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The restorative power of forgiveness
A powerful story in this morning's New York Times Magazine illustrates the value of restorative justice, where the focus of the criminal justice system is put on the victims of crime and the community harmed by it. A young man killed his girlfriend of several years after an extensive dispute, and her parents chose to forgive him:
Andy Grosmaire, Anns father, stood beside his daughters bed in the intensive-care unit of Tallahassee Memorial Hospital. The room was silent except for the rhythmic whoosh of the ventilator keeping her alive. Ann had some brainstem function, the doctors said, and although her parents, who are practicing Catholics, held out hope, it was clear to Andy that unless God did wondrous things, Ann would not survive her injuries. Anns mother, Kate, had gone home to try to get some sleep, so Andy was alone in the room, praying fervently over his daughter, just listening, he says, for that first word that may come out.Anns face was covered in bandages, and she was intubated and unconscious, but Andy felt her say, Forgive him. His response was immediate. No, he said out loud. No way. Its impossible. But Andy kept hearing his daughters voice: Forgive him. Forgive him....Four days later, Anns condition had not improved, and her parents decided to remove her from life support. Andy says he was in the hospital room praying when he felt a connection between his daughter and Christ; like Jesus on the cross, she had wounds on her head and hand. (Ann had instinctually reached to block the gunshot, and lost fingers.) Anns parents strive to model their lives on those of Jesus and St. Augustine, and forgiveness is deep in their creed. I realized it was not just Ann asking me to forgive Conor, it was Jesus Christ, Andy recalls. And I hadnt said no to him before, and I wasnt going to start then. It was just a wave of joy, and I told Ann: I will. I will. Jesus or no Jesus, he says, what father can say no to his daughter?When Conor was booked, he was told to give the names of five people who would be permitted to visit him in jail, and he put Anns mother Kate on the list. Conor says he doesnt know why he did so I was in a state of shock but knowing she could visit put a burden on Kate. At first she didnt want to see him at all, but that feeling turned to willingness and then to a need. Before this happened, I loved Conor, she says. I knew that if I defined Conor by that one moment as a murderer I was defining my daughter as a murder victim. And I could not allow that to happen.She asked her husband if he had a message for Conor. Tell him I love him, and I forgive him, he answered. Kate told me: I wanted to be able to give him the same message. Conor owed us a debt he could never repay. And releasing him from that debt would release us from expecting that anything in this world could satisfy us.
As part of this release, the Grosmaires met with Conor and his parents and negotiated a reduced prison sentence of 20 years, plus ten years of probation -- no small feat in the "tough on crime" Florida panhandle. Here is what the USCCB says in recommending restorative justice in a document published in 2000:
Restorative justice focuses first on the victim and the community harmed by the crime, rather than on the dominant state-against-the-perpetrator model. This shift in focus affirms the hurt and loss of the victim, as well as the harm and fear of the community, and insists that offenders come to grips with the consequences of their actions. These approaches are not "soft on crime" because they specifically call the offender to face victims and the communities. This experience offers victims a much greater sense of peace and accountability. Offenders who are willing to face the human consequences of their actions are more ready to accept responsibility, make reparations, and rebuild their lives.
In this case, that is exactly what happened:
... their forgiveness affected Conor, too, and not only in the obvious way of reducing his sentence. With the Grosmaires forgiveness, he told me, I could accept the responsibility and not be condemned. Forgiveness doesnt make him any less guilty, and it doesnt absolve him of what he did, but in refusing to become Conors enemy, the Grosmaires deprived him of a certain kind of refuge of feeling abandoned and hated and placed the reckoning for the crime squarely in his hands. I spoke to Conor for six hours over three days, in a prison administrators office at the Liberty Correctional Institution near Tallahassee. At one point he sat with his hands and fingers open in front of him, as if he were holding something. Eyes cast downward, he said, There are moments when you realize: I am in prison. I am in prison because I killed someone. I am in prison because I killed the girl I loved.
About the Author
John Schwenkler is an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at Florida State University.
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P.S. I did not put this in my post because it is secondary to the point about restorative justice, but the incident itself is a perfect example of how arguments can turn bloody simply because firearms are too easily available:
Ann and Conor fought on Friday night. Conor was tired and had homework and things to do the next day, so he wanted to drive home and turn in early. This was a frequent point of contention: Ann being more of a night person, he told me later, was sort of an ongoing issue. He promised to return to Anns house to make breakfast, but when he overslept the next day, the fight continued. They fought by phone and text and tried to make up with a picnic that evening. Ann was excited about a good grade she got in a class and brought Champagne glasses and San Pellegrino Limonata to celebrate. But Conor forgot about the grade, and he recalled at the conference how disappointed Ann was. It just all fell apart from there, he told me.After sunset, they went back to his parents house, but Conor fell asleep in the middle of a conversation. Sunday morning rolls around, and I wake up, and shes already awake and just pissed at me, he recalled. The fight picked up from where it left off. At some point this must have been hours later it escalated to the point to where she got all of her stuff, walked out the door, and she was just like: Look, Im done. Im leaving. ... When Ann got up to leave that Sunday morning, Conor says it wasnt clear to him if she was leaving him or just leaving, but in any case he noticed Ann had left her water bottle, and he followed her to the driveway to give it to her. He found Ann in her car, crying. As Conor related it to me, and to Anns parents that day, Ann said to him: You dont love me. You dont care.Conor leaned his head through the car window, exasperated. What do you want from all of this? he asked. What do you want to happen?I just want you to die, she said.Conor went back in the house, locked the door, went to his fathers closet, pulled his shotgun down from a shelf, unlocked it, went to another room where the ammunition was kept and loaded the gun. He sat down in the living room, put the gun under his chin and his finger on the trigger.I just felt so frustrated, helpless and angry, Conor says. I was just so sick and tired of fighting. I wanted us to work out just because, I mean, I loved the girl. I still do. I was so torn this was the girl that just said she wants me to die. Im sick of the fighting. I just want to die, and yet I love her, and if I kill myself she might do something to herself.All these thoughts were running through his head when Ann started banging on the door. Conor stood up, placed the weapon on a table and let her in. They went into his bedroom, and a few minutes later Conor went to get her something to drink. When he returned, he found her lying on the couch, breathing in a way that seemed to indicate distress. Her mysterious behavior made him so angry that he started screaming: Let me help you! Tell me whats wrong! Conor says that he would frequently fall into this wrathful anger, and on this day there was so much anger, and I kept snapping. Ann started sobbing, saying that Conor didnt care and that she wanted to die. At this point, I just lost it, Conor says. He left the room and got the gun. Ann started to follow him, but she may have stumbled or tripped, because when Conor returned with the gun, she was on her knees halfway between the couch and the door. Conor was frustrated, exhausted and angry and not thinking straight at all.He pointed the gun at her, thinking, he says, that he could scare her so that maybe she would snap out of it.Is this what you want? he yelled. Do you want to die?No, dont! Ann held out her hand. Conor fired.
Sounds good- though too much emnphasis on the fear and hurt of the community- actually that word "community" -makes me uncomfortable .It may lend credence to the view that a person is only as valuable as a community perceives him/her to be.That view is itself a radical shift away from the inherent worth of every invidividual regardless of their standing in a community.The worth of the individual independent of the community is something that humanity took a long time in recocnizing and I wonder if there is not a regressive tilt now? Forgiveness, restorative justice is all very humane and an enlightened way to deal with crime and punishment but still if justice becomes a matter of how others perceive a particular individual-independent of laws deliniating objective punishment-a mob mentality can prevail .What it means to be human becomes more and more a matter of how connected one is to community. That is a tilt to radical collectivism which may tend towards a materialistic view of humanity. I'm glad forgivesnes took place in this tragedy-I am wary of the use of the term and concept "community" which keeps creeping up in all aspects of ethical dilemnas and social policies.
This is a powerful story. Thanks to John Schwwenkler for posting it. Regrettably, not enough attention has been paid to importance of forgiveness in political life. Hannah Arendt called attention to the liberating effects of forgiveness for victims crimes. She thought that there were some crimes that were unforgivable, but many were forgivable. Ricoeur extended her line of thought and called for all the victims who could do so to forgive unconditionally. His reason: Every person, whatever he or she does, is always worth more that whatever he or she does. The background for Arendt's and Ricoeur's reflections on forgiveness is the Holocaust.Their cases in support of forgiveness are based on their philosophical conceptions of what it is to be human. The religious reasons for forgiveness referred to in this article are no less compelling.
What if the perpetrator had not been repentant? Would forgiveness be in order then?
Ann, you ask if forgiveness would still be in order if the perpetrator hadn't been repentant. I don't think it would even be possible. Forgiveness is not simply a disposition or an attitude; it is an event that necessarily involves two parties, the forgiver and the forgiven. Both must want it to happen, and one cannot want to be forgiven if one doesn't believe one has anything to be forgiven for. I think we often speak as if forgiveness and the offer of forgivenessor the desire to forgivewere exactly the same thing. They're not. We can pray for those who have wronged us; we can wish them well, or at least refuse to waste our time (and maim ourselves) wishing them ill. But we cannot forgive them if they refuse to be forgiven. Better to give than to receive, but impossible to give unless someone receives.
What Matt says is right. Without repentance there can be no forgiveness; at most an offense can be forgotten.
Maybe I am misunderstanding something here. But I am somewhat familiar with the concept of restorative justice. My understanding of restorative justice, based on models that exist here, is that the Crown (DA) opts for a different kind of sentencing based on a different criminal justice process than the usual judge, Crown and defence. For example, some crimes that are not so serious may go through a sentencing circle process. In our community, if the offender is First Nation, they may have the option to go through a sentencing circle in which elders, community members and others gather in a circle to discuss the best recourse for this situation.The aim of restorative justice is to repair the damage done by the person and the person to hear the impact that their action had on the community.Such models are useful for such things as say shoplifting or simple assaults or mischief.But for serious crimes such as this, I am not so sure that restorative justice is useful. I am not saying that from a spiritual point of view such initiatives are not helpful to the victim and the perpetrator but I don't think, in crimes such as this, these kinds of things should figure in the sentencing process. For one, it makes the sentencing more arbitrary. What if the victim cannot forgive? Or if it is in the context of a family will they feel coerced to "forgive".We see this a lot in domestic abuse cases. The perpetrator is charged and the woman, for all kinds of complicated reasons, requests that the charge be rescinded. The current laws are that the police and not the woman lays the charge. This is precisely to protect the woman. But many woman fight this in court and say that they do not want their partner's charged.There is something to be said for an objective third party, representing the society (i.e. the Crown or D.A.), to say that irrespective of personal feelings there is a clear boundary, that we as a society are drawing. That boundary is that you may not use physical violence to resolve differences. Period. And we need to make a clear statement about that. I am not saying that the perpetrator need to be shackled but a criminal record, some mandatory counselling (and maybe here a sentencing circle or some form of restorative justice would fit) is just and fair.But, as I understand it, restorative justice, is an alternative to the criminal justice system. I support that alternative in that not all offenses need to be criminalized and we should have alternative forms of delivering justice. But generally these alternatives are not for serious crimes like the one discussed above.
Without repentance there can be no forgiveness; at most an offense can be forgotten.
I don't think that this is quite correct. Forgiveness is an a release of any kind of feeling of recompense that the other person has towards you. My forgiving someone is not dependent on their acknowledgement of wrongdoing. Jesus forgave those who put them to death. "Father forgive them for they know not what they do". He released them from any guilt in his death. If, for example, a spouse forgives their partner for adultery, it means that they are able to fully release any bondage that the adultery has had on the relationship for their part. They fully release the person from having to "repent" in any fashion. Yes? No?. Certainly, there is a new reality in the relationship that exists and, I suppose choices need to be made. But forgiving them does not mean that the relationship continues as it has.
PIronically, forgiveness actually free a person so that they can act out of more empowering space. That has been my experience anyway. Free of anger, bitterness or rancour. It brings clarity, calmness of mind and an ability to make better choices.
Matthew --Somehow I think the Lord wants us to forgive even before repentance, even without it, though I can't think of a Scriptural reference that says so exactly. Mr. Grosmaines forgave Conor before he knew whether Conor had repented or not. Just what is forgiveness? An act of the will? Certainly, but what sort. A rejection of justified ill will? And/or a canceling out of something due in reparation? I think there is more. Maybe it even differs somewhat from injury to injury.
