semi-graphic panels. These graphic displays used
less space and still provided much of the intuitiveness of full
graphic panels.
Fig. 3. View of the
graphic instrumentation
board of Rock Island Refining Co.s FCC
Photo courtesy of Petroleum Refiner,
On the sensor side, suppliers began introducing a number of
measurement products during the invigorating post-WWII years
that would see wide applicability in the HPI. These included
the first pneumatic-differential pressure transmitter,
introduced by Foxboro in 1948. In conjunction with a simple
flange-mounted orifice plate, this provided a practical and
low-cost method to obtain accurate and repeatable fluid flow
measurements. In 1956, Beckman Instruments introduced the first
gas chromatograph for chemical analysis based on earlier
research by A. T. James and A. J. P. Martin.
At around this same time, we started seeing more analog
electronic instruments appearing in refinery control rooms.
They were often interfaced to existing pneumatic instruments
using current-to-pressure (I/P) and pressure-to-current (P/I)
converters. In 1951, the Swartwout Co. introduced its AutroniC,
the first electronic controller to use vacuum tubes. At the
1958 Instrument Society of America (ISA) show in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, Foxboro, Taylor Instruments, Honeywell, and Leeds
& Northrup (now part of Honeywell) all demonstrated
electronic controllers. In 1959, Bailey Controls (now part of
ABB) introduced the first fully solid-state electronic
controller, followed shortly by several other instrumentation
suppliers. During these years, we also began to see the shift
from single-loop to multi-loop electronic controllers. In 1952,
several engineers at Shell Development also presented the
feasibility of direct digital control (DDC) in the
Transactions of ASME (American Society of Mechanical
Exciting news came in March 1959, with the announcement
thatfollowing almost two and a half years of
effortTexaco and the Thompson Ramo Wooldridge (TRW) Co.
installed the first direct digital control computer online in a
refinery, as shown in Fig. 4. This heralded
what would later become known as the computer-integrated
manufacturing (CIM) era for the HPI. An excellent article
entitled, Texaco closes the loop, which appeared in
Business Week, April 4, 1959, chronicled the drama:
Shortly before 11 a.m. on March. 12, a veteran Texas Co.
process operator named Marvin Voight flipped the switch ... The
action closed the loop in the first fully automatic,
computer-controlled industrial process. Moments later, the most
vital parts of the 1,800-bpd polymerization unit at
Texacos Port Arthur (Texas) refinery were under the
unblinking eye and almost instantaneous control of a Thompson
Ramo Wooldridge Corp. RW-300, a desk-size digital computer
designed for just such control jobs as this. Texaco hopes the
computer will raise the plants efficiency by a healthy 6%
to 10%.
Fig. 4. The Thompson
Ramo Wooldridge
(TWR) RW-300 direct digital control
control computer was installed at Texaco
new No. 1 poly unit at the Port Arthur,
refinery. Photo courtesy of Motiva
In addition to TRW, which contributed the computer, the
Bristol Co. (now part of Emerson Process Management) redesigned
its recording controllers to interface with the computer. Leeds
& Northrup supplied onstream analyzers to chart the
chemical content of the raw material and product streams.
The description of the computers function provided by
Charles Richker, Texacos chief process engineer at the
time, doesnt sound all that different than that for a
present-day optimization project. The computer ... gets
an analysis of incoming gas and outgoing gas; it senses and
measures pressure, flows and temperatures; it calculates
catalyst activity; then it weighs all these together and
decides what the processing unit should do to get the most
product for the least cost. Finally, it sets the controls and
rechecks its figuring.
