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The key phrase is "same casting". Your example has you casting fireballs multiple times. Those are not the "same casting".
Even if I send it away to attack something else and then bring it back to attack the enemy.
Now, if I cast a SECOND Spiritual Hammer spell that is new casting and thus I roll a new SR check.
Summary: You roll SR for each fireball.
The same as if it was not shrunk down to medium size. The rules only account for the size of the creature to determine reach. There is no rule that states weapon size is relevant to reach.
If you take a Tiny 2handed weapon with the reach property and stick it in the hands of a medium character (counts as a light weapon) it would still have the reach property and still allow the medium character to threaten 10'.
Does this make "logical sense"? No, but this is the rules forum where rules do not have to make sense. :)
Texas_ogre wrote:
I am new to pathfinder and a GM and player> they party of player is a dm'ing are rule mongers. They always have detect magic going do end y thing magic (I,e, traps or item are pointless. I need a to know if there is a fix for this ? They have it running at all times. This has made magic raps pointless. help please
Texas_ogre, basically, traps have been progressively marginalized with each new version since 3.0 came out.
Back in the "good old days" you could have a dungeon full of traps and only a rogue could do anything about it. This had a number of problems.
I agree that traps need to become more relevant, but they should not be an encounter unto themselves (usually). That is bad trap design. The best traps are the ones that have a battle involved.
Orfamay Quest wrote:
And this is why I ad-hoc CRs from traps. The existing CRs are almost always too high.
Just a note, staggered creatures CAN coup de grace, but it takes two rounds to perform.
CRB p186 wrote:
Here is how I handle it: every step in resolving something is a point you can use an immediate (or readied) action but some immediate actions are only useful in certain steps.
Example (note: I might be missing a step, this is just a quick example):
Now, you could disrupt the spell in steps one and two but by step three it is too late.
With all that said, there are no rules covering when immediate actions can occur. It is all a judgement call. Some immediate actions are useful at certain points while others are not. Thus it is more common sense rulings than anything else.
This is right up there with everyone playing chaotic neutral (evil) characters and the calling it 'roleplay' when they act like jerks.
There is a basic premise at the gaming table. For whatever reason a party is going to be assembled comprising of the player's PCs.
If a PLAYER is unable to make a character concept that will fit into that then he should be playing a solo adventure (ie, not with a gaming group).
It sounds like you have a whole group of players that do not understand that the game is co-operative. The GM and the group as a whole needs to resolve this.
Aelryinth, a bag of holding in a bag of holding does not cause an explosion. It causes one to be non-functional.
Only when you mix a Bag of Holding with a Portable Hole are there dangerous consequences.
CRB p501 wrote:
Reasons why most penalties for death are bad:
1) The "loss of level" penalty
2) The "loss of wealth" penalty
3) The "sit out and wait" a few sessions penalty
3.X lessened many of the penalties for horrible things that happened to PCs and Pathfinder has (rightly) continued that trend by removing or further lessening many of the penalties that still existed.
Ice Armor is a niche spell that is best used around level 5-8 if you regularly stay in a wild shape combat form rather than change back and forth.
2) Duration:
3) Water:
4) An armor type for every form:
5) Cost:
Additionally, at level 6 you will need Dragonhide Breastplate non-humanoid armor that costs 2800gp.
Finally, at levels 5-8 it is non-trivial to afford armor with the Wild property (a minimum price tag of 16,000gp +armor costs).
Summary: for a few levels, it definitely has some advantages if you can deal with the minor disadvantages.
Tormsskull wrote:
The Devs have previously stated that they have made crafting as easy as possible. They did not make the rules 'vague' because they expected GMs to make something they intended to be simple not simple. They made the rules 'simple' and you are interpreting it as 'vague'.
Put another way: Any magic item in the book can be crafted by any character in the game provided you have the requisite feats and the gold to do so. This is by design. So why would the Devs then have a hidden rule that states 'oh, but you must learn how to do it first'?
Heck, if a wizard wants a spell all he has to do is pay for it from another wizard. Do many GMs houserule this out of the game by making it 'wizards dont share'? Yes, but that doesn't mean that is not how the game is written.
Rhedyn, is it not a rulebook? Ultimate Campaign is hardcover, not a 'splatbook' with a number of clarifications to the rules on topics like who controls Animal Companions.
People have been asking for those clarifications for a long time.
In any case, you countered Dustyboy's comment as if your comment were the rules or the only interpretation.
The rule as it stands is that they are GM controlled BUT the GM can opt to hand off control to the player to simplify the GM's handling of the game.
As for GMs being control freaks if they run the AC, I think that is a very narrow characterization. Sometimes the GM needs to take control of the AC because the player is having the AC do things that are out of character for an int 2 animal.
By it being a rule that it is GM controlled but can be handed off it means the player cannot just have the AC do whatever he wants it to.
RDM42, you appear to have missed the forest when you saw the trees.
Let me see if I can put it into context for you.
What is "realistic" in the context of a fantasy game is 100% subjective and defined by the author(s) and the people participating (GM and/or players).
The OP made absolute statements that X was not realistic. That is only a true statement FOR THE OP and not necessarily true for anyone else.
My reference to dragons was an EXAMPLE of things that exist in fantasy and that if they have heard of dragons they have probably heard of people who control animals.
My initial response stated that it was the GM who determines what is or is not acceptable to townsfolk.
Try to read my statements in context. :)
Hmmm, did I state that they did? *checks his post* Nope! Didn't even imply it.
What I said is that reality has no bearing on this discussion.
I also said that townsfolk have probably heard of people that can tell animals to do or not do stuff.
Please try to take what I write as writ rather than add things I did not write.
If anything, I basically stated it was GM fiat whether or not townsfolk accept ANYTHING.
Again, that has nothing to do with "reality". It is a fantasy world, not a reality world. The GM will do whatever he wants with his NPCs. If he wants them to accept it, they will. If he doesn't they won't. Reality has no bearing on the matter any more than it does in any fantasy adventure novel.
Dustyboy wrote:
I bolded your problem. "Realism" and "Fantasy" do not belong in the same concept. This is a fantasy game. Fantastic things that would never happen in reality occur. Magic is a thing. Dragons are a thing. Animal Companions that obediently obey their "master" are a thing.
If the townsfolk have heard of dragons they have probably heard of people with animals that can tell animals to do (or not do) something.
Does this mean they will be allowed in the tavern? No, but then again halflings, orcs, or dwarves may not be allowed in the tavern. I am sure NPC people (ie, the GM) can come up with reasons to disallow anything.
Bane is a special property.
Determine the enhancement bonus (greater between bow and arrow applies).
Ergo: a +1 Undead Bane arrow from a +4 bow = a +4 Undead Bane arrow = +6 arrow vs Undead.
I really do not understand why people keep trying to resolve the special property before determining the enhancement bonus.
There are two possible ways you can use a 15' cone both of which are shown on CRB p215. From these two two ways you get 8 directions.
Here is an image I have created to show this based on the diagrams in the CRB.
1) There is nothing in the Bestiary that states immunity to an energy type is a quality.
2) There is nothing in the Polymorph description that states lost physical abilities are qualities.
So all you are left with is any Special Qualities or abilities that define themselves as qualities. None of which are Immunity to Fire.
Summary: An Efreeti using Shape Change loses Immunity to Fire because it is not a physical quality but it is a physical ability and physical abilities are lost as per the Polymorph school.
Edit: an example of a physical quality that would be kept: Damage Reduction. This is because Damage Reduction (Bestiary p299) calls itself a quality.
Funny bit: (energy) Resistance (Bestiary p303) calls itself a quality while (energy) Immunity (Bestiary p301) does not.
So, I have been running RA for a year+ now...my group is level 10.
There have been 3 TPKs (the spell confusion has been particularly deadly) and a number of other deaths.
Some thoughts I've had:
1) This is a very treasure rich environment.
2) Decide in advance how you want to deal with death or TPKs.
3) Initially the entire dungeon was exciting, but as they got into some of the deeper levels it seems that there are more and more of 'you run into things you handle without flinching' mixed with 'start running for your life'.
4) Finally, read the levels before using them, there are moments of head scratching. The maps do not always conform to the text.
With all that said, overall, I have enjoyed RA and look forward to running it to the end.
CRB p179 wrote:
Touch Attacks: Some attacks completely disregard armor, including shields and natural armor—the aggressor need only touch a foe for such an attack to take full effect. In these cases, the attacker makes a touch attack roll (either ranged or melee). When you are the target of a touch attack, your AC doesn't include any armor bonus, shield bonus, or natural armor bonus. All other modifiers, such as your size modifier, Dexterity modifier, and deflection bonus (if any) apply normally.
Touch attacks are your AC without armor bonus, shield bonus, or natural armor bonus. You apply all other modifiers normally. The Barbarian Rage's -2 AC penalty is another modifier.
CRB p178 wrote:
Flat-Footed: At the start of a battle, before you have had a chance to act (specifically, before your first regular turn in the initiative order), you are flat-footed. You can't use your Dexterity bonus to AC (if any) while flat-footed. Barbarians and rogues of high enough level have the uncanny dodge extraordinary ability, which means that they cannot be caught flat-footed. Characters with uncanny dodge retain their Dexterity bonus to their AC and can make attacks of opportunity before they have acted in the first round of combat. A flat-footed character can't make attacks of opportunity, unless he has the Combat Reflexes feat.
