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Category: 2010
Pardee Center Director Speaks at Pakistan's Higher Education Commission and Testifies Before Judicial Commission on Floods
Prof. Adil Najam, Director of the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer Range Future and Boston University Professor of International Relations and Geography and Environment, was asked to present expert testimony before Justice Mansoor Ali Shah of the Lahore High Court (Pakistan) who is heading a judicial enquiry commission into the recent floods in Pakistan and the way it was managed. Prof. Najam is Pakistan's leading expert on climate change issues, especially including its development implications. The testimony, recorded on December 24, 2010, focused on the links between global climate change and extreme weather events and on best practice strategies for the management of water-related climatic disasters.
While in Pakistan, Prof. Adil Najam, was also invited to present at a high-level meeting of the Pakistan Planning Commission on the development of a new growth strategy for Pakistan. The meeting was held at the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan and was attended by university Vice-Chancellors and senior academics from around the country. In his remarks Prof. Najam focussed on the centrality of cities and urban areas in any growth strategy for Pakistan and on ways in which we can and should be thinking of encouraging urban enterprise and innovation in Pakistan.
Pardee Center Director Speaks at Aga Khan University
Prof. Adil Najam, Director of the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer Range Future and Boston University Professor of International Relations and Geography and Environment, presented the FAS-HASS Collaborative Lecture at the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan on December 23, 2010 on "Climate Change, Security and Development: Why Should Pakistan Care?"
The lecture, given to an audience of faculty and students from the Aga Khan University as well as other educational institutions in Karachi focussed on the linkages between climate change, development and human security and focused on the implications of these linkages to Pakistan. Prof. Najam stressed that developing countries like Pakistan need to care deeply about climate change, but differently from high-emission industrialized countries. In particular, they need to view climate change as a development concern rather than only as an environmental concern.
Earlier, on December 21, 2010, Prof. Najam chaired a session on the role of Think Tanks in South Asia and in South Asian regional integration at the Annual Sustainable Development Conference of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad, Pakistan. The Pardee Center is currently engaged in a book project on the future of South Asia.
Cynthia Barakatt to Serve as Clerk on Silent Spring Institute Board
Pardee Center Communications Specialist, Cynthia Barakatt will serve as clerk starting January 2011 for the Silent Spring Institute Board of Directors.
Based in Newton, Silent Spring Institute is a unique partnership of scientists, physicians, public health advocates, and community activists that works to identify the links between the environment and women's health, especially breast cancer. Its research on links between exposure to chemicals commonly used in household and commercial products and breast cancer and other health issues has been published in scientific journals and received widespread attention from the media and the scientific community.
For more information, read here.
Prof. Najam Speaks at DIHE Convocation
Prof. Adil Najam, Director of the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer Range Future and Boston University Professor of International Relations and Geography and Environment, was the Guest of Honor and featured speaker at the third annual convocation and graduation ceremony of the Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education (DIHE), Karachi, Pakistan, on December 22, 2010.
The chief guest at the event was Pakistan's Minister for Overseas Pakistanis, Dr. Farooq Sattar. Other speakers at the ceremony included: Sindh Education Minister Pir Mazharul Haq, Sindh Finance Minister Murad Ali Shah, Chief Minister's Economic Advisor Dr. Qaiser Bengali, and Deputy Governor of the State bank of Pakistan Yasin Anwar. In his remarks to the graduating class, Prof. Adil Najam stressed that they will be working in a global environment and therefore needed to both think and act globally and understand trends that are truly global in scope and scale.
Pardee Center Research Presented at Rockefeller Meeting in Bangkok
A presentation on the Pardee Center research project on developing data analysis and visualization tools for futures foresight was made at a meeting organized by the Rockefeller Foundation in Bangkok, Thailand on December 15-16, 2010.
The project is supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and is led at the Pardee Center by Prof. Adil Najam and Prof. Suchi Gopal. The project seeks to systematically visualize, analyze, and draw conclusions from a collective body of trend monitoring produced in different regions of the world as part of the Rockefeller Foundation's Searchlight program. The project goal is to textually identify and visually represent the key ideas and themes emerging from regional trend analyses in a way that is user-friendly, globally accessible, visually interpretive, and policy relevant.
Although the project is still in its early phases, the presentation in Bangkok – made to Rockefeller Foundation's Searchlight grantees from the Asia Region, other Rockefeller Foundation partners developing suites of visualization tools, and overall team manager from the Foundation – presented the conceptual architecture of the tools that will be developed and deployed at the Pardee Center as part of this project. On behalf of the Pardee Center project team, Prof. Adil Najam, the Director of the Frederick S. Pardee Center at Boston University, made the presentation.
Prof. Najam Presents at Workshop in Sri Lanka on South Asia's Future
Prof. Adil Najam, Director of the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer Range Future and Boston University Professor of International Relations and Geography and Environment, participated in and presented at a two-day international workshop on non-traditional security challenges in South Asia's Future. The workshop was attended by leading experts from across the South Asian region and beyond and was organized by the National Bureau of Asian Research as part of its "Non-Traditional Security Challenges in South Asia: 2025" project.
During the course of the discussion at the workshop and during his presentation Prof. Najam also shared details about the Pardee Center's related work as part of the Pardee Center South Asia 2060 project.
Pardee Center Receives Rockefeller Grant for Foresight Research
The Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future at Boston University has received a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to develop data analysis and visualization tools for futures foresight research and to apply these to the Rockefeller Foundation's ongoing 'Searchlight' project that focuses on horizon scanning to identify early signals that could have long-term implications for poor and vulnerable communities, and present a diversity of opinions and perspectives across a range of topics (poverty, development, donor issues, social, economic, political, environmental, science, technology and innovation).
The Pardee Center project will systematically visualize, analyze, and draw conclusions from a collective body of trend monitoring produced in different regions of the world. The project goal is to textually identify and visually represent the key ideas and themes emerging from regional trend analyses in a way that is user-friendly, globally accessible, visually interpretive, and policy relevant. A two-level analysis will be performed which will include (a) a conventional textual analysis; and (b) deploying sophisticated data-mining and text-mining algorithms to extract patterns and linkages from reports. A set of analytical tools for Searchlight data analysis will be developed and deployed. A policy paper as well as an academic research paper will be produced.
The project is led by Prof. Adil Najam (Director of the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future and Boston University Professor of International Relations and Geography and Environment) and by Prof. Suchi Gopal (Faculty Fellow at the e Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future and Boston University Professor of Geography and Environment).
Pardee Fellow Featured in AlertNet
Dr. Pablo Suarez, Pardee Visiting Post-Doctoral Fellow, was featured in AlertNet for his work on games as learning tools for climate science. Saurez has just returned from facilitating two game-based climate change sessions yesterday at the UN conference in Cancun (one on linking forecasts with humanitarian decisions and another on insurance for risk reduction).
The article, titled,"Games bring 'boring' climate science to life" describes how Suarez has been able to successfully teach humanitarian workers in around the world how to incorporate climate change science into their emergency planning using games instead of the usual training methods. The article went on to say:
"The usual approach was the scientist gives a talk with a lot of complicated Powerpoint slides. Then the Red Cross people at the end of the session ask, 'I'm sorry, but could you say what is the most important thing for me to know so I can make better decisions?'
"And the scientist would often explain the same science but in a more irritated tone of voice," said Suarez, a climate research fellow at Boston University in the United States and consultant to humanitarian aid and development groups such as the Red Cross and Oxfam.
Here is a video about "The Doune Baba Dieye Game":
Suarez was the author of a Pardee paper (Issue 7, December 2009) on "Linking Climate Knowledge and Decisions: Humanitarian Challenges". He is currently working on a piece on geoengineering and development, expected to be published through the Pardee Center "Issues in Brief" series.
Pardee House Seminar Launches Africa 2060 Conference Report
The Report of the Pardee Center's 'Africa 2060: Good News from Africa' conference was launched at a special Pardee House Seminar held on December 6, 2010. Panelists included Amb. Charles Stith, Director of the BU African Presidential Archives and Research Center (APARC); Prof. Timothy Longman, Director of the BU African Studies Center (ASC), and Dr. Julius Gatune Kariuki, Visiting Fellow at the BU Pardee Center and Fellow at the African Center of Economic Transformation (ACET) in Ghana. Prof. Adil Najam, Director of the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future moderated the discussion.
The Africa 2060: Good News from Africa conference was held on April 16, 2010, at Boston University and was organized by the Pardee Center in collaboration with the African Studies Center (ASC), the African Presidential Archives and Research Center (APARC)and the Global Health and Development Center (GHDC). The report of the conference is now available and will be launched at the seminar. The report includes an overview of the main trends discussed at the conference, short reaction reports to its four panels, and an expanded statistical section on development trends in Africa (download here). (Videos of the conference presentations are available here). The conference itself was part of a larger program of research at the Pardee Center on Africa 2060 which has also included multiple publications and different seminars.
The discussion at the seminar focussed on the key drivers of Africa's future and on the elements that will help or hinder the continent in reaching its full potential.
In his opening remarks Amb. Charles Stith focussed on the challenges of leadership and based on his own interactions with various African leaders he stressed that the continent was beginning to grapple with the challenges of democracy and better governance. He pointed out that although many important challenges remain and while the situation may be uneven across the continent, the trends point towards a continent learning to deal with democracy and a citizenry that is bent on demanding a quality of life from its leadership, and through democratic processes.
