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|47 Reviews
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 - 3 nights
When you book through the HomeAway checkout, your booking is backed by our Book with Confidence Guarantee™ offering comprehensive payment protection.Learn more
*Enjoy the privacy and quietness of The Country Ranch House in the middle of horse and wine country.
*This beautifully furnished and tastefully outfitted ranch style guest house was recently remodeled from the wall-boards out and is immaculately clean. The pictures do not do it justice.
*Located on a 10-acre working horse ranch, it is private and set apart from the main house with its own fully fenced side patio with BBQ, table & chairs and private backyard with firepit to enjoy the evenings outside.
*There is ample off street parking including RV or Horse Trailer.
*Full kitchen with stainless steel appliances. Separate dining area, full sized living room with large cushiony overstuffed couches in front of a wood burning fireplace.\\
*Flat screen TV with satellite television and Blue Ray DVD with library of DVD's.
*HIgh speed DSL internet connection.
*Two ample sized bedrooms , one with king and one with queen sized beds, and each has their own private tiled baths.
*A unique hand crafted and tooled bar complete with wooden stools sits in the living room with sweeping views of the surrounding Santa Ynez mountains.
*Popular Wine Exchange Program; drink hand selected wines left by previous guests...leave your own hand picked wines from your travels for the next guests to enjoy.
*Hardwood floors and high ceilings throughout, this comfortable and inviting guest house can comfortably accommodate 4 adults who are looking for a home away from home for rest and restoration and/or a recreational adventure in our destination vacation Santa Ynez Valley.
*Close proximity to wine tasting, biking routes, horse riding trails, golf, tennis, Lake Cachuma, and just around the corner from the quaint Danish Village of Solvang.
*Child, Pet and Equine friendly. Bring cozy dog beds (not allowed on furniture) and a comfy crate (if you need to leave them alone unattended).
*Observe on-site horse training and lessons at Horseman's Hangout.
Keywords: house, ranch house, sanctuary, getaway, hideaway, pastime, peaceful, escape, retreat, refuge, relax, restful, adventure, fun, safe
Brian is an Architect that specializes in Christian based Alcohol & Drug Rehab Centers all around the United States.
Marcia is the horse specialist and coaches and trains people and their horses. Marcia works with all ages, but especially loves to work with children. Marcia also specializes in rescuing and rehabbing horses and putting them back into full service with their people.
We participate and volunteer in The Ranch Church here in the Valley, a great place to visit if you're here over a Sunday. A casual upbeat Calvary Chapel Church with great worship music.
This is a family business with our two adult sons Dan and Jeremy helping and participating in bldg, constr and upkeep of our 10 acre property.
We have 2 grandchildren Noah 8 and Becca 19yrs that help too. Becca is our photographer! We have a couple of friendly dogs; MacKenzie and Cowboy.
We look forward to meeting you when you check in. You will love our area and our home away from home all prepared for YOU!
Kerry, Admin Asst or Marcia, Owner purchased this house in 2011
We love the area, the people, the shops and restaurants etc. Our favorite restaurant is The Los Olivos Cafe; our favorite shop is Back At The Ranch in SY.
There are many, many places to visit and see. Serious bike riders LOVE this area. There are so many places to train. Horse people LOVE this area. There are several guided trail ride operations in the area with nice trails. If you bring your own horse there are trails nearby where you can ride in the mountains and by Cachuma Lake.
If you just want to get some R & R, The Country Ranch House is nice enough to just stay and enjoy with the amenities it provides. You will go home refreshed and ready to face the world once again!
We have many celebrations here. A Day in the Country, Danish Days, Santa Ynez Valley Days and more. We have parades for every holiday in various of the towns here. We have music festivals and music & movies in the park in downtown Solvang.
The visitors bureau will help us to collect all the dates of all that happens here.
And of course Wine Tasting has become a very BIG draw here. Wineries galore. We have begun a fun wine exchange program. Buy your favorite wine and leave a bottle with a message on the bottle, take a bottle another guest has left for your fun.
Take one, Leave one...a great exchange idea!!
*Friendly Hosts
*Restful adventurous place to stay & visit
*Safe off street parking
*Security gated property
*Space for RV parking
*Space for your horses
*Space for your horse trailer
*See horsemanshangout dot com
*Contact info at horsemanshangout dot com
Dear Marcia & Brian,
Thanks for a wonderful stay. We loved it here and the kids announced they want to live here in this house! We will miss the horsies too.
Best Wishes,
This house is very nice, spacious, clean & quiet. My wife & I spent the weekend here with another couple, & we thoroughly enjoyed our stay. Our dogs also loved the freedom to run around the enclosed backyard.
The house is very close to Santa Ynez, which is a quaint town that we would not have 'discovered' had we not stayed here. We had been to the area many times before, but had only visited Solvang & Los Olivos...both of which are only a short drive away.
We loved our stay at The Country Ranch House. It was a perfect place to celebrate a BIG Birthday. From the time we walked in and were welcomed by music playing in the living room to the time we left, we felt welcomed and pampered. The house is wonderfully decorated and comfortable with thoughtful touches. If we had not had a desire to explore the area, we would have been happy just relaxing at the house. The horses on the property added even more specialness to our stay. We enjoyed looking out and seeing Dakota every day. Los Olivos, Solvang and Santa Barbara are all close by and offer plenty of activities, wine tasting for anyone staying here. Thank you Marcia and Brian. You are wonderful hosts.
My wife, daughter and son in law stayed two nights here while touring the surrounding countryside. Great place to stay. All the amenities of home.
We were looking for a place close to wedding events in the valley. This home was perfect!!
So close to everything we attended. The house is very roomy and comfortable. We were only there for changing clothes and sleeping but the place seemed fully stocked for all needs. The kitchen was large and would have been easy to prepare meals there.
The property was very clean and well-maintained. There were books and items for children available too. If we ever return to that area, I would definitely stay there again!
We love this house because it's close to the wineries and nearby towns. It's great fun to be on a working horse ranch. One of the horses is in an adjacent pen and comes up to the fence to say hello. The house is large, comfortable and wonderful for dogs with a large fenced yard. We're looking forward to our third visit soon.
This was our families 4 or 5th trip back to this property. It is always clean and stocked with everything we need. Nice little touches around the home. The store is just a couple miles own the road to buy our food. We feel very comfortable at this property. It's easy to find. Safe behind the gates. Friendly owners. We rent several homes per year and this is one we always come back to.
Glider rides at nearby Santa Ynez Airport.
Close to Los Olivos, Solvang, Santa Barbara, Cachuma Lake.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
Labor Day
Sep 2 2016 - Sep 4 2016
3 night minimum stay
Flat fee
Thanksgiving Holiday
Nov 23 2016 - Nov 24 2016
2 night minimum stay
Flat fee
Christmas Dates
Dec 23 2016 - Dec 26 2016
2 night minimum stay
Winter Holiday Season
Dec 27 2016 - Dec 30 2016
2 night minimum stay
New Year's Dates
Dec 31 2016 - Jan 1 2017
2 night minimum stay
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
|Cleaning Fee
|$95 + Tax
|Pet Fee
|$15 + Tax
|Tax Rate
Rates are subject to change until a reservation is confirmed.


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Bucknell 73, Colgate 59
Associated Press | Last updated January 16, 2013
Mike Muscala had 25 points and 10 rebounds, and Bucknell pulled away in the second half for a 73-59 victory over Colgate in a Patriot League game Wednesday night, the seventh consecutive win over the Raiders. Bryson Johnson had 15 points for the Bison (15-3, 2-0), Cameron Ayers scored 14 and Joe Willman 10, which pushed him past the 1,000-point mark for his career. It ties Bucknell's second-best 18-game start in program history (the 1983-84 team opened 16-2). Murphy Burnatowski led Colgate (6-12, 0-2) with 17 points, and Damon Sherman-Newsome had 13. Bucknell's largest lead in the first half was 35-29 on Bryson Johnson's 3-pointer with 1:02 left. Colgate's Pat Moore made a trey to close to 35-32 at the break. Colgate's Pat Moore's made a jumper to pull within 47-43 at 12:16, but Cameron Ayers' 3-pointer pushed Bucknell ahead 58-47 at the 5:54 mark, and Colgate never threatened.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Builder Scott Georgetti likes to think outside the box. And nothing could be further from the box than the Cottages at Queen Anne Court in Upper Township. The small cul-de-sac subdivision off Route 9 features a mix of custom built single family homes and age- restricted duplexes.
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Item: 238654
Halfords Black leather Gear Knob (non-lift reverse)
How can I get it?
FREE Click & Collect
- Description
- Reviews
- Delivery Options
- Help & Advice
- Buying Options
Halfords Black Leather Gear Knob (non-lift reverse)Simple and easy to fit, the Halfords Black Leather Gear Knob is suitable for non-lift reverse gear boxes.
Halfords Black Leather Gear Knob (non-lift reverse) Extra Info:
- Ergonomic design.
- Easy to fit, update your car interior yourself.
- Suits most vehicles with non-lift reverse gear boxes.
Rated 4.3 out of 5 by 4 reviewers.Rated 3 out of 5 by Neil955i Failed to fit LR Freelander The plastic collars simply did not key to the threads on my Freelander 1 and so I can't rate this any better than average. Which is a shame becauhe knob looks OK. Built down to a price with the cheapo plastic parts. How much more would pukka metal adapters have cost, pennies? Instead spoiled the ship for ha'porth of tar. 05 May 2016Rated 5 out of 5 by Verified Reviewer excellent quality feel product My 2002 had a very small original gear lever which was horrible. I bought this halfords gear lever online for £15..I fitted it in 5 minutes myself..and now changing gear feels absolutely brilliant, quite a sporty feel...much easier to select and change gear now Excellent product,, quality sporty leather feel, good hand grip Definately recommend. All pro...no cons. Max 08 January 2016Rated 4 out of 5 by Steves21 Good product, good value Given the price of the product it represented good quality and value. 26 November 2015Rated 5 out of 5 by Luke17666 Defiantly buy this! It a brilliant substitute for your original gear knob it lasts and fits perfectly. 19 October 20121-4 of 4
Standard Delivery£2.99
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You can buy this product from one of our carefully selected Approved Partners. The full list of options available are below. Simply add your chosen option to your basket and proceed to checkout when you're ready.
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text: Minimum Wage The Source: COPS/Metro Alliance Turns 40 Years Old By David Martin Davies • Apr 14, 2016 COPS/Metro Alliance It started as an experiment - community organizing in San Antonio's low income, underserved neighborhoods. It ended up shaking up the city - and giving voice to the many forgotten working families in the city. People who didn't have drainage, paved streets or sidewalks, people who lacked access to water and even less access to economic opportunities. For the last 40 years Communities Organized for Public Service COPS was at the center of many of the fights at city hall, but does the city today still need COPS? Guests: The Source: The Impact Of City-Proposed Pay Raises By Paul Flahive • Aug 3, 2015 Joey Palacios / Texas Public Radio The same day the Service Employee International Union (SEIU) was scheduled to launch a campaign to push the city to raise pay for 3000 to $15 an hour, city officials proposed raising the hourly pay to $13 across the board. The city budget for the next fiscal year is introduced this week. COPS/Metro Alliance, a nonprofit advocacy group based in San Antonio, has been trying to get the wage lifted to this rate for more than a year. They first pushed at the County Level last summer. The Source: Efforts To Raise The Minimum Wage In San Antonio By Paul Flahive • Nov 18, 2014 Ryan Loyd / TPR News The federal minimum wage has been $7.25 since 2009. That amount, or something less for exempted positions, is what 3.3 million Americans earn per her hour across the country. Many believe it is time to raise the minimum wage to a livable wage, or a wage that raises a person out of poverty. The Source: Combating Wage Theft In Texas By Paul Flahive • Nov 25, 2013 Providence Public Library (flickr.com) Last week the City of Houston adopted a strict ordinance that will disqualify businesses found guilty of criminal wage theft from city contracts or from operating in the city. Officials have said criminal convictions rare in these instances, but the city contends it makes a powerful statement. The Source: Raising The Minimum Wage | City Considers Plastic Bag Ban By Paul Flahive • Nov 19, 2013 Flickr user Trisha Weir / cc In the first segment: An Ohio Wal-Mart is having a food drive so that needy employees can have a good Thanksgiving. McDonald's has a phone resource line directing its full-time employees to public services like food pantries, SNAP, and heating assistance. Pages1 2 next › last »


