text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 1, 2005
|Filing date
|Oct 19, 2001
|Priority date
|Oct 19, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Max Azevedo
|Original Assignee
|Spartan Products Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (39), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (25), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates broadly to a new method of curing stabilized cyanoacrylate adhesives coincidently with their application to a substrate, particularly with reference to medical procedures using such adhesives and new devices for using the method.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Medical interest in cyanoacrylate polymers was apparent in the mid-nineteen sixties as evidenced by numerous reports on its use as a tissue bonding agent. Collins, et al reported on the effectiveness of homologous chain cyanoacrylates for bonding of biological substrates (1,2). They observed high rates of polymerization with longer chain esters than the methyl or ethyl monomers. There appeared to be more biocompatability with the longer chains as noted by the ease of spreading monomer films on biosubstrates. This contrasted with in vitro polymerizations where the lower homologues reacted much faster. There was particular interest in the degradation of these polymers as they related to possible harmful effects that would preclude their use in surgery. Woodward, et al (3) reported histotoxicity of these monomers in rat tissue. The study involved in situ polymerization of three cyanoacrylate monomers: methyl, hexyl, decyl. It was reported that histotoxic effects were greatest with methyl and decreased with the other two monomers.
The same group reported on the use of radioactive methyl cyanoacrylate for monitoring routes for the loss of the polymer (4, 5). Results indicated that the polymer was degraded and excreted principally through the urine and feces. Analysis of the animal's organs revealed no signs of radioactivity. This implied no degradation products were incorporated into any of the animal's metabolic pathway. By analogy to poly-vinylidene cyanide, they noted that the cyanoacrylate polymer degraded in the presence of water and more so in the presence of bases. The first observed degradation product turned out to be one of the starting materials, i.e., formaldehyde. In vitro studies have shown that the polymers degrade via hydrolytic scission in homogeneous as well as heterogeneous conditions (6). These degradation products were confirmed to be formaldehyde and the corresponding cyanoacetate. The conditions of solution degradation affected the consequent rates, namely, under neutral conditions rates decreased as the homologous series was ascended while alkaline conditions increased all rates.
The same study reported that the hydroxyl group was evident in the polymer as the initiating species. This was concluded from infrared spectral data that displayed hydroxyl group absorption at 3600 cm(−1). Further support for this is the noted suppression of the OH as water is replaced with methanol and the observed methoxy absorption at 1100 cm(−1). Preferential initiation was shown to occur with NH2 containing substances such as pyridine, cysteine, alanine, and glycine in aqueous solutions. This suggested that in vivo adhesion was more than a mechanical interlocking of the solid polymer with the tissue. This appears to be the case as it was noted that typical polymer solvents were not effective in solvating tissue-bound polymer.
From this it would appear that in vivo studies of degradation do not necessarily correspond to in vitro conditions. Part of the degradation mechanism relies on the solution of polymer for hydrolytic scission. The chemical bonding of the polymer excludes this surface from hydrolytic activity. A mechanism of degradation was proposed that suggests an action similar to unzipping in acrylics, however, the difference being that the monomer is not regenerated. The proposed mechanism necessitates the presence of the hydroxyl as well as the presence of water.
An unusual effect was reported regarding the aqueous degradation of isobutyl cyanoacrylate (7). Of the monomers tested (methyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, heptyl, octyl), it was the only one that degraded more rapidly than any of the unbranched homologues, with the exception of the methyl.
A second study reported that in vivo experimentation give credence to the chain scission mechanism by hydrolysis (8). When beta-(14) carbon tagged cyanoacrylate is implanted in rats, radioactive urea is isolated from urine. This suggests that tagged formaldehyde is released, converted to carbon dioxide and in turn reacts with ammonia to produce urea (9).
Rates of degradation on ethyl, butyl, and hexyl cyanoacrylates were evaluated with regards to molecular weights, concentrations, and side chain structures (10). The method employed buffered systems of pH ranges from 5.97 to 7.88. As expected, the rates increased with increasing pH. Scanning electron microscopy of the degraded polymer indicated that reaction occurs at the surfaces and not internally through diffusion. It was postulated that the greater the length of the nalkyl side chain, the more protection provided to the labile hydroxyl end of the polymer chain. This in turn would provide greater resistance to degradation of the polymer. Degradation rates do in fact correspond to chain length protection. The relative rates of degradation for hexyl, butyl, and ethyl were, respectively, 1.0, 1.36, 9.55.
The same group reported on a study whereby degradation rates were retarded by increasing the chain length of the polymer (11). Very small quantities of impurities in the monomers had a significant impact on the final outcome of the degree of polymerization. Further to this study, within the ethoxyethyl system, longer chain length enhanced the degradation resistance of the resultant polymer.
A comparative study of ethyl cyanoacrylate and polyurethane in-situ generated adhesives and coatings were reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,535. The study claimed the superiority of the polyurethane structure due to high flexibility and compatibility with the treated tissues. The single comparison was made with incised tissue and consequent application between the wound edges. Inferiority of this application for the cyanoacrylate was readily evident, but true topical applications were not compared. Of eleven examples given, four were of a topical method, yet no data was presented as no application of the ethyl or any other homologue was done conjunctively for comparative efficacy. A further deficiency of this patent is the practicality of use. No indication is given for a device to properly apply the two part system and appears to indicate an at-site preparation.
Another patent, U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,536 overcomes the apparent difficulty of U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,535 by taking preformed polyurethane and dissolving in a rapidly evaporating solvent such as tetrahydrofuran. The composition is designed to form a "membrane-like cover over the wound" and "assists in maintaining closure of the wound". Again no comparative studies were reported.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,641 presents the novelty of modified cyanoacrylates, namely, carbalkoxyalkyl cyanoacrylates. These also are claimed to be useful for tissue adhesives in surgical applications. The presumed superiority of these products was attributable to the rapid hydrolytic decay and concurrent low degree of histotoxicity. Since no data is presented regarding formaldehyde evolution it is presumed that the hydrolysis mechanism does not scission the polymer to generate it.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,132 discloses the use of a hybrid method of surgical application of cyanoacrylates. It claims a combination of sutures and adhesive such as to be mutually isolated from each other, but to both support the re-growth of the tissue in the wound area. It addresses the issue of insuring no contact of adhesive in the suture area so as to assure no inclusions of the cyanoacrylate. This method would appear to be awkward and cumbersome and require a very effective and controlled dispensing of the adhesive without contacting the suture. Additional concern is indicated as a suggestion is made to employ a solvent (acetone) if any surgical instrument happens to be bonded inadvertently to the treated area.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,687 attacks the formaldehyde issue by incorporating a formaldehyde scavenger such as sodium bisulfite. The various compositions were evaluated via in-vitro experimentation. The examples presented all had a presumably excessive level of scavenger. The representative compositions had loadings of 20% of a scavenging agent that was designed to offset formaldehyde emissions that were at 0.1%. As indicated previously, in-vitro and in vivo conditions are not identical and certainly not in this instance. The presented in-vitro conditions do not factor in the dynamic conditions in living tissue. The surgically treated area would be under continuous and changing fluids as the organ attempts to bring in the necessary biocomponets to heal the traumatized tissue. As such, it would not be expected that the scavenger/formaldehyde ratio would be maintained as it was in the in-vitro state. It could be speculated that the use of such high loadings of any fluid solubilized additives would contribute to greater formaldehyde emissions. This can be assumed to be a consequence of dissolution of the additives resulting in cavities in the polymer thereby promoting greater surface area for hydrolytic degradation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,591 concerns the use of cyanoacrylates for treatment of skin irritations that progress to ulcerations. It would be assumed that these conditions could be considered wound formations, e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,641.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,928,611, 5,981,621, 6,099,807, 6,217,603 describe methods of inducing cure of cyanoacrylates by passing the adhesive through a porous applicator tip containing substances that initiate the polymerization.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,352 describes methods of altering the pH environment of cyanoacrylates in order to attenuate or accelerate the rate of hydrolytic degradation by uses of acid and alkaline additives. The formulation of acidic modifiers is problematic as they tend to inhibit the primary characteristic of these materials, namely, rapid cure on application to tissue. Data is presented on effects of acidic compositions on previously cured cyanoacrylates.
