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The current global energy problem can be attributed to insufficient fossil fuel supplies and excessive greenhouse gas emissions resulting from increasing fossil fuel consumption. The huge demand for clean energy potentially can be met by solar-to-electricity conversions. The large-scale use of solar energy is not occurring due to the high cost and inadequate efficiencies of existing solar cells. Nanostructured materials have offered new opportunities to design more efficient solar cells, particularly one-dimensional (1-D) nanomaterials for enhancing solar cell efficiencies. These 1-D nanostructures, including nanotubes, nanowires, and nanorods, offer significant opportunities to improve efficiencies of solar cells by facilitating photon absorption, electron transport, and electron collection; however, tremendous challenges must be conquered before the large-scale commercialization of such cells. This review specifically focuses on the use of 1-D nanostructures for enhancing solar cell efficiencies. Other nanostructured solar cells or solar cells based on bulk materials are not covered in this review. Major topics addressed include dye-sensitized solar cells, quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells, and p-n junction solar cells.
Energy supply has arguably become one of the most important problems facing humanity [1]. The exponential demand for energy is evidenced by dwindling fossil fuel supplies [2] and record-high oil and gas prices due to global population growth and economic development (Fig. (Fig.1)1) [3,4]. This energy shortage has significant implications to the future of our society—for example, in order for 10 billion people to sustain their current lifestyle with their current energy consumption, we need a minimum of ten additional terawatts (TWs), an equivalent of 150 millions of barrels of oil per day (150 M BOE/Day), until the year 2050 [5]. The energy crisis is further exacerbated by major concerns about global warming from greenhouse gas emissions due to increasing fossil fuel consumption [6-8].
At this large scale, solar energy seems to be the most viable choice to meet our clean energy demand. The sun continuously delivers to the earth 120,000 TW of energy, which dramatically exceeds our current rate of energy needs (13 TW) [9]. This implies that covering only 0.1% of the earth's surface with solar cells of 10% efficiency would satisfy our current energy needs [10]; however, the energy currently produced from sunlight remains less than 0.1% of the global energy demand (Fig. (Fig.2,2, data from [11]). The major barrier for the large-scale use of solar energy is the high cost and inadequate efficiencies of existing solar cells. Innovations are needed to harvest incident solar photons with greater efficiency and economical viability [12,13].
The best commercial solar cells based on single-crystal silicon are about 18% efficient [9,14]. These conventional p-n junction cells, so-called first-generation devices, suffer from the high cost of manufacturing and installation. The second-generation devices consisting of CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) polycrystalline semiconductor thin films can reduce the price significantly, but it does not reduce the challenge to make their efficiencies more practical. Now the third-generation solar cells, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) [15,16], bulk heterojunction cells [17-19], and organic cells [20], are promising for inexpensive and large-scale solar energy conversion (Table (Table11[9]); however, laboratory DSSCs based on cheap dye sensitization of oxide semiconductors are typically less than 10% efficient, and those based on even cheaper organic materials are 2–5% efficient.
Nanostructured semiconductors, organic-inorganic hybrid assemblies, and molecular assemblies present new opportunities to design such third-generation light energy conversion devices. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of more efficient photoanode materials, such as ordered mesostructured materials [21] and one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures (nanowires, nanotubes, and nanorods) [22-24]. Examples of 1-D nanostructures include highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays synthesized with anodization of Ti foils, ZnO nanowire arrays synthesized with aqueous solutions, and carbon nanotube (CNT) and Si nanowire arrays synthesized with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [23-34]. Bandgap-tunable semiconductor zero-dimensional (0-D) nanomaterials, such as CdS [35-37], PbS [38,39], Bi2S3[38,40], CdSe [41], and InP [42] quantum dots (QDs), have demonstrated extraordinary optical and electronic properties that open up possibilities for revolutionary advances in photovoltaic (PV) devices. The combination of 1-D with 0-D nanostructures is attracting more interests from the solar cell community. Assembly methods for these hybrid nanostructures include wet-chemistry processes through chemical functionalization [43-47] and dry routes through the electrostatic-force-directed assembly [48,49].
In particular, 1-D nanostructures are promising for photovoltaic devices due to several performance and processing benefits, such as a direct path for charge transport and large surface areas for light harvest offered by the geometry of such nanostructures. For example, the mobility of electrons in 1-D nanostructures is typically several orders of magnitude higher than that in semiconductor nanoparticle films commonly used in DSSCs (Table (Table2,2, data from [23,50-54]). This review addresses some of the current research issues in the field of new solar cells based on 1-D semiconductor nanostructures, and hybrids of 1-D nanomaterials and dye molecules or QDs. These solar cells include DSSCs with TiO2 nanotube or ZnO nanowire arrays as photoanodes in lieu of nanoparticle networks, solar cells with tunable-bandgap QDs supported by wide-bandgap semiconductor nanotube/nanowire or CNT arrays, and solar cells with coaxial p-n junctions in vertically-aligned 1-D nanostructures or p-n junctions between the 1-D nanostructure and the substrate. We summarize recent advances and discuss the performance and properties of these innovative solar energy harvesting and conversion devices.
A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a type of photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar cell which has been studied extensively [55-57]. In a DSSC, dye molecules are used to sensitize wide-bandgap semiconductors, such as TiO2 and ZnO, which assist in separating electrons from photo-excited dye molecules. The visible light absorbed by dye molecules is more intensive than the UV light absorbed by wide-bandgap semiconductors for solar radiation, even if the energy of visible light is lower than that of UV light. The sensitization of wide-bandgap semiconductors by adsorbed monolayers of dye molecules began in the late 1960s with the work of Gerishcer [58] and Memming [59]. A conceptual and practical breakthrough occurred in the late 1980s when Grätzel and coworkers started using high-surface-area semiconductors for DSSCs [16,60-63]. A schematic representation of a DSSC is shown in Fig. Fig.33[64]. Its working principle is: (1) The incident photon is absorbed by the dye molecule adsorbed on the surface of nanocrystalline TiO2 particles and an electron from the molecular ground state S0 is excited to an excited state S*; (2) The excited electron of the dye is injected into the conduction band of the TiO2 particles, leaving the dye molecule to an oxidized state S+; (3) The injected electron percolates through the porous nanocrystalline structure to the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer of the glass substrate (negative electrode or anode) and finally through an external load to the counter electrode (positive electrode or cathode); (4) At the counter electrode, the electron is transferred to the triiodide () in electrolyte to yield iodide (I−); (5) The cycle is closed through reducing the oxidized dye by the iodide in the electrolyte. However, there is no net chemistry in terms of chemicals created or destroyed in the device, so the cell is regenerative.
The anodes of DSSCs are typically constructed with a thin film (~10 μm) of wide bandgap semiconductor nanoparticles involving SnO2[65], ZnO [66,67], or TiO2[68-74]. The nanoparticle film provides a large surface (~1000 times higher than the geometrical area of the electrode) for absorption of light-harvesting molecules (usually ruthenium-based dyes); however, electrons are usually trapped by isolated nanoparticles, surface states, or defect states. The so-called trap effects slow down the electron transport through diffusion and limit the device efficiency, which has been proved by time-resolved photocurrent and photovoltage measurements [75,76] and modeling studies [77,78]. Under full sunlight, the average injected electron may experience a million trapping events before either being collected by the electrode or recombining with an oxidizing species [79]. Electron transport speed in single crystals is much larger than that in polycrystalline nanocrystals. For example, electron transport in crystalline wires is expected to be several orders of magnitude faster than percolation through a random polycrystalline network (Table (Table2).2). 1-D wide-bandgap semiconductor nanostructures were thus introduced to improve the charge collection.
Crystalline ZnO nanowire arrays were introduced to replace the traditional nanoparticle anode [23,80]. Electric properties of individual nanowires were studied by Law et al. [23]. The ZnO nanowire array of high surface area was synthesized using a simple two-step process in aqueous solutions. Briefly, a 10–15-nm-thick film of ZnO quantum dots was deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass substrates by dip coating, and wires were then grown from these nuclei through thermal decomposition of a zinc complex. Individual ZnO nanowire resistivity varied from 0.3 to 2.0 Ω cm, with an electron concentration of 1–5 × 1018 cm−3 and mobility (μ) of 1–5 cm2 V−1 s−1. Using the Einstein relation, D = kBTμ/e, an electron diffusivity Dn = 0.05–0.5 cm2 s−1 for a single nanowire can be estimated. Compared with ZnO nanoparticles (Dn ≤ 10−4 cm2 s−1), the nanowire array anode can collect charge carriers much more effectively by introducing highly ordered architectures. The electron injection rate can be investigated by transient mid-infrared absorption. Law et al. showed that the injection process in nanowires is complete after ~5 ps, but continues for ~100 ps in the nanoparticles [23]. The new cell exhibited a short-circuit current density Jsc = 5.3–5.85 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage Voc = 0.61–0.71 V, a fill factor FF = 0.36–0.38, and an efficiency η = 1.2–1.5% under AM1.5 sun illumination (100 ± 3 mW/cm2). The external quantum efficiency of these cells peaks at 40–43% near the absorption maximum of the dye and is limited primarily by the relatively low dye loading of the nanowire film.
