text:
- Last Activity:
- Aug 11, 2014
- Joined:
- Aug 11, 2014
- Messages:
- 0
- Likes Received:
- 0
- Trophy Points:
- 0
- Location:
- Landenbe
- Occupation:
- Engineering Professor
Share This Page
Noob, from Landenbe
- dinahouji was last seen:
- Aug 11, 2014
There are no messages on dinahouji's profile yet.
- Loading...
- Loading...
- Location:
- Landenbe
Web Website traffic In Decline? Have a look at These SEO Suggestions!
- Occupation:
- Engineering Professor
edwinsoft ultimate demon
Search engine optimization is often clarified in intricate terms when it is just a way of enhancing your website's opportunities of ranking very by adjusting your web content to consist of the words that your target audience may make use of to locate your internet site. This short article seeks to streamline the descriptions to ensure that seo ends up being less daunting.
An expert SEO consultant can aid you optimize your internet site for search engine indexing. INTERNET MARKETING is a complicated and ever-evolving procedure, and you simply could not keep up with it and still devote sufficient time to your website's core business. An SEO expert, however, is experienced in all the most current creases in the search engine optimization process.
To make certain every page of your website is indexed by online search engine, do not use Flash in the site's design. Flash does not permit specific web pages to be associateded with, therefores that search engines can't crawl them. A different web link for each page will permit all your material to be indexed and located through search engines.
Ask on your own exactly how people would certainly deal with discovering your site in a search then utilize those key words throughout the site to enhance search engine results page. You should consist of keywords throughout your web content and in your titles; however, wear't overuse them, or you run the danger of having your internet site deemed to be spam.
Keep close track of your web page rank so you will certainly get an excellent concept as to whether your SEO initiatives are functioning as you intended. Attempt Alexa and Google toolbar to assist you take note of your numbers. Regularly inspect your referrer log typically so you can track where your viewers are coming from.
An extremely simple suggestion for search engine optimization is to write a site that is easily accessible. This attribute must rate high up on your list of concerns when creating your website page. By writing easily accessible HTML, your site will be open to both display readers and online search engine spiders. By making your web pages much easier to gain access to, you will certainly make it possible for online search engine to much more easily review and rank your web pages.
Make certain to research your keywords prior to placing them into your material. Attempt utilizing web sites like Google's Keyword External Tool or Word Tracker to see just what key words arewarm when it comes to your topic. By strategically making use of and placing keywords like this, you could raise your position in the search engine results.
There are two coding strategies that could actually boost your online search engine results: the NoFollow tag and the robotics. txt file. Both of these features inform online search engine not to index components of your site. This might seem counter-productive, but using them to obstruct off the areas which contain few web links and little material you can force online search engine to focus on the most vital parts of your website.
Physical exercise
If you pick keyword phrases that are as well basic, trying to maximize your search engine results will be an exercise in stress. Use certain key words to restrict your competition and enhance the effect of your optimization initiatives. For instance, it is a lot harder to increase your position onauto sales compared topre-owned deluxe automobile sales in Lexington KY..
When attempting to enlist various other sites to connect your very own as a way of increasing web traffic, thoroughly examine all of your website's alternatives. For smaller and start-up sites, this should exercise severe restraint in making a decision website companions can be especially hard. It is essential to keep in mind, nonetheless, that having your site connected by unfavorable sites can make reduce the appeal of your very own website in the eyes of even more prominent, relevant websites.
As presented in the simplest terms at the start of the post, seo just implies drawing in much more customers to your site, which increases profits, which is just what every site wants. By absorbing the details and concepts presented in this article, you could use them to make a framework of success for your site.
An expert SEO expert can assist you maximize your internet site for search engine indexing. To make sure every web page of your site is indexed by search engines, do not utilize Flash in the site's style. An extremely simple pointer for search engine optimization is to compose a website that is easily accessible. By writing accessible HTML, your site will certainly be open to both display readers and search engine crawlers. Both of these attributes mention to search engines not to index components of your website.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Cliff Woolley <cliffwool...@yahoo.com>
|RE: SMS usage patterns, hierarchies
|Wed, 11 Jul 2001 17:28:25 GMT
On Wed, 11 Jul 2001, Sander Striker wrote: > However, my question, and point, can't we do without > destroying all the subreqs individualy and just destroy > the request? No can do... it's very easy to come up with a request that causes many thousands of subrequests to be made (think mod_autoindex on a big directory). If you don't clean up each subrequest after it happens, you get a big ole' resource leak for the duration of the main request. --Cliff -------------------------------------------------------------- Cliff Woolley firstname.lastname@example.com Charlottesville, VA
|View raw message

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Today's Devotional
Begging the Question?Do you ever feel pressure to share your faith in ways that seem awkward to you?
Let's Make ItFacebook official!
Top Music Videos
Inspirational Videos
Popular Inspirational Videos
- Simon Cowell Pays Off Struggling Family's Mortgage
- Police Officer Prays For Sign From God Before Delivering Baby In A ...
- God Miraculously Intervenes When Man Plans To Steal Thousands
- Photographer's Act Of Kindness For Children With Special Needs Goes...
- 14-Year-Old Earns Golden Buzzer For Show-Stopping 'Rise Up' Auditio...
- Beth Moore Shares Story Of Vision From God During Prayer
- Episode 288: The Walk with Dianna Parish Crumpacker (Part 2)
- Troubled Search


text: Submitted by Orvis Fly Fishing on Thu, 2016-07-28 06:22 View on Orvis.com Tip of the week Techniques Nymphing in 2'-6' of water will get you into fish -lots of fish! Mayfly nymphs such as spit case PMD, Micro May, Pheasant Tail Nymph, Pink Lightning Bug, Love Bug or Little Green Machine split shot above your bug. Weight flies and sparkle pupa have been working for caddis nymphs. Our Thingamaleader Butt Sections make rigging this super easy. The dry fly fishing has been slowing down and there are very few PMDs. The fish are focusing more on tricos. The best way to fish dries on the Missouri is with a 9-14 foot leader and size 16-20 flies. We are seeing tricos in the mornings when the spinners fall a good way to fish tricos is a cluster midge with a drowned trico or black green machine dropped off the back. The smaller size 16-20 flies and 5x-6x are taking more fish. Prospecting for fish using hoppers has been picking upa few fish here and there so using a purple hopper and trailing a nymph along the banks or over risers will pick up a few fish. Seven-day forecast This week high temps are staying between the high 80's and low 90s. Expect sunny conditions for the rest of the week. Have a dry fly rod ready to go when wading and floating for when you see those heads! Mid day fishing has been challenging so get out in the early morning or evenings. You can always see live weather and streamflows on our website at www.crosscurrents.com. Also, please feel free to call us for an up-to-the-second fishing and weather report. Helena- 406-449-2292, Craig- 406-235-3433. Conditions Must Have Flies CDC Caddis Tan/Brown #14-#16 Buy from Orvis.com Indicator Spinner - Trico #18-#22 Buy from Orvis.com Rusty Spinner #16-#20 Buy from Orvis.com Flying Ant Cinnamon/Honey #16-#18 Buy from Orvis.com Smith's Crippled Emerger #14-#20 Buy from Orvis.com Tunghead Pheasant Tail #16-#20 Buy from Orvis.com CrossCurrents Fly Shop


text:
Chris Brown was all smiles as he was officially welcomed home!
Brown's girlfriend Karruche threw a backyard surprise party for the singer at a private residence in Los Angeles.
Amber Rose, 2 Chainz and popular boutique owner Heather Sanders were among the stars who showed love to the 25 year old singer.
Like BlackAmericaWeb.com on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter.
REGISTER NOW for the 2014 Allstate Tom Joyner Family Reunion taking place August 28- September 1, 2014 in Orlando, Florida! For booking information, call 407-248-9191.
(Photo Source: Instagram)
Also On Black America Web:
This Week's Celebrity Instagrams (6/24-7/1)
25 photos Launch gallery


text:
The building company for YOUR insurance repair work.
We are a specialist building company that focuses on carrying-out buildings insurance claims repair and reinstatement work for:
Water Damage - Flood Damage - Fire Damage - Storm Damage - Leaking Water Pipes
We work on behalf of the homeowner (not the insurer), and provide a FREE service and claims facilitating service for our customers.
Here's what we'll do for you...
1. We carry out an independent survey
2. We meet with the Loss Adjusters on your behalf
3. We carry-out the repairs to YOUR satisfaction
4. We invoice your insurer directly
5. All our claims reinstatement services are FREE
If your insurer has told you to get a quote for building work...
...call us now on 01753 840436 or FREE on 0800 328 4188
See the full process
"I am absolutely delighted with the work and the kitchen looks wonderful."
"I do hope
I won't ever be calling up on my insurance again, but if I ever need to, I will make sure I call you first."
"It was great that you took the whole thing off my hands and just got it sorted for me."
A space where Rod discusses issues he has come across within the industry
MP's Find Government Flood Development Plans Inadequate
In an inquiry into Government's National Flood Development Plans, a committee of MP's find a lack of proactive measures to implement, track and report on flood prevention measures on a national and local level.
RSA Penalise Pet Insurance Policyholders For Not Using Their Preferred Referral Network
Insurer's RSA have been criticised by vets for limiting full cover to a handful of preferred referral centres across the UK, and placing a financial penalty on policyholders who do not use this preferred network.
Has your building insurance claim been rejected
Many homeowners invest in buildings insurance to cover the costs of structural damage to their property. However, one in five home insurance claims is turned down. If this has happened to you, you have the right to challenge the insurer's decision. Here's how to do it.
We will call you back...
our local offices


text:
Trio is performing chamber music from Baroque and beyond, featuring violinist Linda Finegan Lott, cellist Jay Shulman & flutist Pamela Sklar.
Presented by: North Castle Public Library
North Castle Public Library
We make every effort to ensure the accuracy of this information. However, you should always call ahead to confirm dates, times, location, and other information.