Prof. Tim Longman built upon the same ideas and argued that the point of greatest hope for the continent was in the resilience and aspirations of ordinary Africans. He suggested a bottom-up approach to understanding the dynamics in the continent and said that we should learn to listen and see more attentively to what ordinary people in Africa are saying and doing. He also cautioned that there are many variations across the continent and that we should not underestimate the extent of the challenges. However, his overall message highlighted the vitality of the African grassroots and he pointed out that the rest of the world should refrain from imposing external solutions on the continent, as it has done in the past.
Dr. Julius Gatune Kariuki contextualized his remarks in the dynamics of the African economy and suggested that the structure of the African economy is different today than it was in the past and in particular the telecommunication and finance sector are leading the process of structural change in the African economy. He pointed out that although natural resources have been a major driver of Africa's recent economic growth, it is not the only driver and the services sector has also proved to be vibrant in various parts of the continent.
Following the presentations the audience engaged in a lively discussion with the panelists.
The video of the seminar will be soon made available at the Pardee Center's multimedia webpage.
Pardee Center Director Invited to Serve on Advisory Panel for 2011 Human Development Report
Prof. Adil Najam, the Director of the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future and Boston University Professor of International Relations and of Geography and Environment, has been invited to join the Advisory Panel for the 2011 Human Development Report, produced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
The Human Development Report is an independent publication commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Its editorial autonomy is guaranteed by a special resolution of the General Assembly (A/RES/57/264), which recognizes the Human Development Report as "an independent intellectual exercise" and "an important tool for raising awareness about human development around the world." Contributors to the Report include leading development scholars and practitioners, working under the coordination of UNDP's Human Development Report Office. For 20 years now, the Report has been a pioneer of methodological innovation and development thinking. The Human Development Report is translated into more than a dozen languages and launched in more than 100 countries annually.
The role of the Advisory Panel is to provide intellectual advice and guidance to the team involved in preparing the report. The Advisory Panel includes eminent thinkers and practitioners with diverse expertise on different aspects of development. The 2011 Report will focus on the theme of growing environmental unsustainability alongside advances in most other dimensions of human development. Prof. Adil Najam is a leading authority on issues related to sustainable development. He also serves on the UN Secretary General's Committee on Development Policy, was recently elected a Fellow of the Human Development and Capability Association (HDCA), and serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities.
The Pardee Center at Boston University has been focussed on issues related to human development from its very inception, as was reflected in the choice of Nobel-winning economist Amartya Sen as the very first Pardee Visiting Professor in 2001-02. That commitment to the concept of human development, and its actualization, remains central to the Pardee Center's mission and research and is reflected in most of the research and activities undertaken at the Center.


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Microsoft testing Google Glass-like device – rumour
Microsoft is said to be working on wearable computing tech similar to Google Glass, according to rumours out of the financial world today.
The Wall Street Journal cites an anonymous sourcefor word that Microsoft is "testing prototypes for Web-connected eyewear similar to the Google Glass device".
The company is said to have asked a number of manufacturers in Asia for camera and other key components.
The source said the project may not ever make it past the prototyping stage, but that Microsoft is "determined to take the lead in hardware manufacturing to make sure the company won't miss out on the opportunities in the wearable gadget market" if it does pan out.
It's worth remembering that Microsoft recently bought out the bulk of Nokia's smartphone business, positioning it well to start churning out more mobile devices.
Thanks, Gamespot.
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BOSTON -- Haitian-Americans United will hold several events throughout the Boston area this May to celebrate Haitian Heritage Month in Massachusetts.
The central theme of this year's events is "Unity," as the corporation seeks to build a stronger community by commemorating the spirit and determination that led to Haiti gaining independence on Jan 1, 1804.
The general public is invited to attend the 19th annual flag raising ceremony from 12 to 2 p.m. on Friday, May 16 at Boston City Hall, as well as a reception at the State House, sponsored by Haitian-American State Representative Dorcena Forry, from 1 to 3 p.m. on Thursday, May 29.
The 14th annual Haitian Unity Parade will begin at 1 p.m. on Sunday, May 18 in Mattapan Square. Haitian founding father Toussaint Loverture (1743-1803) will be honored at a reception at 5:30 p.m. on Tuesday, May 27 at the Mattapan Public Library, 1350 Blue Hill Ave.
For more information on any of these events, call Dr. Nesly Metayer at 617-298-2976.
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Product Information
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Realise this's the wrong place to ask, but seeing as the Dance Forums's disappeared up it's own derierre, here it is...
I'm desperate to get hold (all/some) of a collection of CD comps called 'Quadrant Park Classics Collection'.
Discogs lists a few of em but none are for sale. That's probably due to the fact that they never got an official release and Discogs lists em as being CDR's!
Only stuff I've seen via Google are the odd DJ mixed comp carrying the same name.
Not sure how many vols there are but it goes up to at least 15.
If anyone could point me in the right direction I'd be terribly grateful.
I mean, I know you lot just adore dance music! : )


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A method to produce significant amounts of semiconducting nanoparticles for light-emitting displays, sensors, solar panels and biomedical applications has gained momentum with a demonstration by researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Read More
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Researchers using the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne have found a way to harness the quantum behavior of solid oxide fuel cells to make them even more efficient and robust. Read More
A team of scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, and Baruch College, City University of New York, has synthesized two new molecular catalysts for water oxidation. Read More
In the quest to synthesize a useful material not found in nature, a team led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory devised a multidimensional analysis approach that combines multiscale synthesis, characterization, and modeling techniques. With this approach, they obtained the first direct measurement of atomic-scale ordering in LMNO, a material of interest for thermoelectric applications. Read More
Working with scientists from the Advanced Light Source and Materials Sciences Division of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the researchers at Berkeley's Molecular Foundry have synthesized a new class of semiconductor with exceptional optical characteristics – made of three-atoms thick, clean layers of molybdenum diselenide – then studied the material with a Molecular Foundry microscope that can visualize atoms and their electronic wave functions. Read More
Stony Brook University doctoral student and Brookhaven Lab guest researcher brings her passion and curiosity for scientific research to the lab and the community. Read More
Using thin slivers of diamond, scientists at Jefferson National Lab created a detector that can withstand the constant particle bombardment that some experiments generate to obtain the most accurate measurements to date from the CEBAF atom smasher. Read More
A group of researchers at Iowa State University and the U.S Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory hope to develop the pieces of the biomass puzzle to create a clearer picture of what takes place within a plant and how that applies to its downstream uses as biomass. Read More
Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have engineered a strain of bacteria that enables a "one-pot" method for producing advanced biofuels from a slurry of pre-treated plant material. Read More
The Office of Science (SC) is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States.


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Italy Outlook: A Year of Living Dangerously
By Mark Willis, Ibrahim Gassambe, Jennifer Kapila, David Nowakowski / Dec 05, 2012
Despite a better-than-expected performance in Q3, the Italian recession continues to be driven by a...


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Nerve wants to be a cautionary tale about the perils of desiring fame through social media, but it isn't willing to go to the darker…
Nerve wants to be a cautionary tale about the perils of desiring fame through social media, but it isn't willing to go to the darker…
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British filmmaker Paul Greengrass, as I've mentioned before, is surely the most accomplished action-thriller director around these days. "Bloody Sunday" and "The Bourne Supremacy" are evidence enough of that. This week, Greengrass's "United 93," about the September 11, 2001, flight now commemorated in a Pennsylvania field, opens the Tribeca Film Festival and then moves into theaters.
David Poland, over at "The Hot Blog," saw the film recently and writes:


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Sorry but look closer. Missed on earnings and revenues. EPS (3.07) and revs around 725M. She's going down for awhile.
So you add the predecessor and the successor figures?Anyway, what we get for guidance will be the important thing.
Yes - guidance is key - Not sure the combined -$3.07 was what the analysts were addressing. I think analysts meant -$.91 EPS for the quarter based on current post BK situation.
Although I'm no expert that's the way I read it; however I agreed with you on the guidance. If BAM increased ownership then there is still a lot of value here. If the shorts swarm in I'll be buying. Good night!


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Fifty 50 Low Calorie Spreads
Fifty50 is a no sugar added, low calorie spread that is mainly marketed for diabetics. This provides delicious flavor for low carbers and anyone interested in a low sugar lifestyle!
Low Carb Wine Coolers
We know that wine is very healthy for you, with great antioxidant benefits and only 1-2g of net carbs as well. How about wine coolers? How healthy are they for you?
Sam Adams Beer and Low Carb
When we visited the Nantucket Wine Festival, we talked at length with the Sam Adams Beer rep about their plans for a low carb beer.
Mexican Restaurant on Low Carb / Atkins
Eating out is generally an easy thing on low carb diets, but with a Mexican restaurant, it can be a bit of a challenge. Outside of Mexico, restaurants often assume that the sole ingredients in Mexican food are flour and beans!
Barowsky's Carb Watching Bread
Barowsky´s carb watching all natural bread is only 4g per slice and comes in a rich, multi-grain style. Get the fiber and nutrients without the extra sugar!
Jols Sugar Free Orange Pastilles
The Jols sugar free orange pastilles comes in a small cardboard box, the size of a tic-tac container. The little orange gumdrops inside are sugar-free and delicious!
Baja Bob's Margarita Mix
Baja Bob´s Margarita Mix is a great way to enjoy margaritas and daquiries without the sugar normally included in those mixes.
Silhouette Skinny Carb Bar
The Skinny Carb Bar comes in two flavors - chocolate peanut butter and vanilla caramel pecan. Both have only 3g net carbs per bar.
