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Palate Development
|Embryology - 24 Jul 2016 Expand to Translate
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- 1 Introduction
- 2 Some Recent Findings
- 3 Textbooks
- 4 Movies
- 5 Development Overview
- 6 Pharyngeal Arch Development
- 7 Face Development
- 8 Embryonic Palate
- 9 Fetal Palate
- 10 Soft Palate
- 11 Head Growth
- 12 Animal Palate
- 13 Molecular
- 14 Abnormalities
- 15 Cleft Risk Variants
- 16 References
- 17 Additional Images
- 18 Terms
- 19 External Links
- 20 Glossary Links
The palate anatomically separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity and structurally has a bony (hard) anterior component and a muscular (soft) posterior component ending with the uvula. The oral side of the palate is covered with a squamous stratified (pluristratified) epithelium. The surface of the hard palate of most mammalian species is further thrown into a series of transversal palatal ridges or rugae palatinae. Both the palatal ridge number and arrangement are also species specific.
Neural crest has a major contribution to the palate development and there are a number of molecular, mechanical and morphological steps in involving the fusion of contributing structures including a key epithelial to mesenchymal transition. In palate formation there are two main and separate times and events of development, during embryonic (primary palate) and an early fetal (secondary palate). This separation of events into embryonic and fetal period corresponds closely to the classification of associated palate abnormalities.
The primary palate is formed by two parts:
- maxillary components of the first pharyngeal arch (lateral)
- frontonasal prominence (midline)
The secondary palate can also be divided in two anatomical parts:
- anterior hard palate - ossified (contributions from the maxilla and palatine bones).
- posterior soft palate - muscular.
- Palate Links: Palate Development | Cleft Lip and Palate | Cleft Palate | Head Development | Category:Palate
- Head Links: Introduction | Medicine Lecture | Medicine Lab | Science Lecture | Science Lab | Craniofacial Seminar | Mouth | Palate | Tongue | Placodes | Skull Development | Head and Face Movies | Abnormalities | Category:Head
|Historic Embryology
|1910 Skull | 1910 Skull Images | 1921 Human Brain Vascular | 1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus | 1919 21mm Embryo Skull | 1920 Human Embryo Head Size | 1921 43 mm Fetal Skull | Historic Disclaimer
Some Recent Findings
|More recent papers
This table shows an automated computer PubMed search using the listed sub-heading term.
References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.
Paul Luther Shay, Jesse A Goldstein, Jason D Wink, J Thomas Paliga, Cynthia B Solot, Marilyn A Cohen, Susan A Friedman, David W Low, Jesse A Taylor, Oksana A Jackson International Adoptees With Cleft Lip and/or Palate: Lessons Learned From a Growing Population. Ann Plast Surg: 2016; PubMed 27442490
E T van Lierop, S A Al-Ani, R Vidyadharan, R Slator Regarding "Airway Management in Pierre Robin Sequence: Patterns of Practice". Cleft Palate Craniofac. J.: 2016; PubMed 27441703
Olivia E Linden, Helena O Taylor, Sivabalan Vasudavan, Margaret E Byrne, Curtis K Deutsch, John B Mulliken, Stephen R Sullivan Three-Dimensional Analysis of Nasal Symmetry Following Primary Correction of Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J.: 2016; PubMed 27441702
Camila Wenceslau Alvarez, Maria Leine Guion-Almeida, Antonio Richieri-Costa About Cuddapah et al. Paper Entitled "IRF6 Sequencing in Interrupted Clefting". Cleft Palate Craniofac. J.: 2016; PubMed 27441701
Elissa Kim, Melissa D Kanack, Milan D Dang-Vu, Daniela Carvalho, Marilyn C Jones, Amanda A Gosman Evaluation of Ventilation Tube Placement and Long-term Audiologic Outcome in Children With Cleft Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J.: 2016; PubMed 27441700
Adauê Oliveira, Cássia Amaral Rapid Maxillary Expansion without Posterior Anchorage. Int J Orthod Milwaukee: 2016, 27(1);73-6 PubMed 27319047
Lucie Rochard, Stefanie D Monica, Irving T C Ling, Yawei Kong, Sara Roberson, Richard Harland, Marnie Halpern, Eric C Liao Roles of Wnt pathway genes wls, wnt9a, wnt5b, frzb and gpc4 in regulating convergent-extension during palate morphogenesis. Development: 2016; PubMed 27287801
Petra Celá, Marcela Buchtová, Iva Veselá, Kathy Fu, Jean-Philippe Bogardi, Yiping Song, Amanda Barlow, Paul Buxton, Jirina Medalová, Philippa Francis-West, Joy M Richman BMP signaling regulates the fate of chondro-osteoprogenitor cells in facial mesenchyme in a stage-specific manner. Dev. Dyn.: 2016; PubMed 27264541
Lucas Boer, Anna B Radziun, Roelof-Jan Oostra Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731): Historical perspective and contemporary analysis of his teratological legacy. Am. J. Med. Genet. A: 2016; PubMed 27126916
Kaan Gunduz, Hakan Avsever, Kaan Orhan, Gözde Canitezer, Aydan Acikgoz, Ulas Oz, Muhammet Midilli A multi-centre evaluation of multiple supernumerary premolar prevalence. Aust Orthod J: 2015, 31(2);149-56 PubMed 26999887
- The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (8th Edition) by Keith L. Moore and T.V.N Persaud - Moore & Persaud Chapter Chapter 10 The Pharyngeal Apparatus pp201 - 240.
