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The History of Microsoft - 1977
- Posted: Feb 18, 2009 at 11:41PM
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For Microsoft, 1977 marks the beginning of an official partnership between Paul Allen and
Bill Gates, we hire our first official employee and the
FORTRAN-80, Microsoft's second language product finally becomes available.
Previous Episodes:
The History of Microsoft - 1975
The History of Microsoft - 1976
February 3, 1977
An official partnership agreement between Paul Allen and Bill Gates is executed.
FORTRAN-80, Microsoft's second language product, is available at the prices of $500 for an individual license. OEM licenses are available.
September 13, 1977
Microsoft receives new computers from Commodore, Radio Shack and Texas Instruments.
September 26, 1977
The Albuquerque facilities are expanded by three new offices in the same building.
November 18, 1977
Microsoft terminates an exclusive license to MITS for Microsoft's BASIC product and announces availability of versions for the 8080 and Z-80 microprocessors.
1977 Revenue/Headcount
The 1977 Calendar Year revenue totals $381,715, headcount is 9.
Other 1977:
· Tandy Corporation announces the TRS-80® Model 1 microcomputer, which retails for $600 with 4K memory.
· Commodore Business Machines introduces the Personal Electronic Transactor (PET) computer.
· Elvis Presley, the king of rock 'n' roll, dies.Star Wars, a blockbuster high-tech movie directed by George Lucas, costars robots R2-D2 and C3PO.
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I guess wide screen is a relative term.
New hardware and new software but be careful that your program will not exceed the 4K RAM.. loool
Tina the content is extremely great and incredible important, Please keep them coming..
its gonna effect negativly to ur browser man!
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How do you define a good Webmaster ?
Because there are a lot of people can say "I'm a webmaster". And i say them "Yes you can use a lot tools, software etc. but this doesn't make you a Webmaster"..
What is the features of a Good Webmaster? Is it so hard to be?
What do you think about that?

subset: commoncrawl


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How to identify through which Web FrontEnd a site is been shared to end user.
NOTE: I have already read some concepts in the same site, however i am specifically looking for an option in INternet Explorer throught 'View Source'.
1) Open Internet Explorer 2) Open the Sharepoint Site 3) Right Click and then select 'View Source' 4) In the view Source where can see the WEB FRONTEND name ?


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Trimble offers the most rugged handhelds made to withstand the demanding environment that foresters and wood product professionals call their office. Built with the latest technology, Trimble field hardware meets the communications and data collection needs of field foresters and supervisors alike.
Whether the task is performing complex GIS and data collection functions, or harvesting a block of land in the most efficient manner possible and communicating your progress to the corporate office, Trimble has forestry field solutions to tackle the job.
The heart of any operation is data management, planning, and analytics. Trimble provides a suite of Enterprise level modules that harness the power of your field operations and assist you in managing your profitability.


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Olympic Profile: Joe Hudepohl, Investment Management Division, New York
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Joe Hudepohl is a managing director and portfolio manager in our Investment Management Division in New York who joined Goldman Sachs in 1997. He's one of twenty GS employees and alumni who have competed in Olympic Games. Joe competed in two Olympics as a member of the US Olympics swimming team and won gold medals in Barcelona in 1992 (4x100m freestyle relay) and Atlanta in 1996 (4x200m freestyle relay).
Q: How did you handle the intense pressure of competing at the Olympic level?
Joe: For some reason, I feel better in that environment. I know it's "make it or break it." That's true both in business and in sports. I become very focused on what I am doing, which is an advantage because I can remain calm. It doesn't mean you don't get nervous, but there's a difference between being nervous and being able to stay focused on what you're doing.
Q: How did the analyst program compare to training for the Olympics?
Joe: Both are a tough environment. As long as you know what you're getting into and the demands you're going to face, it's a great experience. I think that our two-year analyst program is phenomenal for someone who really knows what they want to do. You get a ton out of it. It's a great introduction to the world of finance. For me, the intensity of the program fit my mentality. That's the environment I was used to. Between going to school and training, I was always in a demanding environment, so there was really no change. The hours were a little different, but the demands were the kind of environment I had created for myself all along. I think swimming and all of my past experiences put me in a good position to thrive in that environment and not struggle with it.
Q: Are there any parallels between outstanding performance in sport and in business?
Joe: I think there are a fair amount of parallels. Having the perseverance to get through tough times is important everywhere at every job. Clearly, the perseverance that I learned is helpful. There is also the desire to "win," whatever you define "winning" as. In a sport, it's easy to define: winning the gold, winning the race. In business, there are different ideas of success, but I have that drive. I'm always thinking out three or four years, setting goals, trying to get better, trying to compete and be the best.
Q: What did you learn from your Olympic experience that you'd like to share?
Joe: A lot of people ask, "What's the one thing you remember from the Olympics?" but to tell the truth, there are many stories leading up to the Olympics that are just as important. It's important to enjoy everything along the way, not just the final pinnacle goal. Enjoy the whole time period. That can be viewed as your entire career or one situation, one deal, or one year of investment horizon. It's not all about big successes, or else you wouldn't be able to improve. It's the challenges, too, and the minor successes along the way. It's everything. It can make you a better investor or better in business to appreciate the mistakes and use them to get better, work harder, and have that goal out there that you continue to focus on.


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How can I capture or list all queries that use hints and have executed since the last instance restart?
I am using SQL Server 2005 Standard Edition.
How can I capture or list all queries that use hints and have executed since the last instance restart?
I am using SQL Server 2005 Standard Edition.
migrated from stackoverflow.com Jun 19 '12 at 23:19
This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.
At my prodding @buckley already provided a query from which you can derive information. I'll add that you can capture snapshots of this DMV periodically so that you capture things even if they have been pushed out of the cache since their last use. I won't get into how to maintain an archive of DMV data here; maybe a good blog post in the making.
Once you have the data (or just looking at the current plans that are cached), some common hints you can derive from the XML returned by
I am NOT an XML guy so I have no clue how to tell you to extract that information dynamically. (More on this below.)
I can't see any way to determine whether isolation has been set (at the batch level or using things like
I also can't see any difference in the plan for query hints like
Since you can get a non-XML version of the plan from an alternate DMF,
As identified earlier, this could produce false positives for queries like this:
But outside of parsing the query text for
That's not possible in retrospect.
You need to actively log the queries with SQL Profiler where you can export and filter on the queries with hints. Or use server-side trace for long running traces.
You can come close by inspecting the cached execution plans.
This will show most queries but remember that some aren't cached and that sql server can remove them from the cache if it's under pressure. Use this query to list them:
You can use a where clause with a regex (clr function) so that false positives are minimized close to 0.
Using the


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I took this WPF-VS2008 ScreenSaver template and started to make a new screen saver. I have some experience with winForms-platform (GDI+) screen savers, so i am little bit lost with WPF.
- Background-element for my screen saver is Canvas.
- A DispatcherTimer tick is set to 33 msec, which is ~ 30 FPS.
- Background-color is just one huge LinearGradientBrush.
- On the screen I have (per available screen, on my local computer i have 2) n-Ellipses drawn with randomly-calculated (Initialization) Background colors + Alpha channel. They are all in Canvas's Children collection.
- I'm moving those Ellipses around the screen with some logic (every DispatcherTimer tick). I make a move per-ellipse, and then just call Canvas.SetLeft(...) and Canvas.SetTop(...) for each Ellipse.
- If N (number of Ellipses) is higher > 70-80, i begin to notice graphics slow-downs.
Now, i wonder, if there is anything i could do to improve the graphic-smoothness when choosing higher N-values ? Can I "freeze" "something" before moving my Ellipses and "un-freeze" "something" when i'm finished ? Or is there any other trick i could do?
Not that i would be too picky about mentioned performance drop downs - becouse when N==50, everything works smooth as it should. Even if Ellipses are ALL in the SAME place (loads of transparency stuff), there are no problems at all.


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What does a security testing plan look like?
Can anyone point out a template for such a document or an example?
What does a security testing plan look like?
Can anyone point out a template for such a document or an example?
There's also the Pentest Standard
NIST 800-53A and NIST 800-115 That's not strictly a test plan, but it is a catalog of the elements of a test plan. If you're working with a government system, that is a list of test standards for the security controls. If you're working on a commercial system, it is a catalog of resources.
Another resource for test plans is SANS Critical 20 Security Controls; personally I think that is legitimate but overhyped.
Abrams appears to be an example; you can find more by searching for Security Test & Evaluation Plans on Google.
Ultimately however, I think they all miss the mark. Modern security test plans should be done on the basis of risk. In my opinion, you should perform your risk assessment, identify the top N risks, and then develop a standard project plan to test/validate those risks within the resources available ($$, time, expertise, etc.).
There is a good resource on MSDN. Did you had a chance to read about this topic in MSDN Magazine?
Well, here you are the links that may help to define what you look:
Standards/policies, risk assessment and threat modeling should drive out a set of key risks and controls to mitigate them. What these consist of will depend on what is being delivered.
A test plan should fundamentally set out to evidence these controls. Penetration/vulnerability testing is only part of this. Other aspects could be code/build/configuration review, aspects of functional testing to ensure expected capabilities are present, 3rd party assurance and standards compliance.
Here is a request page for Test Plan Template for Websites and Web Applications provided by XBOSoft - http://www.xbosoft.com/contact/whitepaper/functional-test-plan-for-websites
This happens to be very pet question from security management perspective. For me it has happened in cases where I'm magically suppose to bring
Let me explain you further.
Hope it helps you:)


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I am wondering how to have 2 different directional dropshadows in the one file with photoshop.
ie 2 different type layers - one has a dropshadow at 90 degrees, the other at -45 degrees.
Currently it seems photoshop only lets me have 1 universal direction for the whole file, which I find really pointless.
I know how to apply different dropshadows and merge down layers to achieve the same thing, but its tedious and not exactly streamlined for making future changes to that layer.
How is this achieved?