Flat-footed is your AC without your dexterity bonus. Thus the Barbarian Rage's -2 AC penalty still applies (assuming you are raging while flat-footed which is an uncommon situation).
CRB p199 wrote:
A creature can also add any circumstance, deflection, dodge, insight, luck, morale, profane, and sacred bonuses to AC to its CMD. Any penalties to a creature's AC also apply to its CMD. A flat-footed creature does not add its Dexterity bonus to its CMD.
Penalties to AC apply to CMD.
So, the CRB 5-foot step rule states that you cannot 5' step when in difficult terrain or in darkness.
This is a rule duplicated from the 3.5 PHB. However, 3.5 then went farther (in the Rules Compendium) and stated that you cannot 5' step when your movement is hampered.
FAQ question: Can you 5' step when you have hampered movement (such as poor visibility or over an obstacle) or when your movement is slowed (such as Grease)?
Apparently the Pathfinder Beginner's box states that you cannot.
Actually, the devs have stated that extra-dimensional spaces such as pits, bags of holding, etc. are not extraplanar (which is what I think you are thinking of).
James Jacobs on the topic and here too.
On a more basic level, you would be giving such a spell far more power than is it's due if you make it extraplanar. You cannot use teleportation magic (D-door, teleport, etc) across planar boundaries.
Create Pit does not open a doorway into another dimension. It is an extradimensional space.
Extradimensional is an extension of the existing dimension. Not an entirely different place.
Golems are not immune to all magic other than that listed.
Bestiary p159 wrote:
Immunity to Magic (Ex) A clay golem is immune to any spell or spell-like ability that allows spell resistance. In addition, certain spells and effects function differently against the creature, as noted below.
Ie: golems are only immune to spells and spell-like abiltiies that allow spell resistance.
Create Pit does not allow spell resistance.
Robert Jenkins 953 wrote:
There is no problem. The rules regarding pricing work fine.Your entire post has come off as a 'I don't like that the pricing rules work this way'. Not as a 'could you help clear up something?' question.
You knew how they worked, you just didn't like it. This is not a rules question, it is a rules suggestion/discussion (starting with your first post) and as such belongs in a different forum.
Pricing on many items is not intended to be 'by the pound'. It is intended to be 'how much do we think this ability should cost'.
It is a game mechanic power metric, not an economic value.
Admantine armor has a specific game effect that should cost a specific amount.
There is really no rules question here, this appears to be more of a discussion regarding how the games "economy" was designed. I am flagging this as wrong forum.
Billbo_Baggington, yes, your confusion is because you confuse "Pathfinder Adventure Path" with "Pathfinder RPG". The two are not the same thing.
Pathfinder Adventure Paths are either D&D 3.5 or Pathfinder RPG depending on the rules used in the module. CotCT was D&D 3.5. CotCT was not Pathfinder RPG.
There is no rules ambiguity here, you must pick a square.
If you don't like it, house rule it. But, if you do house rule it don't forget to also add in things like 'my arrow missed the target's touch AC, did it hit the guy behind him?' house rules. (The rules are not a simulation of reality, they have nothing to do with reality and thus are silly. If you want to simulate these types of things, that is what house rules are for.) :)
vhok, as others have stated, the "sorcerer" bit in the metamagic rods is simply a reminder, not an inclusive or exclusive statement.
Metamagic Rods use the rules for Metamagic feats except where otherwise stated. I don't understand why you think they don't.
Ultimate Equipment p187 wrote:
It states that it is the essence of a metamagic feat.It states that it does not change the spell slot (an exception).
It states how it is used (use-activated).
It states how many rods you may use at once (clarification).
It states it can be combined with metamagic feats (a clarification).
It states that you do not actually possess the feat (some items actually grant the feat, this indicates you don't actually have it, the rod gives it to you for X number of uses a day).
It states that sorcerers still must cast spells as full-round actions (this is a reminder).
There is NOTHING that excludes other spontaneous spell-casters from being forced to cast as a full-round action like normal. The fact that they only reminded you about sorcerers is just a lack of foresight in predicting how overly rules-lawyerish people can get.
Are you using a Metamagic Rod? Yes
The reminder in the Metamagic Rod text is really pointless beyond being a reminder.
Sure, I already did but here you go again:
CRB p458 wrote:
Spell Completion: This is the activation method for scrolls.
Now, Spell Completion is defined as being for Scrolls. If it isn't a scroll it doesn't use Spell Completion unless it has a rule that states it does.
Are there other items that specify Spell Completion? Yes, examples are Riffle Scrolls and Spell Tattoos
Inner Sea Magic p16 Spell Tattoo wrote:
A spell tattoo is essentially a wearable scroll inscribed on flesh instead of on parchment or vellum. These tattoos appear as colorful and intricate patterns rather than magical writing. The tattoo is a silent, spell completion item that only the bearer can activate. It vanishes when activated. A spell tattoo must be visible to the bearer and must be touched as part of its activation. These magical tattoos are not normally placed on the head, neck, or back as a result, since most creatures would require mirrors to activate them. A spell tattoo's aura and caster level varies as per the scroll it emulates. A spell tattoo has a market price four times as much as an equivalent scroll.
Now on to spell trigger:
CRB p458 wrote:
Spell Trigger: Spell trigger activation is similar to spell completion, but it's even simpler. No gestures or spell finishing is needed, just a special knowledge of spellcasting that an appropriate character would know, and a single word that must be spoken. Spell trigger items can be used by anyone whose class can cast the corresponding spell. This is the case even for a character who can't actually cast spells, such as a 3rd-level paladin. The user must still determine what spell is stored in the item before she can activate it. Activating a spell trigger item is a standard action and does not provoke attacks of opportunity.
So, nothing about which items are spell trigger. But if we look elsewhere we find it.
CRB p491 wrote:
Activation: Staves use the spell trigger activation method, so casting a spell from a staff is usually a standard action that doesn't provoke attacks of opportunity.
CRB p496 wrote:
Activation: Wands use the spell trigger activation method, so casting a spell from a wand is usually a standard action that doesn't provoke attacks of opportunity. (If the spell being cast has a longer casting time than 1 action, however, it takes that long to cast the spell from a wand.) To activate a wand, a character must hold it in hand (or whatever passes for a hand, for nonhumanoid creatures) and point it in the general direction of the target or area. A wand may be used while grappling or while swallowed whole.
Now, lets look at Wondrous Items (the category the Page of Spell Knowledge is in).
CRB p496 Wondrous Items wrote:
Activation: Usually use-activated or command word, but details vary from item to item.
So usually NOT Spell Trigger. Lets see if we can find some examples of Wondrous Items that spell out that they are Spell Trigger.
CRB p515 Golem Manual wrote:
The spells included in a golem manual require a spell trigger activation and can be activated only to assist in the construction of a golem.
CRB p531 Prayer Beads wrote:
The beads of blessing, smiting, and wind walking function as spell trigger items; the beads of karma and summons can be activated by any character capable of casting divine spells. The owner need not hold or wear the strand of prayer beads in any specific location, as long as he carries it somewhere on his person.
So, there are specific classes of items which are all Spell Completion or all Spell Trigger items. Then there are some exceptions which are spelled out.
This is not spelled out, so without rules stating it is, we default to the rules that govern that type of item. In this case, a Wondrous Item which is usually (without text to the contrary) use-activated or command word activated.
CRB p458 wrote:
Now, the only problem with it being Use/Command activated is that no action is specified in the magic item so the GM has to determine if an action is required.
My interpretation of the rules is that it falls under the either the continuous benefit or the 'activation is subsumed in its use' clauses. Either way it works without any extra action on the user's part.
Summary: Page of Spell Knowledge is a Wondrous Item, it does not have any text telling you the activation method is different than any other Wondrous Item. Examples of Wondrous Items with different activation methods from other Wondrous Items are provided, this is not one of them. So default to Wondrous Item (ie: Use Activated or Command Word) rules.
I really think this is a case of people not being able to believe that you can create an object with a spell in it without having that spell available. While odd, those are the rules.
Yes, you are running it wrong, but your players are also wrong. It is worse for your players than they realize.
Draw a line from ONE of the shooter's corners to EACH corner of the target.
What this means is, an archer can fire around a corner at someone and maintain cover while the target gains no benefit of cover.
As an added bonus, it also means that an archer can be around the corner and shoot a medium creature 5' away without provoking an AoO.
Here is a picture illustrating this. The target on the left does not have cover from the shooter. The target on the right has cover from the shooter (red lines).
CRB p195 Cover rules wrote:
To determine whether your target has cover from your ranged attack, choose a corner of your square. If any line from this corner to any corner of the target's square passes through a square or border that blocks line of effect or provides cover, or through a square occupied by a creature, the target has cover (+4 to AC).
So in the case of your kobolds, they continue to have cover (+4 AC) even while shooting. The PCs would not have cover unless they have an obstacle granting them cover (which is probably not the same object granting the kobolds cover).