- Larsen's Human Embryology by GC. Schoenwolf, SB. Bleyl, PR. Brauer and PH. Francis-West - Chapter 12 Development of the Head, the Neck, the Eyes, and the Ears pp349 - 418.
- Links: Movies | Ultrasound
Development Overview
- week 4 - pharyngeal arch formation, first pharngeal arch contributes mandible and maxilla.
- week 6 - 7 - primary palate formation maxillary processes and frontonasal prominence.
- week 9 - secondary palate shelves fuse, separating oral and nasal cavities.
Embryonic Period
- (week 4) - pharyngeal arch formation in rostrocaudal sequence (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6)
- First pharyngeal arch - upper maxillary (pair) and lower mandibular prominences
- Late embryonic period - maxillary prominences fuse with frontonasal prominence forming upper jaw (maxilla and upper lip)
Fetal Period
Pharyngeal Arch Development
Major features to identify for each: arch, pouch, groove and membrane. Contribute to the formation of head and neck and in the human appear at the 4th week. The first arch contributes the majority of upper and lower jaw structures.
- Pharynx - begins at the buccopharyngeal membrane (oral membrane), apposition of ectoderm with endoderm (no mesoderm between).
- branchial arch (Gk. branchia= gill)
- arch consists of all 3 trilaminar embryo layers
- ectoderm- outside
- mesoderm- core of mesenchyme
- endoderm- inside
Neural Crest
- Mesenchyme invaded by neural crest generating connective tissue components
- cartilage, bone, ligaments
- arises from midbrain and hindbrain region
Face Development
Begins week 4 centered around stomodeum, external depression at oral membrane
5 initial primordia from neural crest mesenchyme
- single frontonasal prominence (FNP) - forms forehead, nose dorsum and apex
- nasal placodes develop later bilateral, pushed medially
- paired maxillary prominences - form upper cheek and upper lip
- paired mandibular prominences - lower cheek, chin and lower lip
Frontonasal Process
The frontonasal process (FNP) forms the majority of the superior part of the early face primordia. It later fuses with the maxillary component of the first pharyngeal arch to form the upper jaw. Failure of this fusion event during the embryonic period leads to cleft lip. Under the surface ectoderm the process mesenchyme consists of two cell populations; neural crest cells, forming the connective tissues; and the mesoderm forming the endothelium of the vascular network.
A chicken developmental model study has identified a specific surface region, the Frontonasal Ectodermal Zone (FEZ), initially induced by bone morphogenetic proteins that appears to regulate the future growth and patterning of the frontonasal process. The specific frontonasal ectodermal zone was located in the frontonasal process ectoderm flanking a boundary between Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) expression domains.[6]
Embryonic Palate
Human primary palate
- EM Links: Image - stage 16 | Image - stage 17 | Image - stage 18 | Image - stage 19 | Palate Development
Fetal Palate
|Secondary palate, fusion in the human embryo in week 9. This requires the early palatal shelves growth, elevation, and fusion. There are many fusion events occurring during this period between each palatal shelf, to the primary palate, and also to the nasal septum.
palatal shelf elevation | secondary palate
Fetal Palate Growth (second trimester)[8]
Ventral aspect of hard palate of human embryo of 80 mm
Soft Palate
The soft palate mechanism of closure has not yet been determined, with several existing theories. A recent study[9] of embryos from the late embryonic-early fetal period (54 to 74 days post-conception) has identified the timing of soft palate closure.