LowCarb Energy Magazine
The LowCarb Energy Magazine came out with its first issue as July 2004 (released in April?) This glossy mag features recipes, exercises, and product reviews.
Diet & Exercise - and Low Carb Diets
The Diet & Exercise Summer 2004 magazine claimed on its cover to talk about Low-Carb Diets that Peel Lbs. Inside, they actually claim low carb diets don´t work.
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ADA Info
June 6- August 6
Early voting for the November 6 general election is underway at the Kingwood Library! Parking has been at a premium for local residents seizing the opportunity to vote early. Patrons may want to take note of the following Early Voting schedule, as days and times vary:
For more information, please contact the library at 281-360-6804.
Meet with Miss Sunni for K.R.A.K.E.N (Kids Reading Around Kingwood Every Night) on Thursday, October 18 at 4 pm for more writing, drawing, and talking about kids graphic novels. The kids are continuing to work on their own graphic novels.
On Monday, October 22 at 4 pm, it's craft time to make some bats, cats, or spiders!
Come join us on Saturday, October 20, for a free photography workshop! Kingwood Photo Club's Vincent Palmisano will be sharing tips on how to use your camera to obtain the best fall colors. This program will be held in our Computer Lab from 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. For more information, please call the library at 281-360-6804 or stop by our Adult Services desk on the 2nd floor. Registration is required.
The Kingwood Library is offering a variety of programs for adults this fall. All programs are free and open to the public but please note that computer classes require registration. You may contact the library for more information or go to our website at ww.hcpl.net. See below for our October fare!
Saturday, 10/13 Federal Taxes For Small Businesses 10:30 a.m.
Genealogy: Ellis Island & Castle Garden 1:30 p.m.
Monday, 10/15 PC Lab: Excel: Functions 6:30 p.m.
Dragoneers will meet in the Children's Activity Room Thursday, October 11 at 4 pm. They will be finishing their Central American migajon craft and making ZOMBIE finger pens. They will talk about scary books and have some snacks.
Check out some of our FLIKR pictures to see what fun Dragoneers have. It is not too late to join up and get a free Dragoneers tee shirt and a free book.
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62Is Obama administration hampering auto industry's progress by focusing on EVs?
- Eric Loveday
- Aug 9, 2010
- 62
22Obama drives the Volt... all of 10 feet
- Sebastian Blanco
- Jul 30, 2010
- 22
During his stop today at the General Motors' Detroit-Hamtramck facility where the production Chevrolet Volts will soon roll off the line, President Obama did something unusual for a president: he got behind the wheel of a car and went for a drive. It was a short one – just ten feet – but that's what happens when you need not only GM's permission but also the Secret Service's to drive a not-yet-in-production, new-technology Chevy Volt in black. We won't be geting a full-length review
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 8, 1979
|Filing date
|Oct 18, 1977
|Priority date
|Oct 18, 1977
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Frank J. Preston, Theodore C. Kraus, Kiran B. Chandalia
|Original Assignee
|Olin Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (3), Classifications (16)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
A great deal of art has arisen focusing on methods for increasing the overall molecular weight of polyols without seriously affecting chain length and attendant fluidity, by incorporating polymeric materials onto the polyol by grafting. Such grafted copolymer polyol dispersions have proven to be advantageous when used in polyurethane formulations to achieve desirable polyurethane product properties, such as enhanced load bearing and resiliency in foams.
It is known in the art to prepare graft copolymer dispersions from vinyl monomers and polyols and to use these copolymers in the formulation of urethane polymers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,383,351 to Stamberger teaches that ethylenically unsaturated monomers may be polymerized in a polyol medium. As evidenced by Pizzini et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,823,201, graft copolymers could also be formed by reacting vinyl monomers in polyols containing some degree of unsaturation. An effective amount of free radical catalyst is required in order to initiate these copolymerization reactions. Such free radical-type vinyl polymerization catalysts are, for example, the peroxides, persulfates, perborates, azo compounds, etc.
It is also known in the art to prepare graft copolymers by treating polymerizable vinyl-type monomers with azo-containing polymers. This is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,752,802 to Sheppard et al, which shows azo-containing polymers reacted with suitable vinyl monomers under conditions where the azo-carbon linkage is decomposed into free radicals at a rate and temperature suitable for polymerizing the vinyl monomer. These graft copolymers are suggested to have utility as stabilizers of solutions of different homopolymers.
Co-pending application Ser. No. 779,968, filed Mar. 22, 1977, describes graft copolymers prepared by reacting unsaturated monomers with azo di-ester polyols, and polyurethanes prepared from these graft copolymers. The graft copolymerization discussed therein is accomplished by free radical formation within the azo di-ester polyols through decomposition of the azo-carbon linkages.
Now, an improvement has been developed whereby a novel graft copolymer is prepared by reacting a peroxy-containing polyol compound with an ethylenically unsaturated monomer. In the graft copolymerization reaction, the unsaturated monomer is polymerized in the presence of these peroxy polyols at a temperature sufficient to rupture the peroxy linkage. As a result, the polymerized vinyl compounds graft directly onto the polyol chain itself at the site of the ruptured linkage. The presence of the peroxy group in the polyol itself eliminates the need for an additional free radical catalyst.
Further, according to the invention, the copolymer polyols are used in the formulation of polyurethane compositions, wherein reaction with organic polyisocyanates is effected.
The graft copolymer polyols of the present invention can be prepared by reacting certain peroxy di-ester polyols with ethylenically unsaturated monomers. This graft copolymer-forming reaction can be exemplified by the following illustration using styrene as the monomer reactant and a peroxy-bis ester polyol prepared from glutaric acid peroxide and a polyether triol: ##STR1##
The peroxy di-ester polyol reactant of the graft copolymerization reaction can be represented by the general formula: ##STR2## wherein m and r independently are integers from 1-5, R2 and R3 independently represent radicals selected from aryl and alkenyl of 2-5 carbon atoms, and the groups ((HO)m --R1 --O) and (O--R4 --(OH)r) independently are residues of polyols R1 (OH)m+1 and R4 (OH)r+1, wherein R1 and R4 are independently selected from polyether or polyester chains, after removal of one hydroxy hydrogen therefrom.
These peroxy di-ester polyol compounds of the above formula include both symmetrical and non-symmetrical peroxy di-ester polyols. These peroxy compounds can be prepared by esterifying or transesterifying any suitable polyol or mixtures thereof, with a suitable peroxy diacid or a corresponding peroxy diacid ester.
Any peroxy diacid may be used. These non-cyclic diacyl peroxides of dibasic acids are properly named as carboxy-substituted diacyl peroxides. Typically preferred peroxy-bis diacids which may be used include succinic acid peroxide, glutaric acid peroxide, adipic acid peroxide, pimelic acid peroxide, suberic acid peroxide, phthalic acid peroxide and the like. The preferred peroxy-bis diacid is glutaric acid peroxide. The peroxy-bis diacid reactant commonly can be prepared by oxidation of suitable acid anhydrides with hydrogen peroxide, according to known procedures.
The polyol reactant which is used in preparing the peroxy di-ester polyols of the invention can be any such compound, including mixtures of two or more such compounds, having 2-6 hydroxyl groups and preferably an average equivalent weight from about 250 to about 5000. This includes polyester polyols and polyether polyols. However, the polyether polyols are generally preferred.
The polyester polyols include the products of reacting polycarboxylic acids with polyhydric alcohols. Illustrative polycarboxylic acids include, for example, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic acid and the like. Illustrative polyhydric alcohols include various diols, triols, tetrols and higher-functionality alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, butylene glycols, butane diols, pentane diols, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolhexane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, hexane 1,2,6-triol, 2-methyl glucoside, mixtures thereof and the like. Aromatic type polyols such as Bisphenyl A may also be used.
The polyether polyols, the use of which is preferred herein, include various polyoxyalkylene polyols and mixtures thereof. These can be prepared, according to well-known methods, by condensing an alkylene oxide, or a mixture of alkylene oxides using random or step-wise addition, with a polyhydric initiator or mixture of initiators. Illustrative alkylene oxides include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, amylene oxide, aralkylene oxides such as styrene oxide, and the halogenated alkylene oxides such as trichlorobutylene oxide and so forth. The most preferred alkylene oxide is propylene oxide or a mixture thereof with ethylene oxide using random or step-wise oxyalkylation.
The polyhydric initiators used in preparing the polyether polyol reactant can be any such material which has from 2 to 6 active hydrogens. This includes (a) aliphatic diols such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, butylene glycols, butane diols, pentane diols, and the like, (b) the aliphatic triols such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane, triethylolpropane, trimethylolhexane, and the like, (c) higher-functionality alcohols such as sorbitol, pentaerythritol, methyl glucoside, and the like, (d) the polyamines such as tetraethylene diamine and (e) the alkanolamines such as diethanolamine, triethanolamine and the like.
A preferred group of polyhydric initiators for use in preparing the polyether polyol reactant is one which comprises aliphatic triols such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane and the like.
The alkylene oxide-polyhydric initiator condensation reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a catalyst such as KOH as is well known in the art. In effecting the reaction, a sufficient proportion of alkylene oxide is used as to provide a final polyol product having an average equivalent weight of about 250-5000, preferably about 700-3000 and more preferably about 1000-1500. The catalyst is thereafter preferably removed, leaving a polyether polyol which is ready for use in preparing the peroxy di-ester polyols of the invention.