Basically, this is the equivalent of shooting a gun around a corner, you don't have to expose yourself much.
I think you are assigning 'type' based on 'racial hitdice', this is incorrect. There is no link between the number of racial hitdice (zero or more) and the creature type.
Put another way: ALL creatures have a type (and many have a subtype).
Crimeo wrote:
[blatantly obvious you are an ooze type now, that's what becoming something means.]
^This is the problem right here. You call it "blatantly obvious" while nobody else here is doing so. In fact, we are calling it obvious that you do NOT gain the type because nowhere does it state that you do.
You are going beyond the rules to apply what you think is obvious when nobody else is. This is the source of your problem.
Additionally, you keep trying to use standard english to define game concepts and rules. You really should stop doing this. It is a significant part of the problem you are having. The Devs simply don't write the rules to conform to standard english definitions.
Not once have you shown a rule that states when you are polymorphed into a creature you gain that creature's type. Not once.
What you have shown, repeatedly, is text that can be interpreted to say that you turn into a creature. But that is NOT THE SAME as text that states you gain the creature type.
Show a rule, in black and white, that says anything remotely close to 'you gain the creature's type'.
You cannot call supposition, assumptions, and interpretations to be "RAW".
You are allowed specific slots. Check the slot the magic item specifically takes up.
If you are referencing Gauntlets as a magic weapon they take a weapon slot, not the hands slot and thus you can wear gloves and magic weapon gauntlets together.
Some magic gauntlets are not magic weapons and take the hands slot. Example: Gauntlet of Rust.
Summary: you can wear magic weapon gauntlets with any handwear that uses the hand slots but you cannot wear magic "hands slot" gauntlets with other hand slot magic items.
Crimeo, you are misreading the FAQ (as usual).
Pick an effect related to spell level vs spell slot. Now, use whichever is most disadvantageous regarding that effect.
It is quite clear that the disadvantageous element here is that you do not get to keep your 4th level spell slot memorized after you have cast a metamagicked zero level cantrip out of it.
But, as usual, you may continue to misread the rules to your heart's content. Enjoy! :)
FAQ wrote:
The bolded section of the FAQ disagrees with you Crimeo. Zero level level spells placed in a higher level slot are expended because that is the most disadvantageous option.
Gustavo Iglesias, it may absolutely do some favor or service for you, at the level of it's abilities (int 1-2 for normal animals).
Yes, you give a mouse a big wheel of cheese, offers it more if he goes int and tells you what is inside. He tells you of the various kinds of food he likes and that there are 'big creatures'. He does not understand more than that. It is like asking a 3 year old for information.

subset: commoncrawl


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Andy Baker
This :30 launch spot for the Wicked Tuna season 2 campaign was the principal piece of creative used off-channel for the media buy. Our goal was to capture the action, adrenaline and competition in Season 2 by going bigger and even more cinematic than we'd done for Season 1. Shooting for a week on the water with the team at Evolve IMG was one of the most inspiring, exhausting and exhilarating shoots I've ever been blessed to have been a part of.
SVP/Group CD - Andy Baker
Art Director - Jeremy Tate
Production/Cinematography/Editorial/Design - Evolve Digital Cinema
Sound - Radium Audio


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1. Nehemiah Teams is an 8-week summer opportunity with the IMB to unreached people groups! Representatives will be at Noonday Monday and on campus afterward. Contact email@example.com for more info.
2. Nik Ripken, author of The Insanity of God and well-known speaker will be on campus on Nov 13th. If you'd like a free copy of his book, email firstname.lastname@example.com (for current students only). Supplies are limited.
3. Spring Break trip interest meeting–9pm Tuesday in the Evans Student Center Board Room (3rd floor/Bridge). Find out more about our trip to California to work with a refugee ministry.]]>
This can be a difficult realization. It is easy to trap ourselves in discouraging thoughts of unwarranted negative self-criticism. Likewise, it is easy to forget our identity as we place our significance in ourselves and our talents.
The first-century church in Colossae was also undergoing an identity crisis. The church was attempting to blend Christianity with philosophies and theologies that were inconsistent with the gospel of Christ and the guidance of early church leaders. It was to this church that Paul wrote a reminder of Christ's significance in the life of believers.
Since, then, you have been raised with Christ, set your hearts on things above, where Christ is, seated at the right hand of God. Set your minds on things above, not on earthly things. For you died, and your life is now hidden with Christ in God. When Christ, who is your life, appears, then you also will appear with him in glory.
[ Colossians 3:1-4 ]
There is no doubt that Paul believed there is a specific relationship between believers and Christ. In fact, all three times that the church is the subject of the sentence it is given identity by its security in Christ. This should be encouraging! Paul does not say: "Since, then, you run faster than everyone else . . . " or "When classes, which are your life . . . " Instead Paul emphasizes our foundation in Jesus' redemption of our lives. While it is comforting to know that our earthly qualities (and lack thereof) are irrelevant when compared to the glory of Christ's work in our lives, this comfort does not come without a command.
Paul wasn't just yammering on when he commanded us to set both our hearts and minds on things above. Our identity in Christ is not the focal point of this passage; rather it's the groundwork for Paul's instructions. It is because we are alive in Christ that we seek to live like Jesus. Because Christ is our life, we no longer engulf our minds and hearts in our strengths and talents. It is easy to seek the things we love or even the things that we "feel called to do," but our loves and our "callings" should never be in opposition or put ahead of what we have been commanded to do. The world can survive without the next T. Swift, Kobe Bryant, and Mark Cuban; but it will not survive without the good news of Jesus Christ. "Since, then, you have been raised with Christ, set your hearts on things above."
–by David Willhite
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1. Men's Discipleship interest cookout – Monday at 5pm in Grant Plaza – if you're a guy looking to get plugged into a small group, come to the middle of campus for dinner on Monday and meet some of our leaders.
2. Veritas women's ministry – Monday at 9pm in Berry Chapel – every woman on campus is welcome for this large group meeting that happens twice a month. You can also find out more about our women's small groups.
3. Haystack prayer meeting with the Henderson BCM – Tuesday at 7pm at the Eubanks (cookout at 6, directions coming in email). Join together with students from Henderson to pray for revival and spiritual awakening. We will worship together, hear from a Henderson alumni and Dr. Ray Franklin, and pray together.
4. Refuge at 9 and prayer group at 8 – Every Thursday at Second Baptist
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One of my favorite places to be is an area on Lake DeGray that's not too far from campus. It's small and tucked away, with the picnic tables hidden from the view of the road, so I can actually count on my visit being solitary. To me, an introvert, the silence and beautiful surroundings do not bore me but envelop me like a giant hug comforting and reviving, and helping me along in my studying.
This particular time I came completely alone―no human company, as usual, but also no homework. My coming was an unplanned move of desperation, and I settled on the bench of a picnic table to pray. My eyes remained open as I spoke audibly to my Creator, the Creator of both my environment and me. Though sometimes we forget words, I find I am less likely to forget feelings, for I remember my confusion and frustration.
Life is hard, full of responsibilities and unknowns. At times it seems to be a journey in the dark, with a dim flashlight only lighting the very next step in front of me. My steps seem of varying importance, sometimes of eternal magnitude and the next moment, of no consequence at all. Here, at the lake on this day, I felt small.
At that very hour in the same part of Lake DeGray, a large turtle bobbed its head from under and over the surface of the water. Its movements were slow and seemingly of no importance. But a twinge of envy struck me as I watched it. You, turtle, have no life to retreat from. This is you, living life in its simplest form. Still, without even knowing, you have touched me.
The words of Jesus in Matthew 10:29-31 echoed in my head. I knew then that I was not the only one watching this creature. If God cares for sparrows and turtles in their simplest lives, how much more does He care for me? How much more value does He place in my seemingly insignificant steps?
Yes, you and I are the crown of creation, for He made us and called us very good. We have been blessed with responsibilities but they do not go unseen. Where I give only a few minutes, He absolutely can spend all day watching His creation, this turtle. And He does, causing no stretch in His ability to watch each and every one of us too. Fear not.
–by Libby Hilliard
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Lewis addressed that question partly by recognizing that it's similar to a question Christians deal with whether in war or peace time:
Every Christian who comes to a university must at all times face a question compared with which the questions raised by the war are relatively unimportant. He must ask himself how it is right, or even psychologically possible, for creatures who are every moment advancing either to heaven or to hell, to spend any fraction of the little time allowed them in this world on such comparative trivialities as literature or art, mathematics or biology ("Learning in War-Time").
Many of you will identify with Lewis' scenario. You may be thinking right now: Couldn't God use me better on the mission field? Why am I studying grammar when people are starving? Would my time be better spent combating one of the many evils in the world, like human trafficking?
Of course a lot of students in the U.S. run the other direction and buy into the idea that college is a break from accountability. For many it's a guilt-free pause from responsibility: four years to live for yourself without consequences! Why should I worry about other people's problems during the time of my life?