All of these methods rely on addition of various compositions to effect the accelerated cure onto the desired substrate. These may induce polymerization by creating a greater number of initiation sites and or orientation of the monomer for more facile polymerizations. Other plausible mechanisms can be evoked, but the fact remains that these materials become a part of the composition. As such these chemical inclusions may elicit unfavorable reactions in the cured state. In particular, the use of pH-based accelerators can now contribute to the alkaline hydrolysis of the cyanoacrylate polymer.
This is particularly undesirable in medical applications of the cyanoacrylates as the hydrolysis results in the evolution of formaldehyde. A certain level of formaldehyde can be tolerated by tissue as it is able to dispose of reasonable concentrations. A solution to this was to increase the chain length of the cyanoacrylate monomer side group and in particular that it be alkyl so as to impart hydrophobic character to the resulting polymer.
The current and prior art has been able to achieve a synthesis of the octyl cyanoacrylate at economic levels for applications in the medical field, although improbable for uses in commercial applications due to reaction yields. A number of methods have been attempted to improve yields (12). The variables looked at included: azeotropes, temperature and formaldehyde/cyanoacetate ratio. Other methods have also included assessment of different catalysts for the condensation reaction. Regardless of the methods tried, yields become increasingly smaller as the cyanoacetate pendant group becomes larger.
A reported attempt to improve yields is reported in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,933. This method attempts to avoid yield losses by producing the high yield cyanoacrylate prepolymers of the lower homologues (methyl & ethyl) and then proceed through a transesterification with a longer chain alcohol such as the octyl. Three reported examples with 2-octanol gave yields ranging from 21.8% to 36.2% of crude monomer.
From this, it can be seen that high yields are difficult and no doubt subsequent workup to medically acceptable products result in even lower product output. The difficulty with methods such as above, is the undesirable side products which are difficult to remove from the main stream. In particular, it is difficult to achieve complete transesterification reactions on polymeric moieties because of steric obstruction. As a consequence, purity is compromised as the initial cyanoacrylate prepolymer is not completely reacted and the lower homologue co-distills with the desired product.
Other additives have been used to attenuate various properties, such as modulus (elasticity), viscosity, thermal resistance, etc. Each and every additive becomes a substance that must be removed by the surrounding tissue, which generally do not assist in recovery of the damaged area. In that regard, the addition of these additives must factor the property improvement against the effect on tissue compatibility.
A principal object of the invention is the provision of a new method for curing of cyanoacrylate adhesives.
A further object is the provision of such curing methods that minimize presence of contaminates and extraneous additives in the resulting cured adhesives with particular reference to use in medical procedures.
Additional objects include:
1. Enhancing the cure speed of stabilized cyanoacrylate adhesives by destabilization treatment that removes stabilizers from them coincidently with their application onto a substrate.
2. The provision of new cyanoacrylate adhesives curing methods that allow for greater levels of stabilizers therein to be formulated to provide improved shelf life while not lowering speed of cure upon application.
3. Providing for greater latitude of storage of cyanoacrylate adhesives in packages with less regard for handling thereof.
4. Enhancing the cure speed of cyanoacrylate adhesives by a destabilization treatment that purifies such adhesive coincidently with the application onto a substrate.
5. Producing improved cured cyanoacrylate adhesives that exhibit greater biocompatability as a consequence of modified polydispersity, especially such adhesives that exhibit attenuated degradation of the polymer thereby exposing tissue contacting the adhesive to lower levels of formaldehyde.
6. The provision of improved cyanoacrylate adhesives curing methods that enable the use of difuncitional and/or multifunctional cyanoacrylates to optimize properties such as elasticity, porosity, cohesive strength and degradation rates.
7. The provision of improved cyanoacrylate adhesives curing methods that allow for greater degree of freedom in concentration of stabilizers without affecting the final chemical characteristics of such adhesives.
8. The provision of improved cyanoacrylate adhesives curing methods that allow for formulating unadulterated adhesives containing no plasticizers while achieving the elastomeric properties necessary for bonded substrates undergoing multidimensional stresses.
9. The provision of unique devices for use in carrying out the new method of the invention.
Other objects and further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed descriptions given herein; it should be understood, however, that the detailed descriptions, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from such descriptions.
These objects are accomplished in accordance with the invention by the provision of a method for curing reactive monomeric cyanoacrylate oligomers to undergo macromolecular formations via appropriate destabilization coincidently with their application to a substrate. Such destabilization chemically and physically removes stabilizing agents so the new method allows for greater levels of stabilizers to be formulated for improved shelf life and not result in slower curing speed upon application to a substrate. Further, this allows for greater latitude of storage in various packages with less regard for product handling.
Cyanoacrylate adhesives that exemplify this invention comprise one or more monomers having the following general structure:
Without encumbering the body of this patent with specific examples of moieties, reference is made to the numerous patents delineating the myriad of groups that can be represented by the moiety designated as R. These are therefore intended to define and be included by general reference to such prior art and by those knowledgeable thereof.
This invention achieves this goal by removing stabilizers in cyanoacrylate adhesives coincidently with their application to substrates thereby making the resultant purified compositions highly susceptible to polymerizations as a result of contact with the substrates. In one embodiment for effectively using stabilized cyanoacrylate adhesives in accordance with the invention, they are stored in a device that houses a frangible ampoule containing such adhesives separate from particulate agent that removes stabilizers from the adhesive, but within the device. Alternatively, the frangible ampoule may contain the particulate destabilizing agent separate from the stabilized cyanoacrylate adhesive or both the stabilized cyanoacrylate adhesive and the particulate destabilizing agent may be contained in separate ampoules.
Such frangible ampoule containing devices may be constructed of any number of materials that can be shaped or molded or otherwise fabricated to contain the adhesive and ampoule. Also, it can be made from such materials as to provide a resilient wall capable of transmitting pressure to the frangible ampoule without loss of its containment properties. These application devices advantageously further comprise a filtering component and nozzle for application of the filtered and resulting destabilized adhesive to the substrate.
The application devices preferably are designed to apply the destabilized product in a continuous manner by appropriate removal of any destabilizing component. An example of such a device is one that incorporates a removable cartridge of the destabilizing agent with a reservoir of the appropriate adhesive feeding through the cartridge.
In a preferred embodiment, one of the above described devices containing isooctyl cyanoacrylate in the crushable ampoule and a weak base anion exchange resin such as "Ionac AFP329" (Sybron Chemicals, Inc.). The ampoule is crushed and contents are intermixed so as to optimize maximal contact with the isooctyl cyanoacrylate monomer for a short period of time. Upon achieving the desired consistency, the contents are then expressed through the appropriate filter and dispenser tip onto the substrate, specifically living tissue, mainly human or animal flesh and skin. The application is accomplished in such fashion as to prevent encapsulation of adhesive by any surrounding tissue. Though ultimately these inclusions are degraded and excreted, it is most desirable to minimize this occurrence to maximize reconstitution of the surrounding tissue. The need to assure this minimization was noted in U.S. Pat. No. 3,667,472 which pointed out the requisite to bridge the wound without diffusing into it. This was accomplished by bringing the wound edges together followed by application so as to effect a bridging over the wound to circumvent necrosis and irritation by this technique.
A second preferred embodiment utilizes the above described devices containing isodecyl cyanoacrylate, weak base anion exchange resin, and an appropriate difunctional cyanoacrylate to effect a composition capable of generating sufficient multiaxial strength to maintain integrity of the healing tissue.
A third preferred embodiment utilizes the above described devices containing isotridecyl cyanoacrylate and weak base anion exchange resin as the destabilizing agent.
A fourth preferred embodiment includes the above with combinations of cyanoacrylate monomers to achieve control over the rate of hydrolytic degradation so as to improve compatibility with tissue by control of formaldehyde emissions.
In preferred embodiments, the invention employs particulate ion exchange resins, molecular sieves, zeolites, chelators, and/or alkaline solids, particularly alkali metal carbonates, as destabilizing agents to remove stabilizers from solution in the cyanoacrylate adhesives. Advantageously the size of these particulate destabilizing agents will be of between Nos. 10 and 600 U.S. standard sieve series size and they will be selected to produce destabilization of the cyanoacrylate adhesive within about 1 to 5 minutes of mixing the destabilizing agent(s) with the cyanoacrylate adhesive.
