text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 19, 1980
|Filing date
|Dec 18, 1978
|Priority date
|Dec 18, 1978
|Publication number
|George S. Chambers, Carter Sinclair
|Original Assignee
|General Electric Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (11), Classifications (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to the operation of rectifier bridges and more specifically to a scheme for the prevention of or guarding against commutation faults, particularly those which are occasioned by a too rapid retardation in the normal firing angle of the controlled rectifiers.
In any polyphase rectifier system, each phase carries all of the current for a portion of the time. For example, in a three phase circuit, each phase carries all the current for one-third of the time. With diodes, transfer or commutation from phase to phase is automatically achieved by the next phase having a greater instantaneous voltage than the phase which is then carrying current. When controlled rectifiers, such as thyristors (e.g., silicon controlled rectifiers) are used, however, the load voltage is controlled by delaying the transfer of current between the phases. This is commonly known as phase control. While phase control is a proven and effective method of controlling the load voltage, care must be taken in order that the voltage-time relationships are sufficient to allow the commutation or transfer so that a commutation failure resulting in an undesirable condition does not occur.
When the alternating current (a.c.) source supplying the rectifier bridge has significant inductance, the transfer of the current or the commutation from phase to phase takes both voltage and time. There must be sufficient volt-seconds available to force the current off in one phase and to bring it up in the next phase. For any particular source, the volt-seconds required are a function of the current to be commutated and not the point at which transfer is initiated. A typical system may require, for example, forty-five electrical degrees to achieve commutation at full phase conduction.
When the rectifiers are driving a highly inductive load, such as a generator field having a time constant measured in seconds, the current to be transferred immediately following a sudden output voltage reduction is the same as it was prior to the sudden reduction and the volt-seconds required for commutation are the same. If the initiation of transfer is delayed too long by the controlled rectifiers, the remaining volt-seconds available may be insufficient to complete the transfer and a commutation failure will result. Similarly, when the bridge is used to drive a highly inductive load such as a motor load, if the demand on the motor is suddenly reduced such that the normal control governing the firing of the rectifiers is phased back or retarded very rapidly, the same situation concerning the available volt-seconds and the current could exist.
As the load current decreases in response to the lower voltage requirement, fewer volt-seconds are required to complete the current transfer and the firing of the rectifier, the initiation of current transfer, may be further delayed without resulting in an improper operation.
One early method of operation of the bridges to insure proper commutation was to place what is commonly known as a free-wheeling diode across or in parallel with the load. This was a satisfactory solution for the technology of the past since the semiconductors then used could not be operated at high current densities for thermal reasons. As such, the forward voltage drop at maximum current was close enough to the voltage drop at the current level where the controlled rectifier could gain control such that a diode placed in parallel with the two series connected cells of the bridge would divert the load current and allow the controlled rectifiers of the bridge to regain control. With modern semiconductors, operation at a much higher current density is quite common and this is no longer true. In the present situation, if a bridge having a free-wheeling diode is suddently phased back from full rated current to some very low desired value, the free-wheeling diode will have too large a forward voltage drop to divert all the current and the current will divide between the free-wheeling path and the bridge path such that the current through the bridge path will be more than enough to keep the controlled rectifier (the bridge path) conductive. Thus, a commutation failure will result.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved polyphase hybrid rectifier bridge system.
It is another object to provide an improved circuit for use with a polyphase hybrid rectifying bridge for the prevention of or guarding against commutation faults.
It is a further object of the invention to provide, in a polyphase hybrid rectifying bridge system, suitable circuitry to guard against the occurrence of commutation faults particularly those caused by too rapid a reduction in the required controlled rectifier firing angle.
It is a still further object to provide, in a polyphase hybrid rectifying bridge system, circuitry to guard against the occurrence of commutation faults by limiting the minimum firing angle as a function of the intervals during which a voltage exists across the load.
It is still another object to provide, in a polyphase hybrid rectifying bridge system, circuitry to guard against the occurrence of commutation faults by limiting the minimum firing angle as a function of the intervals during which a voltage exists across the load and further including recovery circuitry acting, in conjunction with the earlier defined circuitry, to initiate recovery of the system in the event a commutation failure does occur.
It is a further object of the invention to provide, in a polyphase hybrid rectifying bridge system, wider range of output voltage control than possible when using a conventional fixed phase-back limit set to allow at all times for the maximum commutation time by replacing the fixed limit with an automatically varying limit which allows additional retard of the firing pulses as the actual commutation time decreases.
The foregoing and other objects are satisfied in accordance with the present invention through the recognition of the fact that, in a polyphase hybrid rectifying bridge supplying a load, the minimum phase angle at which the controlled rectifiers of the bridge can be fired is a function of the extant voltage across the load. As such, the present invention includes, in association with a polyphase hybrid rectifying bridge having controlled rectifiers and the normal means for controlling the firing time or angle of the rectifiers, additional circuitry for guarding against the occurrence of a commutation fault. This circuitry includes means to sense the voltage across the load and to provide a timing signal proportional or representative thereof. Also included are means to provide a basic reference signal representing a minimum time period during which voltage should exist across the load in order to prevent the commutation failure. These two signals are combined and, in response to a predetermined relationship therebetween, the normal control means is overriden and the firing angle of the controlled rectifiers is advanced to prevent a commutation failure.
