text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jan 17, 2012
|Filing date
|Nov 5, 2006
|Priority date
|Feb 5, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gary W. Elko
|Original Assignee
|Mh Acoustics, Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (30), Referenced by (19), Classifications (13), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of PCT patent application no. PCT/US2006/044427 filed on Nov. 15, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/193,825, filed on Jul. 12, 2002 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,171,008 on Jan. 30, 2007, which claimed the benefit of the filing date of U.S. provisional application No. 60/354,650, filed on Feb. 5, 2002, the teachings of all three of which are incorporated herein by reference. PCT patent application no. PCT/US2006/044427 also claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. provisional application No. 60/737,577, filed on Nov. 17, 2005, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to acoustics, and, in particular, to techniques for reducing room reverberation and noise in microphone systems, such as those in laptop computers, cell phones, and other mobile communication devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Interest in simple two-element microphone arrays for speech input into personal computers has grown due to the fact that most personal computers have stereo input and output. Laptop computers have the problem of physically locating the microphone so that disk drive and keyboard entry noises are minimized. One obvious solution is to locate the microphone array at the top of the LCD display. Since the depth of the display is typically very small (laptop designers strive to minimize the thickness of the display), any directional microphone array will most likely have to be designed to operate as a broadside design, where the microphones are placed next to each other along the top of the laptop display and the main beam is oriented in a direction that is normal to the array axis (the display top, in this case).
It is well known that room reverberation and noise are typical problems when using microphones mounted on laptop or desktop computers that are not close to the talker's mouth. Unfortunately, the directional gain that can be attained by the use of only two acoustic pressure microphones is limited to first-order differential patterns, which have a maximum gain of 6 dB in diffuse noise fields. For two elements, the microphone array built from pressure microphones can attain the maximum directional gain only in an endfire arrangement. For implementation limitations, the endfire arrangement dictates microphone spacing of more than 1 cm. This spacing might not be physically desired, or one may desire to extend the spatial filtering performance of a single endfire directional microphone by using an array mounted on the display top edge of a laptop PC.
Similar to the laptop PC application is the problem of noise pickup by mobile cell phones and other portable communication devices such as communication headsets.
Certain embodiments of the present invention relate to a technique that uses the acoustic output signal from two microphones mounted side-by-side in the top of a laptop display or on a mobile cell phone or other mobile communication device such as a communication headset. These two microphones may themselves be directional microphones such as cardioid microphones. The maximum directional gain for a simple delay-sum array is limited to 3 dB for diffuse sound fields. This gain is attained only at frequencies where the spacing of the elements is greater than or equal to one-half of the acoustic wavelength. Thus, there is little added directional gain at low frequencies where typical room noise dominates. To address this problem, certain embodiments of the present invention employ a spatial noise suppression (SNS) algorithm that uses a parametric estimation of the main signal direction to attain higher suppression of off-axis signals than is possible by classical linear beamforming for two-element broadside arrays. The beamformer utilizes two omnidirectional or first-order microphones, such as cardioids, or a combination of an omnidirectional and a first-order microphone that are mounted next to each other and aimed in the same direction (e.g., towards the user of the laptop or cell phone).
Essentially, the SNS algorithm utilizes the ratio of the power of the differenced array signal to the power of the summed array signal to compute the amount of incident signal from directions other than the desired front position. A standard noise suppression algorithm, such as those described by S. F. Boll, "Suppression of acoustic noise in speech using spectral subtraction," IEEE Trans. Acoust. Signal Proc., vol. ASSP-27, April 1979, and E. J. Diethorn, "Subband noise reduction methods," Acoustic Signal Processing for Telecommunication, S. L. Gay and J. Benesty, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Chapter 9, pp. 155-178, March 2000, the teachings of both of which are incorporated herein by reference, is then adjusted accordingly to further suppress undesired off-axis signals. Although not limited to using directional microphone elements, one can use cardioid-type elements, to remove the front-back symmetry and minimizes rearward arriving signals. By using the power ratio of the two (or more) microphone signals, one can estimate when a desired source from the broadside of the array is operational and when the input is diffuse noise or directional noise from directions off of broadside. The ratio measure is then incorporated into a standard subband noise suppression algorithm to affect a spatial suppression component into a normal single-channel noise-suppression processing algorithm. The SNS algorithm can attain higher levels of noise suppression for off-axis acoustic noise sources than standard optimal linear processing.
In one embodiment, the present invention is a method for processing audio signals, comprising the steps of (a) generating an audio difference signal; (b) generating an audio sum signal; (c) generating a difference-signal power based on the audio difference signal; (d) generating a sum-signal power based on the audio sum signal; (e) generating a power ratio based on the difference-signal power and the sum-signal power; (f) generating a suppression value based on the power ratio; and (g) performing noise suppression processing for at least one audio signal based on the suppression value to generate at least one noise-suppressed output audio signal.
In another embodiment, the present invention is a signal processor adapted to perform the above-reference method. In yet another embodiment, the present invention is a consumer device comprising two or more microphones and such a signal processor.
Other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals identify similar or identical elements.
To begin, assume that two nondirectional microphones are spaced a distance of d meters apart. The magnitude array response S of the array formed by summing the two microphone signals is given by Equation (1) as follows:
where k=ω/c is the wavenumber, ω is the angular frequency, and c is the speed of sound (m/s), and θis defined as the angle relative to the array axis. If the two elements are subtracted, then the array magnitude response D can be written as Equation (2) as follows:
An important design feature that can impact the design of any beamformer design is that both of these functions are periodic in frequency. This periodic phenomenon is also referred to as spatial aliasing in beamforming literature. In order to remove frequency ambiguity, the distance d between the microphones is typically chosen so that there is no aliasing up to the highest operating frequency. The constraint that occurs here is that the microphone element spacing should be less than one wavelength at the highest frequency. One may note that this value is twice the spacing that is typical in beamforming design. But the sum and difference array do not both incorporate steering, which in turn introduces the one-wavelength spacing limit. However, if it is desired to allow modal variation of the array relative to the desired source, then some time delay and amplitude matching would be employed. Allowing time-delay variation is equivalent to "steering" the array and therefore the high-frequency cutoff will be lower. However, off-axis nearfield sources would not exhibit these phenomena due to the fact that these source locations result in large relative level differences between the microphones.