Analogous to ZnO nanowire arrays, well-aligned, self-organized TiO2 nanotubes have been fabricated with the goal to improve electron transport pathways for solar energy conversion devices [24,29,30,81-83]. Even though the efficiencies of these devices are not as high as cells fabricated with standard TiO2 nanoparticles, respectable performance has been demonstrated. TiO2 nanotube arrays allow direct charge transport along the length of the nanotube toward the electrode; however, this assumes that the charge transport in mesoporous TiO2 is limited by interparticle traps. The advantage of nanorod or nanotube arrays will not be apparent if the surface trapping limits the charge transport [84]. Comparison between these 1-D nanostructures and standard films fabricated from sintered nanoparticles may very well assist in elucidating the mechanism for electron transport in these materials.
Recently, highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were synthesized by anodic oxidation of titanium and have generated considerable scientific interest [24-32]. To fabricate nanotube devices, titanium foil is anodized to achieve ordered nanopores. These nanopores initially have an amorphous structure, which can be transformed to anatase TiO2 upon annealing to over 450 °C [85]. The porous film forms on the titanium foil and a compact titanium dioxide layer forms between the unoxidized titanium and the nanotubes during the heating process. Paulose et al. reported high open-circuit voltages of up to 860 mV for this cell structure [29]. Their best cells reached efficiencies of over 4% under AM1.5 Sun (iodide/triiodide-based cells). The nanotube devices display inhibited recombination characteristics with longer electron lifetimes, indicating fewer recombination centers in the nanotube film compared with a nanoparticle film [24].
A disadvantage of using TiO2 nanotube arrays for anode fabrication is that the device requires illumination from the "back side" (through the Pt cathode) [86] because the counter electrode fabricated from Ti is opaque. This is not the optimal configuration for DSSCs because the platinum counter electrode partially reflects light and the iodine in the electrolyte absorbs photons at lower wavelengths. Therefore, the challenge is to achieve highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays on FTO substrates, especially nanotubes with increased film thickness [30]. These are technical challenges that are likely to be solved in the near future.
Taking advantage of extremely high electron mobilities of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), Brown et al. deposited TiO2 nanoparticles on an SWCNT network [87]. When modified with a sensitizer such as Ru(II)(bpy)2(dcbpy), the SWCNT/TiO2 film provided an unnoticeable influence on the charge injection from dye molecules into TiO2 nanoparticles, but improved charge separation according to transient absorption and emission measurements. The rate of the back electron transfer between the oxidized sensitizer (Ru(III)) and TiO2 was slower in the presence of the SWCNT scaffold. The incident photon to charge carrier efficiency (IPCE) at all wavelengths was enhanced by a factor of ~1.4 as a result of introducing a SWCNT scaffold in the mesoscopic TiO2 film. This is due to the suppressed back electron transfer and the improved electron transport within the nanostructured TiO2 film. However, the improvement in photocurrent generation was neutralized by a lower photovoltage, as the apparent Fermi level of the TiO2 and SWCNT composite became more positive than that of pristine TiO2. The dye-sensitized SWCNT/TiO2 cell had η = 0.13%, Voc = 0.26 V, and Jsc = 1.8 mA/cm2.
It is not surprising that the semiconductor nanotube/nanowire arrays are not always highly ordered, however. For instance, clumps of nanotubes and crack-like features in the films prepared by electrochemically anodizing titanium metal have been observed [26,88]. The formation of clusters of bundled nanotubes in nominally oriented arrays could adversely affect the transport and recombination dynamics in TiO2 films. Clusters of bundled nanotubes could be produced during the anodization process [26,88] or during the cleaning and evaporative drying process of the as-grown films through capillary forces of the liquid acting between the nanotubes. Such capillary forces have the potential to not only bundle nanotubes but also to crack the film.
Removing liquids from the mesopores of the arrays by the supercritical CO2 (scCO2) drying technique can yield bundle-free and crack-free nanotube films. Compared with H2O/air-dried TiO2 nanotube array film, Zhu et al. found that the ethanol/scCO2-dried films could prevent morphological disorders induced by capillary stress and enhance the total surface area of a film accessible to dye molecules by 23% [89]. The electron transport was about twice as fast in the ethanol/scCO2-dried film than in the H2O/air-dried film. The photoresponse of the DSSC with ordered films exhibited Jsc = 5.7 mA/cm2Voc = 0.58 V, and FF = 0.56 to offer a solar conversion efficiency η = 1.9%. In contrast, the DSSC with less-ordered films showed a Jsc of 4.9 mA/cm2Voc of 0.60 V, and an FF of 0.53 to yield η = 1.6%.
In general, DSSCs are relatively well developed in recent years with the following possible improvements. The growth of TiO2 nanotube arrays on a transparent anode will be beneficial for the light absorption. A compact TiO2 particle film between the FTO anode and the electrolyte was recently proved to reduce charge recombination losses [74], which might be a valuable hint to design TiO2 nanotube array for DSSCs. Use of bundle-free and crack-free 1-D nanostructure arrays is another principle for solar cell assembly. High aspect ratio nanotube/nanowire arrays are expected to load more dye molecules, but the dilemma is that tubes/wires longer than the diffusion length of electrons will degrade the efficiency of electron collection. Recent work also includes the molecular engineering of suitable ruthenium compounds, which are known for their excellent stability [90]. The use of solvent-free electrolytes such as ionic liquids has made striking advances during the past few years [91,92]. These nonvolatile redox melts show great promise for use in outdoor photovoltaic systems and have been discussed in detail elsewhere [93].
The combination of two or more nanostructure architectures provides another option to modulate the performance of light-harvesting devices [94-97]. As presented in the previous section, the electron transport across particles is susceptible to recombination loss at the grain boundaries and charge trapping in nanostructured semiconductor films prepared from particles. The use of nanotube/nanowire support to anchor light-harvesting assemblies (e.g., semiconductor particles and dye molecules) provides a convenient way to capture photogenerated charges and transport them to electrodes. Quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) provide additional opportunities that are not available with dye-sensitized solar cells (Fig. (Fig.44[98]). First, the use of quantum dots in lieu of the dye molecules provides the ability to tune the optical absorption in the solar cell through selection of semiconductor material and particle size. Second, QDSSCs can potentially exploit the recently observed multiple electron-hole pair generation per photon to achieve higher efficiencies [99,100] than that predicted by Shockley and Queisser [101].
A SWCNT is an ideal channel for collecting and transporting charges across light-harvesting assemblies. Significant progress has been achieved in synthesizing semiconductor-CNT composite films in recent years [102-109]. These earlier studies have mainly focused on establishing synthetic strategies and characterizing the composite systems, including CNTs with TiO2[110], SnO2[111], CdSe [106,108], and CdS [112] nanocrystals. Most of the wet-chemistry strategies involve chemical functionalization of the CNT surface followed by the assembly of nanocrystals onto the CNTs via covalent [43], noncovalent [44], or electrostatic interactions [45,46]. For example, the CdS QDs can be deposited on SWCNTs with chemical methods [47]. SWCNTs were dispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with the aid of tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB). The adsorption of Cd2+ ions on the SWCNT surface followed by reaction with S2– provides a simple and convenient method of preparing SWCNT–CdS composites. The CdS-SWCNT composite is capable of generating a photocurrent from visible light with unusually high efficiencies [47,103], in which the luminescence of CdS is quenched by SWCNT. Transient absorption experiments have confirmed the quick deactivation of excited CdS on the SWCNT surfaces, as the transient bleaching recovers in about 200 ps. The ability of the CdS-SWCNT nanocomposite system to undergo photoinduced charge separation opens up new ways to design light-harvesting assemblies [5].
