text:
These two workshops will be held back-to-back in Hangzhou, China, from 1 to 5 June 2015.This meeting will be hosted by the Ministry of Civil of Affairs of the People's Republic of China, and co-organized by the National
Free tagging:
Venue Country:
Ministry of Civil of Affairs of the People's Republic of China
National Disaster Reduction Centre of China, UN-SPIDER and UNESCAP
The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), UN-SPIDER's Regional Support Office in Nepal, organised a workshop on Rapid
A UNOOSA/UN-SPIDER expert participated in the 4th meeting of the CEOS Working Group on Capacity Building and Data Democracy (WGCapD) from 18 to 20 March 2015 in Pretoria, South Africa. CEOS is the Commitee on Earth Observation Satellites. UNOOSA is an associate member of CEOS and an active participant in the Working Group.
On 19 and 20 September 2014, UN-SPIDER hosted a joint workshop with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Tohoku University, International Research Institute of
The workshop shall provide a forum for the science communities interested in EarthCARE or in the observation of cloud, aerosol and radiation from space or ground, as well as for the climate modelling communities, in order to drive the preparation for the scientific exploitation of EarthCARE.
As in previous years, the purpose is to bring together experts from industry and research organizations to share and present their latest findings on RF remote sensing technology, processing and systems.
ESA, IFT-TC (Instrumentation and Future Technologies Technical Committee) of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society.
This open-ended Intergovernmental Preparatory Committee for the 3rd World Conference on
UN General Assembly
This international interdisciplinary CODATA workshop on Risk Information Management, Risk Models, and Applications will enable sharing of best practices as well as giving space for discussing methodological problems
CODATA-Germany, the German National Committee for the ICSU Committee on Data for Science and Technology
in cooperation with German Cartographic Society Commission on "Risks, Disaster, Security UN ISDR Network on Information and Knowledge Management for Disaster Risk Reduction (IKM4DRR) International Cartographic Association Commission on Cartography in Early Warning and Crisis Management/commissions/ International Cartographic Association Commission on GIS and Sustainable Development
UN-SPIDER and its Regional Support Office in Indonesia, LAPAN, jointly conducted the ASEAN workshop "Development of mechanisms for acquisition and utilisation of
The knowledge on natural resources accounting to support subsistence livelihoods and environmental conservation is a critical and perennial need in theHindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region.
© 2015 UNOOSA - All Rights Reserved


text:
Coming up in the next {{countdown}} {{countdownlbl}}
Coming up next:
Skip to this video now
Now Playing:
Play Video
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
5 Things to Know This Morning: Hillary Highlights
5 Things to Know This Morning
World News Now: Tuesday, June 10, 2014
In today's news: Brazil protests; mountain climbers rescued; woman celebrates 100th birthday!
Now Playing: World News Now: Tuesday, June 10, 2014
Now Playing: Are Soy-Based Baby Formulas Better?
Now Playing: Susan Sarandon, Danny Glover and Other Celebs Stand By Bernie Supporters
Now Playing: New Shipwreck Discovery Reveals 340-Year-Old Tin Can of Cheese
Now Playing: Joe Biden Praises Hillary Clinton at the DNC
Now Playing: Who is Tim Kaine?
Now Playing: 'The Bachelorette: 'Men Tell All' Recap
Now Playing: Teen Nails Acapella Rendition of Celine Dion's 'Power of Love'
Now Playing: Looking Ahead: Day 3 of the DNC
Now Playing: Treasure Hunt in New Mexico Turns Deadly
Now Playing: Hillary Clinton Officially Clinches the Democratic Presidential Nomination
Now Playing: Leslie Jones Rejoins Twitter
Now Playing: Insomniac Theater: 'Star Trek Beyond' and 'Absolutely Fabulous'
Now Playing: Friday Rewind: Trump Secures Republican Nomination
Now Playing: Last VCR Manufacturer Is Ceasing Production
Now Playing: The Best of Fashion From the Republican National Convention
Now Playing: Construction Worker Entertains Children in Hospital with Real-Life Game of 'Where's Waldo'
Now Playing: Miranda Kerr is Engaged to Snapchat CEO Evan Spiegel
Now Playing: Hollywood Legend Garry Marshall Dies at 81
Now Playing: Outrageous Fashion at the RNC
Now Playing: {{itm.title}}

subset: commoncrawl


text:
i'm constantly writing the Word GOD. But the letters are so huge that they're encompassing everything that you're seeing and not seeing.
Rinon Hoxha
Contributed by: Rinon Hoxha - Ustahi
In life you need only The GOD. Noone else.Praise be to GOD. The Lord of The Worlds.
You'll find GOD anywhere where human hasn't touched.
Only The Presence of GOD defines Success from Failure.Whatever form, shape or image it takes. It's ALL HIM, INFINITE Beyond Wise.i Love YOU.
The Remembrance of GOD brings change from Beyond.
Let the beauty of the nature enter your home.
Your thoughts aren't yours.And you are Responsible for your Mind.
Which Soul can lift belief so High that none can grab it besides GOD?
The Only worth thinking about is GOD.
You cannot reach GOD without knowing yourself. And you can't know yourself until your reach GOD. Then becomes now, and now, Forever.
Copyright © 2016 Gaiam, Inc.


text:
Forgot password
Submitting this form below will send a message to your email with a link to change your password.
Today Across the U.S.
There's Always Something Happening @ KU Studios. Sign Up Now for Spring Classes. Click Here for More Information.
Hurry, camps are filling up fast!!
Free Estimates* for Complete Heating and Cooling Systems ~ Residential & Commercial HVAC Contractors in Tucson!
American Conditioned Air is dedicated to providing the highest level of professional service…


text:
Virtual storage tutorials
SearchVirtualStorage.com's tutorials provide the in-depth learning information storage administrators need on the topics of data storage issues related to server virtualization and desktop virtualization; SAN and file storage virtualization; and network, or I/O, virtualization.
This Article Covers
Virtualization Strategy
Looking for something else?
SearchVirtualStorage.com's tutorials provide the in-depth learning information storage administrators need on the topics of data storage issues related to server virtualization and desktop virtualization; SAN and file storage virtualization; and network, or I/O, virtualization. Bookmark our tutorials page and check back often for new reports.
Free download: A complete guide to storage for virtual environments
Many storage admins consider virtual servers for a boost in agility – which is essential when supporting remote offices, new business applications, and unbridled data growth. But, if you're thinking of approaching your virtual environments with the same old storage strategy as your physical servers, then you're setting yourself up for a series of performance and capacity issues down the road. Download this invaluable guide, featuring expert tips and advice to help you architect the best storage management strategy for virtual environments.
By submitting your email address, you agree to receive emails regarding relevant topic offers from TechTarget and its partners. You can withdraw your consent at any time. Contact TechTarget at 275 Grove Street, Newton, MA.
You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
SAN virtualization: Products and best practices for storage virtualization
Learn how to best implement SAN virtualization in our collection of top articles on storage virtualization products and best practices.
Virtual server tutorial: Managing a server virtualization environment
This virtual server tutorial evaluates network storage options for virtual servers, describes the VMware vStorage APIs and discusses VMware virtual servers.
VDI technology: What you need to know to implement VDI at your company
Our VDI technology assessment helps users construct a VDI project plan, provides VDI licensing info and discusses the challenges of implementing VDI storage.
Data storage management tools for a virtual server environment
In virtualized server environments, the need to provide greater visibility and ease allocation of storage for virtual servers has spurred data storage management tools from vendors that sell hypervisors, storage arrays and SRM products.
Virtual networks for storage and data environments
Learn how to reduce cable clutter and consolidate network and storage I/O using technologies such as NPIV, FCoE, and PCIe extension in this slide presentation.
Storage virtualization technology benefits and drawbacks
We outline the benefits and drawbacks of storage virtualization technology, and tell you how to implement data storage virtualization into your environment.
Block-based storage virtualization project guide
Learn the challenges and rewards of real-world block-based storage virtualization implementations, involving three types of storage virtualization products.
I/O virtualization: Approaches and implementations
Learn which companies have offerings in the I/O virtualization space, how they approach network infrastructure problems, and the pros and cons of each product..
Data storage management in virtual server environments
What are the pros and cons of Fibre Channel and iSCSI in virtual server environments? How does 10 GbE influence SAN management? Find out how users are evaluating iSCSI, the impact of server virtualisation and listen to our podcast to determine your IT strategy.
Dig Deeper on Virtualization Strategy
Find more PRO+ content and other member only offers, here.


text:
Item #: 2251087 Size: 1.58 oz
Special Free Gift with Purchase! Click for Offer Details
FREE deluxe mini Skinlongevity with any $40 bareMinerals purchase (offer valid 7/31/16-8/27/16 or while supplies last)
Excluded from coupons : This item is not eligible for coupon discounts.
Reviewed by 1 customer
Best Uses
Comments about BareMinerals Travel Size Instant Waterproof Eye Makeup Remover:
I've used other eye makeup remover and nothing works like this one. It removes all of the eyeliner, eye makeup, and mascara off. I've used this for years and don't plan on changing it.


