text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Sep 23, 1975
|Filing date
|Feb 11, 1974
|Priority date
|Feb 11, 1974
|Publication number
|James K Steele
|Original Assignee
|Dynamic Air
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (13), Classifications (11)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent Steele Sept. 23, 1975 [5 SWITCHES FOR CONVEYOR TUBES 2,593,491 4/1952 Saunders ct al. 285/31 x 2,732,263 1/1956 Riordan [75] Inventor: James K. Steele, St. Paul, Mmn. 3,174,806 3/1965 Barber ct almm 73 Assigneez Dynamic Air Inc" St Paul Minn 3,682,575 8/1972 Guddal et a1. 137/625.48 X [22] Filed: 11 1974 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 610,915 9/1926 France 302/28 [21] Appl. No.: 441,234
Primary ExaminerEvon C. Blunk 521 US. Cl. 302/28; 137/610; 137/625.48; Assistant E-mminerleffrey New 2 3 31; 277 0; 2 5 31; 2 9 392 4 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Jacobson and Johnson [51] Int. CI. 865G 53/56 [58] Field of Search 243/31; 277/70, 73; 1 1 ABSTRACT 285/18, 31, 96, 375; 302/28, 64; A pneumatic conveyor tube switch operable for di- 137/610, 625.48 verting abrasive, bulky materials from a pneumatic conveying line to a position remote from the convey- [56] References Cited ing line.
UNITED STATES PATENTS 2 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures 406,446 7/1889 Kennedy 243/31 III US Patent Sept. 23,1975 3,907,374
"III I SWITCHES FOR CONVEYOR TUBES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION One of the uses ofl pneumatic conveyor lines is to transport abrasive, heavy, lumpy materials from one location to another with selective intermediate depositing of the material in bins. In order to deposit the material at intermediate intervals, it is necessary to switch or divert the material from the pneumatic conveyor line into a bin by the use of a pneumatic conveying line switch which is permanently mounted in the pneumatic conveying line. After the required material is diverted, the material is allowed to pass through the pneumatic switch without being diverted.
One of the problems inherent with prior art pneumatic switching devices has been that it is difficult to accurately align the conveying tubes in the pneumatic switch because of the dusty environment the switch is located in. If accurate alignment of parts is not maintained, the unit will quickly become damaged by the fast moving abrasive material. Another problem has been that the prior art pneumatic switching devices have encountered problems with material build up and clogging when used to divert material out ofa conveyor tube. Still other problems are that the diverting deflecting units usually must withstand tremendous amounts of force because of the high momentum generated by the fast moving materials in the conveyor tubes. This force makes it extremely difficult to seal the pneumatic conveying tubes to the pneumatic switches. A still further problem with the prior art switching devices is that the dusty environment of the switches require constant attention and replacement of parts.
Accordingly, the present invention has overcome these prior art problems by providing a rugged switch which can be accurately positioned and effectively sealed to a pneumatic conveying tube.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly, the invention comprises a two position switch for a pneumatic conveying tube. The switch mechanism includes a vertical slidable member having sealing means for providing an air tight seal between the switch and the pneumatic conveying tube when the switch is in either the open position or the deflect position. The switch includes additional members for utilization of the switch mechanism in hostile dusty environments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 shows a partial sectional elevational view of a two way switching mechanism; and
FIG. 2 shows a top view of the two way switch of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, reference numeral generally designates the two position switch of the present invention. Switch 10 comprises a housing 11 and a pneumatic conveying tube 12 located on one end and, similarly, a second identical pneumatic conveying tube 13 is located on the opposite end of housing 11. Both of the conveying tubes are detachably mounted to housing 11 by bolts or the like. As both conveying tube 12 and conveying tube 13 are identical, only one of the tubes and the sealing mechanism therearound will be described.
Located between conveying tube 12 and conveying tube 13 is a two positional, vertically slidable member 14 having a through passageway 15 in the upper portion and a deflector 16 in the lower portion. As shown in FIG. 1, deflector 16 is located immediately adjacent conveying tube 12. An opening 17 in member 14 allows for material to pass through conveying tube 12, opening 17 and be deflected downward into a bin by deflector 16. In the position shown in FIG. 1, the outer surface 40 of member 14 is seated and sealed against the pneumatic conveying tube 12 by a pressure actuated sealing mechanism 20. On the opposite end of member 14 an identical pressure actuated sealing mechanism 19 seals conveying tube 13 to member 14. As pressure actuated sealing mechanism 20 and 19-are identical, only pressure actuated'sealing mechanism 20 will be described herein. Pressure actuated sealing mechanism '20 comprises an annular slidable member 21 having an annular seal 22 attached thereto which extends completely around pneumatic conveying tube 12. Annular seal 22 is typically made from rubber or the like and is held in pressure contact against sealing surface 40 of member 14 by air pressure. Sealing mechanism 20 and annular seal 22 are slidably located along the outside of conveying tube 12. Inside sealing mechanism 20 is an annular member 30 that coacts with housing 21 and conveying tube 12 to form a first pressurable plenum chamber 25 and a second pressurable plenum chamber 26 which can be supplied with pressurized air through air inlet 27 and air inlet 28 respectively. Annular member 30 is locked in position on the outside of conveying tube 12 by a retaining ring 31. An 0 ring seal 33 and a O ring seal 34 are located on opposite sides of sealing member 30 to form an air tight seal between plenum chambers 25 and 26. Similarly, an O ring seal 38 is located on one end of slidable mechanism housing 21 to provide an air tight seal between slidable members 21 and the outside surface of conveying tube 12. Similarly, located on the opposite end of slidable mechanism housing 21 is an O ring seal which provides an air tight seal between sliding mechanism housing 21 and the outside of conveying tube 12.
The air inlet 27 to annular plenum chamber 25 allows one to introduce pressurized air into plenum chamber 25. If air pressure in chamber 25 is greater than the air pressure in chamber 26, it produces a force which forces sliding mechanism housing 21 to the left. As housing 21 is forced to the left, sealing member 22 seals or abuts against the surface 40 of member 14 in direct proportion to the force generated by the differential air pressure in plenum chambers 25 and 26. Thus, the conveying tube is effectively sealed against surface 40 by the differential air pressure between chamber 25 and chamber 26. I have found that pressure force from air chambers allows me to maintain the same sealing force between member 14 and conveying tube 12 even though during operation of the deflecting unit 16 there may be lateral deflection or displacement of member 14 because of the large amount of thrust on deflector 10. That is, by maintaining a constant pressure differential between chamber 25 and chamber 26, it insures that the sealing force between member 11 and conveying tube 12 is held constant and consequentially the problem of leakage due to displacement of member 14 is eliminated.
