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U.S. Chamber of Commerce
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U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a powerful business lobbying group in the United States that "has become a fully functional part of the partisan Republican machine" since CEO and president Thomas J. Donohue took office in 1997. Prior to Donohue's tenure, the Chamber "used to be a trade association that advocated in a bipartisan manner for narrowly tailored policies to benefit its members." [1] The Chamber's 2010 budget is approximately $200 million, but as a trade organization, its donors can remain anonymous. [2]
According to its website, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce "has one overarching mission—to strengthen the competitiveness of the U.S. economy.[3] It describes itself as "the world's largest business federation representing more than 3 million businesses and organizations of every size, sector, and region."[4]
Despite these claims, the New York Times reported in October 2010 that half of the Chamber's $140 million in contributions in 2008 came from just 45 big-money donors, many of whom enlisted the Chamber's help to fight political and public opinion battles on their behalf (such as opposing financial or healthcare reforms, or other regulations). [2] The Chamber is "dominated by oil companies, pharmaceutical giants, automakers and other polluting industries," according to James Carter, executive director of the Green Chamber of Commerce.[5]
|Koch Wiki
The Koch brothers -- David and Charles -- are the right-wing billionaire co-owners of Koch Industries. As two of the richest people in the world, they are key funders of the right-wing infrastructure, including the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and the State Policy Network (SPN). In SourceWatch, key articles on the Kochs include: Koch Brothers, Koch Industries, Americans for Prosperity, American Encore, and Freedom Partners.
- 1 Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council
- 2 Philadelphia Paid Sick Leave
- 3 Electioneering
- 4 Contributions in 2012
- 5 Accusations of Tax Fraud and Money Laundering
- 6 U.S. Politics
- 6.1 Climate Change Legislation
- 6.2 Employee Free Choice Act
- 6.3 Political Action Committee, The November Fund
- 6.4 VoteForBusiness
- 6.5 Opposition to Paid Sick Leave
- 7 National Chamber Foundation
- 8 Law
- 9 Trade
- 10 Coal and Energy
- 11 Other Issues
- 12 Lobbying Spending
- 13 The Chamber and Large Corporations
- 14 Alleged Spying on Critics
- 15 Chamber Campaigns
- 16 Affiliated Centers / Organizations
- 17 Senior Management
- 18 Contact
- 19 Articles and Resources
Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC). It has been a member of the Civil Justice Task Force,[6] the Education Task Force,[7] the International Relations Task Force[8][9] and the Telecommunications and Information Technology Task Force,[10] according to ALEC materials. According to an August 2013 ALEC board document obtained by The Guardian, its Campaign for Free Enterprise terminated its membership in ALEC's Education Task Force on April 22, 2013. Its Institute for Legal Reform, however, had also been part of this task force, and was not listed as "lapsed" or "terminated."[9]
Page Faulk, Vice President,[11] presented "The Promoting Merit in 'Merit Selection' Act" model legislation at Civil Justice Task Force Meeting at the 2011 meeting.[6] Stanton D. Anderson, Senior Counsel to the President and Chief Executive Officer,[12] issued remarks on the "Free Enterprise Education Act" model legislation, and Roberta Philips sponsored discussion and voting on the act, at the Education Task Force Meeting of the 2011 meeting.[7] Mark Elliot, Executive Vice President, and Andrew Kovalcin, Director of Stakeholder Advocacy, both of the Chamber's Global Intellectual Property Center, introduced the "Resolution in Support of Federal Efforts to Address Rogue Internet Sites that Sell Counterfeit Products and Facilitate Digital Theft" at the Telecommunications and Information Technology Task Force Meeting[10] and presented on the "Erosion of Intellectual Property" and introduced the "ALEC Resolution to Counter Rogue Internet Sites" model policy at the International Relations Task Force Meeting at the 2011 meeting.[8]
The Chamber's International Division joined ALEC's International Relations Task Force on July 3, 2013, according to ALEC board materials.[9]
|About ALEC
ALEC is a corporate bill mill. It is not just a lobby or a front group; it is much more powerful than that. Through ALEC, corporations hand state legislators their wishlists to benefit their bottom line. Corporations fund almost all of ALEC's operations. They pay for a seat on ALEC task forces where corporate lobbyists and special interest reps vote with elected officials to approve "model" bills. Learn more at the Center for Media and Democracy's ALECexposed.org, and check out breaking news on our PRWatch.org site.
Philadelphia Paid Sick Leave
In March 2013, the Philadelphia City Council passed, by an 11 to 6 vote, a paid sick days bill that would have allowed employees without sick leave to earn up to four paid sick days per year.[13] Over 180,000 workers in Philadelphia do not have access to paid sick days and would have benefited from this measure. [14] However, major opponents of the paid sick leave bill, special interest groups aligned with the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), successfully lobbied Mayor Nutter to veto it[14]. The bill died when the council was unable to sway enough nay votes to override the mayoral veto; they needed just one more.[13] These groups, the National Restaurant Association, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) are all tied to ALEC.[14] The case of Philadelphia was unique in "the participation of telecommunications giant Comcast, Philadelphia's highest grossing company and an ALEC member."[14] The corporation spent over $108,000 on lobbying, most of which went towards opposition to the paid sick days bill.[14]
More than 40 percent of the work force in the United States cannot take sick days without losing wages or possibly their jobs, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Major cities such as Washington DC, San Francisco, Portland and Seattle, as well as the state of Connecticut, have put paid sick day laws on the books; New York City will soon follow suit.[14] The initiative is quickly moving to cities across the country "and in each case, the state and local branches of the National Restaurant Association, the NFIB, and the Chamber are actively opposing it" as they did in Philadelphia.[14] Philadelphia was not the first instance where these special interest groups came together to thwart this legislation. City of Milwaukee voters passed a paid sick days referendum with over 70 percent of the vote in 2008 but when Scott Walker became Wisconsin's governor in 2011, the state affiliate of the National Restaurant Association and the local Chamber lobbied Walker to back "a bill to overturn this expression of local democratic will and preempt any local paid sick day ordinance."[14]
2012 Presidential Elections
As of November 2nd, 2012 the U.S. Chamber of Commerce has spent $35.3 million towards influencing the elections, $27 million has been used in attacking Democrats.[15] They have heavily backed a slue of Republicans, including Rep. Todd Akins (R-Mo), Rep. Marie Buerkle (R-NY), and many others.
2010 Midterm Elections
The U.S. Chamber played a major role in the Republican victories in the 2010 midterm Congressional elections, promising to spend $75 million (and reporting only $32 million), and helping to organize and coordinate spending by other "outside interest groups" like American Crossroads and American Action Network [16] In a blog post the night before the election, the Chamber stated it "had been a game-changing political force in these midterms. We've engaged in tight, competitive races; and we've altered them."[17]
The Chamber claimed it offered support to all pro-business candidates, regardless of party affiliation. However, according to a report from the union-backed Chamber Watch, "[i]t worked almost exclusively to elect Republicans in the powerful Senate, giving one lone endorsement to a Democrat, West Virginia's Joe Manchin, on whom it made no expenditures. On the House side, the Chamber created an appearance of bipartisanship by spending on behalf of eleven Democrats. But the Chamber's support for Democratic members was razor-thin, and sometimes, the Chamber withheld support altogether, even where Democratic members worked hard to earn the Chamber's approval." [18]
Whats more, while 93% of reported expenditures went to support Republicans, the 6% spent to support Democrats were spent on generic, non-candidate-specific ads, rather than more effective ads attacking opponents. The ads tended not to identify candidate-specific positive qualities, instead relying on a template with the same title for several different candidates, only changing the candidate's name, picture and office number. The ads were also run later than ads supporting their Republican counterparts.[18]
Link to American Crossroads
American Crossroads and the Chamber are closely tied, and closely coordinated their efforts in the 2010 midterm elections.
In 2008, Chamber President Tom Donahue told the Los Angeles Times that he wanted to get very involved with elections. 'Alarmed at the increasingly populist tone of the 2008 political campaign, the president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce is set to issue a fiery promise to spend millions of dollars to defeat candidates deemed to be anti-business. "We plan to build a grass-roots business organization so strong that when it bites you in the butt, you bleed," chamber President Tom Donohue said.' [19]
According to the U.S. Chamber Watch report:
- The U.S. Chamber first began to coordinate massive Republican resources when its general counsel, Steven Law, met with Ed Gillespie, Republican political strategist and former Counselor to President George W. Bush. According to the Associated Press, Law met with Gillespie in October of 2009, "calculating how to exploit the voter anger they had seen erupt at Democratic town hall meetings that summer." [20]
- It was at this meeting that they conceived of American Crossroads an organization, that according to its website, is dedicated to "renewing America's commitment to individual liberty, limited government, free enterprise and a strong national defense." Law left the U.S. Chamber to serve as the group's CEO.
According to Think Progress:
- "At every turn, from the operatives running the two organizations to their targeted races to their media firms, American Crossroads and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce are bound to one another…the two groups have exhibited uncanny coordination in their election targeting. In a number of Senate races, the Chamber and American :Crossroads coordinated their advertisements – one group put up ads in a race as the other group pulled its own down – in :order to ensure attack ads were always running against the Democratic candidate."[21]
Post-Election Backlash
The U.S. Chamber's partisan, corporate-funded (and often untrue) campaign attacks have compelled many local Chambers of Commerce to disassociate from the U.S. Chamber. [22] Despite the U.S. Chamber's attempts to portray itself as a community of small businesses and local Chambers of Commerce, the interests the U.S. Chamber served in the 2010 elections were those of its large corporate donors. More than 40 local chambers issued statements during the campaign distancing themselves from the U.S. Chamber, including chambers in the "battleground states" of Iowa and New Hampshire. Some chambers are considering what Politico calls the "extraordinary" step of ending their affiliation with the U.S. Chamber and quitting in protest.[23]
Contributions in 2012
2014 Report
The report, "The Gilded Chamber: Despite Claims of Representing Millions of Businesses, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Gets Most of Its Money From Just 64 Donors," analyzes the 1,619 contributions listed by the Chamber and its affiliate working against consumer access to courts, the U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform (ILR), on their 2012 Form 990 tax returns. Just a tiny fraction of their donors account for most of their contributions, Public Citizen found.
The average reported contribution to the U.S. Chamber was $111,254, with the top 43 entities donating a combined $80.4 million.
"The U.S. Chamber is one of the largest conduits of dark money in the country, but it refuses to disclose its donors," said Lisa Gilbert, director of Public Citizen's Congress Watch division, where U.S. Chamber Watch is housed. "The American people deserve to know more about who's influencing this powerful force in our politics. By looking at the size of the Chamber's and ILR's donations, we can learn a little more about what kinds of businesses they represent – seemingly, very large ones." [24]
Accusations of Tax Fraud and Money Laundering
2010 Complaint
In September, 2010, two national watchdog groups, U.S. Chamber Watch and StopTheChamber.com, filed complaints with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service asking the agency to investigate the U.S. Chamber of Commerce for criminal fraud and money laundering. The groups allege that the Chamber illegally funneled donations from a wealthy charitable foundation into its political battles. Chamber Watch said that $12 million of an $18 million donation that the wealthy Starr Foundation gave (pdf) gave to the National Chamber Foundation was in the form of loans that have never been repaid. Chamber Watch says the money was diverted to finance political causes, including tort reform, to shield companies like AIG from liability lawsuits. The Starr Foundation was founded by Cornelius Vander Starr, the insurance entrepreneur who also founded AIG. The Foundation's Chairman of the Board of Directors is Maurice R. Greenberg, former President and CEO of AIG. The Foundation's Director (and Treasurer) is Howard I. Smith, AIG's former Chief Financial Officer. StopTheChamber.com says it was contacted by a Chamber whistleblower who described (pdf) how Chamber CEO Tom Donohue is "scamming [business] clients to serve his own interests rather than the interests of the business community." The insider compared Donohue to Jack Abramoff and Bernie Madoff. He also alleged that Donohue does not fear the Federal Elections Commission or Congress, and has a plan set up to attack the U.S. Department of Justice if the agency ever tries to investigate him.[25]
The September charge echoed similar charges made earlier in the year, in January, 2010, that six of the largest health insurance companies in the U.S. had been secretly funneling millions of dollars to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce to oppose health reform. The total amount in this instance was estimated at between $10 million and $20 million. According to a report in the National Journal online, the money was used "to help underwrite tens of millions of dollars of television ads by two business coalitions set up and subsidized by the chamber."[26][27]
2006 Public Citizen Complaint
On October 31, 2006, Public Citizen filed a complaint[28] with the IRS asking it to investigate whether the Chamber and "its affiliated Institute for Legal Reform (ILR) failed to report millions in taxable spending from 2000 to 2004 intended to influence state-level attorney general and supreme court races and federal races around the country."[29]
It also asked the IRS to investigate whether Chamber and the ILR, "which are two separate legal entities, combined funds in a shared bank account to hide accurate reporting of investment or interest income for tax avoidance. ... Court records, internal corporate documents and media reports indicate that the Chamber and the ILR engaged in a massive campaign to affect the outcome of state and federal races through direct expenditures and grants made to organizations that carried out the Chamber's wishes."[29]
Public Citizen reported that[29]
- "In 2000, the Chamber claimed it spent $6 million on judicial races and took credit for winning 15 out of 17 state supreme court contests. In 2002, the Chamber said it planned to spend $40 million on political campaigns, divided equally between congressional and state-level attorneys general and judicial races. None of these activities were reported on their tax returns from 2000 to 2003.
- "In 2004, the first year since at least 2000 that the Chamber and the ILR reported political expenditures, both organizations appear to have underreported their spending. They reported a combined $18 million, but in a 'President's Update' memo released the day after the November elections, Chamber President Thomas Donohue claimed the group had spent up to $30 million in races around the country.
- "The Chamber and ILR also failed to report grants and allocations to outside groups as required by Line 22 of IRS Form 990. Both organizations reported no grants to outside groups from 2000 to 2004. But in a 2005 deposition, a Chamber official acknowledged that the Chamber had partnered with at least six outside groups to advance its agenda to avoid garnering unwanted critical attention. At least two 501(c) organizations, the Washington-based American Taxpayers Alliance and the Columbus-based Citizens for a Strong Ohio, reported receipt of contributions from the U.S. Chamber."
U.S. Politics
Climate Change Legislation
|Documents Contained at the Anti-Environmental Archives
Documents written by or referencing this person or organization are contained in the Anti-Environmental Archive, launched by Greenpeace on Earth Day, 2015. The archive contains 3,500 documents, some 27,000 pages, covering 350 organizations and individuals. The current archive includes mainly documents collected in the late 1980s through the early 2000s by The Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research (CLEAR), an organization that tracked the rise of the so called "Wise Use" movement in the 1990s during the Clinton presidency. Access the index to the Anti-Environmental Archives here.
In 2009, the Chamber of Commerce lobbied against climate change legislation introduced by Congress. In describing its strategy, the Chamber says it will "resist ill-conceived legislation that is economically disruptive of business and industry activities, that creates regulatory and legislative obstacles to development and deployment of affordable, innovative energy technologies, and that could severely damage the security and economy of the United States."[30] The chamber said it supports "mainstream, common sense views" on climate change, but that it opposes the Waxman-Markey Climate Bill passed by the House of Representatives on June 26, 2009.[31]
The group's opposition to the legislation has caused a rift among its corporate members. A number of companies have announced they are leaving the organization as a result of its stance on climate change regulations. Energy companies Exelon, PG&E, and PNM Resources all announced in September 2009 that they were quitting the Chamber. [32] Apple Inc also resigned from the Chamber, saying in a statement, "We would prefer that the chamber take a more progressive stance on this critical issue and play a constructive role in addressing the climate crisis"[33] Sportswear company Nike also criticized the Chamber's challenge of the U.S. EPA's authority to regulate carbon dioxide emissions as air pollution.[31] Nike said it would resign from the Chambers's board of directors, but that it would retain its membership to the organization in order to work for climate change legislation from inside the organization.[34]
Citizen Action Against the Chamber of Commerce's Stance on Climate Change
Yes Men Stage Fake Chamber of Commerce Press Conference
On October 19, 2009, anti-corporate performance artists the Yes Men issued a fake press release on behalf of the Chamber of Commerce, claiming that the Chamber had reversed its position on climate change would no longer lobby against the legislation. The activists managed to secure a room at the National Press Club to stage a press conference announcing the policy shift to reporters. The real Chamber of Commerce spokesperson Eric Wohlschlegel interrupted the event and declared the event a fraud. Afterwards, the Chamber threatened to push for a criminal investigation over the prank.[35]
Grassroots Campaigns Against the Chamber
CREDO Action, part of the Working Assets company, launched a campaign against the Chamber's stance on climate change legislation. The group is organizing an effort to urge members of the lobbying group to resign, calling on them to "denounce the Chamber's extremist position on global warming and revoke your membership effective immediately."[36]
Velvet Revolution has also organized a campaign against the Chamber of Commerce, citing its stance on climate change among other reasons to call for a reform of the corporate lobbying group.[37]
Employee Free Choice Act
In the 2009 debate over the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA), a bill that would make it easier for workers to join a union, "both the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the AFL-CIO are focusing on grassroots outreach," reported PR Week. Before the bill was introduced, "the Chamber launched the Workforce Freedom Airlift program, a series of events that fly in local small business owners to Washington," to lobby against the bill. The first "airlift," on March 10, 2009, "brought in small business owners from Pennsylvania, Virginia, Nebraska, and Louisiana." Since July 2008, the Chamber has worked with Adfero Group on an anti-EFCA "social media effort," expanding "a virtual march on Washington that was created the last time the bill went to Congress in 2007." It "allows users to register for the march as avatars and send an automatic letter to their elected officials through a Facebook application." [38]
In April 2009, the Chamber launched a "$1 million television advertising campaign that takes a new line of attack against the Employee Free Choice Act, highlighting a provision that would allow federal arbitrators to set the rules for unionization if management and employees fail to negotiate their own deal." The ads "will hit the airwaves in Nebraska, Virginia, Louisiana, North Dakota and Colorado -- states whose senators could be swing votes." Previous attacks on the bill, from the Chamber and corporate front groups like the Coalition for a Democratic Workplace and Employee Freedom Action Committee, claimed it would get rid of secret ballot elections. The bill would actually allow employees to form unions either by holding elections or signing cards. Although the "no secret ballot" claims are inaccurate, they've been effective, accorting to the Wall Street Journal. The "more than $30 million on TV ads [spent by business groups] in the past few years portraying the secret-ballot provision as antidemocratic ... pressured several key senators to reverse their prior support, leaving the bill several senators short of 60 votes." [39]
Political Action Committee, The November Fund
The Chamber sponsored The November Fund, a 527 committee that opposes what it describes as frivolous lawsuits and trial lawyers and ran negative campaign advertisements against trial lawyer John Edwards, John Kerry's running mate during the 2004 presidential race.
"Under Donohue's leadership, the Chamber has also emerged as a major player in election politics, helping elect congressional pro-business candidates through financial support and voter activism and turnout generated through the Chamber's grassroots organization," VoteForBusiness,[40] billed as "Your One-Stop Political Action, Education, and Involvement Tool".
Websites: http://www.voteforbusiness.net/ and http://www.voteforbusiness.com
Opposition to Paid Sick Leave
In Wisconsin, a local representative of the US Chamber of Commerce called the Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of Commerce lobbied together with the Wisconsin Restaurant Association for the adoption of Senate Bill 23, which overturned a local ordinance requiring paid sick leave for workers. The law "specified that paid sick leave could be used if a worker is ill, needs to care for a sick child, or obtain counseling if raped or battered, for example. The law also barred companies from penalizing workers for exercising their rights and from erecting unreasonable barriers to impede the fair use of sick leave." [41]
National Chamber Foundation
"The revitalized National Chamber Foundation, the Chamber's public policy think tank, is shaping the policy debate on cutting-edge business issues, with major new initiatives on intellectual property theft and counterfeiting, capital markets and accounting rules, and travel and tourism."[40]
Law Firm
"The National Chamber Litigation Center, the Chamber's law firm, has become more aggressive in challenging anti-business measures in court, setting a new record for cases entered in each of the last six years and securing 48 court victories in 2006."[40]
Legal Reform
The Chamber has taken a lead role in the tort reform movement. It sponsors the Institute for Legal Reform (ILR), a 501(c)6 organization, and Legal Reform Now, a coalition of business associations, think tanks, and legal reform groups. Website: http://www.instituteforlegalreform.com/
On its website, the ILR posted a "State Liability Systems Ranking" which it calls "Lawsuit Climate 2007".[42]
Opposing "Activist Judges"
In late May 2005, the Chamber's Institute for Legal Reform President Lisa Rickard announced it was going to "reign in activist attorneys general."[43] At a Chamber-sponsored conference examining the "appropriate role" of a state attorney general, several speakers "complained that 'Spitzerism' has become a dangerous model for ambitious regulators," refering to New York AG Eliot Spitzer.[44]
Madison County Record (Illinois)
The Madison County Record, "an Illinois weekly newspaper launched in September [2004] that bills itself as the county's legal journal, reports on one subject: the state courts in southern Illinois," Jeffrey H. Birnbaum reported in the Washington Post.[45]
Birnbuam pointed to a "recent front page[that] carried an assortment of stories about lawsuits against businesses. In one, a woman sought $15,000 in damages for breaking her nose at a haunted house. In another, a woman sued a restaurant for $50,000 after she hurt her teeth on a chicken breast. ... Nowhere was it reported that the U.S. Chamber of Commerce created the Record as a weapon in its multimillion-dollar campaign against lawyers who file those kinds of suits," Birnbaum wrote.[45]
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act
In October 2007, the Chamber filed a friend-of-the court filing in a class action lawsuit under consideration by the U.S. Supreme Court which originated with a California RICO lawsuit involving Microsoft and Best Buy. The Chamber stated that "RICO is getting out of control as a device against business. It has been used in more than 4,500 cases since 2001, with only 35 of those cases filed by the government."[46] The Supreme Court overturned the appeal and ruled that Microsoft and Best Buy are subject to RICO laws.[47]
