text:
The purpose of this article is to explore various aspects of phaser weapons seen in the Star Trek universe. Essentially, I'm going to do a general walk-through of the amazing device that is the Federation phaser. Many of the ideas within this article are my own, but the denizens of RAST both acted as an excellent sounding board and contributed a great deal of refinement to my own thoughts, so thanks as usual for that. Most especially thanks go to Timo Saloniemi, who helped me develop ideas concerning how phasers do what they do, to Guardian 2000 who pointed out an interesting scene in "The Enemy Within", and once again to Mike Dicenso, a long time friend of the site who this time pointed out the TNG TM mistake concerning the number of array emitter elements on a Galaxy class ship and helped me with source info for working out a better number.
In TOS there were three types of phaser weapon seen. The first was a rifle which Kirk carried in the second pilot episode, 'Where No Man Has Gone Before'. Spock has this weapon beamed down to the planet that Gary Mitchell is being held prisoner on. The rifle is probably a very early version of a phaser - Pike's crew were using laser pistols less than a decade before. The weapon is of a very curious design - at the front it has a very slender-looking barrel that looks like it would break very easily. At the back is a rather uncomfortable-looking stock, and between the two is a set of three cylinders. As you can see in this image, the topmost of the cylinders is directly in line with the barrel
After Mitchell escapes, Kirk wakes up and gives a few orders to a crewman. He then picks up the rifle and does a strange thing - he grabs hold of the cylinders and rotates them, bringing a different cylinder into line with the barrel. More on potential meaning of this later.
This is the only time we ever saw this weapon used. During the rest of TOS we saw only two phaser weapons :
The above weapon was dubbed 'Phaser One'. It was 107.2 mm long (Source : Star Fleet Technical Manual by F. Joseph).
This weapon was called 'Phaser Two'. It was long assumed in Trek fandom that a Phaser Two was a Phaser One clipped into some kind of holder, with a handgrip beneath. It was also thought that there was no canonical proof of this, but in fact we actually get to see Sulu clipping a Phaser One into the pistol grip in order to heat some rocks in the TOS episode "The Enemy Within". The pistol weapon was 221 mm long (Source : Star Fleet Technical Manual by F. Joseph). The episode 'The Devil in the Dark' establishes the terms Phaser one and Phaser Two canonically, and establishes through dialogue that Phaser One is 'far less powerful' than Phaser Two, so the handgrip does not serve simply as a more ergonomic way to hold the weapon - rather it appears to take the output of the small unit and boost it to a higher power rating.
These descriptions were slightly modified for The Next Generation. In this series the phasers are very similar to those above :
The above is what the TNG Technical Manual calls the 'Type I Phaser'. I have seen one of the actual props used on the show for this weapon - I couldn't measure it, but it was about 70 mm long. The book 'The Art of Star Trek' describes it as 'less than three inches long' on page 104. This is so small that it's actually quite hard to see the weapon when it is used onscreen, and as a result the Type I is rarely seen in TNG. Yar uses one in 'Symbiosis' and Riker uses one in "Hide and Q", though.
This is one of several different versions of the Type II phaser seen through TNG, DS9 and Voyager. Roddenberry apparently wanted the TNG phasers to look less like weapons and more like tools. As a result the weapon is not terribly ergonomic, and actors often have difficulty aiming it properly. More on that later. Unlike the TOS Phaser One/Phaser Two combination, this is apparently a completely separate weapon from the Type I.
This is the Type III phaser rifle, seen in several TNG episodes and also on DS9. The front section closely resembles one of the later versions of the Type II, and it seems possible that the TNG rifle is an enlarged version of the Type II in much the same way that TOS Phaser Two was associated with Phaser One.
In the TNG episode 'The Outcast' the Enterprise-D crew fitted some Type IV phasers to a Federation shuttle craft. The TNG Technical Manual also claims that the phaser arrays of the Galaxy Class are Type X, and that starbases are fitted with 'Type X+' weapons. The DS9 Technical Manual claims that Type VII, VIII and IX weapons are in use on various Federation starship types. Although care must obviously be taken with non-canon sources, there is no real controversy about these numbers.
One slightly more controversial data point is for the Sovereign class Starship. A poster showing a cutaway drawing of the Sovereign labeled its phasers as 'Type XII'. This is the only source which makes this claim, and a poster really should be regarded as a pretty shaky foundation to rest such a claim on. Nevertheless, like the numbers in the DS9 TM there is really nothing as yet to contradict the number, and it is a figure I have used for the Sovereign entry on this site. Indeed, my assumption is that the 'Type X+' weapon mentioned in the TNG TM is in fact the Type XI, and that this was then redesigned for use aboard ship as the Type XII.
The real question here is what exactly does a Type number mean? There are several possibilities. For instance, the term could refer only to the form of weapon used. Much as any computer that sits on a desk is called a 'desktop' and smaller versions are called 'laptops' and now even 'palmtops', maybe Type I is short for 'palm weapon', etc. :
|Type I
|Palm held weapon.
|Type II
|Type III
|Type IV
|Large infantry / small vehicle weapon.
|Type VII
|Starship weapon.
|Type VIII
|Heavier Starship weapon.
|Type IX
|Even heavier Starship weapon.
|Type X
|Heavy phaser used on large ships.
|Type XI
|Possible real designation of 'Type X+'
|Type XII
|Really heavy weapon. Possible ship borne version of 'Type X+'
|Type X+
|Starbase / planetary defence phaser
Although this system works well at the low end, things rapidly start to become a bit silly at the top. For instance, under this system the phaser Type number does not relate at all to the power of the weapon. But if this is so, then what is the point of using the term 'Type X+'? Simply calling it a Type XI or XII or XV or whatever would tell the enemy nothing if the Type number just meant 'Starbase defence weapon'. Additionally, if the GCS's Type X means something like 'Weapon used on big ships', then why does the Sovereign array need to be called a Type XII? Even if it is bigger and more powerful than a Type X as used on a Galaxy, isn't it still a 'weapon used on big ships'? Think of the computer names analogy I used earlier - no matter how much faster or more powerful new computers get, a desktop PC is still a desktop, not a 'Desktop plus'.
The implication seems to be that the Type number is somehow related to the power output of the weapon. Now in the following example I am going to list some phaser power figures. I know that the output of a phaser array is a hotly debated topic in some areas, so let me say that these figures are examples only, intended to illustrate the system. Remember that - THESE NUMBERS ARE MADE UP EXAMPLES ONLY.
|Type I
|10 kilowatt output
|Type II
|100 kilowatt output
|Type III
|1 Megawatt output
|Type IV
|10 Megawatt output
|Type V
|100 Megawatt output
|Type VI
|1 Gigawatt output
|Type VII
|10 Gigawatt output
|Type VIII
|100 Gigawatt output
|Type IX
|1 Terawatt output
|Type X
|10 Terawatt output
|Type XI
|100 Terawatt output
|Type XII
|1000 Terawatt output
|Type X+
So, under this type of system we remove some of the previous nits. Now it makes sense that the Type X+ has a classified Type number, because revealing that number would reveal the precise power output of the weapon to enemies. And as ships get more advanced and their weapons more powerful, it would make more sense that they would have higher Type numbers.
Unfortunately we introduce brand new nits, this time at the bottom end of the scale. If a Type I phaser has a certain output power (and let's just say one more time for the record that the above figures are made up examples to illustrate the point), then this would mean that the TOS Type I and II would be exactly the same power level as the TNG Type I and II. This isn't terribly realistic; once the scale is set up, we should really expect that the size of a weapon of a given power would shrink as technology advanced. So that the weapon that is classified as a Type I in the TNG era would count as a Type II or III in the TOS era, and so on.
So it seems that either example comes with penalties. I would suggest a compromise system - make each type represent not a single power figure but a band of possible outputs, like this :
|Type I
|1 - 10 kilowatt output
|Type II
|10 - 100 kilowatt output
|Type III
|100 - 1000 kilowatt output
|Type IV
|1 - 10 Megawatt output
|Type V
|10 - 100 Megawatt output
|Type VI
|100 - 1000 Megawatt output
|Type VII
|1 - 10 Gigawatt output
|Type VIII
|10 - 100 Gigawatt output
|Type IX
|100 - 1000 Gigawatt output
|Type X
|1 - 10 Terawatt output
|Type XI
|10 - 100 Terawatt output
|Type XII
|100 - 1000 Terawatt output
|Type X+
Do I need to say it again? Yes, these numbers are only made up to illustrate the system. Even the idea that the bands go up in multiples of ten is purely speculation.
Now the great thing about this idea is that it solves all the above problems. A TNG Type I can now be more powerful than a TOS Type I, but it still makes sense for them to have the same designation. Meanwhile at the top end we would expect the weapons carried by small ships to be of a lower type than those carried by the big ones, which matches what the DS9 TM claims. We would also expect the more advanced ships to have higher Type numbers than the less advanced ones, which fits with the idea that the Sovereign has Type XII arrays compared to the Galaxy Type X. Finally, it makes sense that the Type X+'s true number is classified, to keep the enemy guessing as to how powerful they are.
The latest Star Trek series, 'Enterprise', is set in 2151, about 100 years before Kirk's adventures in the original series. It features the crew of the first Human starship capable of reaching warp 5 and so exploring space beyond a few light years from Earth. The crew of this "NX" class Enterprise carry weapons called "phase pistols" and the ship is fitted with "phase cannon" which are, on the face of it, identical to the phasers used in TOS and beyond. The weapons fire a glowing beam much like the phaser, they can be set to stun or kill like a phaser.
Unfortunately, this causes a contradiction with the TNG episode 'A Matter of Time'. In this episode a man named Rasmussen visits the Enterprise-D, claiming to be a time traveler from the future. At one point he chats with Riker, Crusher and Worf about how different people view history in different ways and to illustrate the point asks what they think the most significant invention of the last hundred years was. Worf replies that it was phasers; 'There were no phasers in the 22nd century', he states.
There are numerous possible explanations. It's conceivable that Worf said this as some sort of test of Rasmussen. The time traveler turned out to be a 22nd century con man who had stolen a time machine from a real time traveler and gone to the future to steal advanced technology. If Worf suspected this, he might have lied to see if Rasmussen spotted it. But this is unlikely because Rasmussen continues to fool the crew for some time until he is revealed as a fake at the end of the episode. Worf could have got his dates wrong, but again this is unlikely - Worf is very into both history and weaponry, and it seems improbable that he would make such a mistake. It's possible that Worf was being not quite literal - maybe he thought of 22nd century phase pistols as being so primitive that they were not true phasers. Again, though, this seems a bit unlikely.
Taking the canon strictly at face value, Worf's statement would mean that the phase weapons of Enterprise are not actually phasers at all. Perhaps they are some primitive forerunner of the modern phaser, much as the flintlock was a forerunner to the modern machine gun. This would be my personal preference - I generally tend toward ideas that take canon statements at face value to the maximum sensible degree (and yes, that is a subjective judgment). Or we could just say that this was a writer's mistake, that the Enterprise writers messed up again either accidentally or deliberately, shrug our shoulders and pretend that Worf really said 21st century instead of 22nd. How acceptable you find that is also a subjective matter.
Whatever the rights and wrongs, Worf's quote does mean that we should be careful in including phase pistols and cannon in any discussion of phaser effects or capabilities.
Somewhat strangely, phasers are capable of doing various different things. For the next part of the article I'm going to list and discuss each of the observed properties of phasers.
Stun :
Phasers can be set to stun a person - the phrase "phasers on stun" is a well known one, and has been used countless times in the series. Here's an example from TOS :
|Kirk :
|"Scotty, put the ship's phasers on stun. Fire a burst in a one block radius around these co-ordinates."
Scotty :
|'Right away sir. Scott out.'
Sulu :
|'That's the same red rock.'
Kirk :
|'My phaser didn't cut through it.'
McCoy :
|'Whatever it is it has a mighty high melting point.'
Kirk :
|'Eight thousand degrees centigrade. It looks like igneous rock, but infinitely denser.'
Riker :
|'Data, tell me about nuranium. It vaporises at?'
Data :
|'Two thousand three hundred and fourteen degrees sir. Of course, nuranium carbi-'
Riker :
|'Thank you Data.'
Geordi :
|'Setting seven ought to do it.'
|Picard :
|"The problem is, if we begin firing particle weapons in engineering there's risk that we may hit the warp core. I believe our goal should be to puncture one of the plasma coolant tanks."
|Worf :
|"These phasers have been retuned. Each has a different frequency spanning the upper end of the EM band."
|Kim :
|"Type one phaser, modified to fire Borg nanoprobes."
Kirk :
|'Take your men. Take a swing around our perimeter. Scan for dichronium in the atmosphere. Set your phasers on disrupter beam. If you see any gaseous cloud, fire immediately.'
Kirk :
|"I want four men armed with phaser two set for disrupter effect. Join me in the transporter room in five minutes. You'll accompany me to the planet's surface."
|'Even before the development of true interstellar space-craft by various cultures, it was clear that directed-energy devices would be necessary to assist in clearing gas, dust, and micrometeoroid material from vehicle flight paths. Emerging space-faring races are continuing to employ this method as an excellent maximiser of shipboard energy budgets, because a relatively small energy expenditure produces a large result. Material in space can be vaporised, ionized, and eliminated as a hazard to spaceflight. It did not take an enormous leap of imagination, of course, to realize that directed energy could also prove to be an effective weapon system.
The lead defensive system maintained by Starfleet Command for sublight use for the last century is the phaser, the common term for a complicated energy release process developed to replace pure EM devices such as the laser, and particle beam accelerators. Phaser is something of a hold-over acronym, PHASed Energy Rectification, referring to the original process by which stored or supplied energy entering the phaser system was converted to another form for release toward a target, without the need for an intermediate energy transformation. This remains essentially true in the current phaser effect.
Phaser energy is released through the application of the rapid nadion effect (RNE). Rapid nadions are short-lived subatomic particles possessing special properties related to high-speed interactions within atomic nuclei. Among these properties is the ability to liberate and transfer strong nuclear forces within a particular class of superconducting crystals known as fushigi-no-umi. The crystals were so named when it appeared to researchers at Starfleets Tokyo R&D facility that the materials being developed represented a virtual 'sea of wonder' before them.'
|'Not applicable'
|'Not applicable'
|'Not applicable'
|'Not applicable'
|250 : 1
|90 : 1
|1 : 1
|1 : 3
|1 : 7
|1 : 9
|1 : 11
|1 : 14
|1 : 18
|1 : 20
|1 : 25
|1 : 40
Kirk :
|'Range, Mister Chekov.'
|Chekov :
|"Point zero four light years ahead. Our phasers won't reach it, sir!"
|McCoy :
|"We get them out!"
Scotty :
|'If they're alive, and if we can find them. It's a big planet!'
|McCoy :
|"Not too big for the Enterprise to handle, if it has to!"
|Scotty :
|"We can't fire full phasers with our screens up. And we can't lower our screens with their disrupters on us. Of course, I could treat them to a few dozen photon torpedoes..."
A scene from "Datalore"
From "The Doomsday Machine"
|Styles :
|"Phaser weapons energised. Set for proximity blast."
The Enterprise fires a phaser pulse in "Balance of Terror"
The pulses "detonate" in space.
Sisko and Major Kira also use Type III rifles set on a widebeam in DS9 "The Way of the Warrior" :
Whilst in "Frame of Mind", Riker picks up a Type II and announces :
|Riker :
|"I'm setting this to level sixteen, wide field. That should destroy half of this building!"
Phasers at Warp
One of the other claims that the TNG TM makes about phasers is that they are useless or nearly useless when the firing and/or target vessels are traveling at warp speed. On page 127 the TM states :
|'Virtually all phaser-related scenarios deal with sublight starship velocities, and for good reason. Space vessels operating at warp are protected, to a large degree, simply by the limitations of lightspeed physics. Phaser energy dissipates quickly in the vicinity of moving warp fields, especially when those fields are accompanied by active deflectors. This remains true even if the targets are motionless relative to each other (in comparison, subspace emission devices such as tractor beams and transporters are less adversely affected). Computational simulations suggest that and extremely narrow Type X phaser discharge, if released at full power and aligned along an oncoming target's velocity vector, has a 25% chance of disrupting the target's hull integrity. Other position and velocity combinations are subjects of continued research, since some small tactical advantages may yet be extracted for future use.'
|Kirk :
|"Engage mister Sulu, quarter speed."
Sulu :
|'Point two five, sir... it's still blocking us sir.'
|Kirk :
|"Let's see if it'll give way. Ahead, half speed."
|Sulu :
|"Point five oh sir."
|Spock :
|"Radiation from the short end of the spectrum increasing."
|Kirk :
|"All stop, hold position."
|Bailey :
|"It's still coming toward us. Range one hundred ninety metres."
|Spock :
|"Radiation increasing."
|Kirk :
|"Power astern, half speed."
|Sulu :
|"Half speed."
|Spock :
|"Radiation nearing the tolerance level."
|Bailey :
|"It's still coming, gaining on us."
|Kirk :
|"Engines astern, full speed."
|Sulu :
|"Full speed."
|Bailey :
|"Range one hundred twenty five metres now."
|Kirk :
|"Helm, give us warp speed."
|Sulu :
|"Warp one sir."
|Spock :
|"Radiation at the tolerance level."
|Sulu :
|"Warp two sir. Speed is now warp three."
|Spock :
|"Radiation passing the tolerance level, entering lethal zone."
|Bailey :
|"Range fifty one metres and still closing sir."
|Kirk :
|"Phaser crews stand ready."
|Bailey :
|"Phaser crew reports ready sir."
|Spock :
|"Going, we can take only a few more seconds of this."
|Kirk :
|"Lock phasers on target... mister Bailey, lock phasers!"
|Bailey :
|"Phasers locked, on target sir. Point blank range and closing."
|Kirk :
|"Fire main phasers!"
|Spock :
|"Phaser hit on port deflector four, captain."
|Sulu :
|"Speed increasing to warp three, turning toward them now sir, 1 1 2 mark 5."
|[An exterior shot shows the ship turning to starboard.]
|Sulu :
|"Phasers locking on target sir."
|Chekov :
|"Enemy vessel closing with us."
|Sulu :
|"Main phasers firing."
|[An exterior shot shows two phaser beams firing from the Enterprise, then another volley a few seconds later.]
|Sulu :
|"A hit sir."
|[An exterior shot shows two phaser beams firing from the Enterprise, then another volley a few seconds later.]
|Sulu :
|"Two more."
|Chekov :
|"Turning to 28 mark 42."
|Sulu :
|"Phasers firing again."
|Chekov :
|"Turning to mark 113 mark 5, warp 4 speed."
|Sulu :
|"Firing again."
|Spock :
|"Attacking vessels are moving off."
|Chekov :
|"Moving back to original course and speed."
Arrays vs Cannon
During TOS it was unclear just where the Enterprise's phaser banks were located. Phaser beams would always emerge from the underside of the saucer section, but the precise origin point varied from episode to episode. Some episodes showed the beams emerging from the glowing white dome at the saucer's base, others showed them coming from points on the hull around or forward of this dome.
As a result, little can be said canonically speaking about the nature of the shipboard phaser weapons used in TOS because we never actually see them. We could rationalise that virtually all of the hardware is beneath the hull, perhaps with the beam firing through a small hole or window of some sort. Perhaps there are many such holes to allow the beam to fire in different directions.
With the refit version of the ship appearing in "Star Trek : The Motion Picture", things improved significantly. Even today the model of the Enterprise used in this movie rates one of the most detailed and highest quality ever created. And one thing that the designer of the model did do was include phaser banks on the hull. There are a total of eighteen of them - six on each of the dorsal and ventral saucer surfaces in three pairs, two singles on either side of the engineering hull above the hangar deck, and four more grouped around the bottom of the engineering hull. Although these are not seen firing in TMP, they are used several times during "Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan".
The visible element of each phaser is a small hemisphere sitting on the hull, perhaps five feet tall. The phaser beams emerge from these in pulses, each measuring a hundreds of metres or so in length.
When TNG arrived the Galaxy class Enterprise-D was given a much more detailed design. All of the surface features of the model had an identified purpose, including the phasers. "Encounter at Farpoint" got things off to a bad start by having a phaser beam emerge from the bottom of the Captain's Yacht, and the much later "Darmok" showed a phaser beam emerging from the forward torpedo launcher, but despite these two instances the creators of the show managed to depict phasers firing from the correct spot every time.
This time, however, the visible element of the phasers were quite different; instead of the small "ball turret" design, modern Starfleet ships sported "phaser arrays" - strips on the hull which ranged from tens to hundreds of metres in length. Close inspection reveals that these arrays are composed of hundreds (in the case of the longer strips) of smaller elements sat next to one another. On firing the usual procedure is for a glowing spot to move from each end of the array, converging on a single point from which the beam then emerges to strike the target.
On occasion the firing pattern is somewhat different; a beam can fire from an array without the glowing spots moving around the array, and indeed a single array can fire several shots simultaneously. This is usually done when the ship is confronted with multiple small, weak targets such as the Lysian defence drones in TNG's "Conundrum".
In "Yesterday's Enterprise" we see the Ambassador class Enterprise-C. This ship sports much shorter arrays than the more advanced Enterprise-D, and the implication here seems to be that there was a progression from the ball turrets of the 2270s through short arrays by the 2340s to long arrays by the 2360s. If so, then there would have to be some advantage to having longer arrays.
The TNG TM hints at that advantage. On page 123 / 124 it states :