In the preferred embodiment there is additionally provided means to facilitate the recovery of the bridge if a commutation failure does actually occur. This means is in the form of a recovery circuitry which is responsive to a sensing of an unbalance in the alternating voltage supplying the bridge which, in turn, is indicative of the fact that the circuit is in an unstable mode such as by "single phasing". In response to the sensing of this condition, the recovery circuit outputs a signal which also causes an advance in the firing angle of the controlled rectifiers to force the system into a recovery mode of operation.
While the present invention is particularly defined in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this specification, a better understanding can be had from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the present invention in its preferred embodiment;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are detailed schematic diagrams illustrating one way of implementing the present invention as is illustrated in block form in FIG. 1; and,
FIG. 4 is a timing diagram useful in understanding the operation of the present invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1 which shows the present invention in its preferred embodiment, there is shown a three phase rectifying bridge 10 which is comprised of three diodes 12 and three controlled rectifiers 14 which receive a.c. power by way of lines L1, L2 and L3 and supply direct current (d.c.) power to a load 16 by way of lines 18 and 20. As is well known, by controlling the firing times or the firing angles of the controlled rectifiers 14 the amount of power that is delivered to the load 16 may be controlled. Control of the firing of the thyristors or controlled rectifiers 14 is a function of a rectifier firing control 22 which may be any of those well known in the art. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the output of control 22 is a function of the output of a high value gate 24 as delivered by line 26. Perhaps the most common implementation of this control is that the signal input to firing control 22 would be an analog voltage signal. The outputs of the control 22 to the gates of the controlled rectifiers 14 are gating signals having a time relationship, with respect to the a.c. input wave which is a function of the magnitude of the input signal (line 26). As such, by varying the time of rendering the rectifiers conductive, the amount of voltage supplied to the load 16 can be varied. The input to control 22 from the high value gate 24 is, under ordinary operating circumstances, a function of a "normal control signal" which is furnished to gate 24 on line 28. This signal is, preferably, an analog voltage signal which has a magnitude representative of the desired level of operation of the bridge. Whether this signal is derived from some form of device such as a potentiometer which is hand adjusted, or the result of some more complex system responding to some operating system parameter is of no consequence to the present invention.
As earlier indicated, the present invention utilizes a signal proportional to the time during which the voltage exists across the load in combination with a reference signal to alter the operation of the rectifier bridge 10. To this end, there is provided an on-time sensor 30 which provides an output signal serving as one input to a summing junction 32 of a comparison circuit indicated generally within the dashed line block 31. The summing junction also receives signals from a tracking block 34 on line 33 and by way of a line 56 from a recovery circuit 36. For the moment, however, these latter two signals will be ignored so that the basic concept of the invention may be better understood. Ignoring the signals from blocks 34 and 36, the on-time sensor 30 will output a signal which is, essentially, a series of pulses corresponding in width to the time during which a voltage exists across the load 16. As will be better understood with respect to the more detailed description which follows, the pulses which appear from the sensor 30 at the summing junction 32 are preferably square wave pulses having a fixed amplitude and a width proportional to the time during which the voltage exists across the load. The output of junction 32 is applied to the filter 38 which in turn outputs a signal to the summing junction 40. The signal from filter 38 is, essentially, a d.c. analog signal having a magnitude proportional to the width of the signals applied to summing junction 32. A reference signal (line 42) forms a second input to summing junction 40. The two signals applied to the summing junction 40 would normally be of opposite relative polarity. Thus, the output of summing junction 40 is the algebraic sum of these two signals and this output serves as an input to a suitable gain amplifier 44 the output of which is applied by way of line 45 to the high value gate 24. The high value gate 24, as previously indicated, outputs the signal on line 26 to control the rectifier firing control 22 to thereby control the power supplied to the load.
The description thus far outlines the basic present invention. Under normal circumstances the value of the signal on line 28 will be higher than that on line 45 and will by way of the high value gate 24 control the operation of the rectifying bridge circuit. When, however, the time periods during which the voltage existing across the load becomes too small to assure commutation, the output of the on-time sensor 30, as applied to the comparison circuit 31, will result in a higher value signal on line 45 such that the latter signal will be the one passed by the high value gate to thus control the rectifiers 14 of the bridge 10 at a firing angle sufficient to insure commutation. Conversely, if under the operation of the normal control signal on line 28 the bridge were running at a relatively high level, the feedback circuitry by way of the on-time sensor 30 and the comparison circuit 31 would result in a relatively smaller value on line 45 such that the normal control signal would be controlling.
By way of further operational explanation, if while operating at a normal high level the load requirement were suddenly reduced, there would still exist, because of the nature of the bridge, its source and its load, a large load current which the lower firing angle specified by the reduced normal control signal would be insufficient to insure commutation. However, due to the feedback circuit of the present invention, the value of the signal on line 45 would be at a higher value than that on line 28 and this higher signal would maintain the firing of the rectifiers at some higher value. As the load current is reduced, the value of the signal on line 45 will gradually reduce allowing a reduction in the firing angle of the control rectifiers 14 until such time as the normal control signal 28 once again takes control of the overall operation.
Earlier mention was made of the tracking function of block 34. In the actual implementation of the present invention, filter 38 was basically an RC circuit having a relatively long time constant. As such, response time was not as rapid as desired and thus the tracking feature was included. Tracking block 34 consists, essentially, of a differential amplifier which receives inputs from both the normal control signal line 28 and the line 45. Tracking block 34 outputs a signal to summing junction 32 which will normally be of an opposite polarity as that provided from the on-time sensor 34. Thus, the signal on line 33 tends to keep summing junction 32 at a value such that only small changes are required to change the output thereof so that the filter 38 may respond more quickly to any change. It is recognized that this feature performs no essential part of the present invention and that if components of sufficiently fast reaction time were included, this could be omitted entirely.