- 57 days - Late embryonic (Carnegie stage 23), epithelial seam present throughout the soft palate
- 64 days - Early fetal (Week 9), epithelium only persists in the most posterior regions of the soft palate
Head Growth
- continues postnatally - fontanelle allow head distortion on birth and early growth
- bone plates remain unfused to allow growth, puberty growth of face
Animal Palate
Mouse Palate
- E11 - protrude from bilateral maxillary processes
- E12.5 - secondary palatal development begins
- E12.5-E14 - grow vertically along the developing tongue
- E14.5 - they elevate, meet, and fuse at the midline, to form an intact palate shelf, reflex opening and closing movements of the mouth
- E15.5 - palatal fusion is complete, mesenchymal condensation followed by osteogenic differentiation occurs.
Mouse (E13.5) Palatal Shelf Wnt5a, Osr2 and Pax9 Expression.[10]
|Mouse ruga pattern (E16)
|Mouse - Spry1 cleft palate
- Links: Mouse Development | Bone Morphogenetic Protein | Wnt | Pax
Dog Palate
Newborn dog with cleft palate
Image - Mouse E13.5 Bmp7 palate PMID 23516636
Image - palate Bmp7 palate PMID 23516636
Image - palate detail Bmp7 palate PMID 23516636
- Links: Bone Morphogenetic Protein
Note there are specific pages for both Cleft Lip and Palate and Cleft Palate.
Clinical Images
Cleft Lip/Palate
Cleft Palate
The way in which the upper jaw forms from fusion of the smaller upper prominence of the first pharyngeal arch leads to a common congenital defect in this region called "clefting", which may involve either the upper lip, the palate or both structures.
|Australian Palate Abnormalities (2002-2003)
|Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (9.2 per 10,000 births) ICD-10 Q36.0, Q36.1, Q36.9, Q37.0–Q37.5, Q37.8, Q37.9
| A congenital anomaly characterised by a partial or complete clefting of the upper lip, with or without clefting of the alveolar ridge or the hard palate. Excludes a midline cleft of the upper or lower lip and an oblique facial fissure (going towards the eye).
|Cleft palate without cleft lip (8.1 per 10,000 births) ICD-10 Q35.0–Q35.9
| A congenital anomaly characterised by a closure defect of the hard and/or soft palate behind the foramen incisivum without a cleft lip. This anomaly includes sub-mucous cleft palate, but excludes cleft palate with a cleft lip, a functional short palate and high narrow palate.
|Global Orofacial Cleft Rate (1950 - 2015)
| This data is from a study of the published data (1950 - 2015)[12]
International Classification of Diseases - Cleft Palate
Cleft lip and cleft palate (Q35-Q37)
Use additional code (Q30.2), if desired, to identify associated malformations of the nose. Excludes Robin's syndrome ( Q87.0 )
|Cleft palate with cleft lip
|Cleft hard palate with bilateral cleft lip
|Cleft hard palate with unilateral cleft lip
|Cleft hard palate with cleft lip NOS
|Cleft soft palate with bilateral cleft lip
|Cleft soft palate with unilateral cleft lip
|Cleft soft palate with cleft lip NOS
|Cleft hard and soft palate with bilateral cleft lip
|Cleft hard and soft palate with unilateral cleft lip
|Cleft hard and soft palate with cleft lip NOS
|Unspecified cleft palate with bilateral cleft lip
|Unspecified cleft palate with unilateral cleft lip
|Cleft palate with cleft lip NOS
Embryonic Human Cleft Palate
|Stage16 (ventral view)
Cleft Lip
|Cleft Lip Genes[13]
| Midline Cleft Lip Genes
Cleft Lip (+/− cleft palate) Genes
Cleft Palate
(Data: Congenital Malformations Australia 1981-1992 P. Lancaster and E. Pedisich ISSN 1321-8352)
Search Pubmed Now: cleft lip | cleft palate
Cleft Risk Variants
Two genes were identified from a recent genome-wide study.[4]
- MAFB is expressed in the mouse palatal shelf.