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Posted by ESPN.com's Mike Sando
Tony Pashos' season-ending shoulder injury leaves the 49ers with even fewer options at right tackle.
The 49ers placed him on injured reserve Tuesday. This probably forces Adam Snyder into a full-time role at right tackle, which makes Chilo Rachal a more prominent option at right guard.
Rachal has struggled badly this season. Coach Mike Singletary suggested Rachal might benefit from playing a little looser instead of worrying about making mistakes. It's tough to stop worrying about making mistakes when everyone keeps talking about those mistakes.
The 49ers' failure to address right tackle in the draft is hurting them now. I think the team made the right decision in drafting Michael Crabtree with the 10th overall choice. Third-round choice Glen Coffee also proved valuable this season when an injury sidelined Frank Gore.
The team signed veteran Marvel Smith as a fallback, but Smith's chronic back trouble forced him into retirement. Pashos was signed Sept. 7.
Finding a viable tackle in Week 8 isn't a realistic option. Jon Runyan remains available, presumably for a reason. He's 35 years old and coming off microfracture knee surgery. That's a bad combination.


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Ryan Braun still happy with long-term Brewers commitment
The Brewers have had no luck in recent years in keeping elite players off the free-agent market. Overtures to the likes of CC Sabathia, Prince Fielder and Zack Greinke were rebuffed and those players left for huge deals with other clubs.
The one exception has been all-star leftfielder Ryan Braun. He signed an eight-year, $45 million deal after his 2007 NL rookie of the year season, then basically committed to the Brewers for life by agreeing to a five-year, $105 million extension in April 2011 that takes him through the 2020 season with a mutual option for 2021.
In an interview on "The D List" on 540 Milwaukee ESPN radio on Wednesday morning, Braun said he had no regrets for signing up for years to come with the Brewers rather than seeing what he might be offered on the free agent market.
"I wouldn't change a thing," said Braun. "I love it in Milwaukee. It's amazing. I think the more time I've spent there, the more I realize how great a situation it really is.
"An incredibly supportive fan base. A great ball park to play in. Weather is never an issue. We're centrally located as far as travel goes. I think from the top of the organization, from the ownership group on down, everybody is committed to winning. We've got to go to the playoffs two times in the last four or five years. We're consistently playing competitive baseball.
"For me, there's no place I'd rather be. I'm certainly still thrilled with the decision I made. I feel so fortunate, I really do. But I don't fault anybody else for making their decision, either. They have to do what they feel are in their best interests."
Braun went on to say he feels great physically and is looking forward to once again participating in the World Baseball Classic this spring.
- Brewers try for series victory against Cubs
- Zach Davies tries to continue his hot streak
- Brewers GM David Stearns is active in trade talks
- Brewers open series vs. Cubs with Jimmy Nelson on mound
- Joe Adcock to be inducted into Miller Park Walk of Fame next Friday
- Jake Elmore gets a start in center field for series finale
- Adrian Houser undergoes Tommy John surgery
- Brewers looking to sell high on Jonathan Lucroy
- Brewers look to bounce back against Pirates
- Brewers, 620 WTMJ extend radio rights agreement


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THE DRIVEWAY: Both Gucci Mane's former attorney, Dennis Scheib, and his current one, Ash Joshi, told CL that a neighbor on Springside Run -- a man who owned the rental house where the stripper lived -- saw the men walking up the driveway. "I hired an investigator, and the investigator found this one man who was cutting some hedges," Scheib told CL. "And he sees [the men] pull up in a van, get out, rush in the door. And he hears somebody yell or something, and they have a struggle in there. And he hears a shot, and he sees them come out. I brought him to the DA's office, and he made a statement." According to Joshi: "I know the gentleman who called the police was very forthcoming. He lives next door but also owns the house where this occurred."
MEETING FOXY: The website SOHH.com was the first to report the Gucci-Foxy meeting. Gucci's attorneys, Scheib and Joshi, confirmed the meeting to CL. "One of the things that I believe he was interested in was having her take one of his CDs to whatever strip joint it was," Joshi said. "He was in large part interested in getting that in her hands. Apparently, they (strippers) can request music when they're on the main stage."
JEEZY AND "ICY": A) Gucci's attorney, Joshi, told CL that the two rappers and their labels were fighting over the rights to "Icy": "Personalities got involved," he said. "It escalated to more, but this was at its heart a financial dispute which has resolved itself." B) Gucci described the history of "Icy" in the July 2005 AllHipHop.com interview: "[I] had a song I [sic] written on called, 'Icy,' so I brought it to [Jeezy]. ... I kept on with the song like, 'Let's work on this song right here, it would be tight.' So I paid Jeezy to get on the song, paid [one of his associates] to get on the song and than [sic] after that, it just turned into a big hit." C) Neither Jeezy's publicist, Island Def Jam's Gabriel Tesoreiro, nor his attorney, Janice Singer, returned CL's phone calls.
THE INVASION: Gucci's former attorney, Scheib, told CL that the men who came to the house had weapons. "One of them hit [Gucci] in the head. It was something wrapped up. He thought it was brass knuckles. They came in with duct tape, too. ... They pulled out a gun, and they had tape. And they pointed a weapon either at him or his friend, and he just wasn't going to wait until they started shooting." When asked about the alleged intruders' weapons, Gucci's current attorney, Joshi, replied, "Certainly brass knuckles. Certainly guns ... and some drawn."
POOKIE'S RUN: Gucci's former attorney, Scheib, says of the five men: "They came in and out. They were really quick." According to his current attorney, Joshi: "The neighbor reported a home invasion. So the police were en route. They passed the guy who was shot. But he ran into some woods in an effort to hide from police. He was by himself at that point." Regarding the lyrics, the third member of Loccish Lifestyle told CL that they aren't as eerie as they might seem to an outsider. "I could go through some stuff now and probably find [lyrics] a little stranger than that right there," says Carlos "Low Down" Rhodes.
THE DEAL WITH CTE: Low Down described Jeezy's offer during an interview with CL. Low Down said in reference to Jeezy, "He was saying we was the best thing around here, so he was going to go ahead and jump on it before all the other people get a chance." Loccish Lifestyle's manager, Tarence Bivins, told CL, "It was known around here that they was supposedly looking at us. We had a little buzz going locally, in the Middle Georgia area. But me speaking from a manager standpoint, they never just said, 'We're going to meet ... you on whatever-whatever day.'"
FINDING POOKIE: A DeKalb County Police incident report dated May 13, 2005, describes how police got a call from a Columbia Middle School resource officer who "advised that she was notified by 4 black males that their friend identified as Mr. Henry Lee Clark was in the wood line dead." It said the resource officer "took [the DeKalb Police officer] into the wood line where I observed a black male dressed in all black, with a white Braves cap lying next to his body. The body appeared to be stiff, and had flies on it." Police interviewed one of the four witnesses, Shannon Lundy, who said that "they were staying at the Marriott Courtyard downtown when Mr. Clark went missing." According to the report, "He further advised that while at a video shoot in the West End he heard about a shooting on Springside Run. Mr. Lundy stated that Mr. Clark knew a [sic] unknown female who lives at ... Springside Run. Mr. Lundy further advised that they just came to the area and started looking through the wood line and discovered the body." The report also lists Demetrius Ellerbee as both a witness and complainant.
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Not a huge fan of the ankle cuff sneakers that Serena (and KD) are wearing…
Kind of strange that some random lady started a GoFundMe for that kid. I'm curious…
Can Tim Lee get any more pitiful?
Are my nards going to get irradiated?
sarcasm, and the lost art therein.