The Chamber's TradeRoots website is billed as "the nation's leading sustained grassroots education program dedicated to raising public awareness of international trade on a local level."[48]
The Trade Toolbox, a "resource to help in the trade export process, ... includes trade statistics, country and market reports, best market reports, frequently asked questions and trade contacts." The Toolbox was funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Commerce.[49]
Website: http://www.traderoots.org/
TheTrueCosts.org is a now defunct website sponsored by the Chamber. In conjunction with the Coalition Against Counterfeiting and Piracy (CACP), it produced the No Trade in Fakes Supply Chain Tool Kit, which provided "proven strategies" for companies "to use to protect their supply chains from counterfeiters and modern-day pirates."
Coal and Energy
Chamber Distributes Books on Energy to Children
In 2010, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce joined with Scholastic Books to distribute roughly 100,000 books about the potential perils of government fossil fuel regulation to classrooms across the country, as part of its "Shedding Light on Energy" campaign. The book asks, "What do you think could happen if one of our energy sources was suddenly unavailable (e.g., power plant maintenance, government curb on production, etc.)?" Chamber officials maintain that there is no "hidden agenda" behind the question or the educational outreach effort in general, although the book is notably being distributed at a time when the Environmental Protection Agency is set to regulate greenhouse gas emissions.[50]
The energy industry has a long history of working to get its perspective into classrooms. In the 1970s, for example, nuclear power officials distributed comic books in schools as it dealt with the PR fallout from the near meltdown at Three Mile Island. And BP helped develop environmental lesson plans in California, the Sacramento Bee reported last month. The posters and worksheets that the Chamber will be sending out to schools aross the country is based on statistics from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, and the assignments are mostly aimed at teaching students how to use charts and graphs to convey where U.S. energy comes from and how it is used.[50]
Chamber's Institute for Energy
In March 2007, O'Dwyer's PR Daily reported that General James L. Jones, formerly the Supreme Allied Commander of NATO forces in Europe, had joined the U.S. Chamber of Commerce as a lobbyist.[51]
"Jones will head the Institute for Energy, which is to present itself as a grassroots organization. The Chamber went a similar path with the creation of the Institute for Legal Reform." Jones will focus on global warming and seek "to 'unify energy stakeholders behind a common strategy' to produce affordable and secure supplies while protecting the environment," reported O'Dwyer's, quoting Chamber president Tom Donohue.[51]
National Gas Tax
"After a Minneapolis bridge collapsed on Aug. 1, [2007,] killing 13 people, members of Congress have sought to increase the gas tax to fix 'structurally deficient' bridges and make other infrastructure repairs. ... The U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the National Association of Manufacturers, groups that don't normally agree with tax increases, support a national gas tax increase to pay for infrastructure improvements."[52]
Other Issues
Opposing National Health Care Reform
The U.S. Chamber sponsored the Campaign for Responsible Health Reform, a program launched in 2009 to convince people to preserve employer-sponsored health insurance and oppose a public insurance option in health care reform in the U.S. The Campaign aimed to convince people that a government-sponsored plan is "fiscally reckless," will "lead us down the road to total government control of our health," and that it will make those with private insurance pay even more.
The Campaign said that "a government-run plan that would have broad and unrivaled power to negotiate for low-cost services of doctors and other health care providers could put private insurers out of business."
The group's former website had a "Take Action" page that says "We can't afford to let a government-run plan raise our taxes and create long waits for treatment." It urges people to write their Congress members to oppose "government-run health care."[53]
SCHIP Veto
The Chamber is among a number of organizations which supported President George W. Bush's October 2007 veto of the SCHIP (State Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2007) bill.[54] Republicans and "some business groups" such as the Chamber contended SCHIP "should focus on poor children and the expansion [would be] a move towards government-run health care. They also worr[ied] identification rules in the Democratic SCHIP bill might allow illegal immigrants to obtain government coverage."[55]
Immigration Amnesty and Reform
The Chamber, "among others, has pushed for immigration reforms that would allow a path to citizenship for undocumented workers."[56]
In January 2004, speaking in support of amnesty for illegal aliens, Randel Y. Johnson, Chamber vice president for labor, immigration and employee benefits, said: "We need a system of 'earned targeted adjustment' for undocumented workers that fill vital roles in our economy, which would enable them to achieve legal status. We also need to expand permanent and temporary visas for workers to enter the United States legally to meet future workforce requirements."[57]
Social Security
The Chamber also has a role in promoting President George W. Bush's plan to privatize Social Security.
Lobbying Spending
The Chamber ranks first in lobbying spending in the past decade, with General Electric ranking second at $161 million, according to the Center for Responsive Politics.[58]
Political Money Line highlighted in February 2005 that the Chamber and its Institute for Legal Reform reported combined spending of $53.38 million for lobbying the Executive and Legislative branches during 2004. According to the watchdog website, "This is the largest twelve-month amount reported spent by any group."[59]
The Chamber reported spending $20,060,000 in the first six months of 2004 and $8,780,000 in the last six months of 2004. They paid forty-five lobbyists in the last six months of 2004 to lobby on thirty-two issue areas, including "Trade, Small Business, Labor, Healthcare, Defense, Appropriations, Tort Reform and other areas."[60]
The Institute for Legal Reform reported spending $10,000,000 in the first six months of 2004 and $14,540,000 in the last six months. They had five lobbyists on the payroll for the last six months of 2004, working on the tort reform issue including "Class Action Fairness, Asbestos Injury Resolution, Legal Reform, and Lawsuit Abuse Reduction."[61]
Election Cycle Spending
Other spending reported by Political Money Line or Open Secrets:
- In 2007, $21.2 million total was spent by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and its subsidiary the Institute for Legal Reform (ILR); $11.78 million for the Chamber and $9.4 million by ILR.[62]
- In 2006, $72.7 million total was spent by the Chamber and ILR; $45.7 million for the Chamber and $27 million for the ILR.[63]
- In 2005, $39.8 million total was spent by the Chamber and ILR; $20 million for the Chamber and $19.8 million for ILR.[64]
- In 2004, $53.4 million total was spent by the Chamber and ILR; $28.8 million for the Chamber and $24.5 million for ILR.[65]
- In 2003, $34.6 million total was spent by the Chamber and ILR. For the period 7/1/03 to 6/30/04 they spent $47.8 million.
- In 2002, $41.56 million total was spent by the Chamber and ILR. For the period 7/1/02 to 6/30/03 they spent $45.6 million.
- In 2001, $20.6 million total was spent by the Chamber and ILR. For the period 7/1/01 to 6/30/02 they spent $25.9 million.
The Chamber and Large Corporations
The Chamber claims to represent 3 million businesses, 96 percent of which are small, defined as having fewer than 100 employees. But the Chamber arrives at this figure by counting all businesses that are members of state and local chambers, which are independent organizations that pay a few hundreds dollars a year to affiliate with the U.S. Chamber for discounts and other programs and have no say over the national group's political activities, its lobbying, or endorsements. The U.S. Chamber's membership is actually about 300,000 businesses, and the Chamber's boardroom is mostly representatives of large corporations. Its 125-member board includes representatives of just two local chambers and a handful of small businesses. The rest are primarily from large corporations, like Pfizer, Alcoa, and JP Morgan Chase. In 2008, one-third of the $147 million the group raised came from just 19 companies.[66] In 2010, the watchdog group U.S. ChamberWatch used a disclosure law to see the Chamber's IRS 990 form. It showed that 55 percent of its funding came from just 16 companies, each of which gave more than a million dollars.[67] (Exactly which companies is unknown. U. S. law requires the Chamber to list amounts given on its annual tax return, but it is not obligated to disclose names.)[66]
In 2010, chambers in San Antonio, New York, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut began publicly moving away from the U.S. Chamber, disavowing the 2010 political attack ads that the U.S. Chamber had been broadcasting in their communities. Newer chambers, like the South Carolina Small Business Chamber of Commerce, have declined to affiliate with the national group and have been among its most vocal critics: "They get the majority of their funding from big businesses. That's who drives their decisions," explains Executive Director Frank Knapp, noting that, unlike the U. S. Chamber, his group supported the health care bill and financial reform, and favors legislation to curb global warming.[66]
Alleged Spying on Critics
In 2010, Aaron Barr, CEO of the technology security company HBGary Federal, alleged that he could exploit social media to gather information about hackers like those who supported WikiLeaks. In early 2011, Barr claimed to have used his techniques to infiltrate the Wikileaks supporter Anonymous, partly by using IRC, Facebook, Twitter, and social networking sites. His e-mails depict his intention to release information on the identities of Anonymous members and to sell it to possible clients.[68] </ref> In early February of 2011, the activist group Anonymous hacked the firm's website, copied tens of thousands of documents from HBGary, posted tens of thousands of company emails online, and usurped Barr's Twitter account.[69]
According to some of HBGary's e-mails, the Chamber of Commerce hired the lobbying firm Hunton & Williams, and attorneys for the law firm then solicited a set of private security firms — HB Gary Federal, Palantir, and Berico Technologies (collectively called Team Themis) — to develop a sabotage campaign against progressive groups and labor unions, including the group ThinkProgress, the labor coalition Change to Win, the labor union SEIU, U.S. Chamber Watch, and StopTheChamber.com. Later emails revealed that the private spy company investigated the families and children of the Chamber's political opponents. The apparent spearhead of this project was Aaron Barr, who circulated numerous emails and documents detailing information about political opponents' children, spouses, and personal lives.[70]
On February 10, 2011, the Chamber of Commerce issued a statement denying they hired HBGary, calling the allegation a "baseless smear", and blaming the Center for American Progress and its blog, ThinkProgress for "the illusion of a connection between HBGary, its CEO Aaron Barr and the Chamber."[71][72]
Chamber Campaigns
In June, 2011 the Chamber enlisted former White House Chief of Staff under President Bush Andrew Card, and Democratic former Indiana Senator Evan Bayh to put on a national "road show" to rally businesses to oppose government regulations. The road show is being handled by Chamber employee Thomas Collamore, who formerly was a vice president of Philip Morris Corporate Affairs, the department at PM that was responsible for thwarting national efforts to reduce tobacco use. The Chamber planned to formally announce the Bayh and Card road show on June 22, 2011, and then start flying the two around the country in a push to gather support for reducing regulations designed to protect the environment, consumers and workers. The Chamber plans to fight the Environmental Protection Agency's efforts to reduce greenhouse gases, push to minimize the power of the recently-created Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, block implementation of OSHA workplace safety and health programs, hamper employees' ability to join unions, and make other pro-business reforms. The Chamber has spent months soliciting millions of dollars in funding for this anti-regulatory effort from Wall Street financial firms, insurance and energy companies. [73]
Affiliated Centers / Organizations
- Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth
- Business Civic Leadership Center (BCLC)
- Essential Worker Immigration Coalition (EWIC) member [www.EWIC.org. Home]
- Global Intellectual Property Center (GIPC), Caroline Joiner, executive director[4]
- Global Regulatory Cooperation Project[74]
- Institute for a Competitive Workforce (ICW), Jan Magill, director of strategic partnerships[75]
- Institute for Energy
- Institute for Organizational Management (IOM), Athens, Georgia
- The Energy Initiative
- Particulate Matter Coalition
- Yucca Energy Solutions
Senior Management
The following are listed as members of the Chamber's senior management.[76]
- Thomas J. Donohue - President and CEO
- David C. Chavern - Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer
- Myron Brilliant - Executive Vice President and Head of International
- Lily Fu Claffee - Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, and General Counsel
- Shannon DiBari - Senior Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer
- Amanda Engstrom Eversole - Senior Vice President and Chief of Staff; Senior Vice President, U.S. Chamber Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness
- Stan Harrell - Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Information Officer
- David Hirschmann - Senior Vice President, U.S. Chamber of Commerce; President & CEO, U.S. Chamber Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness; President and CEO, the Global Intellectual Property Center
- Judy Richmond - Vice President & Senior Associate General Counsel
- Thomas Collamore - Senior Vice President, Communications and Strategy and Counselor to the President
- Carl Grant - Chairman of the President's Advisory Group
- Karen Alderman Harbert - President and CEO, Institute for 21st Century Energy
- R. Bruce Josten - Executive Vice President, Government Affairs
- Rob Engstrom - Senior Vice President, Political Affairs & Federation Relations and National Political Director
- Randy Johnson - Senior Vice President, Labor, Immigration and Employee Benefits
- William Kovacs - Senior Vice President, Environment, Technology and Regulatory Affairs
- Marty Regalia - Senior Vice President and Chief Economist
- Lisa Rickard - President, U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform, President, Workforce Freedom Initiative, Executive Vice President, U.S. Chamber of Commerce
- James Robinson - Senior Vice President and Counselor to the President
- Margaret Spellings - President, U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
- Al Martinez-Fonts - Executive Vice President, U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
- John Sullivan - Executive Director, Center for International Private Enterprise
- Agnes Warfield-Blanc - Senior Vice President, Development
United States Chamber of Commerce
1615 H Street NW
Washington, DC 20062-2000
Telephone: 202 659-6000
Fax: 202 463-5836
Website: http://www.uschamber.com/
Articles and Resources
Related SourceWatch Articles
- Ayres McHenry & Associates (biased Chamber polling firm)
- Alliance for Energy and Economic Growth
- Alliance to Save Main Street Jobs
- Bush administration U.S. attorney firings controversy
- Business Roundtable
- Campaign for Responsible Health Reform
- Coalition for Economic Growth and American Jobs
- Employee Free Choice Act
- International Chamber of Commerce
- Particulate Matter Coalition
- The November Fund
- Transatlantic Policy Network
- Jay Van Andel - former chair (1979)
- Yucca Energy Solutions
- Craig L. Fuller - board member
- Stuart L. Levenick
External Resources
External Articles
See U.S. Chamber of Commerce:External articles
- ↑ Matt Stoller, "Tom Donahue, the 'Gang of 6' and Red America," MyDD, December 13, 2006.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Eric Lipton, Mike McIntire, and Don Van Natta Jr., Top Corporations Aid U.S. Chamber of Commerce Campaign, The New York Times, October 21, 2010.
- ↑ U.S. Chamber of Commerce, About, .
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fibre2fashion.com, "USA : Chamber backs fight against internet piracy," U.S. Chamber of Commerce profile via Fibre2Fashion.com, October 19, 2007.
- ↑ Tom Lochner, Chamber hopes local promotion of green business produces national results" ContraCostaTimes, October 22, 2007.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 American Legislative Exchange Council, Civil Justice Task Force Meeting Agenda, August 5, 2011, on file with CMD
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 American Legislative Exchange Council, "Education Task Force Meeting," agenda and meeting materials, August 5, 2011, on file with CMD
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 American Legislative Exchange Council, International and Federal Relations Task Force meeting and Federal Relations Working Group, meeting agenda and materials, August 4, 2011, on file with CMD
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 American Legislative Exchange Council, ALEC 40th Anniversary Annual Meeting Board Meeting packet, organizational documents, August 6, 2013, released by The Guardian December 3, 2013.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 American Legislative Exchange Council, "Telecommunications & Information Technology Task Force Meeting," agenda and meeting materials, August 5, 2011, on file with CMD
- ↑ LinkedIn, Page Faulk, online business profile, accessed August 31, 2011
- ↑ Stanton D. Anderson, Testimony to the U.S. Sentencing Commission, U.S. Chamber of Commerce document, November 14, 2005, accessed September 2, 2011
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Dan Stamm, "Paid Sick Leave Veto Override Falls 1 Vote Short", NBC Philadelphia, April 11, 2013
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Brendan Fischer, "Paid Sick Days Defeat in Philadelphia Followed Familiar Script", PRWatch, April 17, 2013
- ↑ Center for Responsive Politics, U.S. Chamber of Commerce Profile., organizational profile - via opensecrets.org, Accessed 11/2/2012.
- ↑ David Fredosso, U.S. Chamber Aims to Spend $75 Million on Midterm Elections, Washington Examiner, July 2, 2010.
- ↑ Chamber Post, On the Verge of a New Beginning for Business, organizational blog, November 1, 2010.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 November 2010, US Chamber of Commerce: Leading the Charge in Electing a Republican Congress, a report by U.S. Chamber Watch.
- ↑ Tom Hamburger, "Chamber of Commerce vows to punish anti-business candidates", Los Angeles Times, January 8, 2008.
- ↑ Jim Kuhnhenn, Big money: Outside groups spending for Republicans, Boston.com, October 26, 2010.
- ↑ Scott Keyes, Kissing Cousins: How The U.S. Chamber Of Commerce And American Crossroads Hook Up To Elect Republicans, Think Progress, October 7, 2010.
- ↑ Elspeth Reeve, Local Branches Leave Chamber of Commerce as it Lurches Rightward, The Atlantic Wire, Dec. 07, 2010 (compiling stories from several sources).
- ↑ Jeanne Cummings, Angry Member Groups Shun U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Politico, Dec. 7, 2010.
- ↑ Majority of Donations to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Given by Just 64 Entities, Common Dreams, February 7, 2014.
- ↑ National Desk, Watchdog Groups Request Criminal Fraud and Money Laundering Investigations against The U.S. Chamber, American Chronicle, September 15, 2010.
- ↑ Staff reports, U.S. Chamber of Commerce Charged with Money Laundering Tactics, Appomattox News - Accessed via Wayback Machine, January 15, 2010.
- ↑ Peter H. Stone Health Insurers Funded Chamber Attack Ads, NationalJournal.com - accessed via Wayback Machine, January 12, 2010.
- ↑ Public Citizen, Complaint filed with the IRS, organizational complaint, October 31, 2006.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Public Citizen, News Release: "U.S. Chamber of Commerce Failed to Report Electioneering Spending and Grants, Public Citizen Asks IRS to Investigate. Chamber Spent Millions to Influence State and Federal Races,", news release, October 31, 2006.
- ↑ U.S. Chamber of CommerceClimate Change, organizational website, accessed May 24 2013.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Deborah Zabarenko, Rift at U.S. Chamber of Commerce over climate change, Scientific American, September 30, 2009.
- ↑ Keith Johnson, Out the Door: Exelon Leaves Chamber of Commerce over Climate Policy], Wall Street Journal, September 28, 2009.
- ↑ Jenna Staul, Apple Quits Chamber Of Commerce Over Climate Change, Huffington Post, October 5, 2009.
- ↑ Jenna Staul, Nike Quits Chamber Of Commerce Board Of Directors, Huffington Post, September 30, 2009.
- ↑ Sam Stein, Yes Men Pull Off Chamber Of Commerce Hoax On Climate Change, Huffington Post, October 19, 2009.
- ↑ CREDO Action, Quit the Chamber. Join the Planet, organizational website - accessed by Wayback Machine, accessed October 2009.
- ↑ StopTheChamber.com, organizational website - accessed by Wayback Machine, accessed October 2009.
- ↑ Jaimy Lee, "Sides in 'card check' debate intensify PR efforts," PR Week, March 20, 2009.
- ↑ Brody Mullins, "New Ads Intensify Fight on Union Bill," Wall Street Journal (sub req'd), April 13, 2009.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Management: Donohue, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, accessed October 22, 2007.
- ↑ Rebekah Wilce, Flu with that Burger? Alec Wants Sick People Serving You Food, PR Watch, October 19, 2011.
- ↑ InstituteforLegalReform, Lawsuit Climate 2007: Rating the States, organizational website, accessed October 22, 2007.
- ↑ USNewswire, News Release: U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform: Rein in Activist State Attorneys General; Curb 'Regulation through Litigation' and Contingency Fee Deals, press release, May 26, 2005.
- ↑ Barrie McKenna, Corporate America declares war on 'Spitzerism', The Globe and Mail (Toronto, Canada), May 27, 2005.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, Advocacy Groups Blur Media Lines. Some Push Agendas By Producing Movies, Owning Newspapers, Washington Post, December 6, 2004.
- ↑ Scott Bekker, Microsofted Up. Mafia law pops up in legal dispute over Microsoft-Best Buy arrangement, Redmond Channel Partner Online, October 16, 2007.
- ↑ eFluxMedia.com, Supreme Court: Microsoft, Best Buy Subject to Racketeering Laws, organizational report - accessed via the wayback machine, October 16, 2007.
- ↑ TradeRoots.org, Home, organizational website, accessed May 24, 2013.
- ↑ TradeRoots.org, Trade toolbox, organizational website - accessed via Wayback Machine, archived July 3, 2013.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Josh Voorhees, "Chamber: Worry about energy regulations, kids" Politico, Oct. 19, 2010.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 O'Dwyer's PR Daily, Jones Works Energy Front, organizational website (sub req'd), March 5, 2007.
- ↑ Jim Snyder, '...We are absolutely failing ... in how the system is performing', The Hill, October 19, 2007.
- ↑ Campaign for Responsible Health Reform, Take Action, organizational website, accessed August 18, 2009.
- ↑ Campaigns & Elections, "Barrett Supports Bush On SCHIP," organizational website, October 18, 2007.
- ↑ Mike Sunnucks, SCHIP override falls short, The Business Journal of Phoenix, October 18, 2007.
- ↑ Josh Flory, The Reich Way. Former labor secretary, author calls for Americans to reclaim democracy, Knoxville News Sentinel Co., October 20, 2007.
- ↑ Federation for American Immigration Reform, Organizations Supporting Amnesty for Illegal Aliens, organizational website, accessed May 24 2013.
- ↑ Dan Morain, "Tinseltown filling campaign coffers. Democrats are reaping the benefits of wealthy and glamorous donors while entertainment executives hope to be heard in Washington," Los Angeles Times, October 18, 2007.
- ↑ Political Money Line Staff,From Political Money Line: Chamber of Commerce Lobbying Skyrockets to New Record, The New York Times, February 23, 2007.
- ↑ U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Lobbying Report for 2004: Chamber of Commerce of the USA, organizational document - accessed via Wayback Machine, February 1, 2005.
- ↑ U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform, Lobbying Report for 2004: U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform, organizational document - accessed via Wayback Machine,
- ↑ Center for Responsive Politics, Lobbying database, 2007: U.S. Chamber of Commerce, organizational website, accessed October 22, 2007.
- ↑ Center for Responsive Politics, Lobbying database, 2006: U.S. Chamber of Commerce, organizational website, accessed October 22, 2007.
- ↑ Center for Responsive Politics, Lobbying database, 2005: U.S. Chamber of Commerce, organizational website, accessed October 22, 2007.
- ↑ Center for Responsive Politics, Lobbying database, 2004: U.S. Chamber of Commerce, organizational website, accessed October 22, 2007.
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Stacy Mitchell, Will the Real Voice of Small Business Please Stand Up?, Yes! Magazine, Nov. 2, 2010.
- ↑ Bill McKibben, The Chamber of Commerce is darkening our skies, Grist, Feb. 22, 2011.
- ↑ Nate Anderson, How one man tracked down Anonymous - and paid a heavy price, Ars Technica, Feb 9 2011.
- ↑ [[Peter Bright, Law & Disorder: Tech Law and Policy in the Digital Age, Ars Technica, February 15, 2011.
- ↑ Joseph Romm, Bombshell: Chamber of Commerce lobbyists solicited firm to investigate opponents' families, children, ThinkProgress, Feb. 13, 2011.
- ↑ Tom Collamore, More Baseless Attacks on the Chamber, Free Enterprise, February 10, 2011.
- ↑ Tom Collamore, Another Smear from the Center for American Progress, Free Enterprise, February 11, 2011.
- ↑ Peter H. Stone, Chamber of Commerce hires odd couple Evan Bayh and Andy Card for anti-regs roadshow IWatchNews, June 7, 2011.
- ↑ Deborah Platt Majoras, Remarks of Deborah Platt Majoras, Chairman, Federal Trade Commission, before the U.S. Chamber of Commerce on the launch of its Global Regulatory Cooperation Project, July 17, 2007.
- ↑ Nell Luter Ford, "Still a job to do," The Clarion-Ledger, October 21, 2007.
- ↑ U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Management, organizational website, accessed May 9 2013.