text:
Jason Aldean with Jake Owen and Thomas RhettThu, September 5, 2013 - 7:30 PMTallahassee - Leon County Civic Center in Tallahassee, FL
We are sorry, the date for this event has already passed. This event took place on 9/5/2013. Click here to view upcoming events for Jason Aldean.
Still unsure? Check out our user reviews for:
Have a question? Need help? Call us at 800.477.5285


text:
The Tonium Pacemaker. The iPod for DJs?
While purchasing music over at beatport.com yesterday I stumbled upon a hot new gadget I must have. The Tonium Pacemaker. I can't believe I haven't seen this thing before. All those DJs out there that wanted an iPod with pitch and mix capabilities, the Pacemaker may be your next purchase. After telling my DJ friend Pete about the Pacemaker, he said, "Hell, I could stand at the bar and DJ a set."
The Pacemaker is a hand-held device with a 120GB hard drive and includes a Line out Crossfader, a Headphones Crossfader, Bend, Pitch, DJ Pause, Cue, Loop, EQ, Filter, Sound FX, Headphone Jack, Line out jack and a USB 2.0 connector. It supports MP3, VBR, AAC, WMA, WMA Lossless, OGG Vorbis, FLAC and WAV, but not iTunes protected AAC. If you're like most DJs, you won't care about iTunes protected music as most use high bit rate DRM free music in their virtual crates. I'm currently building a DRM free library of music just for mixing purposes.
The Pacemaker will be a fun way to build your sets on-the-go. It will compliment your current set-up, but not be the primary device. I use Serato Scratch Live, two Technics and a Vestax PCV-275 for mixing at home.
I haven't been so excited about a new gadget since the iPhone was released. At about $750 bucks, it's steep, but it packs a lot of tech any serious DJ or bedroom DJ will dig. Pacemaker.net has a lot of video tutorials where you can learn how to use each of the features.
Related Stories
Yeah I've been following the release of this thing for the past few months… I could see it as being the most compact mixing device out there, but no way can I see myself actually playing a gig with this thing. I'd look like a fool
Posted by Toleran on March 28, 2008 at 8:49 PM (CDT)
Saw this on the UK's Gadget Show last December on their 'Focus Group' slot. Along with the Tenori-On and the Samson G-Track USB mic.
Thought I had sent the links to you for the Pacemaker…
Posted by Bob Levens in UK on March 30, 2008 at 8:33 PM (CDT)
Toleran, Over at the Pacemaker forums, many are successfully using the Pacemaker at live gigs… not that I would, but it is being done.
Bob, OK, I do remember seeing this back in May 07 (not from you)... and totally forgot about it. I ordered one today!!
Posted by Dennis Lloyd in Irvine, CA on March 31, 2008 at 2:47 AM (CDT)
Long trips will never be boring again ;-)
Posted by Bob Levens in UK on March 31, 2008 at 12:18 PM (CDT)
If you have a comment, news tip, advertising inquiry, or coverage request, a question about iPods or accessories, or if you sell or market products, read iLounge's Comments + Questions policies before posting, and fully identify yourself if you do. We will delete comments containing advertising, astroturfing, trolling, personal attacks, offensive language, or other objectionable content, then ban and/or publicly identify violators. Wondering why we're talking about something other than iPods? Check the Archives: Backstage has been here and kicking it since 2004.
Recent News
- Photos claim to show alleged 'iPad Pro 2'
- Apple to sell limited-edition Olympic Apple Watch bands exclusively in Brazil
- Report: iPhone 7 will include Lightning adapter instead of Lightning EarPods
- Edward Snowden designing device to prevent iPhone wiretapping
- Report: Apple Car team running into challenges, launch may slip to 2021
- Corning announces Gorilla Glass 5
- Apple under fire for providing refurbished replacements under AppleCare+
- Report: Apple acquires cloud music provider Omnifone? [Update: No]
- Apple releases second iOS 10 public beta
- India clears the way for Apple to open retail stores
Recent Reviews
- Netatmo Tags for Welcome Smart Home Camera
- iDevices Socket HomeKit-enabled Light Adapter
- Koogeek Wi-Fi SmartPlug for Apple HomeKit
- Marbotic Smart Letters for iPad
- Ecoxgear Sol Jam Bluetooth Speaker
- Gumdrop Cases DropTech Case + Hand Strap for 9.7" iPad Pro
- Braven BRV-1M Bluetooth Speaker
- Braven BRV-Blade Bluetooth Speaker
- Invoxia Voice Bridge
- Incase Keyboard Case for iPad Air 2
Recent Articles
- Inside the betas: iOS 10 Photos gets Advanced Computer Vision
- Inside the betas: iOS 10 Music app delivers 'clarity and simplicity'
- Inside the betas: iOS 10 Maps gets a major redesign
- Inside the betas: iOS 10 shakes up the user experience
- Inside the betas: watchOS 3 promises a real speed boost
- Inside the betas: A sneak peek at what's new in tvOS 10
- Filling the Gap: A look at third-party HomeKit apps
- Instant Expert: Secrets & Features of tvOS 9.2
- Instant Expert: Secrets & Features of iOS 9.3
- Opinion: Why Apple needs a dedicated HomeKit app


text:
Banner Promotions is pleased to announce the re-signing of former world title challenger and Boxcino 2014 Middleweight champion, Willie Monroe Jr. to an exclusive promotional agreement.… Read Article
Willie Monroe Jr. and John Thompson Clash in Middleweight Bout On Saturday, June 11- - Post Comment
It will be a battle of the Boxcino champions when former world title challengers, Willie Monroe Jr. and John Thompson, square off in a 10-round middleweight bout in the main event of SHOWTIME BOXING on SHO EXTREME on Saturday, June 11, live 7 p.m. ET/PT from The Turning Stone Resort Casino in Verona, N.Y.… Read Article
Canelo's candidates for next fight: Gabriel Rosado & Willie Monroe Jr- - 298 comments
Golden Boy Promotions are looking to lock down their fighter WBC middleweight champion Saul "Canelo" Alvarez's next opponent for his first title defense on May 7th in Las Vegas, Nevada. The two names that Golden Boy are reportedly looking at right now is two-time world title challenger Gabriel Rosado (22-9, 13 KOs) and Willie Monroe Jr. (19-2, 6 KOs), according to bleacherreport.com. … Read Article
Willie Monroe Jr Hoping for Golovkin Undercard Slot / Eyeing Sep-Oct Return- - 26 comments
Although he was floored three times and stopped in the 6th round in his world title challenge to Gennady Golovkin earlier this year (muttering the words 'I'm done' to ref Jack Weiss), former Boxcino tournament winner Willie Monroe Jr still impressed a few people with his performance, displaying some slick southpaw skills and impressive movement, tagging the Kazakh knockout artist more than is healthy at times, thus leaving many ringside to say – if only … Read Article
Willie Monroe Jr Would Love To Earn GGG Rematch- - 96 comments
Many fans were left pleasantly surprised by 2014 Boxcino tournament winner Willie Monroe Jr in his fight with Gennady Golovkin recently, in which the spirited American was simply outgunned by the brute strength and power of the Kazakh who broke him down and floored him 3 times en route to earning a 6th round stoppage – one which was no doubt hastened by Monroe appearing to say "I'm done" to referee Jack Reiss after rising … Read Article
Gennady Golovkin: Business As Usual- - 181 comments
The 20th consecutive KO (TKO) win for Golovkin was less eventful than "the big drama show' catch phrase suggested. The fight took place on May 16 and the venue was the Forum in Inglewood, Cal. The challenger Willie Monroe Jr. (19-2, 6 KOs), a US southpaw with Cuban roots, was known for his speed but not his power and he was not expected to rock and test the Kazakh with concussive leather. Monroe comes from … Read Article
Power and Excitement – No shortage of it with Triple G and Chocolatito- - 168 comments
Punching power is one thing. Destructive power is another. The heavy handed type is devastating, brutal, and ruinous. That is an apt description of WBC flyweight champion Roman "Chocolatitio" Gonzalez 43-0-0 (37KO) and WBA and WBC interim middleweight champion Gennady "Triple G" Golovkin 32-0-0 (32KO). They continued to demonstrate as much in front of a full house at the Forum in Inglewood, CA. A full house saw Chocolatito destroy Edgar Sosa 51-8-0 (30KO) inside of … Read Article
Golovkin destroys Monroe Jr; Gonzalez obliterates Sosa- - 716 comments
Challenger Willie Monroe (19-2, 6 KOs) tried hard tonight, but he was no match for IBO/WBA middleweight champion Gennady Golovkin (33-0, 30 KOs) in getting stopped in the 6th round of a scheduled 12 round bout at the Forum in Inglewood, California. Monroe was down three times in the fight, and would have likely been down even more if he hadn't quit on his feet in the 6th round following a hard knockdown. Referee Jack … Read Article
Caution Always Advised But There Won't Be An Upset : Prediction – Golovkin v Monroe Jr- - 41 comments
I have to admire ESPN's Boxcino tournament winner Willie Monroe Jr's (19-1, 6ko) attitude towards tonight's impending clash with unbeaten Kazakh wrecking-machine Gennady Golovkin (32-0, 29ko). The slick, yet light punching southpaw believes in his heart of hearts that he can win this one – and deserves props for even stepping up to the challenge in my humble opinion, especially when it is clear that the division's WBC champion Miguel Cotto – who fights former … Read Article
Why Willie Monroe Jr will upset Gennady Golovkin and change the current landscape of boxing- - 78 comments
The boxing world is already looking forward to the next fight from the man they call triple G. Sadly, it's not the fight scheduled for Saturday, May 16, 2015.
"Is it Mayweather, Cotto or Canelo," is what the fans cry as they overlook the toughest fight of Golovkin's career.
Maybe it's the lack of name recognition, or maybe it's the way Golovkin has ransacked passed past opposition that leaves boxing fans pessimistic about Willie Monroe … Read Article
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- Next Page »