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Student Mailbox Information
Updated 8/21/2015
At the beginning of the academic year, please do not ship large boxes to your student address until after August 15. We are unprepared to receive and store them before that date. If you are a new student in the Fall, please also do not have letter mail sent until after the first Monday in August.
How do I get my mailbox number?
- Your MS (mail stop) # is located on your student profile (see below if you are new this Fall)
- Mail stop numbers for incoming first-year students and transfers are assigned during the summer and should be available on your student profile by the first Monday in August or shortly thereafter.
- After that, if you have only very recently enrolled or re-enrolled, your MS# may not yet be assigned.
- Late (August/September) enrollees should add "NEW STUDENT" to your address (see below). This will ENSURE you get your mail, but may DELAY delivery, so be sure to get your MS # and start using it as soon as possible after that.
- If you are returning after withdrawing* and being away for a semester or more, it is very unlikely you will have the same MS# you had before. (*This does not apply to off campus programs for a semester.). Please check to see if you have been assigned a new MS #.
How do I find the combination to my mailbox?
- This is also found on your student profile. You will need to click the "private" section to access it.
- Combinations cannot be looked for you up at the post office. Many students find it helpful to save the information and/or profile link on their cell phone.
How do I open my mailbox?
- We have instructions posted above all of the mailboxes. Don't worry if you find it difficult, it takes some getting used to. There will be students milling about that are happy to help...just ask! The Post Office staff will be available to help you as well.
What about my packages, how do I get those?
- If a package has arrived for you, you will find a square, yellow package slip in your box. Please bring that slip to the back door of the Post Office (Campus Map) and we will retrieve your package for you. If you are certain your package has arrived but do not have a slip in your mailbox, please give us until 3:00 pm to process our mail. This is generally the case for the first week or two of the year. After that, we typically have all mail sorted and processed by 1:00 pm.
- If you have not received a yellow slip within 48 hours of the carrier indicating it was "delivered" (which means very different things depending on which carrier), then you may inquire about the package if you bring us the carrier name and tracking number. Please do not ask us to research packages if it is not yet after 2:00 on the day AFTER the carrier indicated it was "delivered."
What address should I give out for my mail at Westmont?
- Give us a call (805) 565-6087
- Come visit us between the hours of 10:00-4:00 Monday through Friday


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Eli Adams
Our tile murals make great kitchen backsplashes, can be installed behind a stove, in a shower or spa, or on a countertop or floor (using the appropriate tile). All of our designs are available on ceramic, tumbled marble and glass tiles in various sizes.
Designs that have do not have a "Click to Shop" link are available, but haven't been added to our online store yet. Our murals are produced when ordered and ship within 6-10 business days (M-F). Please give us a call to place an order for these designs.
(Click on image for larger preview)
Please refer to our Tile Styles and Sizes page for more information on the various tile bodies we produce on. Please refer to our Common Sizes and Prices page for some common mural and accent sizes and pricing information.


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Area briefs: Clemson women lead entering final round
Published: Monday, September 9, 2013 at 3:15 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, September 10, 2013 at 12:51 a.m.
In Charleston, Sloan Shanahan and Ashlan Ramsey both had second-round scores of 69 (3 under) to give Clemson the lead after two rounds of the Cougar Golf Classic at Yeamans Club. The Tigers have a six shot lead over Mississippi State heading into Tuesday's final round.
... Senior setter Hannah Brenner has been named the ACC Player of the Week of Sept. 1-8 for her MVP contribution to the Tigers' Big Orange Bash Championship.
USC: In Hanahan, the women's golf team is presently in seventh place at the Cougar Classic after shooting a second-round 298 (10 over) at Yeamans Hall.
USC UPSTATE: Women's golfer Allea Hawkins made program history by recording two holes-in-one in back-to-back tournaments to start her career. The women's golf team shot a 316 and stands fifth after the first round of the Terrier Intercollegiate.
... The men's golf team opened the season firing a school record 277 (11 under) in the second round of the day at the Springhill Suites Intercollegiate at the Country Club of South Carolina. The Spartans own the overnight lead heading into Tuesday's final round.
LIMESTONE: In Seiverville, Tenn., after one round of play at the Smokey Mountain Intercollegiate, the men's and women's golf teams find themselves in third and fourth place, respectively.
WOFFORD: The women's golf team combined for a team score of 302 (14 over) and sits in second place, eight strokes behind leader High Point and eight strokes ahead of third place Appalachian State.
... In Florence, sophomore Brannan Hudson shot an opening round 67 (5 under), and followed it up with a 69 (3 under) to share the clubhouse lead as the men's golf team opened the fall season at the Springhill Suites Intercollegiate.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Your order must total $99.00 before tax and shipping. Free Shipping on Ground Deliveries only going to one delivery location in the continental U.S. only, additional locations are $8.95 each. May not be combined with other coupons or promotional offers. Coupon not valid on our selection of Tervis or Louisville Slugger products. Offer not valid on previous orders.
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Fleur de Lis motif will always appear as shown.


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I have got a problem and I am unable to think how to proceed.
$a$ and $b$ are natural numbers. Let $f(a, b)$ be the number of cells that the line joining $(a, b)$ to $(0, 0)$ cuts in the region $0 ≤ x ≤ a$ and $0 ≤ y ≤ b$. For example $f(1, 1)$ is $1$ because the line joining $(1, 1)$ and $(0, 0)$ cuts just one cell. Similarly $f(2, 1)$ is $2$ and $f(3, 2) = 4$.
Find $f(343, 56)$.
I have tried by making the equation of line joining $(0,0)$ and $(343, 56)$.
I got the equation as $8x = 49y$.
Now I tried it by randomly putting the values of $x$ and $y$ which are both less that $343$ and $56$ respectively.
But I am unable to get it.
Is there is any better approach?
Thanks in advance.


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I'm reading a book on Clifford algebra for physicists. I don't quite understand it conceptually even if I can do most algebraic manipulations. Can some-one teach me what the Clifford algebra really is? (Keep in mind that I don't know abstract algebra, nothing except some group theory.) Does it make sense to write the sum of a scalar and a bivector in the Clifford product? Both are very different things.
The Clifford (or "geometric") algebra is an algebra "generated" by a vector space with a bilinear form with some special properties. There are several pockets of physicists and mathematicians experimenting and refining how to use these algebras to do some geometry.
If you like, you can think of the real 3-D space as your vector space $V$ with its regular inner product, and now imagine it sitting inside an algebra $Cl(V)$. (I am omitting a lot of details in the interest of simplicity.) Since $V$ is three dimensional, so you expect $Cl(V)$ to have at least that many dimensions, but it turns out it will be $2^3$ dimensional (and $2^n$ dimensional for an $n$ dimensional $V$.)
Since $V$ is inside of an algebra $Cl(V)$ there is a multiplication defined between every two elements of $Cl(V)$, and in particular between any two elements $x,y$ of $V$. In fact, things are set up so that $v^2=v\cdot v$, where the right hand side is the inner product in 3-space, and $v\in V$.
Clearly there are many more elements in $Cl(V)$ than just those in $V$. The question is: do they have a useful interpretation? The answer is "yes", because of the way things are set up. It turns out that subspaces of $V$ can be represented as products of elements of $V$ in $Cl(V)$. Because multiplication is defined everywhere, you can now "multiply things in $V$ with subspaces of $V$".
Again, because of how things are set up, you can use this multiplication to do a lot of useful things. For example, you can determine if an element of $V$ is in a certain subspace, or you can reflect a vector in a subspace, or do rotations about a vector in $V$, all using the product of this algebra (and a couple of derived products which I'm not mentioning.)
I'm going to throw in here that when you stop using the usual inner product on $\Bbb{R}^3$, and you switch to the zero bilinear form (that just says "$x\cdot y=0$ for all $x,y\in V$") you get exactly the exterior algebra of $V$ another famous and useful algebra-geometry topic.
That is a very skimpy introduction. I can recommend a lot of resources on the topic, though. If you are very physics oriented, then I think you will enjoy Macdonald's online pdfs on the topic. They are very easy to read. There is also a text (which I have browsed but not really read yet) by Doran and Lasenby called "Geometric algebra for physicists". Another good link, and even an MIT course,another good one: Lundholm-Svensson, good general info.
If you ever want to read it from an algebraic perspective, Clifford algebras appear in Jacobson's Basic Algebra volumes (one or both), and they also appear in Artin's Geometric Algebra. (However, be aware that Artin's title is meant to be taken literally, and it is not really referring to what Doran, Lasenby et al are referring to.)
You will find no shortage of information on "geometric algebra" online, since it is not really a
By the way, I saw you noted "$ab=a\cdot b+a\wedge b$" and commented on the exterior product. The wedge there is one of the products that I skipped mentioning for now. It shares many properties with the exterior-algebra-exterior-product.
The identity $vw=v\wedge w+v\cdot w$ works for $v,w\in V$ "because of how things are set up." Surprisingly, the identity also works if you put a few things other than vectors into it, too.
I also thought I would give what I thought were the most elementary cases you might start looking at. Certainly 3-D space with the usual (+++) inner product is where to start. Later, you might get interested in the case where the signature of the inner product is (+---) or (-+++).
Before you do the 4-d space though, you might want to puzzle out how $\Bbb{C}$ and $\Bbb{H}$ are Clifford algebras for a 1 dimensional real vector space with signature (-), and for a two dimensional space with signature (--) respectively.
Let's consider a Euclidean 3d space.
The clifford algebra on this space consists of multivectors, which have 8 linearly independent components. These components can be broken down as follows:
(Note the 1,3,3,1 pattern. An N-dimensional space will have $2^n$ components for its multivectors, broken down in this way as according to Pascal's triangle.)
Because all of these components belong to a single multivector object, it does make sense to say you can add scalars and bivectors. You just add corresponding components as you would with traditional vector algebra.
The clifford algebra of 3d space is the algebra of these multivectors--so you have addition and subtraction as usual. Clifford algebra also makes possible various products of multivectors, which lend themselves to simple geometric interpretations.
Beyond that, if you have a more specific question, I'd be happy to try to answer it. As far as saying what clifford algebra is (from the perspective of a lowly physicist), this is all I can say. Why it's useful or how one uses it on a practical level is another question entirely.
From a 'what makes it tick' viewpoint, here is a function that generates Clifford Algebras with any signature, in pseudocode:
for nbr_generators = 0 to Whatever \n
signature_sign( i, j, sig ) // bit is ON if generator squared = -1
anticommuting_sign( i, j )