When one wishes to allow the material to pass through switch 10 by allowing the material to flow through passageway 15, one must be able to quickly release and seal around the pneumatic conveying tubes. If the seals are sealed tightly to member 14 it obviously will be difficult to slide member 14 downward. In order to divert the material from the deflect position to the passageway, the pressure in plenum chamber is decreased and the pressure in plenum chamber 26 is increased. By creating a higher pressure in chamber 26 than in chamber 25, one drives sliding mechanism housing 21 away from sealing surface thus breaking the seal between sealing surface 40 and annular member.
While switching mechanism 19 has not been shown and described, it should be understood that in this embodiment switching mechanism 19 and conveying tube 13 operates in tandem with conveying tube 12 and sliding mechanism 20 so that the application of pressure simultaneously seals or releases the sliding mechanisms which are located on both ends of member 14. After releasing the seals, a signal is applied to hydraulic member which lowers member 14 and conveying tube 15 into alignment with conveying tube 12. In order to obtain accurate alignment of the openings in member 14 and the conveying tubes, a pair of guide mechanisms 48 and 49 are mounted on housing 11. Guide mechanism 48' contains a guide rod 52 which includes an upper stop 51 for the proper vertical positioning of conveying tube 15. with respect to conveying tube 12. Similarly, a lower stop 53 on guide rod 52 provides for the proper vertical positioning of deflector 16 when the deflector is to be positioned with respect to conveying tube 12.
It should be noted that guide rod 52 is attached with a pin joint to member 14. The purpose of the pin joint 60 is to allow a certain amount of lateral movement of the member 14 during the up or down motion of member 14 as well as during the operation of the pneumatic conveying line.
Guide rod 52 slides in a bushing bearing 64 which is mounted to housing 11. Located immediately on the inside of housing 11 is a felt sealing ring 65 which prevents any dust or material from entering into the guide rod slot. The opposite side contains an identical guide member 49 which will not be described as its function and components are identical to guide member 48.
When deflector 16 is positioned to deflect material passing through conveying tube 12, dust is generated in theinterior of housing 11 because the opening directs the material to an open bin. This dust causes problems in the operation of pneumatic switch and to overcome the problem of dust ruining the moving parts of my sliding mechanism, an annular seal 71 is located on conveying tube 12 and sliding mechanism housing 21 to prevent entry of dust into the moving parts of sliding mechanism 20 and similarly an annular seal 75 is located on conveying tube 13 to prevent entry of dust into the moving parts of slidable mechanism 19. There are provided dust seals 65 and 73 to prevent dust from entering the guide rod assemblies 48 and 49.
One of the additional features of my invention is that when member 14 is displaced from a lower position to an upper position, annular member 22 produces a self cleaning action of sealing surface 40 if annular member 22 is allowed to lightly touch sealing surface 40. This feature is beneficial in insuring a good seal is produced each time the switch seal is broken. That is, seal 22 will wipe the surface as it slides past the sealing surface.
In order to provide easy accessibility to sliding mechanism l9, sliding mechanism 20 and member 14, I have provided housing 11 with a removable side which can be quickly removed by loosening and removing quick release members 81 and 82. This allows an operator quick accessibility to the switch should a breakdown occur.
Another feature of the present invention is that various sections can be removed and replaced. For example, conveying tube 12 can be removed and replaced if it should become worn from use.
While the preferred embodiment shows a two position switch for allowing material to pass through the switch or be diverted by a deflector, it is apparent that the member 14 could contain two conveying tubes that could direct the material to different positions.
One of the other features of the present invention shown in FIG. 1 is that the close or tight sealing of the conveying tube 12 and member 14 virtually eliminates any gap between conveying tube 12 and member 14. It has been found that a gap between parts not only causes accumulation of materials but also tends to erode away the corner of the tube.
While the unit is shown Without automatic circuitry, it is apparent that if desired the unit can be operated remotely and a suitable limit switch can be installed so the switching operation is automatically sequenced.
I claim:
1. A switching mechanism for a pneumatic conveying system having at least two positions;
a housing;
a first pneumatic conveying tube mounted to said housing, said first pneumatic conveying tube oper' able for pneumatically transporting material therein;
a second pneumatic conveying tube operable for pneumatically transporting material therein;
a member movably mounted to said housing and 0perable by a power cylinder, said member having at least two conveying attachment sections therein, one of said conveying attachment sections comprises a deflector, each of said conveying attachment sections having a sealing surface thereon;
a first pressure controllable slidable sealing mechanism mounted on said first pneumatic conveying tube, said slidable sealing mechanism is pneumatically operated, said slidable sealing mechanism comprising an annular housing which coacts with said first pneumatic conveying tube to define a pair of annular plenum chambers, said slidable sealing mechanism having a first sealing position and a second release position, a sealing member located around said pneumatic conveying tube, said sealing member operable for being held in pressure contact between a sealing surface on said sealing member and said first slidable sealing mechanism by said first slidable sealing mechanism to thereby form an air tight seal between said sealing surface on said sealing member and said first pneumatic conveying tube; means for guiding and aligning said conveying attachment sections to said first pneumatic conveying tube and including a pair of guide rods having stops thereon, said means for guiding and aligning being pivotally mounted to said member;
mounted on said slidable sealing mechanisms to prevent dust from entering the sliding surface between said slidable sealing mechanism and said conveying tube.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 15, 1888
|Jul 9, 1889
|Himself and Charles J
|Patrick kennedy
|Nov 26, 1947
|Apr 22, 1952
|Harold E Saunders
|Water tunnel
|Sep 30, 1952
|Jan 24, 1956
|Diverter valves for pneumatic
|Nov 13, 1962
|Mar 23, 1965
|Newaygo Engineering Company
|Switch for pneumatic conveyors
|Dec 10, 1970
|Aug 8, 1972
|Karl Guddal
|Concrete pump
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 27, 1977
|Jun 12, 1979
|Smoot Co.
|Diverter valve
|Oct 23, 1978
|Mar 23, 1982
|Amtel, Inc.
|Easily removable fluid swivel for SALM buoy installation
|May 30, 1986
|Jun 2, 1987
|Cyclonaire Corporation
|Diverter valve
|Jul 5, 1991
|Jul 7, 1992
|Chevron Research And Technology Company
|Sliding plate valve
|Feb 4, 1992
|Jul 13, 1993
|Buhler Gmbh
|Line diverter and sealing arrangement for it
|Oct 21, 1992
|Sep 21, 1993
|Simplimatic Engineering Company
|Line changing system for air bottle conveyors
|Apr 27, 1999
|Dec 5, 2000
|Stainless Products, Inc.