"As installed in the Galaxy class, the main ship's phasers are rated as Type X, the largest emitters available for starship use. Individual emitter segments are capable of directing 5.1 megawatts. By comparison, the small personal phasers issued to Starfleet crew members are Type I and II, the latter being limited to 0.01 MW. Certain large dedicated planetary defence emitters are designated as Type X+, as their exact energy output remains classified. The Galaxy class supports twelve phaser arrays in two sizes, located on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, as well as two arrays for lateral coverage.
A typical large phaser array aboard the USS Enterprise, such as the upper dorsal array on the Saucer Module, consists of two hundred emitter segments in a dense linear arrangement for optimal control of firing order, thermal effects, field halos, and target impact. Groups of emitters are supplied by redundant sets of energy feeds from the primary trunks of the electro plasma system (EPS), and are similarly interconnected by fire control, thermal management, and sensor lines. The visible hull surface configuration of the phaser is along shallow raised strip, the bulk of the hardware submerged within the vehicle frame.
In cross section, the phaser array takes on a thickened Y shape, capped with a trapezoidal mass of the actual emitter crystal and phaser-transparent hull antierosion coatings. The base of an array segment sits within a structural honeycomb channel of duranium 235 and supplied with supersonic regenerative LN2cooling. The complete channel is thermally isolated by eight hundred link struts to the tritanium vehicle frame.
The first stage of the array segment is the EPS submaster flow regulator, the principal mechanism controlling phaser power levels for firing. The flow regulator leads into the plasma distribution manifold (PDM), which branches into two hundred supply conduits to an equal number of prefire chambers. The final stage of the system is the phaser emitter crystal."
So it would seem that each elements of an array passes its energy to the next, which adds its own energy and passes it on to the next, and so on until the energy of the entire array finally emerges from a single element. This matches reasonably well with what we see on screen - the glowing spots moving around the array would presumably represent the energy handover between elements. The 5.1 MW of each element would add up to 1.02 GigaWatts for the whole array. The use of multiple beams, or beams which emerge without the glowing spots, would represent low power firings which use the energy of only a single emitter or perhaps two or three emitters - just the kind of beam you would want in episodes like "Conundrum".
One interesting implication of this is that a Galaxy class ship should, at least in theory, be able to fire up to two hundred phaser beams simultaneously from its main dorsal saucer array. And each of these beams would be more than five hundred times the power of a Type II phaser on its highest setting - a setting, remember, which page 137 of the same book claims can cause "heavy geologic displacement; <=650 m3rock/ore of 6.0 g/cm3 explosively uncoupled per discharge."
In other words, each Type II phaser shot can blow up 3,900 metric tons of rock. Each element of a GCS phaser array would blow up 1,989,000 metric tons, and the ship could fire two hundred such beams from the main dorsal saucer array. Pretty spectacular stuff.
Careful measuring of the length of the arrays on a scale diagram of a Galaxy class ship can allow us to calculate how many elements are in each array, assuming that there are indeed 200 in the main dorsal saucer array :
Elements per array
Power per array
Main Dorsal Saucer (1)
798 m
Small Dorsal Saucer (2)
20 m
Small Dorsal Engineering (2)
16 m
Small Ventral Engineering (2)
16 m
Lateral Pylon (2)
40 m
Main Ventral Engineering (1)
92 m
Ventral Saucer (1)
630 m
Dorsal neck (1)
140 m
Total, all arrays
1,844 m
Whilst the concept of adding up power from each element works reasonably well so far, there are questions about the usefulness of arrays. For instance, by definition each element of an array would have to be capable of handling all the power of the entire array. But if that is true, then why not just have one element and pump that much power into it in the first place? In fact, this would be exactly what the original ball turret type phasers appear to do! If one element can act like a cannon with as much power as the whole array, then the very idea of having an array seems pointless.
One possible answer to this is damage resistance. I mentioned earlier that we have seen arrays fire multiple shots, indicating that short segments or individual emitters are firing independently of the rest of the array. This would make an array immensely resistant to damage - you would have to damage every single element in the array in order to render it useless, as compared to damaging a single spot on the hull to knock out a turret.
Another question concerning arrays is length. The advantage of moving from the short arrays of the Ambassador to the long arrays of the Galaxy would be obvious if the energy added up - more powerful beams would be possible. But the ultimate weapon would then be the longest possible phaser array. Imagine something like a Galaxy class with a single array that spiraled and looped around the hull, combining thousands of emitters into one gigantic weapon. Yet not only has this not been accomplished, but the post-Galaxy designs such as the Intrepid, Sovereign and Prometheus classes are actually going back to having shorter arrays. The main saucer weapons of the Intrepid are four longish arrays divided by a gap at the front of the ship. Continuing them across this small gap would turn the four arrays into two of more than twice the length and therefore twice the firepower. Surely whatever systems may be in those spaces could be re-located in order to double the firepower of the ship's weapons!
We've created a difficult paradox - on the one hand longer arrays should be better, because the Galaxy class arrays are longer than those of the less advanced Ambassador class. On the other hand the longer arrays can't be better, because the even more advanced Intrepid/Sovereign/Prometheus have deliberately moved to shorter arrays.
There are possible solutions. For instance, it takes some time for the energy to make its way from the endpoints down the array to the firing point - typically about one second. The TNG TM suggests that there is a time delay inherent in passing energy from one element to the next; this would mean that longer arrays with more elements would have a higher delay than shorter ones. Presumably the firecontrol systems would attempt to compensate for this delay by leading the target somewhat, but no matter what fancy predictive routines you use, longer delays are inevitably going to mean a lesser chance of hitting your target.
So perhaps after the Galaxy was fielded threat force ships became generally more agile and difficult to hit, thus requiring faster reaction times and so shorter arrays.
Longer arrays may also allow beams to be more focused, more accurately aimed and so used over longer ranges. If so we could say that the very long arrays of the Galaxy class represented a "sniper" approach to combat, while the more recent ships have gone for a "machine gun" approach - brute force at close range.
While the TM's description of phaser arrays stands up quite well qualitatively, its figures are off in several respects. One major error concerns the number of elements are an array. The quote above claims 200 elements in the main dorsal saucer array of a Galaxy class starship. Looking at the bottom image on this external link, you can see that even the fraction of the array visible here has some 185 elements in it. I did some more playing around with scale diagrams, and calculated that the total array must therefore have no less than 933 elements. Scaling the other arrays to this we get :
Elements per array
Main Dorsal Saucer (1)
798 m
Small Dorsal Saucer (2)
20 m
Small Dorsal Engineering (2)
16 m
Small Ventral Engineering (2)
16 m
Lateral Pylon (2)
40 m
Main Ventral Engineering (1)
92 m
Ventral Saucer (1)
630 m
Dorsal neck (1)
140 m
Total, all arrays
1,844 m
There is a diagram of a cross section through an array on page 124 :
Scaling this against the scale diagrams in the TNG TM, we find that part of the element which projects above the hull is approximately five metres across. Now that we know how many elements are in an array we can calculate that each element is about 855 centimetres wide.
Power Figures
As mentioned, the TM claims on P123/124 that Type X emitters are rated at 5.1 megawatts each, and Type II hand phasers are 0.01 MW. Yet this is contradicted in several episodes. There are two major ways that an episode can contradict the TM's figures - either through direct dialogue, or onscreen effects of phasers against known objects.
The former is greatly preferable, as it reflects the writer's intent more clearly and is less subject to interpretation. We've seen earlier that phaser weapons involve three or four different effects, some of which have little to do with known physics. We can only speculate on how much energy it takes to push an object out of our continuum, and whilst we can calculate how much energy nuclear disruption takes, the numbers generated are staggeringly large - so high that it strains credibility that they could be correct. We do know that heating effects comprise a component of phaser beams, so we can make some calculations based on that. But again there is much speculation - how much of a phaser beam is heat compared to other more exotic effects? There's nothing in canon to say. For now, then, I'm going to concentrate on the episode dialogue.
Who Watches The Watchers?
At the opening of this episode the Enterprise-D is rushing a spare fusion reactor to a scientific station which has suffered a breakdown. Picard, Geordi and Riker are discussing the situation. Geordi reports that they have replicated all the parts they will need, but then says he doesn't understand why a three-man outpost would need a 4.2 GigaWatt reactor. The following dialogue ensues :
|Riker :
|'Enough to power a small phaser bank, or a subspace relay station, or...'
|LaForge :
|'A hologram generator. Oh, a duck blind!'
So, from this we know that 4.2 GigaWatts is sufficient to power a small phaser bank. If so then 'the largest emitters available for starship use' can hardly have an output of only 5.1 MegaWatts.
The Mind's Eye :
In this episode Data and Geordi test a Romulan copy of a Type III phaser rifle. We get the following dialogue.
|[The weapon commences firing]
|Data :
|"Energy flow is within normal parameters. From the prefire chamber to the emission aperture."
|LaForge :
|"Rapid nadion pulse, right on target. Beam control assembly, safety interlock, both check out. Beam width intensity controls also responding correctly."
|Data :
|"Energy cell useage remains constant at 1.05 megajoules per second. Curious... the efficiency reading on the discharge crystal is well above Starfleet specifications."
|LaForge :
|"Yeah, by quite a bit. "
|[The weapon ceases firing : total firing duration 34 seconds]
|LaForge :
|"94.1% efficiency."
Data :
|"Our most efficient discharge crystal typically fires with 86.5% efficiency."
|LaForge :
|"Hm. Lets take a closer look at the wave pattern on the emission beam. That might tell us why its losing so little energy."
|[The weapon commences firing]
|Data :
|Data : "Pulse frequency on the prefire chamber reads steady."
|LaForge :
|"There. That's not right, the initial output spike is inverted."
|Data :
|"That might suggest the weapon has been charged with a forced pulse. Well into the terahertz range."
|[The weapon ceases firing : total firing duration 17 seconds]
|LaForge :
|"Then it's definitely not Starfleet issue. And there can't be that many systems that use the terahertz speeds."
|Data :
|"327 to our knowledge. We can probably achieve an exact match with a random computer search. It will take approximately 3 hours."
|LaForge :
|"I believe we can narrow this down with a little common sense, Data. Who has the most to gain from a conflict between the Klingon Empire and the Federation?"
So the Type III in this instance is firing a beam of 1.05 MegaWatts. This is virtually a definitive statement regarding the power consumption of these weapons.
The TNG TM claims that the Type III is no more powerful than the Type II - the rifle only has a higher power capacity (Page 135). So either the TM's figure for the power of the Type II is wrong by a factor of 105, or the TM is wrong about the Type II and Type III having the same firepower and the latter is 105 times more powerful. Actually the 105 figure would be the minimum error factor, because at no point do Geordi or Data claim that the weapon is on its maximum setting. And considering how casual they are about testing it - it's set up right next to the warp core, with nothing to stop somebody just wandering in front of the beam - a maximum setting is pretty unlikely.
Even taking a 1.05 MW figure as a maximum for the Type III, it hardly seems possible that a weapon which is less than a metre long and has an emitter crystal measuring a couple of centimetres - nothing bigger would fit into the front of the weapon - would have about one fifth of the firepower of a Type X emitter element which has emitter crystals on the order of four or five metres across and most of a metre wide.
Enterprise :
In the episode "Fight or Flight", the Enterprise crew talk about the phase cannons that the ship is designed to carry - three of them, each rated at 400 GigaJoules. They manage to fit two of these weapons in response to an alien attacker, but when they test them the blast is ten times greater than expected, i.e. 4 TeraJoules, because of an accidental overload. They later manage to find a way to avoid most of the harmful effects of this overload so that they can use the weapons at this higher level against the attacker.
The phase cannon beam takes no more than a couple of seconds to fire, so their power output is normally around 200 GigaWatts and more like 2 TeraWatts in the overload state. Even the lower figure is over a hundred times greater than the TM's figure for the E-D phaser array. It seems unlikely that the Galaxy class, described by the Borg as the strongest ship in the Federation, has weapons two hundred times weaker than ships which pre-date it by two centuries.
Another example from Enterprise comes in the episode 'Regeneration'. Trying to make the phase pistols more powerful for use against the Borg, Reed declares :
|Reed :
"There's got to be a way to get through those shields with phase-pistols. If I cross-polarize the power cells, it might increase the particle yield. I'll be in the armory."
Shortly afterwards we see Reed in the armoury firing a phase pistol at a solid metal target. The weapon fires a continuous beam :
Reed :
|" Increase power another five megajoules. Fire."
|[The weapon commences firing. It continues to fire throught the following dialogue, with the beam becoming brighter and pitch changing with each increase]
Reed :
|"Keep it going. Increase to seven megajoules... try eight... nine. The density's holding. Bring it up to ten.
|[A hole is blown through the metal plate]
|Reed :
|"That should do it. Energy flow is within normal parameters."
Rather irritatingly, this seems to be yet another example of Trek writers confusing their Joules and their Watts. Since the weapon is firing continually throughout the dialogue, Reed's orders only really make sense if he is talking about the power of the weapon, rather than the total energy it is delivering. Still, even if we assumed that only 10 MegaJoules were fired throughout the entire scene this would still equate to a power of hundreds of kilowatts, far more than the TNG TM's claimed figures for the TNG era Type II/III phaser.
Later on, Reed informs Archer that he has "doubled the particle yield". Since he increased the power by 10 MegaJoules (or MegaWatts if we're sensible about it) in the armoury scene, then the normal power of a phase pistol should also be 10 MegaJoules (or MegaWatts). This would be far above the TNG TM's claimed 10 kiloWatt figure. It would also be far above the approximately 1 MegaWatt figure for the TNG rifle discussed above, but this is not a problem because as noted earlier, nobody ever says that the rifle is being tested at anything like maximum power.
We should note once again, however, that the phase weapons used on Enterprise are not necessarily the same as the phasers of later Trek series.
Photon Comparison :
Looking over the evidence for photon torpedo yields (my torpedo article covers much of this), it is pretty clear that the bulk of the evidence points toward warheads in the tens to hundreds of megatons range. This is not especially controversial - we already have nuclear warheads at the lower end of this range. According to the TNG TM the standard photon torpedo has a 3 kg matter/antimatter warhead. The theoretical maximum energy release from this would be 2.7 x 1017Joules. Now of course this is a maximum, in that it assumes 100% efficiency of the warhead.
We can actually calculate the efficiency of a photon torpedo detonation from the DS9 TM; page 84 refers to an actual yield of 18.5 isotons for a standard torpedo, whilst page 85 refers to a theoretical maximum yield of 25 isotons, so the efficiency would be 18.5/25, or 74% exactly. So this would mean that the energy release would be not 2.7 x 1017Joules, but 1.998 x 1017 Joules.
Around one half of this should hit the shields, with the rest radiating away into space (unless the blast is focused somehow). Let's say that only 40% of the warhead energy released actually hits the shielding. That's 7.992 x 1014Joules (equal to about 18 Megatons, which is about equal to the largest practical nuclear weapons we have built). So, at 1.02 GW how long a phaser blast does it take to equal a single photon warhead?
7.992 x 1014/ 1.02 x 109= 7.835 x 107seconds.
That's nearly two and a half years of continual, maximum power phaser firing to equal a single photon torpedo hit. If phasers were so weak, then there would be no point in carrying them and no point in using them. And as the torpedo article shows, there are examples of torpedo detonations which are at least twenty times greater than this.
The rate at which ships fire both phasers and torpedoes on screen often tends to lag far behind their maximum. In episodes like "Booby Trap" we have seen that a Galaxy class can fire bursts of at least five torpedoes simultaneously from a single launcher, though we don't know how often such bursts could be fired. In "Best of Both Worlds" and "Half a Life" we have seen the Enterprise-D fire several single torpedoes per second. Using the above number for the energy release of a single torpedo, this would mean each torpedo launcher would output on the order of 2 - 4,000 TW. Going with the higher yields implied by "Skin of Evil", figures of 50,000 TW or more would be in order.
And if phasers are an effective weapon, then their output would need to be something around this magnitude.
One possibility is that phasers may be of lower power, but their energy may be incredibly effective against shields - we know that different energy types affect shields in different ways after all. Or the reverse is possible - perhaps phasers are immensely more powerful than photons, as nuclear disruption energies would imply, but very ineffective against shields! Either is possible, but a somewhat moot point - if a phaser has the same effect as more conventional beam rated at ten thousand TeraWatts, then it really doesn't matter if the phaser does this with only ten kiloWatts, or even ten billion TeraWatts for that matter. Ultimately only the effective power matters.
A Matter of Time :
Further contradiction of the TM's 1.02 GW figure comes in "A Matter of Time". In this episode Picard is contemplating a dangerous procedure to clean the atmosphere of Penthara IV involving the phasers. There is some concern about whether the phaser power can be controlled finely enough to do the job - a variance of 0.06 TeraWatts is required. This means that it is difficult to control the phaser power to within 60 GigaWatts, which completely over-rules the idea that the whole array is rated at 1.02 GigaWatts.
How much higher than 60 GW the total output would be is open to question. Given that we have seen numerous examples in which Federation ships are able to target small areas on an enemy vessel, causing pinpoint damage to specific systems, it seems that Starfleet has pretty fine control over its weapons. We know that in "The Ultimate Computer", Kirk ordered the ship's phasers set to "one one hundredth power", which he then describes as "no damage potential, just enough to nudge them". So the variance in phaser output during TOS would be less than 1%, probably much less. If anything TNG weapons should have even finer control, so the total output would be 6 TeraWatts at the very least. This would give each element a minimum power of 6.43 GigaWatts, and the whole ship a minimum output of 13.82 TeraWatts.
To sum up the things that phasers can do :
|This setting has been seen in use on virtually all hand held weapons, and was available on ship-scale weapons during TOS.
|Weapons in both TOS and TNG could heat materials like rock or metal to glowing point with short bursts, and have been stated as able to heat both rock and metal to thousands of degrees.
|This is apparently not part of a normal phaser burst, but hand weapons can easily be set for it be adjusting a standard control. The TNG TM talks of "nuclear disruption", but only the disruption part of this is canon.
|Continuum Transition
|The existence of this effect is somewhat uncertain; the TNG TM suggests it, and it would explain why the high temperatures generated by phaser blasts do not produce large amounts of vapour, but no part of the phrase has made it into canon.
While we can state many things about what phasers do with certainty, we can really only speculate about how they do those things. The idea that phasers do some kind of nuclear disruption is almost entirely non-canonical - although there is a single canon reference to a 'disrupter' setting, Kirk never states that this is nuclear/atomic disruption. The idea that phasers throw things out of phase with the rest of the universe in much the same way that a phase cloak does is interesting, and the terminology of phase/phaser is highly suggestive of a link. Yet this is also somewhat speculative. It's clear that phasers do heat stuff up radically, it's clear that relatively little if any vapour often results, but we can say no more than that with certainty.
My suggestion that phasers are a combination of different weapons is a good one, I think, which explains away several problems and even finds some small degree of circumstantial support within the canon. This is far from saying that the idea is proven but for now, in my own humble corner of the Star Trek universe, I am going to label it the best explanation of some of the oddities of these fascinating weapons.
Where power is concerned, the TNG TM suggests that Type II and III phasers have a maximum output of 10 kilowatts, but canonically we know that a Type III phaser rifle has an output of at least 1.05 Megawatts.
As far as arrays go, we know some things with certainty; the main dorsal saucer array of a Galaxy class starship contains some 930 elements and has a power output far in excess of 60 GigaWatts, and probably much more than 6 TeraWatts. If phasers are to rate close to photon torpedoes in effectiveness, then thousands to tens of thousands of TW is probable.
The Galaxy class can fire single or multiple beams from an array - the idea of seeing more than two thousand phaser beams firing simultaneously from a Galaxy class starship is a pretty amazing one, but there's no reason to believe that every single element of every array could not be fired simultaneously.
|Yellow text = Canon source
|Green text = Backstage source
|Cyan text = Novel
|White text = DITL speculation
|Copyright Graham Kennedy
|Page views : 22,069
|Last updated : 1 Jan 1970


