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My wife and I have several lights on dimmer switches throughout our home. We generally prefer the ambient lighting provided by dimmed lights. I am curious, though, if we are saving any electricity by dimming the lights. I feel like I read somewhere that dimmers work by rapidly turning on and off the current to a light, though it's just as likely I fundamentally don't understand how a dimmer switch works.
Yes. And here's why.
Rheostat dimmers
Old dimmers, used a variable resister to dim the light. Lets look at a simple example.
We can find total resistance (RT), by adding up all the resistance.
RT = R1 + R2 = 0 Ohms + 144 Ohms = 144 Ohms
Then we can find the total current (IT).
IT = ET / RT = 120V / 144 Ohms = .83A
We'll then calculate the voltage across each resistive load.
E1 = IT * R1 = .83A * 0 Ohms = 0V
E2 = IT * R2 = .83A * 144 Ohms = 120V
Finally, we'll calculate the total wattage (WT)
WT = V^2/R = 120V ^2 / 144 Ohms = 100 Watts
Lets see what happens when we increase the resistance of R1
RT = 200 Ohms + 144 Ohms = 344 Ohms
IT = 120V / 344 Ohms = .349A
E1 = .349A * 200 Ohms = 69.77V
E2 = .349A * 144 Ohms = 50.23V
WT = 120V ^2 / 344 = 41.86 Watts
As you can see, we've increased the resistance of R1 and effectively reduced the voltage across R2. And now we have a dim light.
Thyristor dimmer
Modern dimmers use a TRIAC, to reduce the amount of time the light is on. However, because of the circuitry in the dimmer, there is not a direct 1:1 energy savings. Dimming the light to 50%, will not equate to a 50% savings in electricity.
A typical waveform in an AC system would look like this.
A TRIAC prevents electricity from flowing every time voltage reaches 0, something like this.
So you end up with a waveform that looks like this.
With the TRIAC, the light is actually turning off and on 120 times per second. With every cycle, you're saving a small amount of power. Is it enough to actually see on your electric bill? I guess it would depend on how long the lights are on, and what percentage they are dimmed.
It can depend on the dimmer type - older ones just used to drop the load across a resistor, so you ended up dissipating the same power, just converting it to heat in a resistor rather than heat and light in a bulb.
Modern ones should save some power, they switch on and off rapidly, and just change the duty cycle to give more or less 'on' time.
Short answer is yes, you will save in electrical cost. Probably any dimmer made in the past 20 year has the technology to save you money. This is from Lutron, one of the largest dimmer manufactures in the world.
As you see, not only will you save electricity but your lamps will last longer. Thats why 130 volt lamps last longer than 120 volt lamps.
Dimming LED are easy but to get the best dimming experience you will need a dimmer designed for LED's. These have what I used to call a trim screw so you can adjust the dimmer to use the whole dimming range. Trim screws were used for fan speed controls and you would adjust the trim screw down to where the fan is spinning when the speed control is turned to the lower setting.
I spent a fair amount of time researching this exact question recently, including paying an electrician to come to our home. He had NO understanding of the problem. Most dimmers that you buy are simply variable resistors. This means that if you have a 100 watt bulb on the circuit, but dimmed half way, you are sending out 50 watts to the bulb and 50 watts gets turned into heat in the switch box.
Dump too much heat into the switch box, and you may find you are cooking the dimmer. In our case, 300 watts of bulbs on a dimmer, dimmed down to a low ambient lighting was sufficient to cook a dimmer switch that was rated to handle 500-600 watts. (Our electrician saw that the dimmer switch was theoretically rated to handle the wattage, so it could not possibly be our problem.)
So, no, you are NOT saving electricity at all by dimming a bulb down, at least with a standard dimmer. You can buy LED bulbs, or CFL bulbs to help here. But beware that all LED bulbs do not seem to work on all dimmer switches. And CFL bulbs do not dim terribly well at all, even those that are designed to dim.
You can also buy an electronic dimmer. This is a dimmer that does its job by cutting the power off completely, many times per second. It does indeed save electricity, because the electrons which do not pass on to the light are not just shunted through a resistor to generate heat. Electronic dimmers are more expensive. Note that most dimmer switches you buy at the home store are still the resistor kind.
Finally, you can do one other thing. If you normally run the switch dimmed down quite far, then put fewer or smaller bulbs in the receptacles. For example, we had five 60 watt incandescent bulbs on a single circuit, that we normally ran dimmed way down for ambient lighting. While I plan on buying LED bulbs to replace them, dimmable LEDs are far too expensive now to justify this. Simpler was just to back out 3 of the 5 bulbs. Two 60 watt bulbs, still dimmed down half way are entirely adequate to light the area as we wanted it to be lit.
While rheostats were used as dimmers in theatrical lighting back in the early days, this has not been common since the 1950s or earlier and I have never seen a domestic light dimmer that didn't use a thyristor. You don't save a lot of energy dimming incandescent lamps due to the highly nonlinear relationship of efficiency to filament temperature (brightness) but it is NOT due to the extra voltage being burned up in the dimmer. Rather as the lamp is dimmed, the light output shifts towards infrared with a larger percentage of the power turning straight into heat in the bulb than visible light. You still save some, but not as much as you might think.
Some of the modern LED bulbs that can be dimmed really do save a lot of power though. On several I've measured, a 10-13W "bulb" dimmed down to what looks roughly half as bright to my eyeballs draws only 2-3 Watts.
With incandescents (which are, as others have noticed, the only reliably dimmable bulbs), even in the best case scenario, their light output goes down faster than their power usage - so for example (made up numbers, but the principle holds), if you dim them to 75% of normal brightness, you're still using maybe, 80-90% of the original power. The brighter they are, the more efficient they are.
While it is true that adding a variable resistance in series with a light bulb will lower the current and therefore lower the power (as the resistance increases) the fact remains that power is wasted in the form of heat through the variable resistor. I don't think there are any of these older "rheostat" (variable resistor) types being sold today. The newer design on the market modifies the AC waveform to be on only a portion of each cycle. This design is more efficient as it does not waste unused power however the silicon component used in the dimmer must also dissipate heat and does this through its mounting flange (usually aluminum). This is one reason why only a certain number of switches and wires are permitted to be in the box.
I tested a $5 Leviton rotary dimmer, rated 600 watts, by dimming Christmas lights. The load totaled 520 watts. The dimmer worked by attenuating the AC voltage supplied. What I found is the dimmer temperature increased when the AC voltage is maxed and the temperature decreased when the voltage was attenuated. I initially thought the heat dissipated goes up when dimming, but now it looks like the majority of the heat generated is due to the inefficiency of the transistors inside. The higher the voltage and more current flowing through the hotter the unit got. At 520 watts load it got hot enough that I could not touch the heatsink longer than a few seconds.
The lesson here is don't use dimmers if you're gonna leave the light on at max most of the time. Energy not converted to light is wasted as heat. Dimming the light will use less electricity and save you money. Whether the light is dimmed or not the dimmer wastes some energy in the form of heat. The wasted energy goes up proportionally with the load.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mild-Mannered 440 Mauler - Part 4, The Top End BuildWritten by on August 1, 2005 Building the Top End
Sometimes for one reason or another, projects can take a turn midstream, and in the case of our 446 build, timing and circumstance have led to just that. With our robust short-block built, fitting the top-end package marked the home stretch for our build-up. Our cylinder head criteria was to use aftermarket aluminum heads with relatively large Max Wedge ports, and we sought very high flow. We had planned on a set of extensively modified MP 383/440 replacement heads. in seeking to make these basic castings fit our requirements, the heads were radically ported, including filling in the pushrod pinch and cutting the as-cast intake ports to the maximum cross-sectional area. When we saw the new Indy 440-EZ heads at the recent trade shows, we began to rethink the practicality of our original approach.
Enter The Indy EZ
The 440-EZ series is based upon the popular Indy SR series of heads, but with casting revisions to the intake, and a relocated exhaust port, putting the exhaust back to the stock location from the raised SR position. The stock exhaust location eliminates potential complications in fitting existing header designs in most applications, but what really got our attention was the EZ performance potential. We had scores of hours of porting time in our low-port MP heads, and achieved respectable flow, but the new Indy heads offered something our highly modified castings couldn't match-power and performance right out of the box. Weighing which approach would better serve those looking to duplicate our effort, the cold reality is our insanely modified castings represented more work and one-off esoteric mods than even we'd ever want to attempt again, much less pay for. The architecture of the Indy head was designed from the onset with large high-flowing ports in mind. With the raised intake runners working down the port to Indy's trademark long valves, the layout has distinct performance advantages, including a taller, deeper, port in the bowl and short turn, and a more appropriately sized port volume for a big-block engine. The Indy heads free up the area under the spring seat, which is critically short in production-style short-valve heads. The clincher was a look at the flow numbers.
Indy offers the 440-EZ head in four versions, covering applications over a wide performance level. The most basic version is the standard 440-EZ, which retains the factory port window size at the manifold flange to mate with any standard factory or aftermarket intake manifold. The EZ heads preserve the factory layout for the pushrod location and rocker arms, and oil the rockers through the heads, just like the originals. Basically, all that is required are longer pushrods and the Indy valley plate to make the swap a bolt-on. Helped by the streamlined shape afforded by Indy's long-valve, and an ample 2.19-inch valve diameter, the as-cast 270cc 440-EZ intake ports flow 305 cfm, while the exhaust handles 215 cfm. With a flow gain approaching 40 percent as compared to stock castings, there's tremendous power potential in these heads. That's very good, but Indy offers three even hotter versions of the EZ head in the Max Wedge port window configuration.
If more flow is called for, Indy opens the EZ head to larger proportions with the 440 EZ-1, with CNC porting to the bowls and intake runner opening, taking the head to a Max-Wedge-size port window, with a port volume of 275 cc. The larger intake port opening and CNC work raise the intake flow to the 3TK level, and allow the use of higher-capacity factory or Indy Max-wedge intake manifolds. The EZ-1 is otherwise the same as the standard EZ head, in regard to stock rocker oiling and the standard location exhaust.