As stated in the Summary, the detection measure for the spatial noise suppression (SNS) algorithm is based on the ratio of powers from the differenced and summed closely spaced microphones. The power ratio
For small values of kd, Equations (1) and (2) can be reduced to Equations (4) and (5), respectively, as follows:
S(ω,θ)≈2 (4)
D(ω,θ)≈|kd cos(θ)| (5)
and therefore Equation (3) can be expressed by Equation (6) as follows:
These approximations are valid over a fairly large range of frequencies for arrays where the spacing is below the one-wavelength spacing criterion. In Equation (5), it can be seen that the difference array has a first-order high-pass frequency response. Equation (4) does not have frequency dependence. In order to have a roughly frequency-independent ratio, either the sum array can be equalized with a first-order high-pass response or the difference array can be filtered through a first-order low-pass filter with appropriate gain. For the implementation of the SNS algorithm described in this specification, the first option was chosen, namely to multiply the sum array output by a filter whose gain is ωd/(2c). In other implementations, the difference array can be filtered or both the sum and difference arrays can be appropriately filtered. After applying a filter to the sum array with the first-order high-pass response kd/2, the ratio of the powers of the difference and sum arrays yields Equation (7) as follows:
In general, any angular suppression function could be created by using
Diffuse Spatial Noise
The diffuse-field power ratio can be computed by integrating the
It is possible that the desired source direction is not broadside to the array, and therefore one would need to steer the single null to the desired source pattern for the difference array could be any first-order differential pattern. However, as the first-order pattern is changed from dipole to other first-order patterns, the amplitude response from the preferred direction (the direction in which the directivity index is maximum) increases. At the extreme end of steering the first-order pattern to endfire (a cardioid pattern), the difference array output along the endfire increases by 6 dB. Thus, the value for
Thus, one can write explicit limits for all far-field diffuse noise fields when the minimized difference signal is formed by a first-order differential pattern according to Equation (9) as follows:
−4.8 dB≦
One simple and straightforward way to reduce the range of
Another approach that bounds the minimum of
If we assume that the acoustic field is spatially homogeneous (such that the correlation function is not dependent on the absolute position of the sensors) and also assume that the field is diffuse (uncorrelated signals from all direction), then the vector r can be replaced with a scalar variable d, which is the spacing between the two measurement locations. Thus, the cross-spectral density for an isotropic field is the average cross-spectral density for all spherical directions, θ, φ. Therefore, Equation (14) can be expressed as Equation (15) as follows:
where No(ω) is the power spectral density at the measurement locations and it has been assumed without loss in generality that the vector r lies along the z-axis. Note that the isotropic assumption implies that the power spectral density is the same at each location. The complex spatial coherence function γ is defined as the normalized cross-spectral density according to Equation (16) as follows:
For diffuse noise and omnidirectional receivers, the spatial coherence function is purely real, such that Equation (17) results as follows:
The output power spectral densities of the sum signal (Saa(ω)) and the minimized difference signal (Sdd(ω)), where the minimized difference signal contains all uncorrelated signal components between the microphone channels, can be written as Equations (18) and (19) as follows:
Taking the ratios of Equation (18) and Equation (19) normalized by kd/2 yields Equation (20) as follows:
where the approximation is reasonable for kd/2<<π. Converting to decibels results in Equation (21) as follows:
From Equation (7), it can be seen that, for a propagating acoustic wave, 0≦
From the above development, it was shown that the power ratio between the difference and sum arrays is a function of the incident angle of the signal for the case of a single propagating wave sound field. For diffuse fields, the ratio is a function of the directivity of the microphone pattern for the minimized difference signal.
The spatial noise suppression algorithm is based on these observations to allow only signals propagating from a desired speech direction or position and suppress signals propagating from other directions or positions. The main problem now is to compute an appropriate suppression filter such that desired signals are passed, while off-axis and diffuse noise fields are suppressed, without the introduction of spurious noise or annoying distortion. As with any parametric noise suppression algorithm, one cannot expect that the output signal will have increased speech intelligibility, but would have the desired effect to suppress unwanted background noise and room reverberation. One suppression function would be to form the function C defined (for broadside steering) according to Equation (23) as follows:
A practical issue is that the function C has a minimum gain of 0. In a real-world implementation, one could limit the amount of suppression to some maximum value defined according to Equation (24) as follows:
C lim(θ)=max{C(θ),C min} (24)
A more-flexible suppression algorithm would allow algorithm tuning to allow a general suppression function that limits that suppression to certain preset bounds and trajectories. Thus, one has to find a mapping that allows one to tailor the suppression preferences.
As a starting point for the design of a practical algorithm, it is important to understand any constraints due to microphone sensor mismatch and inherent noise.
A conservative value for
A straight-line curve in log-log space is a potential suppression function. Of course, any mapping could be chosen via a polynomial equation fit for a desired suppression function or one could use a look-up table to allow for any general mapping.
In an alternative implementation of SNS system 600, difference and sum blocks 604 and 606 can be eliminated by using a directional (e.g., cardioid) microphone to generate the difference signal applied to power block 610 and a non-directional (e.g., omni) microphone to generate the sum signal applied to equalizer block 608.
Self-Calibration and Modal Position Flexibility
As mentioned in previous sections, the basic detection algorithm relies on an array difference output, which implies that both microphones should be reasonably calibrated. Another challenge for the basic algorithm is that there is an explicit assumption that the desired signal arrives from the broadside direction of the array. Since a typical application for the spatial noise algorithm is cell phone audio pick-up, one should also handle the design issue of having a close-talking or nearfield source. Nearfield sources have high-wavenumber components, and, as such, the ratio of the difference and sum arrays is quite different from those that would be observed from farfield sources. (It actually turns out that asymmetric nearfield source locations result in better farfield noise rejection, as will be described in more detail later in this specification.) Modal variation of close-talking (nearfield) sources could result in undesired suppression if one used the basic algorithm as outlined above. Fortunately, there is a modification to the basic implementation that addresses both of these issues.
It might be desirable to filter both input channels to exclude signals that are out of the desired frequency band. For example, using the third microphone 703 shown in
Aside from allowing one to self-calibrate the array, using an adaptive filter also allows for the compensation of modal variation in the orientation of the array relative to the desired source. Flexibility in modal orientation of a handset would be enabled for any practical handset implementation. Also, as mentioned earlier, a close-talking handset application results in a significant change in the ratio of the sum and difference array signal powers relative to farfield sources. If one used the farfield model for suppression, then a nearfield source could be suppressed if the orientation relative to the array varied over a large incident angle variation. Thus, having an adaptive filter in the path allows for both self-calibration of the array as well as variability in close-talking modal handset position. For the case of a nearfield source, the adaptive filter will adjust the two microphones to form a spatial zero in the array response rather than a null. The spatial zero is adjusted by the adaptive filter to minimize the amount of desired nearfield signal from entering into the computed difference signal.
Although not shown in the figures, the adaptive filtering of
Asymmetric Nearfield Operation
Placing an adaptive filter into the front-end processing to allow self-calibration for SNS as shown in
One can therefore exploit an asymmetrical arrangement of the microphones for nearfield sources to improve the suppression of farfield sources in a fashion similar to that of close-talking microphones. Thus, it is advantageous to use an "asymmetric" placement of the microphones where the desired source is close to the array such as in cellular phones and communication headsets. Since the endfire orientation is "asymmetrical" relative to the talker's mouth (each microphone is not equidistant), this would be a reasonable geometry since it also offers the possibility to use the microphones as a superdirectional beamformer for farfield pickup of sound (where the desired sound source is not in the nearfield of the microphone array).
Computer Model Results
Matlab programs were written to simulate the response of the spatial suppression algorithm for basic and NLMS implementations as well as for free and diffuse acoustic fields. First, a diffuse field was simulated by choosing a variable number of random directions for uncorrelated noise sources. The angles were chosen from uniformly distributed directions over 4π space.
Two spacings of 2 cm and 4 cm were chosen to allow array operation up to 8 kHz in bandwidth. In a first set of experiments, two microphones were assumed to be ideal cardioid microphones oriented such that their maximum response was pointing in the broadside direction (normal to the array axis). A second implementation used two omnidirectional microphones spaced at 2 cm with a desired single talking source contaminated by a wideband diffuse noise field. An overall farfield beampattern can be computed by the Pattern Multiplication Theorem, which states that the overall beampattern of an array of directional transducers is the product of the individual transducer directivity and an array of nondirectional transducers having the same array geometry.
Experimental Measurements
To verify the operation of the spatial noise suppression algorithm in real-world acoustic environments, the directivity pattern was measured for a few cases. First, a farfield source was positioned at 0.5 m from a 2-cm spaced omnidirectional array. The array was then rotated through 360 degrees to measure the polar response of the array. Since the source is within the critical distance of the microphone, which for this measurement setup was approximately 1 meter, it is expected that this set of measurements would resemble results that were obtained in a free field.
A second set of results was taken to compare the suppression obtained in a diffuse field, which is experimentally approximated by moving the source as far away as possible from the array, placing the bulk of the microphone input signal as the reverberant sound field. By comparing the power of a single microphone, one can obtain the amount of suppression that would be applied for this acoustic field.