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Down 48,265 this week
R. Norwood Smith (1915–1999)
R. Norwood Smith was born on April 18, 1915 in San Francisco, California, USA as Francis Norwood Smith. He was an actor, known for A Family Upside Down (1978), Huckleberry Finn (1974) and Listen to Me (1989). He was married to Elizabeth. He died on August 24, 1999 in Camarillo, California. See full bio »
Born:in San Francisco, California, USA
Died:(age 84) in Camarillo, California, USA


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Get the interactive edition on your device!
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Linda Evangelista appears in Givenchy on the cover, while Christina Ricci (Mermaid), Macaulay Culkin (Home Alone) and Elijah Wood are hailed as Hollywood's hottest child stars, Plum Sykes attempts to persuade fashionistas to embrace the new neons in place of safe neutrals, and gardening makes the style grade. Yves Saint Laurent himself appears in an exclusive interview in which he refers to himself as the third most famous person in the world – after the Pope (and he can't recall who came second).


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I have about 30 data access classes and all of them contain a GetAll method with some parameters.
My code in all of them looks like below:
public IEnumerable<IHierarchyDivisionDailyResult> GetAll(short masterId, DateTime startDate, short gbuId)
var cacheKey = this.Cache.CreateCacheKey(this, masterId, startDate, gbuId);
var result = this.Cache.GetList<IHierarchyDivisionDailyResult>(cacheKey);
if (result != null) return result;
lock (LockObject)
result = this.Cache.GetList<IHierarchyDivisionDailyResult>(cacheKey);
if (result != null) return result;
using (var dataContext = OscaDataContext.CreateWithCustomTimeOut())
result = dataContext.HierarchyDivisionDaily(masterId, startDate, gbuId).ToList();
this.Cache.Add(cacheKey, result);
return result;
I'd like to refactor the code so that the duplicated codes get removed. How would that be possible?
What are common/different in each implementation are:
- CreateCacheKey always gets all the input parameters
- Cache.GetList - though the type could be different
- The return type of GetAll method is different in each implementation
- Locking exists in all of them as above
- The dataContext object is always created as above
- dataContext.Entity(...) is also different
One possible option I thought was to use Reflection to find out the input parameters and output type, then I'll be able to merge most of the code but the performance of the Reflection approach wouldn't be great I've read.
What would be so ideal would be to be able to add a "Cache" attribute to the method so that the result gets cached automatically!
public IEnumerable GetAll(short masterId, DateTime startDate, short gbuId)
using (var dataContext = OscaDataContext.CreateWithCustomTimeOut())
return dataContext.HierarchyDivisionDaily(masterId, startDate, gbuId).ToList();
What do you think?


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Rent Understanding Vladimir Nabokov 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Steven J. Parker. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Univ of South Carolina Pr.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.


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Im trying to delete a row from my Database,
this is my code :
sql = "delete sum_lines from sum_lines join sum_tbl on sum_lines.summary_id = sum_tbl.id where sum_tbl.user_id = @userId and sum_lines.line_id ='@lineId'";
SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(conString);
dataObj = new DataObj();
SqlCommand com = new SqlCommand(sql, con);
com.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@userId", userId));
com.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@lineId", lineId));
the thing is, that if Im trying my sql statement in the management tool , it works perfectly. but it wont effect on my database when my code is running.
it DOES go to this code, I can see in my debug mode, but it wont effecting for some reason . any inputs ?


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Cooperative relaying is accepted as a promising solution to achieve high data rates over large areas in the future 4G wireless system. In this paper, a cell-cluster based traffic load balancing strategy is proposed to solve the problem of cell congestion in cooperative cellular networks. In the paper, a dynamic cell-cluster construction method is first studied based on the traffic distribution among the hot spot cell and its neighboring cells, which is followed by the calculation of transferred traffic from the hot spot cell to each of the noncongested cells in the cell-cluster in order to minimize the average blocking probability, then, after the study of spectral efficiency for both direct and cooperative relaying transmissions, a mathematic model is formulated to jointly optimize routing and radio resource allocation in traffic load balancing, and a greedy based CJRR (cell-cluster based joint routing and radio resource allocation) algorithm is proposed to find a suboptimal solution. Simulation results show that our proposed traffic load balancing strategy has a satisfying performance in system spectral efficiency and blocking probability comparing with other transmission schemes.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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I have a hierarchy with several levels, it looks something like this (<---- denotes subclassing of left from right):
MyClass <----- ParentClass <------ Abstract Class
I want to call a non-static method that is declared and defined in AbstractClass, but is overridden in ParentClass. I want to call the version in AbstractClass, not the version in ParentClass, so I need something like
Or something of that spirit. Is there a way to do this?


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I have to admit, Starwood Properties are one of my favourite hotel brands. They start looking after you pre-stay with email contact providing useful information and in my case an offer of an upgrade.
The Sheraton in Montreal has large rooms, good amenities, great flat screen TV, the world famous "heavenly beds" and rooms that you will enjoy staying in.
The outside of the hotel is nothing to write home about, but inside, the grand foyer, with shops and boutiques on the lower floor, meetings rooms aplenty and on the same level as check-in and large bar and seating area which offers a great meeting place.
Check-in is the normal high Starwood standard, efficient, quick and friendly.
I was located the 35th floor and offered a small upgrade for $30 to a Club Room with access to Club Facilities.
Great space for working, some hors d'oeuvres, drink and a continental breakfast for the cost of the upgrade, well worth it.
Breakfast was great, a selection of pastries and muffins, cereals, juices, toast and jams, fruit and tea and coffee. Papers to read and plenty of great furnishing with views over Montreal second to none.
The room I had offered same view.
I was thinking of giving this a 5 star, but a couple of things stopped me. I had no big towels in the bathroom, was not sure if i should have, but i think they missed them.
The sink did not retain the water, it emptied because the plug did not seem to want to hold the water.
If i stayed longer i would have complained but for one night i let it go.
Location is good, close to shopping, Central Station, Bell Center and handy for Old Quebec.
Looking forward to staying again when in Montreal.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Le Centre Sheraton Montreal Hotel is by St. Catherine Street, the Bell Centre, Montreal business district, and shopping at Ogilvy. Our 51,000 sq ft of meeting space can accommodate 2,000 event guests. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Hotels.com, Booking.com, Hotwire, Orbitz, Odigeo, Otel, Cancelon, Agoda, HotelTravel.com, Priceline and Jetsetter so you can book your Sheraton Le Centre Montreal Hotel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Sheraton Montreal
- Montreal Sheraton


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This Friday, 29 May sees the tenth International ME Conference put on by UK research charity Invest in ME (IiME) in London. The day-long conference will include 220 participants from 17 countries and will be attended by researchers, clinicians and patients.
Discuss the article on the Forums.
TED Talk on boosting mitochondrial production through hunter gatherer diet
Discussion in 'Detox: Methylation; B12; Glutathione; Chelation' started by Mr. Cat, Dec 7, 2011.


