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The cDNA sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in the GenBank database (Accession no. FJ223176)
Identification of a new member of the PBAN family of neuropeptides from the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta
Version of Record online: 13 MAR 2009
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00867.x
No claim to original US government works. Journal compilation © 2009 The Royal Entomological Society
Insect Molecular Biology
Volume 18, Issue 2, pages 161–169, April 2009
Additional Information
How to Cite
Choi, M.-Y. and Vander Meer, R. K. (2009), Identification of a new member of the PBAN family of neuropeptides from the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Insect Molecular Biology, 18: 161–169. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00867.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 13 MAR 2009
- Version of Record online: 13 MAR 2009
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Fire ant;
- Neuropeptide;
- Pheromone;
- Solenopsis invicta
Neuropeptide hormones produced by neurosecretory cells in the central or peripheral nervous systems regulate various physiological and behavioral events during insect development and reproduction. PBAN/Pyrokinin is a major neuropeptide family, characterized by a 5-amino-acid C-terminal sequence, FXPRLamide. This family of peptides has been implicated in regulating various physiological functions including, pheromone biosynthesis, muscle contraction, diapause induction or termination, melanization, and puparium formation in different insect species. In the present study, we report a new member of the PBAN family from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, Soi-PBAN, composed of 26-AA (GSGEDLSYGDAYEVDEDDHPLFVPRL). Three additional peptides were deduced from Soi-PBAN cDNA: 15-AA (TSQDIASGMWFGPRL), 8-AA (QPQFTPRL) and 9-AA (LPWIPSPRL), that correspond to diapause hormone (DH), β-neuropeptide (NP), and γ-NP, which are found in many lepidopteran moths. Five peptides, DH, α, β, γ NPs, and PBAN are encoded from PBAN genes of lepidopteran moths, but in the fire ant the α-NP is missing. Each of the four synthetic peptides from the fire ant Soi-PBAN cDNA showed significant pheromonotropic activity in a moth model, indicating that these peptides are cross-reactive. Soi-β-NP induced the highest amount of pheromone production of the four peptides evaluated. The Soi-DH homologue had the lowest pheromonotropic activity, but was still significantly greater than control values. When the deduced amino acid sequences (entire ORF domains) from Soi-PBAN cDNA were compared with other known sequences, the fire ant was most similar to the honey bee, but phylogenetically distant from moth and beetle species. Soi-PBAN (26-AA) unlike the other three peptides shows a low degree of sequence identity with honeybee PBAN (33-AA). Based on the amino acid sequences encoded from insect PBAN genes identified to date, neuropeptide diversity is correlated with the taxonomic or phylogenetic classification of Insecta. From the present study we report the first neuropeptide identified and characterized from the central nervous system of Formicidae.
Neuropeptides are the largest group of insect hormones and are produced in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they are released into the hemolymph, affecting development and reproduction. A variety of peptide families have been identified from insects (Gade et al., 1997). One of these families is the Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide (PBAN)/Pyrokinin family defined by a conserved C-terminal pentapeptide (FXPRLamide) that is the active core fragment for peptide function (Raina & Kempe, 1992). A pyrokinin (leucopyrokinin) from the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, was first isolated and characterized (Holman et al., 1986) as a myotropin with subsequent myotropic peptides being identified from various insect orders (Nachman et al., 1986). PBAN has been the subject of a great deal of interest especially for lepidopteran moths, since the first PBAN was identified from Helicoverpa zea adults two decades ago (Raina et al., 1989). Now, the PBAN/pyrokinin peptide family with a FXPRLamide functional epitope is expected to be widely distributed in Insecta with various physiological functions already documented: (1) stimulation of pheromone biosynthesis in female moths (Raina et al., 1989); (2) induction of melanization in moth larvae (Matsumoto et al., 1990; Raina et al., 2003); (3) induction of embryonic diapause in Bombyx mori (Suwan et al., 1994); (4) stimulation of visceral muscle contraction in cockroaches (Predel & Nachman, 2001); (5) acceleration of puparium formation in the flesh fly (Zdarek et al., 1997); and (6) termination of development of pupal diapause in heliothine moths (Xu & Denlinger, 2003). The PBAN/pyrokinin family peptides are cross-reactive in that each peptide can activate all physiological functions noted above in experimental models.
The neurohormonal action of PBAN for pheromone biosynthesis in lepidopteran moths is well studied (Rafaeli & Jurenka, 2003). PBAN is synthesized in the subesophageal ganglion (SG) and is released into the hemolymph via the corpora cardiaca (CC), a neurohemal organ in H. zea (Raina and Klun, 1984). The first PBAN identified was the 33-amino acid peptide from H. zea, Hez-PBAN (Helicoverpa zea PBAN) (Raina et al., 1989). Subsequently PBAN amino acid sequences were determined from B. mori (Kitamura et al., 1989; Kitamura et al., 1990) and Lymantria dispar (Masler et al., 1994), through direct isolation and purification of peptides. Using DNA cloning tools more PBAN encoding genes have been identified from the moths, B. mori (Kawano et al., 1992; Sato et al., 1993), H. zea (Davis et al., 1992; Ma et al., 1994), Mamestra brassicae (Jacquin-Joly et al., 1998), Helicoverpa assulta (Choi et al., 1998), Helicoverpa armigera (Choi, 1999; Zhang et al., 2004), Agrotis ipsilon (Duportets et al., 1999), Bombyx mandarina (Xu et al., 1999), Spodoptera littoralis (Iglesias et al., 2002), Heliothis virescens (Xu & Denlinger, 2003), Manduca sexta (Xu & Denlinger, 2004), Adoxophyes sp. (Choi et al., 2004), Samia cynthia ricini (Wei et al., 2004), Plutella xylostella (Lee & Boo, 2005), Ascotis selenaria cretacea (Kawai et al., 2007), Clostera anastomosis (Jing et al., 2007), Spodoptera exigua (Xu et al., 2007), Orgyia thyellina (Uehara et al., 2007) and Antheraea pernyi (Wei et al., 2008). From the identification of PBAN cDNAs, PBAN, diapause hormone (DH) and three additional FXPR/KL neuropeptides (NPs: α, β, γ) were deduced from the same gene and are well conserved in moths. Besides lepidopteran moths, no other insect group has been demonstrated to use PBAN for pheromone production or regulation. Recently, two non-lepidopteran PBAN/Pyrokinin peptides have been identified from genome research in the red flour beetle, Tribolium casteneum (Li et al., 2008) and the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hummon et al., 2006); however, no physiological function has been determined for these peptides.
