text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 21, 2006
|Filing date
|Feb 15, 2006
|Priority date
|Feb 17, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Anthony Slotwinski
|Original Assignee
|Metris Usa Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (27), Classifications (19), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority benefit of provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/653,490 filed Feb. 17, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention is a non-contact precision optical sensor for measuring distances to objects (targets) using coherent optical detection and two laser sources in a counter-chirp frequency modulated (FM) laser radar configuration
2. Description of the Related Art
Many optical systems exist which measure a distance to a target. Such systems utilize an open beam propagated through free space between the laser source and the target. However, when the target location is such that limited free space is available for beam propagation, such known systems are of limited use. Thus, known systems may be able to perform distance measurements, but the open beam optical sensor head prevents application in limited access areas and tight places. For example, precision measurement of dimensions inside a chassis cannot easily by accomplished with known open beam systems. While it is known to transfer light through optical fibers, precision is compromised due to the environmental effects on the fiber itself. These environmental effects change the optical path length and the polarization of the light in the fiber, adversely affecting measurement precision.
A known optical measurement system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,304 to Massie. Massie discloses an interferometic method and system for detecting defects in the surface of a mirror. Massie discloses a polarizing beamsplitter, a quarter-wave plate, and a target (test mirror). However, Massie is an open beam system and thus incapable of accessing limited space targets.
The advantages of coherent optical detection are fundamental. The information carrying capacity of the optical beam reflected from the target is orders of magnitude greater than other available systems. Simply put, the use of optical heterodyne detection allows for optical radiation detection at the quantum noise level. As such, coherent optical systems provide greater range, accuracy, and reliability than many known prior art measurement systems. Coherent optical systems can also provide a greater scanning range, a greater working depth of field, and may also operate in ambient light conditions. Furthermore, in a coherent system the target beam is not required to dwell upon the target for very long in order to obtain sufficient information about the characteristics of that target location.
Briefly, optical heterodyne detection provides a source light beam which is directed to a target and reflected therefrom. The return light beam is then mixed with a local oscillator light beam on a photo detector to provide optical interference patterns which may be processed to provide detailed information about the target. Optical heterodyne techniques take advantage of the source and reflected light beam reciprocity. For example, these light beams are substantially the same wavelength and are directed over the same optical axis. This provides an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and heightened sensitivity. The SNR is sufficiently high so that a small receiving aperture may be used, in contrast to known direct detection systems. A small receiver aperture may be envisioned as a very small lens capable of being inserted into limited access areas. Since a small receiver aperture can still provide detailed information about the target, the optical components of a coherent system may be made very small and provide related increases in scanning speed and accuracy. For example a coherent optical system using a one-half inch aperture can obtain more information about a target than a four inch aperture used in a direct optical detection system.
Key technologies of Al Ga As laser diodes and fiber optical components are currently enjoying a burst of development for applications in telecommunications. Because of these efforts, recent improvements in the quality of injection laser diodes provide the coherence length and wavelength turning range needed for precision, coherent optical measurement system. The small size of the injection laser diode and high-technology integrated optical assemblies make possible the development of a new family of small, low cost, precise distance measuring devices which are orders of magnitudes more accurate and more reliable than their more conventional counterparts.
High precision, non-contact measurement devices, having a resolution on the order of 25 to 250 nm, are needed to inspect high precision machined components. In contrast, measurement of large objects (e.g., automobiles, airplanes, etc.) may be carried out using coordinate measurement machines (CMMs) and laser trackers. Such precision devices have a resolution in the 1 to 10 micron range.
Laser radar devices for precision measurement applications within this range have been described by Goodwin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,486, and Slotwinski and Kenyon, U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,251. Goodwin, for example, discloses frequency modulating a laser, splitting the beam into reference and target components, recombining the beams to create a beat signal (heterodyning) and determining properties of the beat wave by analyzing a pattern of fringes obtained on a detector. Both patents describe fiber optic embodiments of the method.
The principle of operation of an FM heterodyne interferometer for making high precision distance measurements is described in Chien, et al., "Distance and velocity-detection interferometer by using a frequency-modulated triangular-modulated laser diode," Applied Optics, 1 Jun. 1995, vol. 34, no. 16, (2853–2855), and Imai et al., "Optical-heterodyne displacement measurement using a frequency ramped laser diode," Optics Communications, 15 Aug. 1990, vol. 18, no. 2, (113–117). These and similar instruments work well for measuring the displacement of ideal reflecting surfaces such as mirrors. The devices which have been demonstrated that are made in accord with the teachings of Chien et al., and Imai et al., and are slow, taking several seconds to integrate data to obtain a usable fringe image. This overly lengthy time for analysis results in these devices being very sensitive to alignment and vibration. When applied to the measurement of position of non-ideal surfaces such as anodized aluminum or the flanks of a tread, which are typically at a 30 degree angle of incidence to the interferometer beam, the signal-to-noise ratio becomes too small to make a reliable high resolution measurement.
As indicated above, the prior art shows that a number of frequency-modulated heterodyne interferometric systems have been experimentally developed for high precision measurement.
The existing art in precision FM laser radar incorporates a single chirp laser source and a polarization maintaining fiber optic geometry with separate local oscillator (LO) and signal paths. The present invention incorporates two major improvements over the art. First, a counter-chirp configuration provides for a much greater insensitivity to vibration induced range errors by providing for a more accurate Doppler correction. Second, by combining the LO and signal paths for two lasers into a single fiber, the fiber optic circuit is both less complicated and less expensive due to fewer components and completely immune to error caused by changes in the LO and signal path lengths due to environmental factors such as temperature changes. For example, it is envisioned that the need for this technology resides in the manufacturing industry (e.g., factories) in which both background vibrations and changing environmental conditions exist. This combination of LO and signal paths provides the additional benefit that the sensor head portion of the unit can be placed in areas of restricted volume since it can be remoted arbitrarily far from the rest of the unit.
Thus, what is needed is a practical optical precision measurement system capable of great accuracy, rapid measurement time, access to tight spaces, flexibility, and reliability. The present invention discloses such a system.
The present invention relates to an optical distance measuring apparatus which includes a first laser source for producing a first light beam, a second laser source for producing a second light beam, where waveforms for the first and second light beams are 180 degrees out of phase with each other so that the first light beam is chirped up as the second light beam is chirped down and vice versa, a first optical element for combining the first and second light beams into a combined light beam, and for splitting any returning portion of the combined light beam into third and fourth light beams, a first detector for receiving the third light beam, and a second detector for receiving the fourth light beam.
In another embodiment, a method for determining a range of a distant object is envisaged, including producing a first light beam from a first laser source and a second light beam from a second source, where waveforms for the first and second light beams are 180 degrees out of phase with each other so that the first light beam is chirped up as the second light beam is chirped down and vice versa, directing light emitted from the sources toward an object, receiving a reflected LO path and target-reflected signal path for each source, detecting the LO path and signal path for each source, and heterodyning the paths for each source to generate a beat frequency, which frequency is proportional to the range difference between the two paths, and where the path length difference between the LO path and corresponding signal path is equal to the distance to be measured.