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The free space optics (FSO) systems are increasingly being considered as a suitable alternative technology for optical fiber networks, especially in areas where the deployment of optical fiber is not feasible and in underserved rural areas lacking broadband network connectivity. The advantages of FSO communications, depending on deployment scenario and application, including ease of deployment, license-free operation, high transmission security, high bit rates, full duplex transmission, and protocol transparency, [1], [2].
At the same time, transmission of radio frequency (RF) signals by means of optical fiber links, which are commonly referred to as radio over fiber (RoF), has been utilized for many years as a cost-effective and high-capacity solution to facilitate the wireless access [3]. However, the applicability of this solution greatly depends on the availability of fiber cable infrastructure and installation costs. In the absence of installed fiber cables, FSO links can conveniently be used to transmit RF signals, which are similar to RoF but excluding the fiber medium. Transmission of RF signals using FSO links, which is referred to as radio-on-free space optics (RoFSO), combines the advantages of high transmission capacity enabled by optical device technologies and ease of deployment of wireless links [4], [5]. In terrestrial communications, the RoFSO systems are usually deployed for last-mile access, extending broadband connectivity to underserved areas, and as a fiber back up [6]. However, the performance of RoFSO link can be degraded by many effects, such as fog, rain, atmospheric turbulence, and the non-ideal characteristics of optical transmitters and receivers [4], [7], [8]. Fig. 1 shows the deployment scenario of RoFSO system.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the most popular techniques for broadband wireless communications and is known for its increased robustness against frequency selective fading, narrow-band interference, and high channel efficiency. Consequently, OFDM has been adopted in several high-speed digital communication standards such as digital terrestrial TV broadcasting and the IEEE 802.11 local area network (LAN) and IEEE 802.16 standards. OFDM is also being investigated as a potential candidate for the next-generation mobile wireless systems [9].
The transmission of OFDM over optical link can be considered as special case of multiple-subcarrier modulation (MSM) [10], where multiple independent bit streams are modulated onto subcarriers at different frequencies, multiplexed in the RF domain and transmitted over high capacity optical fiber cables using intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) scheme. The MSM signal experiences little distortion and does not need equalization at the receiver end, where each subcarrier can be regarded as a separate narrow-band signal with a lower symbol rate.
The baseband OFDM signal is complex and bipolar, while in IM/DD optical link, a real and positive RF signal is required to drive the laser diode (LD). Therefore, to generate the real OFDM signal, a Hermitian symmetry can be applied to the input vector to the transmitter inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) block [11], whereas to transform the OFDM signal to unipolar, a DC bias can be added to the OFDM signal (DC-OFDM) so that the resulting signal becomes positive [12]. The dc bias has to be large enough to prevent clipping and distortion in the optical domain. In general, the main drawbacks of the IM/DD MSM systems are the average optical power inefficiency due to the large added dc bias and distortions due to the LD and optical channel nonlinearity [3], [13], [14], [15]. This is particularly crucial for IM/DD DC-OFDM, where large number of subcarriers creates unfavorable high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPR) [9], [16], [17]. Moreover, the nonlinearity in the LD causes interference among the subcarriers and a broadening of the overall signal spectrum. These factors introduce a complex situation and pose stringent requirements on the linearity of the optical devices in order to avoid excessive distortion and maintain adequate performance.
In this paper, we investigate the transmission performance of the OFDM signals over a turbulent FSO channel, in terms of the average carrier to noise-plus-distortion ratio (CNDR), bit error probability (BEP), and outage probability. We derive an analytical model for the optimization of the OFDM RoFSO link and the closed-form expressions for BEP and outage probability, taking into account the LD nonlinearity effect and using the gamma–gamma distribution to describe the turbulence-induced fading across weak to strong regimes. In this analysis, we show that the system performance is highly sensitive to the atmospheric turbulence, received optical power, and the selection of a proper optical modulation index (OMI) for optimum performance. This work provides insight on the system design and performance characteristics relevant in implementing economical links for OFDM-based wireless services transmission, especially in areas lacking fiber infrastructure.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the mathematical modeling for the transmission of OFDM signals over turbulent RoFSO link. The analytical results are shown and discussed in Section 3. Finally, Section 4 concludes the paper.
In FSO channel, the atmospheric turbulence causes irradiance fluctuations, known as scintillation, on the received signals propagating along a horizontal path near ground. Scintillation is mainly caused by small temperature variations in the atmosphere, resulting in refraction-index random variations. Different statistical models have been proposed over the years to describe the atmospheric turbulence channels for varying degrees of strength [18]. For weak turbulence regime, the probability density function (PDF) of the intensity fluctuation is modeled as lognormal distribution, whereas for moderate to strong regimes, the gamma–gamma distribution is used.
The gamma–gamma model describes both small-scale and large-scale atmospheric fluctuations and factorizes the irradiance as the product of two independent random processes, each having a gamma PDF, and defined as [18] TeX Source $$p_{x}(x) = {2(\alpha\beta)^{\alpha + \beta\over 2}\over \Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}x^{{\alpha + \beta\over 2} \ - 1}K_{\alpha - \beta}(2\sqrt{\alpha\beta x}), \quad x\ > \ 0\eqno{\hbox{(1)}}$$ where $\Gamma(\cdot)$ is the Gamma function, $K_{n}(\cdot)$ is the modified Bessel function of the second kind of order n, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the effective numbers of small scale and large scale eddies of the scattering environment and defined for spherical wave with aperture-averaged scintillation as TeX Source $$\eqalignno{\alpha =&\, \left[\exp\left\{{0.49\sigma^{2}\over (1 + 0.18d^{2} + 0.56\sigma^{12/5})^{7/6}} \right\} - 1\right]^{-1}&\hbox{(2a)}\cr \beta =&\, \left[\exp\left\{{0.51\sigma^{2}(1 + 0.69 \sigma^{12/5})^{-5/6}\over 1 + 0.9d^{2} + 0.62d^{2}\sigma^{12/5}}\right\} - 1\right]^{-1}&\hbox{(2b)}}$$ where $\sigma^{2} = 0.5C_{n}^{2}k^{7/6}L^{11/6}$ and $d = \sqrt{(\pi D^{2}/2\lambda L)}$, $D(m)$ is the diameter of the receiver collecting lens aperture, $\lambda(m)$ is the wavelength, $L(m)$ is the link distance, and $C_{n}^{2}(m^{-2/3})$ is the refractive index structure parameter. The scintillation index $S. I$ can be expressed in term of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ as follows [18]: TeX Source $$S. I = {1\over \alpha} + {1\over \beta} + {1\over \alpha \beta}.\eqno{\hbox{(3)}}$$
The gamma–gamma distribution is a more general model, which includes the results of the K-distribution model (i.e., when $\beta = 1$).
OFDM is a kind of multicarrier transmission in which high data rate streams are split into lower rate streams and then transmitted simultaneously over several narrow-band subcarriers. The subcarriers are themselves modulated by using phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and are then carried on a high frequency carrier. OFDM can be simply defined as a form of multicarrier modulation where its carrier spacing is carefully selected so that each subcarrier is orthogonal to the other subcarriers and can be separated at the receiver by correlation techniques; hence, intersymbol interference among channels can be eliminated. The set of orthogonal carriers is realized by using the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) at the transmitter and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) at the receiver and requires no equalization [9]. The basic configuration of OFDM signal transmission over FSO link is shown in Fig. 2.
The OFDM signal for $N$ subcarriers, after up-conversion to the wireless service carrier frequency $f_{c}$, can be written as TeX Source $$\eqalignno{s_{\rm OFDM}(t) =&\, \sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1}s_{n}(t)\cr =&\, \sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1}X_{n}\exp\left(j(\omega_{n} + 2\pi f_{c})t \right), \quad 0\leq t\ < T_{s} \hfill&\hbox{(4)}}$$ where $\{\omega_{n} = (2\pi n/T_{s}), n = 0, 1, \ldots, N - 1\}$ are the set of orthogonal subcarriers frequency, $T_{s}$ is the OFDM symbol duration, and $X_{n} = a_{n} + jb_{n}$ is the complex data symbol in the $n$th subcarrier, with $a_{n}$ and $b_{n}$ the in-phase and quadrature modulation symbols, respectively. The first raw data is mapped according to different types of modulation techniques (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM), depending upon data rate. Each symbol $X_{n}$ is amplitude modulated on orthogonal subcarriers. This process is performed using the IFFT which guarantees that all the subcarriers are orthogonal to each other over the symbol interval [9], [12]. Here, we set the guard interval to zero and thus the OFDM symbol duration $T_{s}$ equals to the Fourier analysis window. The $s_{\rm OFDM}(t)$ is real by enforcing the conjugate-symmetry (Hermitian symmetry) of the IFFT input vector, i.e., $X_{N - k} = X_{k}^{\ast}$, $k = 1, \ldots, N/2$, The first input $X_{0}$, corresponding to the zero frequency, needs to be real-valued and is generally left unmodulated. In general, the need for Hermitian symmetry at the input requires doubling the size of the IFFT block $N_{\rm FFT}$ by extending the symbols $\{X_{k}, k = 0, 1, \ldots, N - 1\}$ with zeros to the length $N_{\rm FFT} = 2N$. This approach with real-valued IFFT output is used in digital subscriber line (DSL) systems and is known as discrete multitone (DMT) [11]. Due to frequency selectivity, the subcarriers experience in general different channel gains which can be mitigated through the use of many narrow subcarriers.
The signal $s_{\rm OFDM}(t)$ is then used to modulate the optical intensity of LD to be transmitted through fiber optics. The LD nonlinearity causes mixing of users signals, resulting in generation of harmonics and inter-modulation distortions (IMD). The optical power output from the LD is proportional to the modulating signals as [3] TeX Source $$P(t) = P_{t}\left(1 + \sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1}m_{n}s_{n}(t) + a_{3} \left[\sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1}m_{n}s_{n}(t)\right]^{3}\right)\eqno{\hbox{(5)}}$$ where $P_{t}$ is the average transmitted optical power, $a_{3}$ is the third order nonlinearity coefficient, and $m_{n}$ is the OMI for each subcarrier, where the total OMI $m_{\rm Total}$ is given by TeX Source $$m_{\rm Total} = {1\over N}\sqrt{\sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1}m_{n}^{2}}. \eqno{\hbox{(6)}}$$
We assume that the field at any point in the FSO link can be written as the product of the free-space field attenuation factors and the stochastic amplitude to describe the field perturbation. The received optical power at the photo detector (PD) input can be mathematically described as follows: TeX Source $$P_{r, {\rm FSO}}(t) = P(t)L_{\alpha}L_{\rm Scint}L_{\rm Atm}X + n_{\rm FSO}(t)\eqno{\hbox{(7)}}$$ where $P(t)$ is the output power from the LD that is transmitted over free space using FSO antenna, $L_{\rm Scint}$ is the loss due to the atmospheric turbulence, $L_{\rm Atm}$ is the loss due to the atmosphere, including rain and low-visibility attenuation losses, and $L_{\alpha}$ is the loss which includes optical fiber loss, FSO geometrical loss, and FSO pointing error loss. $n_{\rm FSO}(t)$ characterizes the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and $X$ quantifies the variation of the signal fading due to atmospheric turbulence transmission effects and its PDF $p_{X}(x)$ defined by (1).
Finally, substituting (5) into (7), and assuming that the FSO noise can be filtered in the PD, the output current of the PD can be expressed as follows: TeX Source $$\eqalignno{i(t, X) = &\, I_{\rm ph} \left(1 + \sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1}m_{n}s_{n}(t) + a_{3}\left[\sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1}m_{n}s_{n}(t)\right]^{3}\right) + n_{\rm opt}(t)&\hbox{(8)}\cr I_{\rm ph} = &\, \rho L_{\alpha}L_{\rm Scint}L_{\rm Atm}P_{t}X&\hbox{(9)}}$$ where $I_{\rm ph}$ is the dc of the received photocurrent $i(t, X)$, $\rho$ is the responsivity of the PD, and $n_{\rm opt}(t)$ is the AWGN with a double-sided power spectral density (PSD) of $N_{0}/2$. The Gaussian noise models the noise processes in the RoF link, which is the sum of thermal noise, shot noise, and relative intensity noise (RIN) processes. The shot noise is a function of the mean optical power; the RIN is a function of the square of the optical power, while the thermal noise is signal independent. The total noise power is defined as [3] TeX Source $$N_{0} = {4K_{B}T_{\rm abs}F\over R_{L}} + 2qI_{\rm ph} + (\hbox{RIN})I_{\rm ph}^{2}\eqno{\hbox{(10)}}$$ where $K_{B}$ is the Boltzmann's constant, $T_{\rm abs}$ is the absolute temperature, $F$ is the noise figure of the receiver electronics, $R_{L}$ is the PD load resistor, and $q$ is the electron charge. Note that, the received photocurrent $I_{\rm ph}$ is proportional to $X$ and consequently has the same statistic.
For the sake of simplicity, we assume all the tones to be modulated with the same modulation index $m_{n}$. Hence, according to (6), the OMI per subcarrier $m_{n}$ is derived as TeX Source $$m_{n} = {m_{\rm Total}\over \sqrt{N}}, \quad n = 0, 1, \ldots, N - 1.\eqno{\hbox{(11)}}$$
The desired signal power with respect to subcarrier frequency $\omega_{n}$ can be expressed as TeX Source $$C = {1\over 2}m^{2}I_{\rm ph}^{2}.\eqno{\hbox{(12)}}$$
The third order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) which falls into carrier $\omega_{n}$ among equally spaced $N$ carriers can be described as [3] TeX Source $$\sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2} = {1\over 2} \left({3\over 4}a_{3}m_{n}^{3}D_{2}(N, n) + {3\over 2} a_{3} m_{n}^{3}D_{3}(N, n)\right)^{2}I_{\rm ph}^{2}\eqno{\hbox{(13)}}$$ where $D_{2}(N, n)$ and $D_{3}(N, n)$ represent the number of intermodulation distortion products which influence the desired carrier and are given by [3] TeX Source $$\eqalignno{D_{2}(N, n) = &\, {1\over 2} \left(N - 2 - {1\over 2} \left(1 - (-1)^{N} \right)(-1)^{n}\right)\qquad&\hbox{(14a)}\cr D_{3}(N, n) = &\, {n\over 2}(N - n + 1) + {1\over 4} \left((N - 3)^{2} - 5\right) - {1\over 8} \left(1 - (-1)^{N}\right) (-1)^{N + n}. \qquad&\hbox{(14b)}}$$
Therefore, the received CNDR per subcarrier $\hbox{CNDR}_{n}$ with scintillation can be defined statistically as a function of the expected desired signal power $C$, the third-order intermodulation distortion power $\sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2}$, and the optical noise power per subcarrier $N_{0}/T_{s}$, that is TeX Source $$\hbox{CNDR}_{n}(X) = {C\over {N_{0}\over T_{s}} + \sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2}}.\eqno{\hbox{(15)}}$$
The optical modulation index helps us to determine the best CNDR for better performance of the system. The optimum optical modulation index per subcarrier $m_{{\rm opt}, n}$ of the laser transmitter which results in maximum CNDR can be obtained by differentiating (15), with respect to $m_{n}$ and is given by TeX Source $$m_{{\rm opt}, n} = \left({N_{0}/T_{s} \over \left({3\over 4}a_{3}D_{2}(N, n) + {3\over 2} a_{3}D_{3}(N, n)\right)^{2}I_{\rm ph}^{2}}\right)^{1\over 6}. \eqno{\hbox{(16)}}$$
Hence, using (11), the total optimal OMI $m_{\rm opt}$ of the system yields TeX Source $$m_{\rm opt} = \sqrt{N}\times \left({N_{0}/T_{s}\over \left({3\over 4}a_{3}D_{2}(N, n) + {3\over 2}a_{3}D_{3}(N, n)\right)^{2}I_{\rm ph}^{2}}\right)^{1\over 6}.\eqno{\hbox{(17)}}$$
In this subsection, we analyze the performance of OFDM systems with M-QAM modulation. It is important to determine the degree to which the FSO link carrying OFDM signals may be expected to be degraded due to the atmospheric turbulence, by computing the symbol error probability (SEP) $P_{s}$ and BEP $P_{b}$. We assume that the intermodulation distortion noise is Gaussian distributed so that the total noise defined in (15) is Gaussian. The SEP per subcarrier $P_{s, n}$ for the received M-QAM-OFDM signal, where $M = 2^{k}$ and $k$ is an even number, is given by [19] TeX Source $$P_{s, n}(X) = 2(1 - \sqrt{M}^{-1})\,\hbox{erfc}\left(\sqrt{A\times \hbox{CNDR}_{n}(X)}\right)\eqno{\hbox{(18)}}$$ where $A = 3/[2(M - 1)]$, $\hbox{erfc}(\cdot)$ is the complementary error function.
Using (15), the average $P_{s, n}$ can be obtained by averaging (18) over the scintillation distribution TeX Source $$\eqalignno{\langle P_{s, n}\rangle = &\, 2(1 - \sqrt{M}^{-1}) \int\limits_{0}^{\infty}\hbox{erfc}\left(\sqrt{AC\over \sigma_{N}^{2} + \sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2}} \right)p_{X}(x)\,dx\cr = &\, 2(1 - \sqrt{M}^{-1}){2(\alpha \beta)^{{\alpha + \beta\over 2}}\over \Gamma(\alpha) \Gamma(\beta)}\int\limits_{0}^{\infty}\hbox{erfc}\left(\sqrt{{AC\over \sigma_{N}^{2} + \sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2}}}\right) x^{{\alpha + \beta\over 2} - 1}K_{\alpha -\beta}(2\sqrt{\alpha\beta x})\,dx\quad&\hbox{(19)}}$$ where $P_{r, 0} = L_{\alpha}L_{\rm Atm}P_{t}$ is the received optical power in the absence of turbulence.
In order to solve the integral of (19), we assume that the CNDR can be approximated by averaging the noises and the intermodulation distortion over scintillation, i.e., $\hbox{CNDR}_{n}(X) \approx C/(\langle \sigma_{N}^{2} \rangle + \langle \sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2} \rangle)$, where $\langle.\rangle$ denotes the average over scintillation. Note that the denominator is a second order polynomial with the scintillation $x$ as variable. Hence, we use the expressions $\hbox{erfc}(\sqrt{z}) = (1/\sqrt{\pi})G_{1, 2}^{2, 0}[z \vert_{0, 1/2}^{\ 1}]$ [20, Eq. 06.27.26.0006.01] and $K_{n}(z) = (1/2) G_{0, 2}^{2, 0}[z^{2}/4\vert_{n/2, -n/2}^{\ \ \ -\,-}]$ [20, Eq. 03. 04.26.0008.01], where $G_{c, d}^{a, b}(\cdot)$ is a MeijerG function, which is a standard built-in function in most well-known mathematical software packages such as Mathematica and Maple. Moreover, the MeijerG function can be written in terms of the more familiar generalized hypergeometric functions [20], [21]. Equation (19) can be rewritten as TeX Source $$\langle P_{s, n} \rangle = {(1 - \sqrt{M}^{-1})(\alpha \beta)^{{\alpha + \beta\over 2}}\over \sqrt{\pi}\Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}\int\limits_{0}^{\infty}G_{1, 2}^{2, 0}\left(\left.{{1\over 2}A(m_{n}\rho P_{r, 0})^{2}x^{2}\over \left\langle \sigma_{N}^{2}\right\rangle + \left\langle \sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2}\right\rangle}\right\vert_{0, {1\over 2}}^{\ 1}\right)x^{{\alpha + \beta\over 2} - 1}G_{0, 2}^{2, 0}\left(\left.\alpha \beta x\right\vert_{{\alpha - \beta\over 2}, {\beta - \alpha\over 2}}^{\ \ \ -\, -} \right)\,dx.\eqno{\hbox{(20)}}$$
Finally, a closed-form expression of the average SEP per subcarrier $\langle P_{s, n} \rangle$ is then derived using [20, Eq. 07.34.21. 0013.01] TeX Source $$\langle P_{s, n} \rangle = (1 - \sqrt{M}^{-1}){2^{\alpha + \beta - 1}\over \pi \sqrt{\pi}\Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}\ G_{5, 2}^{2, 4}\left(\left.{2^{3}A(m_{n}\rho P_{r, 0})^{2}\over \left(\left\langle\sigma_{N}^{2}\right\rangle + \left\langle \sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2}\right\rangle\right)(\alpha\beta)^{2}}\right\vert_{0, \ {1\over 2}}^{{1 - \alpha\over 2}, {2 - \alpha\over 2}, {1 - \beta\over 2}, {2 - \beta\over 2}, 1}\right).\eqno{(21)}$$
Assuming that the Gray-coded mapping is used at the transmitter, the average BEP per subcarrier $\langle P_{b, n}\rangle$ can be obtained from (21) as TeX Source $$\langle P_{b, n} \rangle = {1\over {\rm Log}_{2}(M)} \langle P_{s, n}\rangle.\eqno{\hbox{(22)}}$$
When the number of subcarriers is large, the total average bit error probability $\langle P_{b} \rangle$ over the entire OFDM band can be derived based on law of large numbers (LLN) TeX Source $$\langle P_{b} \rangle = {1\over N}\sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1} \langle P_{b, n}\rangle.\eqno{\hbox{(23)}}$$
The outage probability is a commonly used performance metric in fading channels. It is defined as the probability that the instantaneous CNDR falls below a specified threshold $\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th}$, which represents a specified value of the CNDR above which the quality of the channel is satisfactory. It is a useful metric to characterize the effect of the atmospheric turbulence on the CNDR and, thus, on the BEP $P_{b}$. The outage probability per subcarrier $P_{{\rm Out}, n}$ is defined as follows: TeX Source $$P_{{\rm Out}, n}(\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th}) = \Pr (\hbox{CNDR}_{n}\ <\ \hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th}).\eqno{\hbox{(24)}}$$ If we define a constant $I_{\rm th}$ as a ratio $I_{\rm th} = (\sqrt{2 \hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th}(\langle \sigma_{N}^{2} \rangle + \langle\sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2}\rangle})/\rho mP_{r, 0})$, (24) can be rewritten as TeX Source $$\eqalignno{P_{{\rm Out}, n}(\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th}) = &\, \int \limits_{0}^{I_{\rm th}} p_{X}(x)\,dx\cr = &\, \int\limits_{0}^{I_{\rm th}} {2(\alpha \beta)^{{\alpha + \beta \over 2}}\over \Gamma (\alpha)\Gamma (\beta)}x^{{\alpha + \beta\over 2} - 1}K_{\alpha - \beta} (2\sqrt{\alpha \beta x})\,dx.&\hbox{(25)}}$$
Using the equations [21, Eq. 6.592.2] and [20, Eq. 03.04.26.0008.01], a closed-form expression of the outage probability per subcarrier $P_{{\rm Out}, n}$ yields TeX Source $$P_{{\rm Out}, n}(\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th}) = {(\alpha \beta)^{\alpha + \beta\over 2}\over \Gamma (\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}I_{\rm th}\ G_{1, 3}^{2, 1} \left(\left.\alpha \beta I_{\rm th} \right\vert_{{\alpha - \beta\over 2},\ {\beta - \alpha\over 2},\ {\alpha + \beta\over 2}}^{\ \ \ \ 1 - {\alpha - \beta\over 2}}\right).\eqno\hbox{(26)}$$
Similar to the total average BEP, the resulting total outage probability $P_{\rm Out}$ of the system can be expressed as TeX Source $$P_{\rm Out}(\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th}) = {1\over N}\sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1}P_{{\rm Out}, n}(\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th})\eqno{\hbox{(27)}}$$
In this paper, we select the integrated services digital broadcasting-terrestrial (ISDB-T) signal standard [22] in order to evaluate the degradation of an OFDM-based wireless service transmission over FSO link affected by the atmospheric turbulence and optical nonlinear distortion. Numerical results of the received CNDR, BEP, and outage probability are generated and studied based on (15), (23), and (27), respectively. Throughout this study, the BEP is analyzed without using the forward error correction (FEC) coding technique. In general, the ISDB-T standard uses concatenated codes as error-correction schemes, namely, Reed–Solomon (204, 188) code for the outer code and a convolutional code for the inner code [22]. The values of all parameters used in the numerical calculation are given in Table 1.
Before presenting the numerical results, we define the average of CNDR over the atmospheric turbulence random process $X$ as $\langle \hbox{CNDR} \rangle = \int_{0}^{\infty}\hbox{CNDR}(m, x)p_{X}(x)dx$.
Fig. 3 plots the variation of the average received ISDB-T CNDR per subcarrier $\langle \hbox{CNDR}_{n} \rangle$ predicted from (15) with respect to the OMI per subcarrier $m_{n}$ for different values of the received optical power in the absence of turbulence $P_{r, 0} = \{-25\ \hbox{dBm}, -20\ \hbox{dBm}, -15\ \hbox{dBm}, -10\ \hbox{dBm}, -5\ \hbox{dBm}\}$ and with scintillation parameters $(\alpha, \beta) = (4, 1)$. From the figure, it can be observed that the value of CNDR clearly depends on the OMI $m_{n}$. For instance, when $P_{r, 0} = -5\ \hbox{dBm}$, the CNDR value improves as the OMI value is increased from $m_{n} = 0\%$ to $0.1\%$ but deteriorates as the OMI value is increasing from $m_{n} = 0.1\%$ to 100%. The maximum CNDR value is approximately 52 dB, and is achieved at $m_{n} = 0.1\%$. This can be explained as follows: When $m_{n}$ is small, the received carrier power is low, and the intermodulation distortion is negligible; thus, the optical noise $\langle \sigma_{N}^{2}\rangle$ dominates, and the CNDR can be approximated as $\langle \hbox{CNDR}_{n} \rangle \approx C/\langle\sigma_{N}^{2} \rangle$. As shown in the previous section, there are three main noise sources: the RIN of the LD, the shot noise, and the thermal noise. Among them, the thermal noise affects the CNDR performance when the received optical power is small, whereas when $m_{n}$ is large, the intermodulation distortion $\langle\sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2}\rangle$ dominates, and in this case, the CNDR is approximated as $\langle \hbox{CNDR}_{n} \rangle \approx C/\langle\sigma_{\rm IMD}^{2}\rangle$. Therefore, specifying an appropriate and optimal value of the OMI $m_{\rm opt}$ is essential in optimizing the system performance. The optimal OMI $m_{{\rm opt}, n}$ that leads to the optimal value of the CNDR per subcarrier $\langle \hbox{CNDR}_{{\rm opt}, n}\rangle$ and is given by (16) helps us to determine the best CNDR for better performance of the system. Furthermore, we observe that the $\langle \hbox{CNDR}_{n}\rangle$ degrades with the increase of the received optical power. As a result, the pair $(m_{{\rm opt}, n}, \langle \hbox{CNDR}_{{\rm opt}, n} \rangle)$ can take different values with the variation of the received optical power. For example, for $P_{r, 0} = -5\ \hbox{dBm}$, the optimal CNDR is about $\langle \hbox{CNIR}_{{\rm opt}, n} \rangle = 50\ \hbox{dB}$ at $m_{{\rm opt}, n} = 0.09\%$, whereas with the same value of $m_{n}$, the $\langle \hbox{CNDR}_{n} \rangle = 29\ \hbox{dB}$ for $P_{r, 0} = -25\ \hbox{dBm}$. However, for $P_{r, 0} = -25\ \hbox{dBm}$, the optimal CNDR is about $\langle \hbox{CNIR}_{{\rm opt}, n}\rangle = 35\ \hbox{dB}$ at $m_{{\rm opt}, n} = 0.2\%$, which leads to a CNIR penalty equal to 6 dB. These results indicate the importance of the optical link carrying RF signals and demonstrate the importance of choosing an appropriate OMI value in optimizing the system performance.
In Fig. 4, we plot the derived average BEP given by (23) versus the received optical power for different types of modulation, i.e., QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM, and different values of scintillation parameters $\alpha$, $\beta$, i.e., $(\alpha, \beta) = \{(4, 1), (4, 4)\}$ with the total OMI $m_{\rm Total} = 10\%$. The effect of the atmospheric turbulence on the received BEP is clearly apparent. The performance of the system is drastically degraded when the scintillation index is high. However, for the $\hbox{BEP} = 10^{-2}$, the QPSK without turbulence outperforms QPSK with $(\alpha, \beta) = (4, 4)$ and QPSK with $(\alpha, \beta) = (4, 1)$ by approximately 5 dB and 15 dB, respectively. Furthermore, when the received optical power $P_{r, 0} = -15\ \hbox{dBm}$, for example, the BEP increases from $7 \times 10^{-6}$ at $(\alpha, \beta) = (4, 4)$ to $8 \times 10^{-3}$ at $(\alpha, \beta) = (4, 1)$ for QPSK and from $6 \times 10^{-4}$ at $(\alpha, \beta) = (4, 4)$ to $2 \times 10^{-2}$ at $(\alpha, \beta) = (4, 1)$ for 64-QAM. In fact, the larger constellation sizes require higher received power to accurately discriminate among the transmitted symbols; they are also more sensitive to the heavy turbulence due to the required precision in accurate constellation scaling at the receiver.
Next, we analyze the system's outage probability using the equation given by (27). Fig. 5 shows the average outage probability in terms of the received optical power in dBm for different values of scintillation parameters $\alpha$, $\beta$, i.e., $(\alpha, \beta) = \{(4, 1), (4, 4)\}$ and $m_{\rm Total} = 10\%.$ Two cases of CNDR threshold level have been considered: $\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th} = \{10\ \hbox{dB}, 30\ \hbox{dB}\}$. Similar to the BEP, It is observed that the system outage probability is severely affected by the atmospheric turbulence and requires higher received power to overcome the performance degradation. For the received optical power $P_{r, 0} = -10\ \hbox{dBm}$, for example, the outage probability increases from $2\times 10^{-5}$ to $2\times 10^{-2}$ and from $2 \times 10^{-2}$ to close to $2\times 10^{-1}$ for the $\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th} = 10\ \hbox{dB}$ and $\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th} = 30\ \hbox{dB}$, respectively. It should be noted that this result is given for a fixed value of the OMI $m_{\rm Total} = 10\%$, which is not optimal for all the values of the received power as mentioned earlier (see Fig. 3).
To highlight the fundamental role of the optimal OMI for the overall system performance, Fig. 6, plots the optimal outage probability in terms of the received optical power $P_{r, 0}$ and total optimal OMI $m_{\rm opt}$ with scintillation parameters $(\alpha, \beta) = (4, 4)$ and $\hbox{CNDR}_{\rm th}=10\ \hbox{dB}$. In the graph, the optimal outage probability $P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m)$ is derived by substituting (17) into (27), and then, for each value of the received optical power, the optimal OMI $m_{\rm opt}$ is selected in order to minimize the outage as $P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m) = P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}))$. Note that $P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}))$ can be seen as a lower bound of the whole system outage probability, which is difficult to achieve. We also plotted the outage probability $P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}^{\ast}))$ for different values of the $m_{\rm opt}$ selected for a specified value of received optical power $P_{r, 0}^{\ast} = \{-25\ \hbox{dBm}, -20\ \hbox{dBm}, -15\ \hbox{dBm}, -10 \ \hbox{dBm}, -5\ \hbox{dBm}\}$, and thus, by using (17), the optimal OMI $m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}^{\ast})$ can be obtained as $m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}^{\ast}) = \{6.6\%, 7.3\%, 9.7\%, 14\%, 20.6\%\}$. Furthermore, from (17), it can be derived that $m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}) \longrightarrow \sqrt{N}\times [\hbox{RIN}/(T_{s}\ast ((3/2) a_{3}D_{3} + (3/4) a_{3}D_{2})^{2})]^{1/6}$ when $P_{r, 0}$ is high, which may be considered as upper bound of the outage probability $P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}^{\ast}))$. By observing Fig. 6, we notice that the value of the outage clearly depends on the optimal OMI $m_{\rm opt}$ for different levels of the received optical power $P_{r, 0}$. Moreover, if we set the OMI to $m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}^{\ast})$, the $P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}^{\ast}))$ shows a constant behavior due to the nonlinear distortion when $P_{r, 0} \ >\ P_{r, 0}^{\ast}$, and the outage penalty in comparison with $P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}))$ increases with the decrease of the value of $P_{r, 0}^{\ast}$. However, when $P_{r, 0}\ < \ P_{r, 0}^{\ast}$, the outage penalty in comparison with $P_{\rm Out} (P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}))$ increases with the increase of the power $P_{r, 0}^{\ast}$. These results indicate that the optimal OMI $m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}^{\ast})$ should be selected so that the area between its corresponding outage $P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}^{\ast}))$ and the optimal outage probability $P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}))$ is minimal (i.e., ${\rm Min}_{P_{r, 0}^{\ast}}\{\vert \int (P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}^{\ast})) - P_{\rm Out}(P_{r, 0}; m_{\rm opt}(P_{r, 0}))) dP_{r, 0}\vert\}$).
In this paper, we have studied the transmission performance of the OFDM signals over a turbulent RoFSO channel in terms of the average CNDR, BEP, and outage probability. We have presented a mathematical model for the optimization of the OFDM-RoFSO link and closed-form expressions for the system BEP and outage probability, taking into account the optical noises and the nonlinear distortion effects of the IM/DD MSM optical link. The FSO channel turbulence-induced fading is modeled by gamma–gamma distribution, which covers the weak to strong turbulence regime. In contrast to the optical fiber communication, our results demonstrated that the RoFSO system performance is highly sensitive to the atmospheric turbulence and the received optical power. However, it has shown that selecting an appropriate optimal optical modulation index may increase the overall system performance.
This work was supported by a Grant-in-aid from the High-tech Research Center Project by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan. Corresponding author: A. Bekkali (e-mail: email@example.com).
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Roswell Mitsubishi Sales Reviews
- 11170 Alpharetta Hwy
- Roswell, GA 30076 (map)
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Recommend this dealer? Yes Purchased a vehicle from this dealer? Yes
Unbelievable Service I had ever experience! I was inquiring about a couple of cars on the internet and found a Mitsubishi dealer that carried a lot great price on BMW's. I send
a email and was responded from a sales rep and also a manager. Thats new for a manager to even taking the time to call me a...
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Golight Permanent Mount Searchlight w/Dash Mounted Remote - White
Golight Searchlights - Durable, Versatile, Powerful... Guaranteed!
Exclusive Cr5 Pentabeam Technology
Remote Controlled Operation
370 deg Rotation x 135 Tilt
400,000 Candle Power, 5.5 Amps
UV Ray and Saltwater Resistant
Weatherproof for Land and Sea Applications
Permanent-Mount and Portable-Mount Options
3-Year Limited Warranty
Package Includes:
Dash-Mount Remote 20' Wiring Harness with Quick Disconnects for Easy Installation Mounting Hardware
Color: White
Package Includes:
Color: White
Can you mount to round tubing on my T top of the boat?
We do not carry a mount for that, but GoLight recommends going with Larson Electronics to get the mount. The link to their site is included below. http://www.larsonelectronics.com/c-150-golight-accessories--mounts-for-lights.aspx
What is the portable mount option?
It is a different part number from Golight. Portable mount Golight is 7900 or 7901 in white which we do not have listed for right now.
Do you have a drawing that shows the dimensions of this light to include the base? Also can you use one remote to control 2 of these lights?
These lights are 7" Width x 7" Depth x 6-1/2" Height (including the base). Yes you may use one remote to control both lights. You will just need to get a Y connection to use with both lights. I have emailed you a diagram for more information.
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Hillery Nye is the principal and founder of Madrona Law Group (www.madronalaw.com). She specializes in intellectual property and has over 17 years of experience supporting "bleeding edge" technology transactions. Her practice focuses on creating licensing agreements and strategic alliances between technology companies and entertainment properties. She's created licensing deals, distribution and promotional agreements with such companies as Paramount Pictures, Microsoft, MTV, HBO, Universal Studios, Capital Records, Virgin, CinemaNow and Walmart.
Inside the world's biggest Maker Faire
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Artist: Edward Weston (American, Highland Park, Illinois 1886–1958 Carmel, California)
Date: 1925
Medium: Gelatin silver print
Dimensions: Image: 14.8 x 23.4 cm (5 13/16 x 9 3/16 in.)
Mount: 35.2 x 43.9 cm (13 7/8 x 17 5/16 in.)
Classification: Photographs
Credit Line: Gilman Collection, Purchase, Ann Tenenbaum and Thomas H. Lee Gift, 2005
Accession Number: 2005.100.142
Rights and Reproduction: © 2016 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
Edward Weston is considered by many the primary exponent of straight photography in America. The numerous awards, honors, and successes he enjoyed before 1920 place his early work firmly within the Pictorialist tradition. By 1920, however, his increased exposure to avant-garde developments in the visual arts prompted his break with Pictorialism, and he spent the years 1923 to 1926 in Mexico, a site as liberating for Weston in the achievement of his mature style as Paris was for other artists at that time.
This photograph was taken in 1925, probably during Weston's eight-month return visit to California during his Mexican period. The model may have been Miriam Lerner, who is known to have posed at least twice for Weston during these months. The image presents a radically reduced formal vocabulary. Almost unrecognizable as a nude and equally legible as a landscape or sculpture, the smooth contours of the androgynous form can be appreciated for the integrity and rhythm of their abstract qualities, suggesting the influence of Constantin Brancusi, whose inspiration Weston readily acknowledged.