I know forgiveness is important as Christians - Jesus mentions it - but I don't think I could forgive someone killing someone I love. It seems like it is the victim who has the right to give or not give forgiveness, though of course the family would be hurt too. I've seen a lot of stories in the news over the years of people forgiving the murderers of their children and to be honest it makes me feel kind of queasy. Perhaps forgiveness makes people feel better but maybe it's also a kind of survival mechanism, a way of putting the bad thing behind you and moving on. Maybe I just don't understand it.
If forgiveness is impossible without repentance, is it possible when the transgressor's moral agency is diminished?
This is a poignant story. And this content must be remembered as well: i.e. forgiveness is NOT a must for restorative justice:Article from Howard Zehr in which he answers my question about forgiveness and the good vs. the bad victim concept that restorative justice often affords:http://emu.edu/now/restorative-justice/2011/11/29/good-and-bad-victims/R... Television Piece of Meeting the Man Who Murdered My Dad:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b65xefiHB1MMy Recent Master's Thesis on both the opportunities and concerns of restorative justice:Master's Thesis: "Sawbonna: Justice as Lived Experience"http://dtpr.lib.athabascau.ca/action/viewdtrdesc.php?cpk=308&id=48984Saw... Van Sluytman
George D: Respectfully, your first comment suggests that you haven't read the article, at least not carefully. In this case at least, the restorative justice procedure did NOT involve circumventing the usual criminal justice system entirely, and there WAS an "objective third party" who ultimately decided what sentencing options would be available. And there is no evidence at all that the victim's family (or the victim, while she was alive) felt "coerced" into forgiveness. Perhaps this is not the usual way that RJ works (though I am not sure of that): but as you say, it is not the usual sort of case where it is applied.Grant: I would say that forgiveness is only appropriate to the extent that the offender is a genuine moral agent, capable of repentance. This is because forgiveness is the counterpart to resentment, which also is appropriate only in response to voluntary actions.
A response to Matthew:I see no reason to deny that we can cultivate a disposition or attitude of forgiveness in anticipation of having occasions to exercise it. Religious communities do encourage forgiveness. Ought they to do so is another question. I think that they should.I grant that I can attach strings to any offer of forgiveness that I might make to someone who has culpably harmed me. If I do so, then the offer takes effect only when either the conditions (e.g. apology, restitution, etc.) are satisfied or when I withdraw the conditions.But I can forgive without strings, in which case, I see no reason to say that I have only offered forgiveness and thus that the forgiveness is dependent upon its acceptance by the perpetrator.I readily grant that we often find it very hard to forgive and sometimes are too scarred by what has been done to forgive. I take it that these are situations that we would hope would change over time and that the victim could find liberation from his or her pain.For my part, there have been several situations in which I was pretty badly harmed. In each of these cases, I found it very hard to forgive. Regrettably, it took me years to reach the point of forgiving the perpetrators. In hindsight, I can see shat damage I suffered from this incapacity to forgive. In all these cases, the perpetrator has not ever acknowledged having done harm to me. But happily reaching the point of being able to forgive them has in each case been liberating for me. I still have moments when I have feelings of resentment, but I regard these moments as temptations. I also have to admit that I am far from sure that I could unconditionally forgive any and everything that might happen to me. But that is a goal worth striving for.
If the transgressor's moral agency is diminshed -it is easier to forgive as then it is easy to say as Jesus said-they know not what they do.It is when we perceive that the transgressor DOES know what he/she has done that it becomes difficult to forgive.There are differences in degrees when people kill because of the differences in moral resonsibility[ premeditated as oppossed to impulsive behaviour].From the perspective of jesus-we are all diminished in our capacity and hence he forgives us all[and died for our sins].We're called to follow him.Yet we also believe in expiation for sins which is an opportunity to repent[if one has not already done so].What is forgiveness is a tricky thing as in one case it can simply mean a dismissal of an injury.Of course if one can dismiss an injury done to one then perhaps that simply means the injury was not severe[did not hurt too much].So is forgiveness even the right term if you're forgiving something that really didn't harm you to begin with?Is forgiveness the ability to walk a mile in the transgressors shoes-and know where he comes from and in spite of his severe transgression-one can still find common ground[empathy ]?The empathy does not include the crime committed but up to the crime and past the crime committed.Though repentance is to be desired it is a grace when one's trangressor repents and the victim should not count on that for healing.Forgivenes is not a give and take any more then victimization is. Though it is nice when truth and reconciliation happens like in the above situation.Perhaps from a faith perspective forgiveness is faith that the perpetrator will recognize the wrong done and repent in God's time -not in human time -and with that confidence offering one's suffering up to God.As opossed to seeking comfort in revenge. And perhaps in many instances what seemed a serious transgression[what once hurt us alot] over time we can forgive easily because it ceases to hurt-we can dismiss it and we call that forgiveness.
"This is because forgiveness is the counterpart to resentment, which also is appropriate only in response to voluntary actions." - and then the appropriate target of resentment is God himself. "I still have moments when I have feelings of resentment, but I regard these moments as temptations." That is an interesting thought. It's like a past bad habit, a familiar rut, a way so well trodden that the marks are built-in and that once we start down that path, it is natural to continue, unless we shake off the inertia. Perhaps there is an actual path of synaptic connections from neuron to neuron in our brains." I also have to admit that I am far from sure that I could unconditionally forgive any and everything that might happen to me. " I used to think that I would not forgive God if one my my children died before me (God forbid!), but now I view death more like a transition to join those who have lived before us, so the separation between the living and the dead is only temporary. It would be perhaps a long separation, but would end one day when my turn comes - and the ones who live beyond me will also join me later. In that perspective unconditional forgiveness is at least a possibility.
"and then" -> "and otherwise"
Forgiveness is not simply a disposition or an attitude; it is an event that necessarily involves two parties, the forgiver and the forgiven. Then the victim would be in a position of being further victimized, when they wish to forgive but are held bound by the other person's lack of repentance. Not good. In my mind it is certainly possible to forgive, yet still desire for some consequences to happen for the perpetrator, not out of resentment but out of a sense of justice. It is interesting that all who comment here put themselves in the position of the victim. No one here can imagine being the offender, it seems.
Bernard, I agree with you. (And thank you for your illustration from your life - it is powerful witness).When Jesus instructs us to love our enemies, I don't believe there is a precondition that our enemies must first beg our forgiveness.I believe the example of Maria Goretti also is pertinent: didn't she offer forgiveness to her killer before he sought it?At the same time, for forgiveness to bear its full fruit, the offender needs to be able to accept the forgiveness.Perhaps the scriptural story par excellence is the Prodigal Son. The son returns to the father, resolved to beg his forgiveness - and finds that the father has already rushed out to meet him, already prepared to forgive him. Here is the Christian economy of forgiveness.
One more thought on forgiveness: the petition from the Lord's Prayer, "Forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us" also speaks to the importance of the offended one - the creditor, so to speak - being ready to forgive; indeed our own forgiveness by God depends on our willingness to forgive others in their turn.
Jim,I have actually thought quite often about that phrase in the 'Our Father' and always concluded that I trust and hope God's forgiveness is better than mine.
HI John:I understand what you are saying and was not suggesting that the victim in this case felt coerced. I was just imagining a scenario where the victim might feel coerced.There are multiple levels to RJ. The one is the perpetrator and victim as in this case. It did not have an impact on the actual sentencing as far as I could see. He still received 20 years even though the victims felt that less would be just. Maybe this is due to mandatory sentences or other factors at any rate the issue is the extent to which these should or should not be considered in sentencing. Maybe they should be?Another is the criminal justice system itself. Jails are overcrowded and I don't see more jails or longer sentences as the best solution. RJ, perhaps, has a better track record as far as rehabilitation of the offender which is, at least, in part what the goal of incarceration is.
Bernard writes: "I see no reason to deny that we can cultivate a disposition or attitude of forgiveness in anticipation of having occasions to exercise it."I see no reason either. We must always pray to be ready to forgive, and that readiness is important to our spiritual and psychological health. Still, the readiness to forgive is not the same as forgiveness itself.Bernard continues: "I grant that I can attach strings to any offer of forgiveness that I might make to someone who has culpably harmed me. If I do so, then the offer takes effect only when either the conditions (e.g. apology, restitution, etc.) are satisfied or when I withdraw the conditions.But I can forgive without strings, in which case, I see no reason to say that I have only offered forgiveness and thus that the forgiveness is dependent upon its acceptance by the perpetrator."There is at least and at most one condition for forgiveness: that the person one wishes to forgive wishes to be forgiven. Every other condition is beside the point. To say that there are no conditions is to say that we can do what not even God does. Like the father of the Prodigal Son, He waits for us with open arms, but He waits. He will not force His mercy on us. And what He will not do, we cannot do. Those who wrong us remain free to accept or refuse whatever forgiveness we offer. (I had almost written "those who hurt us," but very often the hurt is far in excess of any wrong, or guilt. "Father, forgive them for they know not what they do" must mean something like "Father, excuse them," for when a person has no way of knowing what he is doing, he isn't morally culpable.)In response to this line of argument, Claire writes: "Then the victim would be in a position of being further victimized, when they wish to forgive but are held bound by the other persons lack of repentance. Not good."No, not good at all. Very painful in fact. But there you are. Once God has answered our prayer that we be ready to forgive, we must also pray for patience, in case the chance to forgive does not immediately follow. Or never follows. We may also pray, la St. Augustine, that God not send us the occasion for forgiveness before we are ready to forgive. As Bernard testifies, resentment is sticky: we try to let go of it but it won't drop. Lord, make me forgiving, but not yet.Claire also writes: "It is interesting that all who comment here put themselves in the position of the victim. No one here can imagine being the offender, it seems."Interesting, certainly, but not surprising. We cannot forget being wounded but have trouble rememberingor even noticingwhen we have wounded others. Most people feel that they have been betrayed by someone, at least once; few would acknowledge they've ever betrayed anyone. It doesn't add up. One fruitful use of resentment is to turn it back on ourselvesto ask, Am I sure I haven't made someone else suffer this way, or suffer as much in a different way? If I suddenly remember that I have, the question becomes, Why do I not think of this as often? Why is my conscience so much more buoyant than my heart?
Matthew says: "There is at least and at most one condition for forgiveness: that the person one wishes to forgive wishes to be forgiven.... Those who wrong us remain free to accept or refuse whatever forgiveness we offer."A few points:1. Only the victim can offer forgiveness. To offer it is to offer a gift which the culprit has not earned.2. If the victim offers unconditional forgiveness, then there is nothing more for him or her to do to offer this gift. His or her action is complete. 3. The culprit may accept or refuse this gift. Or he or she may not even advert to the gift. If he or she does advert to it, he or she has to choose how to respond. This response is in no way part of the victim's action of offering forgiveness. This response is a distinct action that does not alter the victim's action but does affect the outcome of that action.From another perspective: If Matthew, or anyone, wants to define forgiveness as an event that takes two to tango, then so be it. Forgiveness would then be analogous to marriage. I can offer to marry Jane, but have not done so unless she likewise marries me. Marriage, by its essence, occurs only when the couple act in concert.By contrast, a gift offered without strings is a complete gift, even if it is spurned.From my own experience; Two of the people who significantly harmed me and whom I have finally come to forgive, are still alive, though we are not in contact. I have not explicitly informed them of my forgiveness and don't expect to have an occasion to do so. I have no reason to think that they will ever come to think that they need forgiveness from me. To say, as Matthew would, that, though I have offered forgiveness to them, I have not forgiven them and probably will never do so strikes me extraordinarily odd.
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I have two tables at my disposal, one work dataset and one reference dataset. Each dataset has got two columns, lets say these are fields A and B. I would like the rows in reference dataset with the rows in work dataset that are 'closest' w.r.t. some distance. I have more rows in work dataset than in reference dataset, and i will match all rows in reference dataset to some rows in work dataset.
I can define distance between two rows in reference and wrk dataset like this:
$ d_{i,j} = (A_{w}(i) - A_{r}(j))^{2} + (B_{w}(i) - B_{r}(j))^{2} $
with $A_{w}, A_{r}, B_{w}, B_{r} $ the A and B columns work and reference datasets with obvious notation.
In other word, i want to minimize over all permutations of rows from the work dataset (with the same number of rows as in reference dataset) the sum of distances between one row in reference dataset and one row in wrk dataset.
I do not know how to proceed if not examining all permutations.
This is combinatorial problem. What about stochastic methods: genetic algorithm, swarm...
Could you hint at some idea for a start ?
I had a look at linear assignment problem. However, my problem is not a complete bipartatite graph representation, it is not complete since there can be more peaks in work signal than there are in reference signal.
Thanks !