|Divert valve
|Jan 7, 2011
|Jul 22, 2014
|The Gsi Group, Llc
|Pneumatic grain conveying apparatus and method for selectively discharging grain or by-passing the discharge of grain into a grain bin
|Jun 10, 2014
|Sep 8, 2015
|The Gsi Group, Llc
|Pneumatic grain conveying apparatus for selectively discharging grain or by-passing the discharge of grain into a grain bin
|Jan 7, 2011
|Jul 14, 2011
|The Gsi Group, L.L.C.
|Pneumatic Grain Conveying Apparatus and Method for Selectively Discharging Grain or By-Passing the Discharge of Grain Into a Grain Bin
|Jun 26, 1987
|Jan 5, 1989
|Stahlbau Altmayer Gmbh
|Switch of a pneumatic conveying device for filling a plurality of containers
|May 7, 1999
|Sep 28, 2000
|Schuette Schuettguttechnik Gmb
|Pipeline flow switching device e.g. for loose material feed, has longitudinally displaced switching slide incorporating coupling channels for connecting inlet flow to 2 alternate outlet flows
|May 16, 1988
|May 31, 1989
|HAMILTON, Larry C.
|U.S. Classification
|406/182, 277/907, 137/874, 285/96, 137/625.48, 277/387, 285/31
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
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v2.5 -sub- 4

subset: commoncrawl


text: Close Cover History: October 11-17 0 0 More 0 0 0 View Gallery Next Previous Next Lisa Larsen/SI Princeton Marching Band 1|15 Dan Weiner/SI Charles Goren 2|15 Toni Frissell/SI Duck Hunting 3|15 Christa/SI Fashion - California Stretch Pants 4|15 James Drake/SI Dick Butkus 5|15 Walter Iooss Jr./SI Alex Karas 6|15 Walter Iooss Jr./SI Wilt Chamberlain 7|15 John G. Zimmerman/SI Rubin Carter 8|15 Peter Read Miller/SI Bill Walton 9|15 Paul Kennedy/SI Wayne Gretzky 10|15 Jerry Wachter/SI Walter Payton 11|15 Ronald C. Modra/SI Eddie Robinson 12|15 John W. McDonough/SI Chuck Cecil 13|15 Richard Mackson/SI Ken Griffy Jr. 14|15 John Biever/SI Adrian Peterson 15|15 Next up MLB Pictured (left to right) are Fred Merkle, Larry Doyle, Christy Mathewson, manager John McGraw and Fred Snodgrass. Because Game 2 ended in a controversial tie due to darkness, the 1912 World Series between the Red Sox and Giants went to a decisive Game 8 tied 3-3-1. With Christy Matthewson going the distance at Fenway Park, the Giants broke a 1-1 tie with a run in the top of the 10th, but first baseman Merkle, catcher Chief Myers and Matthewson let a foul pop off the bat of Tris Speaker fall between them. Speaker capitalized on the second chance with a game-tying single. Two batters later, a sac fly won the Series for Boston. 17 Memorable Postseason Miscues October 11, 2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More Recommended Galleries More Sports 7 Unlikely Sports Friendships 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More More Sports Maria Sharapova serves to Justine Henin at the 2007 Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Championships in Madrid, Spain. 88 The View From Above 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More More Sports @SInow the hope and dream of returning to the #Indy500 each year... #KeepGoodGoing #IndyCar 12 Celebrating your inspirations: How did you defy the odds? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More


text:
Comment Re:if there is real competition is space .... (Score 3, Insightful) 84
It's not so simple: the initial investment is huge, and the returns are slow. It takes a visionary (like Musk), with a bottomless well of cash (like Tesla Motors) to enter the playfield. There are safer investments with higher and faster returns if one has that kind of money, and wants to multiply it. Without the "vision" it's simply not going to happen - corporations prefer easy, immediate profits over multi-decade investments, and the asian ones are more conservative that way than the western ones.
For this to happen, it takes a special kind of person in a leadership position. This *might* happen, but I don't see any candidate currently.


text:
"New York Philosophy" Message Board › Info on the Secular Humanist Society's Book Club meeting: "The New Atheism"
user 2552379
New York, NY
Seems a critical paragraph of info was missing. This discussion is on Thursday evening, 6:30-8, at the Muhlenberg Public Library, conveniently located at 209 W. 23rd St, off Seventh Ave. Take the sidewalk elevator to the 3rd floor.
Sam Harris writes, "Victor J. Stenger dispels the blizzard of lies and half-truths [about 'the new atheism'] with great skill in this timely and accessible book."
Stenger, Professor of Philosophy, at the University of Colorado, and Emeritus Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Hawaii, demonstrates in detail that naturalism is sufficient to explain everything we observe in the universe, from the most distant galaxies to the inner workings of the brain that result in the phenomenon of mind.
John Rafferty will lead the discussion. Join us even if you haven't finished reading. The SHSNY Book Club is open to all and free. Located within a block of many subway and bus stations, and the PATH.
Every SHSNY Book Club is Book Swap, too. Bring the books gathering dust on your shelves and take you pick of other readers' dusty books. Some really good stuff! The leftovers are donated to the public library where the meeting is held.New York Philosophy
|A former member
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text:
A world in a grain of sand: human history from genetic data
DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-11-234
© BioMed Central. 2011
Published: 21 November 2011
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DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-11-234
© BioMed Central. 2011
Published: 21 November 2011
Genome-wide genotypes and sequences are enriching our understanding of the past 50,000 years of human history and providing insights into earlier periods largely inaccessible to mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal studies.
To see a world in a grain of sand ...
William Blake, Auguries of Innocence
The genome of each individual is a temporary assemblage of DNA segments brought together for a single generation by a combination of chance, ancestry, recombination and natural selection. These segments have different histories because of recombination and can thus provide independent information about ancestry, the focus of this review. However, the ancestry of different segments is not entirely independent. Humans are not a single randomly mating population: we are subdivided, and these subdivisions into bands, tribes, clans, ethnic groups, nations and so on are of great interest to both scientists and non-scientists. Thus the thousands of different genomic segments in any individual do not trace back to ancestors randomly spread around the globe; segment ancestry is constrained by population history. Two non-recombining segments of the genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Y chromosome, have been used for decades to study genetic histories [1, 2]. Sometimes mtDNA and the Y chromosome share the same history, but often they do not, and such differences alert us to some of the complexities of the human past [3]. But mtDNA and the Y chromosome provide only two perspectives. Recent advances in technology provide access to most of the genome, and increasingly to the genomes of companion species. Here, we consider how this wider perspective is beginning to inform our view of human history. We will see that it is possible to probe much further back into the past, into a period in which the uniparental markers are uninformative yet key evolutionary events took place, and even to speculate about when humans might have begun to wear clothes or to start reconstructing the genomics of former populations before their contact with modern expansions.