Social insects utilize sophisticated pheromonal communication to maintain colony cohesiveness and sociality. All ants are social and the red imported fire ant, So. invicta, is an economically important invasive pest ant species in the United States and elsewhere around the world, e.g. Australia and China. This opportunistic omnivore occurs in very large numbers in its invasive range and prefers disturbed habitats (Vander Meer et al., 2007). The affected economic sectors include: residential households, electric and communication systems, agriculture, golf courses, and recreational areas. The fire ant is probably the most studied ant species in the world and a great deal is known about the pheromone systems used to reduce reproductive competition, recruit to resources, and other pheromones necessary to maintain colony social structure and territoriality (Vander Meer & Alonso, 1998, 2002; Vargo, 1998). In spite of decades of study on fire ant pheromones, virtually nothing is known about how pheromone production and release are regulated, nor whether protein hormones, especially neuropeptides, are involved in key physiological and endocrinal processes during development.
We previously demonstrated the presence of PBAN/pyrokinin family peptides and localization of immunoreactive neurons by applying an immunocytochemical technique to the central nervous system of the fire ant (Choi et al., 2009). In the present study, we report a new member of the PBAN/pyrokinin family from the red imported fire ant, So. invicta, PBAN and three additional F/PXPRL type peptides from the Soi-PBAN gene. We demonstrate that synthetic peptides deduced from Soi-PBAN cDNA stimulate significant pheromone production in a moth model. This is the first time that a PBAN/pyrokinin family peptide from an ant species has been shown to have pheromonotropic activity.
Structure of PBAN cDNA
A PCR amplified 360-bp long product was obtained that included a possible PBAN and three F/PXPRL peptide domains. Based on this sequence additional gene specific primers were designed to extend the 5′ and 3′ ends of the PBAN cDNA. Using 5′- & 3′- RACE, a 754bp-long full cDNA was obtained that contained an entire open reading frame (ORF) of 531 nucleotides encoding 176 amino acids from the first initiation codon (ATG) to the termination codon (TAG) indicated in the boxes (Fig. 1). The TATA box was located 34-bp upstream of the transcription start site in the cDNA. The cleavage site for the signal peptide is predicted between the first 29 and 30 amino acids. The cDNA has four putative peptides based on six possible endoproteolytic cleavage sites (Veenstra, 2000; Southey et al., 2008) K62-R63, G79-K80-R81, K116-R117, G126-R127, G154-R155-R156, and G166-R167, indicated in italics in Fig. 1. The peptides cleaved are predicted to have a C-terminal amide group provided by glycine (G).
The third domain with a 26-amino acid (AA), GSGEDLSYGDAYEVDEDDHPLFVPRLamide, is considered a putative PBAN homologue, So. invicta PBAN (Soi-PBAN). There are three additional putative peptides deduced from the Soi-PBAN cDNA. One of these peptides, 15-AA, TSQDIASGMWFGPRLamide, is homologous to the diapause hormone (DH) or PBAN-encoding gene neuropeptide-24 (PGN-24) domain in lepidopteran moths (Fig. 2). So far, this type of peptide possesses a conserved WFGPRL sequence in the C-terminus, except in Adoxophyes moth species (Fig. 2). The 8-AA, QPQFTPRL positioned in the second domain, has a relatively short sequence and is likely a β type neuropeptide (β-NP) with an FTPRLamide at the C-terminus. The fourth domain, 9-AA, LPWIPSPRLamide, has a Proline (P) instead of Phenylalanine (F) at the C-terminus of the pentapeptide, and likely corresponds to the γ-NP homologue in moths (Figs 1 and 2). Unlike moth PBAN genes the fire ant PBAN cDNA does not contain a α-NP homologue, VIFTPKLamide, which is highly conserved in moths (Figs 1 and 2). When the fire ant is compared to the honeybee (both species belong to the Order Hymenoptera) the length of the So. invicta PBAN gene (176-AA) is shorter than A. mellifera (195-AA). The latter is similar in size to ORFs found in moth PBAN genes (Fig. 3). The entire ORF sequence identity from the two species showed 56% similarity.
Pheromonotropic activity by So. invicta neuropeptides in moths
Generally, the H. zea female does not produce pheromones during the photophase or when decapitated. However, the amount of pheromone produced after injection with 3 pmol of Soi-PBAN or the three other peptides encoded from Soi-PBAN cDNA were all significantly higher than the saline injections (P ≤ 0.0154), but lower than for 3 pmol synthetic Hez-PBAN (H. zea PBAN) injections (Fig. 4). The pheromonotropic activities of Soi-PBAN, β- and γ- neuropeptides (NP) were not significantly different. Soi-β-NP, which is the shortest peptide (8-AA), elicited the greatest pheromonotropic activity in the moths (Fig. 4). Soi-DH corresponded to a homologue of the diapause hormone (DH) or PGN-24 in moths and had the lowest pheromonotropic activity, but still significantly greater than saline injections. These results indicated that all putative fire ant PBAN/pyrokinin neuropeptides can stimulate pheromone biosynthesis in moths.
Although PBAN and pyrokinin family peptides have been found independently from many insects based on their different functions, they are both characterized by a conserved pentapeptide (FXPRLamide) in their C-termini. These peptides are expected to be ubiquitous in insects and affect various physiological events, such as pheromone production and diapause during development and reproduction. However, regulation of pheromone biosynthesis by PBAN has only been determined in lepidopteran moths (Rafaeli & Jurenka, 2003). Although two new PBAN/pyrokinin-like peptides have been recently found from Hymenoptera and Coleoptera (Hummon et al., 2006; Li et al., 2008), their physiological role(s) have not been characterized. During the last four decades the fire ant has been intensively studied, due to the broad range of economic damage caused by this destructive, omnivorous species. As in other social insects the fire ant has evolved a sophisticated pheromonal communication system to maintain colony cohesiveness and sociality. Several pheromone components from fire ants have been identified (Vander Meer & Alonso, 1998). However, knowledge of pheromone production and release is still unknown, as is the role of neuropeptides in the physiology of development. This study lays the foundation necessary to start the search for a physiological role for PBAN related to pheromone production or other endocrinal processes in the fire ant. Here we report the first identification and structural characterization of a PBAN/pyrokinin family peptide from Hymenoptera, specifically, So. invicta PBAN (Soi-PBAN).