Prior to use, the particulate destabilizing agent advantageously is treated to assure removal of all extraneous components that would cause initiation of polymerization. For example, in the case of weak base anion exchange resin, it is treated with distilled water followed by vacuuming to 0.20 mm Hg at 35-50 degrees centigrade.
The new method of the invention for curing stabilized cyanoacrylate adhesives coincidently with their application to a substrate is particularly useful in performing medical procedures using such adhesives, e.g., suturing human or animal flesh, providing wounds with protective covering, etc. However, it may be used in other adhesive operations, e.g., joining plumbing items, forming furniture joints, etc.
The objects are further accomplished in accordance with the invention by the provision of unique devices for using the method of the invention. Advantageously, such device is one that (a) delivers the cyanoacrylate adhesive of convenient viscosity by some degree of partial polymerization and regulated by the interval from the destabilizing operation to time of application, (b) contains a porous segment for the containment of a frangible ampoule and other components so as to permit the release of the destabilized adhesive with no particulate components being released onto the substrate to which it is applied, (c) delivers the destabilized adhesive through a nozzle to an applicator tip configured for appropriate application onto the substrate, (d) is configured with the adhesive in an isolated compartment separate from the destabilizing agent(s), that is able to release contents into contact with the destabilizing agents, (e) positions the destabilizing component in a compartment through which the ampoule-released adhesive passes as it is being delivered to the applicator tip for transfer to the substrate and (f) can be used to destabilize monomer formulations prior to application to effect the desired result.
A preferred embodiment of a device of the invention comprises a syringe having an elongated tubular chamber defined by a length of flexible tubing having a proximal end and a distal end, a dispensing tip on said distal end, means at the proximal end to apply pressure to said chamber, filter means positioned between the dispensing tip and the chamber, a frangible ampoule located within the chamber contains stabilized cyanoacrylate adhesive and particulate destabilizing agent is contained in the chamber external of the ampoule.
In an alternate embodiment of the above described device, the particulate destabilizing agent is contained in the ampoule and the cyanoacrylate adhesive is contained in the chamber external of the ampoule.
All of the preferred embodiments are meant to further include all of the various additives useful in the alteration and improvements to cyanoacrylate adhesives as would make them suitable for placement into the above devices and modifications to these devices. These can include plasticizers, stabilizers, surface insensitive additives, tougheners, thickeners, adhesion promoters and other such compositions as would be evident to those familiar with the cyanoacrylate adhesives art.
A more complete understanding of the invention can be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
With reference in detail to the drawings in which generic components are designated by an arrowhead line and specific components by a plain line,
A washer-like member 14 caps the proximal end 8 and admits a plunger 16 with a distal end 17 that proximally defines a chamber 18. A filter disc 20 fixed in the distal end 10 distally defines the chamber 18 within the tubular section 6.
The chamber 18 encloses a frangible ampoule 22 and a quantity of particulate destabilizing agent 24 as defined herein as an essential material of the invention. The ampoule is precharged with an adhesive composition 26 comprising cyanoacrylate adhesive and a stabilizing agent in accordance with the invention thereby being separated from the particulate destabilizing agent 24 until such time as the ampoule 22 is fragmented in carrying out the new method of the invention.
To accommodate different variations of adhesive application to substrates in accordance with the invention, the discharge member 12 can be variously structured. Thus,
Syringe unit 32 has a pliable tubular section 40 partially defined by a proximal end bulb 42 and a distal end 44 capped with a nozzle 46.
A filter disc 48 is fixed in the distal end 44 and distally defines an operation chamber 50 together with the tubular section 40 and the bulb 42. The chamber 50 encloses a quantity of particulate destabilizing agent 52 as defined herein as essential material of the invention. In use, the syringe unit 32 will suck a suitable amount of stabilized cyanoacrylate adhesive into the chamber from a container (not shown) through nozzle 46 when the valve 34 connects line 35 to the suction source 38. By manipulation of the pliable tubular section 40, indrawn adhesive (not shown) is mixed briefly with the destabilizing agent 52. Then, valve 34 is carefully manipulated to intermittently connect line 35 with the pressure source 36 to force resulting destabilized cyanoacrylate adhesive out of the chamber 50 via filter 48 and nozzle 46 onto the relevant substrate under the control, for example, of a surgeon. Following such an operation, the syringe unit 32 will be disconnected from the line 35 and be discarded, while the remaining units 34, 36 & 38 will be retained for repeated use with new syringe units 32.
The following preferred examples further disclose the new method and display its effectiveness. In these examples, all percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
A quantity of particulate destabilizing agent in the form of suspension type, weak base anion exchange resin beads is treated with distilled water followed by vacuuming to 0.20 mm Hg at 35-50 degrees centigrade to remove volatiles and moisture.
Approximately 1.0 gram of iso-octyl cyanoacrylate monomer is sealed in a frangible ampoule. Such cyanoacrylate monomer has been stabilized with hydroquinone at 0.5%. The acid stabilizer, methane sulfonic acid, was introduced previously into the cyanoacrylate monomer during its synthesis at 0.25%. The cyanoacrylate monomer in the ampoule and approximately 1.0 gram of the treated anion exchange resin are individually introduced into a tubular device referred to as a Tandem Dropper supplied by James Alexander Company of Blairstown, N.J., that also provided unsealed ampoules.
In order to filter matter dispensed from the dispenser tip of the Tandem Dropper, it is plugged internally with a small wad of polyester fiber also supplied by James Alexander Company. The dispenser tip press fits onto the end of the Tandem Dropper to contain the destabilizing agent and ampoule. The assembled device is activated by crushing the ampoule. The resultant mixture is then thoroughly mixed by shaking so as to obtain optimal exposure of monomer to the destabilizing agent. Then, a plurality of spaced apart drops of the resulting destabilized adhesive are applied to human skin on the back of a hand and the time for the resulting films to undergone cure to a non-tacky surface is determined. The destabilized adhesive undergoes cure in 5-15 seconds upon application to the skin. This contrasts with untreated iso-octyl cyanaocrylate monomer which shows no sign of cure in 3 minutes.
A two milliliter plastic dispensing pipette is cut at the bulb end to permit charging of destabilizing agent. The pipette is a Number 3 obtained from Poly-Pipets, Incorporated of Englewood Cliffs, N.J. A � inch polyester fibrous plug as described in Example 1, is inserted down into the narrow tip portion and then 0.5 grams of anhydrous granular potassium carbonate are charged into the pipette. The plug acts as a filtration barrier to contain the granular potassium carbonate.
The bulb end of the pipette is heat sealed and the resultant device is used to suction about 1 milliliter of iso-octyl cyanoacrylate monomer for mingling with the enclosed particulate. The device is positioned with the tip vertically upward and the components are intermingled by successive squeeze and release actions for a short period of time. Upon satisfactory mixing, the unit is used to apply the resulting destabilized adhesive onto to skin as thin film portions on the back of a hand. It is determined they undergo cure in 5-15 seconds. In contrast, untreated iso-octyl cyanaocrylate monomer exhibits no signs of curing for periods of 3 minutes.
This example illustrates the use of multiple applications of the adhesive from a supply of adhesive and disposable pipettes and foregoes the need for a frangible ampoule or other adhesive-isolating device.
A test was conducted on a wound accidentally caused by a hot surface to the inside of the left forearm. The wound, approximate dimensions of � inch by 1.5 inches, had begun to slough off the burned skin exposing the underlying tissue. To evaluate the protective effect of the destabilized liquid adhesive, the device of Example 2 was used to apply destabilized iso-octyl cyanoacrylate adhesive. The wound was overlayed with a thin film and cure took place in the 15-30 second range. The applied and cured cyanoacrylate adhesive remained well attached for a period of days to the injured skin while it served to protect the covered wound area from irritation and infection by clothing or other contact as well as promote the healing process. This contrasted with prior experiences of similar wounds where the damaged tissue did not heal well due to physical contact with surrounding irritants such as clothing or other contact surfaces.