Finally, measurements were made in a close-talking application for both a single farfield interferer and diffuse interference. In this setup, a microphone array was mounted on the pinna of a Bruel & Kjaer HATS (Head and Torso Simulator) system with a Fostex 6301B speaker placed 50 cm from the HATS system, which was mounted on a Bruel & Kjaer 9640 turntable to allow for a full 360-degree rotation in the horizontal plane.
This specification has described a new dual-microphone noise suppression algorithm with computationally efficient processing to effect a spatial suppression of sources that do not arrive at the array from the desired direction. The use of an NLMS adaptive calibration scheme was shown that allows for the desired flexibility of allowing for calibration of the microphones for effective operation. Using an adaptive filter on one of the microphone array elements also allows for a wide variation in the modal position of close-talking sources, which would be common in cellular phone handset and headset applications.
It was shown that the suppression algorithm for farfield sources is axisymmetric and therefore noise signals arriving from the same angle as the desired source direction will not be attenuated. To remove this symmetry, one could use cardioid microphones or other directional microphone elements in the array to effectively reduce unwanted noise arriving from the source angle direction. Computer model and experimental results were shown to validate the free-space far-field condition.
Two possible implementations were shown: one that requires only a single channel of subband noise suppression and a more general two-channel suppression algorithm. Both of these cases were shown to be compatible with the adaptive self-calibration and modal position variation of desired close-talking sources. It is suggested that a solution shown in this specification would be a good solution for hands-free audio input to a laptop personal computer. A real-time implementation can be used to tune this algorithm and to investigate real-world performance.
Although the present invention is described in the context of systems having two or three microphones, the present invention can also be implemented using more than three microphones. Note that, in general, the microphones may be arranged in any suitable one-, two-, or even three-dimensional configuration. For instance, the processing could be done with multiple pairs of microphones that are closely spaced and the overall weighting could be a weighted and summed version of the pair-weights as computed in Equation (24). In addition, the multiple coherence function (reference: Bendat and Piersol, "Engineering applications of correlation and spectral analysis", Wiley Interscience, 1993.) could be used to determine the amount of suppression for more than two inputs. The use of the difference-to-sum power ratio can also be extended to higher-order differences. Such a scheme would involve computing higher-order differences between multiple microphone signals and comparing them to lower-order differences and zero-order differences (sums). In general, the maximum order is one less than the total number of microphones, where the microphones are preferably relatively closely spaced.
As used in the claims, the term "power" in intended to cover conventional power metrics as well as other measures of signal level, such as, but not limited to, amplitude and average magnitude. Since power estimation involves some form of time or ensemble averaging, it is clear that one could use different time constants and averaging techniques to smooth the power estimate such as asymmetric fast-attack, slow-decay types of estimators. Aside from averaging the power in various ways, one can also average
In a system having more than two microphones, audio signals from a subset of the microphones (e.g., the two microphones having greatest power) could be selected for filtering to compensate for phase difference. This would allow the system to continue to operate even in the event of a complete failure of one (or possibly more) of the microphones.
The present invention can be implemented for a wide variety of applications having noise in audio signals, including, but certainly not limited to, consumer devices such as laptop computers, hearing aids, cell phones, and consumer recording devices such as camcorders. Notwithstanding their relatively small size, individual hearing aids can now be manufactured with two or more sensors and sufficient digital processing power to significantly reduce diffuse spatial noise using the present invention.
Although the present invention has been described in the context of air applications, the present invention can also be applied in other applications, such as underwater applications. The invention can also be useful for removing bending wave vibrations in structures below the coincidence frequency where the propagating wave speed becomes less than the speed of sound in the surrounding air or fluid.
Although the calibration processing of the present invention has been described in the context of audio systems, those skilled in the art will understand that this calibration estimation and correction can be applied to other audio systems in which it is required or even just desirable to use two or more microphones that are matched in amplitude and/or phase.
The present invention may be implemented as circuit-based processes, including possible implementation on a single integrated circuit. As would be apparent to one skilled in the art, various functions of circuit elements may also be implemented as processing steps in a software program. Such software may be employed in, for example, a digital signal processor, micro-controller, or general-purpose computer.
The present invention can be embodied in the form of methods and apparatuses for practicing those methods. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of program code embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a machine, or transmitted over some transmission medium or carrier, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose processor, the program code segments combine with the processor to provide a unique device that operates analogously to specific logic circuits.
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, each numerical value and range should be interpreted as being approximate as if the word "about" or "approximately" preceded the value of the value or range.
It will be further understood that various changes in the details, materials, and arrangements of the parts which have been described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of this invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the following claims. Although the steps in the following method claims, if any, are recited in a particular sequence with corresponding labeling, unless the claim recitations otherwise imply a particular sequence for implementing some or all of those steps, those steps are not necessarily intended to be limited to being implemented in that particular sequence.
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Owner name: MH ACOUSTICS LLC, NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ELKO, GARY W.;REEL/FRAME:020769/0541
Effective date: 20080328
|Jul 10, 2012
|Certificate of correction
|May 19, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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Noah's Ark Children's Center is now taking enrollment for their before and after school program for the 2015-2016 school year. 7:00 am until school starts and after school until 5:30 pm. Breakfast and nutritious snacks served. Activities and homework time are provided. The facility has a large fenced playground. NACC is a Silver Level Recognized Member of ExceleRate Illinois Program and has an Award Winning Intergenerational Program. Call 467-9050 to sign up.

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SCRANTON — An Archbald woman charged with abusing three children will spend the next three years under supervision, a judge decided Wednesday.
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LAUREL, MD. 11-07-14---Thirty-four sprinters have been nominated to the 23rd running of the $350,000 Frank J. De Francis Memorial Dash at Laurel Park next Saturday, Nov. 15.
LAUREL, MD. 10-29-14---Apprentice jockey Lauralea Glaser made her riding debut in today's second race at Laurel Park, rallying from last to register her first lifetime win aboard Breezy Girl.
LAUREL, MD. 10-25-14---It was a mad scramble at the top of the lane with eight of the 13 fillies and mares in the field poised to win, but Mrs. Arturo Peralta Ramos's Vicky Ticky Tavie was the one who separated herself from the rest and galloped to victory in today's 10th race at Laurel Park, the $45,000 optional allowance feature.
LAUREL, MD. 10-24-14---Kenneth Taylor et al's Start Puffing flew home down the lane to post a surprising victory at odds of 86-1 in today's eighth race at Laurel Park.
LAUREL, MD. 10-18-14---Sylvia E. Heft's Eighttofasttocatch was the popular winner of today's feature on Jim McKay Maryland Million Day, defending his title in the $150,000 Classic in wire to wire fashion at Laurel Park.
LAUREL, MD. 10-18-14---Somraj Singh & MCA Racing Stable LLC's Printasticat broke alertly, sat just off the pacesetter and when she was asked, took over the lead and drew away to win the $50,000 Maryland Distaff Starter Handicap at Laurel Park.
LAUREL, MD. 10-18-14---Michael J. Harrison's Talk Show Man caught the ever gallant Ben's Cat as the duo closed in on the finish line and won the $125,000 Maryland Million Turf at Laurel Park.
LAUREL, MD. 10-18-14---R. Larry Johnson & R. D. M. Racing Stable's My Magician is a maiden no more and she graduated in the $100,000 Maryland Million Lassie at Laurel Park no less.
LAUREL, MD. 10-18-14---Larry R. Reed claimed Outbacker for $12,500 in February and saw him blossom into a stakes winner today as his charge took the $50,000 Maryland Million Starter Handicap at Laurel Park in a driving finish.
LAUREL, MD. 10-18-14---Howard M. Bender's Bear Access rushed to the front at the start and led the rest of the way to post an upset victory at odds of 66-1 in the $125,000 Maryland Million Ladies at Laurel Park.