Things really get interesting with the EZ casting treated to Indy's full Windjammer CNC porting of the intake, exhaust, and chamber. Measuring in at 295 cc, the Indy 440 EZ-295 CNC, affectionately called the Little Easy, scales intake port flow up to a lofty 355 cfm, while still utilizing standard factory-spec rockers. The fully CNC-ed Little Easy, at 355 cfm, was just too tempting for us to pass up in our project, offering awesome power potential, simple installation, and plenty of port volume to make our 446 really come to life. For bigger inch stroker or higher-powered applications, Indy has an even larger version of the EZ available, the 440 EZ-325 CNC, called the Big Easy. With a 325cc intake port, the Big Easy utilizes the offset intake rocker arrangement of the original Indy-1 heads. Like the Little Easy, the Big Easy receives the full Windjammer CNC treatment, and flow is through the roof at 370 cfm. For the popular stroker combos being built these days, this cylinder head offers the flow potential, volume, and cross-section to make serious use of the available displacement. Both the Big and Little Easy full CNC ported heads are designed to oil the rockers via Indy's convenient external oiling system.
Making the swap to any of the Indy heads requires the factory style intake "bathtub" gasket be replaced by the Indy valley plate. The separate valley plate offers improved sealing of both the block's valley, and the intake manifold. The use of individual composition gaskets (supplied by Indy) to seal the intake manifold facilitates fit and alignment when milling has been done to the block, heads, or both. Two configurations of the valley plate are offered: Indy's one-piece PN 440-6 R/B, or the PN 440-6R R/B that includes an access plate. Since the valley plate becomes captive when the heads are installed, we prefer the latter, which allow access to the lifter valley in the event of a cam change or other maintenance. As mentioned, the full CNC-ported versions of the EZ requires the Indy external oiling system, which is simple to set up and plumb.
Though the Indy heads are offered fully assembled and ready to run, we elected to go with our choice of Comp's new beehive valvesprings (PN 26120). We've seen the beehives in action on other applications, typically hydraulic rollers, with impressive results. We have witnessed these springs dramatically increase rpm potential, while running at a reduced spring load, and were eager to give them a try in a Mopar flat-tappet hydraulic application. The beehive springs reduce spring mass, and the winding design makes the springs much less susceptible to harmonic spring surge, a primary factor in loss of valve control. Installed at 1.900 inches, the springs will provide 148 pounds of seat load, and 369 pounds of load over-the-nose with our cam combo. The Comp springs were installed with the required special retainers, and a set of Comp SuperLocks for the Indy 111/432-inch stem valves. Our cam combo would put them to the test, with the extraordinarily fast Comp XEHL hydraulic flat-tappet cam, and our selection of custom 1.7:1-ratio Harland Sharp rockers. With only 231-degrees of duration at .050-inch lift, our combo will open the valves to a maximum of just a hair under .600-inch, representing a very demanding combination. The aggressive number 5964 lobe our custom cam is based on may seem short on duration when the .050-inch number is quoted, but the duration at .200 inch is a healthy 149 degrees. We were after a short duration/high lift combo to maximize idle quality and vacuum in a tame street application.
The balance of our assembly included the excellent Indy 440-2D dual-plane intake manifold, ported and prepped in a previous issue to flow 360-plus-cfm. We will top the intake with a large Demon carburetor. Needless to say, we are going out on a limb with this unusual combination of large, high-flowing heads, combined with a very short duration, high-lift cam, and a large two-plane intake capped with a big four-barrel. The goal is an exceptionally good idle and strong torque, with impressive power into the lower 6,000-rpm range. We expect to put the theory to the test in a full dyno session in an upcoming issue. We'll sample several capacities of Demon carbs from Westech's inventory of dyno carburetors, and hope to experiment with an Indy single-plane intake, to see how the power at higher engine speeds responds. Will it work? We sure hope so, but you can bet we'll be packing a big solid roller stick as a back up, just in case we turn out to be all wet with our experiment. Hey, but it just may work. Stay tuned.
|Intake volume
|Exhaust volume
|Chamber volume
|75 or 80cc
|75 or 80cc
|78 or 82cc
|78 or 82cc
|Intake window
|stock B/RB
|Max Wedge
|Max Wedge
|Max Wedge
|partial CNC
|full CNC
|full CNC
|Rocker oiling
|Rocker offset
|Intake valve dia.
|Exhaust valve dia.
|INDY PORT FLOW - Intake
|Tested by Indy
28-inch H2O Depression
|INDY PORT FLOW - Exhaust
|Tested by Indy
28-inch H2O Depression
(951) 304-0498
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The 295cc intake port was nicely shaped throughout, with exceptional flow. Note that the pushrod constriction is nearly absent, even though the heads are designed to take standard B/RB-style rockers.The exhaust port shape is unusual, but fully CNC-ed. Indy puts the peak flow at 225 cfm at .700-inch lift for the 79cc exhaust port. We actually found 241 cfm at .700-inch, and 255 cfm at .800-inch on a SuperFlow 600 flow bench when tested with a flow tube affixed to the exit.A familiar heart-shaped chamber is also fully CNC profiled in the 295 EZ. A nice shape, an ample quench area, a deep angled plug, things look very good here. The chamber measures 78 cc, with a relieved 82cc chamber also available if your pistons dictate it for clearance. We recommend the closed chambers and flattop pistons. The Indy Windjammer CNC work continues in the bowls; note the deep open shape of the bowl, and the minimal intrusion of the profiled guide boss.Indy's port shape owes a great deal to the use of longer valves than those used in production heads. Notice the difference between the stock-length valve (left), and the Indy valve (right). The longer valves allow for a taller, flow enhancing, short turn, and a deeper bowl with more cross-sectional area, as well as room for improved valvespring installed height. Many advantages here.Indy sells the heads as complete assemblies, however, we wanted to try something different in springs. The package we used to fill out our heads included a set of Indy's valves, and Comp's trick beehive springs, locators, retainers, and locks. The special locators for Comp's beehive springs are not currently available in an inside diameter to match the .670-inch valveguide register on the Indy heads, so we had to machine the spring locators to fit.Techline's thermal barrier coating was applied to the chamber side of the valves. We've found the coating here is a benefit in decreasing the octane requirement, helping reduce heat transfer to the mixture, especially from the exhaust valve.Why were we psyched? Maybe because when we put the Indy EZ 295 heads on the bench, they delivered the 355 cfm Indy quotes at .700-inch lift, and 360 cfm at .800-inch. We were also pleased to find the exhaust was well above the published numbers when tested with a flow tube. It's always good when a manufacturer's product delivers on their claim, and this is especially true in the often-exaggerated area of airflow. We were very impressed with the results turned in by Indy's Windjammer CNC porting, very substantial.Our assembled short-block was eagerly awaiting the Indy top-end. The block is a retired dyno test unit, and had been fitted with copper O-rings at one time for nitrous testing. A set of Milodon studs was installed to provide the clamping.Transferring the cams motion is a set of Comp's premium Pro Magnum hydraulic lifters. We applied some cam lube to the base and oil to the flanks, and slid them in place. When installing flat-tappet lifters, make certain that the lifters fit smoothly in the bores and rotate freely, without any binding or snagging.
The Indy valley plate goes on before the heads. We favor the PN 440-6R R/B plate that allows access to the lifter valley, an important consideration if you ever need to get in there for a cam change or other purpose, since the plate becomes captive once the heads are installed. A light bead of silicone seals it to the block. Make sure the alignment is even to the block at all four corners.To go with the O-ringed block, this ex-dyno engine requires copper gaskets. We have found these Milodon gaskets to provide a good reliable seal if properly installed. A glitch is that the two separate steam holes punched in the gasket, as shown, end up with one hole blind to the block and head. The fix is to cut a slot between the two holes, as shown in the gasket below.A light smear of silicone around all the water or oil passages is applied to seal the copper gaskets to the fluids. The gaskets will likely leak if put on dry. Take the time to study how the block passages line up with the gaskets to be certain that the sealer is applied in all the areas needed.Before the heads are bolted on, a bead of silicone is applied to the valley plate to seal it to the heads. We first trial fit the heads, and marked a line with a felt pen showing where the heads meet the plate.Just before installing the cylinder heads, the tops of the copper head gaskets were given a smear of sealant, as needed, and then our monsters from Indy were guided over the studs. We found that four of the head studs from our standard Milodon 440 set, one above each pair of intake ports, were too short with the Indy castings. These were replaced with studs measuring 511/44 inches.Indy's EZ heads, with their raised intake runners and longer valves, require longer pushrods. We measured the length required for our block and valvetrain combo, and ordered a set of 31/48-inch pushrods from Smith Brothers.Custom high ratio 1.7:1 Harland Sharp roller rockers move the valves in a hurry, achieving a serious .600-inch lift from our Comp Cams flat-tappet cam. The valves were adjusted to just a nudge of about one-eighth of a turn past zero lash, giving just a minimum of preload for quiet operation.We found the intake manifold exhaust cross over hit the valley inspection cover fasteners. We ground some clearance, and swapped to a button head fastener to solve that issue. The EZ heads have no provision to run manifold heat, and we'd recommend blocking it if they had.Our buddy Roger Helgesen scored these fabricated sheetmetal valve covers at a swap meet, and when we were caught eyeing them at his shop, he said we could have them. We have no idea who made them, but some of the welds look questionable, so we're not sure they'll stay on the engine, but a trial fit was encouraging, and they did look good. Breathers will have to be installed before we run the engine.
Twelve bolts secure the access cover in the Indy valley plate. A bead of silicone provides the seal, though Indy offers a gasket (PN 228).The Indy 440-2D RB intake manifold is by far the highest flowing two-plane we've ever tested. The large ports are easily matched to the EZ 295's port size. The two-plane configuration should be worth torque, and improve idle quality and vacuum slightly, but we hope to also try an Indy 440-2 RB 4150-series single-plane manifold.Both of the larger CNC EZ heads required external oiling. We were surprised to hear from Russ Flagle, who along with his brother Fred, founded Indy Cylinder Head, that some customers are apprehensive about this additional mod. Plumbing it up takes a couple of minutes, thanks to Indy's well thought out kit (PN 440-10), and the convenient oil gallery at the rear of a Mopar big-block. The procedure is about as tricky as hooking up your garden hose.