The foregoing basic system of the instant invention performs satisfactorily in most instances but, like many electrical circuits is subject to occasioned malfunction, for example those as might result from unsuppressed transients which are too fleeting for the response time of the overall circuit. When commutation failure does occur, the system enters into which is known as "single phasing" in which only one phase of a.c. is applied to the load. When this particular situation does occur, the average voltage across the load is higher than that which would normally exist and the on-time sensor signal will not be effective as a corrective measure. To guard against this occurrence, the recovery circuit shown at the bottom of FIG. 1 within the dashed lined block 36 was incorporated into the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The recovery circuit 36 receives an input from a phase unbalance detector 46 which is connected to the three a.c. lines L1, L2 and L3. Detector 46 provides an output whenever there is an unbalance between the voltages on these three lines. This output is applied as one input of a comparator amplifier 48, within the recovery circuit 36, the second input to which is a reference voltage 50. When the unbalance is of sufficient magnitude as determined by the reference 50, there is an output from comparator 48 which is applied to an integrating amplifier 52. Amplifier 52 acts as a transient suppressor and has an output which is supplied to a monostable multivibrator or one-shot 54. The output of one-shot 54 is a pulse which is applied by way of line 56 to the summing junction 32. This signal is of opposite polarity to that received from the on-time sensor 30 and of sufficient magnitude to force a high value signal on line 45 and henceforth the firing of the controlled rectifiers 14 of the bridge 10.
FIGS. 2 and 3, show in detail the preferred detailed implementation of the present invention illustrated in block form in FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, the load 16 is once again shown as connected between the buses 18 and 20. In parallel with the load 16 is the on-time sensor 30. On-time sensor 30 includes a series combination having a resistor 60 and a pair of diodes 62 and 64 connected in parallel with the load. In parallel with the diodes 62 and 64 is connected the primary 68 of a pulse transformer shown generally at 66. Referencing for a moment FIG. 4, line A depicts the voltage which may exist across the load in a phase retarded situation. This voltage has a sharply rising front edge and a declining trailing edge which follows a generally sinusoidal shape. Pulse transformer 66 further includes a secondary winding 70 which has one end connected to ground and with the other end connected to the inverting input of an operational amplifier 72. The noninverting input of amplifier 72 is provided with a bias voltage, shown as being derived from the mid-point of a voltage divider comprising resistors 74 and 76 connected between the source of positive potential (+V) and ground. The output of amplifier 72 is connected by way of a feedback path to the noninverting input. This feedback path includes a pair of parallel connected capacitors 78 and 80 which combination is in series with a feedback resistor 82. The junction of the resistor 82 and the capacitors 78 and 80 is connected to ground by way of a diode 84 and a resistor 86.
Amplifier 72 and its associated components form a monostable multivibrator. With no voltage applied to the inverting input of the amplifier, its output is at positive saturation due to the positive bias applied to the noninverting input. When a voltage appears across the load such as, for example, that shown in line A of FIG. 4, the resulting negative pulse from the transformer secondary 70 (see line B of FIG. 4) does not change the state of the amplifier 72. However, when the voltage is removed from the load, the resulting positive pulse drives amplifier 72 into negative saturation. If there were no further pulses from the transformer 66, amplifier 72 would stay in negative saturation until capacitors 78 and 80 discharge sufficiently for the noninverting input to go positive. However, since additional pulses from the transformer 66 do occur which will temporarily drive the output of amplifier 72 into positive saturation and then back to negative saturation when voltage is again removed from the load, the output of amplifier 72 is a series of rectangular pulses as shown by line C of FIG. 4.
The output of amplifier 72 is applied by way of an input resistor 88 to the inverting input of a summing and filter operational amplifier 90. The inverting input of the amplifier 90 receives as a further input, through input resistor 92, the signal on line 33 from the tracking system 34. A further input exists by way of input resistor 94 and line 56 from the output of the multivibrator 54 of the recovery circuit 36 (see FIG. 3). The noninverting input to amplifier 90 is connected by way of resistor 96 to ground. Ignoring, for the moment, the inputs by way of resistors 92 and 94, the output of amplifier 90 will be at a large negative value or negative saturation with a continuous load voltage and will be a large positive value or positive saturation when there was low average voltage across the load. The pulse output of amplifier 72 is averaged by amplifier 90 and filter 38 which is connected between the output of amplifier 90 and its inverting input. Filter 38 consists of a parallel combination of a resistor 98 and a capacitor 100 such that the output of the filter 38 is, essentially, an inverted d.c. level signal as shown by line D (FIG. 4).
The output of filter 38 is furnished via an input resistor 102 to the inverting input of a summing operational amplifier 104. This same input is also connected by way of a resistor 106 to the wiper arm of a potentiometer 108 (reference 42) which is connected between a positive voltage (+V) and a negative voltage (-V). The noninverting input of amplifier 104 is connected by way of a resistor 110 to ground. A feedback path including a resistor 112 is provided between the output of the amplifier 104 and its inverting input. The reference signal from 42 and the feedback signal by way of resistor 102 are summed and inverted by the amplifier 104 and this output is applied to the amplifier 44 which provides appropriate gain to provide an output signal on line 45. Amplifier 44 includes a simple operational amplifier 116 which receives the output of amplifier 104 at its inverting input by way of a resistor 118. The noninverting input is connected to ground by way of a resistor 120. The output of amplifier 116 is connected to its inverting input through a feedback path including a variable resistor 122 which enables the gain of the amplifier to be varied.