In somewhat less general terms the invention is a diplex dual-chirp laser apparatus for precision absolute distance measurement comprising a first frequency-modulated laser that emits a first coherent light beam having a first emission frequency modulated by a first chirping modulation signal and a second frequency-modulated laser that emits a second coherent light beam having a second emission frequency modulated by a second chirping modulation signal. The second chirping modulation signal is established to chirp with a constant phase difference from the first chirping modulation signal, preferably a 180 degree phase difference. The invention further comprises a first fiber optic coupler optically connected to the first frequency-modulated laser wherein the first coherent light beam is split into two nominally 50 percent fractions and a second fiber optic coupler optically connected to the second frequency-modulated laser, wherein the second coherent light beam is split into two nominally 50 percent fractions.
Additionally there is a linear polarization-maintaining fiber having a beam entry end and a beam exit end and comprising a first axis and a second axis, each axis being capable of independently transmitting along the fiber an independent polarized coherent light beam having a linear polarization orthogonal to the polarization of the other coherent light beam. A linear polarization splitter is optically connected to the first fiber optic coupler, the second fiber optic coupler, and the beam entry end of the linear polarization-maintaining fiber, whereby the coherent light beam emitted by the first frequency-modulated laser is polarized for one linear polarization and transmitted as a first linear polarized laser light beam and the coherent light beam emitted by the second frequency-modulated laser is polarized for a second linear polarization and transmitted as a second linear polarized light beam, said first and second linear polarizations being orthogonal to one another.
There is also an interface at the beam exit end of the linear polarization-maintaining fiber, whereby a fraction of the transmitted light from each of the first coherent light beam and the second coherent light beam is reflected back toward the linear polarization splitter and thence transmitted respectively into the first fiber optic coupler and the second fiber optic coupler and whereby a complementary fraction of the transmitted light is transmitted to the target and returned to the interface from the target; a first optical detector optically connected to the first fiber optic coupler; whereby a first interference is established between the reflected fraction of the transmitted light from the first coherent light beam and the return of the first coherent light beam from the target and whereby the first optical detector detects a first beat frequency from the first interference; a second optical detector optically connected to the second fiber optic coupler; whereby a second interference is established between the reflected fraction of the transmitted light from the second coherent light beam and the return of the second coherent light beam from the target and whereby the second optical detector detects a second beat frequency from the second interference. Thereafter the beat frequency signal is sent to digital signal processing apparatus configured to produce a first beat frequency measurement and a second beat frequency measurement. In the most preferred embodiment a first calibrated reference arm standard is optically connected to the first fiber optic coupler and receives one of the two nominal 50 percent fractions of the first coherent light beam and further producing a first reference arm output; a second calibrated reference arm standard is optically connected to the second fiber optic coupler and receives one of the two nominal 50 percent fractions of the second coherent light beam and further producing a second reference arm output. Computer apparatus combines the first beat frequency measurement with the first reference arm output to produce a first absolute distance measurement, and further combines the second beat frequency measurement with the second reference arm output to produce a second absolute distance measurement. The computer apparatus further combines the first absolute distance measurement with the second absolute distance measurement to produce a composite absolute distance measurement, wherein uncertainty in the composite absolute distance measurement is substantially reduced.
Optionally first calibrated reference arm standard and the second calibrated reference arm standard are fiber optic interferometers. Optionally as well, each fiber optic interferometer comprises an input fiber optic coupler optically connected to the fiber optic coupler, said input fiber optic coupler capable of splitting incoming light into a two parts; two fiber optic fibers of different optical path lengths having a calibrated optical path length difference and each receiving a part of the incoming light from the input fiber optic coupler; an output fiber optic coupler, whereby the two parts of the light from the two fiber optic fibers are recombined, whereby an interference and a consequent beat frequency is established; a detector that detects the beat frequency. The results proceed to digital signal processing apparatus configured to produce a beat frequency measurement for each reference arm, and said beat frequency measurement for each reference arm comprises the reference arm output for the reference arm standard.
Exemplary methods and systems according to this invention are described in greater detail below.
For proper understanding of the invention, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Before the present invention is described, it is understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular devices, methodology and components described as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.
It should be further understood that as used herein and in the independent claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus for example, reference to "an isolator" includes a plurality of such isolators, reference to a "lensing means" is a reference to one or more lenses and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
As used herein, "coherent radiation," including grammatical variations thereof, means radiation in which the phase relationship between any two points in the radiation field has a constant difference, or is exactly the same in either the spatial or the temporal mode throughout the duration of the radiation. For example, a laser is a device which artificially generates coherent radiation in the form of light within a narrow range of wavelengths.
As used herein, "engaged with," including grammatical variations thereof, means optically coupled or fiber optic linked by a fiber optic wire or optical wave guide fiber. In a related aspect, a fiber optic wire consists of thin filaments of glass or plastic with a core and a cladding which is capable of carrying information in the form of light.
As used herein, "corresponding," including grammatical variations thereof, means having or participating in the same relationship (as kind, degree, position, or function) especially with regard to the same or like wholes (as geometric configuration or sets).
As used herein, "common," including grammatical variations thereof, means belonging to or shared by two or more components.
In coherent, or FM laser radar that uses a diode laser as its source, the frequency of the laser is modulated directly by modulating the laser's injection current. Typically, the frequency is modulated with a waveform, with the objective of producing linear modulation. This type of modulation is often referred to as a chirp. The two chirping modulation input signals or waveforms that are sent to the two lasers to modulate their output wavelength are not identical. Each laser is unique in how it tunes and therefore a unique waveform must be generated for each laser. Both the waveform shape and amplitude vary from laser to laser. The important thing is to generate an input injection current waveform that produces a linear chirp of a given change in wavelength over the duration of the chirp. Each input injection current waveform is adjusted such that the laser outputs are identical. In the most common form of modulation for this type of application, the injector current modulation signals are uniquely shaped for each laser and are distorted sawtooths waves intended to produce a linear sawtooth frequency modulation envelope for the output of the laser. The injection current modulation is custom shaped so that the output modulation of each lasers is sawtooths and so that the two are as identical as is practicable.
The laser output frequency can be expressed as a function of time in the following manner:
ƒ(t)=ƒ0+(Δƒ/Δt)t (1)
where ƒ0 is the center frequency of the laser. The modulated beam is focused at the target, where it is scattered and collected by the receiver optics after round trip transit time t. The distance to the target, R, is calculated using the relationship:
τ=2R/c (2)
where c is the velocity of light.
The key to FM laser radar is coherent detection. Laser beams can be characterized by both spatial and temporal coherence. For FM radar, temporal coherence is important, and is related to the finite bandwidth of the laser source. Temporal coherence specifies the time interval over which one can reasonably predict the phase of the light wave at a given point in space. This is essential to the concept of optical mixing. Coherent light waves, when combined correctly on an optical detector, produce a beat frequency equal to the difference in the optical frequency (and hence phase) of the incident waves. (As in electronic mixers, a sum frequency is also produced but not detected since optical detectors cannot respond to signals in the optical range of approximately 1015 Hz.)
In an FM laser radar device, a portion of the transmitted beam is split from the incident light wave and forms the local oscillator, which is then mixed with the returned energy. In a coherent laser radar the beat frequency produced will be equal to:
Beat frequency=ƒ(t)−ƒ(t+τ)=(Δƒ/Δt)τ (3)
The beat frequency is measured electronically and used to calculate the distance to the target R:
R=c*beat frequency/(2(Δƒ/Δt)) (4)
In early FM devices, the accuracy of range measurement was limited by the linearity of the frequency modulation over the counting interval. For example, if the target is one meter distant, linearity of one part per thousand is necessary to ensure 1 mm accuracy.