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|Vezin, W.R. et al., "In Vitro Heterogeneous Degradation of Poly(n-Alkyl x-Cyanoacrylates)", Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 14, Iss 2, Mar. 1980, pp 93-106.
|Woodward, S.C. et al., "Histotoxicity of Cyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesives in the Rat", Annals of Surgery, vol. 162, Iss. 1, Jul. 965, pp-113-22.
|Yonezawa, M. et al., "Studies on x-Cyanoaculate, Pt. 6: Reaction of Cyanoacetate with Formaldehyde" Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyokaishi, vol. 25, Iss 4, Apr. 1967, pp 311-16.
|Citing Patent
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|Adhezion Biomedical, Llc
|Method of preparing adhesive compositions for medical use: single additive as both the thickening agent and the accelerator
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|Fl�ssigkeitsspender in der Medizin in Form einer Handhabe sowie dessen Verwendung
|U.S. Classification
|606/214, 606/213
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 19, 2001
Owner name: SPARTAN PRODUCTS INC., NEW YORK
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Owner name: SPARTAN MEDICAL PRODUCTS LLC, NEW YORK
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text: On 06/19/2008 12:43 PM, Michael "TheZorch" Haney wrote: [snip] Now if all the Toolbars are gone I don't know what to do then. Alt-F2|gnome-terminal that will get you to a terminal. then first try 'killall gnome-panel' and if that doesn't work then: sudo apt-get install --reinstall gnome-panel gnome-panel-data and that should get you a panel.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
For the last two days he is crying lots and fussy too! He only stops when DH holds him He was sleeping 4 hours at a time and is now down to 1 1/2 to 2 hours. Do you think it is a growth spurt??? Also he has horrible gas. I am not sure what I am eating that is making him so gassy. Anyone else having a fussy baby???
Malachi is so fussy
I can only speak from when I had Deacon for now, but the only time he was sick or cranky from what I ate was when I had beans. What have you been eating recently?
Or maybe he is just a daddy's boy?
2weeks is a usual time for a growth spurt. If he does not get back to normal in a couple is days then I would think it could be the gas.
I bet it is a growth spurt. Luke does the same, goes from sleeping 3 hours to only sleeping 1.5 hours. He has gas all the time too. Every time someone holds him they tell me he has gas lol.
At two weeks our gassy issues peaked! She seems to sleep more during growth spurts, as does ds.
Okay so by peaked you mean it is better now at a month?!?!?!
I posted more in that message... I'm not sure why it didn't post. Yes, it is much better now. It was horrendous at 2 weeks and it seems to get better and better. She had a couple of days where she slept horribly and was awake a lot, and a bit more fussy, and I blame gas. The following two days she slept and slept and slept. I think that was a growth spurt. I'm not sure about the DH preference. Sometimes she settles so much better when my DH takes her and bounces her or pats her.
Ryan just started having fussy periods a day ago. Before that he was easy as can be. At feeding time he Roots around for the nipple frantically and gets real upset, latching and unlatching several times. He is hard to put back to sleep after he eats and tonight he went into full blown crying fit after eating. DH can calm him better when he is not hungry because when I hold him all he looks for is the nipple and he gets so upset. He's gassy too. I hope it's a growth spurt and I'm not losing my easy going baby!
Same boat here - crabby little bugger. Last night he started getting really cranky around 7, didn't actually go to sleep for more than a few minutes until almost 1 am (so by that point he was insanely over tired too) and even then only slept until 3. He wants to eat a lot but then when he's full he wants to comfort nurse but gets angry that there's milk. I'm working on getting him to take a paci today. He wants to comfort suck but I make too much milk. Plus during the day I need him to let me put him down......I don't mind wearing him and holding him but sometimes I need to be able to put him down and right now he screams. I tell him he's darn lucky he's cute
Trystan put me through this just yesterday. He's been sleeping consistantly anywhere from 2-4 hours at a time through the day and night, but yesterday he was literally awake from 9am to 10pm... with maybe an hour of sleep total in between! He wasn't really fussy, but he was hungry ALL DAY LONG and I swear my boobs were dry! It's like he couldn't get enough to eat, and I don't know if anything was even coming out after the fourth hour!!
I have one constant screamer. I have no clue what the solution is. We're getting a lot more sleep around here but it's all relative to those first few ridiculous days. We had close to two 2-hour blocks of somewhat quiet last night. I haven't decided how I feel about pacifiers and if we'll try that. Mostly I didn't because I have to assume she's hungry if she's crying since she is only now back to her birth weight.
"science_gal" wrote:
At feeding time he Roots around for the nipple frantically and gets real upset, latching and unlatching several times.
Ugh, I know this. How do you deal with it?? I cannot stand the starvation panic at the nipple and I sometimes stop her and offer pumped milk instead if she's really freaking out.


text:
Research Article
Determinant factors of mobile-based word-of-mouth campaign referral among Japanese adolescents
Version of Record online: 10 JUL 2008
DOI: 10.1002/mar.20235
© 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychology & Marketing
Special Issue: New Media: Mobile Advertising and Marketing
Volume 25, Issue 8, pages 714–731, August 2008
Additional Information
How to Cite
Okazaki, S. (2008), Determinant factors of mobile-based word-of-mouth campaign referral among Japanese adolescents. Psychol. Mark., 25: 714–731. doi: 10.1002/mar.20235
Publication History
- Issue online: 10 JUL 2008
- Version of Record online: 10 JUL 2008
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text:
Definition of Fear of depths
Fear of depths: An abnormal and persistent fear of depths. Sufferers of this fear experience anxiety even though they realize they are safe from falling into or being consumed by depths. The feared object may be a long, dark hallway, a well or a deep pool or lake.
Fear of depths is termed "bathophobia," a word derived from the Greek "bathos" (depth) and "phobos" (fear).Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/9/2016
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
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Healthy Resources
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text:
Here you go – the arches are decorative-only:
File this one, this post-tensioned concrete box girder bridge under False Arch.
Here you go – the arches are decorative-only:
File this one, this post-tensioned concrete box girder bridge under False Arch.
Like this.
You know, for better or worse.
Get up to speed on this pressing matter right here, but TRIGGER WARNING: Rats!
Bye bye new-school garbage cans – this is the west side, near Oak and Clayton, and the one on the east side of the playground just recently disappeared as well.
Why? Because of all the roof rats. I hear tales of ppl seeing up to ten together, scrambling around, generally in the evening hours. Oh here's the best shot I have at this particular location, taken from far away:
Speaking of tails, if you see a rat with a tail longer than its body and you're in Frisco, then you're looking at a roof rat (Rattus rattus, I'm srsly), which is your basic black rat, I s'pose (as opposed to your Norway rat and whathaveyou)
And here's what wants to eat it/them at the Panhandle Playground:
So I suppose the closest trash can is now on the bike path near Fell and Ashbury (or maybe inside the Panhandle Bathroom, but I've never ventured inside there).
Here's what's at the northeast corner of the Panhandle Playground in Golden Gate Park:
And here's what wants to eat it/them:
Someday I'll get a shot like this, except with a roof rat instead of a gopher.
Redeveloping the Fillmore was a horrible horrible idea is what I think when I see all the concrete and clay and general decay around Post and Buchanan.
Oh look, a big parking garage – this is the last place you'd want to be in an earthquake, but there's no money to fix anything, oh well.
And this cubby hole here needs to be locked up, else people would sleep here, of course:
On It Goes…
This little critter startled me the other day, as it's in the same bush where I saw a roof rat a few weeks back.
Dese boids generally have an all-carbs diet, but sometimes they need a little protein. This the last thing some spiders see:
Sort of looks like a bat to me.
But now it's time for costumes. This little feller's mantle is saying, "Hey ladies, look at me!"
(Hey, you know, speaking of scary, area Republican Ron Conway, through his interest in Pinterest, has made more money off of this shot than I have. Taken more than a decade ago with a $4500 camera and $4500 worth of glass it was. I'm in the wrong "business.")
Happy Halloween!
Now I've seen rats on grass and dirt and whatnot around town, and near garbage cans in the Financh and C-Town and the Fish Wharf, but I aint never seen a full-sized rat strutting about on pavement in a playground in Frisco. And yet, here s/he is:
I saw what I thought was a dead Norway rat up against a playground fence in the Golden Gate Park Panhandle the other day, but I don't know much about varmints
All right, Get Out And Play, With Rats!