Come visit Laurel Park, Maryland's premier destination for horse racing and horse racing results. Located between Washington D.C. and Baltimore fans are treated to some of the best sights and sounds in the world. With an elegant Terrace Dining, comfortable Bars, simulcast rooms, and plenty of seating in the general admission area, Laurel Park has been offering exciting thoroughbred horse racing since 1911. Read More
Reserve a day at the races for an unforgettable birthday, office party, family reunion, fundraiser or association gathering. With a variety of all-inclusive packages that include value added extras, like a trip to the Winner's Circle and a picture with the winning jockey, your next gathering at Laurel Park is sure to be a memorable one. For exciting horse racing and horse racing results, Laurel Park is your best bet in Maryland. Read More
Second turf course record broken today!
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I, an amateur photographer, wants to bring camera, but not the bulk of a DSLR with the requsisite long lenses to game parks. Are digital video recorders an option to provide reasonable quality?
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Photo Equipment for Game Park visits
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Nowadays most any digital camera will provide 'excellent' quality. And, if you're an amateur and don't want the expense of the DSLR along with lenses... go into your local Photo Shop and 'shop'... the sales reps are very good and most helpful.
Though my Fuji 20X Optical (they now have up to 30X Optical) zoom, which gets you right into the animals face, have video... have never used that feature. You can find same Fuji or many other Point/Shoots with hi - optical for less than $250 and then along with a few memory chips... set to go.
Am sure others have their favorite P&S, but at least this is a start.
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Took some good videos on safari in SA 18 months ago with a Canon Powershot G12. Turned out far better than I expected, and I love looking at them. Although my husband took some wonderful shots, at least for me there is nothing like video to take you right back there.
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I'm just back and very pleased with my photos using Nikon P510. This is what is known as a "bridge" camera. It has more power and zoom than a point and shoot but no removable lenses of a DSLR. If you go to any photo shop and ask to look at a bridge camera, they'll know what you're talking about. It does have the flexibility to shoot manually (doing meter readings, setting aperture and shutter speed) but works well with Auto too, so depending on how much learning curve you want, you could shoot either way.
In any event, get your camera well ahead of your trip and learn to use it. I took mine on another big vacation and to many local zoos before I went on safari in preparation.
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It really depends what you want to do with your pics afterwards. Point and shoots are great if they have good zoom abilities but won't allow you to accommodate extreme light variations which you will always find on an African safari. You go out early in the morning when it is quite hazy, by mid morning you have sharp glare (especially further north) and deep, contrasting shadows and then evening game drives are very subtle and require something that can offer you more definition.
If you want to use your pics afterwards for anything beyond showing friends and relatives that you actually saw a live rhino, I would bring the best camera equipment possible. There is nothing worse than being on safari, seeing a leopard on a branch and not being able to capture the moment because your equipment is inadequate.
Remember the animals aren't always in the open - they are often behind bushes and rocks and photography gets tricky.
My advice as a travel writer, avid South African safari-goer and amateur photographer? Bring the equipment. It's worth the lug.
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> amateur photographer
> not using DSLR's with good lenses
Pick one.
>> Are digital video recorders an option to provide reasonable quality?
Absolutely not. The sensor is geared towards moving images (which require much less detail, and much less low light capability). And at the widest setting, it's still not nearly as wide enough to take any landscape shot.
Sorry to be so direct, but the truth is the truth.
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First question, how good are you with Photoshop? If your answer is - Photoshop what? If that is your answer, quite right to skip the DSLR thing.
I take Nikon DSLRs with me. My camera kit weighs about 30 lbs and that is not heavy compared to other kits I've seen. The most important part for making good photos is you!! It's the Indian not the arrows that count.
I'm not that familiar with digital video cameras but agree with PP above about them.
Any of the P&S superzooms will also take good video, very good video, Canon, Nikon, Sony, Fuji, Panasonic. No use to name model numbers because they change every year. That can work to your advantage, get last years model at closeout discount.
Two things to keep in mind when choosing one. Does it have a viewfinder, do you like a viewfinder? (Viewfinder - you hold the camera up to your eye to shoot photo). See the camera, play with it at a store. Oh and one more, if the first thing the kid behind the counter says is -"It has xx megapixels." That may be true, but don't believe him about anything else he says about cameras.
regards - tom
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Oh, also must add, I like video a lot. Nothing shows the environment and action like a video with real life sound. However, video is not worth having unless you can edit it.
regards - tom
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Only hotels in 62238 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in Cutler, IL for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 62238 hotels and motels so you can review the Cutler hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in Perry county and area code 618 are also listed.
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very very nice photo.
friendly greetings
Thank you scotty03 for your visit.
Great composition! Like 161
Merry Christmas, Andrea
Thank you Andrea for your visit and comment.
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year 2012!
Greetings from Greece!
Thank you makis-GREECE ® for your visit.
LIKE + una stella
complimenti per tutta la tua galleria...è aggiungendo a mé preferiti
saluti da Corsica ->maxou
Thank you sériolekiller too kind!
To jest piękne i miejsce i zdjęcie
Thank you Andrzej for your visit and comment.
Marvelous shot in the blue hour. Fantastic picture
Best wishes, Daniel
Beautiful place.
Excellent shot.
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year 2012, to you and your family with best wishes from Jordan.
Thank you:
for your visits and comments.
bellissima ed elegante! like
tanti saluti Luca! mf.
Grazie MissFingertips per la tua visita.
Pretty picture!
Greetings from Czernowitz in Ukraine, Edward
Thank you Edward_Tur for your visit and comment.
Beautiful night!
Thank you Manek for your visit and YS.
The scene is very beautiful, it's very brilliant, beautiful photo! I really like it.
Happy New Year 2012 to you and your family
Photo taken in Padua, Province of Padua, Italy


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"When you accept money in payment for your effort, you do so only on the conviction that you will exchange it for the product of the effort of others. It is not the moochers or the looters who give value to money. Not an ocean of tears nor all the guns in the world can transform those pieces of paper in your wallet into the bread you will need to survive tomorrow. Those pieces of paper which should have been gold, are a token of honor -- your claim upon the energy of the men who produce. Your wallet is your statement of hope that somewhere in the world around you there are men who will not default on that moral principle which is the root of money." ~ Ayn Rand
Gun Control: Using Threats To Get What We Want
Submitted by Westernerd on Thu, 2013-01-17 04:00
From a logical perspective, the real argument that the gun control advocates are making is that, there's nothing wrong with guns. In fact, the gun control advocates want them to be employed against the citizenry by the state on a rather grandiose level. The only problems with guns, from their perspective, is that people who are not officially sanctioned by the state have them.
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About the Book
The images in this photographic series illustrate ideas of excess and gluttony, showing thoughtless indulgence and the idea of "suffocating wealth."