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What is the relationship between the axioms of Artzner et al (1999) for coherent risk measures and the axioms of von Neumann-Morgenstern (1944) for the expected utility theory?
The von Neumann-Morgenstern utility axioms are normative criteria for rational choice. In contrast, he Artzner/Uryasev axioms are normative criteria that some argue must hold for any measure that aims to measure portfolio risk.
What they have in common is simply that they are normative criteria. The substance of the axioms are different, however, since they cover different domains.
In the case of utility theory, the axioms represent constraints on preferences that hold for rational agents. An investor that did not hold one of the axioms could be deprived of their wealth thru a series of gambles or choices. (The easiest way to see this is to imagine gaming an individual whose preferences are not transitive.)
Coherent risk measures are normative claims that some argue must be satisfied by a risk measure. For example, most of us would quite readily agree to the axiom of "sub-additivity" which states that the risk of two portfolios combined cannot have greater risk than the two risks separately (by virtue of diversification). Some measures such as Value-at-Risk do not satisfy this property, while others such as conditional value-at-risk do. At worst, the portfolios are perfectly correlated so there is no diversification benefit. So Artzner/Uryasev would argue that any risk measure (such as Value-at-Risk) that can show an increase in portfolio risk when two assets are combined is incoherent.
There are other axioms that govern related fields such as the axioms of euclidean geometry or the three axioms of probability. In all cases the axioms i) create a foundation for developing theories that are functions of the axioms (such as the pythagorean theorem, conditional probability, or utility of money theories), ii) the axioms allow us to test that our beliefs conform to normative expectations which has applied, practical value.
Digression: Interestingly, in each case there are scenarios where one axiom is relaxed and new branches of science are opened up. For example, eliminating the requirement that "parallel lines never intersect" opens up the idea of Riemannian geometry. You can argue behavioral finance and bounded rationality involve relaxing one or more of the VNM utility axioms.
For completness, the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility axioms are completeness, transitivity, continuity, and independence.
The Coherent Risk Measures are:
See also this post for some more insight on the Coherent Risk measure properties.
See the paper "On the conditional value at risk Probability dependent utility function" by Alexandre Street, on Theory and Decision, 2010. It shows that the well know CVAR fails in the independence axiom but it also provides good insights for that. The CVAR (redefined for revenues and not for losses - see the above paper) is convex in the probability set. This is the main reason why this measure does not follow the independence axiom.
If you don't have access to that journal, you can find a manuscript on the authors page.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Tagged:
- Jeff Burroughs, Texas Rangers
django said: A priest was killed and another critically wounded in an attack at a Catholic church in Phoenix,
Coach Outlet Onlinepolice said early Thursday.The Rev. Kenneth Walker was fatally shot, and the Rev. Joseph Terra is hospitalized in critical condition,
Coach Outletpolice and church officials said. It was not clear what type of weapon was used to attack Terra, Sgt. Steve Martos of the Phoenix Police Department said.
Coach Factory OutletA 911 call came in about 9 p.m. Wednesday (12 a.m. ET Thursday) from the Mater Misericordiae (Mother of Mercy) Mission Catholic Church, Martos said.
Coach Outlet OnlineThe emergency call to police was for a burglary and was made by Terra, Martos said.
Coach Factory OutletIt was unclear if Terra made the phone call before or after he was injured.When police arrived, they found the two priests badly injured.
Coach Outlet Store OnlineWalker died at the hospital.Terra, the injured priest, was only able to minimally speak with authorities about what happened, Martos said. The priority is for him to be treated."
Coach Outlet Store OnlineHopefully, once that individual receives treatment and is able to pull through,
Coach Factory Outletwe can gather more information," Martos said.The church,
Coach Outletin a statement on its website, referred to more than one armed burglar breaking into and entering the property. Police have not confirmed or denied that assertion,
Coach Outletsaying only that it is not an official police statement.
Coach Handbags OutletA green 2003 Mazda Tribute was stolen from church property, police said,
Michael Kors Outlet Storeand it was found abandoned.The vehicle is being examined for clues, but as of Thursday morning, nothing significant had been found, Martos said."
Coach OutletThe police are still gathering information and trying to sort through the details of this senseless act of violence,"
Michael Kors Outlet Onlinethe Diocese of Phoenix said in a statement. "
Coach OutletWe ask that people offer prayers for both priests, the religious community,
Coach Outlettheir families and the parish."Investigators have gathered physical evidence at the crime scene,
Michael Kors Outletbut they lack witness information, police said. Authorities asked for anyone with information to call in tips to police.Walker, 29,
Coach Outlet Onlinewas a member of the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter, a small community of priests founded in 1988 and dedicated to reviving the traditional Latin Mass.
True Religion JeansTerra, 56, is also a member.
Michael Kors OutletA Catholic blog, Rorate Caeli, said Walker was born in upstate New York in a family that became intrigued by the traditional Latin Mass.
True Religion OutletHe was ordained as a priest two years ago.The blog described the area around the church in downtown Phoenix as "
True Religiondeserted and dangerous at night"
Chanel Handbagsbut asked followers to avoid speculation about
Louis Vuittona motive for the crime.
Louis Vuitton OutletIt suggested prayer instead."May justice be done," the blog said. 2:00AM 06/14/14