text:
This is a pretty big and general question, but I'm interested to hear some opinions from fellow StackExchangians:
Over the 20th century, how did the United States evolve into being a world superpower?
Generally, I think the USA's progression can be grouped into 4 periods, with the "superpower" phase starting around 1945:
- Discovery - emergence of a new country: Constitution, government structure, values of freedom and democracy, radical new vision
- Development - domestic changes: Civil War, Industrial Revolution, immigration, cities, growing inward power
- Looking Outward - international affairs: Cuba, Philippines, WWI, WWII
- Superpower - starts with atomic bombs on Japan, fully involved with world affairs, Korean War, War in Vietnam
Did the founding goal of America to be a beacon of democracy and freedom inherently decide that it would become a superpower? Was this superpower a goal or a byproduct?
What do you think?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Print this page
Customer Reviews for Mizuno Jinx Sport Top - Women's
This product is no longer available. Continue shopping at
Mizuno Jinx Sport Top - Women's
The Mizuno Jinx Sport Top offers a complete moisture-management system. The DryLite® technology pulls perspiration away from the body, allowing you to stay cool, dry and comfortable. A smooth fit is accomplished with a Dynamic Plus® design that allows the garment to move with you, reducing friction and stress. In addition, the BodyFit construction provides support to targeted muscle groups. UPF 40+ offers protection from harmful UV rays. Other features include an internal adjustable bra for medium support, hidden back-zipper storage pocket, mesh inserts for increased ventilation, reflective logos and an accent print on the side. 92% polyester/8% spandex. Imported.
Customer Reviews for
Mizuno Jinx Sport Top - Women's
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text:
The Office of Admissions hosts this annual event which gives Columbia/Barnard undergraduates the opportunity to mingle with current law students who are Columbia and Barnard alumni/ae.
© Copyright 2016, The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York.
For questions or comments, please contact the web administrators.
435 West 116 Street, New York, NY 10027 — 212-854-2640