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One of the most famous Volvo trucks of all time was the 'Titan' which was introduced in 1951, intended mainly for long-distance transport and demanding construction site operations.
"Titan" - the name for a big truck
The 'Titan' name actually came about slightly later than the introduction in late 1951 due to legal problems with Volvo's use of this name in marketing and sales. These problems were resolved, however, and the 'Titan' became one of the more famous model names in truck history.
The Titan was not a radical new design, but more an adaptation of existing and tried components to the rounded design standards of the 1950s, a trend basically begun in America.
The early L39 Titan was very much an updated L29 C (the diesel 'Longnose') but with improved driver environment and with a more efficient direct-injection VDF engine of 9.6 litres capacity (compared with 8.6 litres for the predecessor's VDB pre-combustion-chamber diesel engine).
Pioneering the turbocharged engine
The new VDF engine was an advanced power source which was to some extent the result of Volvo's experience with light materials obtained during the design and production of piston aircraft engines. Soon, however, this relatively expensive engine was superseded by the more conventional D96 engine, manufactured from steel.
The Titan has, of course, been made very famous due to the pioneering role it held when, as one of the first trucks in the world, it was presented with a turbocharged engine in 1954. This was not a new idea - it had been used in ships, railway locomotives and aircraft engines - but the legendary team at Volvo, led by John Stålblad and including the famous engine designer Bertil Häggh, managed to incorporate a relatively small turbocharger under the bonnet of the Titan truck.
The result was astonishing: with an increase in kerb weight of just 25 kg, the engine output was increased by 35 bhp (from 150 to 185 bhp).
Filled with the most modern features
But it was not only the engine which was developed during the 14 years of continuous production of the L39/L49 Titan. In many respects, this truck family received many of the new features of modern trucks, like the air-operated brake systems (which facilitated the safe braking of a vehicle combination with a trailer), the power steering (which was important for driver welfare) and the Volvo Safety Cab, which was introduced in 1959/60 after rigorous design and testing by both the inventor Gösta Nyström (the founder of the Volvo Cab Plant in Umeå, Sweden) and the Swedish national safety administration.
The Titan grew during its production period into a very powerful heavy-duty truck, which at the end of production in 1963-64 made available a tandem-driven 6x4 Titan with turbocharged 230 bhp engine, power steering and air-operated brakes.