The output on line 45 serves as one input to the high value gate 24 which consists of a pair of diodes 124 and 126 connected to a common junction 128 which is also connected to a source of negative voltage (-V) by way of a resistor 130. As is known in the art, the high value gate will pass the voltage of higher magnitude. In the present embodiment, line 45 is connected to the anode of diode 124 while the normal control signal by way of line 28 is connected to the anode of the diode 126. The signal which appears on line 26, the output of the high value gate 24, is the higher of the two signals applied to the two diodes 124 and 126 and this signal is applied to the control 22 as explained with respect to FIG. 1.
As earlier mentioned, the relatively long time constant of the filter 38, and its associated amplifier circuit 32, does not permit the system to respond as rapidly to changes as can be demanded by the normal control signal on line 28. As such, a very fast reduction in the normal control signal could retard the phase bridge rectifiers to a point of commutation failure before the output of amplifier 90 could change sufficiently to drive the signal on line 45 to its takeover point. This problem is corrected, as previously indicated, by the inclusion of the tracking system 34 which provides for holding the output of amplifier 116 (block 44) at a value slightly more negative than the normal control signal for normal operating conditions. This is achieved by the signal on line 33 which biases the output of amplifier 90 to a value nearly equal to that of the reference voltage from block 42.
Still referencing FIG. 2, the tracking function is achieved by the tracking circuit 34 which includes a first operational amplifier 132 which has its noninverting input connected to ground by way of a resistor 134 and its inverting input connected to receive the signal on line 45 by way of a resistor 136. A feedback resistor 138 is connected between its output and its inverting input. The output of amplifier 132 is applied by way of a resistor 140 to the inverting input of an operational amplifier 142 which has its noninverting input connected to ground by way of resistor 144. A second input to the inverting input of amplifier 142 is the normal control signal on line 28 which is applied via resistor 146. A diode 148 poled with its anode connected to the output of amplifier 142 is connected between that output and the inverting input. A second diode 150, poled to pass negative signals from the amplifier 142, is connected to the amplifier output and the line 33 is connected to the anode of that diode. A further feedback path is provided from the anode of diode 150 to the inverting input of amplifier 142 and includes a resistor 152. As such, the normal control signal on line 28 is fed through amplifier 142 and summed with the signal which is the output of amplifier 132. The output of amplifier 132 is, in turn, the inversion of the signal on line 45. This algebraic sum (difference) is amplified by amplifier 142. If the signal on line 45 is less than the normal control signal, the output of amplifier 142 is negative. This negative signal, when applied to amplifier 90 by way of resistor 92 brings the output of resistor 116 up to a value just slightly less than the normal control signal. If the output on line 45 is greater than the normal control signal (line 28), as is the case when the minimum on-time regulator is in control, the output of amplifier 142 is a positive diode drop above ground and is, therefore, disconnected from amplifier 90 by way of diode 150. Thus, the tracking circuit 34 maintains the circuitry of the basic invention at a point ready to respond to the changes in the overall control.
As discussed with respect to FIG. 1, due to transient conditions it is possible that commutation failure could occur with the circuit thus far described. Therefore, the recovery circuit shown in detail in FIG. 3 is included. Referencing now FIG. 3, the phase unbalance detector 46, which can be of any suitable type, provides a signal on line 164 which is proportional to the average of the three phase voltages on lines L1, L2 and L3. This is achieved, in the illustrated embodiment, by providing three rectifying circuits 160 each connected to one of the phase voltage lines such that the outputs of these three rectifying circuits are summed at a junction 161. Junction 161 is connected to a common divide-by-three circuit 162 so that the output signal on line 164 has a value proportional to the average phase voltage. This signal forms one input to each of three comparator circuits 166, 168 and 170. The other inputs to the three comparators are, respectively, the outputs of three additional rectifying circuits 165 which receive inputs from the three phase voltages; that is, from lines L1, L2 and L3. The outputs of the three comparators 166, 168 and 170 are connected to an OR gate 172 such that there appears at the output of OR gate 172 a voltage or a signal whenever there is an unbalance in the line voltages. (It is to be expressly understood that this particular unbalance detector is shown merely for purposes of example and that other forms could be used.)
The output of the phase unbalance detector 46 (line 47) is applied by way of an input resistor 174 to the noninverting input of an amplifier 176 within the comparison circuit 48. The inverting input of amplifier 176 is connected by way of a resistor 178 to the reference 50 which may be comprised of a simple potentiometer 180 connected between a source of positive potential (+V) and ground. The output of the comparator 48 serves as an input to the integrator 52. Integrator 52 includes an operational amplifier 182 having an inverting input to which the output of the comparator 48 is applied by way of a resistor 184. The noninverting input of amplifier 182 is connected by way of a resistor 186 to ground. The parallel combination of a capacitor 188 and a diode 190 serves as a feedback path between the output of the amplifier 182 and its inverting input. Diode 190 is poled such that its cathode is connected to the output of the amplifier 182. This integrator, as earlier indicated, serves to suppress transients.