According to Business Week, the computer cost was
$98,000 (in 1959 dollars); the custom I/O required to convert
analog measurement signals to digital language cost $36,000;
andnot surprisinglythe expense for engineering and
extra instrumentation was more than double that of the capital
cost for the computer and I/O hardware. So how did Texaco
cost-justify this major (for 1959) $300,000 science project? To
begin with, apparently, the company would have spent at least
one-third of that on new instrumentation for the polymerization
plant anyway. In hard terms, the company anticipated that the
new computer would boost conversion efficiency from the
85%87% considered the maximum for the most skilled
operators using automatic controllers to 93%, while saving up
to $75,000/yr by prolonging catalyst life. Based on this
information, Texaco expected an early payout on its
investment. In soft terms, according to a Texaco executive, the
company also expected to gain invaluable knowledge and
experience from full-scale operation.
Not surprisingly, the familiar question of whether all this
automation would make the human operator obsolete frequently
came up during the project. But, obviously, thats not the
case. While the computer does the dull repetitive work of
reading, calculating and resetting, if something should
go amiss, it would sound an alarm to which a human operator
would have to respond to handle the situation.
Following this initial direct digital control implementation
at Texacos Port Arthur refinery, TRW installed an RW-300
DDC computer at Monsantos new Chocolate Bayou, Texas,
petrochemical plant in 1960. During the same approximate time
period, IBM installed its first special-purpose computer for
process control, the IBM 1700, at an American Oil refinery in
Indiana, as shown in Fig.
5, and at a Standard Oil of California refinery, and
(in 1962) at a DuPont chemical plant. In 1961, IBM announced
its first standard computer for process control, the 1710
model. In the 1960s, Foxboro introduced several digital
systems, including the M9700 process computer and its Digital
Equipment Corp. (DEC) PCP-88-based DDC system, which was
installed at the Esso Aruba Refinery. The PCP-88 incorporated
dual DEC PDP-8s with a shared disk drive.
Fig. 5. IBM process
computer installed in the
control room at American Oil Co.s
Indiana, refinery. Photo
courtesy of
Hydrocarbon Processing and
Refiner, 1965.
While much of the supplier activity during this time focused
on process control computers, automation suppliers also had to
figure out how to interface the installed base of largely
pneumatic field transmitters and actuators with their
new-fangled electronic controllers. In 1959, Honeywell
introduced the 4-mA to 20-mA analog signal, which, in
conjunction with P/I converters mounted in the control room,
provided the interface between the companys pneumatic
field instrumentation and electronic controllers. Ultimately, 4
mA to 20 mA won out over Foxboros proposed 10 mA to 50 mA
signal as an industry standard (ISA SP-50) for analog field
In 1965, DEC introduced its first minicomputer, the PDP-8.
Eventually, the company supplanted this with the PDP-11, which
was used widely for real-time process control applications. In
19681969, Honeywell introduced the Series 16 DDC, with a
modular hardware/software package. In the 1970s, Bailey
Controls and Taylor Instruments introduced their own DDC
systems. Rather than trying to build the computers themselves,
these early process control systems were based on DEC, MODCOMP,
Data General, and other companies minicomputers using
purpose-built software and I/O. In 1971, Foxboro introduced its
Fox 1, the first in a popular series of process control
computers and, in 1972, its SPEC 200 split-architecture analog
electronic controllers and INTERSPEC digital data highway. Also
in 1972, Fisher Controls introduced its Series 1000
split-architecture system, with separate controllers and
faceplates. In 1973, Taylor introduced real-time programming to
the control industry with the companys process-oriented
language (POL), an adaptation of BASIC programming, first used
on the Taylor 1010 and MOD 3000 control systems. Also, in this
appropriate time frame, process control engineers starting
experimenting with reusable control-block structures, which
arguably formed the basis for todays ubiquitous
object-oriented programming techniques.