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Area: 22,966 sq. km. (8,867 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Massachusetts.
Cities: Capital--Belmopan (2006 pop. est. 14,900). Other cities and towns--Belize City (62,200), Corozal (8,900), Orange Walk (15,700), San Ignacio and Santa Elena (17,500), Dangriga (11,200), Punta Gorda (5,100), and San Pedro (9,300).
Terrain: Flat and swampy coastline, low mountains in interior.
Climate: Subtropical (dry and wet seasons). Hot and humid. Rainfall ranges from 60 inches in the north to 200 inches in the south annually.
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Belizean(s).
Population (2007 est.): 314,300.
Annual growth rate (2007 est.): 1.8%.
Ethnic groups: Creole, Garifuna, Mestizo, Mayan.
Religions: Roman Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, Mennonite, other Protestant, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist.
Languages: English (official), Creole, Spanish, Garifuna, Mayan.
Education: Years compulsory--9. Attendance (2006 est.)--90% primary; 38% secondary. Literacy (2006 est.)--76.5%.
Health: (2006): Infant mortality rate--19.6/1,000. Life expectancy--67.4 years.
Work force (April 2006, 112,806): Services--60%. Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing--22%. Industry and commerce--16%.
Type: Parliamentary democracy
Independence: September 21, 1981.
Constitution: September 21, 1981.
Branches: Executive--British monarch (head of state), represented by a governor general; prime minister (head of government, 5-year term). Legislative--bicameral National Assembly. Judicial--Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, district magistrates.
Subdivisions: Six districts.
Political parties: People's United Party (PUP), United Democratic Party (UDP), National Alliance for Belizean Rights (NABR). National Reform Party (NRP), Vision Inspired By the People (VIP), People's National Party (PNP), We the People (WTP).
Suffrage: Universal adult.
GDP (2006): $1.22 billion.
Real annual growth rate (2006): 5.6%; (2005): 3.0%.
Per capita income (2005): $4,028.
Avg. inflation rate (2006): 4.3%.
Natural resources: Arable land, timber, seafood, minerals.
Primary sectors (12.5% of GDP, 2006): Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining.
Secondary sectors (17.8% of GDP, 2006): Manufacturing, electricity and water supply, and construction.
Tertiary sectors (60.9% of GDP, 2006): Hotels and restaurants, financial intermediation, and transport and communication.
Trade: Exports (2006)--$268.2 million: cane sugar, clothing, citrus concentrate, lobster, fish, banana, and farmed shrimp. Major markets--U.S. (41.8%), U.K., CARICOM. Imports (2006)--$660.4 million: food, consumer goods, machinery, mineral fuels and lubricants. Major suppliers--U.S. (38.7%), Central America and Mexico.
Official exchange rate: Since 1976 Belizean banks have bought U.S. dollars at the rate of 2.0175 and sold them at 1.9825, making for an effective fixed rate of Belize $2=U.S. $1.
Belize is the most sparsely populated nation in Central America. It is larger than El Salvador and compares in size to the State of Massachusetts. Slightly more than half of the population lives in rural areas. About one-fourth live in Belize City, the principal port, commercial center, and former capital. More than one-third of the population is comprised of persons younger than 14 years of age.
Most Belizeans are of multiracial descent. About 43.7% of the population is of mixed Mayan and European descent (Mestizo); 29.8% are of African and Afro-European (Creole) ancestry; about 11.0% are Mayan; and about 6.6% are Afro-Amerindian (Garifuna). The remainder, about 8.9%, includes European, East Indian, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and North American groups.
English, the official language, is spoken by virtually all except the refugees who arrived during the past decade. Spanish is the native tongue of about 50% of the people and is spoken as a second language by another 20%. The various Mayan groups still speak their indigenous languages, and an English Creole dialect similar to the Creole dialects of the English-speaking Caribbean Islands is spoken by most. The rate of functional literacy is 76%. About 50% of the population is Roman Catholic; the Anglican Church and other Protestant Christian groups account for most of the remaining 50%. Mennonite settlers number about 8,500.
The Mayan civilization spread into the area of Belize between 1500 BC and AD 300 and flourished until about AD 1200. Several major archeological sites--notably Caracol, Lamanai, Lubaantun, Altun Ha, and Xunantunich--reflect the advanced civilization and much denser population of that period. European contact began in 1502 when Christopher Columbus sailed along the coast. The first recorded European settlement was established by shipwrecked English seamen in 1638. Over the next 150 years, more English settlements were established. This period also was marked by piracy, indiscriminate logging, and sporadic attacks by Indians and neighboring Spanish settlements.
Great Britain first sent an official representative to the area in the late 18th century, but Belize was not formally termed the "Colony of British Honduras" until 1840. It became a crown colony in 1862. Subsequently, several constitutional changes were enacted to expand representative government. Full internal self-government under a ministerial system was granted in January 1964. The official name of the territory was changed from British Honduras to Belize in June 1973, and full independence was granted on September 21, 1981.
Belize is a parliamentary democracy based on the Westminster model and is a member of the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II is head of state and is represented in the country by Governor General Dr. Colville N. Young, Sr., a Belizean and Belize's second governor general. The primary executive organ of government is the cabinet, led by a prime minister (head of government). Cabinet ministers are members of the majority political party in parliament and usually hold elected seats in the National Assembly concurrently with their cabinet positions.
The National Assembly consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate. The 31 members of the House are popularly elected to a maximum 5-year term. The governor general appoints the Senate's 12 members. Six are appointed in accordance with the advice of the prime minister, 3 with the advice of the leader of the opposition. (A majority of Belizeans who decided to participate in the referendum held along with the national elections on February 7, 2008 voted in favor of a change from the current appointed Senate to an elected one.) The Belize Council of Churches and the Evangelical Association of Churches, the Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Belize Business Bureau, and the National Trade Union Congress and the Civil Society Steering Committee each advise the Governor General on the appointment of one senator each. The Senate is headed by a president, who is a nonvoting member appointed by the governing party.
Members of the independent judiciary are appointed. The judicial system includes local magistrates, the Supreme Court, and the Court of Appeal. Cases may, under certain circumstances, be appealed to the Privy Council in London. However, in 2001 Belize joined with most members of the Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM) to establish a "Caribbean Court of Justice," which was inaugurated on April 16, 2005. The country is divided into six districts: Corozal, Orange Walk, Belize, Cayo, Stann Creek, and Toledo.
In national elections on February 7, 2008, the United Democratic Party (UDP) prevailed over the incumbent People's United Party (PUP). The UDP won 25 of the 31 seats in the House of Representatives, while the PUP won the other six seats. UDP leader Dean Barrow replaced PUP leader Said Musa as Prime Minister. The PUP governed Belize from 1998-2008; the UDP from 1993-98; the PUP from 1989-1993; and the UDP from 1984-89. Before 1984, the PUP had dominated the electoral scene for more than 30 years and was the party in power when Belize became independent in 1981. Third-party alternatives to the two-party system have arisen in the recent years, but these parties garnered less than 2% of the vote in the February 2008 elections.
The previous government implemented an economic adjustment program, with the aim of (1) increasing revenues, (2) decreasing public sector expenditures, (3) narrowing the fiscal deficit to 1% of GDP, (4) improving the balance of payments, and (5) increasing the country's foreign reserves. Belize's outstanding public debt at the end of June 2007 was U.S. $1.17 billion, an amount that is equivalent to approximately 90.4% of GDP. On January 31, 2007 the Government of Belize officially announced that the holders of Belize's public external commercial indebtedness agreed to exchange their existing claims against the country for new bonds to be issued by Belize maturing in 2029. Belize traditionally maintains a deep interest in the environment and sustainable development. A lack of government resources seriously hampers these goals. On other fronts, the government is working to improve its law enforcement capabilities. A longstanding territorial dispute with Guatemala continues, although cooperation between the two countries has increased in recent years across a wide spectrum of common interests, including trade and environment. Seeing itself as a bridge, Belize is actively involved with the Caribbean nations of CARICOM, and also has taken steps to work more closely with its Central American neighbors as a member of SICA (Central American Integration System).
Principal Government Officials
Head of State--Queen Elizabeth II
Governor General--Sir Colville N. Young, Sr.
Prime Minister and Minister of Finance--Dean Barrow
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Natural Resources and the Environment--Gaspar Vega
Minister of Economic Development, Commerce, Industry and Consumer Protection--Erwin Contreras
Minister of National Security--Carlos Perdomo
Minister of Labor--Gabriel Martinez
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade, Attorney General--Wilfred Elrington
Ambassador to the United States--Nestor Mendez, Charg� d'Affaires, a.i.
Ambassador to the OAS--vacant
Ambassador to the United Nations--Janine Coye Felson
Belize maintains an embassy in the United States at 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel: 202-332-9636; fax: 202-332-6888; website: http://www.embassyofbelize.org/) and a consulate in Los Angeles. Belize travel information office in New York City: 800-624-0686.
Forestry was the only economic activity of any consequence in Belize until well into the 20th century when the supply of accessible timber began to dwindle. Cane sugar then became the principal export. Exports have recently been augmented by expanded production of citrus, bananas, seafood, and apparel. The farm shrimp industry, a chief export earner until three years ago, continues to decline. The service sector and nascent petroleum sector lead economic growth. The country has about 809,000 hectares of arable land, only a small fraction of which is under cultivation. The agricultural sector suffered from damage resulting from hurricanes that struck Belize in late 2007. To curb land speculation, the government enacted legislation in 1973 that requires non-Belizeans to complete a development plan on land they purchase before obtaining title to plots of more than 10 acres of rural land or more than one-half acre of urban land.
Domestic industry is limited, constrained by relatively high-cost labor and energy and a small domestic market. Some 185 U.S. companies have operations in Belize, including Archer Daniels Midland, Texaco, and Esso. Tourism attracts the most foreign direct investment, although significant U.S. investment also is found in the telecommunications and agriculture sectors.
A combination of natural factors--climate, the longest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere, numerous islands, excellent fishing, safe waters for boating, jungle wildlife, and Mayan ruins--support the thriving tourist industry. Development costs are high, but the Government of Belize has designated tourism as one of its major development priorities. In 2006, tourist arrivals totaled 958,813 (about 70% from the United States).
Belize's investment policy is codified in the Belize Investment Guide, which sets out the development priorities for the country. A Country Commercial Guide for Belize is available from the U.S. Embassy's Economic/Commercial section and on the Web at: http://belize.usembassy.gov/investing_in_belize2.html
A major constraint on the economic development of Belize continues to be the scarcity of infrastructure investments. As part of its financial austerity measures started in late 2004, the government froze expenditures on several capital projects. Although electricity, telephone, and water utilities are all relatively good, Belize has the most expensive electricity in the region. Large tracts of land, which would be suitable for development, are inaccessible due to lack of roads. Some roads, including sections of major highways, are subject to damage or closure during the rainy season. Ports in Belize City, Dangriga, and Big Creek handle regularly scheduled shipping from the United States and the United Kingdom, although draft is limited to a maximum of 10 feet in Belize City and 15 feet in southern ports. American Airlines, Continental Airlines, U.S. Air, Delta Airlines, and TACA provide international air service to gateways in Dallas, Houston, Miami, Charlotte, Atlanta, and San Salvador.
Belize's economic performance is highly susceptible to external market changes. Although the economy recorded a real growth rate of 5.6% in 2006, this achievement is vulnerable to world commodity price fluctuations and continuation of preferential trading agreements, especially with the United States and the European Union (cane sugar) and the United Kingdom (bananas).
The United States continues to be Belize's number-one trading partner. Through November 2007, the United States provided 33.5% of all Belizean imports and accounted for 27.2% of Belize's total exports. Other major trading partners include Mexico, the United Kingdom, Western Europe, Guatemala, Canada, and the CARICOM member states. In the past two years, Taiwan and Japan have emerged as new trading partners with Belize.
Belize continues to rely heavily on foreign trade, with the United States as its number-one trading partner. Imports in 2005 totaled $518.83 million, while total exports were only $212.83 million. In 2005, the United States provided 39% of all Belizean imports and accounted for 52.2% of Belize's total exports. Other major trading partners include the United Kingdom, European Union, Canada, Mexico, and Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM) member states.
Belize aims to stimulate the growth of commercial agriculture through CARICOM. However, Belizean trade with the rest of the Caribbean is small compared to that with the United States and Europe. The country is a beneficiary of the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) program, which forms part of the U.S.-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act--signed into law by President Clinton on May 8, 2000--a comprehensive U.S. Government program designed to stimulate investment in Caribbean nations by providing duty-free access to the U.S. market for most Caribbean products. Significant U.S. private investments in citrus and shrimp farms have been made in Belize under CBI. U.S. trade preferences allowing for duty-free re-import of finished apparel cut from U.S. textiles have significantly expanded the apparel industry. European Union (EU) and U.K. preferences also have been vital for the expansion and prosperity of the sugar and banana industries. However, these two markets face considerable World Trade Organization (WTO) challenges.
The Belize Defence Force (BDF), established in January 1973, is comprised of a light infantry force of regulars and reservists along with small air and maritime wings. The BDF, currently under the command of Brigadier General Lloyd Gillett, assumed total defense responsibility from British Forces Belize (BFB) on January 1, 1994. The United Kingdom continues to maintain the British Army Training Support Unit Belize (BATSUB) to assist in the administration of the Belize Jungle School. The BDF receives military assistance from the United States and the United Kingdom.
Belize's principal external concern has been the dispute involving the Guatemalan claim to Belizean territory. This dispute originated in Imperial Spain's claim to all "New World" territories west of the line established in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. Nineteenth-century efforts to resolve the problems led to later differences over interpretation and implementation of an 1859 treaty intended to establish the boundaries between Guatemala and Belize, then named British Honduras. Guatemala contends that the 1859 treaty is void because the British failed to comply with all its economic assistance clauses. Neither Spain nor Guatemala ever exercised effective sovereignty over the area.
Negotiations have been underway for many years, including one period in the 1960s in which the U.S. Government sought unsuccessfully to mediate. A 1981 trilateral (Belize, Guatemala, and the United Kingdom) "Heads of Agreement" was not implemented due to continued contentions. Belize became independent on September 21, 1981, with the territorial dispute unresolved. Significant negotiations between Belize and Guatemala, with the United Kingdom as an observer, resumed in 1988. Guatemala recognized Belize's independence in 1991, and diplomatic relations were established.
Eventually, on November 8, 2000, the two parties agreed to respect an "adjacency zone" extending one kilometer east and west from the border. Around this time, the Government of Guatemala insisted that the territorial claim was a legal one and that the only possibility for a resolution was to submit the case to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). However, the Government of Belize felt that taking the case to the ICJ or to arbitration represented an unnecessary expense of time and money. So the Belizean Government proposed an alternate process, one under the auspices of the Organization of American States (OAS).
Since then, despite efforts by the OAS to jumpstart the process, movement has been limited to confidence-building measures between the parties. In November 2007, the Secretary General of the OAS recommended that the dispute be referred to the International Court of Justice.
In order to strengthen its potential for economic and political development, Belize has sought to build closer ties with the Spanish-speaking countries of Central America to complement its historical ties to the English-speaking Caribbean states. In 2005 Belize joined other Central American countries participating in the Cooperating Nations Information Exchange System (CNIES), which assists in locating, identifying, tracking, and intercepting civil aircraft in Belize's airspace. Belize and other Central American countries signed the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA (CONCAUSA) agreement on regional sustainable development. Belize held the presidency of the Central American Integration System (SICA) for a 6-month period in 2007. Belize is a member of CARICOM, which was founded in 1973. It became a member of the OAS in 1990.
The United States and Belize traditionally have had close and cordial relations. The United States is Belize's principal trading partner and major source of investment funds. It is also home to the largest Belizean community outside Belize, estimated to be 70,000 strong. Because Belize's economic growth and accompanying democratic political stability are important U.S. objectives, Belize benefits from the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative.
International crime issues dominate the agenda of bilateral relations between the United States and Belize. The United States is working closely with the Government of Belize to fight illicit narcotics trafficking, and both governments seek to control the flow of illegal migrants to the United States through Belize. Belize and the United States brought into force a Stolen Vehicle Treaty, an Extradition Treaty, and a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty between 2001 and 2003.
The United States is one of the largest providers of economic assistance to Belize, contributing $2.5 million in various bilateral economic and military aid programs to Belize in FY 2006. Of this amount, nearly half a million dollars was provided by the U.S. Military Liaison Office. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) closed its Belize office in August 1996 after a 13-year program during which USAID provided $110 million worth of development assistance to Belize. Belize still benefits from USAID regional programs. In addition, during the past 42 years, almost 2,000 Peace Corps volunteers have served in Belize. As of February 2008, the Peace Corps had 63 volunteers working in Belize. The U.S. military has a diverse and growing assistance program in Belize that has included the construction and renovation of several schools and youth hostels, medical assistance programs, and drug reduction programs. Private North American investors continue to play a key role in Belize's economy, particularly in the tourism sector.
Principal U.S. Officials
Ambassador--Robert J. Dieter
Deputy Chief of Mission--Leonard A. Hill
Economic/Political Officer--Thomas Wise
Consul--Thomas Wallis
Management Officer--Sharon Featherstone
Military Liaison Officer--LTC Tammy McNamara
The U.S. Embassy is located in the City of Belmopan on Floral Park Street. The mailing address is P.O. Box 497, Belmopan, Cayo District, Belize, Central America: tel: 011-501- 822-4011 from the United States or 822-4011 locally; fax: 011-501-822-4012 Main number; 822-4053 Administrative Office; 822-4050 Consular Section. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com, Web site address: http://belize.usembassy.gov/.
Other useful contacts
Caribbean/Latin American Action
1818 N Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: 202-466-7464
Fax: 202-822-0075
U.S. Department of Commerce
International Trade Administration
Office of Latin American and the Caribbean
14th and Constitution, NW
Washington, DC 20230
Tel: 202-482-1658; 202-USA-TRADE
Fax: 202-482-0464