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Digital evidence becomes key to solving crimes in NH
DOVER — When state prosecutors present their case against murder suspect Seth Mazzaglia next year, some of the most reliable evidence in the courtroom could be supplied in digital, rather than physical, form.
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Prest-O-Shade NT Sun Shade (Colors)
Keep customers cool and advertise at the same time with these Car Window Shades that offer a great imprint area for your message. Shade collapses up to 10% of its size. Storage pouches are available during checkout.
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Marian Yee
You are hereHome/ Marian Yee
Marian Yee received her doctoral degree in English literature and languages from Rutgers University. She has taught courses in English and American literature, film studies, postcolonial studies, composition and creative writing. She has worked at Rutgers University, University of Michigan, Macalester College, San Diego State University and the Massachusetts College of Art. In addition, she has published critical articles, reviews and creative works that are anthologized in Composition and Resistance, The Forbidden Stitch and The Actor's Book of Monologues for Women. She has also delivered papers in Baltimore, Los Angeles, Seattle, Boston and Cortland, New York, on topics regarding women and nationalism, anthropology and literature and teaching composition.
Yee is the recipient of the Knight Foundation Fellowship in English at Macalester College (1991), an Academic Career Fellowship from the New Jersey Higher Education Assistance Authority (1987–1991), an Academy of American Poets Award (1986) and a Metropolitan Life Scholarship from the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference (1983). In 2006, she was named Outstanding Faculty of the Year, Liberal Arts Division, at The Boston Conservatory, where she has taught since 2005.
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I'm trying to sell a home, and we're in the inspection / repair phase. The buyers asked for me to install an anti-tip device for the oven in the kitchen, and I'm not even sure what that is. Can someone explain it to me and tell me how to install it?
It's a bracket, with a U-shaped slot. Depending on the model, it is screwed either to the floor, or to both the floor and the wall behind the oven.
You slide the oven's rear foot underneath the bracket, and it holds the oven in place in case you step on the door while it's open, preventing your pot of boiling water from sliding off the top onto you.
Installation is usually just a matter of:
An anti-tip bracket is usually installed on the floor and against the wall (towards the back of the stove) for one of the rear legs to slide into. Its purpose is to prevent the stove from tipping when a heavy load is placed on the door or slide-out racks upsetting the center of gravity. Replacement parts are available at all the big box stores but I'll bet yours, if not installed, is still in the plastic bag tied to the back of the stove. Shut off the circuit breaker feeding the stove, carefully slide the stove away from the wall, ensure a bracket isn't installed (the last time the stove was slid against the wall it may have simply missed the bracket) and if not installed, search around for the original plastic bag. Hopefully, the instructions with an installation template is still in the bag. (While the stove is away from the wall, you can fetch lost utensils and kids toys!)