text:
23 Aug 2013 1:08 AM #1
Building Sencha Touch 2 + Phonegap Application for Android : Windows
Good day, i just want to share on how i successfully build Sencha Touch Application for Android (.Apk) devices.
Below are the steps:
1. Install Phonegap on CMD: download first nodeJS then execute npm install -g phonegap on command prompt - http://phonegap.com/install/
2. Download Android SDK : http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html
3. Download Sencha Touch 2.1 : http://www.sencha.com/products/touch/download/
4. Download and Install Sencha CMD 3.0 beta : http://www.sencha.com/products/sencha-cmd/download
5. Download ANT : http://ant.apache.org/
6. Java SDK
Building Sencha Touch 2 + Phonegap Application to .APK Android file Steps:
1. Cd to Sencha Touch SDK Folder(sencha touch 2.2.1) then Create Sencha Touch Project in Command Prompt : Sencha generate app AppNAme Path
sencha generate app Device C:\MobileProject\DeviceCode:
sencha app build packageCode:
create.bat C:\MobileProject\Device\build\Device\android com.company.Device Device
--path <path_to_your_project> on default Users\yourname path on cmd
to check available target type android target list
android update project --name Device --target 1 --path C:\MobileDeviceProject\Device\build\Device\android
{ "path": "cordova.js"}
Now edit build.xml on Sencha Project then add
<target name="-after-build"> <!--Delete content og android web root --> <delete dir="${build.dir}/android/assets/www"/> <copy todir="${build.dir}/android/assets/www"> <fileset dir="${build.dir}/package"/> </copy> </target>
ant debug && adb install -r ./bin/MyApp-debug.apk
Online Reference:
23 Aug 2013 3:29 AM #2
Thank , i will test it.
Do you know sencha 2.2.1 wil work too ?
23 Aug 2013 4:29 AM #3
Still not work
I have done that , but still get error on using cordova functions.
Example TypeError: navigator.notification is undefined
26 Aug 2013 12:16 PM #4
Thanks for putting this together.
26 Aug 2013 6:27 PM #5
what version of phonegap do you use? phonegap 2.9?
can you provide an guide of integration sencha touch 2.X +phonegap 3.0
27 Aug 2013 5:08 PM #6
Hi feiqiao, i used phonegap 2.9.0. There is nothing change on the steps even you used phonegap 3.0.
Best Regards
12 Sep 2013 12:53 PM #7
Buil Failed
Hello, i followed the steps and everything was going smooth but the last step that is:
ant debug && adb install -r ./bin/Expo2013.apk
BUILD FAILED F:\android-sdk_r22.0.5-windows\android-sdk-windows\tools\ant\build.xml:649: The following error occurred while executing this line: F:\android-sdk_r22.0.5-windows\android-sdk-windows\tools\ant\build.xml:690: null returned: 1 Total time: 1 second can't find './bin/Expo2013.apk' to install
17 Sep 2013 10:00 PM #8
I have some issues here after the apk built and installed, the splash screen (cordova showing device is ready) but it will never go to the page that I code. Please help...
18 Sep 2013 6:12 PM #9
Hi please try Sencha Cordova builder https://github.com/bricemason/sencha...er/tree/master created by Brice Mason to create phonegap android project then do my step 6 to create apk file.
10 Oct 2013 5:39 PM #10
Sencha Cmd 4.0 support phonegap & cordova
Sencha Cmd version 4.0 and later provides access to Cordova and PhoneGap. You can easily enable or disable access, package an app, and run an emulator or simulator. You can use the Sencha Cmd Cordova and PhoneGap commands to package and emulate a Touch or an Ext JS app. (from Sencha Touch 2.3 documents, see here).
It's simple. but I don't know how to package a production apk with Sencha Cmd 4.0. Are there any configurations for packaging?