In one embodiment of the present invention, laser radars enable a high degree of linearity. In addition, these techniques as disclosed can detect and compensate for real time variances from linearity. This enables range measurement with a single digit micron precision.
FM lasers are largely immune to ambient light conditions and changes in surface reflectivity because FM laser radars rely only on beat frequency, which is not dependent upon signal amplitude, to calculate range. This enables the FM Coherent system to make reliable measurements with as little as one picowatt of returned laser energy. This corresponds to a nine order-of-magnitude dynamic range of sensitivity.
While processing up and down chirps allows for detecting separately the target's range and velocity, the range data will be compromised if there is any intrachirp velocity variation such as can occur if the target is vibrating.
In extant single laser configurations, coherent systems use a 1550 nm laser diode source, which is frequency modulated by varying its injection current. This type of laser is selected for its commercial availability, tunability and for the technical maturity of the associated fiber optic components available at this wavelength.
Light back-scattering from a moving surface will be frequency, or Doppler, shifted based on the following expression:
F d=2ν*cos(α)/λ (5)
Fd=Frequency shift
ν=Surface velocity
α=Angle between the velocity vector and the light beam direction
λ=Wavelength of the light
In the case of a surface velocity component pointed in the direction of the system, this frequency shift will be added to the beat frequency generated by the distance to the target during the laser upsweep and subtracted from the beat frequency during laser downsweep for single laser systems. To obtain an accurate range measurement and to determine the surface velocity, two successive sweeps must be processed to find the average beat frequency and the difference between beat frequencies. The laser waveform generation electronics and system digital signal processing (DSP) electronics currently used in existing systems are capable of tuning diode laser source at a signal sweep rate of 1000 measurements per second. Therefore, this processing for single laser systems lowers the maximum measurement rate to 500 measurements per second. In addition, the range data can be compromised if there is any intrachirp velocity variation such as can occur of the target is vibrating.
By using two laser sources in a counter-chirp configuration, range measurement errors due to target vibrations are greatly reduced, allowing for accurate measurements in, for example, vibrationally noisy environments such as those found in many factories.
A second advantage of the counter-chirp geometry is an effective doubling of the measurement rate from 500 measurements per second to 1000 measurements per second, because the up and down sweeps are simultaneous rather than sequential.
In a preferred embodiment, a method to compensate for velocity induced range error is to employ two laser sources in a counter-chirp configuration. In a related aspect, one laser is chirped up then down while the other is simultaneously chirped down then up, such that effectively, each waveform generated thereby is 180 degrees out of phase. The resulting signals can then be processed to provide a much greater immunity to velocity errors (e.g., but not limited to, vibration induced errors).
The invention will now be described in greater detail by reference to the following non-limiting examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the invention.
This disclosure presents a technique for using polarization maintaining (PM) optical fiber components in a polarization diplexing scheme to construct a version of the dual chirp coherent laser radar that is totally immune to environmental effects.
Light from both lasers is then combined into a singer fiber by means of a fiber optical polarization splitter, 110. The polarization splitter, 110, couples the light in the slow axis of one input fiber, 111, and the light in the fast axis of the other input fiber, 112, into the corresponding axis of a single output fiber, 113. The light then travels down this fiber and can be transported to the site of the measurement with great geometric flexibility. At the end of the fiber, 113, the interface between the fiber, 113, and the medium through which the measurement is to be take, a fraction of the light (4% if the medium is air) is reflected back into the fiber, 113. The light from laser L1, 101, which was in the slow axis, is reflected back into the slow axis and the light from laser L2, 102, which was in the fast axis, is reflected back into the fast axis. These reflected light paths become the LO paths for each laser radar. The light that emerges from the fiber, 113, reflects off the target, 114, and returns to the fiber, 113, defines the signal path for each laser radar. Typically, a lensing system, 115, is used to focus the light in the measurement region of interest in order to maximize the amount of light returned to the optical fiber, 113. This lens, 115, can be a fixed focus system or an adjustable focus system depending upon the optical depth of field needed. In addition, after emerging from the lensing system, the light can be directed to different parts of the target by means of a scanning mirror to provide two- or three-dimensional measurements. In a related aspect, scanning mirror devices include, but are not limited to, galvanometric driven mirrors, piezoelectric actuators, coil drivers and gimbal mounted mirrors.
Upon emerging from the output fiber, 113, the light from laser L1, 101, is linearly polarized in one direction and the light from laser L2, 102, is linearly polarized in a direction orthogonal to the L1 (101) light. Upon reflection from a target, 114, the light from each laser is reinjected back into the fiber, 113, in its original axis. The L1 (101) light in both the LO and signal path travels back through the polarization splitter, 110, and the L1 coupler, 108, to a corresponding optical detector, 116, where the light from the two paths mix to form the RF signal that is proportional to the range difference between the two paths. In a similar manner, the L2 (102) light from the LO and signal paths travels to the L2 (102) detector, 117. Since the light from the two lasers (101, 102) are always in orthogonal polarized states, they do not interfere with each other and the two resulting laser radar signals appear only at their own corresponding detectors (116, 117).
Since the LO paths and the signal paths travel in common fibers (i.e., 113, 111, 112, 118, and 119), the interference can be considered to be occurring at the interface that creates the LO signal. This means that the path length difference between the LO path and its respective signal path is equal to the distance to be measured. Therefore, optical path changes in the fiber due to environmental effects such as temperature changes will have no effect on the measured signal. The length of fiber from the polarization splitter, 110, to the output at the lensing system, 115, can therefore be made arbitrarily long without degrading the measurement. This allows placement of a sensor head (the output fiber, 113, the lensing system, 115, and any scanning mechanism) in areas of restricted volume while the remainder of the system including the rest of the optics, the electronics and power supplies are located in a more accessible location. In addition, the all fiber optic construction provides for a ruggedized unit that cannot be misaligned or degraded by airborne containments unlike bulk optical assemblies.
As stated above, by using two laser sources in a counter-chirp configuration, vibrationally induced range measurement errors are reduced. As an example, in
For precision measurements it is necessary to include a reference arm standard both for absolute ranging accuracy and to help linearize the lasers' chirp waveforms. This reference standard can take the form of a fiber optic interferometer in a Mach Zehnder configuration (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,457). Alternatively, a Michelson interferometer configuration may also be used (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,351).
Typically, the Mach Zehnder interferometer formed by the two couplers (130, 132) and the fibers between them, 131 a, 131 b, are, optionally, kept in a temperature-controlled container, 141, to prevent the fiber lengths from changing. The container dimensions/configuration may be made to conform to the design choice of one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the container comprises an inner compartment consisting essentially of copper, further comprising fiber optic elements. In a related aspect, the compartment uses thermal electric coolers and a thermal control circuit to maintain a constant temperature. Further, the inner compartment may be surrounded by insulation, the inner compartment in turn is contained in a second temperature controlled chamber. This second chamber may be comprised of aluminum and also surrounded by insulation forming a double oven structure. In one embodiment, the temperature is set to the center of the normal operating range for this type of instrument. In a related aspect, the range is between about 5 degrees C. to about 40 degrees C. In one embodiment, the temperature is about 25 degrees C. If the difference in fiber lengths is calibrated, the reference interferometer (i.e., 130, 131 a, 131 b, 132) can serve as an absolute length standard for the laser radar system as well as provide a signal useful in the linearization of the laser L1's (120) waveform. In a similar manner, a corresponding reference interferometer (i.e., 126, 137 a, 137 b, 138, to include, optionally, a temperature-controlled container, 142) serves as an absolute length standard and detector R2, 139, provides a signal useful in the linearization of laser L2's (121) waveform.