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All Rise...
Editor's Note
Our reviews of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Complete Third Season (published May 13th, 2004), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Complete Fourth Season (published January 19th, 2005), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Complete Fifth Season (published December 7th, 2005), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Eighth Season (published November 3rd, 2008), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Eleventh Season (published October 6th, 2011), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The First Season (Blu-ray) (published May 13th, 2009), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Fourteenth Season (published September 25th, 2014), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Ninth Season (published September 25th, 2009), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Ninth Season (Blu-ray) (published September 21st, 2009), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Seventh Season (published December 19th, 2007), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Thirteenth Season (published September 27th, 2013), CSI: Grave Danger (Blu-ray) (published February 7th, 2012), CSI: The Finale (published January 22nd, 2016), and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Twelfth Season (published October 22nd, 2012) are also available.
The Charge
People lie, but the evidence never does.
Opening Statement
CBS's CSI: Crime Scene Investigation has been a runaway hit for the past three seasons, one of the first bona fide hits for that network in a number of years. It has proven stiff competition for NBC's once unbeatable Thursday night "Must See TV" lineup of vapid comedies, providing an intelligent, dramatic alternative for the adults in the audience.
Facts of the Case
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Complete First Season brings us back to the beginning and introduces us to the skilled, dedicated professionals of the Las Vegas Police Department Crime Lab. Vegas may be working to clean up its image and attract family vacationers, but there remains plenty of darkness and mayhem to remind us all that Sin City has a nasty dark side. The CSI team sees the worst that humanity has to offer, at all levels of society from streetwalkers and drug dealers to the wealthy denizens of high-priced suburbs.
The calm center in this storm of violence and tragedy is Gil Grissom (William Petersen, Cousins, Manhunter), the stoic, resolutely logical head of the crime lab. Grissom is more than a boss to the rest of the criminalists; depending on their mood, he can be confidant, father figure, Jedi master, or annoying philosophy professor.
Like any premiere season, this first year of CSI takes some time to establish the various characters and relationships. It is an evolutionary process. At first it is not Grissom, but the hard-bitten Captain Brass (Paul Guilfoyle, Air Force One) who runs the crime lab; after a young CSI recruit is killed in the line of duty, Brass goes back to homicide and Grissom becomes the boss. He brings in Sara Sidel (Jorja Fox, Memento) to conduct an impartial investigation; over the course of the season, Sara evolves from a resented intruder to an essential portion of the CSI unit. Straight-arrow Nick Stokes (George Eads) strikes up an unlikely relationship with a hooker (Krista Allen, Emmanuelle in Space) whom he busts for robbing her clients; over a number of episodes, her fate threatens Nick's career as an investigator. Smooth-talking Warrick Brown (Gary Dourdan, Alien Resurrection) fights to set himself free from a gambling addiction and the influence of a crooked judge who knows too much about his habit. Ex-stripper Catherine Willows (Marg Helgenberger, Species) fights to keep a balance between her life in the morbid world of the crime lab and her private life as a single parent, trying to protect her young daughter from the horrors she sees on the job every night.
It is also clear that the characters were still evolving in the minds of the writers as the series began to air. Grissom starts out as breezier, more happy and outgoing, than the quirky, almost monk-like scientist that has become so familiar to fans of the series. Brass, starting out as head of the CSI division, comes across in the pilot episode as a hostile, unsympathetic character who seems more an adversary to Grissom than an ally; over the season, he becomes the police figure with whom the Crime Scene Investigators can depend.
These characters evolve over the course of a season filled with fascinating cases and well-crafted plots. Many of the cases are taken in part from real-world headlines or even urban legends; most of the time, they are devilishly complex and very satisfying for the audience. CSI has made a name for itself with its unblinking depiction of murder and mayhem, clever plot twists, and attention to the details of forensic science.
(For a complete synopsis of each episode, please consult the link to the official CSI website at CBS Television, or check out TV Tome for even more information.)
The Evidence
In hindsight, it is a wonder that a forensics-oriented show like CSI: Crime Scene Investigation didn't appear a lot sooner; networks like The Discovery Channel and TLC regularly devote entire evenings to violent crimes and the scientists who solve them. Given the popularity of these reality-based shows, it was only a matter of time before someone recognized both the dramatic potential and ready-made audience for a fictionalized version.
However, to keep the audience from drowning in technical jargon, a show of this nature must focus on writing and characters. In particular, the very talented cast does an all-around excellent job in keeping the human element in the foreground. It helps that the writers have given them realistic characters to play, with a full set of human strengths and flaws, but the great acting of everyone involved is one of the essential keys to the ongoing success of CSI.
This DVD collection presents all 23 episodes of CSI's first season, spread across six discs. Picture quality is kind of frustrating. As the old nursery rhyme says, when it is good it is very good, and when it is bad, it sucks. The strange thing is that darker scenes, such as the many shots of the Vegas skyline and the Strip, are excellent; every light bulb stands out. Normal daylight scenes, on the other hand, tend to crawl with grain or picture noise. Throughout the episodes there appears to be some occasional edge enhancement, and some noticeable aliasing from time to time. Colors are rich and fully saturated; blacks in particular are perhaps a bit too saturated at times, causing some loss of detail in dark or shadowed areas. Other colors are intentionally altered by the use of filters for portions of various episodes.
The audio is impressive also. CSI is a show that makes excellent use of sound editing to create a heightened audio perception. Seemingly minor sounds, like bullets being loaded into a gun, carry an extra weight and impact that gives them a new importance. The audio on this DVD does a good job of conveying this in a Dolby 2.0 Stereo environment. Sounds of all kinds, from music to dialogue, are sharp and clear. On the other hand, while these DVDs do as good a job with CSI's complex sound environment as can be expected from a stereo mix, a 5.1 mix would have been preferable to fully convey all of the complexity and subtlety of which the show is capable.
In addition to the episodes on Disc Six, there is a small selection of extra content. Character profiles are provided for a selection of the main characters; these are informative and longer than one might expect, but, being static text screens, are relatively unimpressive. The "CSI—Who Are You?" music video is a nice showcase of the series' classic rock theme song, and features some interesting flashbacks from various episodes, but is for the most part uninformative and bland.
The one piece of extra content with some real meat to it is the featurette entitled "CSI—People Lie…but the Evidence Never Does." This featurette explores the motivations and ideas behind the series as a whole and the individuals who contribute to it. A wide range of contributors is represented here, from executive producer Jerry Bruckheimer to the technical advisors. One such technical advisor, Elizabeth Devine, sums up exactly why we find the stories on CSI so fascinating when she comments that there have always been whodunits on television; a "howdunit" is something new that grabs our attention. The featurette runs for 19 minutes, and also allows the cast time to reflect on the nature of their characters, their fictional profession, and the human interactions at the core of the series.
The Rebuttal Witnesses
Great series, intriguing stories and characters, fair to middling DVD presentation and minimal worthwhile extra content. That about sums it up.
Closing Statement
If you're a CSI fan, you'll love having this collection of first-season episodes on your shelf. One note of warning: the DVD version does feature some harsher language than I remember from seeing the episodes on television. I don't mind that sort of thing, but there are those who might. Of course, if you're into watching detailed reenactments of murders and other violent crimes, including the great CGI "wound-cam" perspective, chances are the occasional cuss word isn't going to put you off very much.
The Verdict
Not guilty! This is a decent, though underwhelming, DVD presentation of one of the hottest series on TV today. This is a great place to start, especially if you are a latecomer to the series and missed some of these initial episodes when they originally aired.
We stand adjourned.
Give us your feedback!
Did we give CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: The Complete First Season a fair trial? yes / no
What's "fair"? Whether positive or negative, our reviews should be unbiased, informative, and critique the material on its own merits.
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Northbrook Asphalt Paving
Our professional asphalt contractors offer complete parking lot maintenance to Property Managers, Contractors, and home owners in Glenview. Why use more than one contractor? We do your job complete from start to finish. At All Ways Paving our purpose is to build a team whose members will work together to accomplish a simple goal. This goal is to reach every customer in Glenview with absolute professionalism. At every level, beginning with full-time office staff and continuing with our sales and labor teams, we aim to provide our Glenview customers with a sense of confidence only experts deliver. We are the best at our business, and we extend the arm of excellence into our every service opportunity
All Ways Paving & Plowing - Northbrook Asphalt Paving
All Ways Paving & Plowing has been in business for over 10 years and has over 70 years of experience between the All Ways Paving team. We specialize in Northbrook aphalt driveways and parking lots, concrete ramps and sidewalks, and catch basin adjustment, installation, and repair. We also offer repair services for your Northbrook asphalt paving needs, such as seal coating and crack sealing. Or, if you find yourself in need of snow removal, we provide complete snow removal services including snow removal, shoveling and sidewalk clearing. From roads to parking lots and residential walkways and driveways, All Ways Paving & Plowing provides Northbrook with snow removal services.
Northbrook Asphalt Maintenance
Asphalt patching in Northbrook is a frequently used repair technique for imperfections such as potholes. Potholes can be formed by the freezing and thawing of water in unsealed or improperly sealed cracks. As the ice forms it expands and damages the surrounding asphalt in Northbrook leaving voids and thus a pothole is born. The process of replacing the Northbrook asphalt depends on the affected area and the seasonal conditions. In some cases, it can be more cost affective to resurface or overlay the asphalt. Good candidates for resurfacing are low spots, large sections of interconnecting cracks. This process is unique to each job and can consist of leveling of low spots, grinding off uneven surfaces, adjusting drainage paths and other details pertaining to the specific problem.
Northbrook Catch Basin Drain and Repair
Over time Northbrook catch basins begin to fail and deteriorate. If the surrounding asphalt around your catch basin is cracked, it may be time to get them repaired. In order to prevent a costly repair, get the problem fixed as soon as you see signs of failure. Once the blocks and bricks of the catch basin are deteriorated, the main structure is no longer secured. Cars driving over them, cars parking on them and snowplows hitting them create more stress on the steel grates. This makes the entire top structure sink, creating more liability.
Contact your Northbrook catch basin repair company for quality workmanship. We know the exact work needed to make your and catch basins like new and keep your parking lot hazard free.
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Do you know a text where I can find a definition of polygonal number that is both geometrically and operationally sound?
I've basically seen two ways in which this topic is approached in the literature. For instance, in the celebrated historical opus by Dickson (volume II, chapter 1), the ancient treatment by a Hypsicles is mentioned:
"If there are as many numbers as we please beginning with one and increasing by the same common difference, then when the common difference is 1, the sum of all the terms is a triangular number; when 2, a square..."
Clearly enough, the above definition suits just right the needs of those persons interested in determining explicitly the $k$-element of the sequence of $n$-gonal numbers, but it gives no clue about the possibility of representing geometrically all those sequences.
That it is actually an issue becomes apparent when one notices that just about every presentation of this topic begins by providing diagrams that illustrate, to some extent, the process by which the first $n$-gonal numbers are built (they will typically focus their attention in the cases $n=3$, $n=4$, and $n=5$) and then, rush to introduce the general formulas without mentioning the way in which the corresponding patterns are supposed to be preserved by them (e.g., M. B. Nathanson. A short proof of Cauchy' polygonal number theorem. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 99 (1987) no. 1, 22-24.)... As it turns out, what it's at stake here is the possibility of a definition that reconciles the geometry inherent to these sequences and the ease of manipulation offered by an approach akin to that of Hypsicles.