Genome-wide data can be obtained by either genotyping samples or re-sequencing them. Genotyping provides information about the allelic state of positions in the genome (currently up to five million, mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) that have prior evidence of variability [4]; such studies are relatively low-cost and routine, and have been performed on massive numbers of samples. Whole-genome sequencing, by contrast, provides information about new as well as known variants; the technologies are still developing rapidly [5, 6] and have provided our first glimpses of population-scale samples of hundreds of individuals [7]. Here, we discuss how samples have been chosen for studies of human history and some of the resulting sample sets, together with a number of developments in analytical approaches. We also focus on a few case studies, chosen to illustrate how whole-genome analyses compare with conclusions from mtDNA and the Y chromosome analysis, how studying other species informs our understanding of humans, and how genetic analyses themselves compare with conclusions from other sources of insights into history: archaeology, language, oral traditions or written records. We begin with examples based entirely on the analysis of modern human populations, and then move to studies that have used more diverse sources of genetic information: ancient DNA and other species associated with humans.
Population genetics aims to understand the observed distribution of genetic variability and to infer histories of populations from genetic data. For this purpose, what really matters are the differences between sequences (variants). Developments in the past few years now enable millions of variants in thousands of individuals to be analyzed.
Differences can be summarized using statistics (such as allele frequencies or genetic distances) and used to quantify relationships among individuals or populations using clustering techniques, such as principal components analysis (PCA) [9]. With PCA, the information from n polymorphisms is summarized at the individual or population level with n artificial variables (components). Usually the first two or three (principal) capture much of the information and provide a picture of the relationships between the samples (Figure 2a). Model-based clustering techniques (STRUCTURE-like methods; Figure 2b) [10–12] go a little further, estimating the probability of an individual belonging to a certain genetic cluster, the ancestry coefficient. A model with k possible genetic clusters is assumed, and for each individual, k ancestry coefficients (summing to one) are calculated from the genotypes. Patterns of admixture can be visualized at the individual or population level when clusters do not coincide with populations, suggesting past demographic events such as migrations. We see, for example, the admixture in the 1000 Genomes American samples where three components are seen in most individuals (Figure 2b); k1 (light orange) represents a likely African origin, k2 (light blue) a European or West/South Asian contribution, and k5 (yellow) a Native American origin.
One way to estimate relationships that make use of individual whole-genome sequences is through the D statistic [13]. This statistic compares the sharing of derived alleles in two individuals with a third, and thus measures whether the two are equally distant from the third, or whether one is closer. This last situation is taken as evidence for greater genetic exchanges between them - for example, through admixture. More sophisticated inferences about past demographic events can be attained by fitting statistics derived from simulation under specific demographic models (for example, [14–16]) to empirical data. There are fast algorithms that can accommodate the growing mass of empirical data [16–18]. The underlying rationale is that because the parameters (such as population sizes or split times) in the simulation are known, a good fit to the empirical data indicates that the observed pattern of genetic variability might have been produced by that model. This approach, however, remains computationally intensive and it is unclear how fully the simple models used capture key elements of human history.
These analyses extract far more information from genome-wide data than from single loci such as mtDNA or the Y chromosome. Although demographic inferences have been made using single loci - for example, suggesting that 20 to 45 thousand years ago (KYA) most humans lived in South Asia [19] - such conclusions are highly dependent on the sampling strategy [20]. In any case, extant lineages from both mtDNA and the Y chromosome coalesce < 200 KYA [21, 22], which prevents inferences about earlier demography. By contrast, inference about effective population size back to several million years ago (MYA) has been made using whole-genome sequences [23]. This approach estimated the coalescence time of the maternal and paternal copies of each genomic segment and examined the distribution of effective population size at different time intervals inferred from these. It identified a significant reduction in population size in the past 100 KY, more marked in European and East Asian populations than in Africans, and a shared demography before that. The population size was larger between 100 KYA and 200 KYA, which might reflect population substructure at that time. Interestingly, considerable exchange between sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans/Asians was inferred until 20 to 40 KYA, consistent with some more standard models that estimated an unexpectedly low split time between Asians and Europeans of 23 KYA [16].
Another great advantage of sequence data is that they provide an unbiased estimate of genomic variability. African individuals carry more SNPs than Europeans: 3.3 million each compared with 2.7 million according to one study [7]. However, somewhat counter-intuitively, the number of variants in a population sample of more than a few thousand is actually larger in Europeans [24, 25]. This is because the European (or Asian) populations carry vast numbers of extremely rare variants that are seldom shared between individuals, a consequence of their recent explosive demographic growth.
The broad pattern of global human genetic variation is well established: autosomes, the X chromosome, mtDNA and the Y chromosome all generally show higher genetic diversity in African populations than in non-Africans. In addition, non-African populations carry only a fraction of the common (and hence old) African genetic variants. Furthermore, phylogenetic trees from mtDNA, the Y chromosome and autosomal regions most commonly root in Africa, with non-African populations having subsets of the lineages. These conclusions, derived before the days of large-scale sequencing, were unsurprisingly reinforced by whole-genome sequences [7]. Such observations are readily explained by a recent and predominantly African origin for modern humans and expansion of a subgroup into the rest of the world, but detailed genetic analyses have allowed more sophisticated models to be developed.
Analyses of global genome-wide datasets - initially short tandem repeats (STRs) in the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) panel (Figure 1a) - revealed a strong negative correlation between genetic diversity and migration distance from East Africa [26, 27] (Figure 1d). The authors proposed a serial founder model to account for this relationship: a subgroup set out from a source population to colonize a neighboring region, expanded to form a secondary source population and the process was repeated in successive steps away from the origin. The correlation was further confirmed by whole-genome SNP data in the same panel [28] and by extensive re-sequencing data (thus largely free from ascertainment bias) in an independent sample set [29]. Although the model was established using autosomal variants, Y-STR diversity in the HGDP panel was consistent with it and showed corresponding decreases in Y-chromosomal coalescence time and effective population size, which further supported the model [30].