text:
October 17, 2013
The Grand Marshals for the parade have been selected for their commitment and service to the Greenwich Village community: Melissa Aase, Executive Director of University Settlement; Sarah Nielsen, Washington Square Park Administrator; Mary P. Cheng, Director of Little Star of Broome Street Day Care; Mariam Ehrari, Chair of the NYU Student Senators Council
The parade provides very good, cute, daylight shots of kids in costumes parading around the park accompanied by parents. Good complement for coverage of the adult parade.
NYU students– including NYU music groups, and cheerleaders– will perform and assist with distributing treats.
The 23rd Annual NYU and CB2 Parade is sponsored by: McDonald's, Washington Square Hotel, Collins Building Services Inc., The Villager Newspaper, Morton Williams, NYU Faculty Housing, Deer Mountain Day Camp, Washington Square Association, Bedford Barrow Commerce Block Association, Bob and Elaine Schneider, Con Edison, Greenwich Village Chelsea Chamber of Commerce, Kaufman Children's Dental Office, Kmart, Lucille Lortel Theatre, McBurney YMCA, NoHo NY BID, NYU Administrative Management Council, NYU Bookstores, NYU Parenting Club / Office of Alumni Relations, Sky Management Corporation, Village Alliance
This Press Release is in the following Topics:
NYUToday-feature, All University, Community Service, Events, Events
Type: Press Release
Press Contact: Christopher James | (212) 998-6876