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Categories: Comfort Foods, Kid-friendly, Lunchbox, Quick to fix
Type: Sandwiches
Type: Sandwiches
The key to making this classic sandwich is to use the very best bacon and bread
Prep Time: 10M
Cooking Time: 10M
Serves: makes 4 sandwiches
- 12 slices bacon
- 8 slices white sandwich bread
- 1/2 cup mayonnaise
- 2 cups shredded iceberg lettuce
- 2 ripe tomatoes, sliced
- freshly ground black pepper
Save Recipe
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- Cook the bacon in a large frying pan over medium heat, turning once, about 6 minutes, until crisp and brown. Transfer to paper towels to drain.
- Lightly toast the bread on both sides.
- To assemble the sandwich, spread one side of each bread slice with the mayonnaise. Place 4 slices, mayonnaise side up, on the work surface. Top each with equal amounts of the lettuce and tomatoes and 3 bacon slices. Season with the pepper. Top each with the one of the remaining bread slices, mayonnaise-side down. Cut each sandwich in half and serve immediately.
excerpted from:
Excerpted from The Illustrated Kitchen Bible.
Copyright © 2008 Dorling Kindersley Limited.
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The Jot Horne StoryWritten by on February 1, 2010
Innovation was happening in quick succession at the dry lakes after the war. There was Chet Herbert's roller cam, Stu Hilborn's fuel injection, and the Spalding Brother's (Bill and Tom) torsion bar suspended roadster, yet many a hardened hot rod jaw dropped when Jot Horne unbolted the towbar from his Model T at the June '48 SCTA meet at El Mirage.
The Ford and Merc Flathead V-8 was the SBC of its day, but Jot would have none of it when he shoehorned a 420-inch Duesenberg monster into his '27 Ford roadster. All the while working for the granddaddy of them all-the very first speed shop, dating back to 1923-Bell Auto Parts.
Finally, Jot is responsible for designing one of the most enduring wheels ever to pop a bead: the Cragar S/S. Since Bell Auto Parts has been gone some four decades, few of us have ever walked through the brick building's front door. Jot went through that door thousands of times because he worked at the legendary speed shop for over 30 years, "and I loved every minute of it," he says.
Jot Horne, "the 'E' is silent," Jot joked, was born in 1925, raised in Bell, California, and attended nearby Huntington Park High School. Jot, along with the usual academic classes, took shop classes making wood patterns for casting aluminum. That skill helped him later in the speed equipment business.
Before World War II, street racing was rampant in Southern California (sound familiar?); of course dragstrips wouldn't exist for another decade. Jot, without a legal place to go racing, went street racing. He won 18 races in a row. I bought my Model A coupe from a used car dealer for $75. It had a Cragar overhead valve conversion head on it. I found a roadster body, took the coupe body off, and put the roadster body on the A. That was common in those days because the bodies were easy to stumble on. I did it over a weekend. Later, I put a Ford V-8 Flathead in the roadster that we called an A/V-8.
Drag it Out
"I hung out at the Clock Drive In in Bell and I'd pick off guys to race or vice versa. I raced after dark mostly around the Bell/Maywood area and we used to go out to Turkey Valley (El Monte, where ranching was the core of its economy) to race on a real straight road. The place was packed with racers from all over. I got arrested when I couldn't stop while racing, hit a fence, and knocked it over. I just took off, ditched the car in an abandoned barn, and the cops found it and impounded my roadster."
That was Jot's wake-up call ending his racing on the street. There was an alternative, he learned. "I had a neighbor, who was older than me. He had a Winfield head on his Model A engine. He invited me to go with him to Muroc in 1939. Boy, I was hooked. What a beautiful place to race, but shortly after the Army took it over. I went to El Mirage a couple of times as a spectator before I went into the Navy, which I enlisted in when I was 17."
Dream Job
"When I got out of the Navy in 1946 I went to work for the Drake brothers. I knew Stanley Drake and his brother (John), who were Dale Drake's (Meyer-Drake) nephews. We did some finish work on the Drake two-cylinder Midget engines. I was never a qualified machinist but I did general machining for them. I didn't stay there too long. They were paying me 95 cents an hour. I passed Bell Auto Parts at 3633 East Gage Avenue in Bell hundreds of times when I was a kid and saw all that racing stuff in the window. I went over there one day and I told Roy Richter I wanted a job. Roy offered me $1.25 an hour. I took it. When I first started at Bell, I worked in shipping then they put me on the counter."
Bell Auto was already legendary in 1946 when Jot hired on. According to Jot, celebrities like Clark Gable would frequent Bell Auto to buy Cragar speed equipment back in the day.
"Juan Manuel Fangio (five-time Formula 1 world champion) from Argentina walked in alone around 1954 and bought a racing Ford Model B four-cylinder engine with a Hal dual-overhead cam head on it. I think he paid $500 for it. He must have heard it was there. He couldn't speak English. We boxed the engine up for him and he slipped us each $1 tip for cerveza," Jot laughed.
"We sold a lot of Ford Flathead V-8 parts after the war, Edelbrock being number one because of Vic's success at the lakes and in Midgets using his heads and intake manifolds. Guys using Edelbrock were going faster. We sold a lot of Isky cams, Harman and Collins cams, and Winfield cams ... pretty much those three, and a lot of Spalding ignitions."
Jot's assignment behind the counter was made to order for this experienced hot rod builder. "I built up the counter business. We had a counter loaded with used speed equipment, some on consignment. Cragar heads, racing engines, superchargers, even nose pieces off of Midgets for sale.
What a Doozy
Jot would spectate no more and became a member of the SCTA racing club the Gear Grinders where they met once a month in a saloon in Bell.
"I saved up quite a bit of money during the war, being overseas and all. I bought a channeled '32 roadster that had a Ford Flathead V-8. I drove it to work. I replaced the Flathead with a Model J Duesenberg engine. I saw an ad in the paper. A Mr. Barbie owned a Coca-Cola distributorship for Southern California. He had a speed boat with two Duesenberg straight-eight, dual-overhead cam engines with four valves per cylinder in it. I bought the one engine for $450 and I could have had the second one for $400. At that time I didn't realize the gold mine that I might have had later. We put four Stromberg 48 carburetors on it, an aircraft magneto, and exhaust stacks instead of the manifold. The machinists at Bell built me a special quick-change rearend so I could change the gears quickly. We boxed a '32 Ford frame and put a Deuce roadster body on it."
Later, Jot removed the Deuce body and replaced it with a '27 T roadster body in 1948. "I put a T body on the '32 frame because it was easier to run a belly pan and it was slipperier, which I know was because I went from 130 mph to 143 at El Mirage just by changing bodies," Jot stressed.
"Working at Bell we heard that SCTA was planning a meet at a place called Bonneville. Being a member of the Gear Grinders I decided I was going to go. I flat-towed the T with a towbar, which is how I got it to the lakes. It was quite a ways and we spent the night in Tonopah, Nevada. When we drove out to the Salt Flats it was so flat, white, and so clean, we'd never seen anything like it."
Jot competed in the '49 1st Bonneville National, which had the crowd using ear plugs because the Duesenberg was deafening. Jot set a record of 127.565 for the "D" Roadster class. "It was something ...the racket that it put out," laughed Jot.
"The car was capable of higher speeds but I didn't have the opportunity to do it. The engine came into the cowl quite a bit and it was about 800 pounds, which made it good and stable because of the weight."
The Airoadster
After the war, military aircrafts by the thousands were headed for the scrap heap, almost for the taking. Jot and Bell Auto Parts buddy Norm Taylor got wind of a P.T. 19 Trainer in 1951 at Hawthorne Airport for cheap. The Ranger engine was what they were interested in. "We heard some guys had been using the Ranger in Sprint Cars. We bought the whole plane for $100. We took the wings off and loaded the thing in Norm's pickup with the back of it sticking out and got it home.
The '27 T body they used was brand new. "A kid came in from Chicago, with an old panel truck, who had a '27 T body for sale. He said, 'you know anybody who wants to buy a brand-new body?' It was in a Ford dealer's store room. 'You think $30 is OK? We thought he'd want $100," laughed Jot, who snapped it up.
Horne Equipment Company
Jot left Bell Auto to start his own business to try his skillful hands at manufacturing intake manifolds initially in 1955. Jot was able to rent an empty building within 100 feet of Bell Auto Parts. Another rental building next to Jot's seemed to do most of its work at night. It turned out the tenants were counterfeiters.
The speed equipment Jot produced is highly sought after today, not just because of the limited quantity but the results they produced. The Horne intakes were getting the racers attention because they were making horsepower, which made the competition take notice. Jot heard that legendary speed equipment manufacturer Phil Weiand, who also produced blower kits, remark that Horne was a thorn in his side. "Phil had a dyno and he ran one of my intakes and it ran better than his," remarked Jot. "I made wood patterns for castings in high school, which helped me when I decided to start my own business-Horne Equipment Company."
Jot's father, a journeyman wood pattern maker (similar to a die maker) made the complex patterns required for the Horne intake manifolds. Jot made less than a hundred manifolds before returning to Bell. If you come across one, put it on your snap-it-up-right-now list.
With the aid of his father's expertise, Jot made blower manifolds, snouts, back plates, and top plates for the Cad, Ford Y-Block, Hemi, and Olds engines. He also made naturally aspirated manifolds for the Olds and Cad engines.
But that was only a few of the items that Horne produced during his one-year business venture. "I made about a hundred throttle pedals similar to the Moon pedal, a carburetor adapter to put a four-throat carb on a two-throat carburetor intake, and some beautiful stuff for the MG engine.
"Roy Richter owned an MG dealership in Bell so I made the valve covers and side plates for the MG. Almost everything I made when I had my own company I sold to Bell Auto Parts. I sold the Horne Equipment Company to Roy for $6,500 and returned to work for him after being gone about a year." (Roy was only interested in the blower manifolds, Chrysler being his main focus.)
Jot Doodles the Cragar Wheel
The renowned Cragar name, part of Bell Auto Parts, was located in the same brick building that founder George Wight built in 1928. Mr. Wight acquired the Cragar name, inventory, and patterns for the overhead valve conversion for the Model A engine in 1932 when the Cragar Corporation dissolved.
Cragar, while known to the hard-core hop ups, would soon be known around the world because of the Cragar wheel, thanks to Jot. "It was a little slow business-wise one day in 1964 when I started drawing a five-spoke wheel. Boy that looked pretty good, so I took the drawing to Roy. I said we should go with this because Mickey Thompson was selling 200 of his Radar wheels a day." (Prior to Jot sketching the Cragar S/S, an attempt at Bell Auto Parts to design and build a somewhat similar wheel was unsuccessful.)
"Weeks went on by and I kept needling Roy and said, 'how many times am I going to ask you about building the wheels before you fire me?' I had $4,500 to invest in the project, however Roy declined the offer and went on to build the first prototype."
The wheel business quickly expanded outgrowing the 2,500-square-foot Cragar side of Bell Auto, going down the street to a 6,500-square-foot building, eventually exploding the 4,000 wheels per day production into a 30,000-square-foot facility, plus the largest chrome plating facility on the West Coast, in just a few years. "They had back orders up the kazoo," Jot laughed.
If you're wondering if Jot got a piece of the action, he did, in a round-about way. "Roy gave me and Johnny Glew, who also worked for Roy, a third of Bell Auto Parts and Desert Dynamics that manufactured off-road equipment, which Johnny and I developed. Johnny had the design side with the off-road winch and other products and I took care of the cataloging. We manufactured winches for off-road vehicles, rollbars, push bars, and gas tanks. At the same time Bell Auto's business was slowing quite a bit, having to compete with the big speed equipment parts warehouses and Roy was consumed with the Cragar wheel and Bell helmet business."
Jot, Johnny Glew, and a fellow named Jay Bowman then sold what was left of Bell Auto Parts to Charlie Strader, Jot thought in 1979. Jot sold Desert Dynamics to Johnny Glew and Dave Bowman approximately a year later. Jot spent a brief period working for Dick Cepek (off-road) tires and wheels, then called it quits.
With his hot rod life behind him, Jot and his wife Imogene quietly retired to several acres at beautiful Oakhurst, California, in 1984, close to the south gate leading to Yosemite.
More Photos From This Article View Slideshow
Jot (behind the candy machine in 1955) knew that racers and rodders frequented Bell Auto Parts for a different version of candy-speed equipment. The hanging Bell helmets, called the 500, were being manufactured in a garage behind the parts store in 1954. They multiplied by the tens of thousands in the coming years. Eventually all USAC drivers at Indy, Ontario Motor Speedway, and Pocono would strap one on.Wild isn't it? Jot had an affinity for T roadsters and teamed up with fellow Bell Auto Parts buddy Norm Taylor to build another '27 T, the "Airoadster", in 1950. Half buried under the cowl is a single-overhead cam 441-inch aircraft six-cylinder Ranger engine mounted upside down. The engine was inverted in the P.T. 19 Trainer (crank on top, cylinders on the bottom), which allowed the prop to be higher on the tarmac.Forget the radiator, it was air cooled. Jot knew that military aircraft engines were high tech (this one had roller rockers) and cheap after World War II. Jot paid a C-Note for the 7.2L and they threw in the whole plane. With the crank mounted 6-71 GMC blower, room for the driver was almost an afterthought.The limited-edition Kookie Kar from the Danbury Mint has brought new attention to Jot's intake manifold that Norm Grabowski plopped on his'52 Cad. Jot made less than a hundred intake manifolds divided between the Cad, Chrysler Hemi, Ford Y-Block, and Olds overheads. "I originally made the manifolds for superchargers and converted some intakes to run four Stromberg 48 carburetors over the siamese ports of the Cad and Olds engines."There was the Moon pedal and the Horne pedal. If manufactured today the cool Horne masher would still be in high demand.Hidden under the louvered '27 T hood (aerodynamics overruled showing the glitzy motor) was a stunning four valves per cylinder Model J Duesenberg. The twin-cam straight-8 engine produced 335 lb-ft of torque at just 500 rpm. Painted red and blue with its eight chrome stacks and handmade radiator shell from a Bell Auto Parts customer, Jot's creation was an ear-popper. He competed in the '49 1st Bonneville Nationals setting a record of 127.565 for the "D" Roadster class with the Doozy bolted to '32 'rails. "It was something ... the racket that it put out," Jot laughed.Every hot rodder went to Indy when it was truly the Greatest Spectacle in Racing. That's Jot in the suit jacket: "I went to Indy in '51 for three weeks with a car running a 12-port Wayne Horning Chevy six-cylinder engine owned by Bill Johnson. We almost qualified it but the Offys were just too fast." The car returned in '53 and still failed to qualify.Bell Auto Parts became a regular advertiser in the SCTA Racing News. The talented art editor who drew the covers and ads for SCTA was Eldon Snapp. In this December '39 program the SCTA had just completed their first year as an association.
Jot at the September 1948 meet at El Mirage. Jot saved his money during the war and purchased this channeled '32 with a Ford Flathead V-8 shortly after he was discharged. "I drove it to work," says Jot, "until I saw an ad in the paper for a Duesenberg engine for sale. We ran the exhaust under the '32, then out the side when we switched the Deuce to a T body."Early on, everyone who went to Bonneville had their picture taken by this famous landmark, and so did Jot in 1950. Listed are previous record holders starting with Ab Jenkins in 1940 of 182.5 MPH.