text:
Bikes for free+parking - Vintage Apartment Very Colorful
Size60 m²
Floor No.
- Internet/WiFi
- Towels
- Family/child friendly
- Kitchen
- Parking available
- Washer/dryer
- Baby cot
|Rynek Podgorski, 30-518 Krakow, Poland
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
It's a brand new refurbished apartment, luminous and airy, with magnifying view over the St. Joseph's Church and Podgorze Market Square. This is a great family apartment and also a romantic getaway for couples to enjoy. We are pleased to invite you to our 2 room apartment situated in Stare Podgórze. The flat consists of the following: Master bedroom: large double beds, wardrobe and bedside tables. Large Lounge: dining table, settee convert to a double bed, TV, WiFi. Bathroom which has a shower, toilet and basin. Fully fitted kitchen, fully functional with all crockery, cutlery, pots and pans, fridge with freezer, dishwasher, oven with hobs, washing machine, microwave, coffee machine, kettle, toaster and sandwich toaster. Gas/Central heating. Can sleep 4 people. Suit, visitors and holiday-makers, families, executives/ professionals. Coffee, tea, sugar provided. Bedding, towels etc. provided. Hair dryer, iron provided. Dustpan and brush. Basic kitchen and bathroom cleaning detergents. Bin liners, sponges, dish and tea towels.
Apartment is perfectly located not only to explore but also to relax in the city. Just around the corner you will find Father L.Bernatek bridge over the Vistula that will take you to the Jewish Kazimierz District. Right next to the apartment there is walking and cycling path going along the Vistula river- takes 15 mins walk/ 5 mins ride to get to Wawel.
Most of the local amenities are fantastically varied, offering free activities, nature walks, picnics along the riverside or in the park and explorations. Shops, restaurants, coffee shops located in the same building/ street.
We are centrally located so have some of the best transport links in Krakow: Tram/Bus station located 2 mins walk from the apartment.
Taxis located next to the building entrance.
No Shoes around the house.
Strictly no Smoking.
Its a private development, so maintain the noise level down in respect for the neighbors.
150 deposit, which is held against breakages and the total amount is returnable when you leave.
|Price for > 2 guests
|$ 16 AU per guest/night extra
|Check-in after
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|Cancellation Policy
Nice apartment close by the best place in Krakow (Kazimierz). We can truly recomend this apartment. And the best restaurant in kazimierz that served lovely pirogi and potato pancake was Marchewka on mostowa street.
Thank´s Beata for renting this apartment to us.
Perfect host and perfect apartment! Beata is very kind and told us everything we need to know about the apartment. We could call her when necessary. The apartment is spacious, clean, pleasant, and very comfortable. The bedroom is at the back of the house, where it is very quiet, The location is strategic: everyting is nearby: tram, taxi, shops, restaurants. It is easy that there are two bikes.
Thank you Beata, we hope to see you again. Wim and Petra.
this was a really great place to stay at!! The apartment was very clean and big,the surroundings were great and Beatas sister which we met was very sweet
and helpful!!
The apartment is very clean, freshly renovated and fully equipped. It is situated close to the city center and tourist attractions, one can just walk around. We had a car and it was not a problem as well, because the car can be parked in the inner yard, which is much more convenient than to leave it on the street.
Groceries, bakeries and small shops are also in walking distance.
Special thanks to Beate - our flight was delayed for over one hour, and she was waiting for our late arrival patiently. She is very helpful and easy-going, best recommendations both to the apartment and the hostess!
Super Wohnung in Krakau
+ zentral
+ ruhig
+ sehr angenehm eingerichtet
+ Parkplatz im Innenhof
+ schnell und einfach von der Autobahn zu erreichen
+ wenige Minuten ins Szeneviertel Kasimierz
+ einfache und freundliche Kommunikation
:-) immer wieder gerne! Danke Beata!
Schönes, sauberes und großes Apartment in toller Lage.
Sogar der Kühlschrank war mit einer Flasche Wasser, einer Flasche Cola sowie frischen Tomaten und Gurken gefüllt.
Zwei kleine negative Aspekte:
- Es gab, trotz Nachfrage, nur ein Handtuch pro Person.
- Die Fahrräder waren nur für Personen unter 1,70 Meter Größe gut zu gebrauchen und hatten kein Licht.....aber dafür hält die Straßenbahn fast direkt vor der Haustür.
eine tolle saubere wohnung. mit allen was man braucht. kann man als sehr gut bezeichnen.würde ich immer wieder nehmen.ein anruf und beata in wenige minuten da.mit den schlüssel. ich bedanke mich.das ich sie mieten durfte.liebe beata wünsche dir viele liebe geste. alles gute... johannes jarosch
What an absolutely brilliant apartment and a lovely area to visit. The area is just south of the river in the Jewish ghetto area and very close to Kazimierz with all the lovely resturants and bars. It really is the best of both worlds close enough to walk into the main square but far enough away to enjoy local, real Poland.
The apartment was spotless clean, well equipped, lovely design and warm.
I still can't believe the standard and location of this apartment for the money. I would highly recommend it.
Beata was a great host, quick responses during booking etc, made arrangements for key and return of deposit to suit our plans.
Thank you
We stayed at the apartment for 5 days. Like to thank you for your hospitality and the stay at your apartment. It was well equiped and have missed nothing even tables for the dishwasser were avalable. The apartment is located close to the Kazimierz area (less than 5 minutes walk) and city center (20 minutes walk). Just around the corner you have some great restaurants. The super market and backer is only a 1 minute walk. Really great place to be.
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