text:
Hotels near Library of Birmingham
Search hotels near Library of Birmingham in Birmingham
Trending now in Birmingham
- Most bookedJurys Inn Birmingham
529 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"A very pleasant hotel with a wonderfully clean room and enormous bed. Was worried the bed was too hard but I actually slept like a dream!"
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
432 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"couldn't fault it apart, clean, modern, 15 min walk to the center. the receptionists are lovely and friendly. There is a £50 per person per night deposit which seems a bit excessive. Also we had to argue with the bouncer to let us in after a night out because he said 2 people were already in our ..."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
407 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Stayed for two nights in a family room. Helpful friendly staff, the room was clean although as the public areas showing signs of age. Good breakfast, plenty of space and no queues. Summer weather, air con in room very noisy and although the windows did open roadworks through the night made that a..."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
359 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"We had a great one night stay at he Hyatt. Room was modern, stylish and with great views over the city on the 16th floor. We enjoyed time at the pool and spa (including steam and sauna) and breakfast the news morning was great. Can recommend the French toast!"
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
264 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The staff were friendly and helpful ,the room I had was excellent although the general decor and en suite was a little tired. I was attending an army reunion and decided to dine in the hotel, for me this was the biggest disappointment I ordered steak the quality of the meat was so poor I couldn't..."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
213 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The rooms are small and the price reflects this. There is a double bed, some floor space then the wet room. The panel for controlling lighting etc is great and the wet room very very clean and the shower was lovely. The service was great, we spoke to two very friendly women when checking in and o..."
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
170 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Lovely apartments, everything was clean. However there was no body soap in our apartment only hand wash"
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
129 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Such a cheap price for a quality hotel, was perfect place for the 6 of my friends and I to stay; not far from the bullring at all for the days shopping and a 10min walk to the clubs at night"
A Traveller, Jul 2016, GB
- Premier Inn Canal SideNo Guest Reviews yet
6 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- nitenite cityrooms BirminghamNo Guest Reviews yet
4 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Map of hotels near Library of Birmingham
- National Exhibition Centre (NEC)
- Jewellery Quarter
- Brindleyplace
- Barclaycard Arena
- Drayton Manor Theme Park
- International Convention Centre (ICC)
- Edgbaston Cricket Ground (Edgbaston Stadium)
- Broad Street
- Bullring Shopping Centre
- The Mailbox
- University of Birmingham
- LG Arena
- Cadbury World
- Belfry Golf Club
- Black Country Museum
- StarCity
- Arcadian Centre
- Symphony Hall
- Aston University
- National Motorcycle Museum
Hotels in Birmingham near Library of Birmingham
Are you looking for a cheap Library of Birmingham hotel, a 5 star Library of Birmingham hotel or a family friendly Library of Birmingham hotel? You just landed in the best site to find the best deals and offers on the most amazing accommodations for your stay.
When you search for hotels near Library of Birmingham with Hotels.com, you need to first check our online map and see the distance you will be from Library of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Our maps are based on hotel search and display areas and neighborhoods of each hotel so you can see how close you are from Library of Birmingham and refine your search within Birmingham or United Kingdom based on closest public transportation, restaurants and entertainment so you can easily get around the city. All the hotels details page show an option for free or paid onsite parking.
If you wish to see the hotels with the highest featuring discounts and deals near Library of Birmingham, simply filter by price/ average nightly rate. We recommend you filter by star rating and read our genuine guest reviews so you can get the best quality hotel with the best discount.
One of the new features on Hotels.com guest reviews is that also show reviews from Expedia for Library of Birmingham hotels and the TripAdvisor Library of Birmingham hotels reviews so you can make sure that you checking with a reliable source. See the review scores on our Birmingham hotel information pages.
Make the most out of your family vacation when you book your accommodation with Hotels.com – book your hotel near Library of Birmingham, Birmingham after reviewing the facilities and amenities listed for each hotel.
After booking your hotel near Library of Birmingham, expect to receive your reservation confirmation in the mail in less than 10 minutes. The confirmation email contains more information on all nearby attractions, local directions and weather forecast, so you can better plan the days during your trip.
After getting the best hotel rates you can still save more by winning 1 free night! That's right, book 10 nights in any hotel near Library of Birmingham, Birmingham and after you sign up for the Welcome Rewards program, you are eligible hotel you receive 1 night free*
The best hotel deals are here: We have Library of Birmingham hotel deals, Library of Birmingham last minute deals and offers to get you the cheapest Library of Birmingham hotel with our lowest price guarantee.
Birmingham travel guides
Nightlife & Entertainment in Birmingham
It's no surprise that a city with 5 universities, and where almost half the population is under-25, ...
Family Friendly Attractions in Birmingham
Birmingham may be a big city, but with so much to explore it's great for little people, too. Whether...
Arts and Culture in Birmingham
Offering everything from genre-defining heavy rock history, to breathless, spinning ballet performan...


text:
Featured Group 2 - International Super Heroes of Illustration
|Pip Gerard 966 posts
|Damien Mason 2932 posts
Hey all,
The International Superheroes of Drawing, Illustration and World Domination, as well as being one of the longer named groups on RedBubble, is a gathering place for the drawers and illustrators. The painters and sketchers. The inkers, scratchers, clickers and smudgers. We welcome anyone who draws, be it on paper or screen or in the dark recesses of their own imagination.
We run weekly challenges, regularly feature our awesome members and artwork and even have the occasional mass collaborations
Oh, and we're going to make a Book
So there's plenty going on over there, I hope you'll check us out, jump on the forums and say hello.


text:
Brazilian airline Gol Linhas (GOL -1.2%) says domestic demand in December climbed 2.8% Y/Y and rebounded 8.5% from November, with the number of seats offered climbing by 8.3% on the year. However, its load factor, the percentage of seats occupied on flights, fell 3.5% Y/Y to 65.5%.
Brazilian airline Gol Linhas (GOL -1.2%) says domestic demand in December climbed 2.8% Y/Y and...
Jan 24 2012, 12:56 ET | About: GOL Linhas Areas Inteligent... (GOL) | By: David Yelle, SA News Editor
From other sites
at CNBC.com (Oct 28, 2014)
at CNBC.com (May 12, 2014)
at CNBC.com (Apr 22, 2014)
at CNBC.com (Oct 7, 2013)
at CNBC.com (Dec 7, 2011)
ETF Hub
ETF Screener: Search and filter by asset class, strategy, theme, performance, yield, and much more
ETF Performance: View ETF performance across key asset classes and investing themes
ETF Investing Guide: Learn how to build and manage a well-diversified, low cost ETF portfolio
ETF Selector: An explanation of how to select and use ETFs