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Electronic Market Predicts Presidential Election
Editor's Note: A piece from Market to Market on Iowa Public Television.
Both President Obama and Governor Romney were back on the campaign trail Thursday, ending a three-day lull in the wake of Superstorm Sandy.
The storm that devastated parts of New York and New Jersey is blamed for more than 90 fatalities; nearly half of them in New York City alone.
More than 4.5 million homes and businesses, including about 500,000 in New York and its northern suburbs, are still without power.
Wall Street endured its first two-day weather-related shutdown in more than a century due to the storm. But even as Sandy wreaked havoc on the financial district, trade continued on electronic exchanges. And as David Miller discovered, some traders were even speculating on America's next president…
While the New York Stock Exchange was dormant in the wake of Hurricane Sandy, a stock ticker in the heart of the Midwest was spitting out data from thousands of active trades. But these weren't shares of General Electric or soybean futures from the Chicago Board of Trade. In fact, this market is tied directly to the November elections and is one of the only legal ways to speculate on an intriguing commodity: America's next President.
Joyce Berg, Iowa Electronic Markets: "Just like any other market, it's a futures market—like corn futures market—except the things we trade are political candidate's outcomes rather than the price of corn at some time in the future."
These streaming quotes make up the Iowa Electronic Markets, formerly known as the Iowa Political Stock Market… and it's home to a multitude of potential trading opportunities. Are you bullish that Mitt Romney will win the popular vote Tuesday? Or perhaps a 2nd term for President Obama is more of a risk-off position? Put your money where your political prognostication lies. That's right, real money is traded here on the University of Iowa campus.
Joyce Berg, Iowa Electronic Markets: "This is our 'Winner Take All Market.' So, in this market, contracts are gonna pay off a dollar for the candidate who gets the largest share of the popular vote and zero, otherwise. The blue line, here, is the Democrat price and the red line the Republican price. What you see here, in the middle, where things are starting to spread out, is during the Republican campaigning where it wasn't clear who was gonna be the nominee. So, here it's Romney, Santorum, Gingrich arguing with each other rather than positioning themselves against the Democrat. Where prices are coming back together in here is after that first debate."
The second, and more heavily traded IEM commodity, is candidates' share of the popular vote. Its graph is tighter, as experienced traders attempt to predict the exact vote percentage outcome on November 6. As of November 2nd, President Obama has a small lead.
This decades-old tradition of political futures markets plays by a strict set of rules. Each account is limited to no more than $500. Shares are initially priced at $1, but the trade quickly establishes their true market value. Since it operates exclusively online, the IEM is open to traders all over the world. Nearly 2,000 currently have positions in the unique market and the university charges a small, one-time fee to cover operating costs.
Joyce Berg, Iowa Electronic Markets: "It's illegal to bet on elections. Right? It's not illegal to have markets. But markets are regulated here in the U.S. so our market, run for research and teaching purposes, we stay small, so we're operating under a no action letter from the CFTC."
But is this political market merely a low-cost tool for professors, students, and political junkies? The data demands a closer look...
In 2008, many well established polling operations predicated victory for then-Senator Barack Obama but the margin fluctuated wildly. According to the Iowa Electronic Markets, its traders proved to be more accurate than polls conducted by Zogby, Gallup, CBS, ABC, NBC, and FOX.
Four years earlier, the IEM correctly predicted George W. Bush's tight 2004 re-election over John Kerry. And in 2000, the IEM correctly picked Al Gore as the winner of the popular vote even though George Bush went on to win Florida and the presidency. Which brings up an important note—the traders on the IEM predict the national popular vote, NOT the Electoral College. So why is this market so accurate? According to director Joyce Berg, real-time data and active traders weed out political partisans.
Joyce Berg, Iowa Electronic Markets: "We do have some traders that trade with their hearts. They don't tend to affect price, though because they'll come in, they'll buy up the candidate of their choice, and then they'll hold that position until the election. Once they stop trading they're not affecting price anymore."
While the University of Iowa site may be one of the few legal political markets trading political futures in the U.S., overseas a "wild west" of online prediction markets has flourished far from the grasp of the CFTC. Ireland-based Intrade advertises itself as the world's largest prediction market with categories ranging from the likelihood of Iranian air strikes to the outcome of the Academy Awards. But there is no greater gambit than the U.S. presidential election where volume exceeds 5 million trades this cycle.
Carl Wolfenden, Intrade: "U.S. elections, really, are our marquee event. It's what brings most of our traders to intrade. You know, Obama has really held a comfortable lead the whole time, trading around the 55 to 60 percent mark. He took off and peaked at about nearly 80 percent in September. He's kind of fallen back down, now, in the market for last 3 or 4 weeks."
Unlike the IEM, Intrade focuses on the Electoral College and does not put monetary limits on account transactions. With only hours left until November 6, Intrade's legion of traders peg President Obama's chances of being reelected at better than 60 percent. Mitt Romney currently hovers around the mid-30 percentile.
If you want to buy 10 shares of President Obama at the current market price of more than $6 per share...his reelection earns you the maximum $10 per share...more than $30 in this case. But an Obama loss wipes out your total investment. Romney shares currently trade under $4 and have more potential earning power. A 10 share Romney investment could return more than $60 in profit. While a loss, once again, brings you back to zero.
So how does Intrade matchup with previous event outcomes?
Carl Wolfenden, Intrade: "In looking back at past elections in 2004, the market predicted a victory for George W. Bush, which is what happened, and also predicted all 50 states, as well. And in 2008, predicted a comfortable victory for Barack Obama and the market predicted 48 out of 50 states—they got Missouri and Indiana around the wrong way."
Intrade also allows traders to predict any potential outcome of the November elections including this scenario: a Republican President and U.S. House alongside a Democratic Senate...which the market pegs at roughly 15 percent. That's only a few points higher than Intrade's more peculiar prediction markets including...whether NASA will announce the discovery of extraterrestrial life before the end of 2013...those shares currently trade at 90 cents.
So what is a trader to make of all these markets? Despite their intriguing character, these electronic exchanges feature many of the same risks and rewards as any other market. Nevertheless, it just may be more interesting to predict the next president instead than the price of a barrel of oil.
For Market to Market, I'm David Miller.