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How can I save a notebook as a $\LaTeX$ file, while preserving the syntax highlighting (such as input/output boxes)?
Personally I'm always disappointed by the quality of the conversion done when one simply saves a notebook as a TeX file--it never looks like what I want or expected. But perhaps this isn't too surprising, as the two file types are very different, and therefore many choices need to be made about the conversion.
I think a good general approach for solving questions of this kind is to write some Mathematica code to perform the conversion for you. Code in one notebook can open and read the contents of another notebook, manipulate it as you require, and spit it out as $\LaTeX$ file.
Here is some code I've written for my own purposes. It doesn't directly solve your problem but illustrates the general principle. First, let's open the notebook we want to convert "input.nb".
And prepare the grounds for writing the TeX file.
Now for my application, I was not very interested in the input cells. I wanted to extract the Title, the Section and Subsection headings, any Text cells, and the Output cells.
The output cells are likely to need the most processing, so I defined the following function to deal with them. If the cell contains a graphics object, it exports it as a PDF (with some silly name generated using the
Now we are ready to actually iterate through the cells in the input notebook and write to the file stream we opened earlier. Here I specify my own, very short, preamble for the TeX file and I apply some rules to the contents of Text cells to replace curly quotes that for some reason don't appear properly in the TeX.
If you wanted to use this to process Input cells also, you'd simply add a case to the
At the end we close the file stream. You'll notice a reference to a cell style "LaTeX", this is simply a style I've got in one of my custom stylesheets, the intention being to allow me to write $\LaTeX$ code in a notebook and just have it included in the TeX file verbatim.
This code reduces your problem to implementing the syntax highlighter in Mathematica, or finding a $\LaTeX$ package to do it for you (which you'd then need to mention in the preamble). But it also makes possible far more general manipulations that, I imagine, could be fairly useful.