One answer to both of these perspectives (that college is an example of "fiddling while Rome burns" or a self-centered break from the real world) is to recognize that everything we do—small or big, in college or after—relates to God. God cares about what you do with your time in school. There are no breaks from real life—it's all life.
And, in regard specifically to Lewis' talk during World War II, I think he would agree that what you do is not more spiritual because it's "radical" or less spiritual if it appears ordinary. Radical is an adjective, not a virtue in and of itself.
It's often through some of the most ordinary, daily, normal activities that God works. Everything we do can be done "as if you were serving the Lord," as Paul writes in Ephesians 6 to slaves about their work.
This is not to say that we don't need missionaries or that one type of education is for everyone. As Lewis continues,
This does not, of course, mean that it is for anyone a mere toss-up whether he should sweep rooms or compose symphonies. A mole must dig to the glory of God and a cock must crow. We are members of one body, but differentiated members, each with his own vocation. A man's upbringing, his talents, his circumstances, are usually a tolerable index of his vocation. If our parents have sent us to Oxford, if our country allows us to remain there, this is prima facie evidence that the life which we, at any rate, can best lead to the glory of God at present is the learned life.
To borrow from Lewis, if you and your family have determined college is for you, if God has led you to this spot and keeps you here, then the best way to serve "as to the Lord" is to be a good steward where He has put you. Be a college student to the glory of God. Love the people God has put around you. There is no shortage of opportunities to love your neighbor while in college.
Our hope is that this little book of devotions for college students will get you started in the right direction of loving God and your neighbors during your time at college. The habits that you begin to develop as the semester begins will shape your time in college and beyond. And it's our prayer that this book will encourage you that God often works through the ordinary and routine to form extraordinary followers of Christ.
–by James Taylor]]>
From Arkadelphia to Asia: Lessons I Learned After College
Hannah R., Asst. Dir. Of CM (Guesthouse)
After graduating college in 2013, Hannah went to South Asia to work with a non-profit company and in college ministry. She'll share some of the lessons she learned while sharing the love of Jesus, and how they relate to college students.
Love Beyond Borders: God's Heart for Redeeming the World
Amy Gattis, Asst. Dir. of Grant Center (Rec Building A)
Amy will share a biblical perspective on God's work around the world. From Genesis to Revelation, God has always cared about all nations and all peoples. Learn how you can be a part of His mission.
It's a Family Thing: Learning the Love of God through Adoption
Jimmy Darby, Student Pastor, FBC Arkadelphia (Dining Hall A)
1 John 3 says that because of God's great love "we are children of God." Christians have a unique opportunity to show the love of God through adoption. We will discuss how the Gospel is communicated in each adoption story and why it should matter to college students.
When Love Speaks Truth
Keldon Henley, OBU Vice-President (Dining Hall B)
True friendship is not always easy. If we really care about our friends, we have to confront them sometimes. Dr. Henley will share some ideas from his years of experience with college students about how you can be truly caring in tough circumstances.
Navigating God's Will for Your Life
Jon Mark Page, OBU International Guest (Rec Building B)
Loving God means following Him, but have you ever struggled with how to discern God's will in your life? Hear Jon Mark's own story and take a look at what the Word says about decision making.
That was just a first of a summer of giveaways intended to share some great books that will encourage your faith. Leaders are readers, right?
We hope to get some recommendations from faculty & staff of the books that have impacted them and pass those along to you. If there's a book you've enjoyed lately that you'd like to nominate, let us know on social media (we're @obucm on Twitter, Instagram & Facebook).
We'll start off with a devotional book that brings together selected readings from one of the most influential authors of the 20th century, C.S. Lewis. Just be a current or incoming student and like this status on Facebook to be entered in the drawing.
If you're interested in a good C.S. Lewis biography, check out The Narnian by Alan Jacobs.


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About this Business
- HoursSun-MonClosedTue-Thu8:00 AM - 5:00 PMFri9:00 AM - 5:00 PMSat8:00 AM - 3:00 PM
From Our Editors
Whether you have a tooth ache or need a cavity filled, Garland's Choice Dental Associates has you covered. Keep up with your dental health with a professional service, such as fillings, check up, cleaning, crowns and veneers, teeth whitening, and Invisalign.
All this dental clinic's services are available for you, just call to set up an appointment first. So if a trip to the dentist gives you the heebie jeebies, Choice Dental Associates will make sure you're in good hands.


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School struggles with enrollmentDecember 27,2013School struggles
with enrollment
ROCHESTER One of Vermonts smallest K-12 schools is trying to transform itself to attract more students as townspeople prepare to discuss its future and the state weighs whether to disband the supervisory union that oversees the school.
School officials, staff and students at the Rochester School want to continue operating a high school, but the number of students is so small the course offerings are limited and per student spending is high.
The Valley News reported that residents will discuss the school Jan. 13 and then vote the next day on a non-binding referendum on whether to continue to operate a high school or cut back to grades K-8. The school currently has 147 students, with 55 in high school.
Principal Catherine Knight is leading a thorough reorganization of the school, creating three academies that will focus on technology, the performing arts and sustainability. She says the school doesnt have the teachers or the classes but it can be more creative.
Its a beautiful little school and we have some amazing attributes, Knight said.
Rochester, a town of 1,100, is located along Route 100 amid the Green Mountains.
The Vermont Board of Education voted recently to put off until June a vote on whether to dissolve the Windsor Northwest Supervisory Union and assign its six towns to other districts.MORE IN This Just InNORTH BENNINGTON Two public meetings, in North Bennington and Shaftsbury, have been set for... Full StoryThe Board of Aldermen has endorsed a major jump in city pension funding. Full StoryHUBBARDTON The annual celebration of Hubbardton has been moved to Sunday due to the weather... Full Story
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Pakistan Blast
May 25, 2015
Pakistan: 3 dead in IED explosion, President Mamnoon Hussain's son escapes unhurt
Pakistan President Mamnoon Hussain's son escaped unhurt when a powerful roadside bomb planted by Baloch separatists targeted his convoy, killing at least three persons and injuring 15 others in the restive Balochistan province. #World #NewsTracker #Balochistan #Pakistan Blast #Baloch Liberation Army #Mamnoon Hussain #Baloch separatists
Mar 14, 2014
Seven killed in Pakistan bomb blast
Seven people were killed and 15 others injured in a bomb blast in the suburbs of Pakistan's Peshawar city on Friday, media reported. #Pakistan #NewsTracker #Pakistan Blast #Seven killed in Pakistan blast
Jan 20, 2014
Four killed in blast near Pakistani army headquarters
A suicide bomber blew himself up in Pakistan's garrison city of Rawalpindi today, killing four people near the country's military headquarters a day after Taliban suicide bombing inside a cantonment killed 20 troops. #Pakistan #NewsTracker #Terrorism in Pakistan #Pakistan Blast
May 08, 2013
Suicide attack leaves three dead in Pakistan
Three persons were killed when a suicide bomber rammed his explosives-laden car into houses near a police station while a candidate in the upcoming general election had a narrow escape in a bomb attack in Pakistan's restive northwest today. #NewsTracker #Pakistan Blast #Pakistan elections 2013
Feb 18, 2013
Bomb blast in Karachi, no casualties reported
A powerful bomb went off at a spot in the southern Pakistani port city of Karachi where Shia groups had staged a protest today though there were no casualties, police officials said. #Pakistan #NewsTracker #Pakistan Blast #Shia groups
Jan 01, 2013
Thirty injured in Karachi blast
A powerful bomb went off at a busy intersection in the southern Pakistani city of Karachi today, injuring over 30 people, witnesses and police officials said. #NewsTracker #Pakistan Blast
Nov 24, 2012
Four killed, 20 injured as blast hits Muharram procession in Pak
The blast hit a procession Shia Muslims, in Dera Ismail Khan district, to mark the ninth day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. #NewsTracker #Pakistan Blast #Muharram procession
Nov 08, 2012
Suicide bomber targets Pak Rangers HQ in Karachi, one killed
Two Pakistani officials say a bomb blast has ripped through the downtown headquarters of the Rangers in Karachi injuring at least 14 and killing one. #NewsTracker #Pakistan Blast
Jul 11, 2012
Bomb blast targets Pak's space agency bus, 1 killed and 23 injured
The injured were taken to two nearby hospitals and officials said four of them were in a serious condition. #IED #Pakistan Blast #Amir Farooqui #Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Organisation
Jun 08, 2012
More than 14 killed, 40 wounded in Pakistan blast
At least 14 people, including two children, were killed and around 40 injured on Thursday in a bomb blast outside an Islamic seminary in Pakistan's Quetta city. #Pakistan #NewsTracker #Islamabad #Qazi Abdul Wahid #Pakistan Blast


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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
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Really simple. Draw some sort of crazy line or "S" shaped line. My tail is a bit big, but is okay.