To date, PBANs from 19 species of Lepidopteran moths have been identified: super families Noctuoidae (Noctuidae: eight species; Lymantridae: two species; Notodontidae: one species), Bombycoidae (Saturniidae: two species; Lymantriidae: one species; Bombycidae: two species), Geometridae (one species), Tortricidae (one species), and Plutellidae (one species) (Figs 2 and 5). These PBANs are expected to functionally stimulate pheromone production in different moths, as well as their own species. Although the other PBAN family peptides found in honeybees and beetles are not characterized functionally, the phylogenic relationships of all known PBAN genes were analyzed in the present study. The phylogenetic analysis of PBAN genes matches the phylogeny based on the family level of classification and evolutionary diversity in Insecta, indicating that the neuropeptide sequences could be applied to study insect phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 5). From the PBAN phylogenetic relationship, the fire ant is closest to the honeybee within Hymenoptera followed by the beetle (Coleoptera), and then moths (Lepidoptera). The amino acid sequences from PBAN genes for So. invicta and A. mellifera showed 56% identical, which decreases to about 30% when compared to lepidopteran moths. Fire ant PBAN, Soi-PBAN (26-AA), is significantly shorter than the PBAN domain (33-AA) of A. mellifera and they share only 35% identity, mostly in their C- and N-terminal regions. However, the other three neuropeptide homologues (Soi-DH, β and γ) have similar sequences to the analogous peptides found in the honeybee.
The shortest and well conserved neuropeptide, α-NP (VIFTPKL), sometimes referred to as PBAN-encoding gene Neuropeptide-7 (PGN-7) is found in all moth PBAN genes and is similar to leucopyrokinin peptides, however, this peptide is not encoded from Soi-PBAN cDNA (Figs 1 and 2). Similarly, this peptide domain is also absent from honeybee and beetle PBAN genes (Hummon et al., 2006; Li et al., 2008). Leucopyrokinin is known to stimulate the contraction of cockroach hindgut muscles (Holman et al., 1986), but it is not known if the peptide plays the same role in lepidopteran moths. Soi-β-NP (8-AA), QPQFTPRL, is relatively shorter than β-NPs found in moths, and is more similar to leucopyrokinin (PETSFTPRL) because Glutamine (Q), Proline (P), Serine (S) and Threonine (T) belong to the same polar and uncharged amino acid residues. To date, all β-NPs discovered from insects contain the FTPRL epitope at their C-termini (Fig. 2). The pheromonotropic activity was highest for Soi-β-NP and was not significantly different from H. zea's own PBAN (Hez-PBAN, Fig. 4). Half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) values of the H. zea moth α- and β-NPs binding the PBAN receptor were similar, and active at lower concentrations than any other FXPRL peptides (Choi et al., 2003). The previous and current results indicate that the C-terminal ends of α-NP (FTPKL), β-NP (FTPRL) and PBAN (FSPRL) could have similar conformational structures when bound to the Hez-PBAN receptor. This can be explained in that different amino acids are substituted, but they belong to the same functional family at the C-termini (e.g., Serine (S) and Theronine (T) belong to the polar and uncharged R group, and Lysine (K) and Arginine (R) to the non-polar and aromatic R group). Also, the lack of an α-NP in fire ants could be explained if the domains for α-NP and β-NP in the fire ant were fused together to form a single peptide (Soi-β-NP). The Soi-β-NP (QPQFTPRL) of the fire ant is similar in structure to Neb-pyrokinin-2, SVQFKPRL, identified as a flesh fly pupariation factor, which is known to accelerate pupariation (Verleyen et al., 2004). But, the physiological role of Soi-β-NP in fire ant remains to be determined. The low pheromone production induced by Soi-PBAN and Soi-γ-NP in the moth compared to Soi-β-NP could be due to a non-polar aliphatic R group, Valine (V), positioned in FVPRL of the C-terminus instead of Serine (S), and Proline (P) positioned in PSPRL instead of Phenylalanine (F).
The putative Soi-DH homologue (TSQDIASGMWFGPRL) positioned in the first cleaved domain of Soi-PBAN cDNA, 15-AA, corresponds to the PBAN-encoding gene neuropeptide-24 (PGN-24), a diapause hormone (DH) found in lepidopteran moths. This peptide, with a conserved WFGPRLamide sequence at the C-terminal end, was initially identified from the silkworm, where it induced embryonic diapause in B. mori (Imai et al., 1991), but the function of this peptide is unknown in other moths. This type of peptide, however, has been found in the PBAN/Pyrokinin family of peptides identified from many insect groups indicating that the peptide could be involved in a common function related to insect development including metamorphosis. Recently, the peptide motif has been demonstrated to terminate pupal diapause in heliothine moths (Sun et al., 2003; Xu & Denlinger, 2003). The DH type peptide, with a conserved WFGPRLamide sequence at the C-terminus, showed the lowest pheromonotropic activity in the fire ant (this study), and the lowest activity (highest EC50) of the expressed PBAN receptor when compared to the four other H. zea FXPRL peptides (Choi et al., 2003). These results imply that the WFGPRLamide structure does not bind effectively with the PBAN receptor. The function(s) of the PBAN/pyrokinin family of peptides identified from fire ants has yet to be determined. However, from the previous fire ant PBAN immunocytochemical study (Choi et al., 2009), PBAN/pyrokinin family peptides are produced from neurosecretory cells in the SG and abdominal ganglia of all fire ant adult forms and released into the hemolymph. This indicates that these peptides are likely involved in currently unknown physiological event(s) in fire ant adults.
In conclusion, we identified So. invicta PBAN/pyrokinin cDNA that encodes four putative peptides, Soi-DH, Soi-β-NP, Soi-PBAN and Soi-γ-NP. The cDNA sequence is phylogenetically distant from lepidopteran PBAN/pyrokinin sequences. Moth PBAN/pyrokinin genes also code for an α-NP homologue, VIFTPKLamide, which is highly conserved, but is absent from the fire ant PBAN/pyrokinin cDNA. Fire ant PBAN (Soi-PBAN) is a relatively short peptide with a low degree of similarity to PBANs identified from other insects. All peptides from Soi-PBAN cDNA have pheromonotropic activity in a moth model, but their own function remains to be elucidated. Based on amino acid sequences encoded from insect PBAN genes identified, neuropeptide hormone diversity is correlated with basic taxonomical or phylogenetic classification of Insecta. This is the first neuropeptide identified and characterized from the central nervous system of Formicidae.
Experimental procedures
Fire ants. Field collected monogyne fire ant colonies, Solenopsis invicta, were collected from Gainesville area, Florida, USA, and maintained at room temperature in the laboratory using standard procedures described previously (Banks et al., 1981). The fire ant brain-subesophageal ganglion (Br-SG) was dissected from female alates, and used to isolate mRNA, as described below.