Multivibrator 54 receives the output of integrator 52 and includes a timing circuit 192 which, in the embodiment of the invention implemented was an integrated chip designated as a Signetics 555 linear integrated timing circuit (Signetics Corporation, 811 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94086). This circuit merely performs a standard timing function. The output of the timer 192 is applied by way of a resistor 194 to the inverting input of an operational amplifier 196 which has its noninverting input connected to a positive bias represented by the voltage divider including resistors 198 and 200 connected between a source of positive potential and ground. The output of the amplifier 196 is applied by way of a diode 202, poled to pass only negative pulses, and forms the output 56 which, with respect to FIG. 2, is shown as applied to the amplifier 90 by way of resistor 94.
As a brief functional description of the recovery circuit, an unbalance in the line voltages is sensed and a d.c. voltage proportional to the unbalance is fed to the comparison circuit 48 to be compared to the reference. The output of the comparator is at negative saturation for normal conditions and positive saturation for commutation failure. The integrator 52 is at positive saturation under normal conditions and integrates downward when a commutation failure occurs. When the output of amplifier 182 falls to some predetermined value, the monostable multivibrator 54 is triggered. The output of amplifier 196 is normally high and disconnected from the amplifier 90 of FIG. 2 by way of the diode 202. Upon commutation failure and after expiration of the time delay occasioned by the timer 192, the positive pulse from the timer 192 which is inverted by amplifier 196 feeds a negative pulse or restart signal through the diode 202 and by way of resistor 94 (FIG. 2) to the inverting input of the amplifier 90 of FIG. 2. This signal will force the amplifier 90 to output a positive signal and restore normal commutation and the basic circuit shown in FIG. 2 will then return to normal operation. The short period of time which the bridge 10 is phased to full on will have no significant effect upon the load particularly if the load is inductive as was assumed in the present instance.
From the foregoing it is seen there has been provided a relatively simple and easily implemented circuit which prevents or at least guards against the commutation failure of the controlled rectifiers of a polyphase rectification bridge and which further provides for system recovery in the event of failure. While there has been shown and described what is at present considered to be the preferred embodiment of the present invention, modifications thereto will readily occur to those skilled in the art. It is not desired, therefore, that the invention be limited to the specific arrangements shown and described and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 20, 1972
|Jul 17, 1973
|Asea Ab
|Current converter control system
|Feb 25, 1972
|Nov 6, 1973
|Gen Electric
|Margin angle control for hvdc converter having improved valve current monitor
|Oct 24, 1973
|Nov 12, 1974
|Gen Electric
|Starting inhibit scheme for an hvdc converter
|Mar 15, 1974
|May 13, 1975
|Mc Graw Edison Co
|Three phase sequence insensitive full range SCR firing circuit
|May 23, 1973
|Nov 25, 1975
|Xerox Corp
|High power regulated D.C. supply
|May 22, 1975
|Dec 13, 1977
|Reliance Electric Company
|Digital firing control for a converter
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 13, 1981
|Mar 15, 1983
|Borg-Warner Corporation
|Protection system for immunizing an inverter system against A-C line voltage disturbances
|Jan 7, 1985
|May 13, 1986
|General Electric Company
|Method and apparatus for the protection of a thyristor power conversion system
|Mar 20, 1986
|Feb 9, 1988
|Square D Company
|Phase unbalance detector
|Feb 27, 1987
|Oct 4, 1988
|Asea Power Systems, Inc.
|Inverter commutation failure prevention method and apparatus
|Sep 18, 1991
|Apr 27, 1993
|Flick John R
|Ac/dc converter fault detector
|Aug 13, 1992
|Nov 29, 1994
|Diversified Electronics, Inc.
|Three-phase unbalance and voltage monitor circuit
|Aug 15, 2001
|Dec 10, 2002
|Astec International Limited
|Inrush current control for AC to DC converters
|Aug 9, 2002
|Mar 30, 2004
|Astec International Limited
|Active inrush current control for AC to DC converters
|Jun 3, 2005
|Dec 7, 2006
|Phadke Vijay G
|Active inrush current control using a relay for AC to DC converters
|May 10, 2013
|Aug 21, 2014
|Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus and method for detecting voltage unbalance, and power meter using the same
|Sep 16, 1992
|Apr 1, 1993
|Sundstrand Corporation
|Ac/dc converter fault detector
|U.S. Classification
|363/54, 363/129, 363/87
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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The man is my 'step-grandfather 'Herbert Lesley Gaines. My grandmother in the photo is 'Lee Gunter-Downing-Gaines. Lee may be a nickname for her. She was born in Erath Co. Texas and the couple lived in 'Newkirk, NM. She is buried in Cuervo. Her parentsd are Weiht/Wright Gunter and Hannah Rams(a)y. Leave me a message!!
at Gunter/Gaines, Paris, Texas
Phyllis King Hi, I think he is descended from Henry Franic Gaines of Benton/Calhoun/Cleburne Co., Alabama. Would have to double check this though.
Feb 07, 2005 · Reply

subset: commoncrawl


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San Juan Earth Day celebration today
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TNK-BP Shares Retreat After Fridman Resigns as Chief Executive
TNK-BP shares dropped after the oil company said billionaire shareholder Mikhail Fridman resigned as chief executive officer.
The stock fell 0.8 percent to 83.30 rubles by 1:16 p.m. in Moscow. The Micex Index rose 1.2 percent to 1,297.30.
BP Plc's Russian venture will be run by a group of executives, the Moscow-based company said in a statement today. Fridman's resignation will take effect in 30 days, according to the statement.
Shareholders German Khan and Viktor Vekselberg will remain on the company's management board, according to the statement.