Thanks to continuing improvements in solid-state
microprocessors and digital communications, automation
suppliers were able to squeeze ever-more-powerful functionality
into their electronic devices and systems. This led to the
development of the distributed control system (DCS). While some
might challenge this point, its generally accepted that
Honeywell coined the phrase and introduced the first DCS, the
total distributed control (TDC) system, in 1975. At just about
the same time, Yokogawa introduced the companys CENTUM
Despite their high cost, TDC 2000 and CENTUM received strong
acceptance within the HPI, particularly in North America and
Japan. Within the next several years, several other companies,
including Bailey Controls, Fisher Controls, Fischer &
Porter (now part of ABB), Taylor Instruments, and Foxboro
introduced their own DCSs. The Foxboro SPECTRUM DCS, began to
show up in refineries and petrochemical plants around the
world, providing strong competition for Honeywell and Yokogawa.
Yamatake, which shared some intellectual property with
Honeywell and manufactured many of the TDC 2000 components,
also marketed the system in Japan.
Unlike the monolithic DDC systems which it replaced, the DCS
distributes much of the functionality across
multiple processors, helping to minimize the impact of failures
on the ability of the plant to produce product. In theory, at
least, the DCS architecture also moved some of the control
functionality closer to the process to minimize latencies. The
microprocessor-based, multi-loop controllers were connected to
supervisory computers, floppy disk drives, CRT-based operator
displays and push-button-equipped workstations, and line
printers, now often located in a central (rather than local)
control room via a proprietary data highway. In practice,
however, the harsh environmental conditions in HPI facilities required that both the
process controllers and I/O had to be mounted in
air-conditioned rack rooms, often located fairly close to, if
not immediately adjacent to, the central control room.
Fig. 6. Analog
electronic instrumentation
installed in the main process control
center at
Marathon Oil Co.s Garyville,
refinery. Photo courtesy of Hydrocarbon
While DCSs offered far more control and real-time
information handling capabilities and other functionalities
than previously available, they were not without their obvious
flaws. For example, while the CRT-based operator displays
provided control-room operators with a remote view of one or
more process units while seated in front of a workstation in
the control room, the computer displays lacked the
intuitiveness of the full- and semi-graphic panel boards that
they supplanted. This increased training requirements and often
led to the operator switching from automatic to manual control
because they just didnt trust the computer. Also, as
operators in process plants know all too well, since its
relatively easy and inexpensive to configure process alarms in
software-based DCSs (compared to hard-wired annunciators),
there was also a tendency to configure unnecessary and often
confusing alarms, leading to often-terrifying alarm
In 1977, Honeywell introduced the first redundancy scheme
for a process controller, and, in the early 1980s, following
several years of development and an investment of approximately
$80 million, Honeywell introduced the companys
second-generation DCS, the TDC 3000. This system offered more
powerful controllers, new workstations, enhanced information
management and other important features. According to some
sources, Esso installed the first TDC 3000 system at the
companys Cold Lake Refinery in Alberta, Canada.
Throughout the 1980s, all DCS suppliers continued to enhance
their systems with new control and information management
capabilities, making the DCS the de facto platform for process
Honeywell introduced the first smart pressure
transmitter, the ST3000, in 1983, followed shortly by Foxboro,
Yokogawa, Rosemount and others. When combined with the
respective suppliers proprietary digital field
communications scheme, these smart pressure, temperature and
flow transmitters improved performance over analog transmitters
by transmitting the process variable(s) and often secondary
measurements (such as ambient temperature, which is vital in
colder climates) in a precise digital format; allowed the
transmitters to be re-ranged remotely; and enabled operators
and maintenance technicians remote (if
relatively crude) access to transmitter status and diagnostics.
This eliminated many unnecessary trips to the field.
In 1989, 30 years after the first DDC computer went online
at Texacos Port Arthur refinery, the Purdue Reference
Model for Computer Integrated Manufacturing was published. This
evolved into todays ISA 95 architectural model and schema
for plant-to-enterprise integration.
Fig. 7. DCS-equipped
control room with CRTs
and projected display. Photo
courtesy of ABB.