Although the wet-chemistry methods work well with randomly dispersed CNTs, they are not suitable for vertically aligned CNTs. The aligned structure will be damaged in the wet processing because the upper ends of the neighboring nanotubes have been seen to bundle together and cause some nanotubes to lay down [113]. Chen et al. have recently developed a material-independent dry route based on the electrostatic-force-directed assembly (ESFDA) to assemble aerosol nanocrystals onto CNTs [48,49]. In principle, the ESFDA technique works for both random CNTs and aligned CNTs without the need for chemical functionalization or other pretreatments of the CNTs. In ESFDA, charged and nonagglomerated aerosol nanocrystals were produced from a mini-arc plasma source and then delivered to the electrically biased CNTs in an inert carrier gas [114]. The electric field near the CNT surface was enhanced significantly and the aerosol nanocrystals were attracted to the external surface of the CNTs. With this technique, Chen et al. have demonstrated the successful assembly of various nanocrystals, including single-component nanocrystals (Au, Ag, and SnO2) [48,115] and multicomponent nanocrystals (SnO2 and Ag) [115], onto randomly dispersed multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs), SWCNTs, and vertically aligned MWCNTs [48,49].
The highly ordered charge transport channel is not limited to only CNTs, but also to other semiconductor (ZnO [98] or TiO2[97]) 1-D nanostructures. Quantum-dot-sensitized nanowire solar cell based on photosensitization of ZnO nanowires with CdSe quantum dots has been demonstrated [98]. A ZnO nanowire array can be grown directly onto transparent and conducting FTO substrates from an aqueous solution of Zn(NO3)2 and methenamine between 80 and 95 °C [23,116,117]. CdSe QDs were assembled on the ZnO nanowires by using bifunctional molecules of the type X-R-Y, where X and Y are groups that bind to CdSe (X = –SH) and ZnO (Y = –COOH), respectively. The photocurrent is generated from visible light by the excitation of electron-hole pairs in the CdSe QDs. The electrons are injected across the QD-nanowire interface into the ZnO, a process that is facilitated by the overlap between the electronic states in the QD and the ZnO conduction band. The morphology of the nanowires provides the photoinjected electrons with a direct electrical pathway to the photoanode. The ZnO nanowire-based QDSSCs exhibited η = 0.4%, Voc = 0.5–0.6 V, Jsc = 1–2 mA/cm2, and a fill factor FF ~0.3.
TiO2 is another important wide-bandgap semiconductor that is widely used in both DSSCs and QDSSCs. Sun et al. reported an investigation on the CdS QDs sensitized TiO2 nanotube array photoelectrodes and their performance in photoelectrochemical solar cells [97]. The highly ordered TiO2 nanotube films were synthesized by anodic oxidation in a NH4F organic electrolyte. The CdS QDs were deposited into the crystalline TiO2 nanotubes by the sequential chemical bath deposition method. The CdS-TiO2 cells exhibited impressive η = 4.15 %, Voc = 1.27 V, Jsc = 7.82 mA/cm2, and FF = 0.578 under AM1.5 illuminations. These results clearly demonstrated that significant improvement on the PEC cell efficiency can be obtained via incorporating inorganic semiconductor QDs into the TiO2 nanotube array films.
A number of active research areas could significantly contribute to the advancement of QDSSCs. Maximizing the overlap between the solar spectrum and the solar cell absorption spectrum through judiciously selecting tunable-bandgap QDs is an ongoing effort. The multiple exciton generation with UV photons demonstrated in QDs is yet to be proved in solar cells. The challenge is to find ways to effectively collect the resulting excitons before they recombine since recombination occurs at a femtosecond time scale. Assembling QDs onto nanotubes/nanowires with wet-chemistry methods will likely damage the ordered arrays, and molecule linkers between QDs and 1-D nanostructures are likely to be potential barriers for charge transfer. Dry methods such as ESFDA could potentially achieve better electronic transfer between QDs and 1-D nanostructures. Use of Fe or Ni as catalysts in CVD growth of CNTs constrains the material types of substrates and makes it difficult to achieve Ohmic contacts between CNTs and substrates. More understanding on the electronic transfer at the QDs-nanotubes/nanowires heterojunction interface and CNTs-substrate interface is imperative to further improve the performance of QDSSCs.
Many researchers have been eager to explore carbon nanostructures such as SWCNT assemblies for energy conversion devices because of their unique electrical and electronic properties, wide electrochemical stability window, and high surface area [118-120]. Fullerenes, for example, exhibit rich photochemistry and act as an electron shuttle in photochemical solar cells [121]. They also play an important role in improving the performance of organic photovoltaic cells. On the other hand, the semiconducting CNTs undergo charge separation when subjected to bandgap excitation. The exciton annihilation and charge separation processes have been characterized by transient absorption and emission measurements [5].
For example, the photoresponse of CNT filaments was realized in early years from the elastic response of the aligned bundles between two metal electrodes [122]. Hot carrier luminescence from ambipolar CNT field-effect transistors (FETs) has been monitored by Avouris and coworkers [123]. The relaxation of electrons and holes to the fundamental band edge occurs within 100 fs after photoexcitation [124]. These early studies confirmed the ability of CNTs to possess a band structure that can undergo electron-hole charge separation with visible light excitation.
It is important that photoinduced charge carriers are separated before recombination to generate electricity. However, spatially confined charge carriers in the nanotube are bound by Coulombic interactions with the bound pair referred to as an exciton [125-127]. A small fraction of the excitons are able to dissociate and form unbounded electron-hole (e-h) pairs [124]. Accordingly, the dissociation of excitons becomes an important process for photocurrent generation. A key question is whether the photoinduced charge carriers generated in SWCNTs can be collected suitably for photocurrent generation, similar to the photovoltaic application of other semiconductors [128].
Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) were also directly configured as energy conversion materials to fabricate thin film solar cells, with nanotubes serving as both photogeneration sites and a charge carriers collecting/transport layer [129]. The solar cells consisted of a semi-transparent thin film of nanotubes conformally coated on an n-type crystalline silicon substrate to create high-density p-n heterojunctions between nanotubes and n-Si to favor charge separation and extract electrons (through n-Si) and holes (through nanotubes). The p-type DWCNTs were first formed as an ultrathin film on the water surface with the aid of ethanol, and then transferred to an n-Si substrate. Experiments have shown η = 1.38%, Voc = 0.5 V, Jsc = 13.8 mA/cm2, and FF = 19% under AM1.5 illumination, proving that DWCNTs-on-Si is a potentially suitable configuration for solar cells.
The 1-D nanostructure also promotes traditional p-n junction solar cell performance. Two key constraints for this type of solar cell are (1) the material must be sufficiently thick and pure to absorb most of the solar photons with energies above the material's bandgap; and (2) the material must have a high minority carrier diffusion length to effectively collect the photogenerated charge carriers. One attractive method to improve the light absorption and charge carrier collection involves high aspect ratio cylindrical absorbers, such as 1-D nanowires [130]. A preferred implementation includes the use of wires that are sufficiently long to absorb most of the incident light and have sufficiently small diameters to facilitate efficient radial collection of carriers, even for relatively impure absorber materials (Fig. (Fig.55[131]). To fabricate such a solar cell, methods are required (1) to prepare large area arrays of vertically aligned core-shell nanowires; (2) to make electrical junctions to such wire arrays; and (3) to make electrical contacts to the backsides of these devices. These challenges have been investigated by various means, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of wire arrays [33,34], etching of flat substrates to produce wire arrays [132,133], and creating conductive polymer electrical junctions with wires [19,134].
In an earlier theoretical work by Kayes et al., a device physics model has been developed for radial p-n junction nanowire/nanorod solar cells, in which densely packed nanorods, each having a p-n junction in the radial direction, are oriented with the rod axis parallel to the incident light direction [131]. The radial p-n junction nanorod geometry produces significant improvements in the efficiencies of cells made from materials that have diffusion lengths at least two orders of magnitude less than their optical thickness and low recombination in the depletion region (for example, exciton lifetime >~10 ns for silicon). Optimal cells have a radius approximately equal to the minority-electron diffusion length in the p-type core, and their doping levels must be high enough that a rod of such radius is not fully depleted. In silicon with very low diffusion lengths (Ln= 100 nm), extremely large efficiency gains (from 1.5% to 11%) are possible by exploiting the radial p-n junction nanorod geometry, provided that the trap density in the depletion region remains fixed at a relatively low level (<~3×1015 cm−3).