Symmetrical peroxy-bis ester polyols can be prepared by reacting a peroxy-bis diacid with a polyol. Unsymmetrical peroxy di-ester polyols also can readily be formulated by reacting an unsymmetrical peroxy diacid with a polyol or a mixture of polyols or by reacting a peroxy-bis diacid with a mixture of polyols. The peroxy-bis ester polyol reactants are preferred. The preparation of peroxy di-ester polyols and peroxy-bis ester polyols, suitable for use in the present invention, is detailed further in co-pending application, Ser. No. 843,103, which was filed concurrently herewith. The disclosure of this co-pending application is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference.
In order to simplify the presentation herein, the peroxy-bis ester polyols have been selected to be discussed in more specific detail below. The principles presented are readily adaptable to unsymmetrical peroxy di-ester polyols. The symmetrical or peroxy-bis ester polyol reactant can be represented by the formula: ##STR3## wherein m, R2 and ((HO)m --R1 --O) are as defined above in Formula I.
In order to form the graft copolymers of the present invention, the peroxy di-ester polyols are treated with an ethylenically unsaturated monomer or a mixture of such monomers, usually in the presence of additional polyol. The monomers useful in the copolymerization process are polymerizable monomers characterized by the presence of at least one polymerizable ethylenic unsaturated group of the type >C═C<. Any such monomer or mixture of monomers may be used.
Representative ethylenically unsaturated monomers which may be employed in the present invention include butadiene, isoprene, 1,4-pentadiene, 1,6-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene, styrene, α-methylstyrene, methylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, ethylstyrene, isopropylstyrene, butylstyrene, phenylstyrene, cyclohexylstyrene, benzylstyrene, and the like; substituted styrenes such as chlorostyrene, 2,5-dichlorostyrene, bromostyrene, fluorostyrene, trifluoromethylstyrene, iodostyrene, cyanostyrene, nitrostyrene, N,N-dimethylaminostyrene, acetoxylstyrene, methyl 4-vinylbenzoate, phenoxystyrene, p-vinyl diphenyl sulfide, p-vinylphenyl phenyl oxide, and the like; the acrylic and substituted acrylic monomers such as acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methylacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, octyl methacrylate, methacrylonitrile, methyl α-chloroacrylate, ethyl α-ethoxyacrylate, methyl α-acetaminoacrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, phenyl acrylate, phenyl methacrylate, α-chloroacrylonitrile, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-dibenzylacrylamide, N-butylacrylamide, methacrylyl formamide, and the like; the vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, vinyl ketones, etc., such as vinyl acetate, vinyl chloroacetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl butyrate, isopropenyl acetate, vinyl formate, vinyl acrylate, vinyl methacrylate, vinyl methoxy acetate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl iodide, vinyl toluene, vinyl naphthalene, vinyl bromide, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene bromide, 1-chloro-1-fluoro-ethylene, vinylidene fluoride, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl propyl ethers, vinyl butyl ethers, vinyl 2-ethylhexyl ether, vinyl phenyl ether, vinyl 2-methoxyethyl ether, methoxybutadiene, vinyl 2-butoxyethyl ether, 3,4-dihydro-1,2-pyran, 2-butoxy-2'-vinyloxy diethyl ether, vinyl 2-ethylmercaptoethyl ether, vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl ethyl ketone, vinyl phosphonates such as bis (β-chloroethyl) vinyl phosphonate, vinyl phenyl ketone, vinyl ethyl sulfide, vinyl ethyl sulfone, N-methyl-N-vinyl acetamide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl imidazole, divinyl sulfide, divinyl sulfoxide, divinyl sulfone, sodium vinyl sulfonate, methyl vinyl sulfonate, N-vinyl pyrrole, and the like; dimethyl fumerate, dimethyl maleate, maleic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, monomethyl itaconate, t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate, allyl alcohol, glycol monoesters of itaconic acid, dichlorobutadiene, vinyl pyridine, and the like. Any of the known polymerizable monomers can be used and the compounds listed above are illustrative and not restrictive of the monomers suitable for use in this invention.
Preferred monomers include styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, methyl methacrylate, hydroxy ethyl acrylate, butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, and the like. Styrene and acrylonitrile are particularly preferred.
The reaction temperature for the copolymerization should be at or above the thermal decomposition temperature of the particular peroxy di-ester polyol employed. Such temperature normally will range from about 70� C. to about 150� C. and preferably about 80� C. to 110� C. In effecting the reaction, the presence of a free radical catalyst is not required for the copolymerization reaction, since the peroxy linkage within the chain of the polyol ester itself is broken at the reaction temperature and the free radicals formed serve as suitable initiators for polymerizing the monomer. Hence, grafting of the vinyl polymers directly onto the polyol chain itself at the site of the severed peroxy bond is accomplished. This eliminates dependency of grafting through hydrogen abstraction alone, which is much more random and indistinct than the direct method here provided.
As initially shown above, the grafting reaction may be illustrated by the following example, wherein R2 and ((HO)m --R1 --O) are as defined in Formula II above: ##STR4##
The amounts of the respective reactants in the graft copolymerization reaction determine the extent of copolymerized product present in the final graft copolymer dispersion. By varying the relative reactant proportions, a range of graft copolymerized products can be formed, which, in turn, can be utilized in formulations to produce various polyurethane properties.
The peroxy di-ester polyol may be reacted alone with unsaturated monomer, but, preferably it is supplemented with additional unesterified polyol, selected from the polyol reactants suitable for use in preparing the peroxy di-ester polyols. These polyols are further defined in co-pending application, Ser. No. 843,103, cited and incorporated hereinabove. The ratio of peroxy di-ester polyol to monomer in the copolymerization reaction can vary widely depending on the amount of copolymer required and the ensuing attendant polyurethane properties desired. From 0.01 to 100 percent of the peroxy di-ester polyol, based on the weight of total polyol, may be used. In forming the peroxy di-ester polyol reactant, it is advantageous to use excess polyol, which preferably is allowed to remain with the product to result in a peroxy di-ester polyol-unreacted polyol mixture. An advantageous reaction scheme is then to add monomer and the peroxy di-ester polyol-unesterified polyol mixture separately or combined to a heated reactor which contains additional unesterified polyol, in order to produce a graft copolymer of monomer and polyol dispersed in a polyol medium.
The amount of ethylenically unsaturated monomer used in the polymerization reaction preferably ranges from about 1 to 30 percent, and most preferably from about 3 to 25 percent, based on the weight of total polyols.
As stated earlier, the need for free radical catalyst is eliminated by utilizing the peroxy di-ester polyol of the present invention. When these peroxy-containing polyols are reacted with suitable vinyl monomers under proper conditions, the peroxy linkages are decomposed into free radicals at a rate suitable for polymerizing the vinyl monomers. Co-reaction and subsequent grafting can take place at the reactive broken linkage site provided on the polyol chain itself. This results in positive grafting of the unsaturated polymers on the polyol chain and circumvents dependency on less distinct grafting based only on hydrogen abstraction.
The graft copolymer dispersions of the present invention are particularly suited for use in polyurethane formulations, as shown in Examples X-XIV below. The presence of the multiple terminal hydroxyl groups allows the polyurethane-forming reaction with organic polyisocyanates. Modification of the amount of terminal hydroxyls causes variation of resulting physical properties of polyurethane products. The amount of branching and crosslinking is directly dependent on the number of hydroxyl groups in the original resin. Properties can be varied to form polyurethane products such as elastic fibers, elastomers, or flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid foams.
Although the invention is of utility in the preparation of non-cellular polyurethanes as well as polyurethane foams, the preparation of foams according to the invention is preferred.
In the preparation of the present polyurethane foams, either of the general forming processes, the "one-shot" or the "prepolymer" processes, may be utilized. Any combination of graft copolymer, additional polyol, organic polyisocyanate, foaming agent, catalyst, and other reactants capable of forming a polyurethane foam-forming reaction mixture can be employed.
The organic polyisocyanates used in the polyurethane foams of this invention include toluene diisocyanate, such as the 80:20 or the 65:35 isomer mixture of the 2,4- and 2,6-isomeric forms, ethylene diisocyanate, propylene diisocyanate, methylenebis-(4-phenyl isocyanate), 3,3'-bitoluene-4,4'-diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, naphthalene 1,5-diisocyanate, the polymeric isocyanates such as polyphenylene polymethylene isocyanate, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The amount of isocyanate employed in the present process should generally be sufficient to provide at least about 0.7 NCO group per hydroxy group in the reaction system, which includes the graft copolymers, polyols, as well as any additional material and/or foaming agent present. In practice, polyisocyanate is usually used in a proportion to provide no more than about 1.25 NCO groups per each hydroxy group. A 100 multiple of the ratio of NCO to OH groups in the reaction system is referred to as the "index".
Any suitable foaming agent, or mixture of foaming agents may be employed. These include inorganic foaming agents, such as water, and organic foaming agents containing up to seven carbon atoms such as the halogenated hydrocarbons and the low molecular weight alkanes, alkenes, and ethers. Illustrative organic agents include monofluorotrichloromethane, dichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2,-trifluoroethane, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methane, ethane, ethylene, propylene, hexane, ethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, mixtures thereof and the like. Water and the low molecular weight polyhalogenated alkanes, such as monofluorotrichloromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane, are preferred. The amount of foaming agent can be varied over a wide range, as is known in the prior art, depending on the density desired in the foam product.