Features & Details
- Category Arts & Photography
Standard Landscape, 10×8 in, 25×20 cm
40 Pages
- Publish Date Jan 06, 2011
- Tags excess, photography, glitter, grunge, film, gluttony, cinematic
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My family had been staying at the Mountain View since the early 70's it was a wonderful place for a family to stay for the week or two every summer. However I had not been there in about 20 years . On our way to So Cal. last year we stopped at the Mountain View for the night and it was not the place it once was. It seems to be rundown, the rooms are nice for one night but not for the long stay, The staff while polite isn't friendly as the older couple that once owned it. I don't know about Wifi I am on vacation electronics are turned off. The place has a smell I cant determine and there appears to be no staff but those is the front office. I know all things change but this change is not for the better. Bishop was a destination for the family vacation this motel was family ran, family worked it had a personality of the Swiss couple that owned it and there children helped run. You felt welcome there. This is not the case now . Oct 2009
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Our rooms are spacious and comfortable with all modern conveniences, including individually controlled air conditioning and heat, a small refrigerator and Cable TV with remote control. You enjoy fresh-brewed morning coffee with free continental breakfast in our breakfast room where you will also find a microwave for your convenience.For the fishermen we provide a fish-cleaning/freezing facility. Ample boat and trailer parking is available for your use. We also offer kitchen units and kitchen suites. These units are fully equipped with microwave, coffee maker, stove/oven, refrigerator, sink, pots and pans and utensils - as well as dining table and chairs. In addition, our kitchen suites offer a separate bedroom with a King or Queen bed and living room with 2 comfortable full-sized futons.We have a sparkling swimming pool for your enjoyment, a picnic area with gas BBQ and lawn seating areas. You can relax in a garden setting with beautiful roses blooming and enjoy the view and our Western antiques. ... more less
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- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Hotels.com, Agoda, Hotwire, Odigeo, Priceline, Travelocity and Orbitz so you can book your Mountain View Motel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Mountain View Hotel Bishop


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Village Green Resort & Gardens
Phone: (800) 343-7666 Fax: (541) 942-2386 View Additional Phone Numbers 725 Row River Rd, Cottage Grove, OR 97424 http://www.villagegreenresortandgardens.com
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Traylor will not play for No. 10 KU vs Georgetown
Kansas forward Jamari Traylor has been suspended for Wednesday night's game at Georgetown after he was arrested over the weekend.
Sponsored by:
Kansas forward Jamari Traylor has been suspended for Wednesday night's game at Georgetown after he was arrested over the weekend.
Chiefs safety Eric Berry has been diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease.
Wichita State moves to No. 11 in latest AP basketball poll.
David Beaty is the new head football coach at Kansas after three seasons as Texas A&M's receivers coach.
The winners will meet on Jan. 12 in Arlington, Texas, at the home of the Dallas Cowboys.
For the first time ever, a pair of Top 15 teams will square off in the Alamo Bowl as K-State takes on UCLA Jan. 2nd.
Once the second half rolled around, the Chiefs fell flat and may have flat-lined their playoff hopes in the process.
Fifth-ranked Baylor claimed a share of the Big 12 title Saturday by defeating ninth-ranked K-State 38-27 in Waco.
Wichita State bounces back from an OT loss to Utah, with an 81-52 victory over St. Louis on Saturday at Intrust Bank Arena.
Wichita State and the INTRUST Bank Arena ticket office announced that all seats for Saturdays' 5 p.m. game have been sold.
Texas A&M assistant David Beaty is interviewing with Kansas and has become the leading candidate for the Jayhawks' coaching job.
The blackout rule, which bars home games from being televised in a local market if they have not sold out, is unfair to fans.
Utah won 69-68 in overtime.
Wichita State played with the same passion, poise and grit as always. Only the result was different this time.
Pittsburgh Steelers running back Le'Veon Bell has applied for a first-offender's program on marijuana possession and driving under the influ…


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Dynamic Plaques - FVT Plaques
FVT Plaques is introducing new dynamic plaques to recognize police and sheriff's...
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Mark Rivera
FBI-CJIS Security Policy Compliance Officer
Mark Rivera, Customer Retention Manager and CJIS Security Compliance Officer with Vigilant Solutions, served for sixteen years with the Maryland State Police, retiring at the rank of First Sergeant with thirteen of those years at the supervisory and command level. He holds a Master of Science Degree in Management from The Johns Hopkins University and Secret clearance through the FBI, Baltimore.
Tattoos have become very popular in the law enforcement and military communities. Officers who get inked often choose a tattoo of something that has great meaning to them, such as family, their faith, or a close friend. View a few examples of tattoos. Photos courtesy of Steve Winterstein of Five-O Tattoo in Elburn, Ill.


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Principles of Verifiable RTL Design: A Functional Coding Style Supporting Verification Processes in Verilog / Edition 2by Lionel Bening, Harry D. Foster, Harry Foster
Pub. Date: 05/31/2001
Publisher: Springer US
The first edition of Principles of Verifiable RTL Design offered a common sense method for simplifying and unifying assertion specification by creating a set of predefined specification modules that could be instantiated within the designer's RTL. Since the release of the first edition, an entire industry-wide initiative for assertion specification has emerged
The first edition of Principles of Verifiable RTL Design offered a common sense method for simplifying and unifying assertion specification by creating a set of predefined specification modules that could be instantiated within the designer's RTL. Since the release of the first edition, an entire industry-wide initiative for assertion specification has emerged based on ideas presented in the first edition. This initiative, known as the Open Verification Library Initiative (www.verificationlib.org), provides an assertion interface standard that enables the design engineer to capture many interesting properties of the design and precludes the need to introduce new HDL constructs (i.e., extensions to Verilog are not required). Furthermore, this standard enables the design engineer to 'specify once,' then target the same RTL assertion specification over multiple verification processes, such as traditional simulation, semi-formal and formal verification tools. The Open Verification Library Initiative is an empowering technology that will benefit design and verification engineers while providing unity to the EDA community (e.g., providers of testbench generation tools, traditional simulators, commercial assertion checking support tools, symbolic simulation, and semi-formal and formal verification tools).
The second edition of Principles of Verifiable RTL Design expands the discussion of assertion specification by including a new chapter entitled 'Coverage, Events and Assertions'. All assertions exampled are aligned with the Open Verification Library Initiative proposed standard. Furthermore, the second edition provides expanded discussions on the following topics:
• start-up verification;
• the place for 4-state simulation;
• race conditions;
• RTL-style-synthesizable RTL (unambiguous mapping to gates);
• more 'bad stuff'.
The goal of the second edition is to keep the topic current. Principles of Verifiable RTL Design, A Functional Coding Style Supporting Verification Processes, Second Edition tells you how you can write Verilog to describe chip designs at the RTL level in a manner that cooperates with verification processes. This cooperation can return an order of magnitude improvement in performance and capacity from tools such as simulation and equivalence checkers. It reduces the labor costs of coverage and formal model checking by facilitating communication between the design engineer and the verification engineer. It also orients the RTL style to provide more useful results from the overall verification process.
Product Details
- 9780792373681
- Publisher:
- Springer US
- Publication date:
- 05/31/2001
- Edition description:
- 2nd ed. 2001
- Pages:
- 282
- Product dimensions:
- 6.14(w) x 9.21(h) x 0.03(d)
Table of Contents
Foreword. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. The Verification Process. 3. Coverage, Events and Assertions. 4. RTL Methodology Basics. 5. RTL Logic Simulation. 6. RTL Formal Verification. 7. Verifiable RTL Style. 8. The Bad Stuff. 9. Verifiable RTL Tutorial. 10. Principles of Verifiable RTL Design. Bibliography. A. Comparing Verilog Construct Performance. B. Quick Reference. C. Assertion Monitors.
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Each year in October, Hy-Vee leaders recognize and celebrate employees for their longevity of service in five-year increments, from five years to 45 years and beyond. The following Manhattan Hy-Vee employees were among the more than 2,500 workers recognized this month at the company's 2014 Service Award
Rockhill Real Estate Group hired Melissa Brinkman as its newest Realtor. After graduating from Wichita State University, she and her husband, AJ, relocated to the Manhattan area. She has spent the past five years working in the real estate profession. "With my excitement for the
After 50 years of barbering, Roger Allerheiligen will retire on Oct. 18. Allerheiligen's first year as a barber was in downtown Manhattan at the old Gillette Hotel Barbershop working for Bud Cunningham. His last 49 years have been in Aggieville. Initially in Aggieville, Allerheiligen worked for Ray
Russia is coming face to face with a new and perhaps even more difficult domestic problem than those it has faced in recent years. In the last few years, Moscow has had a tendency to shift money from domestic projects to those that strengthen military
JUNCTION CITY — The Manhattan High football team reclaimed the Silver Trophy Friday night at Al Simpler Stadium, winning 16-7 on a cold, rainy night in Junction City. The Indians led 16-7 with the ball with less than five minutes on the clock in the fourth
Riley County is not turning away same-sex marriage applications, but it's not yet clear if they'll be approved. Riley residents Darci Bohnenblust and Joleen Hickman, a same-sex couple of 19 years, applied for a marriage license Thursday, and the court took in the application.