The improved visibility into the process and robust PID and
advanced regulatory control capabilities provided by many DDC
and DCS platforms helped operators and control engineers in HPI
plants to stabilize control loops to a considerable degree and
also solve other problems. Recognizing the opportunity that
advanced regulatory control offered to help stabilize some of
their trickier, more interactive control loops, process control
engineers began to take greater advantage of these embedded
capabilities, often experimenting on their own to further
expand the envelope.
Model predictive control (MPC) was pioneered largely by
dedicated groups of control engineers at Shell (including both
Charlie Cutler and Steve Treiber) and other energy companies
beginning in the early 1970s. In the late 1980s, Shell Research
engineers in France developed the Shell Multivariable
Optimizing Controller (SMOC), a significant advancement. A
handful of small specialist companies, such as DMCC, Setpoint
and Treiber Controls (all three subsequently acquired by
AspenTech), plus Predictive Control in the UK and Profimatics
also began to develop, refine and license MPC technology. Not to be outdone,
control gurus at the major DCS suppliers (Honeywell, Foxboro,
Yokogawa, etc.) also either began to develop their own MPC
solutions or the companies acquired and further developed
licensed technology from third parties.
The resulting breakthroughs in MPC helped solve the
previously daunting multivariable constraint problems
encountered in many HPI processes. Advanced process control
(APC) software systems such as these, which typically ran in
separate supervisory computers, provided the DCS controllers
with the precise setpoints needed to further stabilize the
process, reduce variability, and safely operate processes
closer to physical constraints. Assuming that the plant process
control operators trusted the APC enough to keep it turned on
(which was not always the case), this typically provided
owner-operators with significant economic benefit.
While they represented a step change in process control
technology over the all-in-one DDC systems and stand-alone
analog electronic controllers, DCSs were handicapped by their
closed, proprietary nature. This tended to speed obsolescence
and make it difficult and costly to integrate the DCSs with
other plant- or enterprise-level systems. Seeking to gain every
possible competitive advantage, DCS suppliers were loath to
share their proprietary communication technologies with other
suppliers, or to even open up their software codes to their
customers. This was particularly troublesome in HPI
enterprises, where lots of data and information need to flow
back and forth between the plant-level systems used to produce
products (DCS) and the enterprise-level planning and scheduling
However, during the 1980s, IBM, DEC, Microsoft, AT&T,
and other high-technology companies were investing huge sums of
money and dedicating their impressive brain trusts to advancing
and reducing the cost of the general-purpose information
technology (IT). This laid the foundation for the
Internet-enabled Information Age. These technologies included
open, standards-based operating systems (such as UNIX) and
graphical user interfaces, Ethernet networking, TCP/IP
communication protocols, object-based programming approaches,
and many others that we take for granted today. Unlike the DCS,
these technologies were based on open standards and many were
available commercially, almost literally right off the
Initially, at least, automation suppliers either ignored, or
tried their best to ignore, these goings on, convincing
themselves that their industrial customers would never accept
using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies in their
plants. Foxboro, with the introduction of its I/A Series system
in 1987, was the first mainstream automation supplier to
incorporate UNIX, Ethernet and other commercial-type
technologies into a system designed to manage and control
mission-critical industrial processes. Foxboro also spent
millions of dollars developing the worlds first real-time
object manager. Since there were still performance and
availability concerns about Ethernet at the time, Foxboro
developed a redundant/fault-tolerant scheme for its
Ethernet-based process control network, which the company
intentionally referred to as a serial backplane,
rather than a network, because company officials
were concerned that industrial users wouldnt be able to
get their heads around the idea of an Ethernet-based
Fig. 8. Recently
renovated central control room
in a refinery at Major Global
Energy Co. Photo
courtesy of Emerson Process Management.
Unfortunately for Foxboro, serious software and
manufacturing issues with the I/A Series system, which took
several years to fully resolve, prevented the company from
capitalizing on this innovative technology, with more
conventional and field-proven systems, such as Honeywells
TDC 2000/3000 and Yokogawas CENTUM DCSs continuing to
gain market share in the HPI plants in North America and Japan,
respectively. In Europe, ABB began to make inroads
into the HPI with its MOD 300 DCS.