- ABCA4 is a member of a superfamily of transmembrane proteins, and mutations in ABCA4 play a major role in the etiology of Stargardt disease and related retinopathies. Gene produces an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily trans-membrane protein
- Links: OMIM - MAFB | OMIM - ABCA4
Ten most frequently reported Birth Anomalies
- Hypospadias (More? Development Animation - Genital Male External | Genital Abnormalities - Hypospadia)
- Obstructive Defects of the Renal Pelvis (More? Renal System - Abnormalities)
- Ventricular Septal Defect (More? Cardiovascular Abnormalities - Ventricular Septal Defect)
- Congenital Dislocated Hip (More? Musculoskelal Abnormalities - Congenital Dislocation of the Hip (CDH))
- Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome - (More? Trisomy 21)
- Hydrocephalus (More? Hydrocephalus)
- Cleft Palate (More? Palate_Development)
- Trisomy 18 or Edward Syndrome - multiple abnormalities of the heart, diaphragm, lungs, kidneys, ureters and palate 86% discontinued (More? (More? Trisomy 18)
- Renal Agenesis/Dysgenesis - reduction in neonatal death and stillbirth since 1993 may be due to the more severe cases being identified in utero and being represented amongst the increased proportion of terminations (approximately 31%). (More? Renal System - Abnormalities)
- Cleft Lip and Palate - occur with another defect in 33.7% of cases.(More? Palate Development | Head Development)
(From the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection Unit in the Australian state of Victoria between 2003-2004)
A recent study of periconceptional folate supplementation using the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (July 2010) identified no statistically significant evidence of any effects on prevention of cleft palate and cleft lip at birth.[15]
- ↑ Junko Mima, Aya Koshino, Kyoko Oka, Hitoshi Uchida, Yohki Hieda, Kanji Nohara, Mikihiko Kogo, Yang Chai, Takayoshi Sakai Regulation of the epithelial adhesion molecule CEACAM1 is important for palate formation. PLoS ONE: 2013, 8(4);e61653 PubMed 23613893 | PLoS One.
- ↑ Emily R Nelson, Benjamin Levi, Michael Sorkin, Aaron W James, Karen J Liu, Natalina Quarto, Michael T Longaker Role of GSK-3β in the osteogenic differentiation of palatal mesenchyme. PLoS ONE: 2011, 6(10);e25847 PubMed 22022457 | PLoS One.
- ↑ Symone San Miguel, Maria J Serrano, Ashneet Sachar, Mark Henkemeyer, Kathy K H Svoboda, M Douglas Benson Ephrin reverse signaling controls palate fusion via a PI3 kinase-dependent mechanism. Dev. Dyn.: 2011, 240(2);357-64 PubMed 21246652
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Terri H Beaty, Jeffrey C Murray, Mary L Marazita, Ronald G Munger, Ingo Ruczinski, Jacqueline B Hetmanski, Kung Yee Liang, Tao Wu, Tanda Murray, M Daniele Fallin, Richard A Redett, Gerald Raymond, Holger Schwender, Sheng-Chih Jin, Margaret E Cooper, Martine Dunnwald, Maria A Mansilla, Elizabeth Leslie, Stephen Bullard, Andrew C Lidral, Lina M Moreno, Renato Menezes, Alexandre R Vieira, Aline Petrin, Allen J Wilcox, Rolv T Lie, Ethylin W Jabs, Yah Huei Wu-Chou, Philip K Chen, Hong Wang, Xiaoqian Ye, Shangzhi Huang, Vincent Yeow, Samuel S Chong, Sun Ha Jee, Bing Shi, Kaare Christensen, Mads Melbye, Kimberly F Doheny, Elizabeth W Pugh, Hua Ling, Eduardo E Castilla, Andrew E Czeizel, Lian Ma, L Leigh Field, Lawrence Brody, Faith Pangilinan, James L Mills, Anne M Molloy, Peadar N Kirke, John M Scott, James M Scott, Mauricio Arcos-Burgos, Alan F Scott A genome-wide association study of cleft lip with and without cleft palate identifies risk variants near MAFB and ABCA4. Nat. Genet.: 2010, 42(6);525-9 PubMed 20436469
- ↑ Ian C Welsh, Aaron Hagge-Greenberg, Timothy P O'Brien A dosage-dependent role for Spry2 in growth and patterning during palate development. Mech. Dev.: 2007, 124(9-10);746-61 PubMed 17693063
- ↑ Silvia Foppiano, Diane Hu, Ralph S Marcucio Signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins directs formation of an ectodermal signaling center that regulates craniofacial development. Dev. Biol.: 2007, 312(1);103-14 PubMed 18028903
- ↑ V M Diewert, S Lozanoff A morphometric analysis of human embryonic craniofacial growth in the median plane during primary palate formation. J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol.: 1993, 13(3);147-61 PubMed 8227288
- ↑ A R BURDI SAGITTAL GROWTH OF THE NASOMAXILLARY COMPLEX DURING THE SECOND TRIMESTER OF HUMAN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT. J. Dent. Res.: 1965, 44;112-25 PubMed 14245486
- ↑ Adrian Danescu, Melanie Mattson, Carly Dool, Virginia M Diewert, Joy M Richman Analysis of human soft palate morphogenesis supports regional regulation of palatal fusion. J. Anat.: 2015; PubMed 26299693
- ↑ Asma Almaidhan, Jeffry Cesario, Andre Landin Malt, Yangu Zhao, Neeti Sharma, Veronica Choi, Juhee Jeong Neural crest-specific deletion of Ldb1 leads to cleft secondary palate with impaired palatal shelf elevation. BMC Dev. Biol.: 2014, 14;3 PubMed 24433583 | BMC Dev Biol.