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6 Parks near Jefferson City, Missouri
Wardsville, Missouri 4.9 miles S
Holts Summit, Missouri 6.21 miles NE
Saint Martins, Missouri 9.14 miles NW
Ashland, Missouri 15.47 miles NW
Jefferson City, Missouri (map) | (573) 634-6482
Sites: 17 | Latest Rate: $18.00 | 18 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2016 - $18.00
Binder City Park is a small campground with 17 sites all within one loop. As you enter the campground the camp host site is on your left side. There is a steep short hill (one way) to climb before you see the first camp site. The interior road is on asphalt and all sites are on concrete. Most of the sites are fairly level. At the time of our stay, 2 of the sites were being used by long term residents.
All sites have a covered picnic area and fire ring. There is a bathhouse with 2 showers per gender. There was (2) washers costing $1.00 and (2) dryers costing $0.50 per load. All of the sites except the first 3 were under a canopy of trees. For the most part they were well trimmed.
All sites have 50/30/15 amp electrical service. The voltage was good - hovering around 120 volts. The electrical box is situated at the back of the site. The sewer is located behind the electrical box. None of the water spigots are located within or near a site. I needed 70 feet of hose to connect to my fresh water outlet. I used 25 feet of sewer hose to reach the sewer. Some sites need even more hoses.
The park does not have WiFi. Our Verizon cell phone was roaming instead of broadband. Verizon air card had good reception. There was some train noise but it was not bad.
Reservations are recommended during the summer months.
We would come back to this campground. We have a 32 foot 5th wheel. - adsaxs
Oct 2015 - $18.00
This is a nice quiet city park, though it is actually located just west of urban Jefferson City. All roads and sites are fully paved. The campground host resides in the first site as you enter the park. The sites are all back-in, and are nicely angled for easy parking. Shopping is nearby within a mile, and the Capital building is a short drive from the park.
If you need satellite access, any of the sites on the north side of the park loop (your right hand side as you drive through the loop) will work nicely.
The park is really easy to get to via good roads, but you'll need to use something like Google maps before you get there. This will allow you to confirm the route to the park off Route 50 business before you end up passing the park. This park will certainly be our first choice if visiting this area again. - Johnson's
Sep 2015 - $18.00
This is a very nice city park, a little outside the city. It was very quiet, very wooded and very private. The sites are paved and easy to get into. Probably the only downside would be sharing the water with your neighbor. Ours was ok, but others had to run 2 hoses to get to the hydrant. Most sites would be hard to get satellite reception due to the trees, but it was very nice to have the shade. We stayed here 2 nights and would definitely return. We camped in a 32' Fifth Wheel. - jacknpeg
285 Mari Osa Delta Ln Jefferson City, Missouri 65101 (map) | 573-455-2452
Sites: 32 | Latest Rate: $29.00 | 1 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2016 - $29.00
Great small campground!! They even have a cafe with excellent food & drink, with terrific conversations!! Very clean. Our camp site had a full view of the Osage River. The campground is directly located by river!! - Annu
Jefferson City, Missouri (map) | (573) 395-4066
Sites: 50 | Latest Rate: $24.00 | 3 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Sep 2013 - $24.00
Paid $23 plus $1.25 tax per night for a nice long, level 50 amp full hook-up pull thru site. The site was gravel, but the grass had grown over so it seemed like more of a grass site, but with a very solid base. So there would be no problem with a lot of rain. This campground is also a working marina. There were lots of small boats and outboard engines around the main building. That is probably the main complaint from the July 2010 review. However, this is not that bad of a campground and deserves a much better review. TV via batwing was very good with 10 very clear stations. Our Verizon cell did not have a lot of bars, but we had service and our broadband was actually very good at 4G. If your looking for a resort, look elsewhere. But, for a nice quiet place for a few nights this is a good place. Just east across the Osage River is a Sport's Bar attached to a bowling alley that has very good food and burgers. After crossing the river take two quick lefts onto the old road to get there. There is also another campground over there. - Bob and Inga
May 2013 - $20.00
This RV Park is attached to a boat repair facility and within walking distance of a boat ramp access point for fishing the Missouri River. Fishermen in totally self contained RV's must be its main clientele. The sites are level grass and mostly shaded. There is a small playground, but it is located almost in the main driveway. The shower had plenty of hot water and the mud dauber nests had been cleaned off the walls. There are only 2 bathrooms for the whole park. We were able to move to a more open site in order to get satellite TV. The road noise made my husband leave the fan on all night, but I did not find it objectionable. The park is easy to find and close to Hwy 50, but about 10 miles from downtown Jefferson City. - WNC Traveler
Jul 2010 - $21.00
We stayed here 3 days only because we couldn't find anything closer to Jefferson City. It is a joke for an RV park, more of a junk yard with a few permanents. They ran my credit card twice and still didn't get the amount right, I went down the next morning to tell the owner and he took my extra money with no more than a half-hearten thanks. If I am heading to Jefferson City again, it will be Wal-Mart for me. We will NOT stay here again. - cbor
Fulton, Missouri (map) | (573) 592-8834
Sites: 26 | Latest Rate: $20.00 | 6 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Aug 2014 - $20.00
This campground must be a work in progress. It is a little further off the highway than expected and down a winding lane that has not been graded recently. Full hookup sites are back in. Pull thru sites have "available" water, Our site had full facilities. Utilities worked fine. Showers were clean, individual bathrooms. Big rigs would find it challenging to negotiate and chose a site. I would not return here. - Yeager
Aug 2014 - $19.00
We just stayed at this beautiful, wooded, campground. We stayed at campsite 11, but there are many good sites to choose from. The showers and bathrooms are clean and spacious. The hosts are great and we can't wait to come back for our next visit which we already have reserved. - ArtPainter
Jun 2014 - $28.00
This was not our first choice for a campground in the Columbia area but the one where we usually stay was full so this was the next best we could find. The lack of Internet was very inconvenient. This is a very rustic campground. By that I mean lots of trees and natural landscaping. It has more of a woodsy feel. The sites were gravel but well maintained. We were able to use our satellite dish. The owners were very nice and were helpful in answering questions and giving information. The campground was quiet at night which is important to us. There were a few barking dogs but not for extended periods of time as we have experienced at other campgrounds. It is located a bit off the main road and there is a fairly steep gravel hill into the campground but we negotiated it with no trouble. If a resort-like atmosphere, pool, and Internet is important to you then this is not the campground for you. We would stay here again. - cgrubbs
5315 Red Maple Lane Fulton, Missouri 65251 (map) | (573) 642-4282
Sites: 24 | Latest Rate: $20.00 | 1 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Oct 2009 - $20.00
This is primarily a mobile home park with no shower/bathroom facilities. They have 24 RV sites and we use them every time we are in the area. Gravel sites that are level. $100 per week. The hosts are pleasant and helpful!!! Good access to area attractions. - DesertRat
Columbia, Missouri (map) | (573) 657-2544
Sites: 25 | Latest Rate: $23.00 | 4 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
May 2012 - $23.00
This definitely was not a family friendly atmosphere. It is a place to go and party, if that is what you're looking for. There is not easy access for full size motorhomes because of narrow roads and low trees. - Harlee79
Jun 2009 - $20.00
This is a good place to drink and party, I wouldn't take kids. It's hard to park in most sites. Weekends have many tent campers very close and walking through your area, there's very little privacy. There's one very small restroom in the store with one pay shower available during store hours and a few really nasty portable potties. I won't stop there again. - David's path
Jul 2007 - $20.00
Call in advance, the campground is pretty far out in the country and small. I'm not sure too many big rigs could be accommodated. Amenities are way down on the 1-10 scale but the location and atmosphere more than compensate. A great view of the historic Missouri River, live entertainment and friendly locals added to the ambiance. It truly feels that you've stepped way back in time. The Thai food concession added to the wonder. If your thing is bicycle riding, you're situated on 30 miles of improved RR bed - fantastic riding. Coopers Landings is out of the way but unique and we would return in a heart beat. - richb