text:
Gang codes: Patterns on paper
Gang codes can be very ornate symbols that bear no resemblance to the English alphabet. Gangs use these symbols to confuse the reader and hide a covert message. But some gang members use the English alphabet and hide their message in other ways. These can often be patterns on paper that can only be deciphered when you see how the pattern is arranged.
I received a seven-page document that was confiscated in a correctional facility. Sample pages are shown in (Illustrations #1 - #3).
As I examined the document, I noticed a pattern. (Illustration #4) is a close-up of the first paragraph of (Illustration #1). Look at it carefully and pay particular attention to the letter arrangement.
(Illustration #5) indicates the pattern for the first line.
(Illustration #6) indicates the pattern for the second line.
The first fifteen (15) lines of (Illustration #1) are deciphered and shown in (Illustration #7).
"BAM" refers to "Bosses About Money" and where the writer states that if you want out that's in a bag, he is referring to a body bag.
The solution to deciphering this pattern is to take the first letter of every three-letter group and every individual letter. The individual letters are "A, E, I, O, U". The "#" indicates the end of a word.
When you first examined this document, it looks confusing and the message is hidden… until you see the "patterns on paper".
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text:
Otaku (おたく/オタク?) is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests, commonly the anime and manga fandom. Its contemporary usage originated with Akio Nakamori's 1983 essay in Manga Burikko.[1][2] Otaku may be used as a pejorative; its negativity stems from the stereotypical view of otaku and the media's reporting on Tsutomu Miyazaki, "The Otaku Murderer", in 1989. According to studies published in 2013, the term has become less negative, and an increasing number of people now self-identify as otaku.[3] Otaku - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"The ethos that started this whole project was intellectual curiosity," says Zechory, 31, the company's calm, cerebral president. He's sitting alongside the nervy, intense Lehman, also 31 and Genius's CEO, in their new 43,000-square-foot offices, a renovated factory in Brooklyn's Gowanus neighborhood that will accommodate their current staff of 40 employees. The premise that has prope... Start-Up Genius Wants to Annotate the Internet - WSJ
Amour-propre (French, "self-love") is a concept in the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau that esteem depends upon the opinion of others. Rousseau contrasts it with amour de soi, which also means "self-love", but which does not involve seeing oneself as others see one. According to Rousseau, amour de soi is more primitive and is compatible with wholeness and happiness, while amour-propre is an unnatural form of self-love that arose only with the appearance of socie... Amour-propre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
NEWSOM: I try not to read reviews or look at stuff about myself online if at all possible, but after the "Sapokanikan" video came out, I saw something that I think my dad sent me: That website Genius had already annotated the lyrics to the song, and it was maybe only hours after the video was out. A lot of the material elements of the song — meaning the things that could be deciphered or could be researched — had been thoroughly found at that point. As of the last time I saw it, there were sti... Q&A: Joanna Newsom On Moving Rocks, Annotating Lyrics, And Playing The Hits - Stereogum
That's about the time that Huffman, at the suggestion of his therapist, dropped Ohanian an email to invite him to dinner. It caught Ohanian by surprise. "At first I was pretty resistant to it. I was like, 'look I was living a content life without you in it. And you've been living a life without me in it.'" But steak dinners went a long way. They also met with Huffman's therapist, who is also an executive coach, together. "After some really honest heartfelt emotional discussions, I don't know," says Ohanian. "It's hard to make this not sound romantic. But the spark rekindled." Inside Reddit's Plan to Recover From Its Epic Meltdown | WIRED
... on. Now he's through. Dat's Solly's final edition he wouldn't take back for nuttin'. Willie sure is on de bottom. I ain't never seen no one so bad, except Hickey on de end of a coupla his bats. LARRY--(sardonically) It's a great game, the pursuit of happiness. ROCKY--Harry don't know what to do about him. He called up his old lady's lawyer like he always does when Willie gets licked. Yuh remember dey used to send down a private dick to give him the rush... gutenberg.net.au


text:
I am a beginner at C#/WPF and am trying to use the Xceed PropertyGrid. On their site they show an example:
<xctk:PropertyGrid x:Name="_propertyGrid" Width="450" Margin="10"
<!-- Only the following properties will be displayed in the PropertyGrid -->
<xctk:PropertyDefinition Name="FirstName" />
<xctk:PropertyDefinition Name="FavoriteColor" />
<xctk:PropertyDefinition Name="PetNames" />
Which I have plugged in to my xaml. I see the PropertyGrid View however I do not see any of the property definitions. I feel like I must be missing something basic? Am I supposed to add anything to the code-behind?


text:
Below are top resources on SparkPeople for Cross Training Workout Routines.
How would you like an exercise program that banishes boredom, improves your fitness, develops new skills and prevents injuries? Sounds like an infomercial, but it's not! It's cross-training, and you can do it whenever and wherever you are in... Read more
The only way to become a better runner is to run, but the more running replaces other exercises in your fitness program, the more likely you are to become injured, suffer from burnout, or develop muscular imbalances. So what's a runner to do (bes... Read more
Running a marathon can be one of the greatest and most challenging experiences of your life. I can't say that I always love training for these races, but the feeling of accomplishment I experience when I cross the finish line is lik... Read more
Ready to walk or run a 10K but not sure where to begin? We've designed two training programs to help you get started. The first program is for individuals who want to complete a 10K by both walking and jogging the event. The second program is for... Read more
SparkPeople's Exercise Reference Guides offer an in-depth look at the principles of fitness.
What is Aerobic Exercise?
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) defines aerobic exercise as "any activity that uses large muscle... Read more
Elliptical, high resistance interval training. If you aren't used to it, start with just 10 mins and build up. 2 mins @15 resistance followed by 2 mins @12 resistance. Work your way up to 17/20 then increase time.... Read more
Day #1...well I didn't get my workout in as planned but I think 45-minutes of push mowing is a good substitute. ð #firstdayoftherestofmylife... Read more
How do you combat nausea during a hard workout? I've had to stop halfway through my cardio workout because I feel sick. If I can't push myself how do I get better?... Read more
Advice on what workouts should be done to loose the belly center area it's my hardest area to slim down in?...... Read more
My workouts today...all on Youtube -
Total Arm Workout by XHIT
POPILATES Cardio Beat workout
Burn to the Beat Dance Intervals with Keira LaShae, BeFIT
Try one or all :) #exercise #fitness... Read more
Cross train - have a variety of exercises - in order to keep your routine fresh and motivating. It will also help to break through plateaus. Triathlon training turned out to be MUCH easier on my joints than just running. And remember there are sev... Read more
Bought the EA Sports Active 2, with sensors...program is sensible weight training with cardio intervals. New workout routine each day - never boring. And bonus...you can design you own favourite routines. Program even includes 'rest days' to ensur... Read more
Anything triathlon! Everything Swimming, Biking, Running and Cross-training. Members from beginners to Iron Man competitors are welcome.... Read more
The old running adage is as follows, in order to run, one must runthis is commonly referred to as the Principle of Specificity of Training. In other words, in order for you to become a more efficient runner, you must spend time running. But doing... Read more
In a recent interview for Women's Health magazine, Alanis Morissete talks not only about her emotional song-writing, but also her fitness routine. (Who knew that she's finished a few triathlons? Go her!) One of the tips she shares is great advice for... Read more


text:
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text:
1908 – Swimming Baths, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin
Originally opened in 1842 and rebuilt by the town council in 1908. In 1843, John Croswaithe built baths on the corner of Scotsman's Bay.
Originally opened in 1842 and rebuilt by the town council in 1908. In 1843, John Croswaithe built baths on the corner of Scotsman's Bay.
A wonderfully eccentric design for the Hibernian Bank which mixes a myriad of architectural features. The small tower with corner window and copper dome is the entrance to the manager's residence above the branch.
An elaborately gabled red brick Library, the Carnegie Library was built in 1909 at a cost of £1000.
One of four early 20th century fire stations in Dublin by the City Architect C.J. McCarthy.
Former Post Office designed by J. Howard Pentland of the Board of Public Works. Now a coffee outlet.
Designed originally by the city architect C.J. McCarthy, and extended nearly one hundred years later by his successor,
An unusual Post Office building on O'Connor Square, the building boasts this unusual doorway, probably to provide a modicum of shelter for the old ladies collecting their pensions
Now demolished, but built as a variety theatre in 1844, rebuilt in 1909, and later used by the Abbey Players after the Abbey Theatre was destroyed in a fire in 1951.