Processing the signals is illustrated in
In an alternate fiber geometry, 15, the invention can be configured as illustrated in
The output of the reference interferometer (160, 161) passes through a third polarization splitter, 162, which directs the laser L1's (150) reference arm signal to detector R1, 163, and laser L2's (151) signal to detector R2, 164. Again, DSP circuitry uses the reference arm signal to eliminate residual non-linearities in the signal path optical signal and an FFT algorithm is used to determine the exact frequency of the range signal. As before, further processing, typically done at a higher level than the DSP electronics, optionally on the control computer, converts each of the measured frequencies into a distance measurement. The two distance measurements are then averaged to eliminate the Doppler range error and come up with a composite distance measurement.
The source lasers typically used in this application are diode lasers with output wavelengths centered around 1550 nm (near IR). Since this wavelength is invisible to human vision, a second, visible laser frequency can be added to the fiber optic circuit (e.g., 17) to aid the user by providing a visible spot on the target at the same location as the IR measurement spot. As illustrated in
Thus, what has been described is a precision detection system which uses coherent optical detection for extreme accuracy, and polarization preserving fiber to protect the source beam and the mixed return beam from adverse environmental effects. Such a system is capable of small scale integration, mass production techniques, and is very reliable in use.
While the present invention has been described according to the preferred embodiments, those of skill in this field will readily perceive a number of alternative constructions. For example, polarization splitters may be replaced by star couplers, cleaved fibers, bulk optical polarizing beamsplitters coupled to PM fibers, conventional PM couplers, and other known means for splitting and directing laser beams. In addition, the isolators may be replaced by any known means of preventing back-reflected light from disrupting the lasers' tuning characteristics. Furthermore, while a laser diode is the one embodiment of lasers as described, other known laser systems may be applicable, depending on a particular application for this device (e.g., using a fiber laser or a solid-state laser as the source).
In addition, a pinFET detector is preferred for detector means, 116, 117, 134, 135, 139, 140, 163, 164, 165, and 166. However, the detectors may comprise an avalanche photodetector (ADP), and other known means for detecting an RF signal. A pin photodetector is preferred because it can be configured as a pinFET detector or configured as a part of a transimpedence amplifier circuit.
Likewise, those of skill in this field will recognize that the various polarization manipulations in this invention may be alternatively arranged. For example, the source light beam may be horizontally or vertically polarized light. This would provide a modified scheme for the various local oscillator, reference, source, and mixed beams. All such alternative embodiments are to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
Thus, what has been described is a precise measurement system using coherent optical detection and polarization preserving fiber. While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The scope of the appended claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures.
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|System, Device And Method For Detecting Seismic Acceleration
|May 31, 2013
|Dec 12, 2013
|Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation
|Optical accelerometer system
|Nov 29, 2012
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|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Engine with laser ignition and measurement
|May 6, 2013
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|Method and system for engine position control
|Apr 25, 2013
|Jun 5, 2014
|Hannam University Institute For Industry-Academia Cooperation
|High-frequency ocean surface radar using frequency multiplexing and orthogonal waveforms
|Mar 31, 2014
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|Digital Signal Corporation
|System and Method for Tracking Objects Using Lidar and Video Measurements
|May 28, 2008
|Dec 2, 2009
|Leica Geosystems AG
|Interferometric distance measuring method with spectrally separable double chirp and device
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|Interferometric distance measuring method with delayed chirp signal and such a device
|Nov 20, 2013
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|Low drift reference for laser rader
|U.S. Classification
|385/12, 73/514.27, 73/514.26, 385/11, 356/493, 356/505
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 4, 2006
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text:
Symposium to initiate inclusive IGAD-led peace talks for South Sudan convenes in Ethiopia
ADDIS ABABA, June 6 (Xinhua) -- As part of the ongoing mediation process led by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) for South Sudan, a two-day multi-stakeholder symposium was opened on Friday in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The symposium has brought together representatives of South Sudanese society, including delegates from the government, opposition, political parties, faith based groups, civil society and traditional leaders.
According to a statement from the Office of the IGAD Special Envoys for South Sudan, the main objectives of the symposium include, to initiate the inclusive phase of the IGAD-mediated South Sudan peace talks, based on a round-table, multi-party, representative from at among others.
At the opening of the Symposium, Tedros Adhanom, Ethiopian Foreign Minister, noted that the peace process must include all stakeholders and their views and that IGAD would continue with its effort of the peace process.
Lazarus Sumbeiywo, IGAD Special Envoy, said the main elements of the agenda include negotiation on permanent cease-fire, transitional governance, and governance institution among others.
Speaking on the occasion, Chinese Ambassador to Ethiopia, Xie Xiaoyan noted that China has always committed to supporting the effort made by IGAD in mediating the two parties in South Sudan to cease-fire and national reconciliation.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
1986-2016: Celebrating 30 Years of sending Scottish Music Worldwide.
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Wendy, a member of Ceolbeg, is one of the best clarsach and electro-harp players in Scotland. On this, her second solo album for Greentrax, she is again assisted by Ceolbeg members past and present.
'Excellent playing, delicate arrangements.' (Folk Roots)
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Multitrack codes that have recently been proposed for the magnetic storage channel promise larger capacities than conventional run-length limited (RLL) single-track codes. This paper proposes an approach that combines modulation and error-correcting capabilities with resilience to intertrack interference (ITI) in the magnetic storage channel with constraints on the minimum run-length for each track, in conjunction with the minimum run-length constraint between tracks and the maximum run-length constraint satisfied by at least one track. Comparison is made with previously proposed approaches
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text:
Coming Home
Former UA students share poetry at the Bama Theatre
Published: Sunday, November 22, 2009 at 7:56 p.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, November 22, 2009 at 7:56 p.m.
A homecoming took place in downtown Tuscaloosa on the night of Thursday, Sept. 3, but it had nothing to do with football.
Accomplished poets and University of Alabama alumnae Jeanie Thompson and Sue Walker entertained a crowd of students, faculty and Tuscaloosa residents at the Bama Theatre, where they gave a poetry reading sponsored by Creative Campus.
Thompson is a founder of the Alabama Writers Forum and was one of the MFA graduate students who created the literary collection Black Warrior Review in 1974 that is still produced at UA today. She has published four collections of poetry and was named Alumni Artist of the Year in 2003 by the University.
Sue Walker is in her second term as Alabamas Poet Laureate, which she became in 2003. She has published eight books of poetry and has served as the editor and publisher of the award-winning poetry collection Negative Capability. Walker is the Stokes Distinguished Professor of Creative Writing at the University of South Alabama.
The pairs quick wit and honest, bold words kept the audiences attention, and they frequently succeeded in drawing laughter from everyone in the room.
Thompson, who read first, presented poems from her fourth collection of poetry titled The Seasons Bear Us, along with a few poems not included in the book. She lived in the Tuscaloosa area for 17 years, 7 of those as a student, and said the campus is so different, yet so familiar. She became slightly emotional when speaking about the Bama Theatre, which had special meaning to her, since it was where her parents, who met at UA, had their first date.