- ↑ P. Lancaster and E. Pedisich, Congenital Malformations Australia 1981-1992, ISSN 1321-835.
- ↑ Vipawee Panamonta, Suteera Pradubwong, Manat Panamonta, Bowornsilp Chowchuen Global Birth Prevalence of Orofacial Clefts: A Systematic Review. J Med Assoc Thai: 2015, 98 Suppl 7;S11-21 PubMed 26742364
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Michael J Dixon, Mary L Marazita, Terri H Beaty, Jeffrey C Murray Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences. Nat. Rev. Genet.: 2011, 12(3);167-78 PubMed 21331089
- ↑ Maynika V Rastogi, Stephen H LaFranchi Congenital hypothyroidism. Orphanet J Rare Dis: 2010, 5;17 PubMed 20537182 | Orphanet J Rare Dis.
- ↑ Luz Maria De-Regil, Ana C Fernández-Gaxiola, Therese Dowswell, Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas Effects and safety of periconceptional folate supplementation for preventing birth defects. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: 2010, (10);CD007950 PubMed 20927767
- The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal Homepage | Available issues
Indian J Plast Surg. 2009 October; 42(Suppl):Cleft Lip and Palate Issue Jeffrey O Bush, Rulang Jiang Palatogenesis: morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms of secondary palate development. Development: 2012, 139(2);231-43 PubMed 22186724
L Meng, Z Bian, R Torensma, J W Von den Hoff Biological mechanisms in palatogenesis and cleft palate. J. Dent. Res.: 2009, 88(1);22-33 PubMed 19131313
Marek Dudas, Wai-Yee Li, Jieun Kim, Alex Yang, Vesa Kaartinen Palatal fusion - where do the midline cells go? A review on cleft palate, a major human birth defect. Acta Histochem.: 2007, 109(1);1-14 PubMed 16962647
M W Ferguson Palate development. Development: 1988, 103 Suppl;41-60 PubMed 3074914
E D Hay An overview of epithelio-mesenchymal transformation. Acta Anat (Basel): 1995, 154(1);8-20 PubMed 8714286
Gerd Steding, Yutao Jian The origin and early development of the nasal septum in human embryos. Ann. Anat.: 2010, 192(2);82-5 PubMed 20149609
Wei Xiong, Fenglei He, Yuka Morikawa, Xueyan Yu, Zunyi Zhang, Yu Lan, Rulang Jiang, Peter Cserjesi, Yiping Chen Hand2 is required in the epithelium for palatogenesis in mice. Dev. Biol.: 2009, 330(1);131-41 PubMed 19341725
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: palate development | cleft palate development |
Additional Images
- cleft - An anatomical gap or space occuring in abnormal development in or between structures. Most commonly associated with cleft lip and cleft palate. Term is also used to describe the external groove that forms between each pharyngeal arch during their formation.
- cleft lip - An abnormality of face development leading to an opening in the upper lip. Clefting of the lip and or palate occurs with 300+ different abnormalities. Depending on many factors, this cleft may extend further into the oral cavity leading to a cleft palate. In most cases clefting of the lip and palate can be repaired by surgery.
- cleft palate - An abnormality of face development leading to an opening in the palate, the roof of the oral cavity between the mouth and the nose. Clefting of the lip and or palate occurs with 300+ different abnormalities. In most cases clefting of the lip and palate can be repaired by surgery. Palate formation in the embryo occurs at two distinct times and developmental processes called primary and secondary palate formation. This leads to different forms (classifications) and degrees of clefting.
- epithelial mesenchymal transition - (EMT, epitheliomesenchymal transformation) conversion of an epithelium into a mesenchymal (connective tissue) cellular organization.
- epitheliomesenchymal transformation - (epithelial mesenchymal transition) conversion of an epithelium into a mesenchymal (connective tissue) cellular organization.
- medial edge epithelial - (MEE) opposing palatal shelves adhere to each other to form this epithelial seam.
- palate - The roof of the mouth (oral cavity) a structure which separates the oral from the nasal cavity. Develops as two lateral palatal shelves which grow and fuse in the midline. Initally a primary palate forms with fusion of the maxillary processes with the nasal processes in early face formation. Later the secondary palate forms the anterior hard palate which will ossify and separate the oral and nasal cavities. The posterior part of the palate is called the soft palate (velum, muscular palate) and contains no bone. Abnormalities of palatal shelf fusion can lead to cleft palate.
- palatogenesis - The process of palate formation, divided into primary and secondary palate development.