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HTC Evo 3D
HTC Will Roll Out a Bunch of Ice Cream Sandwich UpdatesMarch 15, 2012 | Adam Parnala
It is never a secret that after the Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich(aka ICS) official release, there were still very few Android phones sporting the newest update from Android. Released in November 2011, the new Android version had its own fans but most of their phones were still not getting the update even those of the high-end level. According to Google, ICS will now be the standard platform for both smartphone and tablets because of its new and innovative features. That's the reason why HTC is quickly pushing and extending their work hours just to let HTC Android phone users to catch up to the latest trend to feel and taste that sandwich.


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Incase of dynamic IP's the hacker can work around by taking a new IP or use a Proxy, is it possible to make a ban based on Mac Address ?
I want to block at the Webserver level so that unwanted users dont create unnecessary traffic on the site.
Is the Mac Address sent as a part of HTTP Request ?


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Main Content
Order as many items as you like with our $4.99 flat rate shipping.
This item ships within two business days.
Order as many items as you like with our $4.99 flat rate shipping.
Need it faster?
When the checkered flag drops and your driver comes in first, it's time to celebrate. Toast his victory with this 3-piece NASCAR shooter set from Hunter. Each one features a glass construction, boasts a 2oz. capacity, and is decorated with colorful graphics on the front.
- 2oz. Capacity
- 3 Shooter glasses
- Decorated with NASCAR graphics on the front
- Made in China
- Officially licensed
- Made in the USA
- Brand: Hunter Manufacturing
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Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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The Climb X Redpoint climbing shoe is an award-winning, best-selling design for a reason: it does the job, and it does it very well. It's a perfect blend of comfort, durability, value and high performance. A great all-around climbing shoe for beginners and seasoned climbers alike.
- FREE Climbing DVD included!


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Any tips how to kill lvl 14 last guy befoure he touches my gem?
He is a ninja so he runs through my defences when cloacked. I have already maxed demons so I am doing mac damage but he still wont die even when hit by 5 meteors.
What kind of towers I should built on the first high grounds to be able to kill him?


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Ready to roll from car to buggy! Convert your Mountain Buggy urban jungle, terrain or +one stroller into a travel system using car seat clip 7, compatible with Mountain Buggy peppy, phil&teds bebe, bebe hs and bebe* or phil&teds quest.
Not currently available in this region.
Unsure which car seat adaptor you need? See our matrix here.


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I uninstalled steam beta via
sudo apt-get remove steam, but it doesn't remove ~/.steam and ~/.local/Steam where most of the files are. Is the Uninstaller corrupt?
When you run
As an example, let's think about a server running MySQL and creating huge databases. Now, if I want to switch from MySQL to Percona Server, I don't want my databases to be removed when I run
The same could be said for desktop tools such as Picasa if that's more easily approachable. You wouldn't want to lose your photo library when you remove the application itself, would you?


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A Sedgwick County judge is considering whether to allow evidence of a 1989 murder during a trial in a Wichita woman's death in 2011.
Forty-seven-year-old Tyrone Walker is charged with first-degree murder in the death of 44-year-old Janis Sanders, who died in June 2011 in Wichita.
When Sanders was killed, Walker was on parole for the murder of 25-year-old Tamara Baker, whose body was found in 1989 near Lawrence.
Sedgwick County prosecutors are asking a judge to allow evidence of the first murder in Walker's trial in Sanders' death.
The Wichita Eagle reports (http://bit.ly/YVCn7u ) prosecutors contend the two women's deaths were similar enough to suggest Walker was guilty of both crimes.
Arguments on the motion are scheduled for March 20, and Walker's jury trial is scheduled to begin March 25.
Location, ST | website.com


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Top Family Outings for Winter Breakby Lindsay Hutton
With the kids on school vacation, it can be hard keeping them entertained. Check out these great family activities that are sure to beat winter boredom! Whether you like to stay inside out of the cold, or you enjoy venturing out, we've got something to suit everybody.
1 of 11
Make this perfect cold weather activity a family affair. Kids movies can be entertaining and enjoyable for the entire family! Your child will love seeing her favorite characters on the big screen, and you can kick back, relax, and enjoy some quiet time. Besides, who can resist the popcorn?
Next: Skiing or Snowboarding


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"X is dreaded by Y", who is the one causing the dread - and who is on the receiving end?
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Well, you could say X is dreaded by Y (where Y is the frightened one). But it sounds a bit odd.
Y dreads X is shorter and easier to grasp.
Y is really scared of X is longer but actually more likely to used, I think.
X is causing the dread, and Y is affected by it. The verb means "to fear": X is feared by Y, i.e. Y fears X. If you are dreaded, you cause dread. If you have dread, you dread something dreadful.
I know, dreadful (causing dread) isn't entirely logical. The suffix -ful is to blame, because it is used in different ways; consider "hopeful" (person experiencing hope, or thing causing hope) and "painful" (thing causing pain).
The verb to dread was once also used in the opposite sense "to cause fear", but this sense is now obsolete; the Oxford English Dictionary's latest quotation of this sense is from 1681.
It seems that it could read either way. Using dreaded as a transitive verb it reads X fears Y. Using it as an adjective Y fears X. I do agree with the others that i's unclear and probably a new construction is probably best. I vote for just 'X dreads Y'.
If I were to say
He dreads the test tomorrow
It means that 'he' is feeling worry or fear regarding the test tomorrow. I could also apply the passive voice
The test tomorrow is dreaded by him
While I am not one who pushes for limitation of passive, as many do, I would probably avoid it in this case.
Therefore, in your example (X is dreaded Y), X is the scary thing, though I would probably opt instead for the construction
Y dreads X
If you are looking for a more comfortable usage of the word 'dreaded', it is most often applied as an adjective:
The dreaded demon walked towards her.
where 'dreaded' means 'very scary'.
The clause is in passive voice, so the noun before the verb is the direct object of the verb, and the one following the word "by" is the ablative object (which is essentially the same as being the subject of the verb).
The passive-voice "X is dreaded by Y" has the same meaning as the active-voice "Y dreads X".