Moths. Pupae of Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea) moths were shipped from North Carolina State University (Department of Entomology) and maintained at room temperature under L/D regimen of 15:9 until they emerged as adults. Virgin female adults were decapitated at ca. 24-h early in their second or third photophase and were used throughout this study.
Synthetic Soi-PBAN and three fire ant neuropeptides (Sigma Genosys, The Woodlands, TX, USA) and Hez-PBAN (Peninsula Laboratories, San Carlos, CA, USA) were each dissolved in lepidopteran saline (21 mM KCl, 12 mM NaCl, 3 mM CaCl2, 18 mM MgCl2, 85 mM trehalose and 5 mM pipes adjusted to pH 6.6 with KOH), and evaluated for pheromonotropic activity.
Poly (A) RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis
One hundred brain-subesophageal ganglia (Br-SGs) were dissected from fire ant female alates in an autoclaved cold hymenopteran saline (130 mM NaCl , 6 mM KCl, 4 mM MgCl2, 5 mM CaCl2, 160 mM sucrose, 25 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES, adjusted to pH 7.2 with NaOH) and stored at –80 °C until use. Poly (A)+ RNA was isolated from the dissected Br-SGs by Micro Fast mRNA purification kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and used to synthesize cDNA with the GeneRacer cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen).
Molecular cloning and characterization
The synthesized cDNA above was amplified with a degenerate primer set: a sense primer, 5′-GGNATGTGGTTYGGNCCNMGNYTNGGNMG-3′ and antisense primer, 5′-CKNCCNA RNCKNGGNCCRAACCACATNCC-3′ based on PBAN cDNA conserved sequences deduced from other PBAN genes, using a PCR-based method. PCR was performed with the following temperature program: 5 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, 67 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 1 min, 5 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, 62 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and 30 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 1 min. The PCR product was gel purified and cloned using TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen) and sequenced. Based on this partial sequence, the further identification of the full cDNA of Soi-PBAN was performed using gene specific primers indicated with arrows (Fig. 1); sense primer, 5′-ATCGCCAGCGGCATGTGGTTCGG CC-3 for 3′-RACE and antisense primer, 5′-GCACGAATAATGGATGGTCGTC TTC-3′ for 5′-RACE with GeneRacer kits (Invitrogen). The RACE PCR products were ligated into the PCR2.1 vector from the TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen) for sequencing. The obtained full-length sequence information was aligned and sequences compared with our partial sequence using Genetyx DNA software (Genetyx Co., Tokyo, Japan).
Pheromonotropic activity
Synthetic fire ant PBAN (Soi-PBAN) or other peptides deduced from the Soi-PBAN cDNA, or Hez-PBAN were dissolved in lepidopteran saline (1 pmol/µl), and injected (3 µl) between the fourth and the fifth abdominal segments of decapitated H. zea females during mid-photophase. The H. zea pheromone glands were dissected after 0.5–1 h incubation at room temperature and extracted with hexane containing (Z)-9-tetradecenal (100 ng) as an internal standard. A GC 6890N (Agilent Technologies) equipped with a capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, DB-23, J&W) was used to measure the amount of pheromone. The oven temperature was programmed at 80 °C for 1 min, then 10 °C/min to 230 °C and held for 8 min. The results were analyzed by non-parametric analysis as ranks (Fisher PLSD, anova) using Statview 5.0 software.
We thank Drs. J.W. Pridgeon, M. Scharf, D. D. Shoemaker and anonymous reviewers for valuable review and comments. We also thank D. Milne, R Blair and M. Custer for technical support. This research was supported in part by a U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation Grant – No. 2 003 367.
- 1981) Techniques for collecting, rearing, and handling imported fire ants USDA, Science Education Administration, Advances in Agricultural Technology, Southern Series 21: 9 p. , , , , , et al . (
- 1999) Identification and Determination of the Partial cDNA Encoding the Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide in Helicoverpa armigera. J Asia-Pacific Entomol 2: 175–180. (
- 2003) Identification of a G protein-coupled receptor for pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide from pheromone glands of the moth Helicoverpa zea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 9721–9726. , , and (
- 2004) Identification of a new member of PBAN family and immunoreactivity in the central nervous system from Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 34: 927–935. , , and (
- 1998) Isolation and identification of the cDNA encoding the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide and additional neuropeptides in the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 28: 759–766. , , , and (
- 2009) PBAN/Pyrokinin peptides in the central nervous system of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Cell Tissue Res 335: 431–439. , and (
- 1992) Molecular cloning of the pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide in Helicoverpa zea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 142–146. , , , and (
- 1999) A cDNA, from Agrotis ipsilon, that encodes the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and other FXPRL peptides. Peptides 20: 899–905. , and (
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- 1998) cDNA cloning and sequence determination of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide of Mamestra brassicae: a new member of the PBAN family. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 28: 251–258. , , , , and (
- 2007) Molecular characterization of diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide from the black-back prominent moth, Clostera anastomosis (L.) (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 37: 1262–1271. , , and (
- 2007) Identification of a unique pheromonotropic neuropeptide including double FXPRL motifs from a geometrid species, Ascotis selenaria cretacea, which produces an epoxyalkenyl sex pheromone. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 37: 330–337. , , , , , et al . (
- 1992) cDNA cloning and sequence determination of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189: 221–226. , , , and (
- 1990) Amino acid sequence of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide-II (PBAN-II) of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. Agric Biol Chem 54: 2495–2497. , , , and (
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- 2005) Molecular characterization of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Peptides 26: 2404–2411. and (
- 2008) Genomics, transcriptomics, and peptidomics of neuropeptides and protein hormones in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Genome Res 18: 113–122. , , , , , et al . (
- 1994) Structural organization of the Helicoverpa zea gene encoding the precursor protein for pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide and other neuropeptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 6506–6510. , and (
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- 1992) Isolation and primary structure of a novel pheromonotropic neuropeptide structurally related to leucopyrokinin from the armyworm larvae, Pseudaletia separata. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 182: 534–539. , , , , , et al . (
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- 2003) PBAN regulation of pheromone biosynthesis in female moths. In Insect Pheromone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Blomquist, G., Vogt, R., Blomquist, G. and Vogt, R., eds), pp. 53–80 Academic Press, New York. and (
- 1992) Structure activity studies of PBAN of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 22: 221–225. and (
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- 2008) Prediction of neuropeptide cleavage sites in insects. Bioinformatics 24: 815–825. , and (
- 2003) Effect of the brain and suboesophageal ganglion on pupal development in Helicoverpa armigera through regulation of FXPRLamide neuropeptides. Regul Pept 116: 163–171. , , and (
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- 2007) Cloning and expression of the DH-PBAN gene in Orgyia thyellina. GenBank, Direct Submission (BAE94185). , , and (
- 1998) Pheromone directed behavior in ants. In Pheromone communication in social insects: ants, wasps, bee and termites (Vander Meer, R.K., Breed, M., Winston, M. and Espelie, K.E., eds) pp. 159–192. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. and (
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- 2007) Area-Wide Suppression of Invasive Fire Ant Solenopsis spp. Populations. In Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests (Vreysen, M.J.B., Robinson, A.S. and Hendrichs, J., eds), pp. 487–496. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. , , , and (
- 1998) Primer pheromones in ants. In Pheromone communication in social insects ants, wasps, bees, and termites (Vander Meer, R.K., Breed, M.D., Espelie, K.E. and Winston, M.L., eds), pp. 293–313. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. (
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- 2004) Fraenkel's pupariation factor identified at last. Dev Biol 273: 38–47. , , , , , et al . (
- 2008) Characters and expression of the gene encoding DH, PBAN and other FXPRLamide family neuropeptides in Antheraea pernyi. J Appl Entomol 132: 59–67. , , , and (
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- 2004) Cloning and expression of the cDNA encoding the FXPRL family of peptides and a functional analysis of their effect on breaking pupal diapause in Helicoverpa armigera. J Insect Physiol 50: 25–33. , , , and (


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The Pentagon's forthcoming cyber strategy will formalize the possibility of a physical response to a virtual attack, according to The Wall Street Journal.