An extension of the model would be to identify the region within Africa that provides the best candidate for the origin; the above analyses simply assumed an origin in East Africa. Two such studies have pointed to south-western Africa origin [31, 32]: for example, the ≠Khomani Bushmen from South Africa have the lowest linkage disequilibrium among the populations examined (a characteristic of an ancient population) [31]. This conclusion must, however, be interpreted with caution because of the limited representation of East African populations in these comparisons, and the admixture and migration that have occurred in Africa since the origin, influencing the genetic properties of the modern populations analyzed.
This genetic model has stimulated new analyses of non-genetic datasets. An examination of 37 morphometric characteristics in 4,666 male skulls drawn from 105 populations worldwide revealed a decrease in phenotypic variability mirroring the loss in genetic diversity and suggested central/southern Africa as the origin [33]. Similarly, the number of phonemes used in a global sample of 504 languages was also well explained by a serial founder model of expansion from an inferred origin in southern/western Africa [34]. These strong patterns of human genetic, morphological and linguistic variation support a single African origin for most of human diversity, but do not preclude low levels of admixture with archaic humans [13, 35] - a 'leaky replacement' model where most but not all archaic diversity was replaced by an expansion from Africa 50 to 70 KYA.
A genome sequence derived from a 100-year-old Australian Aboriginal hair sample has provided new insights into the early migration patterns [36]. Using a variant of the D statistic (designated D 4P ), which assesses allele sharing between four individual genomes, the authors [36] investigated the sharing patterns between African, European, East Asian (Han Chinese) and Australian Aboriginal genomes. They observed more sharing between East Asian and European than between East Asian and Aboriginal genomes, and so proposed an initial split after the exit from Africa between the Aboriginal ancestors on the one hand, and the ancestors of modern Europeans and Chinese on the other, a conclusion supported by an independent study based on genotyping a much larger number of individuals [37].
Population movements have, of course, continued since the initial expansion out of Africa, and one, initiated by the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon (c. 586 BCE) and known as the Jewish Diaspora, has been studied intensively using both historical and genetic data. The Diaspora led to the dispersal of Jewish people from the Levant to many parts of the world, and traditionally three main groups were recognized: Ashkenazim (Eastern European Jewish populations), Sephardim (Southern European Jewish populations) and Mizrahim (Middle Easterners) [38]. Other Jewish groups outside Israel include Ethiopian and Indian Jews. 'Jewishness' is inherited from the mother, so a shared Middle Eastern origin for mtDNA contrasted with a more diverse origin for Y chromosomes might be expected, at least in exogamous communities, and has indeed been reported [39, 40].
However, a major exception to this scenario was provided by the Ethiopian and Indian Jews. These two groups show a much greater extent of host genetic introgression, effectively clustering together with the local non-Jewish populations in both PCA and STRUCTURE-like analyses (Figure 3c). The genomic clustering explains observations from the mtDNA data [39, 40] in which a high proportion of local maternal lineages were shared with the Ethiopian and Indian populations (Figure 3a), potentially as a result of more relaxed criteria of self-identification in these Jewish communities. This pictures the migration of these people as a star-shaped pattern centered on the Levant, with founder effects and genetic drift [42] acting differently on the individual branches.
To further emphasize the importance of social rules in shaping the genetic landscape of a population, we can make a parallel with the more recent (about 1,000 YA) Roma (Gypsy) expansion from a North Indian source population towards South-Western Europe. Although the available data still rely on a limited set of markers [43–45], the more flexible inheritance of Roma status is reflected in a serial dilution of the source (Indian) gene pool, characterized by stepwise admixture with local 'host' populations for both uniparental and autosomal markers. It is thus striking that the different migration pattern and relaxation in self-identification criteria allowed a greater extent of mixture of Roma with hosts in half of the time of the Jewish Diaspora.
The hair dated to around 4,000 YA and provided both a high-coverage mtDNA sequence [48] and 20× coverage genomic sequence [49]. Analyses of these data suggested that this individual was not a likely ancestor of the current Greenland Inuit, confirming the theory of different waves of migration into Greenland, the last of which eventually replaced the previous populations. Indeed, the Paleo-Eskimo Saqqaq mtDNA was attributed to the D2a1 haplogroup, which has not been found in the Inuit [48]. The closest lineage to D2a1 is currently found in the Aleut and Sireniky-Yuit populations from the Aleut Islands and extreme East Siberia, respectively, suggesting an Old World Beringian origin for the maternal ancestry of the Saqqaq (Figure 4b). The Y lineage was Q1a*, now known from the Koryaks and Yukaghir of East Siberia [50]. This connection with Siberian populations was confirmed by the autosomal data. Indeed, clustering analysis of polymorphisms from the Saqqaq genome (in comparison with 35 populations from Europe, Asia and America) showed shared ancestry with three Siberian populations (Figure 4b) and excluded detectable admixture or shared origin with Western European and Native American populations. In addition to this ancestry information, analyses of functional variants in genomic DNA provided some insight into phenotypic traits of the Saqqaq individual [49], suggesting blood type A+, brown eyes, dry earwax and dark hair, with, ironically in view of the source material, a predisposition to baldness.
The study of human DNA variation is not the only way to use genetics to decipher our history. Insights can also come from the study of organisms that have established long-term relationships with us (such as parasites and pathogens), providing an independent perspective on their host's evolutionary history. Broadly speaking, samples are collected in different geographical areas and their phylogeographic relationship is investigated to locate their probable origin (usually the place where the parasite's genetic diversity is greatest) and characterize their spread by describing and dating the branching pattern and/or analyzing population-genetic parameters.
As expected, in many cases a strong correlation has been found between parasite origins and spread and both ancient human migrations, such as the out-of-Africa movement [51], and more recent migrations, such as the Austronesian expansion [52] or along the Silk Road trade route [53]. In addition, louse phylogenetic history has also helped to reconstruct aspects of our appearance that do not fossilize, a challenging task using genotype information, and even more so for ancestors without genotype information. Chimpanzees have only head lice and gorillas only pubic, whereas humans have both. Head lice seem to have co-evolved with their respective hosts since the chimpanzee-human split 6 to 7 MYA. By contrast, the divergence time between gorilla and human pubic lice is substantially lower than the gorilla-human split (about 8 MYA), suggesting that pubic lice originated in gorillas and switched to the human lineage around 3.3 MYA [54]. This may indicate that, by that time, the human body was partially free from hair and a new niche was available. Despite the ancient loss of body hair, according to this interpretation, it took a long time for humans to introduce clothes, according to another study of lice. Pediculus head and clothing lice split around 70 to 80 KYA [55, 56]. If the split occurred as soon as the new clothing niche became available, this date provides us with an estimate of the time of the introduction of clothes.