text:
Guide By: Y0UNIK0RN
There are 48 achievements with a total of 1000 points.
Show / Hide Guide Road Map
x360a would like to thank Y0UNIK0RN for this Road Map
|Complete the game on Easy or higher
|See King
|Complete the game on Normal or higher
|See King
|Complete the game on Hard
To earn these three achievements you must simply play the game one time on Hard. The game even on hard is absolutely simple. You don't need to be scared because this is about as easy as games come these days, with only 11 chapters you will finish this game in no time.
|Friend of Alexander
|Collect 25 Turtles
|See Veterinarian
|Friend of Ira
|Collect 25 Geodes
|See Geologist
|Friend of Judith
|Collect 25 Seeds
|See Green Thumb
|Friend of Douglas
|Collect 25 Honeycombs
|See Bee Keeper
|Friend of Bull
|Collect 25 Skulls
|See Hamlet
|Friend of KW
|Collect 25 Owl Eggs
|See Incubator
|Friend of Carol
|Collect 25 Houses
|See Real Estate Mogul
|Collect all Turtles
|First 15 are found on "The Cave"
Next 30 are found on "Below the Roots"
Last 15 are found on "A Trip to the Moon"
|Collect all Geodes
|First 15 are found on "Seasick"
Next 5 are found on "Crumbling Island"
Another 25 are found on "Setting Sail"
Last 15 can be found in the "Village"
|Green Thumb
|Collect all Seeds
|First 30 are found on "Rebellion"
Last 30 are located in the "Village"
|Collect all Honeycombs
|First 15 are found on "The Cave"
Next 10 are found on "Rebellion"
Again 10 are located on "Crumbling Island"
Another 20 are located in "The Old Willow"
Last 5 are located on "Setting Sail"
|Collect all Skulls
|First 30 are located on "Arrival"
Next 10 are found in "The Cave"
Another 5 are found on "Canyon River"
Last 15 are located on "A Trip to the Moon"
|Collect all Owl Eggs
|First 15 are found on "Seasick"
Next 15 are found on "Crumbling Island"
Another 15 are found in "The Old Willow"
Last 15 are located on "A Trip to the Moon"
|Real Estate Mogul
|Collect all Houses
|irst 30 are found on "Road to Nowhere"
Next 15 are found in "Canyon River"
Last 15 are located on "A Trip to the Moon"
|Find 5 Stars
|See Universe
|Find 20 Stars
|See Universe
|Star Cluster
|Find 40 Stars
|See Universe
|Find 65 Stars
|See Universe
|Find 95 Stars
Throughout the game you will find shiny stars. They are located on every single level in the game even the village. They are not that difficult to find, but are usually out of the way of the main path in the game. Some require tiny puzzles why others are just hidden behind other objects. They are hard to miss but a few of them will require a little patience and timing. The most difficult ones for me to find were on the level called "The Old Willow" during the riding sequence you will have to choose between two different path ways two different times. So, no matter what you will have to restart the level or go back later to collect all the stars. Other than that these are very easy to find so enjoy the hunt.
|On Fire
|Defeat 250 Fireflies
This is the easiest achievement in the game because you have to kill this many no matter what. Even if you don't want to you still must so don't sweat trying to stay back by hives. You will have plenty to kill. Anything that is flying is a firefly so pretty much everything you kill counts towards this.
|Greased Lightning
|Defeat 25 Lightning Bugs
During the game to get past certain parts and to collect certain items you will be forced to kill the big shocking Beatles. You will earn this before you finish, and if you don't you can replay levels to kill more. The way to kill them is to charge up your rod hit them and when they are turned over smash away.
|The Cleaner
|Defeat 100 Shadow Creatures
This achievement will be unlocked before you finish the game as it's required that you kill this many Shadow Creatures so don't worry about it. You will earn this by at least the 7th mission or 8th. If your wondering what they are, they are the tiny black creatures you kill during the parts where your saving the Wild Things from Oblivion.
|Jack of Hearts
|Earn 4 Hearts
|See Ace of Hearts
|King of Hearts
|Earn 7 Hearts
|See Ace of Hearts
|Ace of Hearts
|Earn 10 Hearts
During the course of the game you will see little white orbs. You get these by collecting, smashing, and killing things. Obtaining these orbs fills up a heart meter. When it's full, it'll add another heart to your total. By the end of the game you should have about 8 or 9 hearts. Don't worry about not having all the hearts before finishing the game because after you can replay chapters over again. The easiest level to gain white orbs in is "A Trip to the Moon".
|Three Square Meals
|Be eaten by three different Wild Things
This is very easy. When in the Village walk up to any of the Wild Things, when your next to them punch them and then they will attack you. Wait till they get your health all the way down. Once they do they will eat you. Now do this with two other Wild Things and you will unlock the achievement.
|Worst King Ever
|Allow three different Wild Things to fade into oblivion
Throughout the game you will be forced to fight the darkness off the Wild Things. You will know this when they are being sucked into a black goo. When you see this happening simply let them get sucked completely in. Don't worry because there is always a checkpoint right before each part so you can redo it over again. Just do this with three different Wild Things and the achievement will unlock.
|Cause three different Wild Things to sneeze
This can be done throughout the game at any section where your provided pollen, but the easiest way is eventually after collecting enough of the Seed collectibles the garden in the Village will grow a Pollen plant. Once it's there just run around and throw Pollen at three different Wild Things.
|Power-swing from three bars
You will unlock this on the very first level that you play. You will be required to cross 3 branches by swinging across them. Once across all three the achievement will unlock.
|Defeat five enemies with one firefly bomb
This one is a tad bit annoying but an easy place to obtain it is on the level called "Rebellion". Once you make your way around the first part of the game where you are getting dirt clods thrown at you by the Wild Things you will enter your first cave. In the cave you can find a ton of firefly hives. Walk to the one in the back an the instant explode firefly will appear wait for them to pile around then hit the instant exploder and the achievement will unlock.
|Complete a ride with Carol without crashing
This is easily done on the first mission where your required to ride on the back of Carol. While riding just avoid trees and duck under & jump over trees. Once you are finished with the riding section the achievement will pop.
|Complete a Sailing mission without crashing
This is easily done on the first mission where you are found in a sailboat. Simply avoid all the sides of the canyon and when you get attacked by the darkness or get caught in a whirl pool simply go Left & Right on the Right Joy Stick. But if you do happen to get the boat hit don't worry because as long as you don't destroy the entire boat & kill yourself then it will unlock.
|Glass Houses
|Start a Dirt Clod Fight with multiple Wild Things
When your in the Village you can find a pile of rocks that are laying around. Pick one up and toss it at any of the Wild Things. Once done they will start to throw things at you. Now just run behind another Wild Thing that's not throwing anything and once it's hit by the rock of the other Wild Thing the achievement will unlock.
|Wild Rumpus!
|Defeat 15 enemies in a row in melee without being hit
This is easily done on the first level. You will have to kill a ton of firefly's on the first level and as long as you press the block button which is the Left Trigger you will earn this. Just kill 15.
Secret Achievements
|Follow the Bull
|Complete 'Arrival'
This is the first chapter in the game and is very straight forward. It's basically a training level where you will learn the ropes of the game. Your objective is to follow Bull to the Wild Thing hideout. Once done enjoy the first cinematic of the game!
|Explore the Island
|Complete 'Road to Nowhere'
In this level you will be following Carol around while he try's to test you to see if you're wild enough to become a Wild Thing. It's a simple level with some new things in it. The end of the level is located when you see a portal. This is also the first level that you get to ride Carol on. So go for the achievement requiring you to not crash on Carol's back, on this level.
|Escape the Cave
|Complete 'The Cave'
In this level Douglas and Alexander will trick you into entering a cave which is filled with the Shadow Creatures. The level is long and has your first flying sections.
|Plug the Rifts
|Complete 'Canyon River'
This is the first level you are able to sail in. You start off sailing so play smart if you want the achievement for not crashing. You can break pieces of the boat off, but don't destroy the whole thing. Once that section is done you will follow Carol to a huge chunk of darkness flowing in the river. It's your job to take it out.
|Rescue Ira
|Complete 'Seasick'
Not much to say about this level except that it is very short but your job is to rescue Ira from the darkness. Follow KW to him and have fun fighting the darkness!
|Go to Nowhere
|Complete 'Rebellion'
On this level you will attacked by Judith and Douglas. You and KW will run through while she try's to protect you. There's a lot of Clod dodging and fighting Beatles along with Flying parts so enjoy. It is very easy, but once at the end be ready to face a double Shadow battle to save Judith and Douglas.
|Survive the Destruction
|Complete 'Crumbling Island'
After the last level you are made King of the Wild Things due to you saving everyone, but it does not last long when you find that the world is being consumed by darkness and that the moon is closing in on earth. It's your job to get home safely after finding this out.
|Find a New Island
|Complete 'Old Willow'
This level starts you on the back of Carol. At the start you are given the option of choosing a path while on Carol either way you choose you will again come up to a second split pathway either way you have to redo this part later. Once the ride is over you will climb a mountain and enter the giant Firefly hive. It's your duty to get to the top and find another island!
|Reach the Ocean
|Complete 'Setting Sail'
This level starts you off on foot. Just continue you through the level looking for an area to set sail because your job is to get to the other island. Once you are on the boat get ready for an awesome sailing sequence and be sure not to crash.
|Find Alexander
|Complete 'Below the Roots'
Second to last level. This level will require you to follow Alexander to try and figure out what he is up too. The level is over all pretty easy with a ton of caves and a lot of firefly's. Once this level is over with enjoy the scene with Alexander where you get to see part of Max's room.
|Leap to the Moon
|Complete 'A Trip to the Moon'
Last level of the game and it's the hardest one, which still means nothing considering the game is pretty easy. This one has a lot of weird vine climbing and a ton of Shadow Creature killing. Your Wild Things will get caught in a ton of oblivion traps so remember to block a lot and lanterns are always there to help. Once done you will watch a scene and complete the game congratulations!
Amaze Entertainment
Warner Bros. Interactive
October 13, 2009
|You need to log in or register to use MyAchievements.
|You need to log in or register to rate games.
User Score is based on 80 user ratings.