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Canadian Thanksgiving is just around the corner so I took our holiday meal for a test run. I am not in the mood for seitan this year--for some reason it just does not appeal. Obviously, this recipe isn't breaking the mold but it really is tasty. After all, Thanksgiving dinner is really like a big plate of pot pie anyway. I suppose that means this entree might be a bit redundant, except that the roasted mushroom gravy takes it to another level. In fact, you might want to make extra gravy to pour over all those other fall veggies you will be serving.
Makes 8 individual pot pies
Roasted Mushroom Gravy
- 8 oz cremini mushrooms, sliced
- 4 shallots, unpeeled
- 4 cloves garlic, unpeeled
- 2 tbsp oil
- salt and pepper
- 2 tbsp margarine
- 2 tbsp flour
- 1 cup plain soy milk
- 1 cup water
- splash of mushroom soy sauce (optional)
- sage and thyme to taste
- salt and pepper to taste
- 1/2 recipe puff pastry (sub margarine for butter)
- 6 small potatoes, thinly sliced
- 3 large carrots, thinly sliced
- 19 oz can white kidney beans
- 1 cup (or more) fresh cranberries
Preheat oven to 400 degrees
1. Toss sliced mushrooms, shallots, and garlic in olive oil. Spread out on a baking sheet and sprinkle with salt and pepper. Roast for 20 mins, turning a few times to keep from burning. Remove from oven, let cool, the peel and chop shallots and garlic.
2. Heat margarine in a saucepan over medium heat. Add flour and stir. Let flour darken slightly, then add chopped shallots and garlic. Slowly add soy milk, water, and mushrooms and bring to bubbling. Add soy sauce, if using. Season to taste with spices and salt and pepper (I like a really sagey gravy). Remove from heat and set aside.
3. Bring a medium pot of salted water to a boil. Blanch potatoes for 1 min, then remove with a slotted spoon and drain. Repeat with carrots.
4. Lightly grease 8 ramekins (1 cup capacity). Spoon a layer of gravy on the bottom. Top with a layer of sliced potatoes, then carrots. Top that with another layer of gravy, then top with beans and cranberries. Top with more gravy, then a final layer of potatoes. Note: don't go too crazy on the gravy or your pies will bubble over and make a huge mess. It's OK to have some gravy left over.
5. Roll out puff pastry to about 1/2" thick and cut into circles to fit the top of the ramekin (use the leftovers to make turnovers). Top each pot pie with the pastry, then bake for 20-25 mins, or until pastry is golden and gravy is bubbling.
Tuesday, October 6, 2009
Thanksgiving Mini Pot Pies with Roasted Mushroom Gravy
Canadian Thanksgiving is just around the corner so I took our holiday meal for a test run. I am not in the mood for seitan this year--for some reason it just does not appeal. Obviously, this recipe isn't breaking the mold but it really is tasty. After all, Thanksgiving dinner is really like a big plate of pot pie anyway. I suppose that means this entree might be a bit redundant, except that the roasted mushroom gravy takes it to another level. In fact, you might want to make extra gravy to pour over all those other fall veggies you will be serving.
23 comments:
- Ms. T (of haiku tofu) said...
Those look fantastic. I don't know if it's because I grew up with a Tennessee Mom, but I am always in the mood for a pot pie!
I will be making these this very week!
Thanks Vegan Dad!
- October 6, 2009 at 11:30 PM
- nora said...
very cute!
- October 7, 2009 at 12:37 AM
- The Voracious Vegan said...
Great idea! This looks like a lot of fun to make and even more fun to eat! Thanks for the recipe.
- October 7, 2009 at 3:20 AM
- Lisa -- Cravin' Veggies said...
These would be great to make and take to Thanksgiving dinner at my uber-omni inlaw's house where meat, milk, and butter are a part of every. single. dish!
- October 7, 2009 at 7:27 AM
- DJ said...
I will definitely be trying this recipe - thankyou!
- October 7, 2009 at 9:11 AM
- howellhouse said...
This looks fantastic! Novice cook here - would it be possible to sub a drop biscuit instead of the puff pastry on top?
- October 7, 2009 at 9:53 AM
- Kristin said...
Wow. Looks great. I think I may have to make that this weekend.
- October 7, 2009 at 10:51 AM
- Kristin said...
Do you think the gravy would be ok if I threw it into the Vita-mix after cooking? I don't mind mushroom flavor, but can't stand the texture. It's usually yummy if I just blend it all up.
- October 7, 2009 at 10:53 AM
- kara said...
This sounds tasty! I'm heading up to Canada this weekend - might try it out on my MOM ; )
- October 7, 2009 at 2:38 PM
- Charlotte said...
Man, you're so good at outdoing yourself, it's scary.
- October 7, 2009 at 3:06 PM
- Atheist Mama said...
Ooooh...this looks good!
I'm so glad it's fall and now the appropriate time to make pot-pies. I think all of my summer pot-pie baking had some people thinking I was a nut :P
- October 7, 2009 at 4:44 PM
- Sophia.Pflieger said...
Those little pies are very creative, a great way to use all holiday ingredients in the same recipe. Yummy!
- October 8, 2009 at 10:26 AM
- dining room tables said...
Something new on the table! Thanks for sharing! I am looking forward in making some!
- October 8, 2009 at 10:07 PM
- Liz said...
I LOVE that you have the cranberries baked right into the pot pie! This is totally adorable in the little cup, too.
- October 8, 2009 at 11:43 PM
- Amy said...
Holy cow! This looks like a great dish! We're lucky in the States that Canadian Thanksgiving comes before ours, so we can use posts like this one to plan our banquet. We're planning a huge vegan TG spread that involves (yes, seitan) with sage and onion stuffing under layers and layers of flaky filo dough, and the requisite potatoes, gravy, green veggies, etc. This looks like a wonderful addition! I like the idea of a test run--nothing wrong with two Thanksgiving meals! We'll be sure to post about ours too.
- October 9, 2009 at 10:56 AM
- Four Eyes Photography said...
WOW that looks GREAT! I'm a sucker for pot-pie, so this just might make the cut for Thnaksgiving Dinner!
- October 9, 2009 at 11:41 AM
- Debra said...
This looks really good! Thanks for another great recipe.
- October 9, 2009 at 12:37 PM
- Kissie said...
You had me at hello! Wow, I suspect my first year as a vegan on Thanksgiving is going to be more than memorable. Thanks!
- October 10, 2009 at 12:52 AM
- kellycrochets said...
I can't wait to try this. What a great Thanksgiving dinner idea - I have a feeling even my omni family will love them. Thank you!
- October 13, 2009 at 1:43 PM
- americanvegan said...
This sounds sooooo delicious! I love the cranberries in there! Will definitely be trying this...Thanks!!
- October 20, 2009 at 11:02 PM
- Toni said...
I've been trying to find a mushroom gravy recipe. This one sounds fantastic! Thanks so much for posting!
- November 11, 2009 at 6:39 PM
- Lindsay (Happy Herbivore) said...
- November 17, 2009 at 8:22 PM
- Meg said...
These pot pies are easy to make and very tasty! I've made them twice this week cuz my husband loves them. The second time I made them they sat in the fridge overnight before I baked them and they turned out just fine. I love recipes that can be made the day before. Also, I've been adding little chunks of seitan to mine for some extra protein. Very flexible recipe, thanks for sharing!
- November 23, 2009 at 11:19 AM