text:
WEIRTON - First Choice America Community Credit Union has reported a year of progress despite a difficult economy.
The report came Tuesday during the credit union's 74th-annual meeting where credit union officials were joined by 312 members and 15 guests at the Serbian-American Cultural Center.
First Choice reported growth in 2012 in assets to a record $379 million, expanding its deposits to a record $323 million and maintaining a strong capital position.
Article Photos
Craig Howell
SPIRIT AWARD — First Choice America Community Federal Credit Union President and Chief Executive Officer Scott Winwood presented Carol Lorenzoni, coordinator of the Gabriel House, with the credit union's 2013 Community Spirit Award. As part of the award, the Gabriel House will receive $2,500.
"Once again, our credit union received the distinction of earning a superior rating from the official industry rating group," Kenneth Truax, chairman of the board, said. "This rating recognizes the excellence of our capital strength, asset quality and management ability. Our credit union retains its position among the elite of America's 6,900 credit unions."
The credit union also presented its annual Community Spirit Award to the Gabriel House, providing the organization with a plaque and a contribution of $2,500.
Based in New Cumberland, the Gabriel House was started in 2007 by the Immaculate Conception Church with a mission to assist needy families in Hancock and Brooke counties with children ranging from newborns to 6 years old.
Carol Lorenzoni, coordinator of the Gabriel House, was on hand to accept the award.
Lorenzoni expressed her thanks on behalf of everyone involved in the Gabriel House and those it has helped.
"We're there every Saturday," she said. "We'll help anyone who needs it."
Among the services, the Gabriel House offers diapers, formula, slightly used toys, clothing, high chairs, strollers and play pens.
Also on hand Tuesday was Rich Schaffer, senior vice president of the West Virginia Credit Union League, who congratulated the members and employees of First Choice for their continued success. "I can't heap enough praise on the credit union," Schaffer said.
First Choice America Community Federal Credit Union has 113 employees, with eight offices in the Upper Ohio Valley.