text:
Skip to comments.Report: Muslim violence against Jews on rise in Germany
Posted on 04/24/2004 9:32:31 AM PDT by Bismarck
Berlin - Violence by Moslem youths against Jews is on the rise in Germany, according to a published report Saturday.
A total 35 violent attacks on Jewish individuals were reported in Germany last year, up from 28 in 2002, according to the report in Der Tagesspiegel newspaper.
The Berlin paper based its report on preliminary federal statistics on anti-Semitism in Germany.
Berlin was the location of more attacks than any other city in Germany, with 12 reported cases of violence against Jews.
The report said half of all such cases involved attacks by non-German youths. Turkish nationals account for 20 per cent of all non-Germans in Germany. Berlin has 170,000 Turks, the largest ethnic Turkish population of any European city.
Meanwhile, anti-Semitic violence by German neo-Nazis is on the decline, the report said.
Last year 1,000 incidents were reported, ranging from desecrating Jewish cemeteries to distributing anti-Semitic literature. In 2002 the figure was 1,592.
The number of skinheads has also declined, from an estimated 10,700 in 2002 to 10,000 in 2003
They are not being attacked for political reasons, they are being attacked for their religion. Muslims think they have a right to make places Judenrein.
Anti-Jewish violence is on the rise . . . The number of skinheads has declined . . . Neo-Nazi violence has declined . . . But only half of the attacks are by non-German youths . . . Lemme see . . . That means half of the attacks are being done by "good Germans," and more are joining in everyday. We knew it wouldn't be long after re-unification before Germany returned to its roots.
There were less criminal offenses against Jews, but a rise in assaults (a violent criminal offense) against them, the number of total assaults was 35.
I didn't see muslim in the report, the only point where foreigners were mentioned was in the 2nd paragraph below. The report attributed the drop in criminal offenses against jews to fewer or less inflammatory speeches by certain politicians.
The number of overall criminal offenses (against anyone) by right leaning extremists was 10,500 a drop of 402, assaults remained about the same at 772. The number of right leaning extremists (skinheads) shrunk from 10,700 to 10,000, while the neo-nazis grew from 2600 to 3000.
We can't call an 'all clear' now, though. The authorities registered an increase of anti-Jewish assaults: 35 in 2003, after 28 in the 2002 and 18 in the 2001. With twelve anti-Semitic assaults occurring in Berlin, that meant a third were committed in the federal capital. In addition, the growing number of non-German perpetrators in Berlin is striking: Foreigners, primarily younger ones, committed half of all anti-Semitic criminal offenses (Total number (of crimes) in 2003: 171). [I think they mean in Berlin]
....Juden häufiger Opfer von Gewalttaten
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 9, 2006
|Filing date
|Jan 23, 2002
|Priority date
|Sep 16, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Sayeed A. Mir, Dennis B. Skellenger, Roy Alan McCann, Mark Philip Colosky
|Original Assignee
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (41), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (21), Classifications (18), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional from application Ser. No. 09/663,448 filed Sep. 15, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,392,418 and claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/154,054, filed Sep. 16, 1999 the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to permanent magnetic electric machine, and more particularly, to a torque current comparison for current reasonableness diagnostics.
Most modern vehicles have power steering in which the force exerted by the operator on the steering wheel is assisted by hydraulic pressure from an electric or engine-driven pump. The rotary motion of the steering wheel is converted to linear motion in a steering gear. The force applied to the steering wheel is multiplied by the mechanical advantage of the steering gear. In many vehicles, the steering gear is of a rack and pinion type, while in others it is recirculating ball type.
Electric power steering is commonly used in the hybrid vehicles to improve fuel economy. This is accomplished through the reduction of losses inherent in traditional steering systems. When operating at low speeds, hydraulic assist provides satisfactory feel and response characteristics and accommodates the excess capacity required for high-speed operation by the constant circulation of hydraulic fluid through a directional bypass valve. This bypass flow combined with system backpressure expends power needlessly from the vehicle powerplant. These losses are also a function of the rotational speed of the pump. Thus, hydraulic efficiency decreases with engine speed. Average losses under a no steering, zero speed condition can exceed 100 Watts.
Alternatively, electric power steering requires power only on demand. The electronic controller requires much less power under a no steering input condition. This dramatic decrease from conventional steering assist is the basis of the fuel economy savings. Electric power steering has several additional advantages. The steering feel provided to the operator has greater flexibility and adaptability. Overall system mass savings may also be achieved. Electric power steering is powerplant independent, which means it can operate during an all electric mode on a vehicle.
Furthermore, it is known in the art relating to electric motors that polyphase permanent magnet (PM) brushless motors excited with a sinusoidal field provide lower torque ripple, noise, and vibration when compared with those excited with a trapezoidal field. Theoretically, if a motor controller produces polyphase sinusoidal currents with the same frequency and phase as that of the sinusoidal back electromotive force (EMF), the torque output of the motor will be a constant, and zero torque ripple will be achieved. However, due to practical limitations of motor design and controller implementation, there are always deviations from pure sinusoidal back EMF and current waveforms. Such deviations usually result in parasitic torque ripple components at various frequencies and magnitudes. Various methods of torque control can influence the magnitude and characteristics of this torque ripple.
One method of torque control for a permanent magnet motor with a sinusoidal, or trapezoidal back EMF is accomplished by controlling the motor phase currents so that the current vector is phase aligned with the back EMF. This control method is known as current mode control. In this a method, the motor torque is proportional to the magnitude of the current. However, current mode control has some drawbacks, in that it typically requires a complex controller for digital implementation and processing. The controller also requires multiple A/D channels to digitize the feedback from current sensors, some of which need to be placed on at least some phases for phase current measurements. Another drawback of current mode control is its sensitivity to current measurement errors, which cause torque ripple to be induced at the fundamental frequency.
Another method of torque control is termed voltage mode control. In voltage mode control, the motor phase voltages are controlled in such a manner as to maintain the motor flux sinusoidal and voltage rather than current feedback is employed. Voltage mode control also typically provides for increased precision in control of the motor, while minimizing torque ripple. One application for an electric machine using voltage mode control is the electric power steering system (EPS) because of its fuel economy and ease-of-control advantages compared with the traditional hydraulic power steering. However, commercialization of EPS systems has been limited due to cost and performance challenges. Among the most challenging technical issues are a pulsation at the steering wheel and the audible noise associated with voltage mode control.
Despite the above-mentioned methods, a more precise or accurate control scheme is needed for some applications. For example, in an electric power steering control system, some unidentified faults or failure of a detection function may cause an undesired condition in the system. Generally speaking, current mode control method involves a trapezoidal system employing feedback, whereas the voltage mode control method involves a sinusoidal system wherein no feedback occurs. That is, current mode control is a closed loop methodology in that a current feedback is used as controlling parameter by the current mode control, while voltage mode control is an open loop control methodology. Therefore, in case of an unidentified fault within the voltage control system, or a change in the motor parameters, steering assist might be undesirably affected. Thus, there is a need in the art for a diagnostic method that enables various control methodologies to be employed while reducing the effect of unidentified faults.
This disclosure details a method and apparatus for determination of current in a PM motor in an EPS control system. The control system provides the appropriate power to a PM motor to affect the desired assist while providing diagnostic monitoring. Diagnostic functions monitor torque response of a motor and take appropriate actions should an undesired torque condition be detected.
Disclosed is a method for determining a torque current in an electric machine coupled to a polyphase bus, the method comprising: detecting a rotational position of the electric machine with a position encoder coupled to the electric machine; controlling an inverter comprising a plurality of switching devices, the inverter having an input coupled to a direct current bus, and an output coupled to the polyphase bus. Where the inverter is responsive to commands from a controller coupled to the inverter and to the position encoder; measuring a current from the direct current bus; and capturing the current at a predefined interval of time.
Also disclosed is a system for determining a current in an electric machine coupled to a polyphase bus, the system comprising: a position encoder coupled to the electric machine to detect rotational position; an inverter having an input coupled to a direct current bus, and an output coupled to the polyphase bus. The inverter is responsive to commands from a controller coupled to the inverter and to the position encoder; The system also includes a sensor to detect a current from the direct current bus; where the sensor captures the current at a predefined interval of time
Also disclosed is a storage medium encoded with machine-readable computer program code for determining a current of an electric machine is described. The storage medium includes instructions for measuring a rotary position of an electric machine causing a computer to implement the abovementioned current determination method.
Also disclosed is computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave for determining a phase current in an electric machine coupled to a polyphase bus, said data signal comprising code configured to cause a controller to implement the above mentioned method.
The present invention will now be described, by way of an example, with references to the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several figures in which:
Referring now to the drawings in detail,
In the scheme depicted, the torque of the motor 12 is controlled using voltage mode control and without utilizing a current sensor. Instead of controlling the torque producing current, the controller determines the voltage required for producing the desired torque based on motor equations. The voltage mode control method is based on electric machine operation phasor diagram as shown in FIG. 1. Under steady state operating condition, the voltage phasor {right arrow over (V)}, back EMF phasor {right arrow over (E)} and current phasor {right arrow over (I)} of a sinusoidally excited PM motor are governed by:
{right arrow over (V)}={right arrow over (E)}+{right arrow over (I)}R+j{right arrow over (I)}X s (1)
where R is the winding resistance, Xs is the phase reactance which is equal to the product of motor inductance Ls and the excitation frequency ω. Here, it is assumed that the angle between back EMF phasor {right arrow over (E)} and current phasor {right arrow over (I)} is α and the angle between the voltage phasor {right arrow over (V)} and the back EMF phasor {right arrow over (E)} is δ.
Neglecting motor iron losses, friction and windage losses, the output power of the PM motor is equal to
P=3IE cos α (2)
and the output torque is
T=P/ω m (3)
where ωm=ω/(no. of pole pairs). Based on the phasor diagram, it can be derived that
V cos δ=E+IR cos α+IX s sin α (4)
V sin δ=−IR sin α+IX s cos α (5)
Solving equations 4 and 5 yields
By substituting equation 6 into equation 2, it is obtained that
From equation 7 and equation 3, the motor torque can be expressed as
where Ke={right arrow over (E)}/ωm is the EMF constant. It can be seen from equation 8 that the motor torque is dependent on the motor input voltage {right arrow over (V)}, the motor parameters and operating speed. Hence, given the motor parameters and speed, by controlling the voltage magnitude {right arrow over (V)} and its phase angle δ relative to back EMF {right arrow over (E)}, it is possible to control the motor torque to a desired value. Equation 8 forms the basis of the control method.
Since it is difficult to deal with the control of two variables at the same time, the angle δ between the back EMF {right arrow over (E)} and the voltage {right arrow over (V)} vectors is fixed to a value and then the amplitude of the motor input voltage is adjusted. Thus, the voltage required for any given torque command Tcmd can be calculated by substituting Tcmd into equation 8 and solving for {right arrow over (V)}:
Equation 9 shows that, for a fixed angle δ between the back EMF {right arrow over (E)} and the terminal voltage {right arrow over (V)}, to maintain a torque equal to the commanded torque with varying speed, the amplitude of motor input voltage has to change. Thus, information of motor parameters, rotor speed and position angle is required, but no current feedback is needed, for the controller to develop a signal to produce a desired motor torque. In the preferred embodiment, the voltage mode control method is implemented for a permanent magnet motor employing the relationships identified in equation 9.