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CANTONE, Giovanna Quattrone, 85, of Calabria, Italy, died June 18, 2013, in Italy.
She was born November 25, 1927, in Italy.
She is the daughter of the late Francesco and Teresa Quattrone, Giovanna was also preceded in death by her brother, Francesco "Cheech" Quattrone.
Article Photos
Surviving are her husband, Domenico Cantone, two sons, Andrea (Suzanna) of Rockville, MD, and Francesco of Italy, daughter, Rita (Giuseppe) DeLuca of Italy; two brothers, John (Marie) Quattrone of Steubenville and Giuseppe "Peppe" (Rita) Quattrone of Clinton, MD; one sister, Maria Hayes of Steubenville and many nieces and nephews.
A memorial mass will be celebrated 7 a.m, Thursday at Holy Name Cathedral.
Offer condolences, www.mostifuneralhome.com


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This seems to be available in most of recent Canon cameras. I am curious how it works, and how it is different from the Auto Lighting Optimizer. Is it a useful function?
Highlight tone priority is a camera mode that internally fiddles with exposure to preserve as much detail as possible in the "highlight range" of tones...the brightest tones in a photograph. It does this, however, at the cost of tones in the shadow range, as the ultimate effect is a shift of the histogram down towards the shadows. The cost of shadow tones is a bit less than the gain in highlight tones, however it is something to be aware of.
It should also be noted that HTP affects both RAW and JPEG images. This is in contrast to Automatic Lighting Optimizer, which applies an alternative tone curve when processing the sensor output for saving to JPEG. ALO only affects JPEG images, and has the tendency to compress dynamic range...thus costing you in your overall tonal range.
Highlight priority underexposes by one stop by lowering the ISO, for this reason ISO100 cannot be selected with highlight priority. In post-process the camera compensates for the underexposure, except for the highlights
As a RAW shooter you can archieve the same result by underexposing all your shots with 1 stop and then lift everything but the highlights.
Some photographers always underexpose by 1 stop because sensors lose information in the highlights much easier then in the shadows. Film users also did this quite often by exposing and developing ISO 200 film as if it were ISO 100. Because of the characteristics of film the highlights where then actually automatically compressed and preserved.
This is one of the few image-enhancement settings that is extremely useful. It is in the custom menu because once you set it, you leave it and do not fiddle with it between shots.
When enabled, your camera will preserve more details in the highlights at the expense of some details in the shadows. If your style is to expose for the highlights, then it will greatly help. If you do not know what your style is, just turn it on, you'll thank me later ;)
NOTE: There is another semi-related setting called something like 'Lighting Optimizer', make sure that one is OFF since what it mostly does is make your photos look dull with less contrast and adds noise to shadow areas.
Excerpt from an official Canon Quick Guide:
furthermore it says about automatic lighting optimization:
Link to the Source: Canon QuickGuide to EOS Custom Functions (PDF File)
This is the same as Nikon's Active D-Lighting. It helps reduce overexposure that results in blown highlights when shooting JPG in bright scenes. It's very useful if you shoot JPG.


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Having a bag packed and ready to go will help avoid any last minute panic. Do you know what to pack?
Although advice-givers mean well, where and how you deliver your baby is a personal choice.
If you choose to give birth at a hospital, take a tour before your birth to help prepare for your stay.
Having your baby in the NICU can be stressful, but learning more about what goes on there can help relieve your anxiety.
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The following guidelines apply during the 10-day advertisement period. Remember - only public entities are eligible to purchase state surplus items during this time period. Purchase requests from private individuals will not be honored.
Although the State Surplus Property Listing is updated daily, TxDOT only updates the listing with new surplus property items once a month - on the 1st. During the 10 business days after the date the property is posted on the State Surplus Property Listing, a state agency, political subdivision, or assistance organization may coordinate directly with the department for a direct transfer of the property at a price established by the department. The items automatically drop off the listing after 15 days.
Important Facts to Know