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Anna T. Meadows, M.D.
Director, Division of Oncology and Cancer Research Center
Nancy J. Bunin, M.D.
Clinical Director, Bone Marrow Transplantation
Ann M. Leahey, M.D.
Pediatric Oncologist
Diana S. Wheeler
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Copyright 1994, Armour Pharmaceutical Company
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is used to treat a number of cancers, blood diseases, and immune disorders that were once considered incurable. Since it was first used successfully in 1986, BMT has become one of the most promising treatments for a number of serious illnesses. In 1991, more than 7,500 people in the US underwent the procedure, and BMT now saves thousands of lives each year.
BMT has been recommended as the best treatment for your child at this time. This booklet was designed to provide you and your family with basic information about the procedure, so you will know what to expect. Undoubtedly, studying this booklet will lead to more questions, which you should feel free to discuss with your child's health care team. It is important to remember that transplantation affects all family members, and the more you know, the more you will be able to support each other throughout this challenging experience.
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces stem cells, specialized cells that grow and divide to form the body's blood cells. There are three major types of blood cells.
White blood cells, or leukocytes, fight infection; red blood cells, or erythrocytes, carry oxygen,; and platelets help to control blood clotting.
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was first used experimentally to treat people exposed to radiation following a nuclear accident. Transplanted bone marrow effectively replaced marrow that had been destroyed by radiation. This same procedure was found to be effective in treating certain malignant and nonmalignant diseases that cause the marrow to produce either abnormal blood cells or very low numbers of normal cells. Drugs and radiation are used to destroy both abnormal and normal cells, and BMT replaces the diseased or damaged marrow with healthy marrow. BMT is not a surgical procedure, but a painless infusion, similar to a blood transfusion, that is done in the hospital room. The procedure will be described later.
Table 1 lists a number of cancers, blood diseases, and immune disorders for which BMT has been shown effective or has the potential to be effective. With each patient treated, scientists learn more about this exciting and still evolving treatment method.
Table 1 - Selected Uses for Bone Marrow Transplantation
Whether the diagnosis is a malignant or nonmalignant disease, the goal of BMT is a cure. Cure rates are still low, but are steadily increasing. Even if there is no cure, most transplants result in a period of remission. But you should be aware that there are no guarantees. BMT is an intensive procedure with many risks, and some patients will die despite BMT, from complications of transplant or from relapse of the original disease. The success of BMT will be influenced by a number of factors, including a child's age, general physical condition, diagnosis, and disease stage. Different children respond in different ways.
Types of Transplants: Allogeneic, Autologous, Syngeneic
The type of transplant your child will receive is based on the diagnosis and the availability of a donor.
One type of transplant is allogeneic, in which the child receives marrow from a genetically matched or genetically similar donor. Often this is a family member, but may be an unrelated donor found through a bone marrow registry. For self-donation, or an autologous graft, the child's own bone marrow is removed, sometimes treated to kill disease cells, and then reinfused. Rarely, a child may receive a syngeneic graft, from an identical twin.
Donors are matched through blood tests that determine the match of certain human leukocyte antigens, called HLA typing. It is rare that a parent is suitable as a donor. Non-identical sibling match is only about 25-30% of cases, while identical twins are a 100% match. If no family donor is suitable, your child may receive marrow from an unrelated donor located through the National Marrow Donor Program. This network maintains files listing more than 700,000 potential donors.
The BMT procedure can require up to six months of hospitalization and extensive care that can cost $100,000 to $250,000 or more. While health insurance usually covers most of these expenses, the family may still be responsible for a considerable amount. Your hospital family counselor can help to process insurance claims, and may suggest ways to pay expenses not covered by insurance.
After your child is referred to the transplant center, the BMT coordinator will work closely with you and your family to help arrange the many aspects of your child's hospitalization, transplantation, and follow-up care. The coordinator will contact the donor registry if an unrelated donor is required, and will set up a tentative date for transplant once a donor has been identified. Hospital staff members will help to process paperwork and track the hundreds of details involved in transplantation.
Throughout the transplantation process, your child's care will be directed by a health care team that includes the BMT coordinator, physicians, nurse practitioners and nurses, physical therapists, pharmacists, dietitians, laboratory technologists, and social workers. Each team member is familiar with the effects of BMT not only on the patient, but on the family as well, and will be available if you have questions about any of the procedures.
As you spend time at the hospital with your child, you will meet other parents and families, who will help to support you and your family by sharing their experiences with BMT.
About two to four weeks before transplant, your child will visit the transplant center to undergo heart, lung and kidney tests and other tests that may be needed to evaluate general health. The results of these tests, along with your child's medical history and proposed treatment plan, will be discussed by your child's health care team. Your child's physician will inform you about the results of the tests, recommend treatment plans, and explain the potential risks and benefits of various treatments. Once you understand the treatment plan, you will be asked to sign consent forms stating that you agree to the treatment.
From admission until after transplant, your child will stay in a private hospital room that is part of the BMT unit. If you are from out of town, the BMT coordinator may arrange for you and your family to stay nearby. Some hospitals have special facilities or can arrange low rates at nearby hotels.
An important part of your child's therapy is the placement of a central venous (CV) line, sometimes called by the trade name Hickman or Broviac. This is a flexible tube that is inserted into your child's chest so that blood can be drawn and medications given without the need for additional needle sticks. The CV line will be placed before any pre-transplant therapy is begun, and will remain in place at least throughout the hospital stay, and maybe longer. The bone marrow will be given through the CV line, which will be used for intravenous nutrition and to infuse blood and platelets as well.
In preparation for transplant, your child's immune system will be suppressed, greatly increasing the risk of infection. To help reduce this risk, some form of protective isolation will be practiced. This procedure varies at different hospitals, but many require visitors and staff to wear surgical masks when inside the child's room. No fresh fruits, vegetables, flowers, or plants will be permitted in the room. Persons with colds, flu or other infectious diseases will be asked to stay away until they recover. Your child will be confined to the room, but may participate in play therapy, and other activities.
Hand washing is an important part of protective isolation, and proper hand washing is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of infection. Staff and visitors will be required to wash their hands frequently, and always when entering the child's room.
Throughout the hospital stay, your child will undergo many tests to determine disease status and overall health. These many include blood tests, X-rays, heart and lung tests, liver and kidney function tests, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, bone marrow aspiration, and spinal tap. Vital sign -- temperature, pulse, blood pressure, and respirations, or numbers of breaths per minute -- will be checked frequently. Other tests also will be performed.
Your child will undergo three kinds of blood tests. Blood counts will help to determine disease status and the success of BMT. Blood chemistries will monitor your child's general physical condition. If infection is suspected, blood cultures will identify the organism involved.
Before transplantation, your child will received a conditioning treatment. This includes the use of powerful drugs, or chemotherapy, to destroy any remaining cancer cells. if your child does not have cancer, chemotherapy may be used to suppress the immune system and prevent rejection of an allogeneic transplant. Usually the regimen, or treatment plan, includes more than one drug, given by mouth or through the CV line. Your child's chemotherapy regimen will be determined after careful analysis of the diagnosis and disease stage.
In addition to chemotherapy, some children will also require X-ray therapy, more properly called radiation therapy. Like chemotherapy, radiation may be given to destroy any remaining cancer cells and to suppress the immune system, preventing transplant rejection.
Your child may undergo a more extensive form of radiation known as total body irradiation, or TBI. This is usually done in 15 to 30-minute segments over a period of three or four days. The child must remain still during TBI, but a doctor, technician and parent will watch on a video monitor and through a window.
Chemotherapy and radiation may have Unpredictable short-term and long-term side effects, which are sometimes life-threatening (Table 2). Short-term side effects may include diarrhea, fluid buildup, bloody urine, mouth sores, and skin rashes. Temporary hair loss occurs in all patients. TBI may also cause temporary skin darkening similar to sunburn, salivary gland swelling, or loss of taste. Long-term side effects of chemotherapy and radiation include sterility, cataracts, and decreased growth. Damage to the vital organs -- liver, lungs, kidneys, or heart -- may be life-threatening.
Bone marrow for transplantation is collected, or harvested, in the operating room while the patient or donor is under general anesthesia. Marrow is removed from the hip bone through a long needle, and collected in a large sterile container. The amount of marrow removed will depend on the amount required for transplant.
After harvest, autologous bone marrow may be treated to reduce the risk of certain complications. The marrow may be transplanted immediately after processing, or frozen and stored for later use. Donors usually remain in the hospital overnight, but may resume normal activities upon returning home. There will be some discomfort in the areas where marrow has been withdrawn; usually this can be controlled with a mild painkiller.
The bone marrow transplant will take place in your child's hospital room, where the marrow will be given through the central venous line. The procedure is similar to a blood transfusion, and does not hurt. While the marrow is being infused, your child will be checked frequently for fever, chills, chest pain, or other signs of any adverse reactions.
After infusion, the marrow travels through the bloodstream into the bone marrow spaces, where the basic stem cells grow, divide, and begin to produce new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Before transplant, the old marrow is destroyed, and for a few weeks after, the new marrow cannot produce mature cells. This condition is called aplasia, and it is a time when your child is at greatest risk for infection and bleeding. While your child is aplastic, you can expect a number of things to happen. There is an increased risk of infection. Your child may feel tired and weak due to anemia, and may bleed or bruise more easily. Red blood cell and platelet transfusions will be necessary until the new bone marrow has grown sufficiently, and growth factors may be used to stimulate white blood cell production. Intravenous immunoglobulin may be given to lessen the risk of certain infections.
Antibiotics will be given to treat infections that may occur during aplasia. Even when treated with antibiotics, some infections may be life-threatening. Pain medication will relieve mouth sores, and IV nutrition will help restore nutrients lost to diarrhea or poor appetite. Fluid buildup also may be treated with drugs. These symptoms will usually improve as the bone marrow starts to grow. New marrow growth will be monitored by daily blood counts.
After transplant, the white blood cells regenerate first, usually followed within a few weeks by red blood cells, and platelets. Signs of this new growth or engraftment, should occur within two or four weeks after allogeneic transplant, but may be delayed after autologous transplant. A low white blood cell count increases the risk of infection. If there is a decrease in red blood cells, or anemia, the body receives less oxygen. A decrease in platelets causes impaired clotting.
A potentially serious complication of allogeneic transplant is graft-versus-host disease or GVHD. This occurs when the "graft" -- the donated marrow -- recognizes the "host" -- the recipient -- as foreign, and begins to attack certain organs, such as the skin, liver and intestines. GVHD can be mild or severe, and occurs less frequently in children than in adults. There is no risk of GVHD after an autologous transplant.
All patients who receive allogeneic transplants are given drug therapy to reduce the chance of developing GVHD. While it can usually be controlled with medication, including cyclosporine or prednisone, GVHD may be life-threatening. There is one positive effect of GVHD; in some patients who develop this condition, there is a lower relapse rate of the original disease.
If GVHD continues for more than three months, it is considered chronic. Because GVHD may involve the skin, mouth, eyes, liver, muscles, joints and other body parts, these will be examined frequently. In a few children, the damage will be permanent. The most significant effect of chronic GVHD is infection, as the immune system does not return to normal.
Recovery after BMT is slow, and for several weeks afterward your child may have nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, and extreme weakness. It may be months before your child regains pre-illness energy levels. Good nutrition is particularly important to recovery, and food supplements or other nutrients may be given until a healthy appetite returns.
After transplant, your child will require many kinds of medication, and some of these drugs will be continued after leaving the hospital. Your child's health care team will explain how to use these medications, and help with any questions about the prescribed treatment plan.
Your child will be discharged from the hospital about four to six weeks after transplant. The health care team will continue to be concerned about your child's care, and about the impact of the disease and treatment on all the members of your family. The team will help you decide when your child should return to school and other activities. Your local physician will be given details about your child's post-transplant care, and will monitor medications.
For two or three months after leaving the hospital, your child will require frequent follow-up examinations and treatments. If your home is far away, you and your child may stay near the hospital in a special residence.
It will be six months to a year, or more, before your child's immune system recovers, and during that time there will be an increased risk of contracting infections. You can help lessen the risk of infection after discharge by keeping your child away from large crowds of people. Follow-up exams will continue for many years, to check for relapse of disease and to detect any late effects of drugs or radiation treatment.
Bone marrow transplantation is an intensive procedure that has a profound effect on the family, as well as on the patient. While BMT provides the best opportunity for a cure, it also provides an opportunity for families to become closer and more supportive of each other than ever before. The more you and your family know about this procedure, the more you will be able to help your child and support each other throughout this time.
This booklet was produced in cooperation with The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and is based on current practice at the time the booklet was written. Bone marrow transplantation is an evolving treatment method, and procedures change often. You should rely on the physicians at your local institution for the latest information. If you would like to know more about bone marrow transplantation, ask your doctor to recommend additional reference sources.
OncoLink is designed for educational purposes only and is not engaged in rendering medical advice or professional services. The information provided through OncoLink should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or a disease. It is not a substitute for professional care. If you have or suspect you may have a health problem or have questions or concerns about the medication that you have been prescribed, you should consult your health care provider.
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Which verb should I use here?
He opened the stove and the fire from the stove [engulfed/jumped on/covered/devoured] him. "Help! Help!" - he shouted at once. "I'm on fire!"
Which verb should I use here?
migrated from english.stackexchange.com Mar 28 '11 at 13:08
This question came from our site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English language enthusiasts.
How big is this stove?
I'm not asking idly. "Engulfed" means (as noted by others) "completely surrounded." If a fire engulfs someone, he is surrounded, head to foot, in flames. How can he be yelling that he's on fire if he's burning everywhere? And how can he be swallowed by fire if it's just a cooking fire from something burning in an oven? (I assume "oven," as you don't open a stove. A stove is a rangetop of freestanding burners.)
Maybe your problem is that it's not that he is on fire. It's one or a few body parts which are burning.
so howzabout this:
He opened the oven to check on the [food/dish]. Flames roared out, catching him full in the face. He shrieked and batted at his burning hair and skin with the oven mitts. Hot grease ran down the gloves to his thin sleeves, where it started to smoke. "Help! I'm on fire!" he shouted.
I would say either engulfed him, if you want to imply that he was completely surrounded with flames, or jumped on him or jumped toward him.
But, most importantly, I would talk about "the flames" rather than "the fire".
It depends on what you want to say/imply.
"Engulfed" implies the fire completely surrounded him.
"Jumped on" is an odd one, because it implies that it only affected a particular part of his body. It doesn't sound severe, either.
"Covered" is similar to engulfed, but isn't as strong.
"Devoured" also has a similar connotation to engulfed, but is probably stronger, and it also implies that he was "eaten" by the flames (which raises questions as to how he is still able to shout for help).
Therefore, I'd use "engulfed".
Flames are commonly said to leap out in this context. You don't need a word to specify exactly how the flames actually interacted with the person because your narrative continues with him saying (in no uncertain terms) that he has also been set ablaze.