Organizers aren't planning to stop the annual Promenade on Poyntz event, but the string of good luck with the weather ended on Thursday. Thursday evening brought a temperature in the mid-50s and rain. Christina Nolte, director of development for Homecare and Hospice, said
Riley County police arrested a man on robbery and kidnapping charges in connection with a previously unreported robbery that happened Wednesday. Two other robberies also took place Wednesday in Manhattan. While investigating the two other robberies, detectives found that a third robbery had been committed
An affidavit released Thursday showed that a baby killed in Manhattan in February died as a result of "multiple blunt traumatic injuries" and that she had suffered previous abuse. Alexander McConnell, 22, of Manhattan, a specialist at Fort Riley, was arrested Sept. 29 in connection with death
Dennis Anderson thinks the state insurance commissioner can make a difference, even if some Kansans forget the position even exists. "But that's how it should be," he said. "They should be doing the job, not trying to make headlines." Anderson is the Democratic candidate
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Israeli military personnel visiting Auschwitz
Auschwitz (Poland)
Polish highway
Lots of white storks in Poland
Bale of hay in Lithuania
The White Stork (gandras) was declared the national bird of Lithuania in 1973. Lithuanians believe that storks bring harmony to the families on whose property they nest; they have also kept up the tradition of telling their children that storks bring babies. Stork Day is celebrated on March 25 with various archaic rituals: gifts for children, attributed to the storks, such as fruits, chocolates, pencils, and dyed eggs, are hung on tree branches and fences; snakes are caught, killed and buried under the doorstep; straw fires are lit. Notably, Lithuania is a beneficial and important habitat for these birds: it has the highest known nesting density in the world
A beach in Kuršių Nerija National Park (Lithuania)
Kuršių Nerija National Park
Vilnius or Вильнюс ?
The Hill of Crosses (Lithuania)
The number of crosses is unknown, but estimates put it at about 100,000 in 2006.
The precise origin of the practice of leaving crosses on the hill is uncertain, but it is believed that the first crosses were placed on the former Jurgaičiai or Domantai hill fort after the 1831 Uprising. Over the centuries, not only crosses, but giant crucifixes, carvings of Lithuanian patriots, statues of the Virgin Mary and thousands of tiny effigies and rosaries have been brought here by Catholic pilgrims
Riga is the capital and largest city of Latvia, a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltics, and an important seaport, situated on the mouth of the Daugava. With 706,413 inhabitants (2010) it is the largest city of the Baltic states and third-largest in the Baltic region, behind Saint Petersburg and Stockholm.
Our car, Peugeot 5008 in Riga
A beach on the Baltic coast
Estonian woman
Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 with a population of 411,980.
Since independence, improving air and sea transport links with Western Europe and Estonia's accession to the European Union have made Tallinn easily accessible to tourists.
The main attractions are in the two old towns (Lower Town and Toompea) which are both easily explored on foot. Eastern districts around Pirita and Kadriorg are also worth visiting and the Estonian Open Air Museum (Eesti Vabaõhumuuseum) in Rocca al Mare, west of the city, preserves aspects of Estonian rural culture and architecture.
If only they knew how beautiful Croatian islands are.. Mljet for example...
Lucky me, they don't!
Helsinki is the capital and largest city in Finland, the population of the city of Helsinki is 588,195 (2010), making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland.
A girl from Belgium had been traveling by her Vespa from St. Petersburg back to Belgium. The photo was taken at one of Helsinki's camping paces.
Finnish lake houses
Škrbo i Lacko
The north of Baltic Sea. Oulu (Finland)
Maša La :)
Finnish gravel road
A souvenir shop in Rovaniemi - a town where Santa Claus lives.
Crossing arctic circle
The first encounter with reindeer
The Finnish tourist maps are really up to date...
Another one!
Laker Inari is the third largest lake in Finland and the largest lake in Sápmi. It is located in the northern part of Lapland, north of the Arctic Circle. The lake is 117–119 meters above sea level and it is regulated at the Kaitakoski power plant in Russia. The freezing period normally extends from November to early June.
Lapland is is the largest and northernmost of the regions of Finland. It is the home of about 3.6% of Finland's population, and is by far the least densely populated area in the country. The biggest towns in Lapland are Rovaniemi (the regional capital), Kemi, and Tornio. In 2009 Lapland had population of 183,748
A road to Norway! Up and down...
Porsanger is one of the largest municipalities in the Northern Norway that are not dependent on fishing. Instead the local people historically farmed reindeer, which is still an importance source of income.
The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a deer from the Arctic and Subarctic, including both resident and migratory populations. While overall widespread and numerous, some of its subspecies are rare and one (or two, depending on taxonomy) has already gone extinct.
Lots of them crossing roads
Nordkapp (Norway)
This 307 metres high cliff is usually referred to as the northernmost point of Europe. It is however not Europe's northernmost point, not by any definition. The northernmost point of the European mainland is Cape Nordkinn (Kinnarodden), at 71° 08′ 02″ North and 20 km from the village of Mehamn on Nordkinn Peninsula.
Tourists on Nordkapp, while the true northernmost point of Europe (Kinnarodden) is seen in the back.
Škrbo and Lacko
Fishing cod probably...
As dark as it gets...
This is how we roll
Camping on Nordkapp is included in visiting price.
After it jumped and died..
Our Peugeot admired by a raindeer!
The north of Norway
A bridge for Lofoten
Lofoten (Norway)
Lofoten is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Though lying within the Arctic Circle, the archipelago experiences one of the world's largest elevated temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.
Winter temperatures in Lofoten are very mild considering their location north of the Arctic Circle, this is the largest positive temperature anomaly in the world relative to latitude. This is due to the Gulf Stream and its extensions: the North Atlantic Current and the Norwegian Current. Røst and Værøy are the most northerly locations in the world where average temperatures are above freezing all year
Dry fish
Reine has been a commercial centre since 1743. Today tourism is important. In spite of its remote location thousands of people visit this neighborhood annually.
The largest weekly magazine in Norway (Allers) selected Reine as the most beautiful village in Norway in the late 1970s. A photograph over Reine from the mountain Reinebringen has been used for the front page of several tourist brochures and books.
Ramberg beach in Flakstad
Norway, heading to Sweden
Somewhere in the north of Sweden
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia
Copenhagen is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,181,239
Street life in Copenhagen
Voracious Danish gull
They think they are English :)


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If you have troubles since the update to WordPress 4.5 please read this post before opening a new thread.
Im unable to upload images to the slider. When trying to upload image and pressing "upload" button nothing happens only I notised that on the page link I have this appear "www….. action=edit#412
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Please create me a wordpress admin account and send me the login data and more details about the issue to: (Email address hidden if logged out) – I'll look into it.
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For most families, a standard hatchback offers plenty of space for mum, dad and two kids. But if you've got a larger family, or the kids want to bring their friends along, a seven-seater car is often the only option. Not to worry, though – gone are the days when seven seats meant you had to settle for a boring family bus. The latest MPV's and SUV's may have three rows of seats, but they can also be stylish, good to drive, and cheap to run.
We've compiled a list of the top 10 best 7-seater cars available right now and it highlights the wide choice available within the sector. There's your classic MPV in the form of the Citroen Grand C4 Picasso, but there are also SUVs, converted vans and even an electric luxury tourer. What's most important though is that they all provide seating for seven.