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Alien Xenomorph costumeby seresataka
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METUCHEN - Michael Greenman of the St. Augustine Prep boys basketball team sank back-to-back 3-pointers in the second quarter to give the Hermits a two-point lead Saturday night.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 12, 2007
|Filing date
|Sep 29, 2003
|Priority date
|Oct 1, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gautam G. Reddy, Prabhakar R. Chitrapu, Leonid Kazakevich, Teresa Joanne Hunkeler, Arty Chandra
|Original Assignee
|Interdigital Technology Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (43), Referenced by (12), Classifications (25), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/415,281 filed on Oct. 1, 2002 which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
This application relates to a location based method and system for wireless mobile unit communication, and in particular to such systems having geographic areas designated for preferred communication usage, sometimes called hot spots.
Wireless communication systems are well known in the art. Generally, such systems comprise communication stations which transmit and receive wireless communication signals between each other. Typically, base stations are provided which are capable of conducting wireless concurrent communications with a plurality of subscriber stations generically known as wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs), which include mobile units. Generally, the term base station as used herein includes, but is not limited to, a base station, Node B, site controller, access point, or other interfacing device in a wireless environment that provides wireless access to the network with which it is associated. The term WTRU as used herein includes, but is not limited to, a user equipment, mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, pager, or any other type of device capable of operating in a wireless environment.
WTRUs include personal communication devices, such as phones, video phones, and Internet ready phones that have network connections. In addition, WTRUs include portable personal computing devices, such as PDAs and notebook computers, with wireless modems that have similar network capabilities.
WTRUs that are portable or can otherwise change location are referred to as mobile units. For mobile units, preserving battery life is generally an important consideration in designing both the mobile unit and communication networks in which it operates. There are several ways to achieve the goal of reduced power consumption in a mobile unit. For example, an increase in the number of connecting base stations within a geographic region can translate into decreased power needed for mobile unit communications.
A system can reduce interference by determining the location of each mobile unit and focusing a base station's antenna beam pattern at each mobile unit's direction. Focusing an antenna's beam pattern is also known as beam forming.
Beam forming can be selectively utilized in the servicing of multiple wireless concurrent communications with multiple beams or a single beam which is controlled based upon factors such as location and relative interference.
To utilize beam forming, the location of the mobile unit must first be determined. Location determination can be achieved by any of a variety of known methods. For example, the mobile unit can determine its own location using a built-in global positioning system (GPS) receiver and report its location to the network. A network can also determine the location of a mobile unit using AOA (Angle of Arrival), TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival), or Doppler techniques. A hybrid method can be used where a network assists a mobile unit to determine its own location. Generally, each method produces an estimate of the relative mobile unit location with an associated margin of estimation error.
There are many ways for service providers to offer and control network access. For example, a popular wireless local area network protocol with one or more WLAN access points may be built on the IEEE 802.11b standard. In some such networks, selected WLAN service may be provided in relatively small, well defined geographic areas known as "hot spots." These areas allow users the ability to go "on-line" with their mobile units and access a wireless network.
"Hot Spot" WLAN communication systems can advantageously be deployed in many locations, such as airports, coffee shops, and libraries. Access to these networks is typically achieved through a user authentication procedure. As the IEEE 802 families of standards are always evolving, such procedures are not yet fully standardized in the WLAN technology area.
Applicants have recognized a problem with "hot spot" communications in that a user may have trouble locating where the hot spot communication areas are, more particularly where the user should be physically located to obtain the best QoS within the WLAN.
The present invention provides a method and a system for wireless mobile unit communication within a wireless network having geographic areas designated or determined for preferred communication usage. In some applications, specific areas are pre-designated as "hot spots". Alternatively, a preferred communication area can be determined relative to the signal quality or other communication parameter of an on going communication with a mobile unit.
The method includes determining an estimated geographic location of a mobile unit. The mobile unit is provided with relative position data of at least one preferred communication area relative to the determined mobile unit estimated location. The mobile unit is then relocated to such a preferred communication area based on the relative position data.
Preferably, a request for a hot spot area location is initiated by a mobile unit transmission and received by a network base station. Where the mobile unit is equipped with a global positioning system (GPS), the mobile unit's estimated location is determined by using the mobile unit's global positioning system (GPS). The mobile unit request transmission may then include current mobile unit estimated location data, and the network base station transmits to the mobile unit relative position data that is determined by the network based on the current mobile unit estimated location data. Preferably, relative position data transmitted by the network base station to the mobile unit is determined by the network based on the current mobile unit estimated location data and dynamic data of hot spot area usage, such as the number of wireless communications currently being conducted.
An alternative is where a current mobile unit estimated location is determined by the wireless network. A location estimate is derived using conventional analysis of data related to physical properties of a mobile unit transmission received by one or more network base stations. One of the network base stations then transmits to the mobile unit relative position data that is entirely determined by the network. The relative position data transmitted by the network base station to the mobile unit may be determined by the network based on the current mobile unit estimated location data and dynamic data of network usage. Accordingly, the relative position data may correspond to a pre-designated hot spot area or simply an area that the network determines will provide the mobile unit with an improved wireless connection.
Where the mobile unit is equipped with a global positioning system (GPS), the mobile unit does not necessarily have to transmit an estimated location to the network. A network base station can transmit to the mobile unit geographic location data of all pre-designated hot spot areas serviced by the base station. The mobile unit's relative position to the hot spots can then be determined by the mobile unit via its GPS.
The network may permit direct mobile unit wireless communications with network base stations and also peer-to-peer wireless communications between mobile units. A request initiated by a mobile unit for reception by a network base station can then be relayed via a different mobile unit located in a hot spot area serviced by the base station.
The network can be configured to monitor mobile unit estimated locations and periodically transmit relative position data of preferred communication areas to the mobile unit. Preferably, such data is determined by the network based on current mobile unit estimated location data and dynamic data of the mobile unit's signal and/or network usage. The network can determine a ranked preference order of preferred communication areas and transmit relative position data a best preferred communication area preference or a series of ranked preferences to the mobile unit.
The geographic hot spot areas are preferably defined by respective sets of geographical coordinates that are stored in a network database. One or more of the data sets are then selectively transmitted from a network base station to provide the mobile unit with relative position data.
A mobile unit for such communication within a wireless network preferably has a transmitter, receiver, and user output device. The transmitter is configured to initiate a request for a preferred communication area location. The receiver is configured to receive geographic location data corresponding to at least one preferred communication area serviced by the network. The user output device alerts a mobile unit user of the relative position of at least one preferred communication area serviced by the network to the mobile unit's estimated location that is either determined by the network or the mobile unit depending upon how the mobile unit is equipped.
The mobile unit may be configured for wireless communication on or more wireless networks including, but not limited to, wireless local area networks (WLANs), time division duplex (TDD) telecommunications systems, and/or frequency division duplex (FDD) telecommunications systems. Accordingly, the mobile unit's transmitter and receiver are configured to utilize the protocols used by the specific systems in which it is intended to be used.
The mobile unit may be equipped with a global positioning system (GPS) that determines an estimated location of the mobile unit. In such case, the transmitter can be configured to transmit a preferred communication location request by transmitting a signal that includes current mobile unit estimated location data and the mobile unit receiver is configured to receive geographic location data corresponding to at least one preferred communication area in the form of relative position data that is determined by the network based on the transmitted mobile unit estimated location data.
Alternatively, the mobile unit location is not transmitted to the network by a GPS equipped mobile unit. The mobile unit's GPS is used to calculate relative position data to preferred communication areas based on geographic location data received in response to a transmitted request that corresponds to at least one preferred communication area serviced by the network.
Where there is no mobile unit GPS, the mobile unit receiver is preferably configured to receive geographic location data corresponding to at least one preferred communication area in the form of relative position data that is based on a mobile unit estimated location determined by the wireless network.
The mobile unit can be configured for direct communication with network base stations and also peer-to-peer wireless communications with other mobile units. In such case, the mobile unit receiver is preferably configured to also receive a response to a transmitted request via a relay from another mobile unit in direct communication with a network base station.
The mobile unit can be configured with a map display to visually display preferred communication areas relative to the estimated mobile unit location. The user output device may include a power use indicator that is active when the mobile unit is physically located in an area where power consumption is relatively high. Such an indicator can be used to trigger a request, manually or automatically, for the relative location of a preferred communication area where power consumption would be lower.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and relate drawings.
The present invention is described with reference to the drawing figures wherein like numerals represent like elements throughout. The terms base station, WTRU, and mobile unit are used in their general sense as described above. The present invention provides a wireless radio access network having one or more networked base stations through which wireless service is provided for mobile units, i.e., mobile WTRUs, as they enter and/or travel through the respective areas of geographic coverage provided by the respective base stations. For reason of simplicity, the invention is in part described as applied to a wireless local area network (WLAN) having base stations, i.e., access points, built on the IEEE 802.11b standard. Preferably, the WLAN has geographic areas pre-designated for preferred communication usage called hot spots. Such networks can be configured for both direct network access by mobile units and also permit peer-to-peer mobile unit communications, sometimes referred to as ad hoc communications. However, the proposed invention is applicable in any wireless system that may be accessed by mobile units. For example, in lieu of or in addition to hot spot areas, a preferred communication area can be determined relative to signal quality or another communication parameter of an on going communication with a mobile unit.