It seems appropriate, then, that the topics of the poems were all centered on love, be it between a parent and child, man and woman, or even owner and dog. In fact, Thompsons editor took the dog out of a few poems. He said, Theres too many dogs in this book, she said, laughing.
One of the most memorable poems Thompson read was Cornbread, which included the recipe to make its namesake. Thompson admitted shed made an error in the original poem, as her mother pointed out. You mean a cup of cornbread, not flour, her mother told her after reading the poem.
As Thompson read, it was easy to notice most, if not all, of her poems had a sensual quality, even Cornbread. Lick my fingers, its that good, the poet says to her dog in the last line. In With the Night, the night comes alive with rain, as does Thompson.
In one-point concentration I let her take me in the vaginal pop and pop of the raindrops down through her leaves bigger than my hands, she says in the poem while standing under a tree. The closing words are more telling. Watch your step, woman, spring wants you, wants you, wants you.
Walkers poetry gave a different impression. There was rarely a sentence she completed that wasnt followed by laughter from the crowd. Im getting to be an outrageous, very mature woman, she said before starting her first poem.
Walker, an adopted child who found out 10 years ago Tuscaloosa is her birthplace, read poems from her upcoming collection, She Said, which will be published in the spring of 2010. For Want of Finding Richard Feyman certainly got the attention of the audience. The poem jested at the Southern Baptist Church, which is why Thompson prefaced it with, I grew up in the First Baptist Church I revere them.
The poem was satirical, but all in good fun. He explained that you either liked greens or you didnt and it was like you saved or you werent; no room for doubt.
Another titled St. Roch Shrine and Cemetery, New Orleans, La., was about the various limbs and organs found at the said place. It has a shrine of missing body parts -artificial legs, boobs that are missing - you really ought to go! she said, drawing laughter from the audience.
While the poets were reading, the audience was very attentive and in high spirits, thanks to the humor and energy of Thompson and Walker. Parker White, a junior majoring in English, said the environment was invigorating. Its and exciting atmosphere to be at the Bama Theatre with important poets.
Leah Blake, a first-year law student at UA, said the reading was inspiring. I thought it was illustrious of our Southern heritage, and it made me proud to be from Alabama. Ellison Graham, a graduate student at UA, had similar sentiments. Were sort of getting our start in Tuscaloosa so its interesting to see writers who got their own start here.
Jeanie Thompson
Writing of any kind, as long as it is done for its own sake, is a matter of joining the seasons and following their movements. . . . They move, as we move, from place to place. As we move, we carry them, and they carry us . . . the seasons bear us.
These words, spoken by famous poet James Wright, are printed in the beginning of The Seasons Bear Us and were the inspiration for Jeanie Thompsons collection. The main theme of it is poems that have to do with love in some form or fashion, she said, with the principles of seasons, and the theme of love goes through.
That theme of love has also carried over into other areas of Thompsons life. In addition to being the executive director of the Alabama Writers Forum, a post shes held for 15 years, she has experience teaching and promoting the arts in the community with the hope that children will learn to express themselves.
Thompson helped the Writers Forum to develop programs such as Writing Our Stories: An Anti-violence Creative Writing Program, which helps students in the juvenile justice system to express themselves in a positive way. Through a partnership with the Alabama Department of Youth Services, teenagers literary works are published in anthologies after the nine-month program.
Its part of the rehabilitation process for kids who have committed offenses, she said, stressing writing was a creative outlet for violent feelings.
Thompson was a teenager herself when she began writing poetry. I started writing when I was 14. It was very bad, she said. But despite the poor quality, Thompson said thats when she started to think of herself as a poet.
Perhaps that is why the former New Orleans University English teacher is so devoted to influencing young people. Id love to have the opportunity to work with young people interested in carrying on the tradition of literary arts in Alabama, in whatever form that is, she said, mentioning Creative Campus, the Black Warrior Review, and high school studies. I want to download this into the next generation.
Sue Walker
At a time when most children were learning to read, poetry was already on Sue Walkers mind. My mother was reading to me when I had to go to the hospital to get my tonsils out, she said, noting the book was A Childs Garden of Verses. I just loved the sound, the words.
That love for language flourished as Walker grew and made her way through the University of Alabama to earn her English degree. After graduating, she taught at Foley High School, earned her M Ed, MA and PhD in English at Tulane University, and then joined the faculty at the University of South Alabama, where she was the chair of the English Department before moving to her current post.
Now the creative writing professor and poet laureate is working on yet more things to be published, and gives no signs of slowing down.
She encourages others to do the same. When asked what is most important for young people to do, her response was enthusiastic.
I think to be alive to the world, to find three new things today to celebrate, something you havent seen before, tasted before, to be constantly using those 5 senses, she said.
This advice is something that takes root in her most vivid memory of her time as a student. Just before graduating, Walker said she realized something. I walked across campus and thought, You wont be back like this again, she said. I really wanted to absorb everything.
Though things have changed, Walker has absorbed plenty over the years. As for the poetry reading, she said, of course she had a good time. How can I not be in bliss coming to Tuscaloosa? she asked.
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COLLEGE STATION, Texas -- The Texas A&M women's tennis team is the No. 3 seed at the 2008 Big 12 Women's Tennis Championships and will open play Friday at 6 p.m. at the George P. Mitchell Tennis Center in College Station. By finishing in the top four in the final Big 12 regular-season standings, the Aggies received a bye in the first round and will face No. 6 seed Oklahoma State, which defeated No. 11 seed Missouri, 4-1, in the quarterfinals on Thursday.
For the second straight year, the Aggies went 9-2 during the Big 12 regular season and earned the No. 3 seed. They are 15-7 overall and ranked 31st nationally.
This marks the fourth time overall that A&M has appeared as the No. 3 seed. Last year the Aggies tied Colorado for third place in the Big 12 but were awarded the No. 3 seed by virtue of their regular season victory against the Buffs. A&M advanced to the semifinals of the Championship before being eliminated by No. 2 seed Texas.
In the 1997 inaugural Big 12 Championship, the No. 3-seed Aggies advanced to the finals, where they fell to top-seeded Texas. A&M, 16-10 all-time at the Big 12 Championship, also earned the No. 3 seed in 2000 and was eliminated by NO. 2 seed Baylor in the semifinals.
A&M Hosts Big 12 Championships — Texas A&M's George P. Mitchell Tennis Center will serve as the host site of the 2008 Big 12 Men's and Women's Tennis Championships. This is the third time A&M has hosted the event since the beginning of the Big 12 in 1996-97.
A&M first hosted the Big 12 Championships in 1999. The Aggies were the No. 4 seed and were ousted by No. 5 Baylor, 5-2, in the quarterfinals.
In 2002, A&M entered as the No. 2 seed and reached the finals after defeating No. 4 Oklahoma, 4-2, in the quarterfinals and No. 3 Kansas, 4-2, in the semifinals. In the championship match, A&M fell to No. 1 Texas, 5-0.
The Mitchell Tennis Center has also served as the host site for the 2002 and 2005 NCAA Men's Tennis Championships and will host the NCAA Men's and Women's Tennis Championships next year.
Live scoring of all matches at the Big 12 Men's and Women's Tennis Championships matches will be available at AggieAthletics.com.