The development of the DCS over the past 30 years has
closely mirrored that of the overall process automation
business, moving from proprietary technologies and closed
systems to COTS components, industry-standard field networks,
and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Today, the DCS has
moved from a system-centric architecture to one that is more
focused on supporting collaborative business processes and
helping owner-operators achieve operational excellence in their
process plants.
The drive toward openness in the 1980s gained momentum
through the 1990s with the increased adoption of COTS
components and IT standards. Probably the biggest transition
undertaken during this time was the move from the UNIX
operating system to the Windows environment, particularly for
human-machine interface (HMI) and data analysis and
presentation applications.
The invasion of Microsoft at the desktop and server layers
resulted in the development of technologies such as OLE for
process control (OPC), which is now a de facto industry
connectivity standard. Internet-based technology also began to make its
mark in industrial automation and the DCS world.
The impact of COTS was most pronounced at the hardware
layer. Standard computer components from manufacturers such as
Intel, Motorola, IBM, Sun Microsystems and Cisco Systems made
it cost prohibitive for DCS suppliers to continue making many
of their own servers, workstations and networking hardware
(although most DCS suppliers still assemble their own process
controllers and I/O modules, albeit using many COTS
components). COTS not only resulted in lower manufacturing
costs for the supplier, but also in steadily decreasing prices
for the end users, who were also becoming increasingly vocal
over what they perceived to be unduly high hardware costs. Some
suppliers that were previously stronger in the programmable
logic control (PLC) business, such as Rockwell Automation and
Siemens, have been able to leverage their expertise in
manufacturing control hardware to enter the DCS marketplace
with competitive offerings.
The current state of most process automation system
offerings available on the market today relies heavily on the
incorporation of international standards, a common control and
configuration environment, a common hardware platform, and a
common information infrastructure that is designed to
accommodate a wide range of applications from multiple
suppliers. Although the DCS of today has come a long way from
the almost totally proprietary world of the 80s, there is
still considerable progress to be made in the quest for full
standards adoption.
In ARCs latest global DCS market outlook study,
published in 2011, Honeywell retained its dominant position in
the global refining market, followed by
Yokogawa, Invensys, Emerson Process Management, ABB and
Siemens. In chemicals, Yokogawa has the leading position
globally, followed by Siemens, Honeywell, ABB, Emerson Process
Management, Invensys and Yamatake.
While the HPI may be very conservative in some respects,
traditionally, this industry has been quick to accept new
technologies that offered clear potential to help companies
operate and maintain their complex assets better and more
efficiently. Process computers, direct digital control systems,
DCS systems, APC, simulation and plant-wide historians, are
just a few examples of the new technology adopted by the HPI.
This has also been the case for fieldbus, the technology that
provides a digital link between intelligent,
microprocessor-based field instrumentation and the host
Unlike the 4-mA to 20-mA analog electronic standard for
communications between field instruments and the control system
(and the 3-psi to 15-psi pneumatic standard that preceded it),
which required point-to-point wiring (or pneumatic hoses) for
each device, digital fieldbus technology enables multiple field
devices to communicate with the host system on the same wire.
While fieldbus segment sizing, topology, and hazardous
area-related decisions can add engineering complexity and cost
compared to point-to-point analog field wiring, the wiring
savings alone can reduce fieldbus installation costs to a
significant degree.
More importantly, fieldbus provides bidirectional digital
communications between the field devices and the host system.