Referring to
The base station provides network access in a selected geographic area via an associated antenna system 407. Various obstacles, such as a walls 408, houses 409, and/or office buildings 411 can limit the quality of service QoS provided by the base station. Although obstructed zones can be serviced by the base station 406, power requirements are generally greater in obstructed areas in comparison to unobstructed areas such as zones 401 and 403. The unobstructed areas can be advantageously designated as preferred areas for supporting communications or enhanced communication services to mobile units when located within such areas.
If the mobile unit 402 does not contain a GPS or is not otherwise configured for the determination of its own location, the WLAN 405 determines the mobile unit's estimated position such as by using the various aforementioned triangulation and Doppler techniques. The WLAN 405, for example, determines a relative position of the mobile unit 402 to the antenna 407 of the base station 406 and transmits location informational data to the mobile unit 402 to facilitate moving the mobile unit 402 to the hot spot zones 401 and 403.
Hot spot services can be provided by using beam forming for selected services. For example, the communication beam for reception and transmission by the base station antenna can be configured to cover the hot spot area so that a communication power threshold is not met by a mobile unit attempting to utilize the selected services outside of the hot spot area, even if otherwise within a communication radius of the base station antenna. Alternatively or in conjunction with beam forming, the base station can be configured to only provide enhanced communications for a mobile unit when it is determined that such mobile is physically located in the hot spot area through evaluation of relative geolocation data.
The base station can be configured to provide service within a given communication radius, but to only provide enhanced communications for a mobile unit when it is physically located in the hot spot area. For example, basic paging service could be provided for a 360 degree radius from the antenna 407 of the base station 406, but data transfer, voice, and/or Internet services may only be provided in hot spot zones 401 and 403. In such an example, mobile unit 402 can be paged at its illustrated location, but would need to relocate to hot spot zones 401 or 403 to conduct other types of communications supported by the hot spot wireless communication system 406.
As an alternative, a base station can be configured to provide service within a given communication radius, but to alert a mobile unit when it is not physically located in a hot spot area where power consumption is relatively high. For example, all services could be provided for a 360 degree radius from the antenna 407 of the base station 406, but more energy efficient services may be provided in hot spot zones 401 and 403. In such example, mobile unit 402 can receive a warning at its illustrated location, but would not receive such warning if it relocated to hot spot zones 401 or 403.
The network 405 preferably maintains data relating to the hot spots serviced by each base station 406 that includes relative geographic coverage area data which can take the form of a dynamic table of locations versus throughput based upon recent communications history. This data can then be used in connection with mobile unit geolocation data to provide relocation data to a mobile unit to enable the user to relocate to a hot spot area for utilizing the enhanced services.
The WLAN 405 is preferably configured to receive and respond to hot spot location requests. For example, where base station 406 is configured to provide at least some communication service outside hot spot areas 401, 403, mobile unit 402 transmits a request to access services only available in a hot spot location. Where the request includes mobile unit geolocation data, or the network can otherwise determine an estimate of the requesting mobile unit's location, the network 405 then replies with one or more data sets of hot spot locations which are near the location of the user. The user can then move to one of these locations to access and/or achieve a better quality of service (QoS).
The network 405 can base the information provided to the mobile unit 402 on a determination of which hot spots are within a predetermined threshold distance of the requesting mobile unit. The selection criteria can be dynamically based on network usage to direct mobile units to lesser used hot spots by not providing the location data of hot spots conducting a high volume of communication traffic at the time of the request or by listing the locations based on best available QoS. For example, referring to
As an alternative to specific mobile unit requests, the WLAN 405 can monitor mobile unit location and automatically, without user initiated intervention, advise the user to move to a different location to achieve more efficient throughput. This can be used to maintain an on going communication while alerting the user that an enhanced service area or a more energy efficient location is available. For example, the monitoring of the mobile unit 402 by the WLAN 405 is then configured to provide the mobile unit 402 with real time updated radio signal coverage information as the mobile unit 402 traverses the WLAN coverage area of the base station 406.
The mobile units can be configured with a display with a displayable map function such as the type that are well known with GPS systems. In such case, after the WLAN 405, for example, determines the location of the mobile unit 402, the system 405 downloads map information containing the hot spot coordinates for display as a map image on mobile unit 402. For example, the downloaded information can contain coordinate information concerning hot spot locations 401 and 403 either in the form of an entire map or, if the mobile unit has general map information as coordinates defining an area on the mobile units built in maps.
The hot spots such as locations 401 and 403 can be provided in an earlier download from a network, published in a networking guide, or determined heuristically from previous sojourns through wireless coverage areas served by the base station 406 of the WLAN 405. Where such external or previously stored information is indexed to the specific WLAN 405, the WLAN 405 can convey identification information to the mobile unit 402 that informs it that it is within the service area of the WLAN and the mobile unit can then determine a path and/or direction to the hot spot locations without additional information.
Where a WLAN is configured to provide service only for mobile units that are physically located in the hot spot areas, such external or previously stored resources available to a mobile unit can be used by the mobile unit to locate the service areas. For example, wireless services may only be provided in hot spot zones 401 and 403. In such example, mobile unit 402 would need to relocate to hot spot zones 401 or 403 to conduct other types of communications supported by the hot spot wireless communication system 405.
To relocate, the mobile unit can use external or previously stored information if available. Alternatively, where the WLAN is configured for both network access through hot spots and ad hoc peer-to-peer communications between mobile units, hot spot location requests can be made indirectly to the WLAN. For example, mobile unit 402 could convey a request for hot spot location information to mobile unit 404 located in hot spot zone 403, which in turn relays the request to the WLAN 405, which in turn transmits relocation information via mobile unit 404 to mobile unit 402.
Preferably, the hot spot service zone information is stored within a database in the WLAN 405 and is regularly updated. Dynamic QoS information can be used to maintain a rating of hot spots based on traffic and other parameters, particularly factors related to radio interference. Service zone information can be computationally derived using the network's antenna 407 radiation pattern and/or mapped over time using historical mobile unit signal quality feedback information.
Although beam forming can be, and in some instances is preferably, used to define the hot spot areas, unlike typical beam forming systems that direct beams based on mobile unit location, the wireless communication system of the present invention generally requests mobile units to reposition themselves to the hot spot area at which formed beams are directed. Where beam forming is used to service a defined hot spot area, the beam can be adjusted to account for actual traffic within the hot spot area. For example, a beam formed via antenna 407 from base station 406 may not actually cover the entire area of hot spot zones 401 and 403 at any particular point in time, but rather is adjusted to provide more optimum throughput in providing services in the hot spot area. Potentially, for the very limited instance illustrated in
Although the aforementioned discussed WLAN technology employing 802.11 technology, the present invention can be implemented in any wireless communications system, such as a time division duplex (TDD) or frequency division duplex (FDD) wireless telephone system.
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|Systems and methods to facilitate compliance with location dependent requirements
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|Hybrid car
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|Flexible carrier utilization
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|Jul 31, 2003
|Palm, Inc.
|Dynamic networking modes method and apparatus
|Sep 25, 2002
|Sep 18, 2003
|Barker Charles R.
|System and method for trans-medium address resolution on an ad-hoc network with at least one highly disconnected medium having multiple access points to other media
|Jun 24, 2002
|Dec 25, 2003
|Nokia Corporation
|Mobile mesh Ad-Hoc networking
|Dec 31, 2002
|Jan 8, 2004
|Interdigital Technology Corporation
|Method for performing wireless switching
|Sep 18, 2002
|Mar 18, 2004
|Wurzburg Francis L.
|Low-cost interoperable wireless multi-application and messaging service
|Apr 30, 2002
|Oct 14, 2004
|Wesley Chan
|Service delivery systems and methods
|May 1, 2002
|Oct 14, 2004
|Microsoft Corporation
|Method for wireless capability discovery and protocol negotiation, and wireless device including same
|Apr 19, 2002
|Nov 4, 2004
|Takehiko Tsutsumi
|Method, program, and apparatus for delegating information processing
|Jun 10, 2004
|Nov 11, 2004
|Kang Myung-Seok
|Method for applying different charge rates and for indicating location of mobile station in cellular mobile telecommunication system
|Mar 10, 2005
|Aug 18, 2005
|Brian Mark
|Cellular network handoff decision mechanism
|Jun 24, 1992
|Feb 3, 1993
|Best site selection apparatus
|Jul 14, 2000
|Jul 24, 2002
|Independant synchronisation of PPP links on UM and RM interfaces
|Apr 28, 2002
|Oct 23, 2002
|Control method of point-to-point connecting mobile PPP (MPPP) on mobile communication system
|Jul 10, 2002
|Feb 12, 2003
|Position registering system, mobile terminal, control equipment and position registering method
|Jun 3, 1999
|Dec 8, 1999
|Globalstar L.P.
|A mobile satellite user information request system
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|Motorola, Inc.