text:
PA Politics: Bargaining away community protections
By Nadia Steinzor
October 29, 2011
It's often said that getting anything done in government requires compromise. But in their continued give-and-take over Senate Bill 1100, Pennsylvania legislators are poised to go too far and sell out communities.
Amendments were made to the bill this week that could result in some much-needed improvements to the state's outdated Oil and Gas Act, but it still rests on a faulty and unjust premise: forcing cash-strapped municipalities to give up their zoning rights in exchange for revenues from an "impact fee" charged to gas drillers. And linking these two issues now makes any legislator who wants to improve protections from damaging drilling party to the gutting of local control.
Tagged with:
Another step towards Grand Canyon protection
By Lauren Pagel
October 26, 2011
Today, the Obama administration took another important step towards protecting the Grand Canyon from uranium mining. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) released the Northern Arizona Proposed Withdrawal Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for public review, and the Obama administration once again reiterated its support for a withdrawal of the full 1 million acres. This action initiates a 30-day review period after which the Secretary of Interior can make and issue a final decision.
The Grand Canyon is currently threatened by over 1000 uranium mining claims near its borders.
Tagged with:
US Court: Communities can sue Rio Tinto for genocide and war crimes
By Nick Magel
October 26, 2011
Yesterday, communities in Papua New Guinea (PNG) received big news from the US Appeals Court. The court released a decision that will allow PNG communities to sue mining giant Rio Tinto for genocide and war crimes becasue of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals' decision to reverse a lower courts dismissal, that was in favor of Rio Tinto.
This development comes only months after the company had publicly expressed intent to reopen the controversial mine.
Tagged with:
Industry Slowly Backpedals from Opposing Fracking Disclosure Requirements
By Aaron Mintzes
October 21, 2011
What's interesting is watching the industry's about-face on the issue of public disclosure of fracking chemicals. As many states have passed their own disclosure laws, industry opposition has not just lessened, but actually morphed in to something of a modest embrace. Make no mistake; Halliburton continues to do everything it can to make sure the details of the harmful chemicals they are injecting never see the light of day.
By contrast, a representative from Apache Corporation intimated at yesterday's subcommittee hearing that industry initially opposed disclosure because of a natural, almost instinctual, resistance to all regulations. Not, of course, because of a genuine need to maintain a competitive advantage, but rather a knee-jerk reaction opposing government efforts to address public health concerns.
Tagged with:
Debate over Fracking Regulation Looms Large in the US Senate
By Aaron Mintzes
October 21, 2011
Recently, I attended a hearing of the Senate's Energy and Natural Resources committee on the issue of fracking.The Department of Energy's scientific advisory board wanted to share with the senators their impressions from their initial report describing the need for more regulation of the industry. The distinguished panel of witnesses ultimately concluded that much more measurement is needed to assess what we need to know about how fracking affects drinking water quality.
Tagged with:


text:
Michel Oudijk and Sebastián van Doesburg, both of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, will present the 2014 Arthur Holzheimer "Maps and America" lecture on Thursday, April 10, 2014 in the American Geographical Society Library, located on the east wing third floor of the Golda Meir Library.
The subject of their presentation is the Tira de Santa Catarina Ixtepeji—a colonial-era Mexican document so rare that until two years ago experts had only hints of its existence.
The Tira (Spanish for strip of paper or [comic] strip), dated 1691, had been acquired by the American Geographical Society of New York around 1917 and its importance in Zapotec history was recently rediscovered after examination by a Marquette history professor.
Approximately 7 feet long and 20 inches wide, the document features hand-painted images and text in Spanish and the indigenous Zapotec language, and functioned as a kind of deed, as well as a genealogy of the village of Santa Catarina Ixtepeji in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico.
Detail from Ixtepeji ScrollOudijk and van Doesburg are scholars of the Zapotec language, and they had been searching for years for the tira, known to them only through academic reports and an old photograph of the corner of the document.
Since the tira's re-emergence, both men have traveled to Milwaukee to research it in depth. At their talk, they will present their findings and place the document in the context of colonial Mexico.
"The Ixtepeji Scroll: Mapping the Cultural Landscape of a Zapotec Noble Lineage" will be presented at 6 p.m. with a reception preceding the talk at 5:30 p.m. The AGS Library is located on the third floor, east wing of the UWM Golda Meir Library building, 2311 E. Hartford Ave.
For more information or special needs, please call 414-229-6282.
More from User Submitted Stories
- The Starr Group Hires Marco Briceno
- Nicolet Rec. Dept. | Fall Bulletin Registration Info
- First Annual St. Robert Pretzel Run Offers Participants Fun and a Tasty Treat
- ADVENT named a Fastest Growing Firm Two Consecutive Years
- Silver Spring Drive Sidewalk Sale-A-Bration to Include 5 Card Studs Friday Evening and a Saturday Afternoon Adventure Zone
- Mequon resident elected to Girl Scout Board
- Summer Concert Series at Sinai
- Used Book Sale to Benefit Golden Retriever Rescue of Wisconsin


text:
Learn more
A World History of Architecture Hardcover – Feb 25 2008
Amazon Price
|New from
|Used from
"Please retry"
Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought
No Kindle device required. Download one of the Free Kindle apps to start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, and computer.
Getting the download link through email is temporarily not available. Please check back later.
To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number.
I'd like to read this book on Kindle
Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here, or download a FREE Kindle Reading App.
Product Details
Would you like to update product info, give feedback on images, or tell us about a lower price?
Product Description
About the Author
Marian Moffett earned a B.Arch. at North Carolina State University (1971) and the M.Arch. and PhD. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1973 and 1975, respectively). She taught architectural history at he University of Tennessee from 1975 until her death in 2004 where she collaborated with Lawrence Wodehouse in producing exhibitions and catalogs on the architecture of the Tennessee Valley Authority and cantilever barns, as well as co-authoring A History of Western Architecture and East Tennessee Cantilever Barns. Her research included work on wooden architecture in eastern Europe and town planning in Tennessee. She was active with the Southeast Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians and has served as President of the UT Faculty Senate and as an academic administrator in the Office of the Provost.
McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers, and interests of readers worldwide
Lawrence Wodehouse was an Architecture professor at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville from 1979 to 1993. Wodehouse worked as a professor of Architecture at the Pratt Institute in New York prior to coming to the University of Tennessee. Lawrence Wodehouse received his master's degree from Cornell in 1963 and his Ph.D. from St. Andrews University in 1980. His major research concentrations have been in 19th and 20th century architecture and also the vernacular architecture of East Tennessee. He has coauthored two books with Marian Moffett, The Cantilever Barn in East Tennessee, and also Built for the People of the United States: Fifty Years of TVA Architecture. Lawrence Wodehouse retired in the Spring of 1993 and died in 2002.
What Other Items Do Customers Buy After Viewing This Item?
Customer Reviews
Top Customer Reviews
Most Helpful Customer Reviews on Amazon.com (beta)
The difference? Price. $52 more! Just check the other book. For a while the First Edition was out of print so I was forced to use "Buildings Across Time" (I teach architecture at a Community College so price is very important to me). While I understand that the publishers have to make a profit, how is that that they can "afford" to sell this book for $41 while an exact copy of the "approved" higher education version is $92?
I welcome the addition of notable examples in the last chapter but I have a problem with the removal of many other buildings. Just to name a few that were present in the First Edition and are missing from the Second: Biskupin, Ishtar Gate, Temple of Ramesses II, Great Stupa at Borobodur, Caernarvon Castle etc. I am not sure what this cleansing is all about, both editions are 592 pages. Granted something had to give since there are new examples throughout.
I am only writing this in a hope that the Third Edition would include the missing examples from First Edition. If number of pages is fixed, just make some of the photographs smaller. Come on McGraw-Hill, you can do it!
The most important buildings, from ancient times to modern times are covered, and the text is well done, informative, and not dry as are many books on art and architecture. One of the book's strengths is the coverage of the ideas and practices of important architects who have contributed many of the buildings in this book. The authors also do a good job of covering the social importance and context of the buildings and how they differed from culture to culture.
After reading this book, I would highly recommend Sir Nicholaus Pevsner's An Outline of European Architecture for more reading on that subject. His descriptions of important buildings are often nothing short of inspired, and he is considered one of the greatest and most stimulating writers on the subject who ever put pen to paper.
No architecture book can cover every important building, but this one covers almost all the ones I would have included. It's been said that buildings like the bigger and more elaborate Gothic Cathedrals, with their labor intensive, complex masonry facades and interiors and their ornate lead-glass windows, are the most expensive artworks ever done, costing a billion dollars to replicate today. Important buildings are therefore essential for us to understand if only for the tremendous amount of resources that go into them.
Overall, a fine book on the subject and one that compares favorably with the many other beautiful, large-format books out there on architecture. I've also seen the book for the list price of $65 in retail shops so if Amazon is selling it for $40 I would consider that a great deal for this book.
To the authors' credit, with so much to cover in one volume, their selections were superb. Here are a few critical comments (intended constructively) regarding a text that is overall superbly concise. I feel they over-represent medieval architecture at the expense of Islamic architecture ( Arab,Persian, & Mongol). Also, the 1st & 2nd Industrial Revolutions should be emphasized after 1850.
1) 12th-13th century is all Western / European medieval. Probably state-of-the art architecture of this era was Islamic -- we know that Islamic empires and Monguls were conquering much of Asia during these centuries.
2) Any history of architecture over 2000 years should include at least 3 factors which foment innovations in building techs: catastrophe (Great Fire of London, Great Chicago Fire,), environmental challenges (Venice on a lagoon, St Petersburg on a swamp), War & conquest (Hellenism & Alexander, Islamic empires after 800 ad, post-WWII rebuilding of Europe)
3) How can you discuss medieval manors & castles but not discuss the 17th / 18th century mercantile plantations of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and British empires?
4)The effects of the first and second Industrial Revolutions upon architecture should be the FOCUS of 19th century and early 20th century architectural history.
5)In terms of 20th century architecture, you cannot evaluate skyscrapers without first understanding the infrastructure that made vertical building possible: elevators, fire protection, steel frames, electrical power, cheap floated glass, etc.


text:
Sugar & Spice
Sweet crib quilt is adorned with simple appliqué embroidery.
Designed by: Michele Mishler • oregonpatchworks.com
Size: 41.5" x 50.5" Crib
Embroidery Appliqué Designs: Sugar & Spice, MM Embroidery Designs, oregonpatchworks.com
Download a free blank label to match Sugar & Spice from Oregon Patchworks.
Appears in Quilting & Embroidery Spring '10. Buy this issue now.
Sponsored Links
The project magazine for those who love of knit. Try a free issue today!
Subscribe today & SAVE 38%, plus get 10 FREE patterns!
Subscribe to Quick Quilts magazine and SAVE up to 41%, plus get 3 FREE GIFTS!