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coupon code: 8DLLTQCTZ8SPBX and ZCZ5MMX9JLG01M
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Im Winter trage ich zu meinem schwarzen Rock auch eine schwarze Jacke.
What is the meaning of zu here? Why is Rock dative while Jacke is accusative?
What is the meaning of zu here? Why is Rock dative while Jacke is accusative?
You also asked about the cases.
This is your sentence structure:
[PP: Im Winter] [V: trage] [NP: ich] [PP: zu meinem schwarzen Rock] auch [NP: eine schwarze Jacke].
Rock must be dative because it is part of a prepositional phrase with zu, and the preposition zu demands dative. Zu wem trage ich die Jacke? Zu meinem Rock.
Jacke must be accusative because it is the direct object of the verb tragen. Wen oder was trage ich? Ich trage die Jacke.
Zu in this context means that you are combining Rock and Jacke. There is an emphasis that you picked the Rock first and then added Jacke to match a certain style. It is often used when it comes to fashion accessory but also when adding e.g. a certain wine to a meal.
Other examples:


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text:
Why Children Push Your Buttons
Guilt, anger, stress, fear, anxiety, and most other unpleasant emotions are self-defeating. Anger impairs your judgment; it rewards a power-seeking child. Guilt makes you compensate; you do not follow through. You feel sorry for not being a perfect parent, and you try to make it up to your child by giving in. These feelings interfere with successful parenting. They inhibit your relationship with your children. They can cause misbehavior to increase. Learning how to cope with self-defeating emotions and beliefs will increase your happiness as a person, a spouse, and a parent. If you want to reduce the amount of negative emotions in your life, you must believe two things: you control your thoughts, and your thoughts control your emotions. Therefore, you control how you feel. You control happiness, joy, and excitement. You control guilt, anger, stress, and fear. I lived many years believing that unsafe drivers, poorly planned freeways, dead car batteries, and uncapped toothpaste made me angry. I used to believe that untrained sales clerks and incompetent waitresses made me angry. I now realize that these circumstances are part of life. I can choose to be angry or stay calm. I prefer staying calm. I allow much less anger in my life than I did ten years ago. I still get angry. When I do, I realize what has happened, and I let it go. I once felt guilty for not having all the answers and failing to meet the needs of every parent and child that came to me for help. I now accept my humanness and imperfection. It is easy to succumb to self-defeating behaviors. Resisting them takes practice. You will always be tempted to give in to self-defeating emotions. You will have spontaneous reactions that seem impossible to control. You might still feel guilty and angry when your child has a tantrum in public, or become discouraged if your son gets a failing report card. However, you can do a lot to improve your day-to-day experience. A certain amount of child misbehavior and aggravation is part of parenting. Children can create frustration and discouragement. Their misbehavior can push your buttons. If your children push your buttons, take preventive action. Make a plan to protect yourself. Defending Yourself Against Button Attacks
Some parents find it helpful to have a technique that diffuses their anger. Go sit in your room for a few minutes. Listen to music. Go for a walk. Count to twenty-five. Think peaceful thoughts. Reward yourself when you do survive a button attack. Do not expect perfection from yourself the first week. Make your goal more realistic. If one of your children successfully pushes your buttons, do not put yourself down. Do not think that you are a failure. You are human. Do not let your disappointment keep you down. Encourage yourself just as you would encourage one of your children. Do not dwell on your inadequacies. Focus on the times that you were able to maintain your control in frustrating situations. Think about the times you were successful. Your buttons have an important influence on the way you discipline your children. Conflicts can be resolved without anger. Stay calm; your communication will be more effective, and punishment will be more effective. You present yourself as a model for self-control, and your children learn more effectively. You may have to protect your buttons for weeks before you see results. Your children will test you-that's how it works. Even though you are not getting angry anymore, your children will still try to push your buttons. Do not give in to their attacks. What happens if you do give in occasionally? What happens if you still get angry once in a while? You will probably make the problem worse. You will be encouraging your children to push your buttons more, not less. That's why it is so important to protect your buttons. Be strong. Be consistent. How to Express Anger Constructively
There will be times when you get angry. Occasional anger is normal. Do not feel guilty about it. It is okay for your children to know that you have a boiling point. It is not okay to let your anger get in the way of good discipline. Many parents get angry but do not say or do anything about it. This is a mistake. This is the San Andreas syndrome. Pressure builds and builds, and then the earth quakes. We let our anger build and build until we crack. This confuses children: "I have had two other fights with my brother today. This time Mom acts as though we killed somebody." Do not save anger. When you save anger, it can become uncontrollable. Let it out slowly and in small amounts. Tell your child what he did, how you feel, and why you feel that way: "When you fight like that, I get angry because you could get hurt or break something," "When you don't call home, I get worried that something might have happened to you." Children push your buttons to get a reaction. They hope you will get upset and change your mind or give in. Do not let your emotions get the best of you. Dealing with misbehaviors as they happen helps you vent without blame, and thus keeps you from saving anger and then exploding. It is better for your mental health, and it is better for your children. What Are Your Button Pushers?
More on: Discipline Strategies
From How to Behave So Your Children Will, Too!. Copyright � Sal Severe, 2000. Used by arrangement with Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.If you'd like to buy this book, click here or on the book cover. Get a 15% discount with the coupon code FENPARENT.


text:
what is Koszul resolution? what is its role played in the computation of spectral sequence?
closed as not a real question by Yemon Choi, S. Carnahan♦ Jun 23 '10 at 14:52
It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center.If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
The Koszul complex is defined at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszul_complex . In certain cases, one of which is explained there, the Koszul complex is a resolution (typically a free resolution, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_resolution#Projective_resolutions).
There is a complicated history of the Koszul complex, but really it began with Lie algebra cohomology, before becoming (also) a tool generally used in commutative algebra. Any free or projective resolution might appear in a spectral sequence argument: that query is not very specific. Maybe you want some standard argument from Lie algebra cohomology?
When doing things related to free resolutions you may want the actual computation or you may want something highly structured. For the former you use the koszul resolution, it is nice and little and small. If you want a lot of structure you use the Bar resolution. This is sort of a philosophical things, so when you actually want to compute something you use the Koszul resolution since it is pretty small and you know that making this choice wont affect your answer.


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The ORSP offers guidance on proposal development. We suggest that you begin the grant-writing process early in order to prepare a compelling application and strong supporting materials.
Government agencies typically provide detailed instructions for prospective grant applicants. Additionally, a number of online resources provide general information on writing effective grant proposals.
Any proposal that will result in a grant to Loyola must be routed before it is submitted to a government agency. This includes foundation or other proposals that include faculty time or resource commitments made on behalf of the University.


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Questions? Call now toll free! (866)666-9198
Canon 430EX II Speedlite TTL Shoe-Mount Flash
There are no accessories for this product, but we're working on it. Please call us for details about accessories for this product.
There are no accessory packages for this product, but we're working on it. Please call us for details about accessory packages for this product.
The Canon Speedlite 430EX II Flash is Canon's mid-range shoe mount flash, yet it offers many of the same advanced features as its bigger brother, the 580EX II. It is designed to fully support the entire range of Canon digital SLR and G-series cameras.
The Speedlite 430EX II Flash is compatible with Canon's latest E-TTL II (Evaluative Through The Lens) auto exposure technology. When combined with a compatible Canon camera and compatible lens, E-TTL II utilizes subject distance and other information that automatically modifies flash power, resulting in accurate flash exposure regardless of subject size, reflectance, or photographic composition. This is great for photographers that shoot high contrast or reflective subjects, like those encountered in wedding photography. Photographers can now capture every detail from the black of tuxedos to the white of wide smiles and wedding dresses.
The fully swiveling bounce head zooms automatically over a range of 24mm-105mm. Its Wireless E-TTL II compatibility permits it to function as a slave unit, triggered by a 580EX, ST-E2, or MR-14EX. Any number of 430EX and 550EX Speedlites can be combined as slave units for creative effects.
The Speedlite 430EX also automatically transfers color temperature information to recent models of digital SLR cameras. The camera then sets the best white balance setting for the flash shot. This feature works when the camera's white balance mode is set to Auto White Balance (AWB) or Flash white balance mode.
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How do I open .jar files without using terminal in manually installed java? . I tried open with dialog but java is not there .so How do I manually create it?
I want some thing like this
Install Ubuntu Tweak.
Go to the 'admins' section, open the File Type Manager, Select 'All' file types, find and select Java Archives in the long list, choose edit, choose the Add button, click on the 'custom command' twisty at the bottom and type the custom command you need it to use to open the file the way you desire.
Here's a picture I did for another question
What are you trying to do? To open JAR as archive or to launch the application packed in JAR? Personally, I used to have a problem because Dolphin (KDE's default file manager) launched archiver on every JAR file, and the archiver opened JAR as a usual ZIP.
You can use a script like this and set it as default application for all .jar files. It will select what to do — to open archive or to launch Java application — depending on file's extension:
First you need to create a .desktop file referencing your manually installed java. So, create a .desktop file at
After this you should have a new entry in the options "Other applications" separator (in this screenshot it already appears in "Recommended applications" because i already used it to open a .jar):
If the entry does not appear try executing
right-click on it, go to "permissions" tab and check "allow executing file as program"