The Pentagon is expected to release unclassified portions of its Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace later this month. According to The Wall Street Journal, the 12-page unclassified report--the classified report runs 30 pages--concludes that the Law of Armed Conflict--the sum total of various international treaties related to warfighting--applies to cyberspace as it does on the battlefield. This equivalency means that damaging acts may be met with a damaging response, regardless of whether the cause is truck bomb or a logic bomb.
A spokesperson for the Department of Defense declined to comment.
This marks a significant change in military thinking, at least in terms of formal doctrine--presumably a sufficiently damaging cyber attack would have provoked an armed response no matter how formal policies were worded. Back in 1997, a research paper by then Major Daniel M. Vadnais, concluded that, "The current body of international law seems to mitigate against including 'hacking' in the definition of 'armed force,' the standard necessary for unilateral military armed reprisal actions. In that case, unless the initial attack rises to the level that would permit some action by the 'victim' in self–defense, that nation is relegated to seeking action from the United Nations Security Council."
Times have changed since then. Though this paper was academic in nature and did not represent official doctrine, it nonetheless reflects an era before hacking had been demonstrated as an effective complement to, or alternative to, military action. Given the 2007 cyber attack on Estonia, the 2008 cyber attack on Georgia, and the 2010 Stuxnet attack on Iran's nuclear infrastructure, among other noteworthy cyber incidents, it has become clear that hacking can have as much consequence as a kinetic attack.
Such thinking is reflected in the Obama administration's International Strategy for Cyberspace, published two years ago. On page 14, it states, "When warranted, the United States will respond to hostile acts in cyberspace as we would to any other threat to our country." The administration's policy also makes it clear that an armed response to a cyber attack would be a last resort, after diplomatic options have been exhausted.
For government officials, the challenge will be determining when an attack is significant enough to ready the missiles. In all likelihood, the low-level cyber attacks launched against U.S. infrastructure from various countries on a daily basis will continue, undeterred by the pugilistic policy to come.
At the 2011 RSA Conference in San Francisco in February, Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn III referred to the Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace as "Cyber 3.0," and said the plan was in the process of being finalized. Rather than highlighting the possibility of a kinetic response to a virtual attack, Lynn stressed that U.S. cyber defense requires partnership and cooperation, because so much U.S. critical infrastructure is in private hands.
"In the cyber domain, soldiers are not the only ones on the front lines," he said.
In this new Tech Center report, we profile five database breaches--and extract the lessons to be learned from each. Plus: A rundown of six technologies to reduce your risk. Download it here (registration required).
The cybersecurity profession struggles to retain women (figures range from 10 to 20 percent). It's particularly worrisome for an industry with a rapidly growing number of vacant positions.
So why does the shortage of women continue to be worse in security than in other IT sectors? How can men in infosec be better allies for women; and how can women be better allies for one another? What is the industry doing to fix the problem -- what's working, and what isn't?
Is this really a problem at all? Are the low numbers simply an indication that women do not want to be in cybersecurity, and is it possible that more women will never want to be in cybersecurity? How many women would we need to see in the industry to declare success?
Join Dark Reading senior editor Sara Peters and guests Angela Knox of Cloudmark, Barrett Sellers of Arbor Networks, Regina Wallace-Jones of Facebook, Steve Christey Coley of MITRE, and Chris Roosenraad of M3AAWG on Wednesday, July 13 at 1 p.m. Eastern Time to discuss all this and more.


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TIME magazine released the photos Thursday morning— hours before Ryan's debate with Joe Biden in Danville, Kentucky.
The photo shoot happened last year, when Ryan was a runner-up for the magazine's Person of the Year. The macho poses are, of course, a reference to Ryan's affinity for P90X.
6. We imagine the photo shoot went something like this…
- It's the third day of the Democratic National Convention. Here's where things stand 🇺🇸
- An Australian teen who was subjected to detention abuse has written a letter thanking the public for its support.
- 🍎📉: Apple's business is declining due to slowing iPhone sales, but the company is still making a ton of money.


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'Lance Armstrong's War': Driven to Win
Alex Chadwick speaks with Daniel Coyle, author of Lance Armstrong's War, an account of Armstrong's ride to victory in the 2004 Tour de France. Armstrong battled back from testicular cancer to win a record six consecutive yellow jerseys in the biking world's most prestigious race, and this weekend will pedal for a seventh consecutive title. Armstrong has vowed that this Tour de France will be his last.
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It's actually daytraders or momentum traders doing this. There is no institutional manipulation on this yet. Only after $5 and closer to December. Next 2 weeks should be interesting.
May go back under $4 again by middle of November. Look to buy/add in that area.
Earnings forecast down according to Yahoo.
Made a nice recovery on Friday. Still in this but will probably sell tomorrow, might touch $5 again.
anyone with access to level III ? What firms were on buy/sell side?