What can we learn from these examples about the information contributed by different genetic loci, and the comparison between genetic and non-genetic sources? It is useful to consider this question by time period. In the last about 50 KY, mtDNA, the Y chromosome and whole-genome data are all informative, and the agreements between them are more striking than the disagreements. For example, in both the Diaspora and Saqqaq genome studies, the genome-wide data extended, rather than overturned, the conclusions from the uniparental loci. This does not have to be the case, and is not always found: a family from England, for example, unexpectedly carried a Y chromosome typical of sub-Saharan Africa [57], but the rarity of such examples - the strong correlation between the histories of different genomic regions - provides evidence for marked geographical structure prevailing over this period. Nevertheless, some unresolved issues remain: genome-wide data suggest extensive gene flow between sub-Saharan Africans and non-Africans [23], whereas uniparental data do not [1, 2].
Further back into the past, the uniparental loci provide less and less information because fewer lineages have survived to the present: all mtDNA and Y lineages outside Africa trace back to a single ancestor about 50 to 70 KYA, for example. So for understanding the early expansions, the main insights have come from genome-wide data (for example, [36]), and these are our only source of genetic data for the period > 200 KYA.
In general, non-genetic data provide far more detailed information for the last few millennia, and the genetic inferences are largely consistent with them (such as the Diaspora). Genetics can add information, such as about the origins of the Paleo-Eskimos, that has not been available from other sources. Again, there are unresolved issues - for example, the genetic contact inferred between populations 20 to 40 KYA contrasts with the distinct regional archaeological records for this period [58]. And genetics can generate hypotheses, such as the adoption of clothing 70 to 80 KYA, that can now be tested by archaeologists.
As whole-genome sequencing becomes cheaper and more routine, it can more readily be used to address questions of evolutionary interest: the complex demography in Africa and the peopling of the Americas and the Pacific, for example. When did the ancestral populations split, how much subsequent gene flow was there, what patterns of migration can be identified? There may be admixed populations in which mtDNA and the Y chromosome from one ancestral source have been entirely lost by drift, but ancestral information can be reconstructed from the autosomal regions: the admixed American populations in the 1000 Genomes Project are allowing this possibility to be tested. Perhaps we can study the genomics of pre-contact Native American or Tasmanian populations, as proposed by the Taíno Genome Project [59] investigating the legacy of a pre-Colombian Puerto Rican population using 1000 Genomes data. Our history is encoded in our genomes, each much smaller than a grain of sand, and we are only now collecting the data and developing the tools to decipher this rich source of information.
Our work is supported by The Wellcome Trust (grant number 098051), and additionally an EMBO Short-term Fellowship (ASTF 324-2010) to VC, and the Cambridge European Trust, a Domestic Research Scholarship and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, UK (LP). We thank Jean McEwen for information about the 1000 Genomes samples.


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Words 2 is now finally ready & is nearing Appstore status. We just put the latest version up so everybody can give it a final run for free. So you should go and grab yourself a version: http://www.newnet-soft.com/beta/. Would love to hear what you guys think of it so far.
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From Publishers Weekly
If Cook's skills as a writer were as finely tuned as his sense of timing, his 14th medical thriller (after Terminal ) would be a lot more rewarding. Current political events guarantee that a suspense novel centering on health care management will be topical and at least potentially fascinating. Unfortunately, stock characters, stilted dialogue and improbable heroes and villains make for difficult reading here. Idealistic young doctors David and Angela Wilson take positions at a state-of-the-art medical center in a small Vermont town partly because they see it as an ideal spot for their daughter, who suffers from cystic fibrosis. But the town is not as idyllic as it seems, and the hospital is in a desperate financial bind due primarily to its contract with a local HMO, David's new employer. Worse still, patients are dying unexpectedly almost daily, and no one seems to care very much. The deaths are not normal, of course, and astute readers will quickly determine who is behind them, why and--most likely--how. Cook raises troubling questions about the conflicts between medical and financial priorities in managed care (albeit in a somewhat distorted fashion), but it's difficult to get emotionally involved in a scenario as improbable as this one. Literary Guild and Doubleday Book Club main selection; Mystery Guild alternate; Reader's Digest Condensed Book.
Copyright 1993 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
From Library Journal
A naive young couple sets out to practice medicine in an idyllic small town and find their dreams shattered within months of their arrival. Four of David Wilson's patients die unexpectedly, Angela Wilson is sexually harassed, and the dead body of an irascible old doctor is found in their cellar. Yes, they do solve the mystery and end up appearing on 60 Minutes describing what health reform could do to American medicine! Several hours of narrative are devoted to describing the Wilsons' stereotypic fairy tale before the plot starts to get interesting. Michael McConnohie reads clearly but is unable to do much with the author's simple sentence structure and unimaginative word choice. The abridged version of this novel, also available from Audio Renaissance (Audio Reviews, LJ 5/15/94), might be a better choice for popular collections.
Juleigh Muirhead Clark, Coll. of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Va.
Copyright 1994 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
Customer Reviews
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Having said that there are some factual pieces about hospitals forcing doctors out of private practices into hospital controlled practices.
The unreality in this story really detracted from the story line as a whole. Also I was perplexed as to why the couple would allow their daughter to be hospitalized in a hospital where patients were dying mysteriously. It isn't like there are no other hospitals in the state. People routinely travel for an hour plus in Vermont to get better medical care than is available locally.
All in all the book's polemics were interesting, but the lack of knowledge of the setting and poor character development made it not one of Cook's best. Before he writes about Vermont again he ought to come and live here for 6 months or so.
"Fatal Cure" tells the story of two young doctors (Angela and David Wilson) who move to an idyllic Vermont town when they are able to land jobs, one at a hospital and another working for the only HMO in the area. David's patients begin dying at an alarming rate, and the deaths defy diagnosis. At the same time, they turn up the body of a doctor in their basement. The dead man had disappeared relatively recently, and the Wilsons (Angela, especially, as she becomes obsessed with the matter) seek to unravel the mystery surrounding his death. Their efforts, however, do not please the town, which responds with threats, vandalism, and hostility. And as if these two problems are not enough, there's the rapist who has been claiming victims in the hospital's parking lots.