The Road to A Championship — All 12 Big 12 women's teams participate in the single-elimination Big 12 Women's Tennis Championship, which takes place Thursday, April 24 through Sunday, April 27 at the George P. Mitchell Tennis Center in College Station, Texas.
The top four seeds earn a first-round bye. Baylor, the two-time defending tournament champion, earned the No. 1 seed for the fourth time after going a perfect 11-0 in the regular season. Texas is the No. 2 seed, and Colorado is the No. 4 seed.
The No. 5-12 seeds opened championship play Thursday.
The following is the complete women's tournament schedule:
Thursday, April 24 — First Round Matches
Match - Teams Results/
Time Court
M1 No. 9 Texas Tech def. No. 8 Oklahoma 4-1 GS
M2 No. 5 Kansas def. No. 12 Iowa State 4-0 SC
M3 No. 10 Kansas State def. No. 7 Nebraska 4-3 GS
M4 No. 6 Oklahoma State def. No. 11 Missouri 4-1. SC
Friday, April 25 — Quarterfinal Matches
M5 No. 1 Baylor vs. No. 9 Texas Tech 9 a.m. SC
M6 No. 4 Colorado vs. No. 5 Kansas 12 p.m. GS
M7 No. 2 Texas vs. No. 10 Kansas State 3 p.m. GS
M8 No. 3 Texas A&M vs. No. 6 Oklahoma State 6 p.m. SC
Saturday, April 26 — Semifinal Matches
M9 Winner of M5 vs. Winner of M6 12 p.m. SC
M10 Winner of M7 vs. Winner of M8, 6 p.m. SC
Sunday, April 27— Championship Match
M11 Winner of M9 vs. Winner of M10 1 p.m. TBD
Matches will be played on either the Grandstand (GS) courts or the Stadium Courts (SC) and will be stopped immediately when a team reaches four points.
The tournament champion receives an automatic bid to the 2008 NCAA Women's Tennis Championship.
Texas leads the league with seven tournament titles (1997-2002, 2005). Baylor (2006, 2007), Oklahoma State (2003) and Texas A&M (2004) are the only other teams to possess a Big 12 Championship trophy.
A&M's Conference Tournament History — Texas A&M is 16-10 all-time in the 11-year history of the Big 12 Women's Tennis Championship. Last year, the No. 3-seeded Aggies defeated No. 6 Oklahoma, 4-0, in the quarterfinals but fell in the semifinals for the third consecutive year after dropping a 4-3 decision to No. 2 Texas.
The Aggies captured their only Big 12 Championship trophy in 2004 in Norman, Okla. The championship match between No. 1 Texas and No. 2 Texas A&M was decided in the last match standing, where A&M's Helga Vieira came through with the deciding victory, defeating Katie Ruckert, 6-7 (6), 6-3, 6-4 at No. 2 singles to give the Aggies a 4-3 victory. It was sweet revenge for A&M as the Longhorns had won the last match standing when the two teams met in College Station during the regular season to decide the regular-season title and the No. 1 seed.
A&M had reached the finals three times prior to the 2004 season, losing to Texas in both the 1997 and 2002 championship matches and falling to No. 4 seed Oklahoma State, 4-1, in the 2003 tournament held in Kansas City, Mo. In the inaugural 1997 Big 12 Championship, the third-seeded Aggies and the Longhorns met in a conference finals for a fifth consecutive year. The match lasted nearly seven hours before the Aggies fell, 5-4.
In 1998, the 5th-seeded Aggies fell to eventual champion Texas in the semifinals by the score of 5-0. The No. 4-seed Aggies were eliminated at home by the Baylor Bears, 5-2, in the quarterfinals of the 1999 tournament. In 2000, it again was the Bears eliminating the Aggies. Baylor topped third-seeded A&M in the semifinals, 5-3. A&M was eliminated by eventual champion Texas, 4-0, in the semifinals of the 2001 tournament.
A&M also hosted the 2002 tournament and fell to the six-time tournament-champion Longhorns, 5-0, in the championship match.
The Aggies advanced to the finals of the former Southwest Conference Championships each of the last four years it existed. Each of the finals pitted the Aggies against the Longhorns. The Aggies' only SWC tournament championship was in 1986, before the league recognized both a regular season and a tournament champion.
A&M vs. Oklahoma State — A&M is 13-9 all-time against Oklahoma State, including 7-0 sweep against the Cowgirls in Stillwater on March 15. Although the Cowgirls had the benefit of playing at home, they were at an immediate disadvantage. Because of injuries, OSU was unable to field a team at No. 3 doubles and also had to default at No. 6 singles. With the default, A&M had to win only one doubles match to take the early lead. Tiffany Clifford and Christi Liles quickly clinched the opening point with an 8-3 victory over Yawna Allen and Iryna Tkachenko at the No. 1 line.
OSU prevented the sweep as Sasha Belova and JoAnne Karaitiana topped Anna Blagodarova and Michelle Sammons, 8-5, at the No. 2 spot.
A&M dominated in singles, winning in straight sets on all five courts. The Aggies, who were immediately awarded a point at the start of singles because of the default at No. 6, quickly widened their lead to 3-0 courtesy of Blagodarova, who snapped a five-match losing skid. The senior jumped out to a first-set 4-0 lead against Allen en route to 6-1, 6-3 victory at the No. 2 line.
Clifford then clinched the winning point for the Aggies. After trailing Belova 4-3 in the first set at the No. 4 line Clifford won the next three games to come from behind and close out the set. Clifford led the entire second set and gave up only one game to give the Aggies a 4-0 lead.
Morgan Frank (Oldsmar, Fla.) used a five-game run to overcome a 3-1 first-set deficit and take the opener against Maryna Tkachenko at the No. 5 line. Frank never trailed in the second set as she finished the match with a 6-3, 6-2 victory and put the Aggies up, 5-0.
Elzé Potgieter, celebrating her 20th birthday, capped the singles sweep and the shutout. The sophomore, ranked No. 95 in the nation, broke away from a 3-3 tie against Iryna Tkachenko to win the first set, 6-3, at the No. 1 line. Tkachenko won the first three games in the second set and was up 4-1 when Potgieter reeled off four consecutive games to take a 5-4 lead. Tkachenko evened the score at 5-all, but Potgieter answered by winning the next two games to finish off the Cowgirls.
A&M and OSU have met only once at the Big 12 Tennis Championship. In the finals of the 2003 tournament, No. 4-seeded OSU defeated No. 2 seed A&M, 4-1, in Kansas City, Mo.
Aggies Capture Big 12 Individual Titles — Texas A&M's Anna Blagodarova is the Big 12 No. 3 singles champion, and Aggie teammate Morgan Frank is the Big 12 No. 5 singles champion, according to the conference's regular season records released today. In addition, Frank and doubles partner Stephanie Davidson are the Big 12 No. 3 doubles champions after going 11-0 in conference matches.
Individual Big 12 champions are crowned for each of the six singles positions and all three doubles flights based on the number of conference wins during the regular season. A player must have competed in at least six matches at a set position to qualify for a conference title. In addition, wins at higher positions count toward the record in which an athlete has played a minimum of six matches.
This marks the third singles title for Blagodarova (Toronto, Ontario), who also was the No. 3 singles champion in 2006 and the No. 4 champion in 2005. The senior, who also was the Big 12 No. 3 doubles co-champion in 2007, went 7-2 at the No. 3 line this season and also was credited for two victories at the No. 2 line for a combined and league-best 9-2 record.