In the voltage mode control, the angle δ has to be chosen properly. By referring to
In an alternative embodiment for implementation of these equations, a further simplification is made. Since the motor reactance is usually much smaller than the resistance, the inductance term in equation 9 can be ignored. Therefore, only the following simplified control equation need be implemented by the controller:
When the motor parameters are perhaps not well understood or when the precision of the motor torque control is less important, equation 10 provides an easily implemented simplified equation. However, if the motor parameters are well understood and greater precision in the control of the motor is necessary, an implementation utilizing the relationships identified in equation 9 are more suitable.
Referring to
From the position signal 24, a speed measuring circuit 16 determines the speed of the rotor and outputs a speed signal 26. The circuit 16 may include a counter that counts the position signal pulses for a predetermined duration. The count value is proportional to the speed of the motor. For example, if a counter counts the position signal pulses in time intervals of 5 ms and the encoder has a resolution of 2.5 degree, the speed measurement will have a resolution of about 41.7 rpm. The speed signal can also be obtained as the derivative of the position signal from the equation ωm=Δθm/Δt where Δt is the sampling time and Δθm is the change in position during the sampling interval.
The position 24, speed 26, and a torque command signals 28 are applied to the controller 18. The torque command signal 28 is indicative of the desired motor torque. The controller 18 determines the voltage amplitude Vref 30 required to develop the desired torque by using the position, speed, and torque command signals 24, 26, 28, and other fixed motor parameter values. For a three-phase motor, three sinusoidal reference signals that are synchronized with the motor back EMF {right arrow over (E)} are required to generate the required motor input voltages. The controller transforms the voltage amplitude signal Vref 30 into three phases by determining phase voltage command signals Va, Vb and Vc from the voltage amplitude signal 30 and the position signal 24 according to the following equations:
V a =V ref sin(θ) (11)
V b =V ref sin(θ−120�) (12)
V c =V ref sin(θ−240�) (13)
Motor voltage command signals 32 of the controller 18 are applied to a power circuit or inverter 20, which is coupled with a power source 22 to apply phase voltages 34 to the stator windings of the motor in response to the motor voltage command signals 32. But in order to generate phase voltages 34 with an average sinusoidal shape, switching devices 50 (See
More generally, a voltage control schematic can be shown in FIG. 2. Where V at block 36 may be considered a function of the torque command Tcmd, and the angular speed of the PM motor 12 rotor. And the duty cycles of each phase are functions of phasor voltage V, power bus voltage Vdc, and rotor position θ, as well as angle correction δ. In other words, for a PM brush-less machines used in voltage mode control, a method achieves torque control by regulating the motor voltages. By using the motor parameters (e.g. torque constant K) and speed (e.g., ω), a controller 18 calculates the voltage required to produce a desired torque. The controller 18 is implemented using feedback signals from rotor position 24 and speed 26, which are derived from rotor position encoder 14.
It can be seen from equation (14) that in the PM machine, torque is a function of the motor current for a constant back EMF {right arrow over (E)} and phase angle.
where K is the motor torque constant, {right arrow over (I)} is the current vector and (α is the angle between back EMF {right arrow over (E)} and current vector {right arrow over (I)}.
It is noted that measured phase current {right arrow over (I)} is not used in the control algorithm. As stated earlier, motor current may be adversely affected if the appropriate voltage is not applied to the motor 12. Therefore, some means for monitoring the motor voltage and operation is appropriate. The system can be evaluated for faulty operation of the drive system by monitoring the total DC bus current 38.
A single current sensor 40 (
The shape and amplitude of the DC bus current 38 depends upon the angle between phase motor current and phase voltage {right arrow over (V)}.
At operating points where the reactive power is very small the phase current {right arrow over (I)} and phase voltage {right arrow over (V)} are effectively in phase. The bus current profile follows the phase current.
The peak of the bus current profile beyond this point can be characterized by equation 15:
I bus =|{right arrow over (I)} pk cos (φ�30)| (15)
Under the worst case φ is equal to 90 electric degrees (i.e. completely reactive load) and the peak of bus current profile is given by equation 16:
I bus =|{right arrow over (I)} pk cos(60)|=0.5|{right arrow over (I)} pk| (16)
Therefore, the peak of bus current profile within the position window is always within 50% of the peak magnitude of the phase current {right arrow over (I)}. Further, under typical operating conditions with a PM motor at low speed exhibits a bus current within 10 percent of the peak of the phase current, while at higher speed the bus current is within approximately 40 percent of the peak phase current. Accordingly, for known motor conditions and speeds, the DC bus current 38 may be a viable means for evaluating current reasonableness within predictable error tolerances.
The current error can be determined in two ways: first, by comparing the peak of the motor current to the motor current command vector; second, by calculating the instantaneous command current from the current vector and comparing it to the measured current. In both cases, however, knowledge of the angle φ between the phase voltage {right arrow over (V)} and phase current {right arrow over (I)} is important for making the transformations. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in a phase advancing scheme employing a field weakening control methodology, the phase advancing angle δ, which is a function of motor speed ω is modulated as a means to control the current angle α. However, this methodology is complicated by the fact that the current angle α fluctuates for each operating point of current {right arrow over (I)} and voltage {right arrow over (V)}. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, at low torque levels, current increases quickly with speed.
In addition, the bus current fails to see the peak of the phase current {right arrow over (I)} over a significant portion of an operating range.
The above-mentioned limitations of the bus current measurement make it difficult to use the bus current, peak, or instantaneous values of the current for comparison. However, the torque current if identifiable is indicative of the bus current and phase current {right arrow over (I)} over the interval of interest. Thus, a determination of torque current would be beneficial. The torque-producing component of the current vector {right arrow over (I)} is given by equation 17:
I q ={right arrow over (I)} cos(α) (17)
where {right arrow over (I)} is the current vector or peak of the phase current and α is the angle between back EMF {right arrow over (E)} and the current {right arrow over (I)}.
Also the commanded torque current component is given by equation 18:
I q =Torque/K t (18)
As can be appreciated by those skilled in art, the torque current Iq is independent of the motor speed requirement. Thus, a means to calculate and compare the command torque current is readily achievable.
Table 1 identifies the conditions for sampling the DC bus current pulses and sector generation as a function of the voltage position. The voltage position is the absolute position angle in electrical degrees of the voltage {right arrow over (V)} relative to the motor rotation angle. For example, in a three phase six-pole machine, the voltage angle travels through 360 electrical degrees each 120 mechanical degrees of rotation. Thus, neglecting any offsets, and assuming that the back EMF {right arrow over (E)} is provides the reference, the voltage angle δ identifies the phase difference between the voltage and the back EMF {right arrow over (E)} and the absolute position of the voltage signal is determinable. It is also noteworthy that, the shape and position of these pulses change as a function of the angular position of the motor 12 and the phase angle of the voltage signal. The voltage position is divided into six sectors in a three-phase six-pole context. Again, based upon the assumption that the angle zero of the position corresponds to the zero crossing of phase the 'A' line-to-line voltage going from negative to positive, the peak current corresponds to a particular phase in each of these sectors. This assumption establishes a convention for measurement of the bus current and attributing the bus current to a particular phase current. It is noted that other conventions may be utilized in the art without affecting the concepts identified. The instances or time segment when the high frequency bus current pulses are at their peak depends upon the switching of the inverter 20 (
Sector generation as a function of the voltage position angle
Measured Voltage Position
Angle in Electrical Degrees
0-<30 and 330—<360
Table 2 identifies the state of the duty signals for each sector when the bus current pulses are at their peak, and thus when the Bus_Current_Capture signal is generated. It may be noted that the Bus_Current_Capture signal allows the capture of the bus current 38 envelope at any instant of time. This facilitates sampling the current for other purposes when desired. These high frequency peaks are captured only when the back EMF {right arrow over (E)} sine pulses of the corresponding phase reach their peak. It is noted that in the table, HIGH corresponds to a logic one, and LOW corresponds to logic zero.
Upper gate drive signal for peak bus current pulses at the peak in each sector
Upper Gate
Upper Gate
Upper Gate
Drive A
Drive B
Drive C
Table 3 identifies the back EMF {right arrow over (E)} positions when the DC bus current is captured. A 100-microsecond pulse (E_Position) is generated (in a 20 kHz PWM switching) at each of these positions to trigger the Torq_Capture signal at the appropriate time. The Torq_Current_Capture signal is generated using the Bus_Current_Capture signal and E_Position signal as portrayed in FIG. 14.
Back EMF Ē position when E_Position pulse is generated
61 < θBEMF < 34
93 < θBEMF < 98
125 < θBEMF < 130
157 < θBEMF < 162
189 < θBEMF, θBEMF < 2
The inputs to the Current Reasonableness Algorithm are the command current, I_CMD; the high-resolution motor position θenc; a user defined test parameter for initial setup, Mot_offset; the measured current, I_measured; and the calculated motor velocity, ω. The output from the Current Reasonableness Algorithm is a signal Fault_indication representing whether fault has been detected.
In an embodiment, the Current Reasonableness diagnostic algorithm is executed only when a new value of measured current becomes available as dictated by the motor position θenc to ensure valid data is being evaluated. Note also that the value for I_measured should be sampled at a defined, calibratable, high-resolution motor position, namely, every sixty degrees of motor electrical position. Additionally, data processing should be performed following each sampling when a new measurement of current is available.
Referring to
When the motor position θenc crosses the points when the torque current Iq is captured by the current sensing circuit, the A/D conversion of the input torque current Iq is enabled. The measured current I_measured is then compared at summer 224 with the command torque current (I_CMD) to determine the reasonableness of the measured current. The command torque current I_CMD is estimated from the command torque as shown in equation 19:
I — CMD=Tcmd/Ke (19)
where Ke=Torque constant of the motor
The I_CMD value of previous 2-millisecond loop may be used for comparison to avoid data timing induced errors.
Current Reasonableness Enable Table
Motor Position
Referring again to
Continuing with
In an embodiment, operational requirements dictate that the torque must be within 5 Nm of operator commanded torque at the handwheel, for acceptable vehicle operator's hand feel and effective steering of the vehicle. The torque error tolerance may vary depending upon the size of the vehicle, design of the steering system, vehicle speed, and other parameters. The error bound is calculated by converting a hand wheel tolerance into motor torque tolerance using the gear ratio and then calculating the equivalent torque current using equation (19). A fault is logged for a current error amplitude and duration outside the tolerance range. Such a fault indicates that motor torque is not following commanded and improper EPS functionality.
The Fault_Determination 240 process logs a fault if continuous errors are present for a predetermined number of occurrences. The Fault_Determination 240 process utilizes an error accumulation routine to determine when the fault may be considered detected. The error accumulation routine has two functions, the Error Count Table 242 and the actual Error Accumulator 244. Each violation of the current reasonableness test criteria established by the value of the I_ERR_NOR signal increments the Error Accumulator 244 counter by a predetermined number of counts PSTEP. Each successful test reduces the counter by a predetermined number of counts; NSTEP. The reduction of error is limited to zero counts to avoid arithmetic boundary issues. The Error Accumulator 244 evaluates the I_ERR_SIGN flag. If the flag is positive, indicating a violation, PSTEP is added, if the flag is negative, NSTEP is added. When the Error Accumulator 244 exceeds a predetermined value, a fault is considered detected. When such a fault is detected, the Error Accumulator 244 provides an output indicating the fault.
The PSTEP counts are a function of the magnitude of error, I_ERR_NOR. The maximum error corresponds to the maximum value of PSTEP counts. The maximum value of I_ERR_NOR and thus the maximum value of PSTEP are specific to each particular EPS system utilization and are derived following calibration testing. The values are selected based upon the vehicle employed as well as the particular details of the controller employed. In an embodiment the maximum value of PSTEP counts corresponds to the detectable torque error within a single controller cycle, while NSTEP is determined based on the duration the effect of an identified fault need be considered. One skilled in the art will appreciate that such methods of defining fault counters in common and that numerous variations are possible to achieve the same desired functionality. The Error Count Table 242 determines the value PSTEP based on the magnitude of the error.