Founded as the George V Hospital and designed by the Royal Engineers of the British Army,


text:
2014-04-24 - Last night at the Revolver Golden Gods Awards held at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, Slayer surprised the capacity crowd with an unannounced performance, kicking off the show with a three-song set that included the global premiere of "Implode," the band's first new studio recording in five years.
Recorded earlier this month at Henson Studios in Los Angeles and produced by Terry Date and co-produced by Greg Fidelman, "Implode" is now available as a free download as a "thank you" to the band's fans for their continued support. Or, as Kerry King put it, "you have been waiting for us, now we are delivering for you." Registered members of Slayer's fan club were sent an email right around midnight giving them the link to the song and a chance to hear it before it was made public. "Implode" can now be downloaded at http://www.slayer.net .
Later this year, the two-time Grammy-winning Slayer will begin recording a new album, tentatively set for an early 2015 release date. The album will make Slayer history as it will be released on Nuclear Blast Records through the band's own label imprint, closing out a 28-year relationship with Rick Rubin and American Recordings. No name for the imprint has been decided on yet.
"Rick has played a huge role in our career, we've made some great albums with him," said Slayer's Tom Araya. "But today is a new day, record companies don't play the kind of role they once did, and we really like the idea of going out on our own, connecting directly with our fans, and Nuclear Blast is fired up about taking on that challenge with us."
All future recordings on the band's label imprint will be released worldwide exclusively through Nuclear Blast.
"I was a teenage rebel when 'Show No Mercy' came out," said Markus Staiger, owner of Nuclear Blast, "and I identified with that record. It was the most extreme, aggressive thing at the time. They were then and still are the most brutal metal band on the planet! I really cannot express how proud I am that we are able to work with Slayer to join the Nuclear Blast family. We are ready for that next record and, I'm sure it will go into metal history!"
Added Nuclear Blast label manager Gerardo Martinez, "The prospect of helping Slayer take a leading role in the creative process surrounding their releases, projects and other cross-promotional opportunities is the ultimate honor for me, a metalhead who grew up in Los Angeles listening to Slayer. Nowhere in my wildest dreams would I have imagined that Nuclear Blast would be making history alongside one of the best bands in metal."
Slayer - Tom Araya/vocals, bass, Kerry King/guitar, drummer Paul Bostaph, and Gary Holt who continues to stand in for the band's founding guitarist Jeff Hanneman - will spend the next few months on the road touring major North American and European festivals as well as headlining dates, sharing the stages with Metallica, Iron Maiden and more (see below), but is expected to be back in the studio in the fall to record the rest of the new album.
09 May US Salt Lake City, UT - The Great Salt Air
10 May US Denver, CO - Fillmore
11 May US Billings, MT - Shrine
13 May US Kansas City, MO - Uptown Theatre
15 May US St Louis, MO - The Pageant
16 May US Milwaukee, WI - Eagles Ballroom,
17 May US Columbus, OH - Rock on the Range
European Tour
28 May FI Helsinki - Sonisphere Festival @ Hietaniemi Beach
30 May SE Stockholm - STHLM Fields @ Gardet Royal Park
31 May NL Nijmegen - FortaRock Festival Goffertpark
01 June NO Oslo - Sonisphere Festival @ Valle Hoven
03 June DK Horsens - Horsens Gaol
04 June DE Hamburg - Sonisphere Festival @ Imtech Arena
05 June LU Luxembourg City - Den Atelier
07 June DE Nurburgring - Rock am Ring
08 June DE Nürnberg - Rock Im Park
09 June CH Pratteln - Z7 Konzertfabrik
13 June AT Nicklesdorf - Nova Rock @Pannonia Fields
15 June IT Milan - Live Club
16 June IT Bologna - Estragon
18 June FR Nimes - Paloma
20 June FR Clisson - Hellfest @Rue de Champ Louet
21 June NO Halden - Tons of Rock Restival
24 June PL Poznan - Stadion Miejeski
26 June FR Strasbourg - La Laiterie
27 June BE Dessel - Graspop
30 June IRE Belfast - Limelight
01 July IRE Dublin - Academy
04 July FR Paris - Paris Le Zenith
05 July UK Knebworth Park - Sonisphere Festival @ Knebworth
03 Aug RU Nizny Novgorad - Milo Club
04 Aug RU Moscow - Arena Moscow Club
05 Aug RU St. Petersburg - A2 Club
08 Aug CZ Jaromer - Brutal Assault Festival
10 Aug CA Montreal - Heavy Montreal Festival @ Parc Jean
|Linked bands
SLAYER - to release single today!
2016-07-01 18:30 - Today marks the release of SLAYER's new single 'You Against You', after the Thrash titans unleashed their bloody music video to the world earlier this year. Details
SLAYER - return with a merciless music video!
2016-03-16 21:00 - In SLAYER's song 'You Against You,' vocalist Tom Araya screams "Your perfect world is ending this day, so what? I wouldn't have it any other way." Details
SLAYER - new music video coming!
2016-02-17 20:00 - From BJ McDonnell, the director of
SLAYER - win a guitar with signatures
2015-12-23 13:00 - "Dealing with insanity every fuckin' day…"
SLAYER - "Best Metal Video"!
2015-12-02 15:00 - SLAYER's brutal, blood-and-gore prison video clip for 'Repentless,' the title track from the band's most recent album, was just voted 2015's "Best Metal Video" in the 5th ... Details
SLAYER - #1 in German album charts!
2015-09-21 20:00 - »Repentless«, the 12th studio album from the iconic thrash metal band SLAYER makes the highest German chart debut in the band's 32-year recording career, coming in at #1. Details
SLAYER - »Repentless« out now + music video!
2015-09-11 16:30 - The reigning kings of thrash, SLAYER, have released their first album in six years, »Repentless«, today via Nuclear Blast. Details
SLAYER - 'Repentless' making-of clip!
2015-09-04 18:00 - Last week, SLAYER shot the music video for their upcoming album's title track, 'Repentless'. The fitting making-of clip premieres now on rollingstone.com and can be seen here: Details
SLAYER - shoot music video for title track!
2015-08-28 16:00 - Yesterday, a riot broke out in the exercise yard of the Sybil Brand Institute, the women's prison in Los Angeles, where SLAYER shot the music video for the track 'Repentless'. Details
SLAYER - Talk about working with Terry Date
2015-08-17 19:00 - Leading up to the 9/11 release of »Repentless«, SLAYER's new studio album, Tom Araya, Kerry King, Paul Bostaph and Gary Holt talk about working with producer Terry Date here. Details


text:
Located in Ford Park, 522 S. Frontage Rd, Vail Phone: 970-476-0103
Event Calendar More
28 Jul
Plant Labs! "Land Forest and Ocean Forest"
Ages 10 – Adult; $5 per person, TO REGISTER CALL 970-476-0103 X3 All organisms that li...More
29 Jul
Trough Planting Workshop
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Colorado Native American Ethnobotany Saturday, July 30 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM; $45 (CoNPS ...More
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"Developing a unique living collection of alpine plants in dramatic gardens to support education, research, and further the conservation of the world's alpine plants."
Explore and enjoy our stunning mountain garden situated high in the Rocky Mountains. In the shadow of Colorado's Gore Range, our assortment of perennial beds, rock gardens and waterfalls dramatically display an astonishing array of the world's most unique and beautiful high elevation plants... More
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10 Feb
Winter in the Alpine House
With over 222" of snow to date in Vail this season, spring hardly seems to be around the c... More
03 Feb
Self Guided Tree Trail open for Snowshoeing
The Self Guided Tree Trail is now open for Snowshoeing! Stop into the Education Center and... More
18 Dec
2015 Annual Report
Please Click Here to view the 2015 Annual Report More


text:
NOTE: The Illinois History and Lincoln Collections Reading Room will be closed from August 2-8. Books and manuscript collections may be requested for use in the University Archives Reading Room (Main Library 146) during this time. The University Archives is open 8:30am-5pm, Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday, and 10am-5pm on Wednesdays.
Paging of IHLC materials will be available from 9am-12pm and 1pm-4pm. Please call the University Archives Reading Room at 217-333-0798 for assistance with requests for IHLC materials between August 2 and August 8.