text:
Skip to Main Content
IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
eBooks, and eLearning courses.
Learn more about:
IEEE membership
IEEE Xplore subscriptions
An analytical model for predicting the characteristics of variable airgap linear force motors is developed. The model takes into account magnetic losses, including the leakage and fringing effects, and the reluctance existing at the contacts between permanent magnets and polepieces. The model is validated by comparing its predicted characteristics with the results obtained from experiments and a finite element program. With the use of the modelled characteristics, computer programs based on the method of constrained steepest descent with state equations, is developed for automating and optimising the design of linear force motors. Numerical studies are made for both minimisation of weight and minimisation of power consumption.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


text:
Articles tagged raoul bova
26 Jan 2005 // 1:00 AM
The monsters are functions of the franchise, but also vaguely resistant, less transparent than they seem.READ more
27 Aug 2004 // 1:00 AM
King of the video game movies, director Paul W.S. Anderson continues to meet and resist expectations with his latest, Alien vs. Predator.READ more
//Mixed media
Blesst Chest "Blesst Chest Theme Song" (audio) (premiere) // Music
The Chairman Dances "Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin" (audio) (premiere) // Music
National Park Radio 'The Great Divide' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
Kendra Erika "The Truth Never Lies" (video) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
Culture Belongs to the Alien in 'Spirits of Xanadu'
// Moving Pixels
"The symbols that the artifact in Spirits of Xanadu uses are esoteric -- at least for the average Western gamer. It is Chinese culture reflected back at us through the lens of alien understanding.READ the article


text:
Is your resume in need of a little disruption?
Startups are all about
making things work better.
Our resume writing service is all about doing that for your CV.
StartUpHire is the place to find Product-Analyst jobs in and near . Review the list below of Product-Analyst jobs. These Product-Analyst jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available. You can refine your job search for Product-Analyst jobs in by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options. Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more Product-Analyst jobs in , or sign up for an email alert (link in upper left) to receive periodic updates on new Product-Analyst jobs in , .
San Francisco, CA Who Are We? Prosper is built on a simple idea: connect people who want to borrow money with those that have money to invest. Prosper is an online marketplace that gives borrowers access to individual and institutional investors. Borrowers get low, fixed rates7/1/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Redwood City, CAFull-time Company Description Satmetrix is the leading global provider of cloud-based software for companies who demand differentiated knowledge about their customers. As co-developer of the Net Promoter methodology, Satmetrix combines unrivaled expertise with its7/1/2016 Redwood City, CA Save This Job
Location: Coralville, Iowa Description JOB SUMMARY: The Data Integrity Analyst (DIA) position at Ruffalo Noel Levitz is crucial to our success by acquiring, processing, and validating data. ESSENTIAL DUTIES/RESPONSIBILITIES : (not limited to) Provides initial and ongoing6/29/2016 Cedar Rapids, IA Save This Job
Location: Cedar Rapids, Iowa Description JOB SUMMARY: The Data Integrity Analyst (DIA) position at Ruffalo Noel Levitz is crucial to our success by acquiring, processing, and validating data. ESSENTIAL DUTIES/RESPONSIBILITIES : (not limited to) Provides initial and ongoing6/29/2016 Cedar Rapids, IA Save This Job
Looking for a Co-Op in a fast paced and leading edge environment? Join Assurex Health and work for a company that is helping clinicians change people?s lives. Summary: As a Business Analyst Co-Op at Assurex Health, you will work alongside the Product Management team supporting6/29/2016 Mason, OH Save This Job
JOB OVERVIEW The Software Quality Assurance Analyst will work with a team of dedicated product development professionals to produce high quality software in a collaborative environment in the Mason office. This mid-level position will require you to use a variety of technical6/29/2016 Mason, OH Save This Job
Atlanta, GA Full Time Quality Assurance Entry Level SHARE The Quality Assurance Analyst is responsible for working with developers and product managers in an Agile environment. Those responsibilities include creating user stories, acceptance criteria and acceptance6/28/2016 Atlanta, GA Save This Job
Operations Pasadena, CA Apply Now Send Jobvite Marketplace Analyst This is a mid-level position that provides an opportunity for a bright and hardworking person to drive the business operations of an online advertising marketplace as it scales. You will plan and carry out6/27/2016 Pasadena, CA Save This Job
Under the supervision of the Vice President of Sales and Business Development, research market conditions in various global markets to determine potential market for the company?s proprietary sales software. Assist the team in creating an international marketing campaign by6/27/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Silverlink Communications, LLC, a Welltok Company located in Burlington, MA, is looking for a Technical Analyst who will work within the Professional Services Operations department to build unique communication experiences for Silverlink?s customers. This position requires a6/26/2016 Burlington, MA Save This Job
Boston Technology meQuilibrium offers a breakthrough, personalized stress management solution that helps people cope with today?s daily pressures, so they live happier, healthier and more productive lives. Our suite of digital and mobile apps is based on clinically validated6/26/2016 Boston, MA Save This Job
Base CRM is looking for a talented and analytical mind to manage and oversee the daily operations of our customer success and support teams. This individual will work with our product support, success engineering and customer success teams to determine areas of opportunity for6/26/2016 Mountain View, CA Save This Job
Resources Jobs Login Operations and IT Indianapolis, IN, USA Salary Full Time Email Me This Job About BidPal BidPal is the leading provider of technology and software to help nonprofits raise more money and connect donors to their year round fundraising. The company's6/22/2016 Indianapolis, IN Save This Job
Business Analyst for XS, Inc., one of the most dynamic Entrepreneurial, software companies in the Triangle. Candidates must be: intelligent, enthusiastic, self managing, organized, have a flexible schedule, be comfortable working under pressure, and able to handle multiple tasks.6/22/2016 Research Triangle Park, NC Save This Job
Job ID: 20160610-7697-MW Company Name: 3E Company Description: 3E Company is seeking to hire a Regulatory Research Analyst ? Asia Pacific to be based in Bethesda, MD. Responsibilities: Monitor, research, and analyze EH&S (Environment, Health, and Safety) and food6/20/2016 Carlsbad, CA Save This Job
Requisition Number16-0111 Post Date6/15/2016 TitleTechnical Support Analyst (B09) CityMartinsville StateIN DescriptionSummary Provides technical support to field engineers, technicians, and product support personnel who are diagnosing, troubleshooting, repairing and debugging6/20/2016 Martinsville, IN Save This Job
Requisition Number16-0109 Post Date6/15/2016 TitleTechnical Support Analyst (B09) CityMartinsville StateIN DescriptionSummary Provides technical support to field engineers, technicians, and product support personnel who are diagnosing, troubleshooting, repairing and debugging6/20/2016 Martinsville, IN Save This Job
OVERVIEW The Senior Revenue Analyst is responsible for maintaining system and financial integrity over the revenue recognition process. This includes the design and implementation of processes and controls to drive financial integrity and efficiency in Revenue Cycle consistent6/20/2016 Indianapolis, IN Save This Job
Job Details Requisition Number15-0439 Post Date11/12/2015 TitlePerformance Support Analyst CityBerwyn StatePA Description Envestnet, Inc. (NYSE:ENV) is a leading independent provider of technology-enabled investment and practice management solutions to financial advisors who6/20/2016 Berwyn, PA Save This Job
Requisition Number15-0278 Post Date6/8/2016 TitleConsulting Analyst CityDenver StateCO Description About Envestnet Envestnet is a leading independent provider of technology-enabled, web-based investment solutions and services to financial advisors. Our centrally-hosted technology6/20/2016 Denver, CO Save This Job