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We introduce a template fitting method for 3D surface meshes. A given template mesh is deformed to closely approximate the input 3D geometry. The connectivity of the deformed template model is automatically adjusted to facilitate the geometric fitting and to ascertain high quality of the mesh elements. The template fitting process utilizes a specially tailored Laplacian processing framework, where in the first, coarse fitting stage we approximate the input geometry with a linearized biharmonic surface (a variant of LS-mesh), and then the fine geometric detail is fitted further using iterative Laplacian editing with reliable correspondence constraints and a local surface flattening mechanism to avoid foldovers. The latter step is performed in the dual mesh domain, which is shown to encourage near-equilateral mesh elements and significantly reduces the occurrence of triangle foldovers, a well-known problem in mesh fitting. To experimentally evaluate our approach, we compare our method with relevant state-of-the-art techniques and confirm significant improvements of results. In addition, we demonstrate the usefulness of our approach to the application of consistent surface parameterization (also known as cross-parameterization).
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"It's a great body of work. It seems very thought out from beginning to end, every song just had a certain vibe. The songwriting to the sound and the look of the album, the whole package was just very well thought out."
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Please check to see whats new, and I'll be posting more new arrivals from my recent buying trip all this week, as time allows. A few of our staff are on vacation this week, but we will do our best to keep up with orders, swatch requests and posting!
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Wednesday, July 27, 2016


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In my app I have a criteria builder section that's built using jquery and is pitched back to the controller in a form post and picked up as IList by the model binder as suggested in Phil's post here: http://haacked.com/archive/2008/10/23/model-binding-to-a-list.aspx
A really simple way that I'm persisting the criteria across posts is re-delivering the IList object to the view. I'm using a DisplayFor() template for this object, but because it's a list I need to know the index # inside of the template.
I'm hoping there's a context value somewhere.


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Crispy Critter Paw Cereal Treat
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The opening game for the U. S. Navy's football team will finally offer two massive scoreboards instead of just one this fall. …
U. S. National Security Adviser Susan Rice was in Beijing on Monday for talks with Chinese officials in the highest-level visit by a White House official since an international tribunal issued a ruling that invalidated China's expansive claims in the South China Sea. …
Japan posted a better-than-expected trade surplus in June, as imports fell nearly 19 percent, outpacing a more modest decline in exports. …
Historical markers have long dotted the landscape, often barely noticed by passers-by — until they became treasure-filled stops this month on the "Pokemon Go" trail. …
Donald Trump took a break Sunday morning from blasting Hillary Clinton on Twitter to give The Post a shoutout. "Wow, President Obama's brother, Malik, just announced that he is voting for me," Trump tweeted at 4:46 a.m., a reference to The Post's exclusive front-page story. "Was probably treated badly by president — like everybody else!"
My friend is smart, accomplished and holds a master's degree from a fancy American university. But he told me recently that he received a threatening phone call that pitted his senses of intelligence and decency against the wits of some horrible people. A stranger called him at home, and said that Big Brother — the


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Pig-shaped acrylic custom keychains with a split ring.
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"Awake, a local progressive rock and hard-rock band, has just finished recording two tracks that will be used by Versailles Records on a compilation disc. The disc will be distributed in Q1 2009 under the name 'Rock Anthems Vol 1+2′ in retailers like Amazon, Best Buy, Circuit City, Walmart, etc."
"After one tune, 'Funky Fingers', you could hear people at the bar screaming with anticipation for the next song...These cats are super talented. To think that they are all so young is inspiring. You owe it to yourself to see these talented young men; they're going places."
"A few tunes had complex time signatures, really wailing guitar leads, and a downright groovin rhythm..For their first show, this was an amazing night. I'll give it 9/10."


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Sabrina The Teenage Witch Is Voting For Mitt Romney
It's only one day before the election and finally we know who Melissa Joan Hart will be voting for.
1. She warned us:
2. Things got cryptic…
3. And then she said it.
Preview Your Response
In The News Today
- It's the third day of the Democratic National Convention. Here's where things stand 🇺🇸
- Prosecutors have dropped remaining charges against Baltimore police officers related to the death of Freddie Gray.
- Twelve states will support Obama's transgender policies in court after other states sued to block the rules.


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Book your room at Hotel Königshof
Get an overview of this hotelSki hotel with a free shuttle to the slopes
Located near the slopes, this Garmisch-Partenkirchen hotel is in the mountains, within 1 mi (2 km) of Richard Strauss Institute and Garmisch-Partenkirchen Ski Resort, and close to winter sports such as cross-country skiing and skiing lessons. Casino Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Werdenfels Museum are also within 15 minutes.
Hotel Features
Snow lovers will appreciate Hotel Königshof's complimentary ski shuttle, as well as other onsite amenities such as a bar/lounge and a full-service spa.
Room Amenities
All 91 rooms offer free WiFi and free wired Internet, plus coffee makers and flat-screen TVs with satellite channels. Other amenities available to guests include free newspapers, hair dryers, and desks.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Hotel KönigshofSt.-Martin-Strasse 4 Garmisch-Partenkirchen BY 82467
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
After a day on the slopes, indulge in a treatment at the full-service spa or enjoy the other amenities, including a health club and a steam room. For a free ride to the slopes, hop on the mountain hotel's complimentary ski shuttle. Conveniences like ski storage, ski passes, and shopping on site allow you to spend less time with logistics and more time on the slopes. At the end of the day, order après-ski drinks at the hotel's bar.
Dining is available at one of the hotel's 2 restaurants. A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
Hotel Königshof has designated areas for smoking.
- 24-hour front desk
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Bar/lounge
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Concierge services
- Conference space size (feet) - 1615
- Conference space size (meters) - 150
- Designated smoking areas
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Free breakfast
- Free parking nearby
- Free WiFi
- Full-service spa
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Health club
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Meeting rooms 3
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 4
- Number of meeting rooms - 3
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Sauna
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Shopping on site
- Ski passes available
- Free ski shuttle
- Ski storage
- Steam room
- Terrace
- Total number of rooms - 91
- Tours/ticket assistance
Family Friendly Amenities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge), Free parking nearby
Room Amenities
- Bathtub or shower
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free newspaper
- Free toiletries
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Daily housekeeping
- Desk
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Hair dryer
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Private bathroom
- Satellite TV service
Where to Eat
A complimentary buffet breakfast is served each morning between 7 AM and 10 AM.
Hotel Königshof has 2 restaurants on site.