The algorithm utilizes a calibrating function, Error Count Table 242, to determine the value of error counts (PSTEP counts) required for the Error Accumulator 244. In an embodiment, a linear interpolation look-up table is employed. Again, it will be appreciated that such a look-up table is commonly utilized in the art for simplicity, speed of execution, and flexibility.
It is noted that although this invention is suitable for PM motor voltage control. Other types of controls such as non-PM motor, or current mode, may be suitable as well. For example, current mode control can be used as a backup to the existing feedback system inherent in current mode control. In other words, so long as some feedback of rotor position and speed information (note that speed may be derived from position information), the instant invention may be suitably applied.
The disclosed invention can be embodied in the form of computer or controller implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer or controller, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer or controller, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits.
While preferred embodiments have been shown and described, various modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustration only, and such illustrations and embodiments as have been disclosed herein are not to be construed as limiting to the claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 27, 1973
|Nov 11, 1975
|Siemens Ag
|Method and circuit for reducing the torque ripple of a rotating-field machine
|Mar 18, 1975
|May 31, 1977
|Valroger Pierre Albert Marie D
|Electronic switching arrangement for energizing electric motors
|Apr 7, 1978
|Aug 12, 1980
|Sony Corporation
|DC motor
|Jun 30, 1978
|Dec 16, 1980
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Control system for suppressing torque ripple in synchronous motor
|Sep 5, 1980
|Jul 5, 1983
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Brushless D-C motor
|Aug 31, 1981
|May 8, 1984
|Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation
|Control system for synchronous brushless motors
|Aug 3, 1982
|Apr 16, 1985
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Apparatus for driving a polyphase brushless motor with a suppressed torque ripple
|Oct 26, 1984
|Dec 3, 1985
|Electric Indicator Company, Inc.
|Coil unit and coil form for electrical machines
|Dec 18, 1985
|Oct 25, 1988
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Control system for induction motor
|Jun 12, 1987
|Dec 6, 1988
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Motor-driven power steering system for a vehicle
|Jun 23, 1987
|Sep 19, 1989
|The Superior Electric Company
|Method and apparatus for controlling torque and torque ripple in a variable reluctance motor
|Mar 19, 1987
|Sep 26, 1989
|Kolimorgen Corporation
|Method of making an electric motor
|Apr 12, 1988
|Nov 21, 1989
|I Soo Lee
|Multi-phase bipolar brushless D.C. motor
|Jun 12, 1989
|Nov 5, 1991
|Hoeganaes Corporation
|Doubly-coated iron particles
|Sep 12, 1988
|Dec 3, 1991
|Versic Ronald J
|Moldable microcapsule that contains a high percentage of solid core material, and method of manufacture thereof
|Feb 27, 1991
|Jun 16, 1992
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Method and apparatus for reducing recurrent fluctuations in motor torque
|Oct 28, 1991
|Jun 29, 1993
|Eml Research, Inc.
|Apparatus and related method to compensate for torque ripple in a permanent magnet electric motor
|Nov 4, 1993
|Aug 22, 1995
|Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
|Method and apparatus for torque ripple compensation
|Jul 29, 1994
|Nov 21, 1995
|Okuma Corporation
|Method and apparatus for controlling an electric motor with compensation or torque ripple
|Jun 6, 1995
|Nov 26, 1996
|Seagate Technology, Inc.
|Ironless spindle motor for disc drive
|Feb 10, 1995
|Apr 1, 1997
|Nippondenso Co., Ltd.
|Torque detecting apparatus for reducing torque ripple in an AC motor
|Oct 26, 1994
|Apr 29, 1997
|Trw Inc.
|Method and apparatus for sensing relative position between two relatively rotatable members using concentric rings
|Oct 22, 1996
|Sep 30, 1997
|Itt Automotive Electrical Systems Inc.
|Method and apparatus for minimizing torque ripple in a DC brushless motor using phase current overlap
|Dec 31, 1996
|Jul 7, 1998
|Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics, Inc.
|Torque ripple reduction using back-emf feedback
|Sep 20, 1996
|Jul 14, 1998
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Soft switching, PWM controller and method for reducing torque ripple in multiphase DC motor
|May 23, 1997
|Dec 22, 1998
|Switched Reluctance Drives Limited
|Output smoothing in a switched reluctance machine
|Apr 14, 1997
|May 4, 1999
|General Motors Corporation
|Method of assembling a magnet ring on a rotor
|May 26, 1998
|Jul 6, 1999
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Driving system for permanent magnet type synchronous machine suitable for electric vehicle and driving control method using the same
|Oct 23, 1997
|Oct 5, 1999
|Baik; Edward Hyeen
|Control system for multi-phase brushless DC motor
|Dec 23, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc.
|Brake-by-wire system with switched reluctance motor controller
|Jun 17, 1998
|Dec 14, 1999
|General Motors Corporation
|Brushless DC motor control method and apparatus for reduced commutation noise
|Sep 16, 1997
|Jan 11, 2000
|Nsk Ltd.
|Controller of electric power-steering system
|Mar 24, 1998
|Aug 15, 2000
|Mitsumi Electric Co., Ltd.
|Motor driving circuit
|Apr 14, 1997
|Nov 28, 2000
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Method and apparatus for controlling a brushless DC motor that indicates a motor failure
|Oct 29, 1999
|Feb 6, 2001
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Control system for an induction motor
|Mar 26, 1999
|May 8, 2001
|Carrier Corporation
|Voltage control using engine speed
|Mar 6, 2000
|Aug 28, 2001
|Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.
|Induction motor drive and a parameter estimation method thereof
|Sep 15, 2000
|Mar 26, 2002
|General Motors Corporation
|Method and device for optimal torque control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor over an extended speed range
|Sep 15, 2000
|May 21, 2002
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Torque current comparison for current reasonableness diagnostics in a permanent magnet electric machine
|Sep 18, 2000
|Dec 24, 2002
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Low ripple torque control of a permanent magnet motor without using current sensors
|May 10, 2001
|Jun 10, 2003
|Ut-Battelle, Llc
|Multilevel DC link inverter
|Brown Boverl Review, vol. 51, No. 8/9, Aug./Sep. 1964.
|Conference Record of the IEEE Catalog No. 87CH2499-2, Oct. 18-23, 1987.
|Conference Record of the IEEE Catalog No. 87CH2565-0, Oct. 2-7, 1988.
|IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 25, Jan./Feb. 1989.
|IEEE, Low Cost Phase Current Sensing in DSP Based AC Drives, by Francesco Parasiliti et al., Apr. 1999.
|IEEE, Single Current Sensor Technique in DC Link of Three-Phase PWM-VS Inverters: A Review and a Novel Solution, by Freded Blaabjerg et al., vol. 33, No. 5., Sep./Oct. 1997.
|Power Electronics, vol. 8, Apr. 1993.
|Power Electronics, vol. 8, Jan. 1993.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 29, 2005
|Aug 14, 2007
|Agile Systems Inc.
|System and method for attenuating noise associated with a back electromotive force signal in a motor
|Jun 20, 2007
|Mar 10, 2009
|Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation
|Engine start system with a regulated permanent magnet machine
|Aug 10, 2007
|Jun 1, 2010
|Aisin Aw Co., Ltd.
|Electric motor drive control method and apparatus
|Jan 30, 2007
|Aug 10, 2010
|Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc.
|Torque estimator for IPM motors
|Jan 23, 2009
|Sep 28, 2010
|General Electric Company
|System and method for control of a grid connected power generating system
|Mar 15, 2011
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Wide dynamic range motor control system and method
|Dec 20, 2005
|Jan 31, 2012
|Otis Elevator Company
|Elevator drive control strategy
|Sep 12, 2011
|Dec 31, 2013
|Jatco Ltd
|Apparatus and method of controlling an electric oil pump driving motor
|Nov 16, 2010
|Mar 11, 2014
|Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
|Electric power steering apparatus
|Sep 12, 2011
|Jul 21, 2015
|Mando Corporation
|Electric power steering apparatus, malfunction judging method, and current estimating method
|Sep 29, 2005
|Mar 29, 2007
|Mackay David K
|System and method for attenuating noise associated with a back electromotive force signal in a motor
|Aug 10, 2007
|Feb 21, 2008
|Aisin Aw Co., Ltd.
|Electric motor drive control method and apparatus
|Jan 30, 2007
|Jul 31, 2008
|Welchko Brian A
|Torque estimator for ipm motors
|Dec 20, 2005
|Nov 13, 2008
|Edward Piedra
|Elevator Drive Control Strategy
|Jun 20, 2007
|Dec 25, 2008
|Rozman Gregory I
|Engine start system with a regulated permanent magnet machine
|Jan 23, 2009
|Jun 10, 2010
|General Electric Company
|System and method for control of a grid connected power generating system
|Nov 11, 2010
|Honeywell International, Inc.
|Wide dynamic range motor control system and method
|Nov 16, 2010
|Oct 27, 2011
|Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
|Electric power steering apparatus
|Sep 12, 2011
|Mar 15, 2012
|Jatco Ltd
|Apparatus and method of controlling an electric oil pump driving motor
|Sep 12, 2011
|Mar 22, 2012
|Mando Corporation
|Electric power steering apparatus, malfunction judging method, and current estimating method
|May 9, 2013
|GM Global Technology Operations LLC
|Control system with remote drivers
|U.S. Classification
|324/503, 388/806, 318/432, 318/434
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 7, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 20, 2009
Owner name: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC., MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DELPHI TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023449/0065
Effective date: 20091002
Owner name: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.,MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DELPHI TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023449/0065
Effective date: 20091002
|Feb 25, 2010
Owner name: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.,MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DELPHI TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023988/0754
Effective date: 20091002
Owner name: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY,DISTRICT
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023990/0349
Effective date: 20090710
Owner name: UAW RETIREE MEDICAL BENEFITS TRUST,MICHIGAN
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023990/0831
Effective date: 20090710
Owner name: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC., MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DELPHI TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023988/0754
Effective date: 20091002
Owner name: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, DISTRICT
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023990/0349
Effective date: 20090710
Owner name: UAW RETIREE MEDICAL BENEFITS TRUST, MICHIGAN
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023990/0831
Effective date: 20090710
|Nov 22, 2010
Owner name: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC., MICHIGAN
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:UAW RETIREE MEDICAL BENEFITS TRUST;REEL/FRAME:025386/0503
Effective date: 20101026
Owner name: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC., MICHIGAN
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY;REEL/FRAME:025386/0591
Effective date: 20100420
|Jan 10, 2012
Owner name: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC., MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:027842/0918
Effective date: 20101130
Owner name: PACIFIC CENTURY MOTORS, INC., CHINA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:027842/0918
Effective date: 20101130
|Nov 12, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and JPMorgan Chase & Co. will probably benefit most from the coming wave of financial technology disruption, rather than being supplanted by startups driving the change, according to an Autonomous Research survey. more
By Hugh Son
John Lawlor, the head of Bank of America Corp.'s municipal-bond department, is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. In 2015, he navigated the second-largest U.S. bank by assets to the top of the muni-bond underwriting table for the fourth consecutive year. more
By Martin Z. Braun and Sowjana Sivaloganathan
For all the angst over where the world's benchmark bond yield is going, its level on Christmas Eve is almost exactly the same as a year ago. more
By Wes Goodman
Banco Santander SA, Spain's largest lender by assets, said it exceeds the minimum capital levels that the European Central Bank will require the company to have starting next month. more
By Macarena Munoz and Charles Penty
Citizens Bank NA last month agreed to pay a $2 million penalty to the U.S. Comptroller of the Currency after being accused of charging credit-monitoring customers for undelivered service and failing to credit debt customers under qualifying circumstances. more
By Eli Sherman
The Rhode Island Infrastructure Bank has completed a refinancing of the Pawtucket Water Supply Board's bonds, a move that will save customers $9.8 million in future debt service. more
By PBN Staff
State Street Corp. said Thursday that it may have overcharged asset servicing clients by $200 million or more over the past 18 years. more
By PBN Staff
The Federal Reserve raised interest rates for the first time in almost a decade in a widely telegraphed move while signaling that the pace of subsequent increases will be "gradual" and in line with previous projections. more
By Christopher Condon
Providence is the most debt-savvy city in the Ocean State, according to SmartAsset, which ranked 195 cities across the country. more
By Lori Stabile
Janet Yellen's U.S. Federal Reserve shouldn't raise interest rates next week, because doing so could jeopardize economic growth and worsen inequality, said Nobel laureate Eric Maskin. more
By Olga Tanas and Paul Abelsky