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 4, 1977
|Filing date
|Oct 17, 1975
|Priority date
|Oct 17, 1975
|Publication number
|Peter Dilling, Gerald Prazak
|Original Assignee
|Westvaco Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (35), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an improved process for making sulfonated lignin surfactants and their use as dispersants for dyestuff. More particularly, this invention relates to improving the fiber staining properties of a sulfonated lignin dye dispersant by controlling the amount of free-phenolic hydroxyl groups and the molecular weight.
Dyestuff compositions comprise, for the most part, a dye cake, i.e., disperse dyes and vat dyes, and a dispersant. These dyestuff compositions are widely used to color both natural and synthetic fibers. In the dyestuff composition, the dispersant serves three basic functions. It assists in reducing the dye particle to a fine size; it maintains a dispersing medium; and it is used as an inexpensive diluent. Generally, however, the dye dispersants are of two major types, sulfonated lignins from the wood pulping industry and naphthalene sulfonates from the petroleum industry.
2. The Prior Art
Unique characteristics of sulfonated lignins as dispersants are identified with their good compatibility to many dye systems, their outstanding dispersant characteristics at ambient and elevated temperatures and their availability. By no means are sulfonated lignins perfect dye dispersants. They are highly chromophoric and adsorptive in nature towards most fibers and contains reducing functions. Foaming characteristics, high pH and high ash content also add to the undesirable properties of some sulfonated lignins for use as surfactants.
A major problem associated with the use of sulfonated lignin dye dispersants is their tendency to stain the fibers, which is dependent upon the color of the dispersant, the chemical structure of the fiber and the chemical structure of the sulfonated lignin itself. Wool and nylon fibers are most susceptible to sulfonated lignin adsorption. These fibers possess a large number of amide structures capable of forming strong hydrogen bonds, especially with electron donating structures, such as acetic, phenolic and carboxylic acid groups. At acidic pH's, the various salts are beginning to be converted into their acids; and thus additional staining is seen. Sulfonated lignin absorbed to the fiber generally results in loss of brightness and in extreme cases, particularly with the lighter color shades, may cause intolerable color distortions.
A second detrimental effect caused by the action of sulfonated lignins as dispersants are their ability to reduce dyes of a di-azoid nature. Elimination of the double bond by hydrogenation will eliminate the color body of the particular dye and thus results in a colorless component. Therefore, the use of sulfonated lignins generally requires quantities of dyes greater than the theoretical requirements to compensate for potential color losses during the operation.
The same groups in lignin which permit adsorption onto the fiber are responsible for the good dispersing behavior. Blocking of these functions has for that reason resulted in products with less than desirable dispersibility, particularly at elevated temperatures. Blocking, which eliminates the most strongly reducing groups, such as phenols and catechols, has been used in eliminating or at least minimizing fiber staining and diazo dye reduction tendencies. One such method for reacting sulfonated lignin with epichlorohydrin is U.S. Pat. No. 3,672,817 to Falkehag et al. who teach an epichlorohydrin modified lignin as a dye dispersant. The process of this invention provides an improvement over the Falkehag et al. material.
Other reactants are available to modify lignins to improve certain properties, for example, dispersing ability, or to inhibit a property that is undesirable for certain uses, for instance, the undesirable dark color of lignin. By way of illustration of methods of modifying lignins, the following patents are cited. U.S. Pat. No. 3,600,308 to G. G. Allen describes reacting lignin with a variety of chemical agents to increase molecular weight for use as coagulants. U.S. Pat. No. 3,546,199 to D. T. Christian et al. describes a process for producing polyols from lignin. U.S. Pat. No. 2,854,444 to L. T. Monson et al. describes a process for oxyalkylating lignin sulfonic acid for use as wetting agents and dispersants. Additional examples of reacting or modifying lignin to make them more suitable as dye dispersants include U.S. Pat. No. 3,156,520 to L. A. Baisdell; U.S. Pat. No. 3,094,515 to K. F. Keirstead et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,726,850 to Detroit; U.S. Pat. No. 2,680,113 to E. Adler et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,272 to Hintz. The art cited is meant to show the state of the art and is not intended to be all inclusive of lignin modifications.
Although the methods for treating sulfonated lignins described above offer some advantage during dyeing, none have produced a product possessing the improvements obtained by the products made according to the claimed process.
Thus, it is the general object of this invention to provide a process whereby sulfonated lignins or lignosulfonates may be treated to improve their usefulness as dye dispersants.
Another object of this invention is to provide a process whereby an epihalohydrin is used to both block a portion of the free-phenolic hydroxyl groups of the lignin and to sufficiently cross-link lignin molecules to increase molecular weight thereby providing a more heat stable dispersant while still leaving enough phenolic hydroxyl groups to interact with the dye particle.
Other objects, features and advantages of this invention will be seen in the following detailed description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
It has been found that fiber staining may be virtually eliminated if a proper balance of free-phenolic hydroxyl groups are blocked and lignin molecules are cross-linked. Thus, the process of this invention comprises reacting a sulfonated alkali lignin or lignosulfonate in an aqueous solution, preferably at a solids concentration between 5% and 35% by weight of lignin, with from 0.1 mole to 2.0 moles of an epihalohydrin at a pH between 9 and 13 at a temperature between 20� C. and 100� C. for from 5 minutes to 240 minutes to block a portion of the free-phenolic hydroxyls usually about 30% to 55%, and at the same time increase the molecular weight by cross-linking. It should be noted, as is clear from the drawings, that just a little reaction with epichlorohydrin at the proper conditions shows significant blocking. Even small degrees of blocking give improved fiber staining properties. An additional aspect of the process of this invention is that the epihalohydrin-treated lignin may be further improved by oxidizing.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the degree of blocking of a sulfonated lignin vs. the amount of epichlorohydrin reacted.
FIG. 2 shows the effect of sulfonated lignin concentration on degree of blocking of free-phenolic hydroxyl groups in the lignin.
FIG. 3 shows the effect of pH during reaction on the degree of blocking of free-phenolic hydroxyl groups in the lignin.
FIG. 4 shows the effect of reaction time on degree of blocking of free-phenolic hydroxyl groups in the lignin.
FIG. 5 shows the effect of reaction temperature on degree of blocking of free-phenolic hydroxyl groups in the lignin.
FIG. 6 shows the molecular weight distribution of an epichlorohydrin blocked lignin made according to the process of this invention compared to a commercially available ethylene oxide lignin adduct dye dispersant made according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 3,672,817.
Like so many chemicals whose uses affect a number of properties during their use, dye dispersants are also subjected to these problems. For instance, when fiber staining is improved, another property may be adversely affected. Thus, the improved process must account for balancing of conditions.
Under a set of conditions, the following parameters must be considered.
1. lignin concentration
2. reaction pH
3. reaction temperature
4. degree of blocking
5. molecular weight
6. viscosity
These parameters interact to influence the properties during dyeing; and the net results are measured in the amount of fiber staining, heat stability and the like.
Raw Materials: Lignin is obtained from spent pulping liquors, known as black liquor, of the pulp industry where lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, straw, corn stalks, bagasse, and the like, are processed to separate the cellulose or pulp from the lignin. For example, the alkali lignin obtained from the kraft, soda and other alkaline processes is not recovered as a sulfonated product but may easily be sulfonated by reacting the product with a bisulfite or sulfite. In the sulfite pulping process, the lignocellulosic material is digested with a bisulfite or sulfite to obtain a sulfonated residual pulping liquor wherein the sulfonated lignin is dissolved. Likewise, lignin known as "hydrolysis lignin" obtained from the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials in manufacturing wood sugars, or "hydrotropic lignins" derived from hydrotropic pulping processes may be sulfonated and used.
By the term "sulfonated lignin," it is meant any lignin containing at least an effective amount of sulfonate groups to solubilize the lignin in water at neutral or acid conditions. Any of the sulfonated lignins may contain up to one-half of the other materials, such as carbohydrates, phenols and other organic and inorganic compounds. The presence of these other materials results in larger consumption of the reactants used to form the adduct; therefore, some purification of the lignin starting materials is often desirable. Since the chemical structure of lignin varies according to its source and treatment, the term "sulfonated lignin" will be used herein to represent both sulfonated alkali lignin and sulfite liquor lignins from whatever source. The degree of sulfonation present in the lignin is not a controlling factor in making the adduct but does control the amount of solubility and, therefore, the degree of blocking obtainable. The term "sulfonated lignin" is also meant to include alkali lignins that have been sulfomethylated by reaction with sodium sulfite and formaldehyde. One such process is taught by E. Adler et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 2,680,113.
Reaction of epihalohydrin, with epichlorohydrin being preferred, with sulfonated lignins results in lignin adducts with virtually no adsorption to nylon at dyeing conditions of pH 7 and above and significantly reduces staining properties at acidic pH's. This can be attributed to a reduction of phenolic and catecholic-type functionality. These catecholic structures are also considered to be responsible for severe azo dye fading during pressure dyeing which generally is applied in dispersed or vat dye systems.