The story is thoroughly transparent, and while the precise identity of the culprit might not be obvious, the reasons behind and causes of the patients' mysterious deaths should not be any surprise (and shouldn't have been a surprise to the Wilsons). The lack of surprise is due largely to the transparency of Cook's political message. The characters' motivations do not seem to be entirely consistent with reality, especially as the two young doctors repeatedly endanger their daughter's life by taking her into high-risk situations.Read more ›
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I enjoyed reading the book because it did have a good idea behind it. What bothered me, though, was how unrealistic the main characters' responses were to what happened to them. Read morePublished on Nov. 15 2003
This is the kind of books that I like of Dr. Cook, of course I am not a doctor so I don't understand many things about medicine, but this book is definitely a medical thrillers,... Read morePublished on April 2 2003 by Jorge Frid
This book deals with the exciting lives of two doctors and their ill daughter, who move to a new community only to find a dead body in their new house and a town full of secrets. Read morePublished on April 12 2002 by a reader in Camarillo
While the story line was tolerable and interesting at times, the preachiness of 'educating the reader' about the favorite 'special interest' of the author really comes across to... Read morePublished on April 11 2002 by CJH
Wonderful book! This will make you rethink the health benefit options you select at enrollment.Published on Feb. 21 2002
Robin Cook is just one of those authors that you just love to read when you want to be slightly amused. This book gets you going and revives that fear of hospitals and doctors. Read morePublished on Nov. 10 2001 by Clew
Robin Cook again shows us that his novels contain an element that may affect you. In Fatal Cure, he questions HMOs and the morality about it all. Read morePublished on July 9 2000 by Michael S. Chernysh
I thought the plot was great and he developped the characters very well.
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Greg Norman, who inspired Adam Scott to become the first Australian to win the Masters, said Monday his protege will go on to claim more major golf championships.
Norman endured Masters heartbreak with three runner-up finishes at Augusta and said Scott making the breakthrough should help push him to more big wins.
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Scott said what toughened him up for the intense Masters pressure was watching two-time British Open winner Norman suffer three famous runner-up finishes at Augusta National without ever claiming the title.
"Part of this is for him because he's given me so much time and inspiration and belief," Scott said. "I drew on that a lot today. I somehow managed to stay in each shot when I needed to.
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Despite his British Open wins, Norman is better remembered for his runner-up finishes at Augusta which only intensified Australian golfers' desire to finally break through at the Masters.
Norman took a bogey at the 18th in the 1986 Masters to hand Jack Nicklaus his 18th and last major title at the age of 46. Then in 1987, Norman lost a playoff when Augusta native Larry Mize holed a miraculous chip shot.
In 1996, the Australian suffered the greatest last-round collapse in major golf history, leading by six over Nick Faldo only to lose by five to the Englishman in an epic turnaround.
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Campus Food:
It used to be really good when Sweet Briar ran their own dining services. Since Aramark has been put in charge the food sucks.
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Eating in the dining hall can have it's perks occasionally, with it's freshly made sandwiches for lunch, for example. But as a personal preference I tend to got to the Bistro, which is located just a short walk away from the dorms and is available as a dining option even after the dining hall has closed (for my fellow martyrs with the evening/night classes and jobs). The Bistro serves burgers as a staple, but also have salads, sandwiches, pizza, soups, and milkshakes as other options, just to name a few. You can pay for your meals there with your own money, SweetCash, your meal plan (in which case, you would get a smaller meal and have to pay for the rest some other way), or with Dining Dollars. Dining Dollars are provided by the school and are used adjacent to your meal plan. For example, you can get a smaller sized meal plan with more Dining Dollars if you know you aren't going to be eating in the dining hall as much as you are the Bistro or Daisy's Cafe. Or, you could get a larger meal plan, with less Dining Dollars, if the opposite is true.
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This is one of the topics that is talked about at school. We have two places to eat on campus: Protho and The Bistro. Both can be used on meal plan, but you can only go to Bistro three times on your meal plan. The Bistro is just like a normal place to eat. You can get bugers, pizza, chicken, anything really. Prothro is our dining hall and it just is not the greatest. They try to keep the food different and there is always the option to make a sandwich, but if you want good, hot food then you're not always going to be satisfied. They really do try, but it doesn't always work out the best.
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Posted 3 years ago
Tags: Strong Arm Steady Gang,
Cali underground collective Strong Arm Steady have linked up with Boston DJ/producer Statik Selektah for a joint LP, entitled Stereotype. The 14-track album is Strong Arm's second project release with indie label Stones Throw. Stereotype will include previously-featured records "Premium," "Smoke On," and "Classic." Guest features include Bad Lucc, Black Hippy, Casey Veggies, Chace Infinite, David Banner, Dom Kennedy, Planet Asia & Tri-State, REKS, Skeme and more.
Written by Nathan S.
Posted 3 years ago
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Strong Arm Steady x Statik Selektah - Premium
Strong Arm Steady ft. Dom Kennedy & Baby D - Smoke On
Strong Arm Steady - Classic
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Sharpe's Fury: Richard Sharpe and the Battle of Barrosa, March 1811 Paperback – Large Print, Sep 5 2006
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From Publishers Weekly
Set in 1811 and culminating at the Battle of Barossa, this 21st novel (which chronologically follows Sharpe's Escape) featuring the rifleman Richard Sharpe has the protagonist stuck in the Spanish city of Cadiz, with the task of recovering some incendiary letters by any means necessary. McGann speaks with a smooth British accent, and his voice conveys a blend of confidence and masculinity that ideally suits this tale of soldiering and warfare. This abridged adaptation is, for the most part, quite effective, but some characters-such as Fr. Salvador Montseny-feel as though they've been given short shrift. Also, the many protracted battle sequences interest at first, but quickly grow tedious, while the character-driven parts of the narrative feel neglected. The audio works best when Cornwell is in storyteller mode; Sharpe is an engaging and likable hero, and the most entertaining parts of the book are those featuring him doing more than firing his rifle. Not Cornwell's or Sharpe's best, but fans should be pleased with this tale, even if the abridgment may leave them wanting more.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
From Booklist
Once again, Cornwell is right on target, providing an irresistible combination of rousing military history, penetrating character analysis, and suspenseful martial intrigue. In the twenty-first entry in the best-selling Sharpe series, Cadiz, the last bastion of Spanish independence, is under siege, and it is up to the ever-resourceful Richard Sharpe and his stalwart unit of British soldiers to foil their ruthless French enemies in the winter of 1811. Of course, nothing is that simple, as Sharpe and his comrades become embroiled in much more than basic military maneuvers. The action culminates in the historic Battle of Barossa, which Cornwell--as usual--re-creates in painstakingly bloodcurdling detail. This new installment in a masterful, long-running series set during the Napoleonic Wars, which will appeal equally to devoted fans and to crossover readers who devoured the novels of the late Patrick O'Brian, is stirring British military history at its finest. Margaret Flanagan
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
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Before I go on, you should understand that my husband almost never reads books. In fact, he has read only one novel since we were married thirty-something years ago. You can imagine how disappointed I was that he received one DVD and one book when my order arrived. I had not read the screen that clearly indicated that Sharpe's Fury was a hard cover novel.