|Optimisation of cellular communications network performance
|Title not available
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|Mar 3, 1998
|Sep 11, 1998
|Salbu Research And Development (Proprietary) Limited
|Cellular communication system with mobile stations acting as relay stations
|Mar 9, 2000
|Sep 14, 2000
|Salbu Research And Development Laboratories (Proprietary) Limited
|Routing in a multi-station network
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 21, 2012
|Resource Consortium Limited
|Targeted advertising in a situational network
|Oct 17, 2011
|Sep 25, 2012
|Resource Consortium Limited
|Location based services in a situational network
|Dec 11, 2012
|Resource Consortium Limited
|Creating a projection of a situational network
|Jan 22, 2013
|Resource Consortium Limited
|Location based services in a situational network
|Aug 29, 2012
|Sep 24, 2013
|Resource Consortium Limited
|Location based services in a situational network
|Oct 17, 2011
|Jul 1, 2014
|Resource Consortium Limited
|Notifications using a situational network
|Oct 26, 2007
|Sep 2, 2014
|Resource Consortium Limited
|Searchable message board
|Oct 5, 2011
|Mar 24, 2015
|Resource Consortium Limited
|Access of information using a situational network
|Sep 13, 2012
|Sep 22, 2015
|Resource Consortium Limited
|Method and system for using a situational network
|Oct 31, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|Wassim Haddad
|Wireless LAN
|Apr 11, 2003
|Aug 12, 2004
|Timo Hussa
|Access point service for mobile users
|Dec 14, 2004
|Jun 30, 2005
|Fanuc Ltd
|Software download system for controller
|U.S. Classification
|455/457, 455/115.3, 455/456.3, 455/456.1, 455/456.2
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 5, 2004
Owner name: INTERDIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, DELAWARE
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|Jul 15, 2008
|Certificate of correction
|Nov 10, 2010
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Year of fee payment: 4
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Summer Axis Family/Corporate Lease 633 acres Bandera co.
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19 July 2014
Russian Time's Mitch Evans took the honours in a landmark 200th race for the GP2 feeder series, in what proved to be a heated and thrilling race.
13 July 2014
BMW's Maxime Martin has dominated a hugely dramatic race at the Moscow Raceway to record his first ever DTM victory as defending champion Mike Rockenfeller failed to finish.
13 July 2014
Brad Keselowski was unequivocally the master of New Hampshire this weekend, adding victory in the Cup race to his Nationwide win on Saturday.
13 July 2014
Tony Kanaan looked to have the Iowa Corn Indy 300 in the bag, but Ryan Hunter-Reay had different ideas about that at the climax on Saturday night.
13 July 2014
Roberto Merhi led from the front in race two as a first lap incident caused midfield chaos at the Nurburgring.
12 July 2014
Championship leader Carlos Sainz Jr led from the front to dominate race one at the Nurburgring for DAMS.
07 July 2014
The rain was an ever-present threat on Sunday when the Coke Cola 400 finally got underway, but it was the two massive wrecks that really mixed things up.
06 July 2014
Lewis Hamilton enjoyed the perfect home race as he won the British Grand Prix while team-mate Nico Rosberg retired
06 July 2014
Juan Pablo Montoya started from pole position and claimed victory in the Pocono IndyCar 500 despite lengthy domination of the race by Tony Kanaan.
06 July 2014
Felipe Nasr is getting used to the top step of the podium, the Carlin and Williams F1 test driver executing a perfect sprint race at Silverstone.
05 July 2014
Mitch Evans and Jolyon Palmer had a race-long duel to decide the outcome of the Silverstone feature race after polesitter Raffaele Marciello retired early.
29 June 2014
Volkswagen's Sebastien Ogier has won Rally Poland to strengthen his position in the 2014 WRC Drivers' Championship
29 June 2014
Reigning BTCC champion Andrew Jordan steered clear of the chaos to take his fourth win of the season at Croft.
29 June 2014
Simon Pagenaud was simply too fast for the rest as he sealed a convincing win in the second race of the Shell and Pennzoil Grand Prix of Houston.
29 June 2014
BTCC championship leader Colin Turkington tightens his grip on the title race after another flawless victory at Croft.
29 June 2014
Mercedes' Robert Wickens has translated his pole position into a serene victory at a wet-dry Norisring.
29 June 2014
BMW's Colin Turkington has utterly dominated the BTCC's opening race at Croft while Jason Plato drove a magnificent defensive drive behind amid a multi-car battle for the podium.
29 June 2014
Brad Keselowski has claimed his second NASCAR Sprint Cup victory of the year and locked himself into the Chase after winning at Kentucky.
28 June 2014
Carlos Huertas was the shock beneficiary of the rain in Houston, and he was joined on the podium by compatriots Juan Pablo Montoya and Carlos Munoz.
28 June 2014
Sergey Sirotkin successfully converted his race one pole position to a maiden Formula Renault 3.5 win in Moscow.


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30 Reviews
This recipe has kind of blown my mind....I just can't believe how ridiculously simple this was to prepare and how little time and effort went into it...I'm amazed!!
A great recipe for those just venturing into the world of bread making!
Made for PRMR.
Very simple to make. I would cut salt by 1/2 tsp next time, but other than that, it was delicious. I will try the suggestion by Craftscout to add some fresh herbs to it for variety. I made rolls.
Mine didn`t turn out that well, it kept collapsing while it rose and again while it baked. Is the 1 1/2 TBSP of yeast correct, that seems like an awful lot,I thought maybe you meant tsp. but I noticed none of the other reviewers mentioned it so I went ahead with TBSP. I have the baguette pans also. We still enjoyed it though.
Never knew you could make bread in a food processor. So easy and so good. Made for ZWT.
This is a wonderful French bread or so I was told LOL I made it sliced it took it to work and didn't even get any LOL Easy to mix up. Made for Fall Pac 09
My mom has this same recipe floating around in her files at her home, I remember looking through them growing up. I am so glad I found this recipe here! So quick and easy, turns out perfectly each time. Can't wait to try it as rolls. Thanks for posting!
Wow!! I must say that these are the best French rolls I have ever made. They were soo easy. The only "problem" I had is that they rose up soo big. I am not real experienced with bread so I made them too big for the rise. The texture was wonderful though. I have never used bread flour and will from now on because I love the texture. Made for ZWT5 for the Cooks with Dirty Faces. Thanks for a GREAT recipe.
This is delicious french bread - came out so much better than I expected. It gets eatten up so quickly! I make it in to roll shapes, so easy to make.
This really is as easy as it sounds! I used bread flour, made 12 rolls, brushed melted butter on top and baked them in a muffin pan. They turned out great!
This is the best recipe so easy so to make in the food processor. Thanks for the great recipe mpmaphet!


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Sovereign Oceanfront Hotel Miami Beach
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Historical Traveler Reviews Sovereign Oceanfront Hotel Miami Beach
8 reasons why no to stay there.(writing 10 would have brought back the nightmares)
(1)The rooms were dirty(2)The carpets hadnt been cleaned in years and appeared to have excrement staines(3)The spa was too hot and I burned my legs whilst getting in(4)I had to look round the hotel for my own towels(5)The bar was never open(6)On several occasions I had to demand for the room to be cleaned as the maids had 'forgotten' it(7)I changed rooms twice because of the dirt and the smell(8)The recption staff were not helpful, I had to do everything myself.My advice: Don't stay there even if they pay you!!!!
I knew we were off to a bad start at check in. The staff was very
pleasant but lacked the professional skills necessary to manage and run
a hotel. Most of the time the staff seemed overwhelmed and distracted
with everything else but the guests. As a result, everyday inquiries to
the staff were lengthly and tedious.
Now to the breakfast. Hmm....Do you like wonder bread? Toasted or not? Well it depends if avoid the morning rush to their single toaster (during their decreased two hour breakfast time window). There were also pop tarts to go with the second worst cup of coffee I have ever had. Don't grab all your white bread and jam at once- because that door to the patio probably won't open...overall the continental breakfast is not worth waking up for.
Where should you park? Well, you can pay their ridiculous 30 bucks per night (the highest in the area) to park in their driveway or you can fight with the parking meters on the streets.
On a good note, I was happy that they provided beach chairs and towels for the beach.
If you want ice you'll need to go downstairs to the front desk and they will provide it for you. The elevator (there is only 1) is extremely slow so hopefully your ice won't melt on the way back to the room!
Granted it was a fluke, but on our last night some kids put glue in all of the locks on the 5 and 6 floors. Once again, the staff seemed overwhelmed and distracted by the incident.
The hotel charges an additional $9.95 resort fee which includes beach towels, the breakfast, etc. This fee was recently lowered (from $30) due to many complaints from guests.
Overall, we were not happy with the hotel. If we go down to South Beach again we will not consider the Sovereign as an option. We would suggest the Best Western 2 doors down. Their prices were similar, the breakfast appeared better, and the pool was cleaner. Enjoy.
Terrible Place to Stay!
I took my fiance on a trip to Miami for the first time. Hoping to impress him we stayed at the Sovereign. BIG MISTAKE. Carpets were stained throughout with mold and our room even smelled like mold. To top it all off the alarm system kept going off. You couldn't pay me enough to stay at this hotel again!