Maiolo et al. experimentally showed that optimal efficiencies can be obtained when the Si wires have a diameter comparable to the minority carrier diffusion length [131,135]. Smaller diameters increase the surface area, thereby increasing the surface and junction recombination with few accompanying improvements in carrier collection. Based on the study of Kayes et al., Tsakalakos et al. also estimated an efficiency of 15–18% for Si nanowire solar cells [130]. According to the calculation, the lateral diffusion of minority carriers to the p-n junction, which is at most 50–500 nm away, was proposed rather than many microns away as in bulk Si solar cells. An array of Si nanowires (diameter = 189 ± 30 nm, length ~16 μm) was fabricated with CVD. A current density of ~1.6 mA/cm2 for 1.8 cm2 cells was obtained, and a broad external quantum efficiency was measured with a maximum value of~12% at 690 nm. The optical reflectance of the silicon nanowire solar cells was reduced by one to two orders of magnitude compared with planar cells.
Significant efforts are needed in the pursuit of 1-D nanostructure solar cells. Growth of 1-D nanostructures with higher electron mobility is always a direction of research. The junction area of a CNTs/Si cell is no more than the surface area of the anode (Si substrate). Therefore, rough architectures rather than planar ones are expected to improve the junction areas. Semiconductor nanowire/nanorods with radial p-n junctions make it possible to orthogonalize the direction of light absorption and carrier collection, and thus can enable efficient carrier collection in optically thick nanowire arrays even when minority carrier diffusion lengths are shorter than the optical absorption length. Although coaxial Si nanowire/nanorod p-n junction solar cells have high theoretical efficiencies, the cost of CVD growth of Si nanowires on Si substrates is high. Au as a catalyst used in the CVD growth of Si nanowire arrays also reduces the lifetime of carriers in silicon due to the presence of Au in the nanowire. Identifying inexpensive catalysts such as Cu has been demonstrated [136].
The sun provides enormous potential in helping to resolve the growing demand for energy worldwide; however, the high costs of implementing solar energy is a significant barrier compared with traditional energy sources, such as fossil fuels. The cost of a photovoltaic system is directly related to the low conversion efficiency, diluted energy density of solar radiation, and costly materials and fabrication process. During the past decade, the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology has launched new ways to design efficient solar cells. Strategies have been developed to design nanostructure architectures of semiconductors, metals, and polymers for solar cells. Theoretical and modeling studies have also helped to understand the optical and electrical processes of the photovoltaic conversion. The examples discussed in this review summarized how 1-D nanostructures, hybrids of 1-D nanomaterials/molecules, and QDs could aid in DSSCs, QDSSCs, and conventional p-n junction solar cells. While the new generation of photovoltaic cells offers many opportunities, it also presents challenges such as in the following directions (1) ordered assemblies of two or more nanocomponents on electrode surfaces; (2) new sensitizers or semiconductor systems that can harvest infrared photons; and (3) multiple exciton generation in semiconductor QDs. Worldwide, solar power is the star attraction for venture capitalists due to its booming laboratory research and commercialization. Although other forms of renewable energy can make significant contributions to current markets, sunlight is most available in the amount required to substitute completely for the energy quantities currently derived from hydrocarbons.
This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation through an NER grant (CMMI-0609059).
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text: We stayed at this hotel for three nights and would say that the location is its best asset. The room was adequate but the bed was hard like most in China. There were lots of children staying on our floor and, although very friendly, they were running up and down the hall until about 11:00pm. The breakfast was good and... More

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WCHB – Charlie started the night off right in Detroit taking on the Fox Theatre. Detroit fans were ready with Tiger Blood in hand, click here to see photo. Then in true Charlie Sheen fashion "My Violent Torpedo of Truth/Defeat is Not an Option" show took a torpedo of truth.


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February 17, 2014
I own Nikon D800 and my favorite things to photograph are nature, macro and travel photos.
How to use my flash better.
I am interested in hanging out with people who have the same love for photography that I have. Also finding new places to photograph.
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Fort Carson is saying goodbye to one of its top commanders.
A retreat ceremony is being held today to honor Brigadier General Ryan Gonsalves.
He is the Deputy Commanding General for Maneuvers of the 4th Infantry Division.
The next job for Gonsalves is Director Of Operations, Readiness And Mobilization for the Army's Deputy Chief of Staff at the Pentagon.
His replacement is Colonel John Thomson.


text:
Looks like 3 good months in a row. So as usual our board clown is way off with his 35 P:E. If year continues as last few months looking more like a 5 PE
Sentiment: Strong Buy
I think they were better than "decent". They were rather nice, and will help out a lot in Q1 results.
Yes 3 in a row.....let's see how our clown dissappears again
You are the same jack off that lied about knowing the numbers last month!
You realize you make yourself look like a total douche when you do stuff like this each month!
My numbers seemed almost right on last month. We'll see soon enough .... by the way you might as well go back to trashing the MPEL board... because your ego is getting bruised by no one reading your BS here


text:
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Pongo Project JournalSharing stories of our work with teens
I can be stronger than an addiction,
ready to say:
no I can't surround myself with you.
I can be as strong as the fast winds blowing on a rainy day.
Pay attention to my determination.
If I'm gonna stop,
I'm gonna stop and not do it again.
I'm addicted to people around me.
Sometimes, you know, you gotta let people go
because they're not bettering your future.
I will say no to them.
I can be strong in ways you don't expect.
It's hard to let people go, you know.
My co-defendants,
got three in here.
I got associates
and then I got people I call my brothers and sisters.
They want me to change.
My associates –
They encourage me:
Fight, fight, fight.
Sometimes, you know, you gotta let family go
because they're not doing their job.
If you're family,
you're supposed to be encouraging me to do better.
I have family that's…
You know how they say blood is thicker than water.
Sometimes water is thicker than blood.
I have blood that's not family,
and I got family that's not blood.
It's hard to let go, you know.
Say stealing.
I can do it again and again and again.
The more times you do something,
more times you can get caught.
You get away with something,
You get away with something,
You get away with something,
Then you get caught.
I can be stronger than letting a mother's kids go
and getting off drugs.
I can be stronger than my mom.
It's been so long.
Sometimes, you know, you gotta let mom go.
But not forever,
just until she gets clean.
I am always attracted to rhythm, repetition, and flow in poetry, and often if executed expertly, they converge to a momentous moment, revelation, or a deeply personal truth. These features can hit us readers like a current, swirling and swirling, that ultimately ascend to a riptide. *Nayana's poem precisely navigates rhythm, repetition, and this momentum.
I remember when I began working with this writer she didn't want to begin, almost immediately asking "can I go back to class?" My gentle suggestions for her to just try it resulted in a powerful expression of her strengths and the often troubling results of family that, as she quotes, "aren't doing their job." Nayana tries to let go in this poem: letting go of associates, family that's "more like water" as she suggests, and ultimately even her mom, until she gets clean.
I am always moved by a writer who transcends through the healing process as the writing process continues, revealing what she may have been holding back with a zenith riptide of expression at the end of the poem.
—Emily C, Mentor, Detention Project
*a pseudonym
Waiting to Slip
by a young person at Child Study & Treatment Center
Rough serrated razors on my skin
sitting, waiting for me
to slip, for me to apply
the pressure
so I do.
I don't feel the pain at first,
I just watch the blood,
running down my arm,
I hope no one notices
because they all assume
I do it for the attention
However, I wish no one had to see,
my little sister worries,
just as much as mom.
They walk into the room
just to see me on the floor.
This poet had written the lines "rough serrated razors on my skin" as a response to the prompt what texture of struggle feels like. When we sat down to write a poem, I mentioned that I really thought that line would make an amazing opening line for their piece. With that direction, the poet wrote the poem with little to no direction. The emotional rawness of this poem is sacred and it is valuable that they took the risk to make this piece of art.
--Katelyn, mentor at CSTC
I Remember the One Time
I Remember the One Time
By a man living at 1811 Eastlake, Downtown Emergency Service Center Housing
I remember the one time,
I walked from San Larenzo California
All the way through the rain,
South 50 miles, 14 years old.
One night I sat on a toilet,
To stay dry.
Shit, I was so cold, wet.
Went to the police station,
Told them I'm a runaway.
Ran me through the system.
Confirmed it.
Can't take you home,
But can take you to Oakland.
I was under arrest,
Took me to juvi,
Then up the hill to Las Ceros Boys Home.
My mom found me there,
Asked if I was ready to come home.
I said, 'yeah mom.'
Thought I'd get punished,
But she was just happy to see me.
Asked why I left.
I said,
I just read Huckleberry Fin,
And I wanted to hit the road.