Nearby Things to Do
A health club and complimentary bicycles are featured at the hotel. Other recreational amenities include a sauna.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Mountain biking nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Downhill skiing nearby
- Cross-country skiing nearby
- Snowboarding nearby
- Snowshoeing nearby
- Kayaking nearby
- Rafting nearby
- Free bicycles on site
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Parasailing nearby
- Game viewing nearby
- Game drive nearby
- Sledding nearby
- Rock climbing nearby
- Cave exploring/spelunking nearby
- Ski lessons available nearby
- Ski equipment rental shops nearby
- Golf lessons available nearby
- Bicycle rentals on site
Spa Services
Guests can indulge in a pampering treatment at the hotel's full-service spa, Saviano. The spa is equipped with a sauna and a steam room.
The spa is open daily. Guests under 18 years old are not allowed in the spa.
- Steam room in spa
- Sauna in spa
- Minimum age to access spa is 18
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at Midnight
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of EUR 10 per pet, per night
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No cribs (infant beds) available
Parking height restrictions apply
- Tourism fee: EUR 2 per person, per night
Optional extras
- Self parking fee: EUR 10 per day
- Pet fee: EUR 10 per pet, per night
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 35,00 per night
Hotel Name
- Hotel Königshof Garmisch-Partenkirchen
- Hotel Königshof
- Königshof Garmisch-Partenkirchen
- Königshof
We should mention
Reservations are required for massage services. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. One child 6 years old or younger stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
National Rating
Hotelstars Union assigns an official star rating for properties in Germany. This property is rated 4 stars.


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Great amenities, picnic benches and spacious parking lot, all adds up to a great day out at the beach. There is easy access to the beach at a point at which I understand there is a lifeguard. Necessary given the unpredictable rip currents in this area.
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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Time runs fast, it has been about 2 years that I left the Health care regions and joined the Microsoft RMS team. I have been super-fortunate all this while to learn so much on the job - from a novice on security and SDK development to leading the Program Management for RMS developer platform.
From now on, I will share my thoughts and learnings through this blog. This blog contains my own views and beliefs, and has nothing to do with the official RMS blogs (http://blogs.technet.com/rms and http://blogs.msdn.com/rms)


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George Santayana (1863-1952) was born in Madrid. A student of both Josiah Royce and William James, he graduated from Harvard in 1886, and became their colleague two years later. Among his own students were T. S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, Gertrude Stein, Walter Lippmann, W. E. B. Dubois, and Harry Wolfson. He left Harvard in 1912 and spent his remaining forty years in Europe. In addition to his many works of philosophy and autobiography, Santayana wrote a novel, The Last Puritan, which became a bestseller upon its publication in 1935.
Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, Goethe (Barnes & Noble Rediscovers Series)by George Santayana
View All Available Formats & Editions
"I am no specialist in the study of Lucretius; I am not a Dante scholar nor a Goethe scholar….My excuse for writing about them, notwithstanding, is merely the human excuse which every new poet has for writing about the spring. They have attracted me; they have moved me to reflection; they have revealed to me certain aspects of nature and of
"I am no specialist in the study of Lucretius; I am not a Dante scholar nor a Goethe scholar….My excuse for writing about them, notwithstanding, is merely the human excuse which every new poet has for writing about the spring. They have attracted me; they have moved me to reflection; they have revealed to me certain aspects of nature and of philosophy which I am prompted by mere sincerity to express, if anybody seems interested or willing to listen."
The modesty exhibited in the above disclaimerfrom Santayana's preface to Three Philosophical Poetsshould be viewed in the context of the author's extraordinary impact as a philosopher and teacher. The Sense of Beauty has claim to being the first major work on aesthetics written in the United States; the multivolume The Life of Reason is arguably the first extended analysis of pragmatism anywhere. Among Santayana's many well-known Harvard students, Wallace Stevens has acknowledged a clear debt to his work.
Based on a course Santayana taught at Harvard, Three Philosophical Poets was first delivered to the public as a series of lectures at Columbia University in 1910. Santayana's lifelong, learned meditation on the relationship between philosophy and art is apparent. (Santayana's own prose style has long been considered among the most eloquent in all of philosophy.) Here, he discusses the chief phases of European philosophynaturalism, supernaturalism, and romanticismas they are set forth and epitomized by the works of Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe, respectively.
Praise for Three Philosophical Poets and its author
"[A] brilliant and admirable little book."
T. S. Eliot
"The exquisite and memorable way in which he has always said things has given so much delight that we accept what he says as we accept our own civilization. His pages are part of the douceur de vivre."
Wallace Stevens
"Santayana was the real excitement for me at Harvard, especially Three Philosophical Poets….It really fixed my view of what poetry should ultimately be."
Conrad Aiken
Product Details
- 9781435106178
- Publisher:
- Sterling
- Publication date:
- 06/25/2009
- Series:
- Barnes & Noble Rediscovers Series
- Pages:
- 192
- Product dimensions:
- 5.80(w) x 8.30(h) x 1.00(d)
Meet the Author
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|"Timothy Bish (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Commented: (AMQCPP-103) Pull out generic libraries from activemq-cpp namespace
|Sun, 10 Jun 2007 20:47:33 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/activemq/browse/AMQCPP-103?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel#action_39254 ] Timothy Bish commented on AMQCPP-103: ------------------------------------- Ok, patches are applied. Also got all the unit tests ported over from AMQCPP things are shaping up nicely. > Pull out generic libraries from activemq-cpp namespace > ------------------------------------------------------ > > Key: AMQCPP-103 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/activemq/browse/AMQCPP-103 > Project: ActiveMQ C++ Client > Issue Type: Improvement > Reporter: Nathan Mittler > Assignee: Timothy Bish > Fix For: 2.2 > > Attachments: vs2005-decaf-v1.diff > > > Since many of the libraries in activemq-cpp are not activemq-specific, we should move them to their own namespace. Eventually, it would be nice for these classes to become their own project, similar to APR. Since the classes mirror Java classes, we're proposing the name "decaf" for the new namespace :). -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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Lt. Col. Richard Hayes
Maj. Zopher Case
Maj. Samuel Frazier
Adjt. Sterling G. Bushnell
Q. M. John Andrews
Q. M. Clerk Elan Jones
Q. M. Sergt. Nathaniel Coleman
Surg. Peter Allen
Surg. Mate Erastus Goodwin
Sergt. Maj. Henry Bignell
Sergt. Maj. Luman Beech
Sergt. Maj. William Hull
Fife Maj. Amos Jones
Drum Maj. Davis Fuller
Lieut. Col. Richard Hayes, Regiment, Ohio Militia
Lt. Col. Richard Hayes
MLA Source Citation:Ohio. Adjutant General's Office. Roster of Ohio soldiers in the War of 1812. Columbus, Ohio: Press of the Edward T. Miller Co. 1916. AccessGenealogy.com. Web. 28 July 2016.
https://www.accessgenealogy.com/ohio/lieut-col-richard-hayes-regiment-ohio-militia.htm- Last updated on Jun 28th, 2011
This page is part of a larger collection. Access the full collection at Roster Of Ohio Soldiers In The War Of 1812.