Absolutely Terrible - worst I've been to in 30 years
We had purchased four nights four months prior to New Years Eve from Hotels website for the Sovereign. When we arrived there were about ten I'm in the process of suing them, so if anyone has people at the front desk who had also purchased rooms only to find out they had sold the rooms to the highest bidder. They would not work with any of us to find other hotels. The management abandoned the poor person (only a single person)at the front desk to receive the barrage of complaints from us. Basically, people had flown in from all over the country for New Years in South Beach only to be without a place to stay in Miami - all other hotels were booked. My suggestion is never, ever under any circumstances book from hotels and definitely never, ever don't, under any circumstances stay at this nightmare of a hotel. As a last note, I talked to several of the people who were staying there and found out that even though they had rooms, everyone the hotel was one of the worst they ever had been to. any similar stories abou this hotel, please email me if you would like information on how the lawsuit goes.
Loved it
I normally dont write to these sites but i loved the hotel so much that i wanted to write. The hotel is a very pretty hotel on the beach and clearly advertises thier resort fee on all the .com sites- it is a great deal with a free open bar, phone calls, internet connection etc- and with the low rate it is still a bargain. Although the hotel is minimally staffed- i became friends with the staff and they were the most accommodating bunch. I sayed for a weekend and extended 2 more days i enjoyed it so much
Bug Alert!
As has been mentioned in the other reviews, the hotel will promptly attempt to charge you $30+ as a mandatory resort fee for, amongst other things, your complimentary breakfast (surely some mistake?). If you claim ignorance, this will promptly be lowered to $19.95.If you're travelling by car, be warned that you may also face a $30 per night valet parking fee if you don't want to chance your arm with Miami meter maids - there's no on-site parking. Meters start at 8am so you'll need to be up bright and early to feed 'em - carry on till 6pm.Biggest problem: exotic bugs of varying descriptions in beds of the first two rooms we were put in. Third room just had ants in the bathroom and nothing obviously in the bed.Also, the much-vaunted renovation seems to be a failure - walls were stained with rust from A/C leakage, pool and pool area were filthy and poolside infested with fire ant nests. TV appears to be run from a badly-installed aerial with five out of six channels totally unwatchable, though NBC was merely strangely coloured - watching a bright green/psychedelic purple Jay Leno was interesting.No refund offered although they did waive all extra fees for the one night we eventually stayed and co-operated fully with our travel agent in changing the remainder of our reserved time to another hotel.Staff were helpful and friendly "complimentary" breakfast was good, but couldn't really placate us and put a fairly severe downer on our Miami experience - left next day.If the extra fees had been figured into our costs, we would have gone for a pretty serious hotel instead for that price. Suggest that Sovereign need to put their house in order urgently - including fumigation, further restoration and a price scale review.
Good place - but with a sting in the tail....
Its been said in another review of the Sovereign and it certainly applies - a mixed bag!
We found the Sovereign through Expedia UK and got a good deal on it, (�39 or about $62 a night during September) and after viewing the pictures on their own site and Expedia were looking forward to our stay.
However, our opinion changed 5 minutes after arrival... after a full day of traveling, during check-in a piece of paper was produced explaining the 'resort-fee'.
This fee covered various extras including a continental breakfast, beach towels, beach chairs/parasols, bottles of water, free bar (when its open) & also some cash off facials/watersports hire.
The downside to all this is $34.95 per night, per room - this was not something we were prepared for and the receptionist was not sympathetic to us at all. She was very defensive about the fee claiming it is displayed on Expedia USA and we should have seen it. (However, we are from the UK and booked through the UK site, where it is not mentioned).
As we were staying for a week, this would change our good rate of $62 per night to $97 p/n (An extra $245 for the week).
After some time arguing we were not aware of the fee, it was lowered to $19.95 p/n - a significant improvement, but our view of the hotel was severely tarnished.
However, there are some really good elements to the Sovereign!
The room we were staying in was very large with nice furnishings, a very comfortable bed and excellent bathroom. The air-con is also powerful enough to turn the room into a block of ice within about 5 minutes!
A slight downside is with the tv - which was massive. There are 10 channels or so listed however, only 3 channels actually worked (CBS, ABC and Fox) but the recption on these was patchy at best. But with the beach/pool outside its unlikely you'll be watching it to much, but just to let you know.
The pool and garden area were lovely and led straight onto the boardwalk and beach. There is also a spa/whirlpool which was excellent.
There is also a lot of sun-loungers around the pool and also a couple of hammocks in the garden. (Theres also the biggest grasshoppers we've ever seen!)
The free bar (between 1700 and 1900) was also a good touch. Whilst we were there, it was only open between 1700 & 1900, if thats because of the time of year we went I don't know. So its a bit bad if you want a drink during the afternoon/night.
The valet parking was expensive ($30 a day) if you have a car, but there are several bus routes that stop outside the hotel that go to and from South Beach/Downtown.
In summary, the Soveriegn is a good hotel but could be an excellent hotel if the resort fee issue was resolved (either by losing it all together or including it in the price quoted on internet sites) Speaking with other guests, everyone was unhappy with the resort fee and no-one knew about it.
This is a good hotel, and we would stay again, however remember to budget for the resort fee!
Never again
Horrible!!!I just stayed at the Sovereign, at believe me our group was disappointed from the time we walked in ... We made our reservations through Expedia and paid $65.00 per night, and thought it was a great deal; however upon arrival we were notified there was a "mandatory" fee of $35.00 a night. This fee included among other things, unlimited bottles of water (which was pretty cool) free continental breakfast and an "open bar" from 5-7 PM. However the bartender would close the bar at around 6:45 PM!!!, so we were unable to get drinks after that time. In addition the bar was only open during those two hours, never during the day!!! There were only 3 available channels to watch, our tv didn't work properly, the pool was dirty (I don't even think it was treated with chlorine ...) Overall it was very upseting because it's a nice little hotel, with lots of potential ... if it had the right management.
Mixed Bag
I feel a bit guilty as I'm here at the hotel as I write this. This hotel is a hard one to rate because are at least a couple of really negative things going on that cancel out the really good things about the hotel.
First, I found a rate of $55/night for four nights on Expedia which is excellent. Add another $9 for taxes and fees and you have a great beachfront room for around $64/night. That was great until I arrived at the check in counter. I was told that there is a mandatory $20 "resort fee" that covers various amenities like continental breakfast and beach chairs. Suddenly my cheap rate became average.
The hotel itself seems typical for a small, older, art deco building.
Apparently Marriott was supposed to take this hotel over but pulled out before the deal was completed. Many upgrades were completed before the pull out. The furnishings and fixtures are newish as much of the paint on the walls. However, some windows are old and sandblasted; the carpet is ready for replacement; and the exterior walls need to be painted.
Otherwise, the physical building is nicer than I expected.
The patio area is beautiful. Its actually one of the nicest garden patios in the immediate area. The pool and jacuzzi is clean and inviting, there's ample seating, hammocks and the foliage is well placed. A note to those who are a bit squeemish around bugs: lizards and lubbers are common in this area. (If you don't know what lubbers are I advise you to look them up on Goggle - otherwise be prepared to scream from surprise.)
The other major disappointment for me was the lack of cable. Not only was there no cable, they only had 3 viewable local channels. It had something to do with that Marriott pull out. To their credit though the "free" high speed internet connection works great. Just connect the provided network cable to your laptop's network jack and you're good to go.
Another problem is parking. They only offer valet parking for $30/day which I think is outrageous. THe hotel next door valets for $15 /day. I chose the cheapest option: Go to Publix and buy a parking card for $25.
Then park on the street at the meter for a maximum of $5/day.
I would probably stay here again because the staff has been great and its still a good deal even with the surprise resort fee.
Would Definitly stay here again!
I know it's been a long time, but I never knew that Icould tell anyone about my trip to Miami, until now! (I was looking forreviews for my next trip to the Bahamas) I stayed at the Sovereign Hotel(soon to be Courtyard Marriott) in August of 2002. It was a wonderfulexperience and the staff was incredibly polite. The Sovereign is exactlylike the photos the pool is small, but refreshing and when we were therewe had the pool to ourselves almost the entire week. It was very quietand it was right on the beach. you can get an ocean view room (I didn'thave one) but I'm sure they are incredible. RE: Miami in general.Your best bet is to take the bus everywhere and learn it! it's a lotless expensive & they run along Collins ave. all day/night. The tripoverall was amazing & the hotel was very comfortable, they were fastand virtually invisible, our room was clean at all times and I never sawa made!!! I would rate this hotel a 10++++++
TripAdvisor Reviews Sovereign Oceanfront Hotel Miami Beach
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Sidi Drako SRS Mens Shoes - Mens - Road Bike Shop
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It isn't easy to replace a pair of cycling shoes. Sure, you can buy new ones, but that's just the beginning. It takes lots of riding before new shoes really start to feel right. It's a real bummer when your cherished cycling shoes have a part break or a sole wear out when the uppers are really...


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Sorry, this item sold. You may also like:
This is a professional, archival quality print by artist Cindi Lynch. This work for sale is printed from an original watercolor and hand signed on the front by the artist. It measures 5 3/4" x 7". Cindi Lynch, an award-winning and widely displayed artist, is known for her highly detailed work. We have other equally delightful and whimsical dog prints for sale. We gladly combine shipping.
If only the leaf pile were a little taller, the beagle could reach the cat / Lynch signed folk art print
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