The catalyst employed in preparing the foams of the invention may be any of the catalysts known to be useful for this purpose, including tertiary amines, organo-metallic salts, and mixtures of an organometallic salt with one or more tertiary amine, the latter being preferred. Typical tertiary amines include, for example, triethylamine, triethylene diamine, trimethylamine, tetramethylene diamine, tetramethylbutane diamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, dimethylpiperazine, trimethylaminoethylpiperazine, dimethylcyclohexylamine, mixtures of bis(dimethylaminoethylether) and dipropylene glycol such as the 7:3 weight ratio mixture which is available commercially under the trademark "Niax A-1", methyldicyclohexylamine, N-cyclohexylmorpholine, dimethyldicyclohexylamine, methyldiethanolamine, mixtures of dimethylcyclohexylamine and 2-(3-pentyl)-1-dimethylaminocyclohexane such as may be purchased commercially under the trademark "Polycat", bis(dimethylaminoethylpropylether), mixtures of triethylene diamine and dipropylene glycol such as the 1:2 and 1:4 weight ratio mixtures which may be purchased commercially under the trademarks "Dabco 33-LV" and "Dabco 8020", respectively, bis(dimethylaminopropylether), and mixtures of these catalysts. The preferred tertiary amine catalysts are triethylene diamine, mixtures of triethylene diamine with dipropylene glycol, mixtures of bis(dimethylaminoethylether) and dipropylene glycol, dimethylcyclohexylamine alone or as a mixture thereof with 2-(3-pentyl)-dimethylaminocyclohexane. The tertiary amine catalyst is used in a proportion of about 0.1-1.5, and preferably about 0.25-0.75, parts per 100 parts by weight of the total polyol which is employed in preparing the foam.
Typical organometallic salts include, for example, the salts of tin, titanium, antimony, aluminum, cobalt, zinc, bismuth, lead, and cadmium, the tin salts, i.e., stannic and stannous salts, being preferred. Illustratively, such salts include the octoates, dilaurates, diacetate, dioctoates, oleates, and neodeconates of these metals, the octoates being preferred. The organomettalic salt catalyst is used in a proportion of about 0-0.5, and preferably about 0.05-0.2, parts per 100 parts by weight of total polyol which is employed in the preparation of the foam.
It is preferred in the preparation of the polyurethane foams of the invention to employ minor amounts of a conventional surfactant in order to further improve the cell structure of the polyurethane foam. Typical of such surfactants are the silicone oils and soaps, and the siloxane-oxyalkylene block copolymers. U.S. Pat. No. 2,834,748 and T. H. Ferrigno, Rigid Plastic Foams (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1963), pp. 34-42, disclose various surfactants which are useful for this purpose. A preferred group of surfactants are the polysiloxanes such as may be purchased under the trademark "Niax L-5303". Generally, up to two parts by weight of the surfactant are employed per 100 parts of total polyol.
The following examples are provided to further illustrate the invention. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.
a. Polyether triol A was prepared from glycerol by base catalyzed block addition of propylene oxide capped with ethylene oxide such that the ethylene oxide content was approximately 9.8% and the primary hydroxyl content was approximately 55%. Final OH number was 37 mg KOH/g.
b. Polyether triol B was prepared from glycerol by base catalyzed random addition of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide such that the ethylene oxide content was approximately 5% and the primary hydroxyl content was approximately 0%. Final OH number was 56.
c. Polyether triol C was prepared from glycerol by base catalyzed block addition of propylene oxide capped with ethylene oxide such that the ethylene oxide content was approximately 11% and the primary hydroxyl content was approximately 55%. Final OH number was 56.
d. Polyether triol D was prepared from glycerol by base catalyzed block addition of propylene oxide capped with ethylene oxide such that the ethylene oxide content was approximately 15.7% and the primary hydroxyl content was approximately 70%. Final OH number 36.
2.9 g of glutaric acid peroxide was mixed in a 500 ml three-neck flask with 250 g of polyol A. This is a 5:1 molar ratio of polyol to peroxy acid. The flask was fitted with an inlet sparge tube for gaseous HCl, a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer and an outlet tube for HCl, which was vented into a drain with constant water flow. The flask was heated by an oil bath to 40� C. and HCl flow begun. An exotherm was noted and the temperature rose to 50� C. where it was maintained with moderate HCl flow. After 45 minutes, the peroxy acid gradually dissolved and the clear solution was maintained at 50� C. for an additional 30 minutes.
Nitrogen gas was then passed through the sparge tube while maintaining temperature at 40-45� C. From time to time, the exit stream was tested with wet litmus paper to detect traces of HCl, however, a more sensitive indicator was odor. After three to four hours, HCl elimination was complete. A vacuum was then imposed on the system for 15 minutes to remove all gases from the system. A sample of peroxy-bis ester polyol A was withdrawn for various analyses.
______________________________________GelPermeation OH No. Acid No.Chromatography mg KOH/g mg KOH/g______________________________________74.0% 5100 (M.W.) 30.1 0.8125.9% 7800 (M.W.)______________________________________
Polyol A was again reacted using the same general scheme as outlined above, employing however a 2.5:1 molar ratio of polyol to peroxy acid. Analyses of the final product yielded the following data:
______________________________________GelPermeation OH No. Acid No.Chromatography mg KOH/g mg KOH/g______________________________________72.8% 5100 (M.W.) 23.2 4.1827.2% 7500 (M.W.)______________________________________
Polyol B was reacted using the same general scheme as outlined above. A 2.5:1 molar ratio of polyol to peroxy acid was used. Analyses of the final product yielded the following data:
______________________________________GelPermeation OH No. Acid No.Chromatography mg KOH/g mg KOH/g______________________________________58.3% ˜ 2800 (M.W.) 27.6 5.7441.7% ˜ 5500 (M.W.)______________________________________
Polyol C was reacted using the same general scheme as outlined above. A 2.5:1 molar ratio of polyol to peroxy acid was used. Analyses of the final product yielded the following data:
______________________________________GelPermeation OH No. Acid No.Chromatogrphy mg KOH/g mg KOH/g______________________________________26.3% ˜ 2500 (M.W.) 23.6 2.7173.7% ˜ 7700 (M.W.)______________________________________
A three-neck 1000 ml flask equipped with thermometer, stirrer, condenser and feed inlet port was used as a reactor vessel. Polyether triol A, described above, was weighed into the reactor and heated under a nitrogen atmosphere to the reaction temperature. A sample of peroxy-bis ester polyol, dissolved in acrylonitrile and/or styrene, was then added at a steady rate maintaining the temperature at 100� C., during reaction and for a post reaction period thereafter. Any residual volatile material was stripped at less than 1 mm Hg pressure at 100� C. The resultant opaque polyvinyl graft polyol was then tested for a Brookfield viscosity at 22� C. The data from each run is tabulated in Table I below.
Hand mix flexible urethane foams were prepared by a method common to the art using the formulation outlined in Table II below. Physical properties of the resulting foams appear in Table III below.
TABLE 1______________________________________PREPARATION OF GRAFT COPOLYMERS EX. EX. EX. EX. EX. V VI VII VIII IX______________________________________Initial Reactor ContentPolyol A, gm. 390 110 230 230 210FeedPeroxy-Bis Ester Polyol,Ex. II 60 -- 120 120 --Peroxy-Bis Ester Polyol,Ex. I -- 240 -- -- 240Acrylonitrile, gm. 50 120 120 50 50Styrene, gm. -- 40 40 -- --Process ConditionsReaction Temperature, � C. 100 100 100 100 100Feed Time, hours 2.7 4 4.5 3 6Feed Rate, gm./min. 0.7 1.7 1.04 0.9 0.8Post Reaction Time, hours 2 1 1 2 2Stripping Time, hours 1 1 1 1 1Results Product Appearance ##STR5##Viscosity, at 22� C. 3000 4150 3300 6940 7600______________________________________
table 2______________________________________preparaton of polyurethane foams ex. x xi xii xiii xiv______________________________________polyol D, gm. 80 80 80 80 80Graft Copolymer of Example V, gm. 20 -- -- -- -- Example VI, gm. -- 20 -- -- -- Example VII, gm. -- -- 20 -- -- Example VIII, gm. -- -- -- 20 -- Example IX, gm. -- -- -- -- 20Triethylene Diamine1, gm. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Diethanolamine, gm. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Dibutyl Tin Dilaurate, 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 gm.Surfactant2, gm. -- 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Surfactant3, gm. 1.0 -- -- -- --Water, gm. 2 2 2 2 2TDI-804 Index 109 109 109 109 109Foam ProcessingGel Time, sec. 102 100 100 100 100Cure Times, min. 10 10 10 10 10 at 100� C.Shrinking None None None None None______________________________________ 1 This is a commercially available product sold under the trademark "Dabco 33 LV". It consists primarily of triethylene diamine (1/3) and dipropylene glycol (2/3). 2 This is a commercially available polysiloxane surfactant sold unde the trademark "Niax L-5303". 3 This is a commercially available polysiloxane surfactant sold unde the trade name "Dow Corning Q2-5043". 4 This is a mixture of toluene diisocyanate isomers (80/20 mixture o 2,4/2,6-isomers).