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Ocean City High School's Lauren McNally watches the Penn State University field hockey team on the Big Ten Network from her home in the Marmora section of Upper Township.
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$14.39Since Theodor Geisel published his first children's book in 1937 under the pseudonym Dr. Seuss, children and adults alike have been captivated by the charming and laconic tales of whimsical characters and imaginative worlds. But Dr. Seuss' stories are more than just catchy poems; they often wrestle with serious philosophical and moral dilemmas, whether it is Horton discovering the very essence of
$17.09Since Theodor Geisel published his first children's book in 1937 under the pseudonym Dr. Seuss, children and adults alike have been captivated by the charming and laconic tales of whimsical characters and imaginative worlds. But Dr. Seuss' stories are more than just catchy poems; they often wrestle with serious philosophical and moral dilemmas, whether it is Horton discovering the very essence of
$9.99In his international blockbusters The Da Vinci Code, Angels & Demons, and The Lost Symbol, Dan Brown masterfully fused history, art, codes, and symbols. In this riveting new thriller, Brown returns to his element and has crafted his highest-stakes novel to date. In the heart of Italy, Harvard professor of symbology Robert Langdon is drawn into a harrowing world centered on one of history's most
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$11.99The #1 New York Times bestselling novel and basis for the Academy Award-winning film.Aibileen is a black maid in 1962 Jackson, Mississippi, who's always taken orders quietly, but lately she's unable to hold her bitterness back. Her friend Minny has never held her tongue but now must somehow keep secrets about her employer that leave her speechless. White socialite Skeeter just graduated college.
Book One of the Fifty Shades Trilogy
Fifty Shades of Grey Series (Book 1)MORE THAN 100 MILLION COPIES SOLD WORLDWIDENOW A MAJOR MOTION PICTUREWhen literature student Anastasia Steele goes to interview young entrepreneur Christian Grey, she encounters a man who is beautiful, brilliant, and intimidating. The unworldly, innocent Ana is startled to realize she wants this man and, despite his enigmatic reserve, finds she is desperate to get close to him. Unable to resist
The Early Works of Dr. Seuss Vol. 2Dr Seuss was a contributor to the iconoclastic and anti-fascist "Judge" magazine and helped the war effort by drawing instructional pamphlets and war bond ads as well as collaborating with Chuck Jones of "Loony Toons" fame to produce training films for the soldiers.
$7.99Fox in Socks celebrates 50 years of troubling tongues! This classic Beginner Book by Dr. Seuss features silly tongue twisters that will have young readers--and their parents--giggling with glee. When a fox in socks meets Knox in a box, hilarity ensues. Add chicks with bricks and blocks and clocks and you're sure to get your words twisted and lips locked! With his unmistakable gift for
Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are?Dr. Seuss's irrepressible optimism is front and center in Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are? "When you think things are bad, when you feel sour and blue,when you start to get mad . . .you should do what I do!"So begins the terrific advice of the wise old man in the Desert of Drize. This classic book provides the perfect antidote for readers of all ages who are feeling a bit down in the dumps.
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napaka ASTIG!!!!
its very very good thankes
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Try Aguila Super Hyper Velocity 22LR ammo. It is has more velocity than Stingers!
This is a discussion on For those of you who carry .22's for personal protection within the Defensive Carry Guns forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; Originally Posted by glockman10mm And I'll be the first to admit, that a 10-22 with a 15 or 30 round mags changes the landscape. Now ...
The number of people killed because they didn't have "enough gun" is dwarfed by those who had none at all. Get a gun you will always carry, and add more capability as you grow.
Try Aguila Super Hyper Velocity 22LR ammo. It is has more velocity than Stingers!
Heck, a stick can be lethal, but I don't want to carry one for SD. .22's certainly have a use, but in my mind, not for SD unless it's all I have.
Light travels faster than sound...thats why some people appear bright before they speak