text:
Top Definition
guy who lives on irc, person with funny hair and t-shirts
someone he drinks more than they eat, someone who lives on alcohol, someone who goes out with his modem. b00zi that fucker up
von HydroUK 23. April 2007
Trending Now
Die Mails werden von firstname.lastname@example.com versendet. Wir versenden keine Spammails.×


text:
Frisco, TXUSA
Hometown: Frisco
April 22, 2011
Hiking and camping
Mt. Everest Base Camp
Frisco, TX
I am interested in hiking in the outdoors. I thought this may be interesting group…
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text:
A Bride Most Begrudgingby Deeanne Gist
View All Available Formats & Editions
When Lady Constance Morrow ?nds herself held against her will aboard a ship bound for the American colonies--a ship ?lled with "tobacco brides" and felons--she is quite sure that as soon as she arrives she will ?nd a reasonable man who will believe her father is an earl and send her back on the next ship to England. Instead she meets Drew O'Connor, a determined Colonial farmer who is nearly as headstrong as she is. Drew wins Constance as his bride but soon realizes he has taken on much more than he bargained for
Editorial Reviews
This first novel is a good one. And, with the way the book ends, I foresee a second book continuing the O'Connor legacy."
Product Details
- 9780764200724
- Publisher:
- Baker Publishing Group
- Publication date:
- 07/01/2005
- Pages:
- 352
- Sales rank:
- 547,594
- Product dimensions:
- 5.50(w) x 8.38(h) x 0.95(d)
Read an Excerpt
A BRIDE most BEGRUDGING
By DEEANNE GIST
Bethany House PublishersCopyright © 2005 Deeanne Gist
All right reserved.
Chapter OneVirginia Colony Two Months Later
THE GOWN THEY GAVE her fit too closely. It displayed her figure with humiliating clarity, but perhaps that would work to her advantage. She had lost so much weight, she couldn't imagine any farmer wanting to invest in such a sickly looking woman.
Several tobacco planters had been on board already to examine the "cargo." The men stood chained on one side of the upper deck, the women on the other. The men were being sold as indentured servants for seven or fourteen year terms, depending upon their sentence.
But the women were to serve a lifetime sentence. They were to be purchased as brides. One bride in exchange for 120 pounds of tobacco leafage, the colony's cash crop.
All except Constance, that is. She had been placed alone up on the half deck, her wrists and ankles shackled, the first mate standing guard behind her right shoulder. The captain was asking two hundred pounds of tobacco for her. Ridiculous.
Her gaze drifted over the indentured men. Uncle Skelly was not among them, of course. How could he be?
Only twice during the voyage had the captain allowed the women onto the upper deck for fresh air. The first time up, she'd passed Uncle Skelly on the mid deck. With a collar and padlock about his neck, they had chained him not only to a board but to three of the most abominable creatures she had ever seen. Jail fever consumed one of those creatures.
The second time up, she had found Uncle Skelly's place on the board eerily vacant. The first mate, Cooper, had confirmed her fears. Skelly Morrow was dead.
Constance swallowed the rush of tears that even now accumulated in her throat at the memory.
"Look lively, maiden. Here comes a'one," Cooper snarled.
She stiffened as a young farmer of but a score or so years approached the half deck. He looked at Cooper, nodded slightly, then turned to her.
She jerked back when he captured some strands of her hair between his long work-roughened fingers. The captain had not allowed her to wear a headcloth this morning. He'd insisted on having her hair loose and uncovered around her shoulders and back.
This display was nothing short of blasphemy. A woman's hair was sacred and a recognized symbol of her maidenhood, only to be worn free while speaking wedding vows.
She'd never felt so naked in her life. Her hair wasn't soft and silky like other women's. It was wild and thick with tightly coiled ringlets that seemed to multiply when unbound.
The bay breeze picked up, causing her hair to swirl around her face. She tried again to free herself from the man's grasp.
"Easy, miss. I'll not hurt you," he said.
His voice was kind, as were his eyes. He did not rake her with an offensive look nor handle her roughly. If he asked to see her teeth, though, she'd be most uncooperative.
Below, two men captured her attention. One was a dark-haired farmer with a straw hat in his hand. The other was blond and had been on board the ship during the passage over. He'd not been a prisoner, nor had he been a crew member. She'd learned he had paid an extraordinary fee for his passage to the colony, a place he claimed as his home.
The pair singled out Mary, the woman who'd been chained next to Constance the entire voyage over. They spoke with Mary, checked her teeth, and had her walk the length of the deck and back.
The captain approached them. More words were exchanged. The bargaining had begun. In a few minutes, Mary's fetters were removed and she left the ship with the blond man, while the dark-haired farmer signed a voucher for the captain.
Constance tapped down her panic. Mary was more than a fellow prisoner. She was Constance's only friend.
Of a sudden, the captain pointed to Constance and the farmer turned in her direction. He narrowed his eyes, finished his transaction with the captain, and headed to the half deck.
She returned her attention to the young man in front of her. He still had hold of her hair, but he was focused on Cooper.
"... a gen-u-ine lady, she is," the first mate was saying.
"Then why was she transported?" the man asked.
"Oh, we didn't ask questions. Not our job to ask questions."
She rolled her eyes.
"You have papers for her?"
"No, he does not," Constance replied.
Cooper grabbed her arm. "Keep quiet, missy, or you'll be the sorrier for it."
"Looking for a bride, Gerald?" The dark-haired farmer had reached the half deck.
The man who must have been Gerald released her hair and jumped back. "Drew! No, not at all."
"Is she for sale?" Drew asked Cooper.
"Aye, mate."
"As a tobacco bride?"
Drew turned back to Gerald and raised an eyebrow.
"Now, Drew, it is not what it appears. I was merely curious."
"You gave up the right to be curious the moment you married my sister."
Gerald's face filled with color. "Actually, it was you I was thinking of," he sputtered.
Drew lifted both brows this time.
Gerald swallowed. "I, uh, just thought if you found someone of an, uh, acceptable nature, you might be interested."
"And you deem this female acceptable?"
Gerald paused. "They say she is a lady of the realm, Drew."
"She has red hair, and I absolutely abhor red hair"
She stiffened. Gerald's face suffused with color. Although her hair was more auburn than red, Gerald's hair was almost orange, it was so bright.
"Your pardon. I did not know."
"Well, well, well. What have we here? Looking for a bride, Master O'Connor?" A scrawny, slovenly man with more teeth missing than not swaggered onto the half deck.
Tension bounced between the three men. Drew put on his hat, shifted his attention to Constance, and tipped his brim. "If you will excuse me, miss." He, along with his brother-in-law, moved past her, past the man with the missing teeth, and past two other farmers now approaching the half deck.
The scraggy man watched them leave and ejected tobacco-colored saliva onto the wooden planks as he followed their progress.
"Emmett," greeted one of the advancing farmers. He and his companion both had great bushy black beards, jolly faces, and rounded bellies. Perhaps they were kin.
"Woodrum," Emmett said, then turning to her, grabbed her cheeks and squeezed until her mouth gaped open. "Well, would you look at all them teeth. Why, she's got a mouth full of 'em. How's the rest of her, Cooper? You patted her down?"
She reared back, trying to grab his arm, but the chains around her wrists and waist restricted her movement. He tightened his grip. The rank smell of him took her breath away, and if he'd had any fingernails at all, they'd have cut half-moons into her cheeks.
"No damaging of the goods, matey, until after you buy her," Cooper said. "Pat all you want, but don't be leaving any bruises."
She stiffened. Emmett released her with a shove, and she would have fallen backward if the big man called Woodrum hadn't caught her elbow. Once she was steady, he relaxed his hold, then let go of her completely.
Emmett raked his gaze up and down her frame, rubbing his hands against his puny chest. "Why's she up here away from them other brides?"
"She's one of them ladies of the realm, she is," Cooper responded. "And she'll cost you a few more tobaccy leaves than them others."
"What proof you got fer yer claim? I say she's nothing more than a quail plucked right off them London alleyways." He eyed her again. "She shore got what it takes to do the job, and I ain't gonna be paying out a bunch of sot weed for used goods."
Woodrum scratched his cheek. "How much are you asking for her?"
"Two hundred pounds," Cooper answered.
Emmett harrumphed. "Of tobaccy? You'll not be gettin' two hundred pounds for a light skirt."
"She's a gen-u-ine lady, mate, but no bloke's a forcin' you to claim her. We already got us a bid for her, we do."
Emmett furrowed his brows. "From who?"
"Drew O'Connor."
Woodrum and his silent companion looked at each other, caution evident in their expressions. Emmett's eyes took on an unnatural brilliance. Constance didn't know what game the first mate was playing, but she would hold her tongue for now.
"O'Connor, you say?" Emmett asked. "How much did he offer?"
"Two hundred."
"Then why's the maid still here?"
"She has to be paid for in tobaccy only. No vouchers. The capt'n wouldn't release her or take her off the block before collecting payment. O'Connor went to collect his sot weed."
As far as she knew, that was an outright lie, but she couldn't be certain.
The merciless sun beat down upon them. Sweat trickled down Emmett's face and into his snarled beard. "Well, ain't that interesting." He wiped his hands against his backside, then looked to the first mate. "May I?"
"Help yourself," Cooper replied.
Emmett reached for her.
She leaned away from him. "Touch me, and I'll see you flogged before the morrow's sun appears on the horizon."
Emmett's eyebrows shot up to his hairline. "Ho, ho! Would you listen to that? A saucy one, ain't she?" Cackling, he rubbed his hands together.
Constance tensed.
"Leave off, Emmett," Woodrum said, grabbing Emmett's arm. "It's clear that she is healthy and there is no padding beneath her garment."
Emmett's lip curled. "What's it to you, Woodrum?"
"Either up Drew's wager or keep your hands to yourself."
"I ain't makin' no bid till I test the goods."
Without taking his eyes off Emmett, Woodrum handed his hat to his companion, removed his coat, and relinquished that as well. He slowly began to roll up his sleeves.
The man's belly may have been round, but his arms and chest appeared to be solid rock. "You'll not touch her unless you pay for the privilege."
Smelling a fight, the farmers on the upper deck had begun to crowd close.
Emmett slowly lowered his hands. "Two hundred twenty, Cooper. I'll give you two hundred twenty pounds for her."
"Two twenty-five," Woodrum countered.
It was time to speak up. "Gentlemen," she interjected, "this is really all quite unnecessary. I am not a tobacco bride. I am the daughter of an earl. The captain kidnapped me and is trying to sell me unlawfully. As soon as the governor comes aboard, I will have an audience with him and will then be freed and on my way back to London."
Her statement, made during one of those unfortunate moments when every person in the crowd, for whatever reason, is silent all at once, carried across the entire breadth of the ship.
The quiet that followed her pronouncement was fraught with shock. On the heels of that, a huge swell of laughter and guffaws from the whole company of men rose to alarming levels. Even Woodrum was amused.
"Oh, she's a wicked one, she is," Emmett cackled. "Where's the capt'n?"
The crowd parted, and the captain took the steps two at a time. Woodrum and his friend receded into the crowd.
Emmett grasped the captain's hand. "I'll give you a whole hogshead for her, capt'n, and while my field boy rolls it down here, I'll be celebrating at the meetinghouse."
The captain pursed his lips for a moment, then broke into a grin. "Three hundred pounds it is, then. Gentlemen, Goodman Emmett here has purchased himself one high-born bride."
The men roared their approval and surged forward, encircling Emmett. He put an X on the voucher and exchanged it for a receipt from the captain. The excitement escalated and the crowd pulled Emmett off the half deck and further away from her. He twisted around. The depraved promise in his eyes projected itself into her very soul.
Bile converged in her throat. She was going to be sick. Forsooth, she was going to be sick right here, right now.
Help me, Lord, help me. Where is the governor? Where are you, Lord? Please, please. Help me.
As one, the company moved from the ship to the shore. And on, she supposed, to the celebration.
Chills from within shot through her body, causing a series of bumps to erupt along her arms and legs. Then an all-consuming anger at the incredible injustice of it all made her blood surge. Her resolve solidified and she focused in on the captain.
"How dare you!" she cried. "You will not get away with this. Mark you, if you do not arrange an audience with the governor at once, I will create a commotion of such magnitude they will write legends about it."
The captain did not even bother to acknowledge her. "Throw her back in the hold, Cooper," he said over his shoulder as he descended the steps.
She filled her lungs with the intention of letting out a scream the likes of which would not be ignored. Before she could release it, the first mate squeezed a band of skin between her neck and her shoulder.
Debilitating pain cut off her scream and buckled her knees. She crumpled to the ground. Cooper did not let go but followed her to the floor. She whimpered, trying to pull away from the torturous vice his fingers created.
His hot, foul breath invaded her ear. "Not one sound, dovey. Not one."
Chapter TwoCONSTANCE LAY SHIVERING and alone belowdecks. Darkness entombed the hold. Midnight had passed, but morning was still more than a few hours away.
She felt certain the men's celebration was over, for the balance of brides had been picked up long ago. All except for her.
She tried not to let desperation fill her. If the governor had put in an appearance, it was after Cooper had forced her back into the hold and secured her to the wall. With that opportunity gone, she knew there would be no other. At least not anytime soon. And by the time she did see the governor, it would be too late.
She would belong to a man. An odious, vulgar man who inspired revulsion, loathing, and horror. A man who, in the eyes of this colony. would have complete dominion over her. Who would have the right to do with her as he saw fit.
Her stomach clinched and she pushed herself up off the rough planks and heaved once again. Nothing left.
She'd managed to hold her fears at bay until the last bride had been led to her doom. When the trapdoor had closed behind that poor woman, it was the first time in over eight weeks that Constance had been completely alone. And it terrified her. The dark, damp, malodorous deck that had felt so cramped and hemmed in now loomed over her with a soundless assault.
The irons around her waist and wrists weighted her down. Collapsing onto the slats, she vaguely heard the scurrying of a rat echo off the walls of the hold. A fresh rush of tears spilled from her eyes.
Have you heard my cries, Lord? Have you destroyed my enemy? Is that why I am still here?
As if in answer, the squeak of the trapdoor reached her ears just as light from a lantern reached her eyes, She covered her eyes with her arm, the clanking of her chains ricocheting around her.
The heavy tread of the mate clomping down the steps sent her heart into a terrible gallop. She curled into a tight ball. Please. Please. Spare me, Lord. Rescue me. Please!
The crewman's smell reached her before he did. "The call to reckoning has come, wench. Up with ye, now. Yer man's arrived and it's anxious he is to take possession of ye."
In a pig's eye, she thought. A great calm settled upon her. She slowly unfurled, pulled herself into a sitting position, and looked up to see who had the late night watch. Arman. A beastly excuse of a man.
He removed the lock attaching her to the wall and pulled the chain from around her waist. Grabbing the irons around her wrists, he yanked her to her feet. The room swirled round, but Arman gave her no time to gain her sea legs.
She stumbled. He shoved her forward. She fell hard on her knees, pain shooting up her legs to her back and neck.
"Get up," he snarled, jerking her back to her feet. "You'll not be playing yer high-and-mighty games with me, missy. Ye might work yer wiles upon Cooper, but yer nothin' more than a hen to that struttin' rooster on the uppers, and if ye think to be givin' him or me any troubles, it'll go the worse for ye."
She kept her face expressionless, but she would not cooperate with Arman or the rooster. And she was prepared to do whatever it took to free herself from the knave.
When they made the upper deck, she scanned the area for the despicable Emmett man that had purchased her. He was not there. Instead, Arman led her to stand in front of the dark-haired farmer they called Drew O'Connor.
What was he doing here? Was he to take her to Emmett? But, no, it had been clear those two were not on friendly terms. Confusion clouded her thoughts.
"Remove the fetters," O'Connor said.
Excerpted from A BRIDE most BEGRUDGING by DEEANNE GIST Copyright © 2005 by Deeanne Gist.
Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Meet the Author
Deeanne Gist--known to her family, friends, and fans as Dee--has rocketed up the bestseller lists and captured readers everywhere with her very original, very fun historical & contemporary romances. Add to this four RITA nominations, two Christy Awards, rave reviews, and a growing loyal fan base, and you've got one recipe for success. She has a very active online community on her website at IWantHerBook.com and at Facebook.com/Deesfriends.
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews >
I was at Sam's Club checking out the book section and bought this one along with Courting Trouble and its sequel, Deep in the Heart of Trouble. Honestly, the synopsis on the back cover of A Bride Most Begrudging didn't appeal to me as much as the Trouble books, but I bought them in case I devoured the other two too fast. And I did, which led me to reaidng this one. It was certainly not a disappointment, but rather a nice surprise. The characters felt nice and flshed out - just the way I like them. I really like the whole angle with Contance's math thing - it really added something to the novel. I definately recommend it to anyone who enjoys historical fiction or even just looking for something new to read.
I found the subject matter of this book (a forced marriage under dreadful circumstances) extremely captivating. How does one who has full marriage rights grow to love a stranger enough to want to be married to them in all ways? The tension in this story was highly believable and exciting to read. A real page turner. The historical element and Constance's bumblings at trying to be a good colonial wife was thoroughly intriguing and very sympathetic. I felt like I was in the colonies with her and couldn't stop reading. I was so glad when the couple finally admitted their feelings to each other, but then I wanted to slap Drew for thinking it best for her to be shipped back to England where she'd be 'happier.' I wanted to cry with Constance when Drew started avoiding her and refusing to get close. How painful and real. I won't say anymore or it may spoil some of the details for the reader. Overall this was a satisfying read with a wonderfully written spiritual element and moving romance theme. I'd love to see more books published by this author. It doesn't get better than this!
Quite possibly my favorite books! Love, love this book. I fell in love with both characters, as well as Grandma, Mary & Sally. Every character was shaped and molded and easily relatable. I've read it multiple times and every time I still get excited and can't put it down. No doubt, this is my favorite book of Deeanne Gists. Would absolutely recommend it.
Lady Constance Morrow only boarded the ship because she wanted to bid her uncle goodbye. Unfortunately, a deceptively simple choice leads to her being kidnapped, sold as a tobacco bride and then won on a gamble by Drew O'Conner. When she is forced into a marriage of convenience, she remains convinced that once her father hears of her misfortune, he will bring her back to England. What she does not count on is the strong attraction between her and her new husband. But this is only one of many struggles that she faces. Will their growing love survive the struggles that rage inside each of them? This was actually my second time reading A Bride Most Begrudging and I had the same opinion of it that I had the first time. I loved the story. It is well-written and the pace is perfect. There is plenty of romance and even the occasional moment of humor. I loved the characters and the depth that the author gave to them. However, the sexual overtones are so strong that they almost overpower the story. It's just a matter of personal taste whether or not that would bother a reader. Deeanne Gist is known for her edgy fiction and most of the time I love her books, but this one is actually my least favorite by her.
Being a christian book I wasn't sure I would really get into it. Not that there is anything wrong with a clean book just not my normal read. That being said, I really enjoyed this book. Drew was so tough yet sweet. This book kinda sucks you in. One minute I thought I couldn't read it any more and next minute I couldn't put it down. Sweet!
One of my favorite books
Could not put this down! I was totally on the edge of my seat!
This is a really touching, romantic book. I've read it a couple times now and everytime I reread it I enjoy it. The characters are interesting, the historical period is engaging and the plot is very sweet, even if a bit predictable.
This was such an entertaining book. I laughed out loud so many times. Deeanne Gist has an amazing ability to tell a story that grabs you from the start and doesn't let go until long after you've finished the novel. The characters a so realistic and the scenes are well described. The storyline is well put together to go with the time period. My favorite character was Constance because of her spunk and tenacity. I highly recommend this fun read.
I enjoy historical novels and this just fit the bill. This book was an easy read and it was definitely not trashy. I would recommend this book to anyone who enjoys history based novels.
Yet predictable.
This is my first book by Deanne Gist...and I fell in love with her writing style. I absoultely loved this book...great plot.. the characters were well developed...and it had a nice pace to it. I will be getting all her books to read now..what a awesome author!
Deanne Gist is one of my favorite authors. I have most of her books on my nook and reread them periodically. her research into the culture and time period of her writings is clearly evident. Her characters are fully developed. all her books tell a beautiful love story for God and each other. I highly recommend all of her books and look forward to new releases.
A top notch romance novel backed up with historical references that lend a credible feel to the story. Even though it has the ear markings for "jumping to conclusions" without any grounds to substantiate their imaginations working overtime--it was a great read!