text:
Its nice when games have riddles hidden in them. While playing TES:Arena, I came across an unusual logical puzzle: There are 3 cells.
If Cell 3 holds worthless brass, Cell 2 holds the gold key.
If Cell 1 holds the gold key, Cell 3 holds worthless brass.
If Cell 2 holds worthless brass, Cell 1 holds the gold key.
Knowing this brave fool, and knowing that all that is said cannot be true, which cell contains the gold key?
The correct answer is Cell 2 as suggested by the game. I wanted to know how one could logically arrive at the result. Could anyone help me with this?
What I tried: I negated all the above statements. The first implication became Cell 3 holds worthless brass AND Cell 2 does not have gold key. But if this is true, then cell 2 does not have the gold key and the result is incorrect. Hence I had this doubt.
PS: Choosing the wrong door causes man eating spiders to be released.


text:
Why are nearly all amino acids in organisms left-handed (exception is glycine which has no isomer) when abiotic samples typical have an even mix of left- and right-handed molecules?
I know that you are referring to the commonly ribosome-translated L-proteins, but I can't help but add that there are some peptides, called nonribosomal peptides, which are not dependent on the mRNA and can incorporate D-amino acids. They have very important pharmaceutical properties. I recommend this (1) review article if you are interested in the subject. It is also worth mentioning that D-alanine and D-glutamine are incorporated into the peptidoglycane of bacteria.
I read several papers (2, 3, 4) that discuss the problem of chirality but all of them conclude that there is no apparent reason why we live in the L-world. The L-amino acids should not have chemical advantages over the D-amino acids, as biocs already pointed out.
Reasons for the occurrence of the twenty coded protein amino acids (2) has an informative and interesting outline. This is the paragraph on the topic of chirality:
It might be possible that both L and D lives were present (L/D-amino acids, L/D-enzymes recognizing L/D-substrates), but, by random chance the L-world outcompeted the D-world.
I also found the same question in a forum where one of the answers seems intriguing. I cannot comment on the reliability of the answer, but hopefully someone will have the expertise to do so:
The ribosome holds the peptide-bound tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA in the right orientation to catalyze the peptidyltransferase reaction.
If the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA was the other enantiomer, the amino acid moiety would not fit properly into the ribosome active site. In other words, the shape of the ribosome selects for specific amino acid enantiomers. In abiotic mixes, the creation of amino acids and their polymerization is non-catalytic, and so there is no specificity or selection for certain enantiomers.
If you're asking the "biogenesis" question, then I think the answer is that we don't know the original selection, and it may just be chance. But once biochemistry began making and using them, of course they were all the same. But frankly "why not D-amino acids" makes about as much sense as "why not 22 amino acids, or 23, or 24, or 25?" Because that's what happened.
As far as I know, it is unknown why we only see left-handed and not right–handed amino acids. A recent article speculates that the weak force could be responsible for a tiny asymmetry in energy levels between the stereo-isomers. However, if the effect is tiny, its hard to see why it should have biological implications. In 2004, Tamura and Schimmel showed that RNA has a preference for L-amino acids, whereas mirrored RNA has a preference for D-amino acids. They conclude:
So the next question is: Why do we observe only one kind of RNA? It could just be by chance, that a polymer of one RNA configuration became self-replicating.
The normal results of an attempt to assemble proteins with mixed chiral amino acids is a protein that fails to fold.
The general assumption due to this result is a choice has to be made very early on to use all right-handed or all left-handed amino acids. There doesn't seem to be any particular reason to choose one way over the other except for prevalence.