TABLE 3______________________________________FOAM PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EX. X XI XII XII XIV______________________________________ILD5, 4" 25% 21.4 27.5 28.1 22.8 24.665% 50.6 65.8 65.8 54.4 58Sag Factor6 2.36 2.39 2.34 2.39 2.36Tear, pli7 1.04 1.15 0.99 1.10 1.11Tensile, psi8 8.1 11.7 11.1 8.8 9.4Compression Set9,75% C(T) 3.8 4 3.5 3.6 4.3 C(D) 5.2 5.4 4.8 4.8 5.7Steam Autoclave10, Compression Sets,75% C(T) 13.3 13.4 13.8 16.1 15.9 C (D) 17.6 17.9 18.7 21.4 20.9Ball Rebound11 62.6 60.6 61 63.2 62Air Flow, cfm12 2.9 1.4 1.3 2 1.8Density, pcf13 2.69 2.83 2.72 2.73 2.76Elongation, %14 127 163 130 130 157______________________________________ 5 Indentation Load Deflection (lbs.) per ASTM D-1564-64. 6 Sag factor, a measure of the support of cushioning material is expressed as a ratio of 65% ILD to 25% ILD. 7 Lbs. per linear inch per ASTM 1564-64. 8 Lbs. per square inch per ASTM 1564-64. 9 Per ASTM D-1564-71. 10 Compression set after steam aging per ASTM D-1564-71. 11 Percentage per ASTM D-1564-64T. 12 Cubic feet per minute per Nopco Air Picnometer Flow Test. 13 Lbs. per cubic foot per ASTM 1564-64. 14 Percent per ASTM 1564-64.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 12, 1964
|May 14, 1968
|Paul Stamberger
|Polyurethanes, reactive solutions and methods and their production
|Nov 20, 1969
|Mar 28, 1972
|Basf Wyandotte Corp
|Graft copolymers of acrylonitrile on unsaturated polyols
|May 14, 1970
|Aug 14, 1973
|Pennwalt Corp
|Mono azo compounds containing an acylating function
|Dec 4, 1972
|Jul 9, 1974
|Basf Wyandotte Corp
|Highly-stable graft copolymer dispersions in polyols containing unsaturation and polyurethanes prepared therefrom
|Sep 26, 1973
|Jan 13, 1976
|Nippon Paint Co., Ltd.
|Resin produced by graft-polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable compounds onto a mercapto group containing alkyd resin
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 2, 1981
|Nov 2, 1982
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Polymer/polyols, methods for making same and polyurethanes based thereon
|May 27, 1988
|Jun 4, 1991
|National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation
|Arcylic modified reactive urethane hot melt adhesive compositions
|Jun 7, 1993
|Mar 1, 1994
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Coating compositions based on graft polymers
|U.S. Classification
|528/362, 528/271, 525/123, 525/533
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Synonyms of street in English:
the man/woman in the street
- an ordinary person, an average person, Mr/Mrs Average, John CitizenBritish informal Joe Bloggs, Joe Public, the man on the Clapham omnibusNorth American informal John Doe, Joe Sixpackderogatory pleb, plebeian
on the streets
- the number of people who are on the streets is growinghomeless, living rough, sleeping rough, without a roof over one's head, of no fixed abode, down and out, vagrant
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Search Results For "Kate Rusby"
Kate Rusby - The Outlandish Knight
Folk Radio UKFollow "Kate Rusby works her magic once again at the Civic Theatre, Chelmsford - an invitation to step outside of your…" Posted on Apr 21st, 2015 →
Kate Rusby - Playing of Ball
The 'SpillFollow "Valentine's Day is coming up this week, so I hope this gets you in the mood. Appropriately, our dog is…" Posted on Feb 9th, 2015 →
Kate Rusby - The Night Visit
The 'SpillFollow "Hello again, I hope everyone has had an enjoyable Christmas and a chance to relax. Thanks to everyone for all…" Posted on Dec 29th, 2014 →
Kate Rusby - Canaan's Land
The 'SpillFollow "Copyright: oscar / 123RF Stock Photo Welcome this week to a very mellow mix. Before you listen, check out Blimpy's…" Posted on Jul 14th, 2014 →
Kate Rusby & Kathryn Roberts - Hunting The Hare
Cover Lay DownFollow "Yes, it's been two months since we last checked in with a new feature here on Cover Lay Down. And…" Posted on Apr 20th, 2014 →
Kate Rusby - Who Knows Where The Time Goes?
27 LeggiesFollow "A while back I briefly attempted to start a regular feature called "Single Song Sunday" which, as the name suggests,…" Posted on Mar 30th, 2014 →
Kate Rusby - Who Knows Where The Time Goes (Sandy Denny cover)
Cover Lay DownFollow "To be a public school teacher in the new millennium is to be under constant scrutiny, both as a self-critic…" Posted on Feb 13th, 2014 →
Kathleen Deighton and Kate Rusby - Gulf Coast Highway (Nanci Griffith cover)
Cover Lay DownFollow "There's a special place in my heart for Nanci Griffith's 1993 covers album Other Voices, Other Rooms, a Grammy winner…" Posted on Jan 5th, 2014 →
Kate Rusby - Here we come a-wassailing
Cover Lay DownFollow "An unexpected week in the hospital with the chronically ill elderchild has temporarily postponed what was intended to be a…" Posted on Dec 5th, 2013 →
Tracey Browne - Kate Rusby ~ Zalamanda
The 'SpillFollow "Public Image Limited – This Is PiL ~ Tincanman I love the defiance of this. My best comparison is Eddie…" Posted on Dec 10th, 2012 →
Kate Rusby & Kathryn Roberts - The Queen And The Soldier
Cover Lay DownFollow "I've shared this feature several times for Memorial Day – but somehow, I skipped it this May. So here's our…" Posted on Nov 11th, 2012 →
Kate Rusby - The Fairest of All Yarrow
Metal Bastard Goes SoftFollow " (mp3) Kate Rusby - The fairest of all yarrow Available on Sleepless (1999) (mp3) The Rolling Stones - In another…" Posted on May 31st, 2012 →
Kate Rusby - Canaan's Land (trad.)
Cover Lay DownFollow "Before we were slaves in Egypt, we were Joseph's brothers and their wives, working at the right hand of a…" Posted on Apr 7th, 2012 →
Kate Rusby - I Courted a Sailor
Metal Bastard Goes SoftFollow "Ian Ball is in Gomez. Gomez. (mp3) Kate Rusby - I courted a sailor Available on Little Lights (2001) (mp3)…" Posted on Feb 16th, 2012 →
Kate Rusby - Young James
Metal Bastard Goes SoftFollow "(mp3) The Pentangle - Turn your money green Available on Sweet Child (1968) (mp3) Cutting Crew - I just died…" Posted on Dec 20th, 2011 →
Kate Rusby - The Wild Goose
Cover Lay DownFollow "It's Spring, and that means rebirth: when the earth reemerges from the earth, covered in last year's leaves. When the…" Posted on Apr 17th, 2011 →
Kate Rusby - The miner's dream of home
Cover Lay DownFollow "One of my favorite Christmas themes is homecoming. The concentrated call for togetherness, whether wistful or wanton, is tied tightly…" Posted on Dec 19th, 2010 →
Kate Rusby - Let Them Fly
Metal Bastard Goes SoftFollow "So the time has come to round up the best albums of the past year. I chose to just go…" Posted on Dec 18th, 2010 →
Kate Rusby - Hark the herald
Cover Lay DownFollow "As a defining event at the heart of the Western world's most dominant religion, the Christmas story is perhaps the…" Posted on Dec 12th, 2010 →
Kate Rusby - The Cobblers Daughter
Star Maker MachineFollow "Kate Rusby: The Cobbler's Daughter[purchase, priced in British pounds]Kate Rusby is surely one of the leading voices of English folk…" Posted on Nov 26th, 2010 →
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2/1/2013--Introduced.Veterans' Heritage Firearms Act of 2013 - Provides a 90-day amnesty period during which veterans and their family members can register in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record any firearm acquired before October 31, 1968, by a veteran while a member of the Armed Forces stationed outside the continental... Read more
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For the second time this year, the Runnin Royals had their way with the top team in the country, this time on the road.
Related Articles
Runnin Royals Picked No. 6 in Nation by The Sporting News
by Jim Bishop
Runnin Royals Take Faith in God Seriously
by Bonnie Price Lofton
EMU Men Move Up To No. 18 In Div. III National Poll
by Marcy Gineris
Men's Basketball Team Takes Fourth In Final National Poll
by Marcy Gineris


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Step 1: Take the entrance survey by clicking here.
Step 2: Attend OR participate in one approved music event, one approved theatre event, and one approved visual art event per academic year (total of 3 per year).
Step 3: Use your student ID card to check in before music and theatre events and check out afterward. Use your student ID card to fill out the check-in form at visual art exhibits and then leave the completed form in the designated box as you leave. YOU MUST BRING YOUR STUDENT ID TO THE EVENTS FOR WHICH YOU WISH TO RECEIVE CREDIT.
Step 4: Enroll in a Fine Arts appreciation class (music, theatre, or visual art) your junior or senior year.
Step 5: Enroll in the one-hour credit Arts Engagement course your senior year, and do your one and only assignment: an exit survey.
Look for the Arts Engagement banner to check in before AND check out after the show.
You'll want to be aware that some events require tickets, which can be purchased from our box office or online. We encourage you to purchase your tickets in advance to avoid long lines at the box office at the time of the show.
The box office is open Monday-Friday, 1:00-5:00 p.m.
OBU Box 3767
Faculty Recital: Dr. Lei Cai, piano
Monday, January 25, 7:30 p.m.
McBeth Recital Hall
Guest Artist Recital: Dr. Andrew Cooperstock, piano
Monday, February 2, 7:30 p.m.
McBeth Recital Hall
Guest Artist Arkansas Baptist Master'Singers
Thursday, February 4, 7:30 p.m.