text:
This summer has been a bust for Kyrylo Fesenko by almost any measure. It's all been widely documented: Skipping the Jazz summer league to play with the Ukrainian National Team and then playing poorly and eventually having some kind of run-in with the coach that led to Fesenko leaving the team early. There were even rumors that the final straw was leaving the bench to take a smoke during a game.
I find the smoking story hard to believe, so I've embedded the entirety of the Ukraine/Hungary game, so if somebody who speaks a little Russian/Ukrainian/Hungarian wants to watch and let us know what they say, it might give us a little insight.
Footage courtesy of www.basket.com.ua with a hat tip to interbasket.net.
Four Utah Jazz players are doing their part to help the world get through the dog days of the NBA offseason. Rudy Gobert, Boris...Read More
Last time, I scoured the interwebs looking for information on George Hill, and came away a big fan. For this post, I wanted to...Read More
Welp, the Jazz SL team lost their final game of the SLC hosted event, dropping a game to the stacked Sixers, 86 to...Read More
Summer League (suh-mer leeg, Latin origin): July basketball-like pursuits played by rosters of mostly marginal league guys for...Read More
Emphasis on the rumors. Fess has been known to do a lot of things. Smoking during a game has NEVER been one of those things.


text:
+7 / 383 / 306-67-01
ул.Русская, 39 /офис
ул.Русская, 42 /склад
Spy phone lookup - keylogger no install
Bullies are no longer limited to verbal or physical bullying where they need to be in close proximity to the victim. If an internet connection is not available the logs will be sent another time when the internet is available (this way no logs are lost). It tracks the phone using the geolocation data contained in text messages and sends the persons location every 15 minutes, cell spy phone. She did not want to open her eyes to see it, though, cell phone spy. Once you find software that can access BBM messages, pick one that suits your needs the best.
The software is completely stealth and works independently. Lower ( changes Marlene arm back and fourth to get rid of, but without success, another tentacle suddenly lashes and hangs on his right wrist! A big caveat of using Cell Phone Spy PRO+, despite the fact that it requires password-fed access to its interface, is that it can easily be uninstalled from any device without requiring any authentication from the user (obviously, unless youve secured your device using a PIN, pattern, password et al), hence putting into question the apps reliability and effectiveness. It combines mapping and GPS technology to let you track your phone plus one other for free on Android and iPhone (follow 10 users with a 99-cent upgrade). Cost: The Basic version is one price at $19, work spy phone cell do programs. The app syncs with phone contacts and maps on the iPhone, programs do cell work phone spy. The app performs as an efficient SpyCam with features like no preview, no flash, no shutter sound and both the back and front cameras can be used to capture images. spy mobile legal, cell phone monitoring software without target phone, i spy text graham greene, spy on text messages android, spy on phone app, mobile spy apk, spyphone login, spy software download free, cell spy without installing on the phone, zoom mobile phone tracking device
YouTube 19 . Potential Problems with Monitoring Software Spy software is a technical product and things can go wrong people do have problems from time to time, my cheating is wife. This makes it a complete cell phone spying kit. Parents can play an important role in preventing text bullying and helping teens who have been the victim of a text bully by being able to view the text messages on their childrens phones, cheating wife is my. It has following features. Option features are available as an additional add on, control youtube parental on. The API also allows other modules to implement SMS features, parental on youtube control. However, based on experience, not all of those apps actually work. By downloading and installing spy phone, you represent that spyphone will be used in a lawful manner in accordance with the laws in your jurisdiction. Spy Phone Labs LLC is the World Leader in Spy Phone Software for the Android SmartPhone.
Monitor all cell phone activities using Mobile Phone Spy Software. Remotely View SMS, Emails, Record Calls, Track Location and much more!Check all mobile/cell phone spy software features from mSpy: call log history, GPS location, calendar updates, text messages, emails, web history, and much more!
Related articles: Phone spy blocker, whatsapp spy conversation
Cell phone spy software illegal, mobile phone monitoring tools
Spy phone untuk blackberry, parental control verizon fios
Spy mobile does it work, whatsapp spy gratis
Sms spy peeper reviews, sms tracking legal