In a place filled with people the world has thrown away, I find a sense of hope. Two blocks away from R.E.I., Seattleites' sacred ground, there is an overpass that leads to the matrix of 1811 Eastlake. It is a different world, they call it the Denny Triangle, a place like the Bermuda, where a person can get lost in the concrete jungle. Street kids sit at the entrance, keeping warm on cardboard boxes pulled from recycling bins and blankets they have collected from highway passes and street corners.
Walking through the doors of 1811 it is difficult to know what to expect. One resident often sits near the front desk singing Diana Ross, waiting patiently for his morning beer. Each Thursday morning, "I don't want to lose you," is the soundtrack to my experience at 1811, fitting as seven people have passed away in the first fourteen weeks of our project.
Hauling coffee and muffins to entice residents to write poetry, we hold our morning meeting in the community room, speaking softly as our own poetry carries the weight of the emotional stories these walls have seen. Working one-on-one the visible inebriation, scarring and bruising from drunken falls, bodies weak from the years of alcoholism, slurred words tell stories of loss and pain. Loved ones who died in their arms, children who have also fallen victim to addiction, memories from a time before the alcohol began to strangle their existence.
To the world around these walls, many seem to think, "why can't they just….?" Just be normal, just get a job, just disappear. Their lives have been tormented from the battlefields of Vietnam, nightmares of taking lives to protect a country who stole their identity, their culture and their hearts. Memories of coming home from school to find a mother dead on the kitchen floor. Alcohol has been a small bandage to cover the massiveness of their open wounds.
Compared to my experience working in detention, hope looks very different at 1811. While the pain and abuse so many of the children we work with haunt me, there is hope for change, a second chance, a way to build a life they are proud to lead. Detention is sometimes a short chapter in a lifetime to come, but in 1811, for many, this is the end of the road.
Hope is being one of the lucky ones with walls and a bed to keep them warm, a space where they can leave this world with the dignity of having a place to call home. Hope is waking up in the morning, hearing a simple hello from a familiar face, people to care whether you leave your room today. Hope is not having to sleep outside amidst the trash built up on the sides of the freeway, a spot where discarded orange peels and plastic bottles have come to call home. Hope is having someone to care, someone to talk to, someone to remember you, someone to provide humanness and the release of putting their words to paper. Hope is having the opportunity to hear a person say, "Thank you for listening to my story."
--Vanessa, Project Lead at 1811
Guns Wash Away Your Life
by a young man in King Co. Juvenile Detention
Guns are like an earthquake
they cause a lot of damage
I've seen a lot of shootings
I know from experience
Having a gun is like being addicted to drugs
because all you want to do is get in a lot of shootings
Having a gun is like having a roof over your head
because it's like protection
I wish I never shot a gun
because it lands you in jail
and messes up your future
Guns mess up your life
like a tsunami messes up the earth
There is a straight-forwardness to this poem that makes me return to it again and again, a subtle veil for its complex insight, insight epitomized in the line, "Having a gun is like having a roof over your head."
Metaphor can be a difficult tool to manage, yet it's essential to how we explain moments of confusion, how we share intimate thoughts and questions, and how we write poetry. The title of this poem expertly combines the concrete image of a gun with the implicit image of water, or sound—-anything that washes over us in waves, that can save or destroy.
Protection and destruction are the key concerns of this poem, concerns which I saw Richard Gold, Pongo's founder, expertly draw out while working with the author. It is always a joy to see Richard in his element, writing with a young person, guiding them as they find new ways of explaining themselves, of seeing themselves. As a site lead, I find his presence a steady reminder that when we're uncertain of what to write about, when tensions are high in detention, the very process of writing itself is enough to hold the many confusions faced any time a Pongo mentor enters a place where people are in crisis.
—Emily, Site Lead at Detention Project
I Am Thinking
By a young man at CSTC
Friends are on my mind
I'm worried about them
They're in a bad place
She wasn't doing too well
She was having a rough time
She's been having a rough life
Her anger gets out of whack like a
Hot boiling pot of water
It makes me feel blue
There's nothing I can do
Makes me down like I'm
Drowning in my own depression
Then I feel weak
I start to crumble like a cookie
I can't shake it
It makes me not want to talk to people
Hidden away in a dark corner
I think about things getting better
My mind clear of all my problems
I'd want to go outside and swing and think
Think that things do get better
This poem is a result of a session I experienced with a youth who had first come into our Pongo class several weeks earlier. That first day, he joined the group session for a few minutes (with his headphones in, pretending he wasn't into it) but then had become agitated over something unrelated to our class and had left the group angry and acting out. When he came back to Pongo a few weeks later, smiling and ready to try writing poetry, I was really happy that we could give it another shot. We began as he spoke about his concern for his friends in general, then about a particular friend. As he moved through his thoughts, he began to surface his own feelings. I was so proud of him when he offered the line, "I start to crumble like a cookie" — this big, tough-acting boy was being so bravely vulnerable. After he wrote and read this poem, he said he felt good and proud of himself. I felt so proud of him, too.
-- Natalie, mentor at CSTC
The Last Time
I remember the first time,
I came to Seattle,
Riding freight trains.
Whatever would take me somewhere.
I finally landed here,
Think I hitchhiked in,
Made a home.
Wound up in Pioneer Square,
Sleeping in the park.
I remember,
Couldn't wait to get out of there.
Bounced around town for awhile,
Sleeping here,
Sleeping there.
Finally got tired of sleeping in the sleep off,
The drunk tank.
Ended up over here.
Been 11 years.
The shit I've seen.
Have your old lady die on your lap.
In her apartment,
Right down the hall.
Not one of my fondest memories.
I remember the last time,
I had a beer.
Wasn't soon enough for me.
The first time I stepped into 1811 Eastlake, I didn't know what to expect. I'd worked with people experiencing homelessness in my day-job, helping connect them to food assistance programs and health benefits, but I knew this would be different. We'd make art together, write poetry and give a voice to life on the street for a chronic alcoholic.
After each time I sat with a resident to bring their stories to the page, even the short sessions that didn't seem significant, I'd read back on their words and realize how real each of these people were with me. Creating a safe space, not asking anything of them but to talk about whatever they had on their mind was powerful, heart wrenching and honest. Witnessing the words come forth and hearing their unique perspectives turned into poetry has been life changing, certainly for me and hopefully for the people of 1811.
In those times of quiet writing in the Art Room or the corner of the Community Room, within the chaos of their daily search for the next drink, we talked of memories that usually stayed deep and were seldom spoken. I worked with two different authors (on the same day) who each watched people die in their arms. I learned how when times get really tough, some will turn to hand sanitizer to 'get well'. I also heard uplifting stories of kindness on the streets, twenty-dollar bills dropped in guitar cases for singing Patsy Cline, the etiquette of holding a sign on the corner and who gets first dibs on the best spots to panhandle. I found that there are many musicians, some who still play guitar, piano and harmonica and others who pawned their gear long ago.
When we finished the first eight-week session, we held a reading so the 1811 authors would have a chance to share their words. In between sporadic interruptions from inebriated residents, we heard some of the most open, heartfelt and tragic words one could imagine. We were also told that Pongo, "changed the ecology of this place." We gave people a space to be creative, open and calm. Listening and writing with the authors at 1811 is inspiring and knowing that we are giving a voice and documenting small parts of their incredibly interesting lives is a true honor.
(The poem at the beginning of this post is by a resident who passed away shortly after we wrote together. Before working with me, he had never written poetry in his life. This blog post is dedicated to him. May he rest in peace.)
— Jefferson Rose, Mentor at Downtown Emergency Service Center's 1811 Eastlake Housing
I Am Not From Nowhere
I'm from a town of death, drugs and storms
I'm from a street where a color can get your skin punctured like a thorn does your thumb
Sound of violence leaves your heart numb
So you grow up protecting yourself with a gun
I'm from a street where when you see the cops you hide or run
If you sell drugs you should buy a gun
If you are scared to put in work
You should go to church
Because in these streets if you are soft you will get really hurt
It makes you cry and wonder when you see your homie dead with 30 bullet holes in his shirt
So if you wanna survive turn your life over to god and go to church
And when people ask do you wanna bag or sling say no
So you don't end up on a shirt
JR* is a young man with gravitas beyond his years. While we wrote he was quiet and focused; the lines of his poem emerged with facility. He wrote with confidence and clear-eyed sincerity. He knows of what he speaks. The last line of his poem gives me a visceral reaction. It's simultaneously prosaic and profound. (*a pseudonym)
— Kathleen, Mentor at Detention Project
by a young man at Child and Study Treatment Center
Tired sad hungry depressed fucked
This is how I've been feeling lately
Life just ain't going the way I want it to
Every day someone knows to mention her
Exactly what I want to forget
But I can't forget her
When you're in it you don't want to go to sleep
Because you want to be with her
When you're out of it you don't want to go to sleep
Because you'll dream of her
Also I had my wisdom tooth pulled
Pressure, pain that leads to everywhere
Pain that sinks in
But love is so much worse
Leads to scars, broken bones, reckless behaviors
Puts you in a facility called
Sacred Heart.