Before it's here, it's on the Bloomberg Terminal. LEARN MORE


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Ponte Vecchio
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Florence Masterpieces
Another early start this morning as we boarded the bus for our transfer to Florence. We drove through the Tuscan countryside past sunflower fields which was lovely. There were some traffic delays as we came into Florence (not as bad as Rome) so it took 2 hours to get there. We were dropped off near Piazza Santa Croce. Alex and I walked straight to …
Pisa and Florence
We awoke to find our tent still intact after last nights wind. We had a refreshing hot shower and headed off to Pisa. There was a bit of a walk from the train station to the sights. The Leaning Tower was great - beautiful and white and certainly on a lean. As you walked inside you kept losing your balance. Next to the tower was a cathedral and …
Two trips to Florence
... it to ourselves to see the real David, and so we had another three nights in Florence.
David lived up to my friend's promise. I definitely did fall in love. The scale of the statue is mind-boggling, especially when you learn a little about the technique used by Michelangelo to sculpt it – he worked on the marble block with it laying horizontally on the ground, before it was hoisted upright for the back to be sculpted. That man was unbelievable. What ...
Our tour of Florence
... to us that the sculptures say on these electric bases which would send electric shocks to stop pigeons and other birds from sitting on them and soiling them.
We wandered to another cathedral called the Basilica di Santa Croce which is the principal and largest Franciscan church in the whole world. The church also is also known as the Temple of the Italian Glories because some of the most famous Italians are buried there including Michelangelo, Galileo, ...


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WACO -- Kansas freshman Marcus Morris had a dominating start after halftime and twin brother Markieff had some big contributions of his own and the 21st-ranked Jayhawks beat Baylor 75-65 Monday night for their seventh straight victory.
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PRO Research
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Stephen Simpson, CFA
Company Description
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Sector: Utilities
Industry: Water Utilities
Country: Germany
Other News & PR
See More »


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Atonement: A Novel Paperback – February 25, 2003
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We meet 13-year-old Briony Tallis in the summer of 1935, as she attempts to stage a production of her new drama "The Trials of Arabella" to welcome home her older, idolized brother Leon. But she soon discovers that her cousins, the glamorous Lola and the twin boys Jackson and Pierrot, aren't up to the task, and directorial ambitions are abandoned as more interesting prospects of preoccupation come onto the scene. The charlady's son, Robbie Turner, appears to be forcing Briony's sister Cecilia to strip in the fountain and sends her obscene letters; Leon has brought home a dim chocolate magnate keen for a war to promote his new "Army Ammo" chocolate bar; and upstairs, Briony's migraine-stricken mother Emily keeps tabs on the house from her bed. Soon, secrets emerge that change the lives of everyone present....
The interwar, upper-middle-class setting of the book's long, masterfully sustained opening section might recall Virginia Woolf or Henry Green, but as we move forward--eventually to the turn of the 21st century--the novel's central concerns emerge, and McEwan's voice becomes clear, even personal. For at heart, Atonement is about the pleasures, pains, and dangers of writing, and perhaps even more, about the challenge of controlling what readers make of your writing. McEwan shouldn't have any doubts about readers of Atonement: this is a thoughtful, provocative, and at times moving book that will have readers applauding. --Alan Stewart, Amazon.co.uk --This text refers to the Hardcover edition.
From Publishers Weekly
Copyright 2001 Cahners Business Information, Inc.--This text refers to the Hardcover edition.
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The story starts on a summer day at a large country estate in pre-WWII England. For anyone who delights in the heady mix of intelligence, innocence and youthful imagination, the beginning is like eating rich chocolate: 13 year old Briony has written a play -- the references to Austen, Burney, and family performances within 18th century lore are abundant and perfect -- to be rehearsed and performed by her unwilling and displaced visiting cousins in order to celebrate her brother's return to home with his sophisticated friend. However, reheasals in the playroom for THE TRIALS OF ARABELLA (of course) do not run smoothly: the twins boys do not understand what is expected of them; there's tension between Briony and 15 year old Lola. During the hot summer afternoon, Briony looks out the window to see her older sister Cecilia and Robbie, the cleaning lady's son, having what looks like some kind of menacing (and intimate) interaction in the fountain. The rest of the day's events and mishaps play out without implication until nightfall when a real crime of a sexual nature occurs and Briony's overactive imagination and lack of sophistication lead her to make a accusation which results in genuine tragedy for everyone. Without revealing the entire plot and overwhelming descriptions of war and survival, Briny spends her life paying for this mistake. Near the end of her long life, and having enjoyed without enjoyment a successful writing career, Briony's birthday is celebrated by her relations.Read more ›
McEwan invites you into an English world that you will smell, hear, feel, and taste - and your mind and emotions will be fully engaged. The family has money and servants but this is nothing you've seen on television or the movies. The story is told with discipline and control, and from several points of view. The people are palpably real. It's a tightly organized and satisfying assemblage of the things that matter, among them family life, childhood, debt and obligation, loyalty, imagination, faith and hope, innocence and guilt, love, desire, varieties of destruction - and the urge to make a difference. Finally: war and peace. (In fact, you might be reminded of Tolstoy in more than a few ways.) In addition it's a fierce and moving meditation on the life of the mind and creativity. At the same time, McEwan's powers of description are such that all of your senses are never anything but fully engaged. English country life in the 1930's - a heat wave, and the fragrance of wildflowers, the feel of a silk dress that is sticking to skin, the thick dark of a moonless summer night - through the horrors of the Second World War (Dunkirk most dramatically and effectively) and beyond.Read more ›
The rest of the novel does not maintain the momentum created. The story picks up five years later with Robbie at the front in France after having spent the intervening years in prison for THE crime, which he did not commit. Briony, obviously in part as a result of her guilt for blaming Robbie rather than the real aggressor in a false testimony, has decided to train as a nurse in London.Read more ›
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Most Recent Customer Reviews
The cover of this edition shows it truly as what it is: a classic. The story of deception, perspective, imagination, delusion and responsability is one of the best written by... Read morePublished 1 day ago by ana ovejero
Atonement encompasses many different aspects of twentieth century life, offering drama, war, and resolution to appeal to as many readers as possible. Read morePublished 21 days ago by Carsten
I watched the movie version first and loved it so much, I decided to get the book. The great thing is, you get the same feeling of dread and love and passion and hope and just... Read morePublished 21 days ago by MSmurf
Honestly, I liked the movie better than the book, which doesn't happen too often when it comes to the book/movie options of a piece of art. Read morePublished 27 days ago by Katie L.