- pharyngeal arch - (branchial arch, Greek, branchial = gill) These are a series of externally visible anterior tissue bands lying under the early brain that give rise to the structures of the head and neck. In humans, five arches form (1,2,3,4 and 6) but only four are externally visible on the embryo. Each arch has initially identical structures: an internal endodermal pouch, a mesenchymal (mesoderm and neural crest) core, a membrane (endoderm and ectoderm) and external cleft (ectoderm). Each arch mesenchymal core also contains similar components: blood vessel, nerve, muscular, cartilage. Each arch though initially formed from similar components will differentiate to form different head and neck structures.
- philtrum - (infranasal depression, Greek, philtron = "to love" or "to kiss") Anatomically the surface midline vertical groove in the upper lip. Embryonically formed by the fusion of the frontonasal prominence (FNP) with the two maxillary processes of the first pharyngeal arch. Cleft palate (primary palate) occurs if these three regions fail to fuse during development. Fetal alcohol syndrome is also indicated by flatness and extension of this upper lip region.
- T-box 22 - (TBX22) a transcription factor that cause X-linked cleft palate and ankyloglossia in humans. Tbx22 is induced by fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) in the early face while bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) represses and therefore restricts its expression. (More? OMIM - TBX22)
- Transforming Growth Factor-beta - (TGFβ) factors induces both epithelial mesenchymal transition and/or apoptosis during palatal medial edge seam disintegration.
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Prof Virginia Diewert - Professor of Orthodontics, University of British Columbia, who recently visited the Lab and helped with content, organisation and development of the Palate Development section.
- Medline Plus - Cleft Lip and Palate
- Better Health Channel - Cleft palate and cleft lip
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation - Cleft Palate
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2016) Embryology Palate Development. Retrieved July 24, 2016, from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Palate_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2016, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G


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Squeeze Remote lets you control your Squeezeboxes or PC from your Win 8 device. Supports both LogitechMediaServer (SBS) and mysqueezebox.com Features Supports both MySqueezebox.com and SqueezeboxServer Plugin support such as Spotify, ShoutCast, iPlayer, MediaFly, SoundEffects, Facebook and more .... Free download of Squeeze Remote
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... target balls before the others collect theirs by controlling your car using touch or mouse. Distract opponents ... into them or move their targets. - Control: Touch or Mouse. Simple taps or clicks where ... your car to drive to. - Blue: You control the blue car and collect blue balls. - .... Free download of Micro Car
VNCViewer SDK for .NET with repeater support. Win Mobile and Desktop support. Virtual Network Computing Viewer Library acts as a remote control software allowing to view and fully interact with one`s computer desktop (the "VNC server") using a simple program (the "VNC viewer") on another computer desktop .... Free download of VNCViewer Library for .NET with repeater support 1.0
VNCViewer with repeater support. Win Mobile and Desktop support. Allows connecting to a ... of another computer (via internet or network) and controlling it. It follows you can work with a ... Network Computing Viewer Library acts as a remote control software allowing to view and fully interact with one`s computer desktop .... Free download of VNCViewer with repeater support 1.0
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8 accommodations in Cape Canaveral
Radisson Resort at the Port8701 Astronaut Blvd, Cape Canaveral | 3 star resortfrom $86
- Very convenient
- Mediocre and over priced
- Not up to Radisson Quality
Country Inns & Suites By Carlson, Cape Canaveral9009 Astronaut Blvd, Cape Canaveral | 2 star hotelfrom $102
- Perfect pre-cruise stay
- Nice Hotel , Bad experience
- Perfect for a pre-cruise stay!
Royal Mansions Resort8600 Ridgewood Avenue, Cape Canaveral | 3 star hotelfrom $145
Residence Inn Cape Canaveral Cocoa Beach8959 Astronaut Boulevard, Cape Canaveral | 3 star hotelfrom $154
- Excellent Property
- Loved the residence inn
- Unbelievably Great Experience
Holiday Inn Club Vacations Cape Canaveral Beach Resort1000 Shorewood Drive, Cape Canaveral | Resortfrom $141
- Avoid the staff
- Fabulous place
- Fantastic time!
Cape Winds Resort7400 Ridgewood Avenue, Cape Canaveral | Condofrom $119
*Prices above are provided by partners for one room, double occupancy and do not include all taxes and fees. Please see our partners for full details.