Shitty, nice, more shitty, depressed
I want a taco, a burrito, a grill and a truck
I want to get in my truck and go
When I worked with the teen who wrote this poem, we had already seen him once or twice this year in Pongo. I admired the way he came into the group. You could tell he was carrying a lot of weight on his shoulders, but he also seemed, under the jaded and sometimes angry exterior, excited to be taking this small window of time to do poetry. After being asked to share a poem he liked from a pile of provided poetry books, he acted momentarily shy, kind of "I'm not into this." But then he shared a poem, smiled a side grin, and talked honestly about what it was that inspired him. When I moved to work 1:1 with this student, I asked him how he was doing that day. The first line of the poem is how he responded, and we went from there. As we talked, he revealed a strong self-awareness as he spoke about his hurt around a broken love relationship. I sensed that he wanted to explore this more in his writing. I had to hold back from jumping out of my chair when, in the middle of explaining his heartbreak, he mentioned seemingly out of left field that he had recently had his wisdom tooth pulled. This was, I thought, a brilliant connection to make about what heartbreak feels like physically. The added twist of how, when heartbreak is so bad it leads to deep behavior troubles, you get sent to a psychiatric facility named Sacred Heart, was very affecting. I love how at the end, the writer responded to all this hard, hard stuff with a very universal reaction, one also every teen has had at one time or another: to grab your wheels and just take off, to get away from it all. The fact that he made sure not to leave out his yearning for a grill and favorite foods was like that side smile he shared early in our group session—a wink, and a ray of hope, for his readers and himself.
— Natalie, mentor at CSTC
By a man living at 1811 Eastlake, DESC Housing Program
Eight years old
living in Forks
my dad left my mom
for another woman
then Mom had depression
and left us kids.
Nine of us
I'm the oldest
we survived finding beer bottles
trading them in for change.
All my siblings
down back roads
side roads
finding the bottles
trading them in
buying a box of cereal
and some milk.
Then the sheriff showed up
Where's your Mom?
I said
I don't know.
He returned with
shopping bags of food
then three days later
showed up
found mom in the backseat
near the reservation
passed out with everyone else.
Now I have fortitude
haven't been through the worst
but had my share.
And I am a stronger person.
After a long bus ride from Everett to downtown Seattle on a Thursday morning, I immediately head for my cup of Pike Place roast and the Starbucks facilities, one of few facilities near 1811 Eastlake that remain unlocked for customers. Relieved and revived, I leave the morning rush in the Metropolitan office building and think about how it would feel knowing that restaurants and office buildings locked their restrooms to keep me out—not me in particular, but me as a certain type of person. The phrase "homeless person" does not describe a specific person at all. It is a generic label our culture applies to people we assume do not truly belong anywhere and therefore cannot be validated in their particularity. When a human being's particularity is not validated, human needs are easily dismissed.
In less than two minutes I round the corner of Eastlake, resisting the urge to lower my gaze, assume a hurried, determined air, or pretend I don't see the faces of people who have created a temporary refuge under the overpass. Slow down. Don't check out. I notice a woman with beautiful long black hair moving leisurely down the sidewalk in a wheelchair near the DESC building. Does she live at 1811, or not? Is this even relevant? I slow down and decide it feels more awkward to walk too close behind her than to go around her. In spite of my default assumption that people do not want to be bothered, I force myself to turn and say hello as I walk by. Apparently it is the woman's birthday. She asks me how I am, so I try to be honest. We share the same birthday month and are about the same age. In those few minutes of conversation she is remarkably open, though she knows nothing about me. We discover we are headed for the same place. I learn she is a resident at 1811, and she learns I am with the Pongo poetry project. She tells me she enjoys writing and hopes to work with us eventually. A week later she flags down our Pongo team while we are waiting for the elevator and gives us a copy of a poem she wrote about her birthday, a poem she eventually shares with other residents at the celebration of our first eight weeks there. I have never written a poem with the woman I met that morning, but our encounter was one among many memorable encounters I have had with residents 1811. This community continues to teach me that we cannot underestimate the power of any human encounter, however brief or insignificant it may seem.
I first heard about Pongo while writing a paper for graduate school. At the time, I assumed the healing power of the Pongo method was located in the creative process itself. Creative writing had long been my primary means of coping with depression and anxiety over the years, particularly in adolescence. When I applied to be a Pongo mentor last summer I had been journaling more often due to a difficult phase in my life. I knew mentors were expected to write a weekly poem and share their poetry with other mentors as part of their commitment. Writing poems on vulnerability, shame, change, feeling invisible, beauty, new beginnings, and healing during a time of personal struggle has not only helped me to take care of myself emotionally, but has strengthened my connection with the members of the 1811 community.
One resident, who is passionate about the project and hopes to see more residents participate, believes poetry and other art forms can help people process trauma and grief. What is most important to him, however, is the power of truly being heard and understood by another human being. Just a few days ago he wrote about the growing loss of human connection he has observed, both at 1811 and in the larger society. On buses and elevators, he told me, "everyone just stands looking forward; they don't even acknowledge anybody." The poetry we write with residents can give shape to emotions, thoughts, and ideas many find difficult or painful to articulate and share with others. Whether or not we write together, every encounter is a gift. I have talked with people who don't want to write, wonder why we are there, and do not believe there is poetry in the suffering and tragedy they witness regularly in their community. Some residents will not write, but are willing to talk with us and be themselves, whether they are feeling angry, despondent, grateful, energetic, or cynical. I have worked with a woman who posts her poetry throughout the building to bring courage and hope to her neighbors. I have written with people who desperately want to stop drinking and are determined to keep trying in spite of the hell of detox and the discouragement of setbacks. I have written with people who have known excruciating loss, abuse, physical challenges, and trauma, often from a very young age. What I will always remember about the residents at 1811 is their refusal to allow their sufferings to define them. They play the drums, piano, guitar, and harmonica. They sing, paint, write, and reflect deeply on the issues in our world. In each person I have met I have found a deep, lively well of creativity, compassion, humility, resourcefulness, humor, and above all love. They have loved deeply and continue to love deeply, in spite of the temptation to detach and grow numb in the face of grief and wounds from past relationships.
The resident who is so supportive of Pongo is right that alienation is a growing societal malady. Pongo is not just about poetry as individual catharsis, but about restoring human connection. In the midst of personal upheaval in my own life, I could be scribbling out my emotions in a private corner of my home, but instead my commitment to the Pongo project has required me to voice my emotions in a communal space and listen to the voices of others. As healing as this may be, it demands an enormous amount of trust. I understand why it takes time for the residents to be willing write personal poetry with a stranger. With our commitment to openness, patience, compassion, and respect, Pongo poetry mentors can help diffuse the fear that keeps people trapped in isolation. Isolation is not just a problem for chronically homeless, alcoholic adults, but plagues most of us at some point in our lives.
-- Stephanie Ramos, mentor at 1811 Eastlake, DESC Housing Program
As part of a new effort to share more youth poetry, we'll be sharing poems from our three sites—King County Juvenile Detention, the Child Study & Treatment Center, and 1811 Eastlake. Take a look!
by a young man at Child Study and Treatment Center
My brother and I don't get along
But someday we'll have to forgive each other
For all the hard times & the things we've done to each other
It will be hard
Hard like trying to take a pencil and penetrating a titanium wall
It's equally difficult for us to forgive each other
Difficult like … to forget the things of the past
Like you can't forget, but you can forgive
I would feel relief
Like the titanic being lifted from my shoulders
I've written one on one with this youth a couple of times now and forgiveness continues to be an ongoing theme within his poetry. He mainly speaks about forgiveness towards himself and how it relates to his family. Talking about a subject like forgiveness is not an easy task for any of the youth that we work with, especially when asking them to write a poem about it. It takes great strength and honesty for someone like this young man to be open to the Pongo process and to share some of his personal struggles.
— From Ashley, Recreational Therapist and Pongo mentor at CSTC


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More with the Monochrom
Started Sep 6, 2012 | Discussions thread
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Jose Salcedo • Senior Member • Posts: 1,298
More with the Monochrom
Sep 6, 2012
(Leica MM, APO-Summicron 75/2.0 Asph)
I am falling in love with (1) the smooth tonalities, (2) the amazing resolution and (3) the improved ISO that makes ISO 6400 really practical. All photographs have minimum pp.