text:
At a time, I was a night owl. My family kept nagging all the time why would I stay up the whole night and go to bed when everyone else is waking up. So I changed it, as I also read articles that irregular sleep could harm the body in many aspects. (For example, it affects your weight, read this article)
Nowadays, I can say I'm a morning person! It was easy to change my sleep pattern because all I wanted to do was sitting in front of the computer and surfing the internet. I didn't feel any special differences cause I'm totally distracted while surfing the internet, no matter what time it is.
But at this time, I need to start to study for a big test. I don't have enough time for it (less than 3 months).
My question is, do I need to find out when is the appropriate time to study for me, the time when I'm at the height of my brain power and the least tired? By spending a week on it, for example because I doubt whether I am an early bird or a night owl.


text:
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no King Abdullah chairs Cabinet session King Abdullah holds Cabinet session in Rawdhat Khuraim
King Abdullah chairs Cabinet session (4/2/12)
April 2, 2012
The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz began the weekly Cabinet meeting at his residence in Rawdhat Khuraim today with a briefing on his latest meetings with foreign officials, including U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Yemeni President Abd Rabbo Mansour Hadi.
After reviewing the latest regional and international developments, the Cabinet welcomed the decisions issued by the 23rd Arab Summit held in Baghdad last week, which dealt with a number of issues concerning the Arab world. It also hailed the convening of the 1st GCC-U.S. Strategic Cooperation Forum, which aimed at creating an official framework for mutual strategic cooperation in the political, military, security and economic fields. The ministers lauded the statement on Syria issued by the Forum, which denounced the continued violence of the Syrian regime and expressed support for the efforts of U.N.-Arab League Joint Envoy to Syria Kofi Annan to resolve the crisis.
Furthermore, the Cabinet expressed appreciation for the international efforts being exerted to assist the Syrian people, including the organizing of the Friends of the Syrian People Conference in Istanbul. During the Conference, it noted, the delegates recognized the Syrian National Council as the legitimate representative of all Syrians and demanded that the regime in Damascus fully implement U.N. and Arab League resolutions, as well as Annan's Six Point Plan.
Finally, the Cabinet praised the decisions issued by the recently concluded Nuclear Security Summit in Seoul, South Korea. The ministers reiterated the Kingdom's commitment to making the Middle East a nuclear weapons-free region and taking all possible precautions to prevent nuclear accidents, noting that it is a signatory to the key international agreements relating to the peaceful and safe use of atomic energy.
Addressing the remaining items on its agenda, the Cabinet approved a security cooperation agreement with Malaysia, signed in Riyadh on April 18, 2011; approved an anti-money laundering system involving terror financing and other crimes; and approved the licensing of the Wadi (Valley) Makkah Company for Technology, a Saudi joint stock company.
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Not on the list of links above (for obvious reasons) is that you can make stuff that goes boom.
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Entries in 'core' (4)
Miyamoto highlights Nintendo's desire to shift from casual to core gamers
Nintendo is renewing its focus on engaging a tighter core gamer market, rather than just catering to a broad audience of casual players.
Core gamers are uncomfortable with change, EA's Moore argues
The growth of gaming into new markets and new business models has left some of its core fans feeling uncomfortable.
Sony: VR is not just for core gamers
Sony wants to prove to the world that virtual reality is not just for hardcore gamers playing on their own.
Square Enix is falling back in love with JRPGs following Bravely Default success
Few companies have so fully embodied the shift in global games development from the West to the East as Square Enix.


text:
The MDA team and presenters had a blast at the ECA show in Marriott Marquis-Times Square. However, little did we know that we would not be able to venture out in the big city due to a massive snowfall. And, the majority of us only packed our fitness attire (spandex and tennis shoes are not so great in 6 inch snow)--needless to say, we were not prepared for the storm of the year! We were just happy that thet event was still on, all of our presenters made it to New York without any flight delays, and the sessions were filled with enthusiasic attendees ready for the weekend.
Despite the weather outside, the inside of the Marriott Marquis was heating up with Josh Taylor's sold-out Champion Ride, Spinning® sessions, Peak Pilates® sessions and circuit workouts. Attendees were keen on attending all the sessions and even found some time to shop and visit us at the booth! There was no slowing down at ECA, I know everyone slept soundly Sunday night!


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Fortunately, the allure of these cars, flaunting a name that had now become a legend, coupled above all with the absolutely unrivalled aura of the Countach, aroused enormous interest in the company. As soon as it was put up for liquidation, it had a number of admirers lined up to take it over. The judge entrusted the company to two brothers, Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran, the wealthy owners of a sugar empire in Senegal and, naturally, sports car lovers. The two brothers, assisted by their plenipotentiary in Sant'Agata, Emil Novaro, immediately set out to reconstruct the company. The 'Nuova Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini SpA' company was thus formed in January 1981 and from that moment on, work was seriously underway again. One of the first decisions - an exquisitely technical one - was to hire engineer Giulio Alfieri as the company's technical director.
With this celebrated designer at the helm of the company and loyal staff members Lamborghini went to the Geneva Motor Show in March 1981. It exhibited a Miura, restyled by a Swiss company with debatable results, and the Countach S with its large rear wing. Also on display was the initial attempt to reinterpret the hefty off-road Cheetah, which had been modified extensively to avoid legal action threatened by FMC and was thus dubbed the LM. However, the most tangible and reassuring sign of the new path undertaken by Lamborghini came with the first appearance of the Jalpa. The injection of capital by the Mimran family finally made it possible to resume serious development work on the Countach, which had essentially remained the same since 1973, with the exception of wider mudguards and tyres for the S version. Alfieri increased the displacement of the classic 12-cylinder engine, bringing it to 4.7 litres to crank out 375 hp and thus recuperate the outstanding performance that had been sacrificed to some extent by the tyres and aerodynamic additions. This was the Countach 5000, whose look was virtually indistinguishable from the 4-litre S version.
The Mimran brothers also decided to insist in the direction - certainly innovative for the period - of large high-performance off-road vehicles. Also in 1982, the engine was judiciously moved in front of the cockpit, culminating in the prototype known as the LMA, an acronym that, according to different interpretations, may mean 'Lamborghini Motore Anteriore' or 'Lamborghini Militare Anteriore'.
Although it was costly, work continued to develop the off-road model, which became the LM 004. By this time, it had a colossal 7-litre front-mounted V12 engine and, for the first time, its top speed broke the barrier of 200 km/hour. Pirelli collaborated with Lamborghini to develop a new top-performing tyre that could be used on any terrain, from asphalt to the sands of the great African deserts. This would become the Pirelli Scorpion.
At the same time, work also proceeded on an in-depth technical update of the cars. In 1985, the Lamborghini stand at the Geneva Motor Show presented the new version of the Countach, the Quattrovalvole. Alfieri extensively redesigned the entire classic Lamborghini engine, which had first been put out nearly 22 years earlier. He further increased its displacement to add power, and by using heads with four valves per cylinder, the 5167-cc engine climbed to 455 hp at 7000 rpm, a power level that put the Countach well ahead of all its traditional rivals. After years of problems, evolutions, redesigns and modifications, Lamborghini's hefty off-road vehicle finally went into production: the year was 1986. The LM 002 mounted a V12 engine that was essentially the same one used for the Countach, giving up the idea of mounting the enormous 7-litre of the previous prototype.
Through the shrewd reconstruction work spearheaded by the Mimran brothers and Emil Novaro, the revival of Lamborghini was firmly established by this time. The year 1987 was a positive one, with good sales of both the Countach and the Jalpa. In the meantime, orders started to roll in for the LM and development work continued on the whole line-up. The early prototypes of the Tipo 132, destined to become the successor to the Countach, began to circulate. In 1987, work was also undertaken to develop a car derived from the Jalpa, but with a canvas top: this was the Jalpa Spyder, also known as the Speedster. A prototype was built but the car never went into production, due to technical difficulties.