Blagodarova is 20-15 overall this season and ranks third in the A&M records with a 98-49 career singles record.
Only a freshman, Frank (Oldsmar, Fla.) went 8-1 at the No. 5 singles line and also picked up two victories at the No. 4 line for a combined 10-1 conference record. Frank joined the Aggies in January and went 17-4 in all dual matches, including a win against 81st-ranked Jana Bielikova of Baylor, which helped Frank earn Big 12 Player of the Week honors on April 7.
Frank and Davidson, a freshman from Fair Oaks Ranch, Texas, went a perfect 11-0 in Big 12 matches at the No. 3 doubles line. They enter the Big 12 Championships with an 18-2 overall record and riding a nine-match winning streak. Winners of 12 of their last 13 matches, the duo's last loss was in a tiebreaker to then-50th-ranked Cosmina Ciobanu and Colleen Rielley of Notre Dame on March 22.
A&M and Baylor tied for the most individual titles. Baylor also earned two singles titles, including a co-championship, and one doubles title.
2008 Big 12 Individual Champions
No. 1 Singles: Zuzana Zemenova, Baylor (10-0)
No. 2 Singles: Courtney Zauft, Texas (9-2)
No. 3 Singles: Anna Blagodarova, Texas A&M (9-2)
No. 4 Singles: Veera Nurmi, Colorado (9-2) and Jana Bielikova, Baylor (9-0)
No. 5 Singles: Morgan Frank, Texas A&M (10-1)
No. 6 Singles: Franziska Jendrian, Colorado (9-2)
No. 1 Doubles: Jana Albers/Imke Reimers, Nebraska (8-3)
No. 2 Doubles: Taylor Ormond/Jelena Stanivuk, Baylor (8-2)
No. 3 Doubles: Stephanie Davidson/Morgan Frank, Texas A&M (11-0)
A&M Coach Bobby Kleinecke — Two-time Big 12 Coach of the Year Bobby Kleinecke enters the Big 12 Tournament with a 372-240(.605) record in his 23rd season at the helm of the Aggies, including a 105-27 (.795) record in Big 12 regular-season matches. In 1986, Kleinecke's inaugural season of his college coaching career and at A&M, he led the Aggies to the Southwest Conference title and was named the SWC Coach of the Year. In 1996, he was voted the SWC Coach of the Year and in 2002, Kleinecke was honored as the Wilson/ITA Coach of the Year in the Southwest Region after leading A&M to a record-23 wins. In 2003, A&M tied for its first regular-season title as the Aggies and Baylor went 9-2. In 2004, Kleinecke's team captured its first Big 12 tournament championship, advanced to the NCAA Round of 16 and finished the season with a record 24 victories. Under Kleinecke's leadership, the Aggies have made 13 NCAA appearances, including the last eight consecutive years.
Aggies Have Double Vision — A&M has won the crucial doubles point in 17 of 22 matches, including 10 of 11 Big 12 matches. The Aggies are 13-4 when winning the doubles point. The No. 3 line is the winningest position with a 20-2 record, including an 18-2 mark by freshmen Stephanie Davidson and Morgan Frank.
A&M dropped its only Big 12 doubles point in the final match of the regular season as Texas Tech won at the No. 1 and No. 2 lines.
Blagodarova Climbing the Charts — Senior Anna Blagodarova boasts a 98-49 career record in singles, ranking third in the A&M records. Only Nicki Mechem (2003-04, 06-07) and Anna Lubinsky (2004-07) have posted more with 113 and 109, respectively.
Blagodarova and doubles partner Tiffany Clifford each have 91 career doubles victories, ranking fifth in the A&M doubles records. They need one more win to tie Nancy Dingwall (1994-97) for fourth place.
Liles Leads the Way — Freshman Christi Liles leads the Aggies in overall singles wins, as well as victories in dual matches only. Liles is 28-7 overall, including 18-4 in dual matches. She has played the last nine matches at the No. 2 singles line where she is 9-2 overall.
Liles, who is currently riding a team-leading five-match winning streak, is tied with eight others for ninth place in the singles season total victories records. One more victory will put her in a tie for eighth place with Helga Vieira, who had 29 wins in 2003-04.
In the Rankings — A&M is ranked No. 31 in the ITA national rankings released April 22. The Aggies have been ranked as high as No. 25 (March 4) during the regular season and as low as No. 34 (Feb. 20).
Sophomore Elzé Potgieter is listed No. 103 in the national singles rankings. She was ranked as high as No. 75 on April 1. Her biggest win was against 11th-ranked Melanie Gloria of Fresno State, 6-1, 6-4, on Feb. 24 in Las Vegas.
A&M's doubles team of Anna Blagodarova and Tiffany Clifford is currently ranked No. 45 in the nation. The pair broke into the rankings on April 15, coming in at No. 59. They are 11-5 overall, including 5-4 at the No. 1 line. Their biggest win was against second-ranked Lenko Broosova and Zuzana Zemenova of Baylor, 8-5, on April 2 in Waco.
Looking Ahead to the NCAA Selections — The Aggies are expecting to make their ninth consecutive and 14th overall appearance in the NCAA Championships when the 64-team field is announced between 1-1:30 p.m., Tuesday, April 29 on ESPNews. ESPNews is located on DirecTV channel 207/DishNetwork channel 142. In addition, the ESPNews audio signal is available on the ESPNews channel on XM Radio and SIRIUS Radio.


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Forum - View topicNEWS: Ai Kakuma, Sōma Saitō, Sayuri Hara Star in 'Age 12' Anime on DVD
Note: this is the discussion thread for this article
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Posts: 149
Location: Chesterfield, Virginia, U.S.A
I think I first heard of this series when I was browsing through a manga scan sight. Reading the synopsis it seem like the kind of story I would like as it explores the reality of what girls who enter adolescence go through (that and it look cute), but the people who were translating it abandon it a long time ago with only a very few chapters (I think two chapters) to show. I decided to not read it and instead wait until I learn Japanese so I can buy the manga somewhere and read it.
Now hearing that this story has an anime adaptation once again makes me want to give this series a try, but it seems like it won't be possible for me. I can't find the books no matter where I search online, and what makes this even worse is that this series is so obscure outside of Japan that not even ANN has any information about it in their encyclopedia (even the author/comic artist that made this book isn't in the encyclopedia) . I wonder if I could just ask any online store that sells products from Japan if they can order those books. I think I heard it's possible.
Well anyway it's good for for the mangaka that her story is getting adapted into an animated series. I'm sure she is happy for it.
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Posts: 847
At least cdjapan lists volumes 1-3, just search '12 Sai' on their site.
Finding this particular issue of magazine was a bit harder. Then I noticed it was spelled as Chao on cdjapan...
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Posts: 149
Location: Chesterfield, Virginia, U.S.A
Oh thank you for actually taking the time to find this. I look and I saw all the products you mention (and they are very cheap too). I should have thought of looking through cdjapn. I guess for me it's because it's been a while since I browse through sites that sale products from Japan (I only look through a wesbite store called yesasia).
I deeply appreciated it. ^ ^
P.S I would imagine you must had a hard time finding the magazine considering the site spelled the name differential. I wonder if this is misspelling or maybe that's what the magazine is also spelled as.