text:
A 3-D carbon nanotube mesh enables rat spinal tissue sections to reconnect in culture.
Microbes Play Role in Anti-Tumor Response
November 5, 2015|
Gut microbiome composition can influence the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy in mice.
November 5, 2015|
Gut microbiome composition can influence the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy in mice.
November 3, 2015|
The European Commission has agreed to add three years of funding to the Human Brain Project, which has had its detractors since launching in 2013.
November 3, 2015|
The virus can persist in several tissues where the immune system is less active. Researchers are working to better understand this phenomenon and how it can stall the clearing of Ebola in survivors.
November 1, 2015|
Adipogenesis in mice has alternating genetic requirements throughout the animals' lives.
November 1, 2015|
Obesity triggers a fatty acid synthesis pathway, which in turn helps drive T cell differentiation and inflammation.
November 1, 2015|
The effect of a high-fat diet on murine T cells
October 27, 2015|
The World Health Organization recommends more pilot trials.
October 21, 2015|
Researchers identify a subset of proinflammatory cytokine-producing B cells that may spark multiple sclerosis-related inflammation.
October 21, 2015|
Researchers design antibody-like proteins to awaken and destroy HIV holdouts.
October 13, 2015|
An upcoming clinical trial aims to correct for a disease of fragile bones in affected babies before they are born.


text:
mGeoTotal: 1
mSummaryPageListingCount: 1
This house opposite the most beautiful lake in the world Atitlan. This private home is surrounded by natural forest, with incredible view of the lake, and a totally natural environment in a house of stone walls and where they feel outside world.
Browse thousands of listings for Antigua Guatemala.


text: Herman Cain: 'I Am the Koch Brothers' Brother from Another Mother!'Jim Newell11/04/11 3:44pmFiled to: On the trailHerman cainKoch Brothers2012Americans for prosperityVideoTweetgFb88EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Americans for Prosperity, the conservative group f(o)unded by that cartoonish industrial tycoon tandem known as the Koch brothers, is having a little conference in Washington this weekend called "Defending the American Dream." Herman Cain, whose campaign is essentially a wing of Americans for Prosperity, gave a big speech there today! Did he try to play down his Koch ties? Not exactly. "'I am the Koch brothers' brother from another mother!" he blared out, twice. American Dream = Defended. Reply88 repliesLeave a reply