Jones Performing Arts Center
Guest Artist Arkansas Saxophone Quartet
Monday, February 22, 7:30 p.m.
McBeth Recital Hall
Guest Artist Gerry Pagano, Trombone
Tuesday, March 1, 7:30 p.m.
McBeth Recital Hall
Canadian Brass
Featuring excellent music served up with lively dialogue and theatrical effects, the hallmark of any Canadian Brass performance is entertainment, spontaneity, virtuosity and, most of all, fun.
Wednesday, March 9, 8:00 p.m.
Jones Performing Arts Center
Tickets: $15
Spring Wind Ensemble Concert
Thursday, March 10, 7:30 p.m.
Jones Performing Arts Center
Spring Jazz Band Concert
Thursday, March 31, 7:30 p.m.
Jones Performing Arts Center
Prism Concert
Tuesday, April 26, 7:30 p.m.
Jones Performing Arts Center
Mark Hayes' Requiem and Te Deum
Featuring the OBU Concert Choir
Thursday, April 28, 7:30 p.m.
Jones Performing Arts Center
Tickets: $10
Spring Women's Chorus and Ouachita Singers Concert
Monday, May 2, 7:30 p.m.
McBeth Recital Hall
Spring Tiger Steel Concert
Wednesday, May 4, 8:00 p.m.
McBeth Recital Hall
"Alone Together" and "Render"
The Muse Project: Student-devised Works
Thursday-Saturday, February 18-20, 7:30 p.m.
Sunday, February 21, 2:30 p.m.
Monday, February 22, 7:30 p.m.
Verser Theatre
Tickets: $10
A lively musical about an upbeat teen who moves to a small town where dancing and rock music have been banned
Thursday-Saturday, April 21-23, 7:30 p.m.
Sunday, April 24, 2:30 p.m.
Jones Performing Arts Center
Tickets: $12
Guest Artist Exhibit by Chrystal Seawood
Boys to "Black" Men
January 25-February 26
Rosemary (Gossett) Adams Gallery
Juried Student Exhibit
Student-submitted works are chosen for awards and exhibition by a professional juror, sponsored by the OBU Art Club
February 1-29
Hammons Gallery
Guest Artist Exhibit by Ted Barnes
Pilgrims Progress
March 3-31
Rosemary (Gossett) Adams Gallery
What to Expect at a Music Event
What to Expect at a Theatre Event
What to Expect at a Visual Art Event
Step 1: Visit www.obu.edu/boxoffice and select a seat (or seats, if you want to go with a group) for the event you wish to attend.
Step 2: Select the student price from the drop down and add it to your cart.
Step 3: Enter the sixteen-digit number on your student ID card in the box under "Membership" and click "Submit."
Step 4: Complete the check out process. You may choose to have your tickets e-mailed to you (to print or use as a mobile ticket) or held at the box office at Will Call where you can pick them up before the show.
Step 5: Please arrive at the venue at least fifteen minutes before the performance starts to ensure you have adequate time to get your tickets and find your seat. Enjoy the show!
Please contact Adam Wheat
Phone: (870) 245-5569
E-mail: email@example.com
Office: JPAC 105


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Related News
Dr. White & students present at Workplace Flexibility Forum
11/26/12 -
Dr. Zachary White, Assistant Professor and Interim Director of Graduate Programs in the Knight School of Communication, gave a presentation entitled, "Employee Burnout: The Side Effects of Caregiving" at the Workplace Flexibility Forum, hosted by WorkFlex Partners and Queens. At this event focusing on caregiver burnout in 21st century workplaces, three graduate students in the Knight School Master of Arts in Communication Program, Laura Tillistrand, Stacey Randall, and Jennifer Hull, presented health communication projects they created in Dr. White's graduate summer course, "Mediated Constructions of Health."
- Queens Sends Two Swimmers to Rio Olympics
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- Dr. Commins Named Engaged Faculty Scholar for 2016-17
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- Queens Ranked A Best College for Veterans
- STARTALK Summer Program Offers High Schoolers Language Immersion Opportunities
- Faculty-Student Project Produces, Fires Wood Kiln
- Queens Military Students Welcome General Pace, Veterans to Campus


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Stage 1&2
Stage 2&3
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Challenge level:
Take any two digit number, for example 58. What do you have to do to reverse the order of the digits? Can you find a rule for reversing the order of digits for any two digit number?
A three digit number abc is always divisible by 7 when 2a+3b+c is divisible by 7. Why?
Three people chose this as a favourite problem. It is the sort of
problem that needs thinking time - but once the connection is made
it gives access to many similar ideas.
Can you find what the last two digits of the number $4^{1999}$ are?
Four of these clues are needed to find the chosen number on this
grid and four are true but do nothing to help in finding the
number. Can you sort out the clues and find the number?
When the number x 1 x x x is multiplied by 417 this gives the
answer 9 x x x 0 5 7. Find the missing digits, each of which is
represented by an "x" .
The sum of the first 'n' natural numbers is a 3 digit number in which all the digits are the same. How many numbers have been summed?
Complete the following expressions so that each one gives a four
digit number as the product of two two digit numbers and uses the
digits 1 to 8 once and only once.
The number 12 = 2^2 � 3 has 6 factors. What is the smallest natural number with exactly 36 factors?
Can you find any perfect numbers? Read this article to find out more...
The number 8888...88M9999...99 is divisible by 7 and it starts with
the digit 8 repeated 50 times and ends with the digit 9 repeated 50
times. What is the value of the digit M?
Find the number which has 8 divisors, such that the product of the
divisors is 331776.
Helen made the conjecture that "every multiple of six has more
factors than the two numbers either side of it". Is this conjecture
The five digit number A679B, in base ten, is divisible by 72. What
are the values of A and B?
For this challenge, you'll need to play Got It! Can you explain the strategy for winning this game with any target?
I'm thinking of a number. When my number is divided by 5 the
remainder is 4. When my number is divided by 3 the remainder is 2.
Can you find my number?
Choose any 3 digits and make a 6 digit number by repeating the 3
digits in the same order (e.g. 594594). Explain why whatever digits
you choose the number will always be divisible by 7, 11 and 13.
This big box multiplies anything that goes inside it by the same number. If you know the numbers that come out, what multiplication might be going on in the box?
Work out Tom's number from the answers he gives his friend. He will
only answer 'yes' or 'no'.
Norrie sees two lights flash at the same time, then one of them
flashes every 4th second, and the other flashes every 5th second.
How many times do they flash together during a whole minute?
Make a set of numbers that use all the digits from 1 to 9, once and
once only. Add them up. The result is divisible by 9. Add each of
the digits in the new number. What is their sum? Now try some. . . .
Can you see how these factor-multiple chains work? Find the chain which contains the smallest possible numbers. How about the largest possible numbers?
Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, mulitply a two two digit numbers are multiplied to give a four digit number, so that the expression is correct. How many different solutions can you find?
How many integers between 1 and 1200 are NOT multiples of any of
the numbers 2, 3 or 5?
Find some triples of whole numbers a, b and c such that a^2 + b^2 + c^2 is a multiple of 4. Is it necessarily the case that a, b and c must all be even? If so, can you explain why?
Find the highest power of 11 that will divide into 1000! exactly.
Follow this recipe for sieving numbers and see what interesting patterns emerge.
Factor track is not a race but a game of skill. The idea is to go round the track in as few moves as possible, keeping to the rules.
Look at three 'next door neighbours' amongst the counting numbers. Add them together. What do you notice?
Can you complete this calculation by filling in the missing numbers? In how many different ways can you do it?
Have a go at balancing this equation. Can you find different ways of doing it?
Can you work out some different ways to balance this equation?
Imagine we have four bags containing a large number of 1s, 4s, 7s and 10s. What numbers can we make?
Becky created a number plumber which multiplies by 5 and subtracts
4. What do you notice about the numbers that it produces? Can you
explain your findings?
This article takes the reader through divisibility tests and how they work. An article to read with pencil and paper to hand.
A game for two people, or play online. Given a target number, say 23, and a range of numbers to choose from, say 1-4, players take it in turns to add to the running total to hit their target.
Number problems at primary level that may require determination.
Number problems at primary level to work on with others.
Which pairs of cogs let the coloured tooth touch every tooth on the
other cog? Which pairs do not let this happen? Why?
Twice a week I go swimming and swim the same number of lengths of the pool each time. As I swim, I count the lengths I've done so far, and make it into a fraction of the whole number of lengths I. . . .
Which is quicker, counting up to 30 in ones or counting up to 300 in tens? Why?
What is the lowest number which always leaves a remainder of 1 when
divided by each of the numbers from 2 to 10?
Can you work out what a ziffle is on the planet Zargon?
Explain why the arithmetic sequence 1, 14, 27, 40, ... contains many terms of the form 222...2 where only the digit 2 appears.
On the planet Vuv there are two sorts of creatures. The Zios have 3 legs and the Zepts have 7 legs. The great planetary explorer Nico counted 52 legs. How many Zios and how many Zepts were there?
What is the value of the digit A in the sum below: [3(230 + A)]^2 =
Find some examples of pairs of numbers such that their sum is a
factor of their product. eg. 4 + 12 = 16 and 4 × 12 = 48 and
16 is a factor of 48.
A number N is divisible by 10, 90, 98 and 882 but it is NOT
divisible by 50 or 270 or 686 or 1764. It is also known that N is a
factor of 9261000. What is N?
List any 3 numbers. It is always possible to find a subset of
adjacent numbers that add up to a multiple of 3. Can you explain
why and prove it?