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Would you like to save names or email namesto a friend?
Sign up here.
First name origins & meanings:
First name variations: Karen, Karyn, Kasia, Katja, Kasen, Kassia, Katoka, Katrien, Kaysa, Kara, Karen, Karon, Karyn, Caren, Carin, Caron, Caronn, Carren, Carrin, Carron, Carryn, Caryn, Carynn, Carynne, Kare, Kareen, Karenna, Kari, Karin, Karina, Karon, Karron, Karryn, Karyn, Keren, Kerran, Kerrin, Kerron, Kerrynn, Keryn, Kerynne, Taran, Taren, Taryn, Karen, Katarina, Katharine, Kate, Kathryn, Kathreen, Katheryn, Katrin, Kathy, Katie, Kate, Katina, Katrina, Karen, Karin, Karyn, Karon, Kari, Karrie, Karry, Kara, Karina, Caren, Carin, Caryn, Cari, Carrie, Carry, Cara, Katherine
Last name origins & meanings:
First name content excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to 30,000 Baby Names © 2005 by
Marcia Layton Turner.
this book online or call 1-800-253-6476.
Last name content copyright © 2006 Patrick Hanks.
8 Epic Emoji-Themed Crafts, Activities & Recipes
Check out the best emoji crafts, activities, and recipes! They're perfect for an emoji-themed birthday party or anytime you need DIY (and screen-free!) summer activities for kids, tweens, and teens.
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Staff Favorites: 20 Essential Products for Baby's 1st Yearby Lindsay Hutton
The FamilyEducation staff is made up of moms and dads like you, always on the lookout for the best products for our kids. We've come up with a list of the must-have baby products that have been essential to our young families — everything from "miracle" blankets to fun first toys. We're sure you'll like them too!
1 of 21
WubbaNub Infant Pacifiers
From WubbaNub. All moms would agree that pacifiers always seem to disappear into thin air, especially when you need them most. The Wubbanub solves that problem! Says one of our moms, "This one is great because the cute little stuffed animal at the end ensures that you never lose it. Plus it's entertaining for babies and calms them to have something to hold on to."
Price: $15.99
Buy on Amazon
Next: Trend Lab Nursing Cover


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The Hunted (Mass Market Paperbound)
Special Order-Item May Be Out Of Print
Al Rosen was doing just fine, hiding out in Israel -- until he decided to play Good Samaritan and rescue some elderly tourists from a hotel fire. Now his picture's been carried in the stateside press, and the guys he's been hiding from know exactly where he is. And they're coming to get him -- crooked lawyers, men with guns and money, and assorted members of the Detroit mob who are harboring a serious grudge. Playtime in paradise is officially over; Rosen's a million miles from home with a bull's eye on his back. And his only ally is a U.S. Embassy marine who's been looking for a war . . . and who's damn well found one.
About the Author
Elmore Leonard wrote more than forty books during his long career, including the bestsellers Raylan, Tishomingo Blues, Be Cool, Get Shorty, and Rum Punch, as well as the acclaimed collection When the Women Come Out to Dance, which was a New York Times Notable Book. Many of his books have been made into movies, including Get Shorty and Out of Sight. The short story "Fire in the Hole," and three books, including Raylan, were the basis for the FX hit show Justified. Leonard received the Lifetime Achievement Award from PEN USA and the Grand Master Award from the Mystery Writers of America. He died in 2013.


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Ride Local Buses Free on Friday
Published: Wednesday, November 21, 2012 at 10:52 p.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, November 21, 2012 at 10:52 p.m.
Citrus Connection, Winter Haven Area Transit and Polk County Transit Services are offering their annual Free Ride Friday this week.
Free Ride Friday gives riders an opportunity to use the bus system free of charge on Black Friday to Christmas shop, visit family or get to where they need to go. And, people who have never tried the public transportation system can try it for free.
For information and bus schedules, call 863-534-5500 or 863- 688-7433.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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GENESEO, N.Y. - The State University of New York at Geneseo will feature works by faculty, guest artists and students during its "Ode to Motion" dance performance Dec. 8-11 in the college's Alice Austin Theater in Brodie Hall. The Thursday through Saturday performances begin at 8 p.m. The Sunday matinee begins at 2 o'clock.
The concert is under the artistic direction of Professor of Dance Jonette Lancos. The program will include the restaging of two movements of guest artist Sabatino Verlezza's modern work "Tobi Roppo (1986)," a Kabuki term that translated literally means "flying in six directions," pertaining to the physical readiness to move in any direction. The work commemorates the 40th anniversary of the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Verlezza is artistic director of Verlezza Dance of Ohio.
Also featured will be guest artists and Geneseo alumni Joe Langworth and Kylee Pike Fassler. Langworth, a 1988 graduate, will present his new work "Cut Short," and Fassler, a 2004 graduate, will present a new flirtatious jazz work to Tierney Sutton's "Route 66."
Lancos and sophomore Megan Killea are staging a trio from Act II of "La Bayadère," a Russian classic ballet based on the original by Marius Petipa. Adjunct dance faculty member Heather Acomb, a 2006 Geneseo graduate, will present a contemporary modern duet called "Dos Dances para Ti."
Featured works by senior students include Jamie Hartle's "Everlasting Happiness," a modern work that captures the process of building positive energy in a quest towards happiness; Lauren Whitehead's "Finally Moving," a commentary on the fast-paced, detached reality of society in terms of personal relationships and a rediscovery of human connections; Joshua Lang's "Undercover," a work about spies who try to take out the bad guys as well as one another, and their eventual discovery of camaraderie; and Allison Bohman's "Run, Don't Walk," a satire that strives to capture the contrast between the intensity and delicacy of the rat race of trying to be the best in life.
"Ode to Motion" is directed Lancos with Acomb, along with students Emily Andrews and Katy Gerber. Max Manier and Joshua Karp are stage managers with student lighting and costume designers mentored by theater faculty Johnnie Ferrell and Crystal Ferrell. Professor Michael Teres' students have designed the posters.
Tickets for the concert are $7 for reserved seating and are available by visiting the Brodie Hall Box Office, bbo.geneseo.edu, or by calling (585) 245-5833.
Support for concert comes from the generous donors to the Dance Studies Program through The Geneseo Foundation.
Media Contact:
David Irwin
Media Relations Manager
(585) 245-5516


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An Army major stationed at Fort Leavenworth who was arrested earlier this month for a Florida murder charge has waived extradition, court records indicate.
Ramon Izzo, 35, has been transported from Leavenworth County Jail to Florida.
"He should be there (by now)," Leavenworth County Undersheriff Jim Sherley said.
Izzo was arrested Nov. 7 on a Florida warrant for first-degree murder.
At that time, he was transported from Fort Leavenworth to the county jail to await extradition, local law enforcement officials said.
The Tampa Bay Times in Florida reported on its website that Izzo was indicted Nov. 6 by a grand jury in Pinellas County, Fla., for the alleged murder of Vince Lee.
Lee was the ex-husband of Izzo's wife. Lee's body was found Nov. 16, 2011, at a residence in Clearwater, Fla.
Lee and his ex-wife had been involved in a custody dispute.
A hearing was scheduled for Dec. 6 in Leavenworth County District Court as part of the extradition process, but court records show Izzo waived extradition Nov. 20.
The Tampa Bay Times also reported on its website that some of the evidence that led to the Florida indictment stemmed from searches Izzo is said to have performed on computers as well as cellphone records.
Location, ST | website.com


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I've been reading about reverse mathematics (mostly on wikipedia), and I had been thinking that I understood how to prove the equivalences to WKL0 and ACA0 mentioned in the its article. However, I now realize that my idea of how WKL0 can prove that every continuous real valued function on [0,1] is bounded. My idea would have started "since f is continuous, there f is locally bounded near each point, so there is an open cover of [0,1] such that f is bounded on each member of the cover", but I can't figure out how to express "f is bounded on the interval with rational endpoints (q,r)" as a Sigma_1 property, and I can't figure out how to get around this issue, either.
How does WKL0 prove that every continuous real valued function on [0,1] is bounded?