Thus, in addition to communicating one or more process variable
measurements for monitoring and/or control, the field devices
can communicate secondary measurements and important device
status and asset management-related information to the host
system. This eliminates the tedious and time-consuming effort
previously required to ring out and verify
potentially thousands of different field terminations during
system commissioning; reduces ongoing maintenance costs and effort by
eliminating unnecessary trips to the field; and in
conjunction with appropriate softwareenables HPI plants
to implement highly effective condition-based plant asset
management strategies to help improve equipment availability,
while minimizing unnecessary maintenance. (As many
owner-operators have learned, too much work during planned
turnarounds is done based on habit, rather than on actual need;
while needed work sometimes goes unattended.)
That is the good news. As automation users
in HPI plants know all too well, due to the snail-like pace of
standardization efforts and significant politicking among
national standards bodies and automation suppliers, its
taken far too long for fieldbus standards and technology to
arrive at its current state. Initially, DCS suppliers offered
proprietary digital communications that provided many of the
benefits of todays standard fieldbus technology, albeit in a
single-vendor environment. In other words, each
suppliers smart transmitters could only communicate
digitally with its own control system. Not an optimum
situation, particularly for end users.
Pressed by their customers, national standards bodies in
Europe and North America, working in conjunction with
automation suppliers, initiated a number of different,
competing fieldbus standardization efforts. In 1999, in a
creative, if not terribly helpful, attempt to break the
stalemate and end these fieldbus wars, the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) came up with a
compromise standard, IEC 61158, that recognized
eight different fieldbus approaches (including FOUNDATION
fieldbus, ControlNet/Ethernet IP, PROFIBUS, WorldFIP and
INTERBUS), grouping these into different types, but
creating common physical, data link and applications
While waiting for these fieldbus wars to sort
themselves out, many users simply avoided the issue altogether
by installing transmitters with HART communications capability.
While HART-enabled transmitters dont offer multi-drop
capability and still commonly communicate the process control
variable in analog, 4 mA to 20 mA (rather than the available
digital) format, they do offer the potential to access
transmitter status diagnostics and interact with the field
device remotely from the control room, maintenance shop or
plant reliability center. In the
past, many users found this particularly useful when
commissioning the instruments; far fewer used this capability
for ongoing asset management. However, this situation appears
to be changing as automation and other suppliers have
introduced plant asset management toolkits that fully exploit
the potential of HART.
Ultimately, in Europe, PROFIBUS emerged as an
industry fieldbus standard for both process and discrete
applications, gaining wide acceptance among suppliers and users
alike on that continent. In North America, FOUNDATION fieldbus
emerged as the digital fieldbus for process plants.
Not surprisingly, Shell and other leading HPI companies were
among the first to experiment with and implement FOUNDATION
fieldbus. They did so cautiously at first, with the initial
implementations in pilot plants and for other smaller-scale
projects, and ultimately, in virtually all their new plants
and/or major expansion projects.
FOUNDATION fieldbus-enabled control valves and transmitters include
standard process control blocks, so thatonce
againfor simple process control loops, at least, both
measurement and control can be performed in the
fieldjust like in the early days of process control!
Whats more, as with the early single-loop controllers,
this can help limit the negative impact of instrument or other
faults compared to DCS controllers, which handle dozens, or
even hundreds, of control loops (albeit, normally in redundant
configurations designed to enhance fault tolerance).
Since DCS process controllers are often physically located
at a significant distance from the process, fieldbus-enabled
control in the field can sometimes reduce the time latencies
involved when a measurement signal has to be transmitted from
the field devices to a DCS controller and the control signal
transmitted from the controller back to the final control
device in the field. While a study commissioned by the Fieldbus
Foundation revealed that this can help improve performance,
particularly in fast-acting control loops, owner-operators have
been slow to accept fieldbus-enabled control in the field to
ARC believes that this is probably because users are already
very comfortable and generally satisfied, with their DCS
controllers, and because control in the field doesnt add
value for the types of interactive control loops found in many
HPI processes.
Fig. 9.
Collaboration wall decision support
a hypothetical integrated downstream
enterprise. Photo courtesy of Invensys
Operations Management.