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Skype double feature in a theatre near you
Skype is always excited about appearing in films. And this week, we're in stardom, not once, but twice! "Think Like A Man" opened in theatres on April 20, and made its way to #1 spot at the box office with… Read more


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Comedy, sex, confusion – and that's just in the first show.
Dakota Wesleyan University announces its theatre season for 2013 with comedy, horror and a 151-year-old classic.
The first DWU production of the season will be "No Sex Please, We're British," a roaring comedy about miscommunications and misunderstandings to be performed at 7:30 p.m. Friday and Saturday, Oct. 4-5 and Oct. 11-12; and at 2 p.m. on Sundays Oct. 6 and 13 at the Pepsi-Cola Theatre for the Performing Arts. Tickets are $10 and $12, depending on seat location, contact the theatre to book seats.
"Five Women Wearing the Same Dress" will be the first DWU production to ever be performed in the Equitem Theatre-in-the-Round within Hughes Hall on campus. This intimate theatre setting was built over the summer and allows audiences to be close to the stage and surround the actors as they perform. This comical and touching story of friends hiding out from a wedding together will be performed at 7:30 p.m. on Nov.7-9 and tickets are $5.
DWU alumnus Chris Ferera '13 returns to direct "Woman in Black" in December – a spine-tingling story of a phantom woman who appears on a dark and stormy night. The production will be at 7:30 p.m. Dec. 11, 12, 13 in the Patten-Wing Theatre in Hughes Hall. Tickets are $5.
The university's final production of the season desires no description or explanation – "Les Misérables" will be performed in the Sherman Center in March. This 151-year-old novel turned musical turned blockbuster is a tale of misery, love and the overpowering hope of the human spirit. It will be performed March 21-23 and March 28-30. More information on times and tickets will be released closer to date. Auditions for DWU's production of "Les Misérables" will be in early October and are open to all. Audition times are 7 p.m. on Oct. 7-8 in the Patten-Wing Theatre, Hughes Hall, on campus. Adults auditioning should come prepared to sing 16 bars of any non-"Les Misérables" Broadway show tune; auditionees should bring sheet music in the key they wish to sing their selections. Youth auditioning (eighth-grade and younger) will be asked to sing the National Anthem.
For further descriptions of each production visit the theatre page, click here.


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- Jena Economic Resea...
- Volume 4
- Signaling with Perf...
- Published
- Thu Dec 2 2010
- Number of discussion paper
- keyword(s)
- abstract
Candidates compete to persuade a decision maker. The decision maker wishes to select a candidate who possesses a certain ability. Then, as a signaling, each candidate decides whether to perform a task whose performance statistically reflects the ability. However, since the cost of the performance is the same across all candidates, the performance is a poor signaling device. This paper analyzes a "signaling game with performance" in which the standard single crossing condition is violated. It is shown that more competition makes the equilibrium signaling more informative when the level of competition is moderate. Moreover, the equilibrium signaling can perfectly reveal the ability under a certain level of competition. On the other hand, too much competition always makes the equilibrium signaling less informative.
- article pub. typess JER
- Research article
- article languages JER
- Englisch
- JEL-Classification for JER
- D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information ; D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief