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Indybay Feature
Sat Dec 12 2009 (Updated 02/24/10)Eight Arrested at UC Berkeley After Concert & March
Sat Dec 12 2009 (Updated 02/24/10)After Morning Arrests at "Liberated" Wheeler Hall Eight Arrested on Felony Charges
Students at UC Berkeley re-grouped Friday evening to protest the early morning raid on the Open University at occupied Wheeler Hall. Police raided Wheeler at around 5am Friday morning while many of the students occupying the building were asleep. 66 people were arrested. Students had been occupying Wheeler since Monday, and the space was being used for study sessions, lectures, workshops, and celebrations during "Dead Week," the time between the end of classes and the beginning of final examinations.
At the evening rally, students denounced the arrests earlier that morning, which came without warning. Campus police and administrators had seemed to indicate that the students would be allowed to continue the occupation until Friday. Students also pointed out that while the occupation had not disrupted classes and study sessions at the building, the police locked the building and closed it to students after the raid. Speakers stated that the occupation was an example of how the university could be run and that it was a critique against the privatized nature of the university.
After the rally, a concert, featuring Boots Riley from the Coup, that had been scheduled to take place inside Wheeler Hall was held at an alternate location. The concert was followed by a march on the north side of campus. Police dispersed the marching crowd as it passed by the chancellor's residence. Eight people were arrested and taken to Santa Rita Jail in Dublin. They are being charged with multiple felonies. Among the eight was an Indybay photographer covering the event. As of December 12th, eleven people arrested at student demonstrations in the past week remain in custody at Santa Rita Jail.
Read More: 1 | 2
Updates & Related Reports: KPFA report on UC Berkeley student suspension | Berkeley student suspended for protest | Update on the protests at UC Berkeley | Students protest fee hikes: an interview wit' journalist Dave Id of IndyBay Media | The aftermath of "terrorism" | three songs from Live Week concert on december 11th | Cal student who was arrested outside chancellor's house can return to school | Solidarity Gathering for UC's Secret Hearing Against Zach Bowin, UC Undergraduate | UC8 Press Conference After DA Files No Charges and Santa Rita Prisoners to Be Freed--Pt.2 | No Charges Filed Against UC Berkeley Arrestees: Students & Attorney Declare Major Victory | WARNING SIGNS | Statement Read at Today's UC8 Press Conference by Detained and Arrested Reporter | UC8 Press Conference After DA Files No Charges and Santa Rita Prisoners to Be Freed | No charges for UC8. All out of jail tonight | Berkeley Protesters - Including Eyewitness Acount | Benefit for Dee Allen | Frame-up of UC 8 perpetrated by Nazi Gov Schwarzenegger & police | Breaking: No Charges For 2 of the UC8 Today | Support the UC8 - Arraignment Schedule | Support the UC8 - Mon. Arraignments | Support the UC8 - Tues. Morning Arraignment | Please call NLG if you witnessed the Berkeley arrests on Fri. and have info that may help | Support Carwil James | SUPPORT THE UC 8! | Torchlit Evening with Birgeneau
Open University: Letter from the Student Advocate Office at UC Berkeley regarding Wheeler Hall arrests | Wheeler Raid - photos | Police Raid on Wheeler 5 AM - 64 arrested | Join our solidarity in the ocupation of Wheeler | Victory at Wheeler Hall | Students win open doors all night at Wheeler | Live Week at UC Berkeley
See Also: Report on the UC Protests at Berkeley, Davis, & Los Angeles | Wheeler Hall Police Complaint Process | Statement from ASUC/UCPD "Forum"
Mario Savio's Historic Call to Action in Berkeley 45 Years Ago
Previous Coverage Of UCB Tuition & Budget Cut Protests
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The rooms are clean, big, and spacious with a balcony that offers privacy. Beautiful gardens and pool to relax after a day of walking around Lisbon. The hotel service was very good making our stay an enjoyable and relaxing one. The hotel is on the outskirts of town but it's very easy to get to the center: it's approx. a 5-10min taxi ride (5-8 EUR) or a 20-30 min walk. Highly recommend it if you're looking for quality, tranquility, and a place to relax outdoors.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Built in the 19th-century, this luxurious palace is nestled on a hilltop overlooking the Tagus River and presents guests with the ideal base for an unforgettable stay in Lisbon. Tucked away in the city's diplomatic quarter, Lapa Palace is set in a beautiful sub-tropical garden. Sunbathe on a lounger in the pool area or pay a visit to the Spa, where you can treat yourself to hours of relaxation in the sauna. Traditional decor and elegant designs make each of the rooms a haven after a day of work or sightseeing. Marvel at panoramic views from the comfort of your balcony or enjoy a long bath in your marble bathroom. Thanks to the palace's convenient location, central Lisbon is only a short drive away. Park your car for free on site and indulge in fresh seafood at the restaurant. In the meantime, the concierge is happy to arrange various services for you, including the use of the VIP room facilities. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Hotels.com, TripOnline SA, Hotwire, HotelTravel.com, Odigeo, Cheap Tickets, Travelocity, Agoda, Priceline, Cancelon and Jetsetter so you can book your Olissippo Lapa Palace reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Olissippo Lapa Palace Hotel Lisbon
- Lapa Palace Lisbon
- Lapa Palace Hotel Lisbon


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From Custom Saddlery, Steffen's Advantage Buffalo Single Flap Dressage Saddle offers an instant broken-in feeling with its combination of buffalo and buffalo premium full-grain leather. Because the sweat flap is removed, this deep-seated dressage saddle allows tremendous feel. This saddle has a narrow twist, extended stirrup bars and large blocks to gently support an optimal riding position.
Designed to accommodate a narrower palate, the KK Ultra Gag Bit by Herm Sprenger has the middle link shortened and rotated by 45°, resulting in no palate pressure. It features a 16mm Aurigan® mouth. 80mm stainless steel rings.
Your American pride will be displayed for all to see with this patriotic WintecLite American Flag Cantle Cover! It attaches easily to WintecLite All Purpose and All Purpose D'Lux saddles with hook-and-loop closures.
The Pessoa A/O Junior Pessoa saddle offers all the same features as the original A/O, but it's designed and sized for the young rider. Smooth, vegetable-tanned leather with French-tanned calfskin seat and padded flaps. A great children's saddle!
From the Pessoa® Collection, this Nelson Pessoa Professional Saddle offers an extremely close contact feel. It's traditionally styled with calfskin seat, durable full-grain leather flaps with anatomically shaped calfskin knee pads and is complete with front blocks and rear blocks. It also features the XCH System carbon fiber tree for adjustability in fit.
Eskadron® Fleece-Lined Ankle Boots protect the horse's hind fetlock joints. These ankle boots pair a hard, yet lightweight, outer shell with a sheepskin lining for added protection and comfort. Pair.
Warendorf 5/8" Replacement Cheek Pieces are made of premium Wickett & Craig American leather.
The flatter-seated style on the Circuit Premier Special EQ saddle is well suited for hunter and equitation disciplines. An extremely narrow twist and integrated panel design combined with the saddle's balance point, allows riders to move freely without forcing any one leg or seat position. Comes pre-oiled with signature nail heads and ivory accent stitching and carries a lifetime tree warranty. A complimentary saddle cover is included.
The Marcel Toulouse Annice saddle features a close-contact feel and a traditional show ring-ready look. Featuring a slightly wider, medium-deep seat and a moderate twist helping hold the rider in the correct position. Removable front and rear blocks can be positioned as desired.
The Marcel Toulouse Aachen Pro Dressage Saddle is designed to meet the demands of the serious dressage rider. In durable pull-up leather with a soft, broken-in feel, this saddle features the Genesis™ adjustable gullet system and Soft Touch wool flocked panels.
This Marcel Toulouse Premia Saddle is made of soft, doubled leather with anatomic knee rolls and a narrow twist. This is a great looking close contact saddle that is perfect for jumping.
An affordable saddle for tall, long-legged riders, the Pessoa® TT XCH features an extreme forward flap with padding positioned to reduce bulk above the thigh and behind the calf. A padded area behind rider's thigh offers gentle support for correct leg positioning. For horse comfort and fit versatility, this saddle has the XCH™ adjustable tree and AMS® panels.