This was one of those books that I read into the wee hours, unable to put down. It is not simply a good yarn, but the pleasure of this story is in the telling.Published 27 days ago by Tracy


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Providers can manage improvement through lean health care
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The Greenfield High School Drama group has been chosen to perform at the American High School Theatre Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 2015.
The school received three nominations after last fall's production of "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat."
Once nominated by a state, regional or national theater association, the director fills out application paperwork and submits up to 10 pages of supporting materials to a board of advisers. The board ranks the applications based on most recent bodies of work, honors and awards, technical ability, community involvement, philosophies, recommendations and overall dramatic excellence.
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More from News and Features
- Greenfield unveils inaugural season for new Konkel Park amphitheater
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- Bluemel's Garden & Landscape Center in Greenfield expands with on-site coffee garden
- Greenfield Police blotter: July 21
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- Greenfield Police blotter: July 14, 2016
- Cannon-lover fires eight-gun salute down Greenfield street for Fourth
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TRENTON — New Jersey's economic development agency, citing the prospect of thousands of jobs and billions in future tax revenue, approved tax incentives Tuesday to help complete the financing for the half-finished Revel casino project.
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Three Quarter Sleeve Plaid Shirt
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Cuffs can be turned back to solid white to lend a touch of tailored polish to a fitted shirt emboldened with a large-scale plaid.
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- Curved hem with side slits.
- Approx. length from shoulder: 27".
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Three Quarter Sleeve Plaid Shirt
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A Boston city councilor called Monday for an independent investigation of the apparent suicide of a former medical student awaiting trial in the death of a masseuse he met through Craigslist.
City Councilor Stephen Murphy said Philip Markoff should not have been able to kill himself while in custody of the Suffolk County sheriff. Markoff was discovered dead, alone in his cell, on Sunday morning.
Authorities are withholding the cause of death until the results of specialized tests come in. The Boston Herald, quoting anonymous sources, said the 24-year-old used a pen to cut arteries and covered his head with a plastic bag. The newspaper also reported that he had not been checked all night.
"48 Hours Mystery's" Coverage of the Craigslist Murders
Suspect Dies, What Happens Now?
"Regardless of my personal feelings about Philip Markoff, he technically was an inmate awaiting trial, and he was in the care and custody of the Suffolk County Sheriff's Office. He had shown a penchant for doing harm to himself before. You would have thought he would have been under the closest of attention," said Murphy, chairman of the council's Public Safety Committee.
Murphy said the Boston Police Department and Suffolk County district attorney should expand their investigation of Markoff's death to examine procedures at the Nashua Street jail and other facilities under the jurisdiction of Suffolk County Sheriff Andrea Cabral.
Cabral rebuffed Murphy, who is running for state treasurer, saying he "persists in talking about things about which he knows nothing." She also called his demand politically motivated, adding: "It's getting your face on camera without having any information or any of the facts."
An attorney for the family of victim Julissa Brisman says Markoff's death denies a long-awaited opportunity to confront him and hear the details of Brisman's final moments.
"First he took their daughter from them, then he denied that opportunity for them," said Djuna Perkins, an attorney for Brisman's mother, Carmen Guzman.
Brisman, a 26-year-old masseuse, was beaten with a gun and shot three times in a Boston hotel in April 2009. Authorities allege Markoff killed Brisman after meeting her on the Craigslist classified-ads website, luring her to the Marriott Copley Hotel and botching a robbery to support his gambling habit.
He also was suspected in two similar attacks.
"Many people who deal with homicide never get over it, but the criminal trial allows them to confront the suspect, hear the evidence and reach some resolution in the case," Perkins said.
Jennifer Roman, legal analyst at CBS Station WBZ in Boston reports it may take several months, but the murder charges against Philip Markoff will ultimately be dismissed, and Markoff will not have a conviction on his record. Instead, it will reflect the charges being dropped.
Perkins did not fault the sheriff's office in the death. Markoff had been placed under suicide watch just three days after his arrest after a correction officer noticed marks on his neck indicating he may have attempted to hang himself.
"I think that if you really want to commit suicide, you're going to do it," Perkins said. "He was somebody who had an anatomical knowledge. He was a smart guy. I'm sure he could find plenty of time to think."
Jail Probe Sought in Craigslist Suspect's Death
© 2010 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.


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Comparison Review: TVS Apache RTR 200 4V vs Bajaj Pulsar AS 200
Sameer Contractor | Sunday June 12, 2016
Having lived with the Apache for a while now, it was time to see how does the flagship TVS stands up against Bajaj Auto's Pulsar AS 200 that promises to bring that 'Adventure Sport' quotient in your life. Read on to find out.