Hurt, James. "Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight" Scripts, 1980 and 2008 | Illinois History and Lincoln Collections
"Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight" was produced at the Kelso Hollow Theatre in New Salem State Park, Petersburg, Ill., from 1980 to 1987. Written by James Hurt, professor of English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, it was performed by the Great American People Show, a summer theatrical company directed by John Ahart. The play was performed in repertory, first with "Your Obedient Servant, A. Lincoln" and then also with "Even We Here."
This collection contains two copies of the "Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight" script. James Hurt donated a photocopy of the script, performed by GAPS, to the Library in 1990. A second copy, prepared for a script-in-hand reading performance by the University of Illinois Summer Studio Thatre Company in July 2008, was acquired in 2008.


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Dry (something) roughly or imperfectly: she continued to rough-dry her hair
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From School Library Journal
About the Author
Martha E. Kendall has written several nonfiction books for children including National Geographic's The Erie Canal. Kendall attended the Eastman School of Music, where she studied the cello. She sings and plays fiddle, mandolin, guitar, penny whistle, and bass. She lives in Los Gatos, CA.


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All Product Details
"Watching Jane Fonda wrestle with her many passions has been one of the most fascinating stories of the past fifty years. Brilliant, beautiful, achingly vulnerable, self-wounding, Fonda is one of the greatest film stars to ever appear on the screen. Her life deserves to be reevaluated as it is in Patricia Bosworths Jane Fonda." — Alec Baldwin
"Jane Fonda was born with beauty and talent. Now shes blessed with a biographer who knows Hollywood and understands the human condition. Nothing about Fondas life (her obsession with her looks, her lovers, her husbands, her money, and her elusive father) escapes the keen eye of Patricia Bosworth, who tells the life story of one of the most intriguing women of our era. You will be enthralled." — Kitty Kelley, author of Oprah: A Biography
"Patricia Bosworths brilliant detective work has unearthed so much about Jane Fonda that I didnt know — so much feeling, so much courage, so much hurt. It reveals Fonda as the archetypal woman of her generation: a woman torn between love and work, family and accomplishment. Bosworths book is far from another Hollywood biography; it is a human portrait and, at the same time, a major American life. Reading this book, living Janes life along with her, is an adventure and a pleasure." — William Mann, author of Kate: The Woman Who Was Hepburn
"Far more than a spellbinding biography, Jane Fonda sweeps the reader into a cultural history of the 60s, 70s, and 80s, when this icon helped define the causes of the era. The access gained by Bosworth is impressive — lovers, stepmothers, and ex-husbands share their secrets, adding to what will certainly become the definitive portrait of a woman conflicted, torn between ferocious ambition, family, and feminist causes. Bosworths rendering of Fondas interior chaos becomes a revealing probe into the female psyche." — Gail Sheehy, author of Passages
"Patricia Bosworth has written an irresistible biography of the accomplished, controversial actress whose roles onscreen and off helped define a generation. Whether you love Jane Fonda or abhor her, Jane Fonda is a detailed and generous exploration not only of the contradictory world Fonda grew up in but of the many people who shaped her." — Jeannette Walls, author of The Glass Castle
Acclaimed biographer Patricia Bosworth goes behind the image of an American superwoman, revealing Jane Fondaand#8212;more powerful and vulnerable than ever expectedand#8212;whose struggles for high achievement, love, and successful motherhood mirror the conflicts of a generation of women.
Jane Fonda's story is a blend of the deep insecurity, magnetism, bravery, and determination that has fueled her inspiring and occasionally infuriating public life.
Patricia Bosworth has gone beyond the image of an American superwoman to reveal a Jane Fonda more powerful and vulnerable than ever expected. Fonda emerged from a heartbreaking Hollywood family drama to become a and#8217;60s onscreen ingand#233;nue and then an Oscar-winning actress. At the top of her game she risked all, rising up against the Vietnam War and shocking the world with a trip to Hanoi. While becoming one of Hollywoodand#8217;s most committed feminists, she financed her husband Tom Haydenand#8217;s political career in the and#8217;80s with exercise videos that began a fitness craze and brought in millions of dollars. Just as interesting is Fondaand#8217;s next turn, as a Stepford Wife of the Gulfstream set, marrying Ted Turner and seemingly walking away from her ideals and her career. Fondaand#8217;s multilevel story is a blend of the deep insecurity, magnetism, bravery, and determination that has fueled her inspiring and occasionally infuriating public life.
and#8220;The definitive portrait of a woman conflicted, torn between ferocious ambition, family, and feminist causes.and#8221; and#8212;Gail Sheehy, author of Passages
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Acclaimed biographer William Mann follows Elizabeth Taylor publicly as she makes her ascent at MGM, falls into (and out of) marriages, wins Oscars, fights studio feuds, and combats America's conservative values with her decidedly modern love affairs. But he also shines a light on Elizabeth's rich private life, revealing a love for her craft and a loyalty to the underdog that fueled her lifelong battle against the studio system. Swathed in mink, disposing of husbands but keeping the diamondsand#8212;this is Elizabeth Taylor as she lived and loved, breaking and making the rules in the game of supreme celebrity.
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Canada Border Services Agency
Local News
Border guards seize more guns in southern Ontario than anywhere else in CanadaAlong with massive loads of drugs, cash and other illegal items, border officers in southern Ontario seized more guns in the last half of 2015 than anywhere else in Canada.
Local News
Windsor border officers dig deep for local kidsOfficers with the Canada Border Services Agency donated more than $2,000 worth of gifts and toys to children at Windsor Regional Hospital Tuesday.
Local News
Ambassador Bridge set on building new truck inspection plaza — soonAn ongoing project to upgrade the Ambassador Bridge includes the construction of a controversial on-site truck inspection plaza, the company revealed in a written statement Monday.
Cocaine-hauling trucker arrested at Ambassador BridgeBorder officers at the Ambassador Bridge have arrested an alleged drug smuggling trucker after finding more than 24 kg of cocaine in his big rig.
Fish trial alleges lobster imports 'unfit for human consumption'A trial began Monday for a local man accused of unlawfully bringing cases of fish and other seafoods into Canada via the Windsor-Detroit Tunnel, including an allegation he imported frozen ...
Border guards make major firearms seizure at Ambassador BridgeA retired teacher is awaiting a bail hearing after he was caught at the Ambassador Bridge Monday trying to enter Canada with 34 firearms, most of them long-barrelled guns.
Canada customs officers nab trucker allegedly hauling 52 kilos of cocaineCanadian border officers say they caught a drug smuggling trucker this week as he allegedly tried to sneak 52 kilograms of cocaine into Windsor.
U.S. border officers catch 11-year-old runaway headed from Windsor into DetroitA 11-year-old runaway has been returned to Windsor after U.S. border officers found her on a tunnel bus in Detroit.
Local News
Windsor police charge two men for possessing child pornographyWindsor police have arrested two men for child pornography-related offences.
Local News
Handguns seized in three incidents on Windsor side of Ambassador Bridge in MarchWindsor border guards stopped handguns from coming into the country via the Ambassador Bridge on three separate occasions last month, says the Canada Border Services Agency.


text:
Note: Application requirements for the MS of Forensic Toxicology are different and require a separate process.
Application Requirements
Application Process for Fall 2016
We are still accepting applications for the Fall 2016 term however, our online application is closed for maintenance.
If you are planning to apply for Fall 2016, please click here for the application.
Please contact our admission staff with any questions at 215-503-4400 or email:
Marc Stearns Director of JCBS Admissions
Jasmine Lee Admissions Counselor
Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences (JCBS) application, TJAPP, is managed through a central application service which collects all of the application materials.
The application fee is $50.00 and needs to be submitted by credit card (Visa or Mastercard only) upon submission of the application. The fee is non-refundable.
When choosing your program, be sure to pick the correct start term (Spring, Summer, Fall).
Submit a personal statement/essay describing your reasons for applying to the MS program and Thomas Jefferson University. Detail your research experience and areas of interest regarding research and professional objectives.
Official Transcripts
Applicants are required to submit official transcripts from all colleges and universities they have attended. This includes any study-abroad programs or transfer credit not reflected on undergraduate transcripts with full course titles and final grades.