Every time we update this list, the cars on offer become more impressive, with undiminished people-carrying ability but improved driving dynamics, speed, and class – the sort of things you once had to give up as the family expanded out of normal saloon cars.
It's important that you know what kind of motoring you'll be doing before you buy your 7-seater, as all the cars here have their strengths in different areas. Larger families will be best off with a traditional MPV where the two rear seats are better designed for constant use by adult-sized occupants.
Those who prioritise style should take a look at an SUV, and people who only need the extra seats occasionally might be interested in a smaller vehicle with a fold-away third row to boost boot space. Just remember, most of the time seats six and seven will be cramped for adult-sized passengers, so try before you buy.
Regardless of which seven-seater interests you, it's probably going to be pressed into service carrying a lot of weight around. That's why most MPV's and seven-seat SUVs come with a diesel engine rather than a petrol one, because they offer the torque and power delivery to make them better suited to heavy duty roles.
So, whether you're after a rugged family bus or a spacious and comfortable luxury tourer, there's something out there to suit you.
Check out our list of the best 7-seaters on sale now, and click through to our in-depth reviews of each 7-seat car to help you decide whether it's the right choice for you…
For an alternative review of the best seven-seaters on the market today, visit our sister site Carbuyer.co.uk.


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- Proudly made in the USA
- Get quality protection and crisp carpet-like looks with the BedRug VanRug Cargo Mat
- Custom-fit to your year, make and model cargo van
- Crafted from 100% polypropelyne with an anti-skid polyester carpet surface
- Designed to withstand oil, gas, acid and other harsh chemicals
- Die-cut for clean, finished edges
- Form-fitting foam backing complements ribbed van floors for cushioning and smooth results
- Insulates against noise and heat
- Easily slides into your van's cargo area for quick installation
- Your BedRug VanRug Cargo Mat is backed by a Lifetime Warranty
Tired of your cargo slipping and sliding—causing you stress and devaluing your van's cargo area? Lay down the BedRug VanRug Cargo Mat for crisp looks and ultimate protection.
The BedRug VanRug Cargo Mat fits your cargo van perfectly since it's made with pride in the USA and custom-cut for your year, make and model. This van floor mat features ribbed foam backing to follow your van's floor contours and create a flat, cushioned surface. Plus, its die-cut edges give the back of your van a polished look.
Crafted from 100% polypropelyne, the van mat is even durable enough to withstand harsh chemicals, such as oils, gas and acid. And, with its anti-skid polyester carpet surface, your cargo won't slide around haphazardly—it stays exactly where you placed it.
What's more, the cargo van mat boasts a quick installation—no trimming needed. As if that weren't enough, the BedRug VanRug Cargo Mat is backed by a Lifetime Warranty.
BedRug VanRug Cargo Mat Customer Reviews
40 Customer Reviews
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Nicer than the carpet in my home.
Reviewed by LLoyd B (Council Bluffs, IA) Reviewed for a 2016 GMC Savana — Feb 23, 2016 9:28 PM
Installed the BedRug in a 2016 GMC Savana van. The only difficult part of the install was prying up the rear door and side door plastic protection panels. Used a Wonderbar and a chunk of 2x4 to raise the panels about a half inch and they went in fine. The molding on the back of the carpet fits the grooves in the floor. Couldn't be happier with the quality of the finished product.
Reviewed by Kyle E (ANAHEIM, CA) Reviewed for a 2008 Chevy Express — Feb 10, 2016 8:06 PM
The rug is OK.. I thought for the money it would be cut better. Theres a inch gap on the driver side.. I'd look elsewhere to get a comfy rug.
Very impressive
Reviewed by Harold J (Long Beach, CA) Reviewed for a 2014 Ford Econoline — Dec 13, 2015 9:41 AM
The Van Rug is Awsome. It was easy to install durable, easy to clean and your knees will have much relief if you crawl in and out of your van all day retriving items.
Super easy to install. Good quality. Perfect fit...almost.
Reviewed by Peter S (WOLCOTT, CO) Reviewed for a 2006 Chevy Express — May 30, 2015 6:39 PM
I replaced the OEM vinyl cargo mat with the VanRug in my 2006 Chevy Express 2500 van. Very easy job. The VanRug is good quality, thick and really looks good in the van. The only reason I give 4 stars instead of 5 is because, although the rug fits wheel wells, filler and side step well, it leaves a slight gap on left hand side of the van 1-2 inches from the wall. Not a huge deal but a slight bummer. Lay the VanRug flat in sun for a few hours before, it will stay nice and flat when you install it!
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Thread: show and Shine questions.....
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show and Shine questions.....
I will be a virgin show attender and was wondering a few things.
My 99 E36 looks good, but the front end paint has taken a beating on I495 going 85-90 mph everyday for 2 years (about 40K miles each year). The windshield was replaced last year due to the pits, but the pits are back again. The lights are pitted also. I bought a nice bra from bavauto that covers most of the damage.
I'm just curious if I should attend the show because my car is not perfect. I enjoy E36'ers and just wanted some feedback.
The car is black on black with 5 speed and overall looks good,unless you get real close and start looking hard.
Do only the perfect cars show up?
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air pollution Companies in Finland
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MAB Powertec Oy
based in FINLAND
Our goal is to offer the best quality and reliable services for our clients. In MAB Powertec we are professionals of international project management, engineering and we work fluently and professionally across the world with companies working among district heating and power plants; generating energy from biomass, renewable resources or/and waste products. Each ...
Chemisch Thermische Prozesstechnik GmbH / CTP Air Pollution Control
Office in Hämeenlinna, FINLAND
CTP (Chemisch Thermische Prozesstechnik GmbH) is one of the world`s leading companies in air pollution control for industrial applications. CTP was founded in 1985 and since then, its engineers, chemists and researchers have been developing individual technologies to serve customers worldwide, covering all industrial sectors. At CTP, we adhere to high quality standards ...
Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation (TAPI)
Distributor in FINLAND
Teledyne-API (TAPI) designs and builds precision air quality monitoring instruments at our factory located in San Diego, California, USA. Our products are used worldwide in ambient air quality monitoring systems (AQMS), continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS), and industrial process applications. Our analyzers comply with United States Environmental Protection ...
HORIBA Europe GmbH
Office in FINLAND
The HORIBA Group of worldwide companies provides an extensive array of instruments and systems for applications ranging from automotive R&D, process and environmental monitoring, in-vitro medical diagnostics, semiconductor manufacturing and metrology, to a broad range of scientific R&D and QC measurements. Proven quality and trustworthy performance have established ...
Camfil Air Pollution Control (APC)
Office in ESPOO, FINLAND
Camfil Air Pollution Control (APC), being one of the top dust collector manufacturers worldwide, cleans up manufacturing processes. Just about every manufacturing process creates some type of dust or fume. Camfil APC makes a dust collector to fit just about any type of dust or fume.
Codel International Ltd
Distributor in FINLAND
CODEL are world leaders in the design and manufacture of systems for continuous emissions gas monitoring (cems) and combustion control analysers, such as in-situ and extractive flue gas emissions analysers (analyzers), pollution sensors, dust monitor/particulate monitors, opacity/smoke monitors, flue gas analysers (analyzers), road tunnel atmosphere sensors and velocity ...
Genano Solutions
based in Kello, FINLAND
Genano offers professional services for companies, whose processes involve the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or metal machining/welding.Our mission is to protect people, production processes and the environment from air impurities. Genano is part of Genano Ltd, the leading air purifier provider in Finland. Genano Solutions is part of Genano Ltd, the leading air ...
Ahlstrom Filtration
based in Tampere, FINLAND
Ahlstrom is the global leader in the development, manufacture and marketing of high performance fiber-based materials. Our high performance products for filtration markets contribute to a cleaner and healthier environment. We serve Transportation / IC Engines and Industrial industries including Engine Air, Fuel, Oil, Cabin air applications. We also cover Fluid and Air ...