Comparison Review: Bajaj Pulsar RS 200 vs TVS Apache RTR 200 4V
Kingshuk Dutta | Friday June 24, 2016
Both the Pulsar and the Apache have a rich history in the Indian two-wheeler market and Bajaj and TVS have ensured that both these machines evolve for the better over time and now we have the Pulsar RS 200 and the Apache RTR 200 4V vying for the top spot in the entry-level performance motorcycling segment.
TVS Apache RTR 200 4V Test Ride Review
Sameer Contractor | Monday May 30, 2016
We took the new TVS Apache RTR 200 4V for a special road test and were as impressed as we were during our time at the Company's test track in Hosur.
Ashton Carter Says US To Deploy More Forces To Back Iraq's Anti-ISIS War
World News | Agence France-Presse | Tuesday April 19, 2016
The United States will deploy additional forces to Iraq and make Apache attack helicopters available to support the country's troops, US Secretary of Defence Ashton Carter said Monday in Baghdad.
Plane Wreckage Found 50 Years After Crash
World News | Indo-Asian News Service | Friday April 8, 2016
Half a century after crashing in Argentina, the wreckage of a twin-engine Piper Apache aircraft has been found with the bodies of the four people aboard, Argentina's National News Agency DyN reported.
Auto Expo 2016: TVS Unveils Akula 310, the BMW G 310 R-Based Concept Bike
CarAndBike Team | Wednesday February 3, 2016
TVS has unveiled Akula 310 - the BMW G 310 R-based concept bike at the 2016 Auto Expo.
TVS Apache RTR 200 4V: 7 Things You Need to Know
Preetam Bora | Thursday January 21, 2016
TVS Motor Company has just launched the Apache 200 4V, the flagship bike of the Hosur-based two-wheeler manufacturer. Here's a look at all you need to know about the new TVS Apache 200 4V.
TVS Apache RTR 200 4V vs KTM 200 Duke vs Bajaj Pulsar 200 NS
Divyanshu Boora | Thursday January 21, 2016
We pit the new TVS Apache RTR 200 4V against the KTM 200 Duke and the Bajaj Pulsar 200 NS on paper to see how they measure up against each other.
TVS Launches Victor and Apache RTR 200 4V at Rs. 49,490 and Rs. 88,990
CarAndBike Team | Wednesday January 20, 2016
TVS Motor Company has finally launched the two most anticipated motorcycles of 2016 - Victor and Apache RTR 200 4V - in the Indian market.
TVS Apache RTR 200 4V Gets a Custom Made Full-Fairing in Indonesia
Sameer Contractor | Thursday June 16, 2016
The naked styling on the TVS Apache RTR 200 4V was disappointing for some, but the folks in Indonesia have managed to combat the issue by building a custom supersport version of the pocket rocket.
TVS Apache RTR 200 4V Specifications Leaked Ahead of Official Launch
Sameer Contractor | Monday January 18, 2016
The design and specifications for the production spec TVS Apache RTR 200 4V have been leaked online ahead of the official launch on January 20.
New 200cc TVS Apache to Be Christened Apache RTR 200 4V
Seshan Vijayraghvan | Thursday January 14, 2016
TVS Motor Company is all set to launch its most awaited product for 2016, the Apache 200 this month and TVS is likely to christen its new 200cc bike - Apache RTR 200 4V.
First-Ever 'Growth Chart' For Milky Way Created
World News | Press Trust of India | Monday January 11, 2016
Researchers have created the first-ever 'growth chart' for Milky Way, which shows how our galaxy grew from its infancy to the bright spiral galaxy we see today.
TVS Victor to Be Re-Launched on January 20
CarAndBike Team | Friday January 8, 2016
TVS Motor Company is all set to reintroduce its popular commuter motorcycle brand Victor. The new TVS Victor will be launched alongwith the much-anticipated Apache RTR 200, on January 20, 2016.
TVS Apache RTR 200 May Get Two Variants; Launch on January 20
CarAndBike Team | Monday January 11, 2016
The new TVS Apache 200 will be presented in two variants - a standard version with petal disc brakes and TVS tyres, as well as a premium variant with Pirelli tyres and dual-channel ABS.
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According to a June 25 report on livemint.com, India's biggest oil exploration company, the state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corp. Ltd (ONGC), is expected to name within a week the winner of a tender to build 12 ships that will support its oil drilling operations. It was reported that Pipavav Shipyard Ltd, India's newest private sector shipbuilder, has submitted the lowest bid. However, the winner will not be named ahead of a formal announcement by ONGC.
(Source: livemint.com)
Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
In June 2016 Horizon Shipbuilding, Inc. of Bayou La Batre, Ala. delivered the M/V Marty Cullinan, a 120' towboat with a retractable pilot house, to its home port of New Orleans, La.
The North Carolina Department of Transportation recently took delivery of a new, fully customized cutter suction dredge, which it christened the Dredge Manteo in a ceremony held April 28,
Elomatic Ltd and Deltamarin Ltd have signed a tri-party engineering contract with shipbuilder MV Werften for the design of Star Cruises' new Global Class "mega passenger ship,


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With its record jackpot of CAN$54 million and 2 draws every single week, Canada's 6/49 Lotto has been churning out big-money winners since 1982. That means it's one of the oldest national lottos in the world. Not only that, but its 6/49 format is one of the easiest to play, ...
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