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I see references to body fat %, the ranges for great to obese, but I don't know where to find information on body muscle % or how to measure it? I'm assuming it goes up as body fat % goes down if you're doing the same exercises - right?
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To my knowledge there is no formula for calculating body muscle percentage. Once you have calculated your body fat percentage, the rest is considered lean body mass, consisting of lean muscle, bones, organs and fluids.
Two ways you can track muscle growth and definition is with girth measurements and photos:
So to rephrase your question: "What is a good lean body mass percentage?" Calculate your body fat percentage and subtract that percentage from 100. For example, if you are a reasonably fit male and your body-fat percentage is 14-17%, then your lean body mass would be 86-83%. Generally speaking, however, the body-fat percentage is referenced. (See body fat % charts - on our site). And yes, as your body fat percentage decreases, your lean body mass increases proportionally.
Your body consist of muscles, fat, bones, organs, connective tissue and cartilage. Where everything other then fat and muscles have a constant weight over time. Measuring fat will therefore be the only parameter you need to calculate your lean mass (muscle weight including bones etc). You just takes 100% - Fat% and it will answer your question.
Fat can be measured by a variety of different methods. A pretty reliable home test is just using a tape-measure and use the navy circumference method. Although not very exact, it is a pretty good way of tracking differences in body composition. It is probably more reliable when losing fat then gaining muscle though.
There are also cheap calipers for home usage. But the method is pretty unreliable if not measured by a professional. I myself use a bioelectrical impedance scale, caliper and navy circumference and then take a arithmetic mean of the three. If you want more a more reliable method you probably need to go down to the gym where they have more exact methods.
If you for some reason specifically want to know your exact muscle mass percentage not including weight of bones. Then you probably need to do DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) which I think can single out muscle mass. If you want to track progress in muscle mass, you are probably better off tape-measuring the circumference of each body part and forget about percentages.
There has many different methods to measure the fat%, such as Hydrodensitometry Weighing, Calipers (Anthropometry- Skinfold Measurements), DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry), NIR (Near Infrared Interactance), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and so on. But for different races,even a same method could get different result. So you can go to a gym, and they can help you to do a test, normally they use Calipers.


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28 Dec 2011 6:30 PM #1
Unanswered: Testing GWT 3.0 in Dev Mode - Very Slow Performance (60+ secs to render)
We are getting very slow performance (60 sec +) when the screens are rendered in the browser. Using 3.0 beta. Small changes take long to render. Very frustrating when testing. We have a simple Menu with some Tabs.
Appreciate any input to enhance performance.
Running in Eclipse (dev mode: com.google.gwt.dev.DevMode). Have increased memory to 1024
Program Arguments
-port 8888 -server com.google.appengine.tools.development.gwt.AppEngineLauncher -startupUrl Test.html -remoteUI "${gwt_remote_ui_server_port}:${unique_id}" -logLevel INFO -codeServerPort 9997 -war C:\Users\xxxx\eclipse\test\war com.test.gwt.Test
VM Arguments:
-Ddatastore.default_high_rep_job_policy_unapplied_job_pct=50 -Xmx1024m -javaagent:C:\eclipse\plugins\com.google.appengine.eclipse.sdkbundle_1.6.1.v201112160242r37\appengine-java-sdk-1.6.1\lib\agent\appengine-agent.jar
3 Jan 2012 11:39 PM #2
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Compared to GXT 2.2.5 I could not recgnized significant performance issues. In fact, I recognized nothing. The test was done with a complex page with BorderLayout, Accordians, several trees, Grids, Portlets and TabPanels. I migrated parts of my (complex) app to GXT 3.0.0. The compare shows some difference and a few problems, but no problems with performance.
Do you need the appengine? If not, remove it.
Set the LogLevel to TRACE. Maybe the output gives you an idea where to search for the lost of performance.


text:
Why was the property
string foo = string.Empty included in the BCL? It seems more verbose and no clearer than just using an empty string (
string foo = "")
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Why was the property
I can only assume here:
It may also be a throwback to C - an empty string in C is not an empty string. It is a character array whose first character is null (hence, empty), which is not the same as C#. My point here being that in different languages you would represent an empty string in different ways (and they may have different meanings) - having a
As opposed to what others say about multiple objects - this is not a problem as any string literal will get interned on compilation. This includes the value of
I'm not 100% sure of the sources where I learned these, but some of the points for using it include:
No object will be created for
In the past, people have run tests and
String.Empty is this:
It is a matter of optimization of memory consumption and an optimization of string comparison. Every time you're using an empty string in your application, you are allocating a string object containing 0 characters. As for string comparison it can be done by comparing references (pointers) instead of character by character, which is a faster even for empty strings.
If you are using many times the same string in your application you can use the same kind of mechanism by calling String.Intern() with your string. But if you are using each string only once, then you'll only use more memory.
So String.Empty is only a special case optimization which is worth to do for most .Net applications, that's why it was integrated in the BCL.
For more detail on this subject I strongly recommend reading Eric Lippert's blog post.
You should also take a look at this documentation referenced by his blog post.


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Bowling Green's Chief Financial Officer, Davis Cooper, is charged with embezzling millions of dollars of city funds. The FBI says he's confessed to the crime, and is cooperating with their investigation.
These are some of the numbers the FBI used in their affidavit leading to Cooper's arrest. Their investigation shows from 2004 to early 2005, Cooper paid various creditor with checks he wrote from two phony bank accounts.
Cooper's Credit Payments
Capitol One …….. 22,983
Citibank ………... 19,877
Target ………….. 19,097
GE Card ………... 18,478
Discover Card ….. 15,417
Among Cooper's other expenses in the affidavit is his divorce settlement, which shows a $50,000-a-year payment to his ex-wife from 2002 through 2006, and $42,000-a-year for maintenance. So from 2002 to 2006, Cooper was to pay his ex-wife $92,000-a-year. But FBI records show he only made between $64,000 and $82,470 annually those years. So where did that extra money for the divorce settlement come from?
The affidavit also mentions the misappropriated checks were entered into the city's computer system, but were never shown as being collected. So why did this not set off any red flags? And why was it not discovered in any audits? These are still some of the questions yet to be answered in this investigation.


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What are the approaches available to price a swaption (either European or American style)? So far it seems Black method is the only one used. Thanks!
The question should not be about the swaption pricing formula, its well established and widely accepted and utilized every single day. The question you SHOULD be asking, however, is which underlying volatility model you are using. Its idential to you questioning the use of B-S in transforming vols -> prices, and prices -> vols in the equity world while you should be asking how to model volatility. In general, you should be thinking about the Brownian motion variables and not deterministic ones when modeling and choosing which model to select in pricing derivatives.
Current going practice to price swaptions is to use the Stochastic Apha, Beta, Rho (SABR) model and its derivatives (such as dynamic SABR,...).
Here is the wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SABR_volatility_model
But more importantly here is the original Hagan paper:


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Receiving care at a NAPBC-accredited center ensures that a patient will have access to:
For more information about the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers, visit their Web site
Mid-Columbia Medical Center has been accredited by the Joint Commission, a private, non-profit organization dedicated to promoting quality healthcare services. This voluntary accreditation signifies that the hospital's efforts to provide highest-quality healthcare have received professional and national recognition through stringent evaluation and consultation from the Joint Commission.
For nearly 15 years, Mid-Columbia Medical Center has been affiliated with the Planetree Alliance, a group of innovative hospitals and healthcare institutions who are dedicated to implementing innovative programs to personalize, humanize and demystify the healthcare experience for patients and their families. Mid-Columbia was the first Alliance affiliate to adopt and embrace, hospital-wide, Planetree's philosophy of patient-centered care. Considered an exemplary model of Planetree, Mid-Columbia is one of the few affiliates to have incorporated all nine components of the Planetree vision into its facility.
Mid-Columbia Medical Center has been recognized for its outstanding commitment to performance excellence and has received the Oregon Quality Award, which is based on the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. The award is given to industry leaders who have achieved outstanding performance evaluations in leadership, strategic planning, customer and market focus, information and analysis, human resources, process management and organizational outcomes.
Celilo has received the highest-possible rating by the independent organization that surveys and evaluates cancer centers nationwide, The Commission on Cancer (CoC) of the American College of Surgeons. In 2013 Celilo received accreditation "with commendation."
Celilo's overall approval rating indicates that, after a thorough examination of 36 standards of care and reporting, a CoC surveyor found zero deficiencies. Approval with commendation is an even loftier citation that means Celilo staff also eclipsed CoC standards in each of nine additional measurements.
Mid-Columbia Medical Center was named as one of seven Oregon companies to demonstrate outstanding commitment to families and community. The Families in Good Company Award is a reflection of Mid-Columbia's dedication to helping employees manage work and family demands, with such benefits as flexible work schedules, job sharing, telecommuting and compressed work weeks, on-site child care and wellness programs.
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