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From Noisebridge
Revision as of 06:46, 28 December 2012 by 188.8.131.52 (Talk)
to do
- add to specs and development software, and add more specific, useful information.
- source lab hardware and software for quagga, install and add how-to's for use here on the noisebridge wiki
- develop install list, i.e. android SDK, openOCD, etc.


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Given a trivalent tree (graph without loops with valence of 3+ at each vertex) on N marked points, let's assign to each vertex the number (its valence - 3)! (note the ! at the end). Take the product of these numbers over all vertices in the graph. Sum the resulting products over all trivalent graphs on N marked points. The answer seems to be $(N-2)^{N-2}$. I would guess this is well-known. Is there something I can reference? Thanks.
This is just building off the previous discussion -- I will just give some indication of why Dan's $f$ and $g$ are Legendre transforms of each other. This is essentially a fleshed out version of some of what Frédéric was saying that I wanted to work out in detail -- it would look too small and ugly as a comment.
We're going to use some basic facts about the Lambert W-function.Lambert W-function and the Legendre transformation, but nothing past what you can find in those Wikipedia links.
First, showing that $f$ and $g$ are Legendre transforms of each other is essentially showing that their derivatives are compositional inverses of each other. So we will show this for $f^\prime$ and $g^\prime$, and not use anything else about the Legendre transformation.
The Lambert $W$ function $W(x)$ is defined by the functional equation $x=W e^W$. You recognize it's coming into play when you start seeing $n^n$ terms, as they show up in the taylor expansion of it and simple expressions related to it. In particular, wikipedia tells us that:
$$\left(\frac{W}{x}\right)^r = e^{-rW}=\sum_{n\geq 0} r(n+r)^{(n-1)} \frac{(-x)^n}{n!}$$
The first equation is the functional equation, and in general to get the taylor expression you want to use Lagrange inversion and the functional equation.
In any case, if we set $r=-1$, take $0^0=1$ and hopefully not make any sign errors, we should obtain
$$g^\prime(x)=1-e^{W(-x)}.$$ Simple calculus gives $$f^\prime=-(1-x)\ln(1-x).$$ From these expressions it is immediate that $f^\prime(g^\prime(x))=x$ by using the functional equation for $W$.
I think Alex is using some terminology from moduli spaces without mentioning it and that the question should be interpreted as follows. We are interested in counting trees such that each internal vertex has degree at least three. A "marked point" on the graph means an extremal vertex. The marked points should be labeled, but the internal vertices are not. Finally we assign a weight to each internal vertex by $(\mathrm{valence} - 3)!$ and take the product of all weights. For example when $N=5$:
So we get the sum 27. I would be interested to know some context for this question.
Here is an equivalent reformulation of the problem. Define the two power series $$f = \frac{x^2} 2 - \sum_{n\geq 3} (n-3)!\frac{x^n}{n!}$$ and $$g = \frac{x^2}2+\sum_{n \geq 3}(n-2)^{n-2}\frac{x^n}{n!}.$$ Your assertion is equivalent to that $f$ and $g$ are Legendre transforms of each other. I looked at this a bit but couldn't show it, perhaps because I do not even see a way of finding a closed formula for $g$. The connection between Legendre transforms and enumeration of trees is explained in E. Getzler, "Operads and moduli spaces of genus zero Riemann surfaces" section 5, as well as in the introduction of E. Getzler, "The semiclassical approximation for modular operads".


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Oracle hosted the Chief Security Officers Summit in San Francisco during Oracle's largest technology event, Oracle OpenWorld 2011. Chief security officers and chief information security officers from a range of industries were in attendance. The agenda focused on reducing security risk, improving compliance, and how security could unlock the potential of cloud, mobile, and social computing. Experts discussed how today's security risks require a "Security Inside Out" approach to fully protect your enterprise applications and data, whether on-premise or in cloud, social, and mobile environments.
Here are the on-demand replays from the day's presentations:
See presentations from the Oracle Chief Security Officer Summit held in March 2011.


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New media channels and data raise agency profits
Now that the recession is arguably over, direct marketing agencies are in an especially fortunate position. Given their efficiency and accountability, they're poised for success in the data driven digital marketing revolution — and business is finally beginning to grow, according to many agency heads.
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Vandalism: Door damaged on vacant house in the 700 block of Rosswell Avenue in a break-in attempt, Saturday.
Theft: Apartment door forced open in the 600 block of North Fifth Street and laptop computer taken, Saturday.
Cited: Benjamin Tredway, 24, 3228 Orchard St., Weirton, marked lanes, driving without a license; Heather N. Patrick, 24, Apartment 23, 901 Bank St., Toronto, loud car stereo; Kazimierez Bednarek, 63, Apartment 2F, 601 McDowell Ave., defective vehicle; Regina L. Marker, 43, Hopedale, failure to reinstate license; Steven K. Hendershot, 30, 339 Lincoln Ave., Mingo Junction, no turn signal, defective vehicle and driving with suspended license; and Chaz M. Taylor, 22, RD 1, Colliers, expired registration.
Arrested: Robert A. Goncalves, 30, 914 N. Sixth St., bench warrant out of municipal court, Saturday.
Arrested: Ashley Moore, 22, 1502 Ridge Ave., assault, Sunday.
Vandalism: Rear window of vehicle broken in the 600 block of Grandview Avenue, Sunday.
Charged: Arthur J. Thompson, 50, 447 S. Seventh St., open container, Sunday.
Arrested: Bryant Owens, no age or address listed by police, driving with suspended license and bench warrant out of municipal court, today.
Arrested: Ricki Britton, no age or address listed by police, bench warrant out of municipal court and possession of drug paraphernalia, today.
Jefferson County
Cited: Kabarey Harris, 40, 417 Maxwell Ave., Steubenville, driving with suspended license; Justin V. Schultz, 27, 1227 Pennsylvania Ave., Steubenville, speeding; Cortney A. Johnson, 23, East Liverpool, speeding; Linda F. Shuppas, 41, 509 Center Ave., Steubenville, speeding; Janie J. Vota, 50, St. Clairsville, speeding; Brian K. Brown, 42, 2610 Cleveland Ave., Steubenville, speeding; Chelsey L. Johnson, 18, 130 Gilson Ave., Weirton, speeding; Zacchaeus A. Kellas, 20, Wheeling, speeding; Lucy D. Rairigh, 61, 436 county Road 60, Bergholz, speeding; Robert D. Maris Jr., 24, 332 county Road 22A, Bloomingdale, speeding and no seat belt; Kaitlyn L. Wenger, 22, Apartment 3, 404 Lovers Lane, Steubenville, driving with suspended license; Timothy T. Jones, 61, 753 Cable Road, Weirton, speeding; Kathleen S. Burson, 38, Marysville, speeding; Autumn B. Kovach, 35, 3137 Elm St., Weirton, speeding and revoked license; Jodi L. Fram, 40, 3228 Orchard St., Weirton, driving with suspended license; Vanessa Jackson, 27, 1198 Bantam Ridge Road, Wintersville, driving with suspended license; Jennifer Haspel, 43, 343 Bantam Ridge Road, Wintersville, driving with suspended license and red light; and Jason W. Ely, 19, 130 Ohio St., Mingo Junction, speeding.
Theft: Safe containing coin collections and jewelry taken from house on state Route 152, Richmond, during the past couple of weeks.
Arrested: Melinda Ann Ohler, 38, 516 Rose St., Follansbee, second-offense driving under the influence, May 12.
Arrested: David Joseph Scheetz, 43, 516 Rose St., Follansbee, public intoxication and disorderly conduct, May 12.
Arrested: Deborah Marie Ujevich, 46, 155 Talbott Drive, Wintersville, second-offense driving under the influence and driving while suspended, May 18.
Arrested: Josep Elsworth Berryman, 55, 1795 McKims Ridge Road, Colliers, driving under the influence with a minor.
Arrested: Melanie June Winters, 40, of 108 Shepard Ave., Follansee, driving under the influence.
Cited: Joseph C. Brubaker, 64, Cambridge, Ohio, no proof of insurance.


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Imagine that you are in the following situation: You write up a proof which eventually gets published. There you need a result which is not so well-known but it is contained in another paper P; therefore you just cite it. You read P and come to the conclusion: It's awful. You need plenty of time to insert the details or even correct it. It may also happen that the proof is somewhat too complicated because in your situation it is much easier. Maybe you have found a shorter proof, but based on the ideas in P. Now what do you do? Several options come into my mind:
- Just cite the paper without any further explanation.
- Cite the paper but give a short hint how to simplify the arguments.
- Cite the paper but give a more elaborate explanation of the arguments.
- Write up the details of the proof of the desired result in your situation and remark somewhere that it was inspired by the paper P.
For each option there are pros and cons. For example, you don't want to blow up your proof with material which does not seem be so important. Also, you don't want to bore your readers. This favors the first options. On the other hand, you might want to be sure that the readers understand the argument and don't have to read P. This favors the last options. What do you think, which option is your favorite and why? Also, are there other appropriate options?