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Marsaxlokk, Malta
Photos from MarsaxlokkPictures of Marsaxlokk (392)
Hotel Deals in Marsaxlokk
Videos from MarsaxlokkMarsaxlokk Videos (4)
Travel Blogs from MarsaxlokkMarsaxlokk Travel Blogs (29)
... disappointing, which we dealt with the only way we knew how - by stuffing our faces with some more fine Maltese food! Marsaxlokk is a fishing town popular with tour groups, and is popular with locals as a destination for a fine seafood meal - we're ...
Traditional Fishing Village
... its fish market and colorful boats. Unfortunately on the day I was there, they did not have the market because it was the feast of some saint in Malta. However, there are a lot of seafood restaurants on the water and St. Peter's Pool is really ...
A road less travelled
... met with aggression and tooting horns, here, they really don't care, its just part of life - I like that. The harbour in Marsaxlokk is alive with brightly coloured Maltese fishing boats (luzzu) bobbing up and down and is a hive of activity with people ...
More Sights & Tastes of Malta
... do the next time we come back). In addition to the many places we visited, we also had the chance to sample the specialties of Malta. Mary (Sandy, James and Karl's Mom) is a fabulous cook who puts a lot of love in every dish she makes. ...
Attractions in MarsaxlokkMarsaxlokk Attractions (1)
Marsaxlokk Bay
Southeastern Malta, Marsaxlokk, Island of Malta, Malta


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With an ingenious concept, this fairly simple film becomes one of the most gripping thrillers of the year even though it rarely leaves a wood-panelled conference room. Since the 1960s, British officials have met to role-play various scenarios about how a global nuclear war might play out, with their findings going into the eponymous War Book. Watching this group go through a fictional scenario is riveting, because it offers striking insight into our precarious political system.
The film takes place during three 30-minute meetings over three days in 2014, as eight relatively low-level officials and one hapless Member of Parliament (Nicholas Burns) gather in a London boardroom. Philippa (Sophie Okonedo) chairs the meeting in the role of the home secretary, as her assistant (Phoebe Fox) reads a chilling brief about a nuclear bomb that Pakistan detonates in Mumbai. Playing the Prime Minister, Gary (Ben Chaplin) takes over, holding emergency votes on diplomacy, humanitarian aid and whether the UK should be quarantined to keep radiation sickness out. And as the situation deteriorates, differences of opinion begin to emerge around the table, most notably about the repercussions of joining with Britain's allies to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike.
For a movie that consists almost entirely of people sitting in a room talking, this is remarkably visual, never looking like a claustrophobic stage play. Director Tom Harper sends the camera prowling around the room, occasionally glimpsing normal life continuing outside the window. And in between the meetings, the people also have their regular jobs to deal with. Meanwhile, their dialogue is packed with biting humour, power plays, rivalries and some startlingly vivid emotions. While some interaction hinges on short, sharp verbal gymnastics, other segments require much closer attention as the conversations wander through lengthy discussions and anecdotes. The only scene that feels out of place is a pre-meeting encounter between Chaplin and Phoebe Fox that touches on the connection between power and sex.
Continue reading: War Book Review
Nine people from different walks of life who all work for the government are enlisted to take part in a 'scenario' based on decision-making in the event of a nuclear assault. They are given the notice that a nuclear warhead has been detonated in Mumbai, with deaths entering hundreds of thousands, and asked to make a decision on what to do next. It doesn't take long for Gary the 'Prime Minister' to plan a course of action and have his cabinet members vote for it, and when some of the group question whether or not they should be rushing decisions that could affect the lives of millions, it becomes clear that this task is one that some people are happy to take on with a pinch of salt. However, two people in the group understand that this isn't really a fake scenerio at all; it's very, very real and they have to put their social differences aside in order to come to the best course of action.
Continue: War Book Trailer
Stylish and moody, this twisty dramatic thriller gets under our skin with its mysterious tone and darkly insinuating performances. But the script is badly underwritten, never quite connecting the dots between what happens on screen. Several of the events are frankly unbelievable, which is made more frustrating by characters who continually do things that don't make logical sense. So we end up struggling to see the point of it all.
Everything happens in the wake of a massive explosion at a holiday house in the south of France. Micky (Middleton) wakes up with amnesia, having had her face rebuilt by surgeons. But her childhood best pal Domenica (Roach in flashbacks) died in the fire, leaving a huge hole in her life. Her guardian (Kerry Fox) tries to help her return to her daily routine, but she's obsessed with piecing together the nagging puzzle about what happened. And she doesn't really want to be the person she apparently was before the accident. Her old boyfriend Jake (Bernard) is some help, but the more she learns about her former life, the more she wonders who she really is.