text: Ralph Nader visited Kalamazoo today. Among other things, he tolld the audience (according to the Kalamazoo Gazette article) to"vote your conscience." And, in general, this seems like a reasonable thing to say. But, of course, Nader is only on the ballot in Michigan because the Republican Party passed out petitions for him, because they hope (and not unreasonably so) that this will draw votes away from Kerry. My conscience says not to vote for people who cannot attract enough workers to get on the ballot. Not enough people learned the lessons of the 2004 election.I talked to a dear relative of mine tonight, who's upset that the teapot tempest concerning the possible forgery of memos concerning Bush's military career is focusing on whether the memos were forged rather than what actually happened during these years. I personally find it interesting that the real issues of Bush's first term of office, and which administration would be better for the US in the coming years, are not being discussed. My dear relative does like Edwards though: he seems nice and talks well.


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IT was a fitting end to an admirable feat.
Father Christian Ryan completed his 70-mile walk along the River Thames at The Footsteps Centre, Dorchester- on-Thames, on Tuesday.
His nine-year-old son Peter has cerebral palsy and needs to undergo intensive physiotherapy at the centre four times a year.
Mr Ryan, from Bridgend, Wales, said: "It's really to help all the kids that are coming here so that they get the physio that they need.
"The centre has made a really big difference to his life.
"I can't imagine what Peter would do if he had not been there."
Almost £3,000 has been raised to support his treatment at the Queen Street centre.
Peter's three-week intensive physiotherapy courses cost £2,250 each time.
Stained glass artist Mr Ryan began at Gloucestershire's Thame's Head, the source of the river, before arriving at The Footsteps Centre where he met with his son.
He was joined on the trek by friends Nick McAndrew and Cath Brown.
The family have needed to undertake the two and a half hour journey from their South Wales home to the centre four times each year. The Footsteps Centre provides physiotherapy sessions for children and young adults with neurological disorders.
To support, visit justgiving.com/Christian-Ryan1
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Experiencing the outdoors for students at Kyrene de la Esperanza Elementary School is limited to recess and after-school activities, and windowless classrooms block students' view of the desert's natural beauty throughout the day. But thanks to a $10,000 grant from the Arizona Game and Fish Department Heritage Program, students can look forward to a new outdoor classroom atmosphere in the near future. "The initiative for the project came after I saw the film The Secret and was working with my husband who is a consultant with the main teacher in the film, Bob Proctor," said Marcia Tutora, a business development director. "I began to strongly visualize what I want to accomplish in the short and long term. A series of opportunities showed up in my life - I took the action, did the research and wrote a grant application in support of a garden design for the school." On May 21 Esperanza was awarded the $10,000 grant, one which Tutora, a mother of two students at the school, applied for in November 2006. "The award is for the establishment of a natural area in which elementary students can have hands-on study in a dynamic learning format," Tutora said. The Discovery Garden will be built adjacent to an addition of kindergarten classrooms currently being designed. "Now that the district will be doing construction on that side of the school, the whole Discovery Garden project has been incorporated into the design of the addition and is now on the architect's drawings," Tutora said. "We went through Kyrene's curriculum and found there are a lot of classroom learning opportunities, especially within the science class curriculum. It is also an excellent opportunity to integrate school with nature - butterflies and wind in the trees." Tutora said she also obtained $20,000 in in-kind donations of labor, materials and services. "In applying for the grant, I visualized a natural area; peaceful, interesting to the senses and encouraging of exploration for children," she said. "The Discovery Garden is for everyone - teachers can meet at the large 15-foot stone table as well as classes in poetry and art can be explored in addition to science." The Arizona Game and Fish Department's Heritage Fund School Yard and Environmental Education Grant application deadline this year is 5 p.m. Nov. 30. Funds available include Environmental Education ($32,000), Schoolyard Grants ($37,500), IIAPM ($320,000), Public Access ($50,000), Urban Wildlife and Urban Wildlife Habitat ($112,500). "I want to inspire others to take advantage of the abundance of the grant opportunities out there," Tutora said. "There is so much to gain - to leverage off what we already have - and there is still time to apply for one of these grants." For more information on the Arizona Game and Fish Department's Heritage Program and grants, visit www.azgfd.gov/w_c/heritage_program.shtml.
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Last line of defense: 10 playmakers who love to make the opposition squirm
In preparation for football games each week, the offensive meetings are mostly about breaking down the opposing defense's scheme.
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Last line of defense: 10 playmakers who love to make the opposition squirm
In preparation for football games each week, the offensive meetings are mostly about breaking down the opposing defense's scheme.
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First impressions STILL matter
When we first got into business, we were told "you never get a second chance to make a first impression," or "a first impression is the most l…
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If you think that line dancing is just for people who wear cowboy hats and boots, Gina Lombardi and Carrie McNeish urge you to drop by for hap…
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text: SR-94 Crash Blocks Lanes in Both Directions UP NEXT XSR-94 Crash Blocks Lanes in Both DirectionsLinkEmbedEmailCopyCloseLink to this videohttp://www.nbcsandiego.com/on-air/as-seen-on/SR94-Crash-Traffic-Jam-237642031.htmlCopyClose Embed this video Replay More videos (1 of 9)«»A crash along State Route 94 closed traffic in both directions Friday. NBC 7's Mari Payton reports. Published at 12:33 AM GMT on Dec 28, 2013 NEWSLETTERS Receive the latest as-seen-on updates in your inboxPrivacy policy | More Newsletters


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How Willing Are You to Take a Risk?
How willing are you to take a risk? Both of my grandsons like to build things from wood and like tools. Avry, now 16, would ask for gift cards to Lowe's building center when he was 10 or 11. Sammy is 7 and loves to build things with me. A couple of years ago, I…
Learning to Walk
As I near my fifties, I am more aware than ever that life changes are all around no matter who you are or what stage of life you are in. You watch a baby learn to walk or a high school senior walk across a graduation stage. A middle age friend you know is walking…
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