The reaction of a sulfonated lignin and an epihalohydrin, illustrated by epichlorohydrin, within the claimed process limitations is believed illustrated by the following equation wherein lignin is shown as a unit containing a quaiacyl group: ##STR1##
The following preferred reaction conditions have been found to produce the most desirable product. The limitations of the various parameters will be discussed hereinafter. At a starting pH of 10.7-11.0 and a starting solids concentration of about 30%, 0.75-1.0 mole of epichlorohydrin is reacted with a sulfonated lignin at reaction temperatures of 80� C.-90� C. Data indicate that the reaction proceedings are relatively quick within the first few minutes easing off considerably thereafter and reaching an optimum conversion level after about 3 hours. Good stirring is important to avoid epichlorohydrin localization which potentially could result in over cross-linking and subsequent particle formation.
The degree of blocking is nearly proportional to the staining tendencies of epichlorohydrin derived lignins. The mole ratio of epichlorohydrin as based on 1,000 grams of sulfonated lignin may vary from 0.1 to 2.0 moles and has conveniently been shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 indicates a linear relationship between epichlorohydrin and degree of blocking which exists up to 0.75 mole corresponding at this point to a 36.5% phenol blocking. At or slightly above 0.75 mole, an inflection point is observable, and the final reaction outcome gradually decreases with increasing epichlorohydrin involvement reaching at 2 moles, a blocking value of 54%. The optimum amount of blocking will depend somewhat on the source of the lignin and the amount of solubilizing groups, i.e., degree of sulfonation. The data shown in FIG. 1 was obtained by blocking a sulfonated alkali lignin at 90� C. at a lignin concentration of 25% and a pH of 11.0 for 240 minutes.
The concentration of lignin in solution prior to addition of epichlorohydrin has a substantial effect on the properties of the resulting dispersant. The reaction is preferably conducted at a lignin solids concentration between about 5% and 35% solids, preferably 10% to 30% by weight solids. The relationship of lignin concentration and the final extent of blocking for a moderately sulfonated alkali lignin is nearly linear as shown in FIG. 2. If the solids concentration is too high, an unacceptable lignin gel is formed. From FIG. 2, it can be seen for that particular sulfonated lignin that the reaction should be carried out at the highest tolerable lignin solids content to obtain the highest degree of free-phenolic blocking. The data shown in FIG. 2 was obtained from a sulfonated alkali lignin having 1 mole of epichlorohydrin at pH 11 and at a temperature of about 90� C. for 240 minutes.
The reaction pH in FIG. 3 may be maintained by either sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid. From FIG. 3, the data show that appreciable blocking begins above about pH 9 and declines sharply about pH 13. The preferred range is between pH 10.5 and 12.5. It should be kept in mind, however, that the reaction optimum is dependent upon the amount of epichlorohydrin used. The results shown in FIG. 3 were obtained from a 1-mole epichlorohydrin adduct reacted at 25% by weight lignin solids at 80� C. for 240 minutes.
Time reaction kinetics have been studied with regard to reaction conversion and were plotted against reaction time: and in FIG. 4, this discloses a pronounced reactivity of the epichlorohydrin within the first few minutes. Generally, at least 15 minutes are needed. Beyond 30 minutes, the reaction gradually levels off and reaches a maximum at about 2-3 hours depending upon the solids concentrations of the lignin mixture. An increase in reaction time must be allowed if, for example, the solids content is lowered from 30% to 25%. The reaction temperature was 80� C.
The reaction of sulfonated lignins or lignosulfonates with epichlorohydrin may be carried out at a temperature between 20� C. and 100� C. However, the preferred temperature is between 50� C. and 90� C. As shown in FIG. 5, the degree of blocking of a 1-mole adduct increases with the temperature up to about 70� C. At the lower temperatures, i.e., about 20� C., sufficient blocking of the free-phenolic hydroxyl takes place.
Viscosity problems are encountered at and above 60% phenolic hydroxyl group blocking at 25% solids concentration and thus restricts the use of epichlorohydrin for extended blocking. The marginal blocking of 54% when reaction quantities of 2.0 moles were employed can be identified mainly with pH reductions occurring during the reaction proceedings (starting pH = 10.2) below the ionization point of the majority of phenolic groups.
As can be seen from Table I below, describing viscosity measurements on epichlorohydrin adduct of sulfonated lignins, no detrimental thickening behavior occurred at reaction concentrations of 30% as long as reaction quantities were kept at a lower level. Problems do arise when the epichlorohydrin ratio is increased above 1.25 moles at and above 30% solids. No problems are encountered when the reaction is carried out at reduced solids concentration (25% and below) even at epichlorohydrin levels as high as 2 moles. However, it is desirable that the final viscosity be below 500 cps. at 25� C.
TABLE I______________________________________Moles of Reaction at Final ViscosityEpichlorohydrin Solids Conc. (%) (cps. at 25� C.)______________________________________0.75 5 9.50.75 10 10.00.75 20 16.50.75 25 26.50.75 30 48.51.50 25 46.02.00 25 69.51.25 30 3951.50 30 1590______________________________________
It appears that the role of the molecular weight of lignin and its implication to staining and overall dyeing performances is pronounced. This observation is based on a quality comparison of ethylene oxide vs. epichlorohydrin reaction, the latter being distinguishably higher in its molecular weight distribution as determined by gel permeation chromatography (FIG. 6). Lignin to fiber adsorption in both reaction instances is almost equivalent despite a distinct difference in the degree of phenol blocking being sufficiently lower (˜50%) in the case of epichlorohydrin modification (5 moles ethylene oxide vs. 2 moles epichlorohydrin). This lower degree of phenol blocking required for comparable staining to that of ethylene oxide-lignin adducts can at least in part be attributed to the heat stability and dispersion improvements.
An additional aspect of this invention is to further treat the epichlorohydrin adducts of sulfonated lignins with oxidants chosen from the group consisting of air, oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to stabilize the adducts against viscosity increases. It is desirable in obtaining a dye dispersant with the more advantageous properties that the blocking and cross-linking be carried out prior to oxidation.
When the oxidant is hydrogen peroxide, the epichlorohydrin-lignin adducts in solution should be adjusted to pH between 7.0 and 11.0 but preferably about pH 10. The amount of hydrogen peroxide used is between 0.04 and 5.0 moles of H2 O2 (100%) per 1,000 grams of blocked lignin solids. The reaction time is usually about an hour at room temperature, but in any case below about 50� C.
When the oxidant is oxygen or air, the epichlorohydrin-lignin adduct is subjected to the oxidation treatment at an oxygen or air pressure of 50 to 200 p.s.i. and at a temperature of 50� C. to 150� C. for from 5 minutes to 2 hours. The preferred oxidation parameters, however, are 100 p.s.i., 90� C. and 0.5 hour. The initial pH should be from approximately below 12.5, preferably about 11.0.
In all cases of oxidations, whether by air, oxygen or by hydrogen peroxide, a good mixing of the lignin adduct solution is essential to achieving the best results. Under certain oxidation conditions, the color of an "unblocked" lignin sample can also be reduced; but the magnitude of color reduction is limited (usually less than 30%). Furthermore, "unblocked" lignins are extremely sensitive to the variation of temperature and pH of the lignin solutions during oxidation. Again, the reason for the difference (between "blocked" and "unblocked" lignins) is that "unblocked" lignin is oxidized to chromophores or colorless products. In the case of "blocked" lignin, the formation of color bodies is prevented or minimized by blocking of phenolic groups; whereas, chromophores are still subjected to destruction by oxidants.
The dispersants made by the process of this invention are particularly useful with disperse dyes or vat dyes in either the dry or liquid form. The epihalohydrin/sulfonated lignin adduct may be added to the dye cake before, during or after grinding. It is generally preferred to add the surfactant prior to grinding so that it will be thoroughly mixed and aid in particle size reduction. The amount of epihalohydrin/sulfonated lignin dispersant added to a dye will vary widely, depending upon the particular dye cake, the material to be dyed and the effect desired. Amounts up to 75% of the sulfonated lignin dispersant, based upon the weight of dried dye cake may be used. The most important factor in determining the proper amount of lignin dispersant to be used in making up the dyestuff is the particular dye cake used. Generally, this amount will vary from dye to dye.
The lignin dispersants of this invention have for the most part eliminated the need for other additives in the dyestuff composition; but for special dyeing problems, wetting agents, defoamers, carriers or other additives may be included.
As discussed above, reduction of fiber staining is perhaps the most important advantage resulting from using the process of this invention. Staining is more pronounced at pH - 7 than at pH - 9 and much more pronounced yet at pH - 4. This is due to the number of acidic protons within the lignin matrix increasing as the pH is lowered. While at pH - 7 and above the stain is caused predominantly by phenolic-type structures, at the lower pH values when the carbonyl groups are in their acetic form, fiber staining is a combined function of phenols and carboxyls. The mechanism for staining can be identified with hydrogen bonding of these acetic groups in the lignin (carboxylic, phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyl groups) with electron rich structures of the fabric, such as --C = O --NH and --OH. The chemical nature of the fabric and the quantity of these groups present play an important role in the degree of the lignin affinity towards the fabrics and can be correlated at least qualitatively to these functions. Although wool, which displays the highest ratio of C = O and --NH structures per carbon atom among the most common fibers in use (nylon, polyester and wool), problems generally are less in severity since neutral or slightly alkaline pH's are being applied during the coloration process. Nylon, if dyed in acidic medium (pH 5-6), produces undesirable lignin discolorations that are probably the most problematic among the above listed fabrics.