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U-Pack is the quick, convenient
way to move long distance.
Get an instant price quote!
It's free & easy-- no obligations
U-Pack is the quick, convenient
way to move long distance.
Get an instant price quote!
It's free & easy-- no obligations
What to consider when moving guns and ammunition.
Many moving companies are reluctant to handle firearms, which could leave some homeowners in a bit of a jam over what to do with their gun collection during a move. But don't worry - there are plenty of ways to get your guns to your new home without running afoul of state and federal laws.
Among the big no-nos when it comes to packing for a move is putting your guns and ammunition in a regular box and shipping it off with the rest of your belongings. Most movers have a "Do Not Pack" list, and firearms are often right at the top. Not only is shipping guns with the rest of your stuff against most company policies, it could be against state or federal law. Each state has its own gun restrictions, and by placing your revolvers in the otherwise capable hands of your moving company, you may be exposing them to legal hassles.
With that in mind, research the local gun laws in your new state and town. Your new home could have very different regulations from your old home. For example, Illinois has some of the strictest gun laws in the country. The state does not recognize permits or licenses issued by any other state, according to HandGunLaw.us. Residents are required to receive a Firearms Owners Identification card in order to purchase or own guns and ammunition, and carrying a concealed weapon is strictly forbidden.
Many other states are more lax in their approach to gun laws. Oklahoma, for example, honors the permits and licenses from all other states, and residents are allowed to carry concealed weapons in almost any situation, according to HandGunLaw. Guns are not allowed in government-owned buildings, sports venues or schools.
Because regulations change so drastically from state to state, people driving with guns across country for a move may accidentally find themselves on the wrong side of the law. One option is for gun owners to drop off their weapons at a federally licensed firearms dealer, who can then ship them to another licensed dealer. Some shipping costs will be incurred, but they would likely be a fraction of the fines you might receive for violating state and federal law.
When it comes to shipping the guns, be sure they aren't loaded. Remove ammunition clips and engage the safety. If possible, disassemble the gun entirely before you send it off. This will help make certain no unfortunate accidents occur en route.