If your courses were completed outside of the United States, you must submit a course-by-course evaluation from World Education Services.
All transcripts/evaluations should be sent to TJAPP at the following address with the Transcript Matching Form:
TJAPP Transcript Processing Center
P.O. Box 9130
Watertown, MA 02471
Letters of Reference, Three Letters Required
Letters of reference should be written by people who can comment from personal knowledge on the applicant's academic qualifications, preferably from individual faculty or pre-professional committees. If, however, an applicant has been out of school for a number of years, s/he may substitute professional references.
GRE or MCAT Scores
The assigned institution code for Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences is 2999.
Scores need to be received from ETS. Expired or unofficial scores will not be accepted.
The GRE or MCAT may be waived for applicants:
- with advanced degrees from accredited institutions
- who have taken JCBS graduate level courses with grades of B or better
Waivers are granted at the discretion of the Admission Committee and the applicant needs to request the waiver during the application process by emailing the Director of Admissions.
English Language Proficiency
If your native language is not English, or you received your baccalaureate degree from an institution where English is not the official language of instruction (comprehensive list of requirements by country), you must submit official scores from an accepted English proficiency exam such as TOEFL or IELTS.
Note: Under no circumstances can any application materials submitted to the Office of Admission be returned to the applicant or forwarded to another college, university or third party. All records submitted in support of an Application for Admission become property of Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University.


text:
One on One's NFL Friday 2015: Week 13
After a week off over the Thanksgiving Break, One on One's NFL Friday is back!
Kristian O'Hara and Matt Crowe
After a week off over the Thanksgiving Break, One on One's NFL Friday is back!
Kristian O'Hara and Matt Crowe
Fordham Football's 2015 season came to an end on Saturday after the team fell 50-20 to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in the first roun
Seniors Garrick Mayweather and Lourenzo Smith joined Drew Casey and Kristian O'Hara on the final installment of Monday Night Quarterback. (Photo Credit: Brendan Bowers)
Monday Night Quarterback returned this week after a hiatus during the team's bye week.
Offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach Andrew Breiner joined Monday Night Quarterback to discuss the upcoming matchup with Chattanooga in the FCS Playoffs. (Brendan Bowers: WFUV Sports)
Fordham Football Defensive Lineman, Manny Adeyeye, joined James Decker during halftime of Saturday's Fordham Men's Basketball game vs.
Manny Adeyeye talks about Fordham Football's success this season, and their hopes for a playoff spot. (Photo Credit/Tara Sledjeski)
Head Coach of the Fordham Football team, Coach Moorhead, joined Matt Moro and Corey Miller on a shortened version of One on One on Saturday.
Fordham Football will be waiting to see if their name gets called during tomorrows FCS Playoff Selection Show at 11am on ESPNU. (Photo Credit: Fordham Athletics)
The Rams finished off the regular season with a crucial win at Georgetown, defeating the Hoyas 38-31.
The Rams ended the regular season 9-2 and 5-1 in Patriot League play. (Tara Sledjeski:WFUV Sports)
On this edition of Monday Night Quarterback, Matt Moro and Kristian O' Hara talk with Fordham head coach Joe Moorhead about the team's victory over
Jonathan Lumley (far left) and George Dawson (2nd from left) joined Monday Night Quarterback this week to look back at the Bucknell game and review the season so far. (Photo Cred : Fordham Athletics)
The Rams got back on track Family Weekend, defeating the Bucknell Bison 24-16.
Fordham is now 8-2 on the season and 4-1 in the Patriot League. (Sean Hahner:WFUV Sports)
Kristian O'Hara and Corey Miller tackle Week 9 of the NFL season on this week's edition of NFL Friday!
Kristian O'Hara and Corey Miller


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New MARWARE SportSuit Convertible available for pre-order
MARWARE is now accepting online pre-orders for the new redesigned SportSuit Convertible for new iPod. MARWARE has also posted several photos of what the new case will look like. The new Sportsuit fits all new iPod models and sells for $39.95
Features include:
Can sync iPod while in the case
2mm neoprene outer construction
Fully lined interior
Plastic inserts at sides and back for impact protection
Plastic screen protector
Removable protective lid
Headphone & remote storage pocket on lid
Easy access to hold button, headphone jack, and remote ports
Related Stories
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if i ever tet a new ipod i would definitly either get the a case from the marware line or the dlo jam jacket
ps i submitted this story a few days ago, why wasnt it posted?
Posted by ari in Irvine, CA on June 5, 2003 at 1:01 PM (CDT)
Man, the new layout does present some problems in case design. This is one ugly case IMO.
Posted by Joe in Irvine, CA on June 5, 2003 at 1:22 PM (CDT)
what it is not that bad i have seen a lot worse from everythingipod.com
they should revert back to the original design or at least not make the buttons touch sensetive
Posted by ari in Irvine, CA on June 5, 2003 at 2:13 PM (CDT)
its hideous
Posted by tombertram in Irvine, CA on June 5, 2003 at 3:07 PM (CDT)
its not as bad as others
Posted by lakerslover in Irvine, CA on June 5, 2003 at 5:21 PM (CDT)
I think that it has a good look. Some of the other cases out there are far uglier or more expensive and some are ugly and expensive.
Posted by CK in Irvine, CA on June 5, 2003 at 8:40 PM (CDT)
Not as bad as some of those nasty DLO's. Very functional in that it protects while you can still use it, and can carry earbuds. May be a little bulky though. Hoping for a CEO Classic soon.
Posted by 93732 in Irvine, CA on June 5, 2003 at 11:01 PM (CDT)
If you have ever had a Marware case, you would appreciate the sportsuit. I personally use it for the Bicycle mount. Its the ONLY case I have found that has so many mounting options.
I agree… it's not the most "Apple Like" design. But its not designed by that arrogant European fellow. It's design is function first!
Great work!
Posted by Kevin in Irvine, CA on June 6, 2003 at 8:31 AM (CDT)
I just hope this case is an improvement from the last original iPod MARWARE sports case. I got it just in time for my then brand new iPod. I immediately stuck my iPod in the MARWARE case thinking it would protect my iPod from any scratches for the rest of it's use.
It did the complete opposite. Not only did it get stuck in the case(I apparently put it is wrong?!?!), but when I finally got it out it had scratches on the back part of the iPod. That was a huge bummer since I hadn't even had it one day. Needless to say I was furious.
I then tried the official Apple case. For the older gen iPods it is great. It works very well with my bike(too bad it's so pricey!). I can stick it in my pocket and slide the hold on and off and slide it out to change tracks easily. The belt clip for the Apple case works very well, although my friend's clip oddly enough broke off. He still has no idea why it happened but mine is working great!
No clue how good the Apple case is for the new iPods though…
Posted by Mr.K in Irvine, CA on June 7, 2003 at 1:20 PM (CDT)
"arrogant European fellow" - Kevin
You mean Jonathan Ive, who's British. Who cares if he's arrogant or not? If he designed a case it'd probably be better than anything around at the moment.
Posted by tombertram in Irvine, CA on June 8, 2003 at 6:08 AM (CDT)
This case must be the most protective on the market.
I had an Xtremac (made of leather), it was cool but I wonder weither it really protected it against crashes. I need a case that protects my Ipod and my B&O airbuds, and marware sport case seems perfect.
Posted by mushkin in Irvine, CA on June 9, 2003 at 10:27 AM (CDT)
The convertible case is now shipping.
Posted by yoyo in Irvine, CA on June 10, 2003 at 5:21 PM (CDT)
Posted by mushkin in Irvine, CA on June 10, 2003 at 5:24 PM (CDT)
Someone mentioned in another review that the belt clip that ships with this case is a little suspect - may cause the ipod to become detached and lost. Anyone have any experience with this?
Posted by Rich in Irvine, CA on August 23, 2003 at 6:52 PM (CDT)
i have experience and if the clip is put on correctly nothing is wrong with it however, the way the clip is set up because it slides on its easy to accidently not slide it on both sides (only slide it on one side of the plastic) but that is not a manufacturing problem, but yes the clip will be jsut fine (and if not-marware makes some of the most padded secure cases out of the rest :))
Posted by ari polsky in Irvine, CA on August 23, 2003 at 6:56 PM (CDT)
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