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Everyday Cecil Powell used to get up and ride his mountain bike for exercise. But eventually, the day in day out bike routine became less exciting.
"It's kinda boring, mainly because I didn't have anybody to talk to. And I figured well, I can probably spice this up a little bit"
said Cecil Powell, Founder of the Police Bike Action Shooting Association.
And to spice it up, Powell started racing his bike around a track while shooting a gun at balloon targets. It's a sport he created based off of Cowboy Mounted Shooting. But, his sport uses bikes instead of horses and police uniforms in place of western gear.
But don't let the uniforms fool you- Powell said he doesn't actually have any affiliation with police departments."[The uniform] adds the police attitude to it. Puts a little color and a little flavor to it" said Powell.
When he first had the idea, he tried it out with a pistol. "It was fun. You could actually ride the bicycle and shoot the balloons and I thought, well this is interesting" he said.
But it was the 357 Ruger Revolver with black powder rounds that took the sport to the next level."That was really exciting, you got all the smoke and the flames and bursting the balloons and I thought, I've come up with something really cute here" Powell told us.
To compete, the first person to make it around the track and hit the most targets wins. And for every balloon still standing, 5 seconds is added to the clock.
Powell said he is giving the sport his best shot to make it well known.
"It takes a while to invent a new sport I've come to find out. People first go, that's dangerous I don't want to do that" he said. "Then you go, no it's not dangerous we use blanks. And they say, oh, well it doesn't sound like a lot of fun. But if you can just get them to try it once they go, oh, I love that" Powell explained.
To learn more about the sport or give it a shot, you can visit his website at policebikeactionshooting.com or email him at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Sunday Funny
Posted by Jennifer Juniper at 6:54 AM
Labels: hope studios does disney , sunday funny
9 comments :
I haven't seen this. It's so cute! (((HUGS)))ReplyDelete
That's cute.ReplyDelete
Love it...that is so my husband.ReplyDelete
My husband is over in the chair saying"what the heck are you watching!!"...very funny ;-)ReplyDelete
AWW... that is cute!!ReplyDelete
I've never seen that. How adorable! My mom used to do a crazy-good Donald. Her grandkids adored it :)ReplyDelete
Wow - I need to take you with me when we hit up Disney! I will be so unprepared -- this could help me out :)ReplyDelete
Thanks for the laugh..ReplyDelete
funny? laughing? not me! i am... crying!!!!! i love it!ReplyDelete
Come on, I won't bite...tell me what you think! Oh, if you have a question, I can't answer you unless you have your address listed or registered with blogger. Thanks!
Subscribe to: Post Comments ( Atom )


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If you caught the Madonna show at the Pepsi Center on Thursday night, you were probably operating at a sleep deficit if you had work Friday morning.
The material girl arrived on stage nearly 3 hours late for her show and by the end was almost universally forgiven by those who stayed for the spectacular production, rife with elaborate sets, costumes and her trademark flawless troupe of dancers. While her inclusion of an opening number in which the black-clad diva brandishes guns and repeatedly "kills" members of her troupe had angered some audiences even before she reached Colorado, site of the recent horrific Aurora Theater Shootings,
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2010 Campaign Information
SAAM Day of Action 2010: Tuesday, April 20th
Add your events to the National Calendar.
© 2016 National Sexual Violence Resource Center – Founded by the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape
This site is supported by Grant/ Cooperative Agreement No. 1UF2CE002359-03 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


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expert advice MORE
Macho Dad
Q: A guy I am dating has two sons. One son is five and the other eleven years of age. The five-year-old and he were tossing around the football and the son got hit in the face lightly, but it still hurt him and he was holding back from crying. My friend told me that he told his five-year-old to be tough. I don't think that was the proper thing to say. What is your advice?
A: If the father thinks these displays of emotion are unmanly or wimpish, this young boy will be hesitant to show his feelings next time. Kids should be able to show all their emotions to their parents without fear of being shamed or embarrassed. How people treat their kids should be a priority you keep in mind when you are dating seriously.
More on: Expert Advice
Carleton Kendrick has been in private practice as a family therapist and has worked as a consultant for more than 20 years. He has conducted parenting seminars on topics ranging from how to discipline toddlers to how to stay connected with teenagers. Kendrick has appeared as an expert on national broadcast media such as CBS, Fox Television Network, Cable News Network, CNBC, PBS, and National Public Radio. In addition, he's been quoted in the New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Boston Globe, USA Today, Reader's Digest, BusinessWeek, Good Housekeeping, Woman's Day, and many other publications.


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Is there a website to search for European train tickets? I mean something like kayak.com, expedia.com, airfare.com, etc for trains? I know there are specific countries' website like bahn.de, sbb.ch, voyages-sncf.com, etc. But is there a website to search and see the prices easily without having to go through many steps?
There are some offers that start appearing on the web:
A website called Loco2.com offers that (it's based in UK so be careful with currency of payment - see the co-founder answer to this question).
http://mytripset.voyages-sncf.com offers flights and trains (apparently it's possible to book some outside France [it's a French travel agency] but I cannot guarantee it).
In any way, as Mouviciel suggested, you can query trains in Europe from the German/Swiss/Austrian providers but not book tickets out of these countries. You can have a lot of information on the trains (like all stops) and I use it sometimes for any train in Europe. It includes some local transit system.
More generally, there is an answer that will probably help you.
All national railway sites whose underlying database is HAFAS(de) can give you timetable information on all european trains. This includes Germany, Switzerland and Belgium. This excludes France.
Unfortunately, pricing and booking is not available on these sites beyond domestic routes and some international ones.
The best site that gather information about train travel in Europe is Seat 61.
This forum post just popped up in my alerts because it mentions Loco2. I'm co-founder of loco2.com so don't want to get lambasted for self-promotion, but actually @Vince isn't quite right. Loco2 has print at home tickets for lots of trains (Eurostar, TGV, ICE trains etc) which means it doesn't matter where you are.
We're integrated with the French and German (SNCF & Deutsche Bahn) rail booking systems and usually have print at home or collect at station tickets for domestic tickets in those countries, as well as international trains that cross their borders. We have some tickets from other operators via indirect connections, and it is these that are only able to be delivered to the UK.
@mouviciel is right though that sites using Hafas have the most comprehensive timetable information, but see Jamie's comment about the difference between Hafas (the journey-planning engine) and Merits (the timetable data) (Loco2 does not currently use Hafas/Merits).
One service that hasn't been mentioned yet is Waymate. They are somewhat like Hipmunk but for train travel. Waymate has the potential to become awesome once they add flight search. Good combined flight and train search is something that would be very useful in Europe.
Personally, I use bahn.hafas.de for finding train connections. In fact, when I once asked someone in Russia to help me find a train connection, I was quite surprised that he used the same service and not that of Russian Railways. Hafas has a really good database, nowadays even with real-time updates to the schedule, and when searching I can specify that I have a BahnCard, which gives me price reductions.
Generally, trains in Europe are either local or long-distance. The local ones sell tickets on the same day at the station and are fairly cheap. The long-distance ones offer much more comfort, for a higher price, and only between cities. I feel like 3-4 hours on a normal train is my limit and anything more than that and you'll want something better.
Some trains (ie. Amsterdam -> Brussels) run every day at the same time and you don't get a seat number - so you can get your ticket ahead of time and just show up and go on the day you want.
However, the Thalys and ICE are the nicest and best trains but also priciest. The comfort is similar or better than that of an airplane. Book early enough and you might get a nice discount. They often run specials available on their website (http://www.thalys.com/ and http://www.bahn.com/i/view/USA/en/trains/overview/ice.shtml)
For checking schedules you can rely on the site of the German railways, already mentioned in this thread. That should be sufficient for most of your needs.
Unfortunately, when it comes to booking, the situation is not as good. There is no single website for booking trains in Europe, like you can find for e.g. flights. The best strategy is to use the sites of the national companies of the country of departure or the country of arrival. You can google for these sites or you can use the excellent seat61.com to find the addresses. Sites à la loco2.com provide a more user-friendly interface than some railway companies. But, you cannot use them to book anything you want to. They are limited in their possibilities, just as the national sites.
Example. Let's suppose I want to travel from Brussels to Gdansk somewhere in March. Loco2 doesn't show anything. However, the German Bahn gives me a list of connections. None of these can be booked directly. For the booking I have to split my trip into 2 parts. First I will have to buy a ticket from Brussels to Cologne, via bahn.de or thalys.com. Next I will have to book a ticket from Cologne to Gdansk, via bahn.de. This may look a bit cumbersome, but it is funny. Your trip starts at home :-)
If you find this horrible, note that until not so long ago, it wasn't even possible to buy international tickets online. Things are changing into the good direction. And seat61.com really helps a lot to find the good way through the jungle!
www.bahn.de will show you prices, and sell you tickets for trips from Germany to most neighbouring destinations. Another good site is www.b-europe.com. This is the international booking site of the Belgian railways, an there is www.ns-hispeed.nl which is basically the same booking engine, but for the Dutch railways. www.sbb.ch is good for trips from Switzerland.
loco2.com, mentioned above however has failed to provide me with solutions for all of the origin - destination pairs I entered. Maybe because they're linked to the French system, which doesn't like to give solutions involving many transfers.
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text:
- Jena Economic Resea...
- Volume 6
- Ranking alternative...
Ranking alternatives by a fair bidding rule: a theoretical and experimental analysis
- Pictured person
- Published
- Mon Feb 20 2012
- Number of discussion paper
- keyword(s)
Bidding behavior
Procedural fairness
Voting paradox
- abstract
We introduce a procedurally fair rule to study a situation where people disagree about the value of three alternatives in the way captured by the voting paradox. The rule allows people to select a final collective ranking by submitting a bid vector with six components (the six possible rankings of the three alternatives). In a laboratory experiment we test the robustness of the rule to the introduction of subsidies and taxes. We have two main results. First, in all treatments, the most frequently chosen ranking is the socially efficient one. Second, subsidies slightly enhance overbidding. Furthermore, an analysis of individual bid vectors reveals interesting behavioral regularities.
- article pub. typess JER
- Research article
- article languages JER
- Englisch
- JEL-Classification for JER
- C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior ; D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations ; D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations


text:
Plus Size Shapewear- Get a figure-flattering silhouette with Catherines plus size shapewear. Choose from firm to light control shapewear for a fit that suits your shape, style and mood. Our seamless body shapers and waist shapers give you a flawless look under all of your favorite dresses.
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text:
le dismounts et pierre
team average
emma wood is killing me / sitting off the horn
nike comp redux
yesterday's papers
...as of late. early feb. 2012
singles pt. 3 .epilogue.
singles pt. 3
charmed life
star lounge
sperm whale clothed
boggie boarding @ trestles
low interval; paraphrased
sorry entertainer
no bells
two diamonds pt. 1
japan japan
kawasaki boogie
kelly slater
lily breaking news
borrowed board + greg commentary
unleashed/beach sounds
sprout music
singles pt. 2
lost interest
sperm whale
new projections
thrills/spills excerpt pt. 1 of 1
thrills/thrills deleted scene
o.c. bazaar
wave bandit
tribal beat pt. 1 & 2
collecting scores and umbrella drinks
Coral Fingers
handheld foam board
after the horn
28 Sukey Jump (Win'jammer) + Soft Trestles Proton Test
the fourth
o outro portugal
Minha primeira experiencia com Peniche como um menino jovem
25 years ago
saturday afternoon test
sweet and tender hooligan
san mateo morning
quiche lorraine
pelican breech
novelty gifts
white or dark meat?
pork chop red shoes
Midnight Blue
morocco (2005)
meager rights in black and white
thrills, spills and what not teaser
lackadaisical surfing on a 5'6" Donald Day + aggressive finish
testing boards for brazil/j-bay/australia journey
i hate the name turkey day
dec 13th
filming for the PRESENT (fixed version)
couple things
hawaii in 8
van memories
defeated by dbah
wonky waves + wonky keyboard
walter le grand swift IV; aspiring commentator
the other night
super bowl + flimsy board
snapper board@home
slopey slalom single ski
sitting in the back of a green car
may 26th
trunks and a leather jacket
world tour surfer
old news; BA boogieboarding
bad luck at the pier
new mtf; nad rhythm
march 22nd
Midnight Blue Part ll
sagres 4 ever
kiddie bowl
march 1st
jun 21st
june 1st
jan. 11th
July 12th
Gangsters Paradise
feb 20th
feb 8th
evening surfing + the soothing natural sounds of the beach
damage inc.
carols + longboarding
mini's first roll of film (possible light leak)
april 6th
briefly joining the alaia craze
an afternoon with adam
6 foot high tide
Thrills, Spills, and What Not Official Trailer
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text:
Cory Finney (Fin '12) and Christian Nitu (Mktg '11), founders of SnowGate, won first place at a June 3 pitch event in front of a panel of judges including Daymond John of ABC's Shark Tank.
SnowGate is a CU-Boulder startup that also includes Founders Matt Hoenecke and Nick Ramsey. It provides self-service storage for people in active-lifestyle environments such as ski resorts, parks and beaches.
The team of former Leeds School of Business students was awarded $20,000 for the win and will advance to the final round of the event -- called Miller Lite Tap the Future -- to be held in August in Chicago. There, SnowGate will compete for the grand prize of $200,000.
"I am not surprised that Christian and Cory won," said Remy Arteaga, director of the Deming Center for Entrepreneurship. "Cory and Christian are smart, persistent and willing to learn - three great qualities."
The company was one of 20 selected out of more than 2,000 that applied to pitch in the June 3 regional semi-final, held in Dallas.
Last year, Finney was a guest speaker at a middle school financial literacy course -- part of an academic-outreach program by the Leeds School. To read the story visit http://www.colorado.edu/news/features/leeds-students-provide-financial-literacy-middle-schoolers.
The Deming Center for Entrepreneurship is dedicated to changing the world with entrepreneurship by empowering students through education, experience and community partnerships.


text:
I have the following sequence of differential operators:
$$D_n = \underbrace{t \partial_t t \partial_t \dots t \partial_t}_{\text{$n$ times}}.$$
Is there any expression involving a sum of "normal" differential operator? That is a sum of different powers (up to $n$)? I have tried setting up a recurrence relation, but I really have no clue how we would solve that for (unbounded) operators.
The recursion is not that hard, $D_n = t \partial_t D_{n - 1}$, but if that is of any help...
In particular I would like to apply this to the function $e^{2 x t - t^2}$.


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text: Liam Hemsworth, Australian born, is a new star, brother to Chris Hemsworth of Thor and Luke Hemsworth (all actors). In "The Hunger Games", Liam plays Gale, a long-time friend and hunter with Katniss. He is romantically inclined toward Katniss, but never pushes it. Also he has a temper and sometimes uses The Capiitol's methods, which puts him at odds with Katniss. So this tutorial is in tribute to one of the engaging characters of this already popular movie and bestselling book. I wanted to treat you in this "Hunger Games" tutorial. You can draw Liam's front view, Liam's character profile (Gale) or both. I just want you to have fun. Let me know what you experienced by commenting, faving and showing your love. Much love to you all. I cannot wait to hear from you.


text:
I want to allow user that Post option display on his dashboard. Where User's Can Show only his post. How I manage this. Please Help me.
You seem to be asking 2 questions:
1) How do I place something on the Dashboard?
2) How do I get the links to all posts the current author has written?
One way to place something on the Dashboard is to use a Dashboard widget. The Dashboard Widgets API describes the details, but here is some code based on it.
Add that code to your functions.php theme file. 'theme_text_domain' should be replaced with the text domain for your theme, if you use one. Otherwise leave it as is.
You should end up with a new Dashboard Widget with the text "This is where the posts for this author will be displayed." in it.
To get a list of links for the Author's posts, run a query on the WordPress database. That sounds fancy and technical, but the information is written in (fairly) plain English in the WP_Query Object Reference. Here is the code I used to test for this answer.
This produces a list of all posts by the current author and adds a link to edit the posts as well. I didn't test it thoroughly, but the query should grab all the posts by this author, published, unpublished, in the trash, etc. If you want something different, you should adjust the arguments in the
If you do not want the Edit link replace the


text: Here is something simple, but it's also going to represent something fun. Today I will be showing you "how to draw a snowball", step by step. Making and throwing snowballs has been something that kids, adults, and dogs enjoyed since the creation of the first snowball. Not only do we have fights, we also use snowballs to make snowmen. This is going to be a useful lesson if you want to create a wintry scene of snowball fighting fun. Enjoy people and peace out.


text:
Recess Appointments Are Example of Obama Violating His Oath
Published: Sunday, February 3, 2013 at 12:05 a.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, February 3, 2013 at 12:05 a.m.
President Barack Obama has taken his oath of office to begin his second term. In fact, he has actually sworn the oath four times, twice for each term. That oath requires the president to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution.
The Ledger has reported that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit has ruled 3-0 that the president violated the Constitution in making recess appointments to the National Labor Relations Board while Congress was in pro forma session.
Then-Sen. Obama worked to repeatedly prevent President George W. Bush from making recess appointments using the exact same process but, as president, he chose to ignore both the text of the Constitution and his own conduct as a senator.
The Constitution states: "The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate." The Senate was not in recess, as he well knew.
President Obama has violated his constitutional oath knowingly and willingly.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


text:
10 Secrets I Learned at Makeup Artist School
Want the tricks professional makeup artists use without going to makeup school yourself? We went to a makeup academy and got the goods -- see our cheat sheet now
I've been doing it all wrong.
In Chapter 7 of the Make-up Designory textbook, I learned that you're actually not supposed to draw your liner all the way across your lashline in one motion. "You'll get bumps in your line with your brush catching on loose skin," says Prior. Instead, you're supposed to go from the inner corner to the center of your lid, then reload the brush (if you're using one) and start from the outside corner until you meet the existing liner.
And as for my wonky winged tips? Prior gave me a smart tip to make sure a wing is always in the right place. "Napoleon Perdis always starts with eyeliner on the lower lashline, because it goes up at the outer corner, which gives you the angle that you should follow on your top lashline," says Prior. "Usually when you do your top liner first you end up in no-man's-land, because you don't know how far to take the line or how curved it should be."
SEE NEXT PAGE: Lesson No. 8: Get Angelina Jolie's lips without injections
Older comments
very useful tips! thank you for sharing. I'm going to pin this and use this when i'm applying makeup on the weekends. I have more time to work on it, If i make mistakes, i can wash my face and start over! thank you :)
by Yecenia Tuesday, April 30, 2013 at 01:18PM Report as inappropriate
I'm bookmarking this!
by purple9a Wednesday, April 24, 2013 at 05:58PM Report as inappropriate
Love it! Will do from now on!!
by ariellesuxx_ Tuesday, April 23, 2013 at 02:28PM Report as inappropriate
I'd really like the part where you explain about the color wheel ive know that colors canceled each other but never knew why now I do
by Zsayyar Saturday, April 20, 2013 at 04:47PM Report as inappropriate
I really thought I knew it all, but I did learn a lot & would tell others to read it.....
by hotndnchick Tuesday, April 16, 2013 at 09:59AM Report as inappropriate
this was wayy helpful!
by mlyvng Thursday, March 28, 2013 at 12:48PM Report as inappropriate
Went to modeling/makeup school, and you nailed the most important tips beautifully!
by GigiSD Monday, March 11, 2013 at 08:53PM Report as inappropriate
will be using these tips tomorrow when applying my makeup thank you!
by rayshaviolet Saturday, March 9, 2013 at 04:59PM Report as inappropriate
Very good advice
by Mollysunshine Saturday, March 9, 2013 at 03:50AM Report as inappropriate
Great article! Thank you for the advice!
by nursesuz77 Tuesday, March 5, 2013 at 06:43PM Report as inappropriate
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