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Vice & Luna - #7
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Vice and Luna's lunchtime odyssey continues when Luna makes a small mistake that winds up changing their entire afternoon... and Luna's love life! ―
UQ Holder! GN 7
As the stakes and strengths of his opponents climb impossibly high, Tota finally finds himself faced with a real challenge in this seventh volume of Ken Akamatsu's action manga. ― UQ Holder has had a rocky journey up until now, and much of that has come down to the manga's awkward fundamental assumptions. Tota lies near the heart of the story's various problems; not only is he actually immortal, but ...
Answerman - Why Don't More Anime Discs Come With Digital Downloads?
Funimation's recent release of Psycho-Pass: The Movie came with a code for a digital version of the film; why don't more anime releases do that? Justin gets into it. ― Joe asks: I recently got the Psycho-Pass Movie on Blu-Ray and instantly noticed something strange on the box - it came with a digital copy of the movie. I've been getting digital copies with most Blu-Rays of Hollywood movies and even ...
Shelf Life - Gasaraki
Paul takes on a blast from anime sci fi past with veteran anime director Ryosuke Takahashi's Gasaraki series. Plus, all this week's new releases! ― I've been too busy working this month to give Pokemon Go a try, and I'm not sure if that's a good thing or a bad thing. On one hand, I've avoided the temptation to start a game that would undoubtedly devour my time like a swarm of starving termites. On t...
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This first installment in the WIXOSS franchise comes to a close, with shocking reveals and mixed results. Theron Martin takes a look at what's in the cards for this series going forward. ― Despite its partial name change, this 12 episode series from the Fall 2014 season is a direct follow-up to Selector Infected Wixoss. It assumes and requires full familiarity with Infected for it to make sense, so t...
The Mike Toole Show - Anthology Chronology
With the release of the newest film in the Project Itoh series, Mike takes a look back at the history of other anime anthologies from the Animatrix to Gotham Knight. ― While I sat there trying to digest the second installment of the Project Itoh film series, Studio 4°C's Harmony (note: it didn't sit well), I kept remembering a conversation I'd had with its director, Michael Arias, way back when he wa...
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The List - 7 Anime Beach Episodes Worth Watching
As the scorching summer heat reaches its peak outside, you can crank the A/C and enjoy this Classic edition of The List instead, with seven beach episodes that won't leave you feeling high and dry. ― We're reaching the peak of the summer heat, so it's time to keep it cool with a Classic List installment from yester-year. Take it away, past-Lynzee! Beach, pool, and hot springs episodes usually operat...


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The title is pretty much self-explanatory: is Android a 32- or 64- bit OS? I assume that it is one or another and not both, as that would force both 32- and 64-bit binaries to be hosted on Google Play. I know that this is a simple question, and that other people have been asking it, but for the life of me I have not been able to find an answer on the web, and there is certainly not one on this SE.
In the realm of the ARM chipsets which is the common factor, the entire Android stack, from the near-identical kernel based on Linux, are in fact, 32bit, cross-compiled from usually either a 32bit/64bit host environment, the host environment is usually one of the distributions of Linux. Recommended distribution, by Google, for building and cross-compiling Android is Ubuntu.
The Android run-time library (media, graphics, filesystem, to name but a few) are also 32bit, but as we reach the layer of the dalvikvm, then the number of bits becomes irrelevant as it is at this point, the apks coming from the Google Play Store are native bytecode (A "by-product" of generated Java code compiled into a portable bytecode) which targets the DalvikVM (Virtual Machine) which in turn interprets and translates the bytecode targetting the raw ARM instruction set.
Froyo was the last Android that enabled compilation under a 32bit hosted environment in which it was cross-compiled targetting the ARM chipset.
Gingerbread was the first of "future" Android, back then circa, three years ago, that introduced a requirement to use a 64bit hosted environment in which it was built. There was many hacks to get Gingerbread to be built under 32bit hosted environment.
ICS and JB, and upwards now definitely requires a 64bit environment to speed up compilation and to reduce turn-around time in building.
So to sum up, what you see on the Play Store has no bearing on whether 32bit or 64bit are used and thus irrelevant.
Side note: Typical 16GB RAM/Quad core/64bit Linux distribution, the time it takes to build ICS from scratch, takes 30minutes maximum, had this being a 32bit Linux distribution, it would have taken longer, in fact, may cause a CPU meltdown as there is simply, not enough processing power to churn and crank out cross-compiled code, which is a very demanding and taxing process!
Proof of this.
Pull in any native ARM binary found in
Now, examine the binary by issuing this command:
Notice the reference to 32-bit ELF, and is cross-compiled to ARM and is a binary executable.
Right, moving on, let's inspect a native shared library found in
Again, notice, its 32-bit ELF, cross-compiled to ARM and is a shared library.
The key to the host's cross-compilation can be found in the AOSP source, i.e., Gingerbread build originally had a requirement to be built on a 64bit host system, here's the newsgroup linky referring to how to patch the scripts to get it to build on 32bit host which has two patches, found here, for
As a subsequent result, this patch had made its way to ICS's build scripts in which I did have the privilege of compiling ICS on a 32bit platform which took 3 days to build (it was a port of ICS for the Zte Blade). Now, the requirements are ramped up, you do definitely need 64bit host to enable cross-compilation of building AOSP from ICS upwards :)
All ARM chips are currently 32-bit. Because of this, Android currently executes all code in a 32-bit environment.
64-bit processors set to launch in 2014.
Originally, Android was written for 32-bit processors only: and specifically, 32-bit ARM processors. Later, Intel and MIPS invested a lot into making Android support their architectures too: but still only 32-bit processors. They were able to do this without (many) compatibility problems, because most apps aren't shipped as binaries. Written in Java, they are instead shipped as bytecode, which a virtual machine on the phone compiles to the phone's architecture when the app is run. Some apps include native components, which are shipped as a binary. This is done to make some kinds of apps faster (particularly games), or to let the app access C libraries that aren't available in Java. Those apps can include more than one binary for the native code parts, to allow them to run on different architectures. Even so, the majority of apps are Java-only, so they just work on any architecture.
The above was all true at the time this question (and most of the other answers) was written, but no longer. Lollipop introduced support for the new 64-bit ARM processors (ARMv8) as well as for Intel and AMD's x86_64 processors, which means that Android now supports both 32-bit and 64-bit processors. The Nexus 9 was the first flagship 64-bit Android device. As well as giving access to new instruction set extensions, 64-bit support means that apps can use more than 4 GB of RAM. Most apps won't need that much, but high-end games and photo/video creation software can certainly make use of it: pushing Android towards being a platform for console-quality games (including VR games) and for creating content. Java apps don't need to be updated to take advantage of this, because the virtual machine always compiles them to the phone's architecture, but apps with native code will.
Because ARMv8 is backwards-compatible with 32-bit code (the same way x86_64 can still run x86 code), even apps which include native code for 32-bit processors can still run on 64-bit Android. So an app only needs to be compiled for 64-bit if it contains native code and it wants to take advantage of the higher RAM limit or the new features of the architecture.
Neither actually. Android is a Dalvik VM-based OS, and Google Play hosts Dalvik applications. Dalvik VM itself, like Java VM, is always 32-bit regardless of the bitness of the physical machine.
As you suspected, applications that ships with native binaries and NDK applications must ship with binaries compiled for every architectures it is intended to run at. The most common architecture that Android runs on is ARM 32-bit; however there are also devices that runs on x86 and MIPS.


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