While the state-of-the-art in process automation systems has
only advanced incrementally in recent years, ARC believes that
well soon see some major advancements emerge in
industrial automation, andif the past is any
lessonowner-operators in the HPI will likely to be among
the first to implement many of these advancements. Some of
these advancements include:
ARC analysts will aim to keep HP readers informed
about these and other trends in our monthly Integration Strategies
columns. HP
All comments are subject to editorial review.
All fields are compulsory.
nice doc to read
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A searchable database of project activity in the global hydrocarbon processing industry
Engineers and designers are highly skilled individuals. Forcing them to enter design changes using tables, forms and spreadsheets is unproductive and uneconomical, and it increases the likelihood of human error—this is the way that most instrumentation software systems currently work. For too long, software vendors have denied engineers and designers the simple practicality of a graphical visual engineering interface with "drag and drop" capability and inbuilt intelligence, ensuring changes are automatically replicated into all the associated data and databases.
Is 2016 the peak for US gasoline demand?
Too soon to tell
July 2016


text:
I'm pretty sure Dovid, the king of Israel is dead and buried. If so, what does this song really mean and why do we sing it? Why do we pick Dovid specifically and not some other tzadik, like Moshe?
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The Rama (426:2) quotes Rabbeinu Bachya who says that David's kingdom, which is compared to the moon, will renew itself like the moon; and the Jews will return to their husband, G-d. The Mishnah Brurah (in the Bi'ur Halachah) quotes the Pri Chadash to the statement in Rosh HaShanah 25a that this was the message that they sent.
Interestingly, the Stropkover Rebbe, Rabbi Avraham Shalom Halberstam, a descendant of the Shinover Rebbe, quoted (in a speech in Los Angeles on Saturday Night, 7 Shevat, 5767) a similar Midrash (Exodus Rabbah §8) that says that when King Solomon inaugurated the First Holy Temple, he met some difficulty squeezing the Holy Ark, which was ten cubits wide into the Holy of Holies, whose entrance was also exactly ten cubits wide. In order to remedy the situation, King Solomon called upon the merit of his father, King David, so that HaShem should perform a miracle and save him from great embarrassment. He brought the coffin of his deceased father into the Holy Temple, whereupon his father, King David, arose from the dead (although, see the parallel to this Midrash at Yalkut Shimoni, Prophets, §193 which does not mention this detail).
Based on this Midrash, Rabbi Halberstam reasoned that the decree that all humans are destined to die is specifically if one is alive, then he is supposed to die, but if one already died and has been resurrected, there is no decree that he should ever die again. Therefore, he explained that after King David arose from the dead, he was alive and furthermore, he shall continue to live because the limits of human mortality do not apply to one who already experienced death and returned from the dead.
This explains the interpretive anomaly in the contrast between Jacob and King David, for regarding Jacob's state of living, the Talmud simply says (Taanis 5b, See Rashi to Genesis 49:33 who proves this based on the connotation of a scriptural verse), "Jacob, our father, did not die." In contrast, a popular refrain declared by the Jewish Nation for many generations, as a source of inspiration through many trying times, states, "Dovid Melech Yisrael Chai V'Kayam, meaning, "David, king of Israel, is alive and enduring." (This phrase is not only found in popular songs, but is a liturgical part of many joyous occasions (such as Kiddush Levana and its grouping with the phrase Mazel Tov).) Jacob simply did not die, but King David not only remains alive, but continues to live and will never die.
Source: I heard it myself from him, see http://rchaimqoton.blogspot.co.il/2007/07/completing-mitzvah.html
I think an explanation might be that the Gemara says David never slept more than "sixty breaths" in a row so that he would not taste the taste of death (sleep is considered 1/60 of death), so he always remained in the category of "living"
Perhaps since the messiah is to be from the linage of King David and has yet to come it is a reference of things to come via King David's line and a continuation ? It exists and lives on ?
Just a thought from an ordinary guy.
Li'het chavereem


text:
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