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Here are a few things to keep an eye on during tonight's Knicks-Wizards game:
Conflicted: If you're a Knicks fan, you'll want to keep an eye on the scoreboard tonight. The Cavs-Hawks game in Atlanta will have a direct impact on the Knicks' playoff chances.
Let's assume for a second that the Knicks beat the Wizards tonight.
If Atlanta wins, it means the Knicks would remain percentage points ahead of the Hawks for eighth place in the East and move three games ahead of Cleveland.
If the Cavs win, the Knicks would move a game ahead of Atlanta and the two teams would be tied in the loss column. The Knicks would also maintain a two-game edge over Cleveland.
If the Knicks lose and Atlanta wins tonight, the Hawks would take over eighth place again and move a game ahead of New York, two up in the loss column.
A Knicks loss combined with a Cavs win means New York would remain in eighth place -- percentage points ahead of the Hawks -- and would be just one game ahead of Cleveland.
The stakes are high at the Garden and Phillips Arena tonight.
D-Fense: The Knicks have won 12 of 15 to climb all the way out of the basement of the Eastern Conference and back into the playoff race.
They've gotten it done most recently on the defensive end. In their past three games (all wins), the Knicks are allowing teams to hit just 38 percent of their field goals and 32 percent of their 3-point attempts. On the season, the Knicks are allowing 106 points per 100 possessions. In the past three games, that number has dropped to 95 points per 100 possessions. Not bad.
On Thursday, president Phil Jackson praised the Knicks for their defensive efforts.
"I think [it's] one of the reasons why they've been successful in the last month and a half," Jackson said.
On Friday, the Knicks will have to deal with a Wizards team led by a red-hot John Wall. The first-time All-Star is averaging 19.8 points per game and had 31 points in the first Knicks-Wizards game.
Wall's counterpart Raymond Felton was hobbled in the second half of the Knicks' win over Brooklyn on Wednesday. Felton fell hard on his right side and was diagnosed with a bruised rib and a back injury. He vowed Wednesday he'd be on the floor Friday. It will be worth keeping an eye on his mobility. Maybe Mike Woodson chooses to stick Iman Shumpert on Wall instead of Felton.
Love for Shump: Speaking of Shumpert, the third-year guard received some praise from Jackson for his stellar play on defense against the Nets.
Shumpert had four first-half steals to fuel the Knicks to a 25-point first-half lead in their blowout win.
"I'm still a coach that believes in pressure, pressure defense, playing like we saw the Knicks play last night -- anticipation, turnovers become run-outs," Jackson said. "I was able to tell Iman today that's what has to be seen on a basis that we'd like to see from game to game."
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