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- Injection molded black Nylon.
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TOPEKA — Newly confirmed Kansas Court of Appeals Judge Caleb Stegall says the state's residents want their public servants to show more loyalty to the state and their neighbors than to a particular political party.
Stegall said Wednesday that loyalty to what he called "our mutual home" and to the common good will continue to drive him as he serves on the state's second-highest court.
His appointment to the court by Republican Gov. Sam Brownback was confirmed Wednesday by the GOP-dominated state Senate on a 32-8 vote.
Stegall told The Associated Press that he's honored by the confidence that both Brownback and state senators have shown in him.
He declined to comment on the vote, which was along party lines.
He doesn't know when he will be sworn in.
Location, ST | website.com


text: Video: Memorial Cup arrives in Mississauga Add to ... CP Video Published Friday, May 20, 2011 12:56PM EDT Last updated Friday, May 20, 2011 12:56PM EDT Coaches and players say they're ready for the emotions and stresses of the Memorial Cup. The tournament kicks off with the Saint John Sea Dogs against the Mississauga St. Michael's Majors, while the Owen Sound Attack face the Kootenay Ice Saturday. Watch More Video: For these sisters, Junior Olympics could be path out of homelessness Video: Sports fans can be virtually in the game Video: Meet some of the athletes on the Refugee Olympic Team New Blue Jays outfielder 'complements' team: GM Canadian teen says defeating Kyrgios at Rogers Cup was a 'miracle' Don Cherry, Ron MacLean make mark on Walk of Fame A quick look at Rio flagbearer Rosie MacLennan Usain Bolt says 'good to send strong message' against Russian doping Canada sending biggest beach volleyball team yet to Rio Sidney Crosby shows off Stanley Cup to hometown fans Sidney Crosby senses 'excitement' in hometown over Cup arrival James Hinchcliffe looks for season's first victory at Indy Toronto 'Rogue Tenor' Romigio Pereira breaks his silence 'Lone wolf' member of the Tenors inserts 'All Lives Matter' into O Canada China seeks private approach to gymnastics Golfer Alena Sharp on joining Brooke Henderson at Rio Games Fans celebrate arrival of team Portugal and Euro trophy 'Wait till next year': Fans react to Raonic's Wimbledon loss Faces of battle: A look at the contorted faces of tennis titans Raonic and Federer Maple Leafs legends on hand for centennial season launch Comments AA Follow us on Twitter: @Globe_Sports


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Let's say we have a spherically symmetric fluid: $$ T^{\alpha \beta} = \begin{bmatrix} \rho & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & p & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & p & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & p \end{bmatrix} $$ where $\rho$ and $p$ are functions of the radial coordinate r.
If $p=-\rho/3$ this would be traceless, and possibly compatible with an electro-vacuum solution (Are there other necessary conditions for compatibility besides the stress-energy tensor being traceless?). While it would probably be unstable, is there a singularity free electrovacuum solution of GR which is stationary?
It seems that this has enough symmetry that someone skilled with differential-geometry and GR could actually probably just solve this themselves. I'm interested in not just the answer, but also in seeing the process of how to solve this in GR. So please include any work in your solution, thank you!


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Sakurai states that if we have a complete, maximal set of compatible observables, say $A,B,C...$ Then, an eigenvector represented by $|a,b,c....>$, where $a,b,c...$ are respective eigenvalues, is unique. Why is it so? Why can't there be two eigenvectors with same eigenvalues for each observable? Does maximality of the set has some role to play in it?
Assume that you have a maximal set $A,B,C,\ldots$ and two states $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ with the same set of eigenvalues in that set. Then construct the operator $Z = |\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|$. Convince yourself that it would distinguish between $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$, and that it would commute with all of $A,B,C,\ldots$ --- i.e. your original set was not maximal.
The answer relies on an algebraic property of uniqueness of eigenvectors and eigenvalues.
Non-degenerate case
Let us suppose that two such eigenvectors exist and the spectrum is non-degenerate. Let us call them $|a,b\rangle$ and $|a,b\rangle'$ (I consider just a couple of compatible observable for the sake of simplicity). If you claim that these two eigenvectors are independent, otherwise there exists a constant $c$ such that $|a,b\rangle=c|a,b\rangle'$, you must have
$$\langle a,b|A|a,b\rangle'=a\langle a,b|a, b\rangle'=0$$
and similarly
$$'\langle a,b|A|a,b\rangle=a'\langle a,b|a, b\rangle=0$$
and this will imply
$$'\langle a,b|A|a,b\rangle=\langle a,b|A|a,b\rangle'=(\langle a,b|A|a,b\rangle')^*=0$$
but the only operator having this property is $A=0$ and this is inconsistent with the starting hypothesis. This argument can be repeated also for $B$ proving the assertion.
Degenerate case
When there is a degeneracy, to a single eignevalue will correspond more than an eigenvector. So, let us suppose that these egievenctors for the eigenvalue $a$ are $|a,b,1\rangle$ and $|a,b,2\rangle$. We suppose we are able to write down from them a set of two orthogonal and normalized eigenvectors, e.g. through a Gram-Schmidt decomposition, that spans such a two-dimensional subspace.
Now, the above argument can be repeated for each eigenvector into the subspace as, if there is a third eigenvector, beyond those forming the two-dimensional subspace, this will be enough to prove that $A=0$.
Of course, all this is easy to extend to any number of operators.


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I use Abstract Algebra by Dummit and Foote to study abstract algebra! At page 120, section 2 in chapter 4, there is a great result form my point of view which proves that, for any group $G$ of order $n$, $G$ is isomorphic to some subgroup of $S_n$.
My question: Is there any way to calculate the subgroup of $S_n$ which is isomorphic to some group $G$ ?
I mean, if we have a group $G$, how can we calculate the subgroup of $S_n$ which $G$ is isomorphic to it ? my question is in general !
the question is edited !


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My best town so far in die2nite seems like it will come to an end with day 9. How many soul points will I get when I've died? Does it only count for days survived or will I get extra points for doing special stuff (like doing heroic actions, eating a cat, etc)?
I've already answered this one before in a different question, so here we go:
The formula for soul points is where n is the amount of days you lived fully in a particular town. Basically, you add up the amount of days, which means that by day 9 you'll have 1+2+...+9 = 45 soul points.
As the official help page states:
If you die from poisoned water on day 10 for example, you will earn points only for the 9 days you survived fully, so again 45 points.
If you die to the zombie attack for day n, you get 1 + 2 + ... + n = n(n +1)/2 soul point.
If you die for any other reason during the midnight attack (or during the day!), your last day isn't counted. You hence get 1 + 2 + ... + n - 1 = n(n -1)/2 soul points.


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Who is your favorite Odette/Odile?
Posted 29 June 2001 - 11:48 AM
My favorite Odette is Natalia Makarova. No other ballerina I've seen has captured the pathos of the character or brought out the poetry of Ivanov's choreography more eloquently than her. Some may not like her swan mannerisms, but to me they're exquisite.
I've yet to see the perfect Odile. Plisetskaya acted and danced the role to the hilt, so she's probably my first choice. Makarova would be a close second, even though she didn't project Odile's wickedness as effectively as Plisetskaya.
Posted 29 June 2001 - 12:25 PM
Of the ones I've seen on tape, Fonteyn. She's the only ballerina I've ever seen who was not using every muscle in her body to a) act like a swan in Act II and B) look as different from Odette as possible in Act III (while still being, internally, totally different.)
Posted 29 June 2001 - 12:32 PM
[ 06-29-2001: Message edited by: Giannina Mooney ]
Posted 29 June 2001 - 01:51 PM
Makarova, of course, was great. Ananiashvili, Dvorovenko, Kent.
Across the way, Wendy Whelan, and, years ago, Melissa Hayden.
Posted 29 June 2001 - 01:56 PM
Susan Jaffe is very good, as well, especially with Careno.
For me, Swan Lake stands or falls with Odette, and the Odile comes second.
Posted 29 June 2001 - 07:41 PM
Posted 29 June 2001 - 09:15 PM
Second place: Makarova
Third place: Plisetskaya. No one, but no one, will ever be able to match her style - or those arms!
Posted 30 June 2001 - 04:02 PM
[ 06-30-2001: Message edited by: Jane Simpson ]
Posted 08 September 2005 - 03:35 AM
Posted 08 September 2005 - 01:30 PM
Next, I'd say Kent- she was absolutely wonderous. But for me no one matches Ananiashvilli.
Posted 08 September 2005 - 01:50 PM
Now: Veronika Part. For grandeur, intensity of response to Siegfried, Soul, and for the subtle differences that distinguish every performance. And who else can make THAT last Act seem as if it has more than a hint of Petipa/Ivanov?
There is the matter of Mr. B's Swan Lake, which has its own special merits, especially given the other productions now available. It is a bit hard to make the O/O distinctions in a one act version, but a real ballerina can make the Swan original and real.
Then: Darci Kistler, teen, pre-first injury. The swan that flew.
Now (or the last run in which she was allowed to perform it): Maria Kowroski, who gave birth to her own story, making the one-act ballet tell a deeper tale than a certain full-lenth version.
Posted 10 September 2005 - 05:50 PM
Posted 10 September 2005 - 07:17 PM
Nowadays: Irina Dvorovenko.
I havent seen Diana Vishneva or Alina Cojocaru, but I'd imagine that they are great Odette/Odiles too.
I wish I had seen Asylmuratova.
Posted 10 September 2005 - 10:36 PM
Posted 11 September 2005 - 11:21 AM
However, another ballerina from an earlier generation, whose name I think should be added to the discussion is Ludmila Semenyaka's. I also only saw her dance the role just once, but for a variety of reasons it was one of the most memorable performances I have ever seen.
Semenyaka was a "cooler" Odette than some ballet goers may like, but I found her magnificent; the sheer beauty of her arabesque at the end of Act IV transcended the somewhat banal Soviet happy ending to become an embodiment of otherworldly purity and beauty. Well...that's how I remember it! (She was also a magnificent Odile and in the third act pas de deux danced the single most exciting coda I have ever seen--utterly secure and exquisitely placed while dancing with simply inhuman speed.)
I see less ballet these days than I used to, but of today's ballerinas I especially regret not having seen Lopatkina, Dvorovenko, and Part in this role--and having seen Bussell only when she was very young. Among the ballerinas today that I have seen (Kowroski, Meunier, Kent, Ananiashvilli and Guillem) only the last two seemed to take command of the ballet and give a fully fledged ballerina performance. For me, though, Guillem's performance was the more distinctive and poetic. (When I see something that qualifies in my eyes as "ballerina" I don't like to get too hung up on rankings, but if I had to rank, I would still name Makarova and Semenyaka as the best Odettes I have seen.)
I certainly enjoyed aspects of the performances given by the other dancers I mentioned. Kowroski at her most moving turns her long, long legs and slowly unfolding extensions into controlled-yet-wild expressions of Odette's desire, but the two time I saw her I didn't always feel that her qualities carried equally through the whole ballet or even through the entirety of the white acts. But she is certainly, along with Guillem, the one person in the list I gave of Odettes I have seen (and still dancing) whom, given the chance, I would be eager to see repeatedly in the role.
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