Is it possible to draw a 5-pointed star without taking your pencil
off the paper? Is it possible to draw a 6-pointed star in the same
way without taking your pen off?


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Such a book, "written from the viewpoint of the private practitioner of medicine," fills a real need. It is based on the application of the principles of medical ethics to present economic conditions and surveys the economic side of medical education, private practice, the hospital, medical organization and the community. There are chapters on workmen's compensation, health insurance, industrial medicine, medical society experiments, and a final chapter discussing the "Essential Elements in a Comprehensive Plan for Medical Care." It assumes that "if the physician is to fulfil his whole duty to his community he must maintain a position of leadership in everything that pertains to the people's health."
The chapter on "The Physician and the Medical Organization" summarizes the great contribution made to society and to the profession by the American Medical Association and constituent societies. County medical societies are constantly assuming more effective and extensive leadership in all matters
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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
D*Votion 2000 (Armin Van Buuren Remix)
Features of This Tracktrance roots
four-on-the-floor beats
danceable beats
straight drum beats
a laid back female vocal
a female vocal
use of modal harmonies
the use of chordal patterning
acoustic guitar pickin'
synth riffs
effected synths
subtle use of staccato synths
a dry recording sound
trippy soundscapes
a synth-acoustic sonority
prevalent use of groove
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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Organic Week Roadshow
Learn more about what organic producers are doing to bring you the cleanest food available. In recognition of National Organic Week we will be sampling delicious organic foods. Drop in and enjoy specials on many local, organic and all natural products that we carry in the store.
The National Women's Show (Metro Toronto Convention Centre)
Stop by our booth at the National Women's Show, Canada's largest consumer event for women, from November 4th-6th to enjoy samples and special show savings from some of your favourite brands.
For more info visit: www.nationalwomenshow.com/en/toronto/visitor/


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Search unabridgedchick's books
Random books from unabridgedchick's library
The alphabet versus the goddess : the conflict between word and image by Leonard Shlain
The Edwardians (Virago Modern Classics) by Vita Sackville-West
Fire: From by Anaïs Nin
The Prisoner of the Riviera (The Francis Bacon My) by Janice Law
The Sergeant's Lady by Susanna Fraser
The Queen's Rivals by Brandy Purdy
Night of a Thousand Stars by Deanna Raybourn
Members with unabridgedchick's books
Member connections
Friends: aarti, ambur, baystateRA, bermudaonion, bibliophile.brouhaha, crazylilcuban, Enamoredsoul, Melissa_J, nomadreader, sagustocox, talesofwhimsy, yourotherleft
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CollectionsYour library (1,514), Read but unowned (108), Favorites (2), To read (1), Wishlist (1), All collections (1,523)
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About meI'm a 30-something married lesbian with a thing for literary fiction and historical novels. But I'm also having a pretty torrid affair with gritty noir and some paranormal/supernatural fiction. I love interesting heroines, gorgeous prose, place as character, and the occasional werewolf.
GroupsBlogger's Book Giveaways, Bloggers, Early Reviewers, Historical Fiction, Hobnob with Authors, TinyCat
Favorite authorsDiana Abu-Jaber, Diane Ackerman, Anna Akhmatova, Louisa May Alcott, Karen Armstrong, Jane Austen, Djuna Barnes, Ibn Battuta, Anne Brontë, Charlotte Brontë, Emily Bronte, Fanny Burney, A. S. Byatt, Anne Carson, Angela Carter, Colette, Louise Desalvo, Emily Dickinson, Isak Dinesen, H. D., Marguerite Duras, Lawrence Durrell, Maria Edgeworth, Rumer Godden, Nicola Griffith, John Brinckerhoff Jackson, Doris Lessing, Penelope Lively, Mina Loy, Katherine Mansfield, Daphne du Maurier, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Hope Mirrlees, Anaïs Nin, Julian of Norwich, Sigrid Nunez, Elaine Pagels, Dorothy Parker, Christina Rossetti, Muriel Rukeyser, Sappho, Anne Sexton, Dale Spender, Dylan Thomas, Yi-Fu Tuan, Sigrid Undset, Marina Warner, Jeanette Winterson, Virginia Woolf (Shared favorites)
Favorite bookstoresHarvard Book Store, Porter Square Books, UUA Bookstore
Favorite librariesCambridge Public Library - Main Branch
Also onFacebook, Tumblr, Twitter
Membership LibraryThing Early Reviewers/Member Giveaway
Real nameAudra
LocationBoston, MA
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Member sinceMar 1, 2006


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Matching: verbose:gc X
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How do I prevent my verbose:gc log being overwritten when the application restarts?
ChrisBailey Tags: verbose:gc logging pid 6,059 Views
In an old blog post entitled " Verbose GC output. Performance Problem or Always On Monitoring? " we covered how to log verbose:gc output to a single file or series of circular log files. This helps to maintain a history of GC activity which is a good...
from Blog: IBM on troubleshooting Java applications


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American Chemistry Council Posts Massive Increases in Political Spending
Washington, D.C.—The American Chemistry Council (ACC) is engaged in an unprecedented political advertising push, pouring millions of dollars into ads boosting favored candidates from both parties even as it pushes for a friendly overhaul of chemical safety laws, according to a new report from Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW).
Read the report, Chemical Reaction.
So far during the 2014 election cycle, the ACC has more than tripled disclosed spending on political ads compared to the 2012 cycle, including nearly $800,000 it spent on advertisements promoting two Republican Senate candidates just last week—Senate candidate Joni Ernst (R-IA) and Sen. Pat Roberts (R-KS). The trade association has also run thousands of other ads benefitting dozens of members of Congress that do not trigger federal disclosure requirements, so the true total is likely much higher.
"The American Chemistry Council's pumped-up political advertising spending, campaign contributions, and lobbying dollars make it impossible for new chemical regulations to pass without its approval," CREW Executive Director Melanie Sloan said. CREW's research shows since the ACC hired former Rep. Calvin Dooley (D-CA) as president and CEO in 2008, the trade association has:
- More than tripled its lobbying spending over the past five years, to more than $12 million in 2013;
- Contributed more than $350,000 from its PAC so far this election cycle;
- Quintupled its contributions to state and local-level campaigns between 2008 and 2012, with the most money going to California, Illinois, New Jersey, Oregon, and Georgia.
"ACC has found the right formula for influence: hire a former elected official to gain access to decision-makers, and spend a massive amount of money. This is a bad sign for Americans looking to Congress and state legislators to protect their communities from the dangers of toxic chemicals," Ms. Sloan added.
Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) is a non-profit legal watchdog group dedicated to holding public officials accountable for their actions. For more information, please visit www.citizensforethics.org or contact Jordan Libowitz at 202.408.5565 or email@example.com.


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site fully.
Gas Logs
Outdoor Fireplaces
Mantels & Surrounds
Why Majestic
Customer Care
Fireplace Safety
Where to Buy
DutchWest Non-Catalytic Wood Burning Stove
These EPA certified cast iron stoves offer efficient, environmentally friendly heating in a convenient non-catalytic format. With three sizes to choose from you can bring the cozy comfort of a wood fire to both small and large rooms.
With three different sizes, you can easily find the right stove for any room size. Available in Small, Medium and Large.
DutchWest non-catalytic wood stoves earn high marks with the EPA for their outstanding emissions performance. In fact, DutchWest stoves are among the cleanest in the wood stove industry with emissions of less than 1.5 grams per hour!
The large glass doors are designed with a clean face for an unobstructed, clear view of the dancing flames. And, an optional convection air blower augments the superior radiant heating ability of cast iron construction to deliver heat throughout your home.
The state-of-the-art EVERBURN combustion system causes the gases produced from burning wood to mix with just the right amount of air to ensure they are burned completely. This produces cleaner emissions. Plus, DutchWest non-catalytic stoves can burn more steadily and longer on a single load of wood compared to other non-catalytic stoves.
Variable thermostat controlled forced air blower.
Allows your stove to vent outside the house.
Heat shields allow you to place your stove closer to combustible walls and floors. Available in 2 sizes: Small/Medium and Large.
For Small stoves only, this kit allows you to install your stove in a mobile home.
Dimensions in inches. Refer to installation/owner's manual for detailed specifications on installing this product. Hearth & Home Technologies reserves the right to update units periodically. Product installation must adhere strictly to instructions shipped with product.
Heat output will vary depending on the type of fuel used. The flame and ember appearance may vary based on the type of fuel burned and the venting configuration used. Actual product appearance, including flame may differ from image shown. Refer to the owner's manual for complete clearance requirements and specifications. Product specifications and pricing subject to change without notice. For testing and listing information please refer to the owner's/installation manual.
Copyright © 2016 Majestic Products. All rights reserved
Consumer Internet Sales Policy / Privacy Policy /
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Claymont News
Local news for Claymont, DE continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
Man and Woman Found Dead in Home Depot Parking Lot
Thursday Jul 21 | NBC Philadelphia | Comment?
Claymont news is powered by NewsRank™
Updated: Thu Jul 21, 2016 10:39 pm
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Elastic thread
I want to mend some socks using elastic thread but I can't find any needles with big enough eyes.
Does anyone know how to use elastic thread?
Thanks and spay/ neuter !!
1 Post Sign in to add a post
Jul 11, 2012, 03.56 PMby tzyg0nka
I just saw your post. You are supposed to wind the elastic thread by hand on the bobbin. The package usually has instructions. Hope this helps
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