Well to my surprise, he started reading the book -- and he finished it before he watched the DVD -- and raved about it. He told me that he has all 15 DVD's and there are about 30 novels. He then 'suggested' the other books would make great future gifts.
(Got lemons, make lemon-aid, I guess).
Thanks Amazon.ca
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I would tell you to skip this book, but you deserve to read the wonderful story of the Battle of Barrosa which the British won single-handed against horrible odds while the Spanish... Read morePublished on March 30 2009 by Donald Mitchell


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I remember being a teenager and looking at some 30-something and thinking, you don't get me, you don't get us, you're time is passed, old man. I didn't really think like a cheaply written multicultural gang member in the movies, but we had our own definition of cool and we were pretty certain the adults didn't get it. I can't tell if Lorde is teen cool or just trying too hard to be cool. I know a million girls want to...read more


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Long known for leadership and innovation in construction law, Peckar & Abramson's Results FirstSM approach extends to a broad array of legal services
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value and client service since 1978. [ learn more ]
Stephen H. Reisman was named Top Lawyer in the Construction, Civil Litigation category by the 2016 South Florida Legal Guide.
[Read More]Peckar & Abramson, P.C. (P&A) is pleased to announce that five of the firm's Washington, D.C. attorneys were named to the 2016 edition of Washington, D.C. Super Lawyers magazine. The firm's 2016 Super Lawyers for Washington, D.C. are: Adrian L. Bastianelli, III, Michael A. Branca, Stephen M. Seeger, Michael C. Zisa and Jesse S. Keene – Rising Star. Super Lawyers' selection process includes independent research, peer nominations and peer evaluations. Fewer than 5 percent of attorneys in any jurisdiction are chosen as Super Lawyers, and no more than 2.5 percent are named to its Rising Stars list.
[Read More]Peckar & Abramson, P.C. is pleased to announce that Mike Branca, Co-Managing Partner of the firm's Washington, D.C. office, was named one of BTI Consulting Group, Inc.'s (BTI) Client Service All-Star Attorneys for 2016. According to BTI, it has "no nomination process, the recognition is awarded through high praise from corporate counsel to leaders in superior client service."
[Read More]Charles E. Williams III, a Partner in the firm's New York office, was involved in the acquisition of a $70 million, 28-building affordable housing rehabilitation project underway in Harlem. The preservation project will repair apartments, improve the buildings and keep the rents of 358 apartments affordable to low-income families for the next 30 years.
[Read More]Peckar & Abramson, P.C. (P&A) is pleased to announce that it has earned a spot in the top 100 law firms named in BTI Consulting Group, Inc.'s Client Service A-Team 2016. The honor acknowledges those law firms which have been recognized by legal decision makers for delivering the highest levels of client service.
[Read More]Peckar & Abramson, P.C. is pleased to announce that Kevin J. O'Connor, a Partner in the firm's New Jersey office, has been invited to join the prestigious Claims and Litigation Management Alliance ("CLM").
[Read More]Peckar & Abramson, P.C. (P&A) is pleased to announce that the firm has again been recognized by Chambers & Partners USA as a top-ranking firm nationwide for Construction. The firm has been ranked Tier One since the construction practice area rankings were introduced both nationwide and in New York, demonstrating P&A's indisputable standing as the nation's foremost construction law practice.
[Read More]
Volume XXV, Spring 2016


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My Alfa Romeo 2003 Spider had problems starting. I had it towed to the Fiat dealer here in Mexico. Was told it had a faulty injection computer that heats up. Found a used replacement computer but now the dealer says they need the injection codes for both my car and the car where the part was taken from. Where can we find these codes. Any help would be appreciated.
Wednesday, April 4th, 2012 AT 3:46 PM


text: With a stay at Apartmenthaus Bader in Leutasch, you'll be near ski lifts and close to Seefeld Wildmoos Golf Course and Olympia Sport and Congress Centre. This apartment is within the region of Seefeld Ski Area and Linderhof Castle. Make yourself at home in one of the 10 guestrooms, featuring kitchenettes with full-sized refrigerators/freezers and microwaves. Rooms have private balconies or patios. Flat-screen televisions with satellite programming provide entertainment, while wireless Internet access (surcharge) keeps you connected. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks. Be sure to enjoy recreational amenities, including a lazy river, a sauna, and bicycles to rent. This apartment also features wireless Internet access (surcharge), an arcade/game room, and ski storage. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge. Continental breakfasts are available daily for a fee. Featured amenities include multilingual staff, luggage storage, and a library. Free self parking is available onsite. Recreational amenities at the apartment include a lazy river, a sauna, and complimentary bicycles. The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby, fees may apply.


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Last week, I placed my second (and very likely the last) software order with JourneyEd.com. I only bother to deal with the vendor, because of its exclusive academic pricing for some software products. Otherwise, if at all possible, I suggest that you stay away from the headache of dealing with JourneyEd. If you need to call their customer service (i.e. because your online order seems to be completely lost), you are almost sure to encounter unfriendly often rude customer service.
Interestingly, if you choose to purchase software download to expedite access to your software, do not expect to receive it promptly. Three days ago, I paid for a piece of software with download option, but I am still waiting to receive the download link. According to JourneyEd's customer service, this is their "normal process." All I can do is just keep waiting. Horrible!
AUSTIN, TEXAS -- I ordered this product online. As a repeat customer I thought everything was fine. They asked for proof of eligibility which I submitted promptly. The product never came. When I inquired I found out they never processed my proof and couldn't find it. When I resubmitted it (with confirmation) they claimed the product was no longer available and tried to sell me a much more expensive version.


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Nancy Buchanan was born 1814 in NC. Somewhere between 1850 and 1860, she and her husband and children emigrated to Meeker County, MN. They called the new area "New Virginia" but this later changed to Collinwood. She died in 1881. Her husband was Jacob Hutchins. They had at least 14 children. Her sister, Rutha, married David Mullins. Her parents were William and Elizabeth Jones Buchanan.
at probably Clllinwood, MN USA