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Check your flight status online through our control center.The information varies according to operational adjustments.
Check your ticket by entering the requested information exactly as it appears on your purchase receipt.
Our online service lets you find out the arrival time, duration and operating days of the flight you're interested in.
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If you made a refund request through our website, you can see your case status here.
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You can find a revised tutorial here:
Hello Forum,
3D images (also called stereo images) are not new, they exist for over 100 year, but 3D spherical panos are new and unknown to a lot of people.
In this tutorial I will explain how to shoot and process a 3D spherical pano with the use of a DSLR camera, a fisheye lens, a Nodal Ninja panohead with a 24 or 36 clickstop rotator, a stable tripod, PTGui Pro, the free Windows application StereoPhoto Maker (works great in OSX with Parallels or Wine) and an anaglyph viewer. The tutorial contains all steps of the workflow and at the end there are links to an example and screenshots of the processing.
But first some theory.
You already know that the brain is getting different data from the left and right eyes, the data is interpreted by the visual system of the brain and presented to the other parts of the brain as a 3D image with "depth".
We can see depth because the eyes are delivering images that are not the same and can have a lot of parallax.
It is the same parallax that we try to avoid as much as possible when we take our panos.
We will use this knowledge that parallax is needed for depth to create 3D panos.
Getting the parallax we need is very simple, all we have to do is to shift the lens forwards in an offset NPP position.
To get a better understanding about "how it works" we will follow 2 imaginary objects that are both positioned somewhere in the middle of the right half of the image, so at approx. 75% of the width of the image.
One object is placed in the foreground of the scene, close to the camera, and the other object is placed in the far distance, in the background of the scene.
Now we rotate the panohead with one clickstop (=10 degree for a 36 degree detentring).
Due to the small angle of rotation the parallax error between the objects will be small so we continue rotating with more clickstops and while doing this the objects are "moving" with each clickstop from the right part to the left part of the image and after 6 - 9 clickstops (the number is depending on the focal lenght of your lens) both objects are in the center of the left half of the image at approx. 25% of the image width.
Obviously by turning the panohead we "moved" the objects from the right to the left side of the image.
The parallax between the objects in the first shot (at 75%) and the last shot shot (at 25%) is huge and it is this huge parallax that we will use to create a 3D pano.
For this we will use StereoPhoto Maker (SPM), this app will take small strips of the left and the right half of all images (at 25% and 75% of the image width) and connect all "left" strips to make a "right eye" pano and connects the "right" strips for the "left eye" pano. Note that the left/right positions of the strips and the panos are crossed.
With SPM we can output the "left eye" and "right eye" pano in several ways, as a combined anaglyph, for crossed eye viewing, side by side, etc.
For this tutorial I will output to anaglyph to make a "full screen" pano. The other output options you can explore for yourself.
I used a Nodal Ninja 5 with a 36 stop detentring but it is also possible to use a Nodal Ninja 3 of 5 with a R-D16 rotator.
If you have a Nodal Ninja MKII you can use it with a 24 stop detentring instead but then you have to limit the forward out of NPP shift of the lens to 40 mm as described in step 2 below.
When using a 24 stop detentring you have to change "36" in "24" and "10" in "15" wherever you see "36" and "10" numbers in the steps below.
The workflow in 14 steps:
1) Set your rotator to 36 clickstops. Make sure that the free play of the rotator is less then 0.1 degree. If your rotator has a lot of free play then you can't use it with the method I describe in this tutorial.
Choose a test scene that is suited, take care that there are no objects in the scene closer then 1 m to the lens.
Only when there is very little wind outside, or better no wind at all, you can shoot outdoors, otherwise shoot indoors.
It is important that their is no variation in the light otherwise you will get a visible seem at the 360 degee border.
It is also important that you don't shoot in a dynamic scene otherwise you get lots of errors, you really need a "frozen" scene.
Mount the panohead on a sturdy tripod and level the panohead.
2) Set the upper rail in the horizontal position (zero tilt) and shift your lens forwards on the upper rail.
When shooting in a small room with objects relatively close by then shift approx. 30 mm forwards, when shooting in a larger room then shift approx 45 mm forwards and when shooting outside then shift approx. 60 mm forwards (see also the formula in the addendum of this posting).
For most cameras and lenses the maximum possible shift forwards is around 60-70mm, when turning the camera mounting adapter 180 degree you can gain some extra shift.
3) Set the camera in M mode for a fixed exposure of all images, set the white balance to a fixed setting and the focus of the lens to Manual with a fixed distance.
Shoot all 36 images around and take care that you don't move the gear by accident, you really need a stable tripod and a cable or wireless shutter release to avoid displacement of the tripod and variations in tilt and roll.
4) In PTGui Pro you load all images and apply a lens calibrated template.
In the Image Parameters tab you set a fixed increment for Yaw of 10 degree for all images. It is very important that your rotator is precise because you will not optimize the Yaw of any image.
Let PTGui automaticly place the CP's.
Make sure that you are using the Advanced mode in PTGui to get full control over the optimizing.
In the Optimizer tab you enable the linking for Roll and Pitch for all images, this is to make sure that if there are any images with wrong placed CP's that those images will be aligned properly despite their wrong placed CP's.
Enable optimizing Roll and Pitch for all images and start optimizing.
For sure you will get much larger CP errors then usual but that is normal.
You then optimize for the lens parameters D and E and optimize again.
Delete all CP's with errors larger then 10 px and optimize as many times as needed to get all CP's errors just below 10 px while keeping an eye on the Pitch and the lens Shift params.
If the values for D and E differ more then approx. 20 px. from the normal values for your lens then set them back to this normal value.
Also check the value of the Pitch, when it differ more then 1 degree compared to the normal Pitch value then set it back for all images to the normal value and optimize again.
There is a tendency that optimizing will increase the values for the lens shift D and E and the pitch parameters so you have to take care that they don't go wild.
When this happens you have to go to the Control Points tab and check if there are any CP's in the scene that are close to the setup. In an ideal situation you will only have CP's around the horizon of the scene.
When the CP max is below 10 px and the lens params D and E and the Pitch of the images are more or less normal then the optimizing is done.
Now set the Yaw of all images to an increment of 0 (zero) degree and stop optimizing.
Congratulations, when you have come to here you have finished the hardest part.
5) Open the Panorama Editor window, all images are stacked on top of each other, this is because the Yaw of all images is 0 degree.
Now reduce the width of the pano with the slider at the bottom of the panorama from 360 degree to the value that is needed to get a nice cropped image, this will be 90-180 degree, depending on the focal length of your lens and the sensor size of your camera.
6) Go to the Create Panorama tab.
Make sure that the Link width and height option is enabled.
Enter the height for a normal full screen pano.
Because the width and heigth are linked the width will be calculated by PTGui.
Make a note of the width, you need it later.
Now some values must be calculated, the corrected height and the shift (you need the value for the shift in step 10).
To show you how the math is done I will use the values of the tutorial example.
Height of image: 3500 px (height for a normal full screen pano)
Width of image: 2625 px (the width as calculated by PTGui, note the value)
Total size: 36*2625=94500 px.
Width of equirectangular: 2*3500=7000 px.
Total overlap: 94500-7000=87500 px.
Overlap per image: 87500/36=2430.55 px, rounded to 2431 px.
Shift per image pair: 2625-2431=194 px.
Corrected width of the equirectangular: 36*194= 6984 px.
Corrected height of image: 6984/2=3492 px.
Replace the normal height of the pano by the corrected height you calculated, the width will change to a wrong value.
To correct the width first disable the Link and width option and then replace the wrong value of the width by the value you noted earlier.
It is very important that you keep the order of the entering of the values exactly as described above otherwise the height of the output is not 180 degree !
To make sure that you didn't make a mistake go to the Panorama Settings tab and check that the vertical height is indeed 180 degree. If it is not 180 degree then repeat step 6 (all except for the math).
7) Go back to the Create Panorama tab and set the output format to JPEG and Individual layers only.
Hit the Create Panorama button, ignore the message that you didn't optimize after changing CP's and after some time you will end up with 36 cropped equirectangular images.
8) The next steps are all done in StereoPhoto Maker (http://stereo.jpn.org/eng/stphmkr/)
Choose the menu option "Make slide show list..." from the File menu, check the option "For panorama", browse to the location of your cropped equirectangulars, enter a name for the list, press "Add all files" and let SPM create the list, you will get a confirmation, press "OK" and close the "Make Slde Show List" window.
9) Choose the menu option "Open slide show list" from the File menu and SPM will directly show the location of the slide show list file you just created.
Uncheck the " Auto start Slide Show" option, check the option "Color Anaglyph" and press "Open".
10) In the image window you see the first of the 2 cropped equirectangular images on top of each other.
Now they need to be shifted to a position that all objects are in line.
With the file menu "Easy adjust" you get a window with a slider on top of your images. Use the slider and the arrow buttons at the left and right side of the slider to precisely set the calculated shift of step 6 and press the OK button in the Easy adjust window.
It is very well possible that some objects are not in line with eachother when you have set the calculated shift but this is normal.
Press the keys "Shift" and "Y" simultaneously and now the shift of all images is set and the slide show list is updated and saved.
11) Choose the menu option "Mosaic images" from the File menu. Choose from the popup menu "Files of type" the option "Slide show list" and select the slide show list.
Check the options "Crop" and "Symmetrical Cropping (for Stereo pano)".
Now you enter the values needed for taking the small strips out of the images.
Enter in the first box a value equal of 25% of the width of your images, in the second box you enter 0 (zero), in the third you enter nothing (the app will fill in this value, based on the data in the slideshow list) and in the fourth box you enter the height of the images.
Here is the calculation for the Crop settings for my tutorial example:
value first box: 25%*2625 = 656.25, rounded to 656 px.
value second box: 0 px.
value third box: leave whatever is inside
value fourth box: 3492 px
Press "Connect Files", you get a confirmation window and press "yes".
12) After a short time the strips are connected into a left and a right eye equirectangular and the results will be showed in the image window.
Choose from the View menu the option "Panorama Mode (360 degree)" and the option "Fit panorama height to screen".
If you see the left and right stereo images side by side then use the menu Stereo > Color Anaglyph > color(red/cyan) to combine them into an anaglyph image.
As you can see the stereo seperation is way to much so both images must be shifted closer to eachother.
With the Easy Adjustment menu option you align the close by objects in the foreground by shifting the images in the horizontal direction, after zooming in to 50-100% you can check and fine tune the alignment of the images with the left and right arrow keys.
Put on your anaglyph viewer and check the depth.
When you are satisfied about the result you can save the 3D pano, if not then you can output new left and right panos by setting a different value in the first Crop box (step 11).
With a smaller value in the first box the left and right strips are taken out from a position with more parallax in the images and with a larger value the parallax will be smaller.
Tip: don't put to many parallax in the 3D images, it is better to use to little then to much parallax.
13) You can save the anaglyph with the "File" menu option "Save Stereo Image ...", you will get several options how you want to save the 3D image.
The app will also save the left and right pano.
14) Convert the equirectangular anaglyph to an interactive pano just as you do with any pano.
Put it full screen and enjoy your self made interactive 3D pano.
Here is the 3D pano that I shot and processed for this tutorial.
The first pano (image 1) needs a red/cyan viewer and the second one (image 2) an amber/blue viewer.
Image 3 and 4 are pictures of the setup.
Here are some screenshots of the processing of the images:
In this tutorial I described the use of StereoPhoto Maker to make and connect the strips for the left and right equirectangulars.
It is also possible to blend strips with PTGui but then you have to cut out the strips, taken from the left and the right part of the equirectangular images, with Photoshop.
For blending the width of the strips must be much wider then when they are connected because you need an overlap for the blending. The blending of the strips is done in PTGui (without warping them).
Combining the blended equirectangulars into an anaglyph can be done with SPM.
Making blended (instead of connected) left and right equirectangulars is much more work while the quality is hardly any better.
Whatever method you use or prefer, connecting or blending, it all comes down to the same method, take parts of the left half of the image, take parts of the right half of the image, make 2 panos of the parts, combine them and you will have a 3D pano with depth.
Success in making your own 3D panos.
In the first version of this tutorial (version 01-08-2009) you had to resize the anaglyph equirectangular to get the proper 2:1 ratio, in this version (19-03-2010) this is no longer neeeded
The last screenshot in the series of the processing is therefore obsolete.
Here is a formula to calculate the number of images that are needed for 3D with a one camera system, the formula is not not based on any science but as a rule of thumb it can help you to calculate how many images are needed in relation with the forward out of NPP shift of the lens.
Number of images needed: A x (B + forward shift out of NPP) x C / size of stitched pano
A - reference number of images for a shoot in NPP=4
B - reference forward shift out of NPP (cm)=1
C - reference number of pixels of stitched pano (mpx)=20
To make clear how to use the formula here is a table with the calculations for a pano of 7000x3500 px (=25 mpx)
shift 2 cm > 4 x (1+2) x 25 / 20 = 15
shift 3 cm > 4 x (1+3) x 25 / 20 = 20
shift 4 cm > 4 x (1+4) x 25 / 20 = 25
shift 5 cm > 4 x (1+5) x 25 / 20 = 30
shift 6 cm > 4 x (1+6) x 25 / 20 = 35
shift 7 cm > 4 x (1+7) x 25 / 20 = 40
shift 8 cm > 4 x (1+:001_cool: x 25 / 20 = 45
shift 9 cm > 4 x (1+9) x 25 / 20 = 50
shift 10 cm > 4 x (1+10) x 25 / 20 = 55
As you can see with 36 images around it is best to limit the forward shift to approx. 6 cm and with 24 images around to approx. 4 cm.
In case you want to easy make a 3D partial panorama:
Please no copying/pasting of the complete text of this tutorial on other forums, it makes it impossible for other people to read the replies, clarifications and updates.
It is much better to post a link to the tutorial like this:


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U.S. Supreme Court Case on Public Records Access and Out-of-State Bias: Professor Bernard Bell Can Discuss the Constitutional Issues
On February 20, 2013 the U.S. Supreme Court will hear oral arguments for McBurney v. Young. The case deals with the issue of whether a state may prevent citizens of other states from having the same right of access to public records that the state affords its own citizens. The Virginia Freedom of Information Act (VFOIA) restriction is being challenged by a former state resident involved in a child-support case. The decision of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in McBurney arguably conflicts with a 2006 decision of the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Lee v. Minner invalidating the "citizen only" provision of Delaware's freedom of information act.
PROFESSOR BERNARD W. BELL can discuss the Constitutional issues involved in the case. He teaches courses on constitutional law, privacy law, and mass communications. Professor Bell is a graduate of Stanford Law School and a former clerk for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Byron R. White. He has served as co-chair of the ABA Administrative & Regulatory Law Section's Government Information and Right to Privacy Committee and as a consultant to the Administrative Conference of the United States on the Government in the Sunshine Act. Prior to joining the law school, he was a civil litigator with the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York.
Professor Bell can be reached at 973-353-5464 or at email@example.com.