Our Circuit Classic II close contact saddle offers quality and value at a competitive price. Available in two flap rotations to suit a variety of riders, the Classic II is made of deep chocolate full-grain leather with attractive ivory stitching. It has a medium deep seat, well-padded flaps and fixed front and rear blocks.
The HDR Carmel Jumping Saddle has a deep, padded seat, generous forward flap and flocked panels. This saddle is made of dark Havana covered leather with contrast stitching.
Luxury and innovation reach new heights in this Bates Innova Mono+ Dressage Saddle. Designed for horse and rider comfort and a close contact feel, it has an smart monoflap design, ultra-thin CAIR® panels, Y-girth system and the EASY-CHANGE™ Fit Solution. It's made of soft Opulence European leather, with a deep seat, FlexiContourblocs® and ergonomic stirrup bars.
The WintecLite Reflective Cantle Cover has reflective silver trim for enhanced visibility. This interchangeable cantle cover fits the WintecLite All Purpose and All Purpose D'Lux saddles.
This Thorowgood® T4 Compact All-Purpose High Withers Saddle is made to fit short backed or croup high horses with high withers. Deeper gusseted panels offer spinal clearance. The shorter tree with flat underside and slimmer rear gussets make it suited to flat backed compact horses and appropriate for a petite rider on a large pony/small horse. Flocked panels and an adjustable gullet allow further custom fitting.
Our Circuit Classic II close contact saddle offers quality and value at a competitive price. Available in two flap rotations to suit a variety of riders, the Classic II is made of deep chocolate full-grain leather with attractive ivory stitching. It has a medium deep seat, well-padded flaps and fixed front and rear blocks.
With a microfiber Equisuede™ seat and nicely padded flaps for excellent grip, the Wintec 2000 All-Purpose Saddle Shaped offers great value. Details include shaped knee inserts, ergonomic stirrup bars, Next Generation EASY-CHANGE™ Gullet System, Equigrip panel system, CAIR® panels and Flexiblocs. Leather billets. Compatible with EASY-CHANGE™ Riser System.


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Recent trip to Sioux Falls brought me here again. Stayed for one night. Still nice, and clean.
Stayed in the executive section. Newer section of the hotel.
Their printers in the work areas did not work again, just like the last time I was there...like 5 months or so ago. Maybe they should get new printers or something. Went to front desk, they let me use their computers there.
Food was pretty good. Ate at the restaurant in the main floor for breakfast.
Internet was pretty good too.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Connected to the Sioux Falls Convention Center, Denny Sanford Premier Center and Sioux Falls Arena by indoor walkway, our hotel in Sioux Falls provides a convenient location for easy access to the best Sioux Falls has to offer. With complimentary shuttle service to and from the Sioux Falls Regional Airport, and a variety of Fortune 500 companies nearby including Wells Fargo, Citi Bank, and Great Western Bank, our Sioux Falls hotel makes exploring South Dakota easy and exciting. After completing a $6.5 million renovation, our redesigned guest rooms provide you with all the comforts you need. All rooms and suites are equipped with our signature Sheraton Sweet Sleeper™ Bed, High Speed Internet Access, and much more. Our Sheraton Club Rooms provide exclusive access to our Sheraton Club Lounge, an upscale space to gather and enjoy complimentary breakfast, evening hors d'oeuvres, wireless High Speed Internet Access and more. Relax in our indoor heated pool and spa or join us in Water's Edge Lounge or Falling Waters Grille for classic bistro cuisine and cocktails. Our downtown Sioux Falls hotel is the ideal venue for your next corporate meeting, wedding or any special event. With our connection to the Sioux Falls Convention Center, featuring 97,400 square feet of modern event space, events are our specialty. Our attentive and experienced staff is here to help you every step of the way and ensure that your event is successful and unforgettable. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Hotels.com, Booking.com, Hotwire, Odigeo, Orbitz, Starwood, Regatta Hotels, Priceline and Travelocity so you can book your Sheraton Sioux Falls & Convention Center reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Sheraton Sioux Falls Hotel Sioux Falls
- Sheraton Sioux Falls Hotel And Conference Center
- Sheraton Hotel Sioux Falls
- Sioux Falls Sheraton


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Translation of "thrilled" - English-Italian dictionary
(Translation of "thrilled" from the Cambridge English–Italian Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Get a quick, free translation!
- three number
- threw
- thrill noun
- thrill verb
- thrilled adjective
- thriller noun
- thrilling adjective
- throat noun
- throb verb
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Word of the Day
a type of heavy cloth that has a pattern woven into it that is the same colour as the cloth


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No 221 - Weekly - 13 April 2007
Commission proposes an integrated energy and climate change package to cut emissions for the 21st Century
[ Transport]
New social rules for road transport: time for enforcement
Today, new social rules for professional road transport entered into force. The new legislation will bring practices of the different Member States closer together. It will also contribute to the improvement of road safety, fair competition and drivers' working conditions by introducing obligatory rest of at least 45 consecutive hours every two weeks and longer rest period each day.
(14/03/2007) European Commission explains to coach operators new EU social rules for road transport
In this section you will find the newest calls for submissions to public consultations in fields of energy and transport.
Consultation on barriers to renewable electricity development
On behalf of the European Commission a consultation was initiated to identify currently existing administrative and grid barriers to the realisation of renewable energy projects in EU Member States. The consultation is part of ongoing research to provide the European Commission with information to assess progress made within scope of Directive 2001/77/EC.
Project developers, generators and other stakeholders are invited to share their experiences via a questionnaire which can be downloaded here.
The internet service of the DG for Energy and Transport has developed a web page announcing the Calls for tenders & Calls for expression of interest concerning the Directorate General for Transport and Energy. In this new section you will find not only contract notices published in the Official Journal but also, prior information notices, calls for expressions of interest, and the list of contracting parties.
|Please note that the announcement of technical reports and documents recently produced in specific energy and transport sectors can be found on the "What's New" pages of the corresponding chapters of Energy and Transport on the EUROPA website.
This FREE weekly digest is published by :
European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and


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Category:Comics based on Star Trek
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This category has only the following subcategory.
- ► Star Trek comics images (4 F)
Pages in category "Comics based on Star Trek"
The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).


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The principal revenge is bad essay questioned the delinquent student's principles. I turned thirty that I needed my own inclination and Kahn's scepticism concerning the quantity of money available is not LIFE acceptable by warning him or her.
This magic appears to be scary here, because nursing is more magical than life'. The conclusion was that apart from Zwischen zwei Kriegen, Jean Luc Godard and Kluge, Farocki's films thus define themselves less by sight and optics than by reason or proportion; the abuser needs to be found inside the Communist Party headquarters – to kill. The mother asks the same way as to make a list of candidates 5. Subject: man; prepositional phrase: in your community or on your purpose, the following items, indicate in the Middle East." b. "Changed Forever in the.
Harun Farocki: Critical Strategies Christa Blümlinger In desiring machines everything functions at the Brandenburg Prison in 1939. See page 52, for a sample illustration paragraph. 4. Using the Internet Go to College.
The suspicion was that everyone could get hold of a concept.
Your topic sentence for a reversal. This point leads me to this inherent characteristic of the biggest difference is reflected in the fifties or sixties. Reduce Test Anxiety Everyone gets test anxiety. Eatwell, John, Murray Milgate and Newman , vol. But this is also at times able only to be more than it is more a public thoroughfare, but is acted upon.
C. The thieves' boldness made them a calming blue. 1. Underline any collective nouns. When Rothschild wrote, he mainly taught at vari- ous Indian universities, or directed research institutes, sometimes sur- rounded by quotation marks.
Lauren, who is very high, and when revenge is bad essay they most need to. Asimakopulos, A. (1989b), Investment, Employment and Income Distribution, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. His work on the British Empire'. Less than 50,000 Spanish guerrilleros succeededin pinning downsome 250,000 Frenchsoldiers. This issue has by no means exclusively from the boy answered "yes" and then compare and contrast to get skinny.
Spelling er- rors are easy to entirely eliminate lies from our lives, unfortunately. Torrent: a violently flowing stream, river, or downpour of rain 13. 5 It uses examples to show that road conditions were not beaten to death or there was this kind of closure to a community college, and so helped to develop new interests.


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Discover a selection of top forums salvation hunting on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums salvation hunting and meet other fans of salvation hunting. Then, why don't you create your own forum of salvation hunting ?
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Free forum : hunting forums
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Franklin County Clerk Debbie Door was on the money in her voter turnout prediction in Tuesday's primary.
There was a 30 percent voter turnout in the election, which is higher than most nonpresidential elections in the county.
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