Gasmet Technologies Oy
based in Helsinki, FINLAND
Gasmet Technologies is a leading manufacturer of gas monitoring instruments and systems for industrial and environmental applications including continuous emissions monitoring (power plants, waste incinerators, cement kilns etc.) stack testing / comparison measurements, process control, industrial hygiene / indoor air quality, engine exhaust gas, semiconductor ...
General Oceanics Inc.
Distributor in Helsinki, FINLAND
From inception, the company`s goal has been to design and manufacture the highest quality instrumentation and water sampling products available to the oceanographic community. In January 1992, General Oceanics Inc. created the G.O. Environmental Division. The goal of G.O. Environmental is to develop products for the air and water environmental industry. Agressive research ...
Envitems Inc.
based in FI-33210, FINLAND
Envitems offers solutions for demanding air quality monitoring applications. We manufacture compact, advanced air quality stations that are especially designed for urban environments, indicative measurements and research applications
ProAir Oy Ltd
based in Inkoo, FINLAND
Desinfinator delivers various solutions and products for the removal of bacteria, mould, yeast, airborne particles and odours from the indoor air. This highly efficient air cleaning technology is based on an unique method of using nanotechnology and combining some of the most antiseptic air cleaning processes. Desinfinator delivers various solutions and products for the ...
Enviroburners OY
based in Vantaa, FINLAND
The Finland-based Enviroburners Ltd designs and manufactures advanced industrial burner systems for energy production and environment protection. We understand how to get maximal benefits out of your industrial gaseous, liquid, and pulverized wastes. Some examples of waste streams used as fuels are odorous gases, liquid methanol and turpentine, solvent fumes, wood dust, ...
Freudenberg Filtration Technologies SE & Co. KG
Office in Naantali, FINLAND
Freudenberg offers a complete range of air filters in the Filter Classes from G 3 to U 17 for intake, exhaust and recirculated-air filtration, featuring filter mats, pocket filters, activated-carbon filters, cassette and HEPA/ULPA filters, plus depth-loading, surface-loading and dust removal filter cartridges and filter bags. The applications cover: air-conditioning and ...
Dustcontrol AB
Office in Helsinki, FINLAND
At Dustcontrol, we are not satisfied with just selling products. We manufacture and customize portable dust extractors and industrial extraction systems with very high levels of filtration to your requirements. We offer a complete service package, including accessories and spare parts, so you can trust we will be there to assist you as you focus on your core business. Our ...
Ab Alfaintek Oy
based in Helsinki, FINLAND
Since 2005, ALFAINTEK has been providing the advanced air purification systems for the commercial, industrial, and residential markets worldwide. We offer our clean air purification systems to both the public and private sectors, including homes, offices, museums, airports, hospitals, schools and manufacturing facilities in the generation of electricity and heat, ...
Envitech Europe
Distributor in Helsinki, FINLAND
Envitech Europe, Development Manufacturing and Establishment Environmental, Meteorological and Hydrological Monitoring Systems in the following areas: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring; Continues Emission Monitoring; Meteorological Monitoring; Water Quality; Monitoring; Hydrological Monitoring; Toxic Gas Monitoring; Noise Monitoring; Radiation Monitoring.
Sarlin Oy Ab
based in Helsinki, FINLAND
We concentrate on technical trade and service business. Our customers are leading Finnish industrial companies and municipal plants. We design and market compressed air, gas, and water-treatment systems and supply equipment and solutions for process and industrial automation. Our extensive sales and service network is in our customers' service.The core in our business is ...
NEO Monitors AS
Distributor in FINLAND
NEO Monitors is one of the leading suppliers of gas analysers and dust monitors based on tuneable diode laser (TDL) technology. Our instruments are the preferred choice for a broad range of applications within process and emission control. Laser based Gas Monitors for Environmental Monitoring or Process Control. NEO Monitors supply state of the art LaserGas gas monitors ...
based in Tampere, FINLAND
AX Consulting comprises a group of four companies that began operations in the spring of 1993. The AX Consulting group of companies are AX-LVI Consulting Ltd, AX-Process Ltd, Axovaatio Ltd, and AX-Konsultit Ltd. The employees wholly own the companies and the scope of our operations do not recognise company borders. The past few years has seen the recruitment of a large ...
Related Terms for air pollution
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Sr Mary Christelle, SND (Mary Catherine)
On Tuesday, March 11, after sixty-two years of dedicated service to the Church and to the community, Sister Mary Christelle gave back her soul to the God she served so well. Mary Catherine grew up in Toledo in the family of Frances Marie Curtiss and Henry Roesner. She absorbed her father's love and skill for gardening, cultivating flowers and caring for little kittens and found great satisfaction in all things beautiful in nature. Together with her four brothers and sister, she attended Gesu School. She graduated from Notre Dame Academy.
In 1950, Mary Catherine joined the Sisters of Notre Dame, and became known as Sister Mary Christelle. After her graduation from Mary Manse College, she went to the
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where she received her masters in Chemistry. She loved teaching and valued her interaction with students in her classes. Sister Mary Christelle's early assignments were in the elementary schools soon followed by many years in the high schools of the diocese of Toledo: Immaculate Conception, Bellevue; St. John, Delphos; St. Paul, Norwalk; St. Joseph, Maumee; St. Mary, Sandusky; St. Wendelin, Fostoria; and Christ the King, St. Mary, St. Ann, Central Catholic and Notre Dame Academy in Toledo. Sister Mary Christelle also spent six months in an immersion experience in Papua, New Guinea. In 1995, she left the classroom and began tutoring high school students in physics and in math. However, in 2012, because of deteriorating health, she was transferred to Ursuline Center on Indian Road where she died on Tuesday morning.
Preceding her in death are her parents and her brother, Henry. Left to mourn her passing are her brothers, Joseph (Delores), Paul (Kathleen) and Mark (Virginia) in Australia, and her sister, Rita Zita (Tony) in Maryland and many friends and her religious sisters.
Visitation will be at the Notre Dame Provincial Center on Secor Road on Thursday, March 13, from 3:00 - 8:00 p.m. with Sharing of Memories at 7:00 p.m. The funeral liturgy will be celebrated at 5:00 p.m. on Friday, March 14, in the Provincial Center Chapel. The burial service will begin at 9:30 a.m. at Resurrection Cemetery on Saturday morning.
Arrangements are made by Urbanski Funeral Home. Any tributes may be made to the Sisters of Notre Dame.
Published in Toledo Blade on Mar. 13, 2014
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text: AdChoices Terms of Use Privacy Policy Hide TOP 10 Top 10 Better Man Top 10: Craziest Assassinations Top 10: Craziest Assassinations Ryan McKee February 23, 2010 Share Tweet 0 Shares Hollywood depicts assassins as disturbed yet methodical and intelligent. However, as our article on America's Craziest Assassins proved, that is not always the case. Most assassinations do not go off like clockwork. Sometimes bombs go off in the wrong place, or the poison doesn't work, or an ice axe to the head doesn't work right away. World history is full of insane killings that are stranger than anything film depicts. Here are the craziest assassinations in history. Start With #10 TOP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Politics royals america history crime Comments Share your opinion Your name More Like This Top 10 Better Man American History's Craziest Assassins Read More Sponsored Ad Content Top 10: American Outlaws Read More Power & Money News Trending News: America's Weirdest Cold Case Has Been Closed Read More Opinions Who's Behind The Hoodie? A Heartfelt Look At The Reality Of Race In America Read More Power & Money News Trending News: Millennials Aren't As Proud To Be American Read More Power & Money News Trending News: How So Many People Got The Orlando Shooting Wrong Read More Around the Web Special Features Guy Gear The Best Watches Under $500 Read More Special Feature The Ultimate Guide To Hooking Up Online Read More