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6 Obnoxious Old People Habits (Explained by Science)
How many times have you gotten behind some large sedan going 30 mph on the highway, only to notice it's being driven by someone born during the Great Depression? Do you stop to say, "One day, that'll be me!"
Because it will. Science is busy understanding why old people are the way they are, and they've come up explanations for things like...
#6. Nipple-High Pants
Some elderly types have a kickass sense of fashion while others stopped buying clothes just after Lyndon Johnson left office. But regardless of fashion sense, most elderly men seem entirely unaware that their waists don't move up and down their torsos like some kind of wrinkled slide whistle. Thus they wind up with their belt somewhere around Superman logo height. Why?
As you get older, your body goes through changes even more awesome than the ones you experienced in puberty, which is to say everything puberty gave you falls the fuck apart. Muscle and organ tissue in your body may begin to atrophy and you can start to lose bone density as well. This in turn reshapes you into the Play-Dohy thing the grandkids want to exploit for money at every major holiday.
He used to be 6'7".
One of those changes sees your body fat increase by as much as 30 percent around your abdomen (imagine carrying around a large dog all the time, wrapped around your midsection like an amorphous cummerbund of waist obscuring crap). Suddenly the place you used to jack your pants up to is simply not there anymore and you can't tuck your shirt in quite right. So most elderly men go with the next best option and pull the pants up a little over that hump and do them up there.
At the same time that you're developing your brand new pant-suspending gut, your ass vanishes along with your hips. You lose all body definition that lends itself to pants resting at the waist, leaving you a stick figure of pale, liverspotty flesh.
Combine both of those with the fact you can lose up to three inches in height as you age, meaning your old pants drag on the floor unless you pull them up higher, and suddenly you have a trifecta of factors that will draw your belt to your nipples as if they contained electromagnets.
#5. Smelling Like Yesteryear
If you've ever been trapped in close quarters with a not-altogether-there senior, some place like the back of a Prius, an elevator or a changing room (who are we to judge?), then you may have noticed that olfactory treat resembling a hint of urine and mothballs with maybe some Old Spice and perogies thrown in for good measure.
While it's possible your grandfather has misread the recipe for meth and is trying to set up a lab, it's also possible he's fallen victim to the fearsome one-two punch of scent markers that prey on our elderly like ravenous stink hounds falling on weak members of the pack.
Accounting for the urine smell isn't entirely difficult. Reports say upwards of 53 percent of elderly people suffer some incontinence as a result of losing bladder elasticity with age, which in turn means you simply can't hold as much as you used to. As the detrusor muscle--the muscle that lets you write your name so neatly in all those snow banks--also begins to fail, so to does your ability to hold in your musky morning dew. The result is, sadly, the occasional splatter across the inside of your old guy slacks.
So don't worry; that 'urine smell' is just urine.
The other ingredient to our crusty old fella bouquet is much more exotic and potentially comes as a result of the psychology of being ancient. For whatever reason, the older you get the more you never want to throw shit out. Hoarding is actually a serious issue for a number of elderly people. They have a difficult time understanding that those stacks of newspapers from 1963 really aren't going to become anymore useful and are taking up valuable space that could be used to store Hummel figurines or pictures of people who are dead.
The issue with hoarding crap or just storing everything you've ever bought since the 70s is that shit gets musty and gross. The natural weapon against this, if you think like someone in their 80s, is to scatter mothballs about like fairy dust. Behold the solution to one problem and the cause of another. Suddenly everything grandma owns smells like it's been hidden in trunk since the Depression, only opened so that grandpa can add a tiny sparkle of whiz for zest.
#4. Being Cranky
Old people are pissed off and want you to know it. They yell at you to get off their lawn and get a damned haircut when you're across the street, wearing a hat. They seem to constantly be venting hundreds of years of pent up, decrepit rage.
But the reason goes beyond, "Being old sucks and they're mad about it." Most misdirected oldster rage comes from fear that results from their vestigial "fight or flight" mechanism. Nothing makes a person more fearful than seeing their bodily functions slowly shut down before their eyes, and there isn't exactly a way to escape from it. So "fight" is all that's left.
I'd kick my own ass if it hadn't disappeared five years ago.
It doesn't help that today's old-folks were raised at a time when it wasn't considered cool to talk about your problems in any kind of constructive way. You sucked it up and lived with it. If you committed suicide, they would literally call you a fag in the obituary. Well, if you "suck it up" for 80 years it eventually just overflows onto everyone who walks past your house.
So despite how thrilling retirement sounds when you're 24 and planning on spending every waking moment of it drunk and naked in a kiddie pool; for elderly folks who wake up seven times a night to go to the bathroom, hobble around with arthritis and spend half their social security on food for a cat that pisses on all their clothes (see #5), retirement can be a long, drawn out frustration of building tension with no release and no control.
Though, even the source we linked above acknowledges that in some cases they were dicks before they got old.


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Quince Is a Fall Fruit Worth Waiting For
Slow cooking renders tart, firm, fragrant quince sweet, succulent and irresistible
THE ELUSIVE QUINCE is quirky as well as delectable. A member of the rose family—along with apples and pears—the fruit is distinguished from its softer, sweeter cousins by its density, tartness and intense aroma. Appearing at summer's end and gone again by the New Year, it is the only fruit I know that requires cooking to be enjoyed. Nonetheless, mature quince, with its full and fruity perfume reminiscent of pineapple and rose, more than rewards the effort.
Like agriculture itself, quince originated in Mesopotamia's Fertile Crescent. Many scholars believe ancient references to the apple were, in reality, references to quince—from the "golden apple" given to Aphrodite by Paris to Eve's "forbidden fruit." Today, the fruit remains highly prized in Turkey, Greece and throughout the Middle East and North Africa.
Yet quince is woefully underutilized in the U.S. For years, my kitchen was no exception: Intimidation stopped me in my tracks whenever I considered taking on this allegedly tricky fruit. But after a recent summer in Umbria, spent listening to a friend extol the glories of her homegrown quince, I knew the time had come.
It was apparent from my first forays that green quinces would not do; the mature, yellow fruit is dramatically more flavorful and easier to slice. (In all things quince, patience is key.) And despite what many cookbooks say, most quinces need not be peeled. I took the advice of chef Lidia Bastianich, who declares that "thin and unblemished skins" can be left on. Slow cooking turns quince's flesh from creamy to rosy, and leaving the peel on encourages the color to deepen still further.
Quinces take longer to cook than apples and pears, so most dessert recipes call for grated or pre-poached quince rather than raw wedges. In the scrumptious crostata here, grated quince bakes alongside sliced pears, but this free-form tart works equally well if you replace that duo with poached quince alone.
The fruit also pairs brilliantly with rich meats. I now whip up a mega-batch of quince chutney to enliven pork, duck, goose and prime rib all through the cold months. And even a little bit of quince elevates roasted vegetables sky high. All of the recipes here are great additions to the Thanksgiving table—or to any meal worth waiting for.
Basic Poached Quince
Active Time: 15 minutes Total Time: 1½ hours Makes: about 4 cups cooked quince plus 3 cups poaching liquid
8 cups water
1 cup sugar
Juice of 1 lemon
1 stick cinnamon
2 pounds ripe quinces, cored and cut into ½-inch wedges
What to Do
1. Combine all ingredients in a large, heavy saucepan over medium-high heat. Bring to a boil, stirring, until sugar is dissolved.
2. Reduce heat to low and simmer, stirring occasionally, until fruit is tender when pierced with a knife, about 1¼ hours. Discard cinnamon and let quince and liquid cool to room temperature. Can be stored 1 week in the refrigerator and 1 year in the freezer.
—Adapted from "Simply Quince" by Barbara Ghazarian
Quince-Pear Crostata
Active Time: 20 minutes Total Time: 2 hours Serves: 8
For the dough:
2 cups plus 3 tablespoons all-purpose flour
¼ cup sugar
½ teaspoon salt
½ pound very cold unsalted butter, cut into 1-inch cubes
¼ cup ice water
For the filling:
2 large or 4 small ripe quinces, cored and halved
3 hard-ripe pears, peeled, cored and cut into ½-inch wedges
2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
3 tablespoons packed dark brown sugar
Zest of 1 lemon
2 teaspoons freshly squeezed lemon juice
Large pinch salt
2 tablespoons unsalted butter, cut into small pieces
2 tablespoons white sugar
What to Do
1. Make dough: In a mixing bowl, combine flour, sugar and salt. Mix in butter, then refrigerate 10 minutes. Place mixture in a food processor and pulse until butter particles are pea-size. With motor running, pour in ice water and process 10 seconds, stopping before dough becomes a solid mass. Form dough into a ball and then flatten into a disk. Place dough between pieces of parchment paper and roll out into a circle about 1/8-inch thick. Trim edges. Refrigerate at least 1 hour and preferably overnight before using.
2. Preheat oven to 450 degrees. Make filling: Grate quince on large holes of a box grater. Put grated quince and pears in a large bowl and toss with flour, brown sugar, lemon zest and juice and salt.
3. Assemble crostata: Remove paper from chilled dough and place dough on a parchment-paper-lined baking sheet. Place fruit in center, leaving a margin of about 2½ inches all the way around. Dot fruit with butter pieces. Fold dough margin over edges of fruit, using your fingers to crimp soft pleats in the dough. Sprinkle white sugar over crostata.
4. Place crostata in lower third of oven and bake until fruit is bubbly and crust is golden, 20-30 minutes. Allow to cool on a rack, 10-20 minutes. Serve warm or at room temperature, topped with whipped cream, ice cream or vanilla crème fraîche.
Quince and Ginger Chutney
Active Time: 15 minutes Total Time: 1 hour Makes: 3-4 cups
4 cups chopped, cored ripe quinces (about 4 quinces)
¹/3 cup brown sugar
3 cups granulated sugar
Zest of 1 lemon
¼ cup grated fresh ginger
5 tablespoons cider vinegar
½ cup apple cider
1½ cups water
½ teaspoon crushed red pepper
½ teaspoon salt
¹/3cup chopped candied ginger
What to Do
1. Combine all ingredients except candied ginger in a heavy, lidded, non-aluminum saucepan over medium-high heat. Partially cover pan with a lid and bring to a boil. Reduce heat to low and simmer 25 minutes.
2. Add candied ginger and simmer until quince is very tender and liquid almost evaporates, 25-40 minutes more. (If liquid evaporates before quince is tender, add a few tablespoons of water.)
3. Remove from heat and allow to cool. Adjust seasoning as needed. Chutney can be stored in the refrigerator up to 4 weeks.
Roasted Quince and Mixed Winter Vegetables
Active Time: 15 minutes Total Time: 1¼ hours Serves: 8-10
4 large or 6 small ripe quinces, cored and cut into ¼-inch wedges
1 head garlic, cloves separated
4 medium Yukon Gold potatoes, cut into wedges
3 large Garnet or Jewel yams, peeled and cut into 1-inch pieces
4 large parsnips, peeled and cut into 1-inch pieces
4 large red onions, peeled and cut into wedges
5 sprigs sage or rosemary
¼ cup extra-virgin olive oil
½ cup walnut oil
1 teaspoon salt
½ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
¹/3 cup toasted walnuts, coarsely chopped
What to Do
1. Preheat oven to 400 degrees. In a large mixing bowl, combine all ingredients except walnuts, tossing well to coat vegetables in oil. Divide vegetables, spread out in a single layer, among two large baking sheets or roasting pans.
2. Place in oven and bake until vegetables are tender, caramelized and slightly charred, about 1 hour. Stir vegetables several times and switch pans between racks at least once during roasting.
3. Remove from oven and transfer to a serving bowl. Adjust seasoning if needed and scatter walnuts over the top.