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On Friday, August 9, 2013 at 10 am, Professor Penny Venetis, the Director of the International Human Rights Clinic at Rutgers School of Law–Newark, will argue before Judge Dennis Cavanaugh of the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey that the Court should not, under any circumstance, address constitutional issues raised by Backpage.com in its challenge of New Jersey's anti-trafficking law.
Professor Venetis filed a "friend of the court" amicus brief on behalf of 50 organizations that work to combat human trafficking, including service providers for trafficking victims.
Backpage.com, which brought in $34 million dollars last year alone from its adult services section, will argue that New Jersey's anti-trafficking law violates its constitutional rights. Venetis will argue that the court should exercise constitutional restraint and address only the statutory issues in the case. All 50 State Attorneys General have asked Backpage.com to shut down its adult services section because it is used for human trafficking. Backpage has refused these requests, says Venetis, and "consciously chooses to run thinly veiled prostitution ads featuring sex with children." Indeed, men and women have been convicted for placing ads for sex with minors and trafficked adults on Backpage.com. Competitors like Craigslist closed down their adult services section when it was linked to trafficking.
To date, Backpage.com has challenged every attempt to regulate it, citing the 1996 Communications Decency Act (CDA) as well as the Constitution. Professor Venetis has urged the Court to expose Backpage.com for what it is, "a corporation that puts profits ahead of human rights," and not portray the business as a "Constitutional white knight."
She will urge the Court to decide the matter under the CDA. "In this case, it is not appropriate for the court to address more issues than it needs to. "That would divert attention from Backpage.com's insidious actions."
Professor Venetis can be reached at 973-353-3240.| Read Story


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It's not sefless if i'm here, because i'm carry out a survey about video games. I'll talk more about that in the general part of the forum =]
See U there !
Mehdi PNC


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For example, if we have a film with ISO/ASA speed of 100, is it equivalent to setting ISO = 100 on DSLRs?
Sort of... because ISO values for film don't even have a 1:1 correspondence. For example, Fujichrome Velvia 50 is rated at ISO 50, but if you set your camera on 50, you will generally underexpose. Most film photographers I knew set ISO 40 instead. However Kodak E-100 typically did expose properly at ISO 100.
A digital camera set at ISO 100 will typically respond "as if" it were film that responded with a proper exposure at ISO 100.
Film photographers grew to understand the characteristics of the particular film they were using and adjusted accordingly. Digital photographers don't typically have that problem.
They try :) but is different in each camera. Sometimes it is close but it can be different.
Do you know the site Dpreview? Every time they review camera they say correspondence between real ISO and camera ISO. Example: http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/olympusem5/16 says this one slower by 1/3 EV.
In theory, yes. ISO is short for the ISO 5800:1987 standard which defines what sensitivity means and how it is measured. That standard is intended for [negative] film but digital cameras makers have been using it to measure sensitivity too. There are however room for interpretation when you consider things like RAW conversion, color-spaces, etc, there are not always exact matches.
As @Zak said, some sites measure this and you can actually get a very price chart for each RAW-capable camera at DxOMark. They only measure RAW output to avoid artifacts introduced by JPEG conversion. For example, for the Canon 5D Mark III (Select the Measurement then the ISO Sensitivity tab to see the chart), ISO 100 to 102400 are extremely close to the official measure. ISO 50 which is an expanded sensitivity is not.
Recently I've looked into this. For decades I worked as a professional, outdoors and indoors, using studio flash equipment, as well as a lot of available light photography. Within the 120 roll film the sheet had a guide setting, which was actually highly accurate. Example 125 ASA bright sunlight said 1/125 combined with f/11 or f/16. It didn't matter where you were, in Egypt or Arizona. Frankly, I hardly used a light meter, except for in very difficult situations. If I would set a present DSLR on the same settings, the result will be about 1 to 2 stops under exposure, depending on which DSLR.
So in my opinion, the answer is are they equivalent; No!
Another thing about the so-called high tech meter systems within the DSLR; none of these work. In fact the most approachable right method of measuring is to measure the direct light, which should always give you Neutral Density. The given measurement within any camera often misguides. Because of the simple reason, as soon as there's a person in front of the camera with a white shirt is taking 50% of the screen, you will have to correct this. Simply said; the build in TTL is an aid device, but far from perfect.
Actually, no. The whole idea of calling it "ISOxxx" in digital cameras is fundamentally flawed as the ISO standard pertains exclusively to photographic film.


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Members of the media who wish to reach students, faculty, staff, or a spokesperson of the College, please email Media Relations or call 802-440-4399.
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Bennington Writing Seminars Writer-in-Residence Donald Hall, a former Poet Laureate of the United States, was one of 10 artists to be honored by President Obama this week with the prestigious 2010 National Medal of Arts.
"One of the great joys of being President," President Obama said during a ceremony at the White House, "is getting a chance to pay tribute to the artists and authors, the poets and performers, who have touched our hearts and opened our minds."
A military aide called attention to Hall's "extensive contributions to American poetry" before President Obama placed the Medal around his neck.
"Through an illustrious career and as a Poet Laureate of the United States from 2006 to 2007," the aide said, "Mr. Hall's work has inspired Americans and enhanced the role of poetry in our national life."
Other 2010 recipients include actress Meryl Streep, musicians James Taylor and Quincy Jones, and writers Joyce Carol Oates, Philip Roth, and Wendell Berry.
To see Hall receive his Medal, skip to the 13:15 mark below. To read more about his work, click here.


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Is there a specifically "Chabad" way of learning Gemara? Is there a Chabad commentary on the Gemara?
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There is a Chabad way of learning Gemara, as described by the Rebbe Rashab, the 5th Lubavitcher Rebbe and founder of Yeshivat Tomchei Temimim. In his Kuntres Eitz Chayim, he explains why it is necessary to learn Chassidus in addition to learning Gemara properly. The entire text is available online in English.
From the introduction to the english translation:
The second half of the Sefer discuss the practical way Gemara should be learned. I will quote the summation of the chapters here just to give you an idea of what it advises, but the whole things needs to be learned in full, to understand the Derech the Rebbe Rashab is recommending.
Also, in one of the introductions to the Shulchan Aruch Harav, written by the son and successor of the Alter Rebbe, the Mittler Rebbe, the recommended ways to learn Halacha is also described, with different levels of learning described depending on the amount of time one has each day to devote to the learning of Halacha. I wrote up the most extensive way here.
When a certain Chabad family in Detroit wanted to send their son to Rav Bakst's yeshiva, Rav Bakst felt that because of the derech halimud (style of learning) of what the boy had experienced in a previous Chabad yeshiva, which was more about learning up the texts (girsadige) he would not do well in his regular misnagdishe-litvishe yeshiva. The family did not accept Rav Bakst's opinion so he wrote his opinion to the Rebbe asking for his support in handling the parents. The Rebbe responded "Misnagdishe Rav, Don't you know that the correct way to be learning is girsadige?! After all... (and the Rebbe quoted the Gemara in Shabbos about one who did not forget his "girsa diyankasa"(literally: text of his youth)."
This seems to imply that at least at the high school level the Rebbe held that the correct approach was a more textual and less analytical approach.
As a post-script, Rav Bakst responded by writing to the Rebbe that the "Girsa" (text) referred to in that gemara is a sevara (theory, used in deeper analysis of the Gemara). The Rebbe never responded.
Heard from Rav Aryeh Leib Bakst ZT"L
Since no one seems to have answered the last question, namely, are there any Chabad commentaries on the Gemara....
There are many talks and writings from all the Lubavitcher Rebbeim on different topics in Gemara. As far as I know, there is no one systematic commentary on the Gemara, and as their discussions of Gemara topics are usually (though not always) in the context of their Chassidic teachings, they are usually published in their books on Chassidus and not by themselves.
However, there is an effort to compile these commentaries and print them in a new edition of the Vilna Shas. (Update: The first volume (Kiddushin) is out already.)
The Tzemach Tzedek (written by the 3rd Lubavitcher Rebbe) is often quoted in G'mara learning even in non-Chabad contexts and by non-Chabad subscribers.
The Rogatchover is the quintessential Chabad Gaon (of the Kapuster variety). He learned with R' Chaim under the Bais haLevi and then with R' Y.L. Diskin. I also knew of a Chassidishe Rav (non-chabad) who was a magid shiur at the chabad yeshiva (in Brooklyn). So apparently there is not a specific chabad mesora in learning.
As far as I know, this isn't the "official" chabad shita, and I don't think there is one. However, what follows is the way that I learned in lubavitch yeshivos, and heard from others that this the way they learn in lubavitch. It is also the style in which tzemach tzedek al hashas, (3rd lubavitcher rebbe's pirush on shas) and likutai sichos, ( 7th lubavitcher rebbe's talks which include gemorah ) are written.
It is a sugyah styled learning, that involves comparing meforshim, and very often trying to find a certain shita that many meforshim ascribe to. The method is by going a (logical) step deeper. It is a special kind of pilpul and therefore they learn a lot of "Rogotchover" which is written in this style.
This is in regards to iyun. However the girsa doesnt seem to be very uniform, although it seems that chabad tries to focus on a simple and clear understanding with speed optimization.


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