Staining variations with different lignins, when exposed to one type of fabric, will also vary a great deal. This, of course, is due to the changing composition of the lignin, the varying degree of color body displayed, the affinity of the lignin to the fabric (number of acidic protons), the pH applied during the dyeing operation and, last but not least, the solubility nature of the lignin. In Table II, there is shown the staining tendencies of various sulfonated lignins before and after blocking according to the process of this invention. The blocking was carried out by reacting the various sulfonated lignins at 25% concentration with 0.75 mole of epichlorohydrin (except where indicated) at 95� C. for 3 hours.
TABLE II______________________________________ Staining of Staining of Unblocked Blocked Mat. LigninsType % Reflectance Starting Final % ReflectanceLignin pH = 4 pH = 7 pH pH pH = 4 pH = 7______________________________________SulfonatedAlkali Lignin 42 50 10.2 9.70 55 71ModeratelySulfomethylatedAlkali Lignin* 53.5 66 10.2 9.75 62 84HighlySulfomethylatedAlkali Lignin 57 76 10.2 10.0 68 89Sulfite-BasedLignin 38 48 10.2 9.0 53 71______________________________________ Notes: *This example was blocked with 0.5 mole epichlorohydrin.
The following test procedures were used to determine the improved usefulness of these products.
A mixture consisting of 50 grams Red 60, 35 grams of lignin, 125 milliliters water and 5 drops of EDTA (1% solids at pH ˜ 10.0 - 10.5) was pH adjusted to 8 with acetic or sulfuric acid. The dye composition was ground in a ball mill to the point where the filter test for disperse dyes was passed.
One gram of solids material was diluted to 10 milliliters with water and stirred for approximately 60 seconds to obtain a smooth paste. The paste is diluted immediately to a 250-milliliter volume and stirred for 1 minute. Then the mixture is filtered through a Buchner funnel containing a tared 9.0 cm. No. 2 and No. 4 Whatman filter paper (with vacuum) and rinsed with 300 milliliters water. Filtration time and filter residues are recorded. Well dispersed dyes with good filtration properties should filter completely in 60 seconds and should exhibit approximately equal staining of the No. 2 and No. 4 filter papers.
To one gram of solid dye composition was added 250 milliliters of water, and the solution was boiled for 15 minutes and then filtered through a tared Whatman filter paper No. 2 (No. 4) (with vacuum). The time for the filtration was recorded. The filter paper was dried, and this residue dye material remaining on the filter was calculated.
Five grams of dispersant material (1:1 ratio of dispersant to fiber) were taken into 200 milliliters of water and pH adjusted to ˜ 7.0 (4.0). After heating to boiling condition, a nylon skein was added and periodically turned for 15 minutes. The fiber is then removed, washed with tap water and dried.
Reflectance was recorded with an instrument (Model 610) from the Photovolt Corporation in New York. The machine should be allowed to warm up for at least three hours. Care should be practiced that the skein, during measurements, is stretched so that the individual strings are parallel to each other. For higher accuracy, each skein was aligned and measured five times. Then the average number was taken.
The practice of this invention may be better understood in the following examples:
This example illustrates the effect of epichlorohydrin blocking and cross-linking on a sulfomethylated lignin. Several samples, each containing 1,000 grams of 30% solution of a sulfomethylated alkali lignin, were pH adjusted to 10.5 - 10.7 using 50% sodium hydroxide. The solution was heated to 90� C. At this point, 0.5 mole, 1.0 mole, 1.5 moles and 2.0 moles of epichlorohydrin were introduced at vigorous stirring over a time period of 10-15 minutes. A temperature increase has been noticed of approximately 2� C.-5� C. The reaction was allowed to go to completion within 4 hours after epichlorohydrin addition at 95� C. Final solids content was 32%. Light reflectance results are shown in Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________FIBER STAININGMoles Staining ofEpichlorohydrin Blocked Ligninsper 1,000 Degree of % ReflectanceGrams Lignin Blocking pH 4 pH 7______________________________________0 0 65 800.25 -- 74 900.50 12 77 920.75 -- 81 941.00 35 83 95+1.5 40 86 96+2.0 46 87 96______________________________________
The increased light reflectance shows that epichlorohydrin effectively blocked the lignin samples.
1,000 grams of 30% sulfomethylated lignin solution was diluted to a solids content of 25% requiring 200 milliliters of water. After proper pH adjustments to 11.0 using 50% sodium hydroxide, the solution was heated to 90� C. At this point, 1.5 moles of epichlorohydrin were introduced at vigorous stirring over a time period of 20 minutes (dropping funnel). A temperature increase has been noticed of about 5� C.-7� C. The reaction was allowed to go to completion within 4 hours after epichlorohydrin completion after which the product was allowed to cool to room temperature. Final solids content was 28%. The products successfully passed the dispersion test, heat stability test and fiber staining test.
This example illustrates the effect of stabilization by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide on an epichlorohydrin/sulfonated lignin adduct. A sulfonated kraft lignin at 25% by weight lignin solids and pH 11.0 was reacted with 1.5 moles of epichlorohydrin at 85� C for 4 hours. After 24 hours storage, the sample was stabilized with hydrogen peroxide at 50� C. for 60 minutes. The results were effective and are shown in the table below.
TABLE IV______________________________________Sample Viscosity at 25� C. (cps.)______________________________________1.5 moles initial 360After 24 hours storage 1,285Stabilized with 2 molesH2 O2 after 24 hours storage 405 days storage afterH2 O2 stabilization 42.5______________________________________
While the invention has been described and illustrated herein by references to various specific materials, procedures and examples, it is understood that the invention is not restricted to the particular materials, combinations of materials, and procedures selected for that purpose. Numerous variations of such details can be employed, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 25, 1972
|Oct 2, 1973
|Westvaco Corp
|Modified lignin surfactants
|Sep 27, 1973
|Feb 11, 1975
|Westvaco Corp
|Modified lignin surfactants
|Dec 14, 1973
|Sep 16, 1975
|Alelio Gaetano F D
|Polymerizable lignin derivatives
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 4, 1977
|Dec 26, 1978
|Westvaco Corporation
|Process for making lignin gels in bead form
|Oct 2, 1978
|Sep 18, 1979
|Westvaco Corporation
|Process for making lignin gels in bead form
|Feb 7, 1978
|Jan 1, 1980
|American Can Company
|Ozonated lignosulfonates
|Apr 18, 1975
|Jan 22, 1980
|Westvaco Corporation
|Process for reduction of lignin color
|Mar 19, 1979
|Jul 28, 1981
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Dyeing process and compositions
|Feb 22, 1980
|Dec 29, 1981
|American Can Company
|Sulfonated lignin dispersants and dyestuffs
|Mar 4, 1981
|Oct 26, 1982
|Westvaco Corporation
|Azo dye reduction improvement of lignin
|Sep 3, 1981
|Nov 16, 1982
|American Can Company
|Dye compositions and method of using same
|Oct 2, 1981
|Apr 24, 1984
|Reed Lignin, Inc.
|Lignin-based dispersants especially adapted for thermosol dyeing
|Jun 25, 1981
|Jan 8, 1985
|Reed Lignin, Inc.
|Dyestuffs and dyeing method using lignin adduct dispersant
|Apr 16, 1984
|Jun 4, 1985
|Westvaco Corporation
|Process for preparing lignosulfonates
|Mar 21, 1984
|Aug 13, 1985
|Westvaco Corporation
|Selective crosslinking of low molecular weight sulfonated lignins and lignosulfate products produced thereby
|Oct 30, 1984
|Oct 8, 1985
|Westvaco Corporation
|Selective crosslinking of low molecular weight sulfonated lignins and lignosulfate products produced thereby
|Apr 16, 1984
|Nov 5, 1985
|Westvaco Corporation
|Dyestuff composition: disperse or vat dye and lignin sulphonate
|Oct 5, 1984
|May 20, 1986
|Westvaco Corporation
|Low electrolyte sodium lignosulfonates
|Oct 11, 1985
|Dec 16, 1986
|Westvaco Corporation
|Humectant composition derived from kraft black liquor
|Oct 21, 1985
|Jan 13, 1987
|Westvaco Corporation
|Ammonium lignosulfonates
|Dec 10, 1984
|Feb 10, 1987
|Westvaco Corporation
|Ammonium lignosulfonates
|Oct 21, 1985
|Jun 2, 1987
|Westvaco Corporation
|Ammonium lignosulfonates
|Oct 21, 1985
|Jan 26, 1988
|Westvaco Corporation
|Ammonium lignosulfonates
|Oct 28, 1987
|Oct 3, 1989
|Reed Lignin Inc.
|Binder composed of a graft copolymer of high molecular weight lignin material and an acrylic monomer
|Dec 14, 1999
|Aug 21, 2001
|Surmodics, Inc.
|Surface coating agents
|Jun 25, 2001
|Aug 5, 2003
|Surmodics, Inc.
|Surface coating agents
|Jul 14, 2003
|Aug 2, 2005
|Surmodics, Inc.
|Surface coating agents
|Jun 20, 2005
|Nov 21, 2006
|Surmodics, Inc.
|Surface coating agents
|Jul 31, 2012
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Biomass-derived epoxy compound and manufacturing method thereof
|Jul 14, 2003
|Feb 12, 2004
|Swan Dale G.
|Surface coating agents
|Jun 20, 2005
|Oct 20, 2005
|Surmodics, Inc.
|Surface coating agents
|Dec 23, 2009
|Jun 24, 2010
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Biomass-derived epoxy compound and manufacturing method thereof
|Jan 11, 2011
|Jun 1, 2011
|Modified lignin vat dye dispersing agent and preparation process thereof
|Jan 11, 2011
|Aug 6, 2014
|Modified lignin vat dye dispersing agent and preparation process thereof
|Feb 29, 2012
|Jul 25, 2012
|Method for preparing lignin sulfonate dispersing agent by using two-step oxidization method
|May 16, 2013
|Aug 28, 2013
|Lignin dispersant for phenol-water coal water slurry, and preparation method and application thereof
|Oct 20, 2014
|Apr 22, 2015
|Lignin-series nano-grade disperse dye and preparation method thereof
|Dec 20, 2013
|Jul 31, 2014
|South China University Of Technology
|Lignin dye dispersant with carboxyl and sulfonic groups and preparation method therefor
|U.S. Classification
|530/502, 8/650
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Top Definition
A somewhat difficult sexual position that is pleasing for both partners. The girl (or guy, in a gay couple) lays on her back and folds her body in such a way that her feet are placed behind her head. For additional fun, she could also have her hands bound behind her back. Then, the guy penetrates either or both of her holes from the front.
My girlfriend is so flexible that she can do The Stretch when we fuck, it's amazing!
by MaxxysSammich March 03, 2011
Trending Now