The insinuation from the very start is that Micky and Do may have swapped identities in the accident, which seems rather ridiculous since they aren't the same height. Reconstructive surgery can't overcome that, and their different coloured hair would become obvious pretty quickly. So every time writer-director Softley tries to drop a hint or throw us off the trail, we feel like we're being had. At least he maintains a terrific sense of film noir creepiness, with lush visuals and scenes that draw us in to make us wonder what will happen next. And there is the tantalising possibility that the swap is psychological.
Continue reading: Trap For Cinderella Review
Micky is an avid photographer enjoying her nightly social revelry in London until she bumps into an old friend from her childhood. Do is almost the opposite of Micky; she is quiet and reserved, but the pair immediately click as if no time had passed since they last saw each other. A passion that has long laid dormant is re-ignited between them despite the disapproval of those around them but little do they know that their star-crossed relationship is set to end in tragedy when they escape to the French villa where they had spent their summers together as kids. A fire breaks out causing the death of Do and some severe burns and amnesia for Micky. While she struggles to recall memories from her life, she is forced to re-learn her relationships with friends, family and former lovers while trying to make sense of who she is at the same time, with only the word of the people around her to guide her.
Continue: Trap For Cinderella Trailer
Even for a riotous Australian black comedy, this film packs in just a bit too much chaos. It's consistently smart and funny, with lively characters and especially witty dialog, but some of the sideroads never go anywhere. Still, there's so much terrific material in here that it's well worth a look for fans of the genre. And it's great to see Collette return home to reunite with her Muriel's Wedding director P.J. Hogan nearly 20 years after they launched their careers.
The story centres on suburban housewife Shirley (Gibney), who is obsessed with The Sound of Music and wishes her unruly family was more like the Von Trapps. But no, her husband (LaPaglia) is the town's philandering mayor, and their five daughters all think they're mentally ill. Then when Shirley herself ends up in a psych ward, Dad brings in the drifter Shaz (Collette) to watch the girls. She takes no prisoners, whipping them into shape while trying to give them some self-respect. She also shows them that the people society considers "normal" are probably crazier than they are. Meanwhile, eldest daughter Coral (Sullivan) gets a job at a shark exhibit run by a salty fisherman (Schreiber) who has a connection with Shaz.
Writer-director Hogan packs the film with rude references to The Sound of Music, from a pastiche pre-title sequence to Shaz's unconventional Maria-like approach to child-rearing (with heavy overtones of Mary Poppins). The film is colourful and sometimes too hyperactive, with Collette often going way over-the-top as the wildly unhinged Shaz, who also upends the life of their compulsive next-door neighbour (Fox). Much of this is simply too wacky for us to go along with, but other scenes are quietly insightful and very, very funny. Often at the same time.
Continue reading: Mental Review
And without understanding the connections between the characters, we can't engage with the story.
In Spain, Luisa (Lopez de Ayala) is trying to help her young son Juan (Corchero) cope with terrifying nightmares of a hooded, faceless man who invades his room at night. Juan calls him Carahueca, or Hollowface, and gets no help from the kindly local priest (Bruhl). Meanwhile in England, John and Susanna (Owen and van Houten) have no idea how to help their 12-year-old daughter Mia (Purnell), who is paralysed by fear that Hollowface is coming to get her too. And her counsellor (Fox) recommends something that seems to make everything worse.
Continue reading: Intruders Review
Juan is an 8 year old boy living in Madrid who loves to tell stories using his vivid imagination. At night, his sleep is disrupted every night by increasingly horrific dreams. His mother is concerned that his storytelling is providing the fuel for these dreams and doesn't believe what Juan tells her; that a faceless demon is appearing to him every night. As his health declines, Juan's mother starts to realise that Juan is not being haunted by an imagined threat brought on by nightmares, as she first thought but an all too real danger that could put an end to Juan's life.
Continue: Intruders Trailer
Kerry Fox Thursday 17th March 2011 at the 'Birds Eye View Film Festival' closing night photocall at the BFI Southbank.
Hannah (Fox) is a prosecutor in the International Criminal Tribunal in The Hague, trying a Serbian for war crimes. But when her star witness (Mikic) lies to her, she's forced to rethink the case and turns to the witness' sister Mira (Marinca), who's actually the one with first-hand knowledge of the terrible events. The problem is that, even with solid testimony, the political situation in Europe is making it hard for Hannah to push for real justice. Not only are lives in danger, but it doesn't look like things are getting any better.
Continue reading: Storm Review
Kerry Fox Sunday 6th December 2009 The British Independent Film awards London, England
Kerry Fox Friday 4th December 2009 Women In Film And TV Awards held at the London Hilton, Park Lane. London, England
In 1818 Hampstead, 23-year-old John Keats (Whishaw) is living with his lively friend Charles (Schneider) next door to the Brawne family: a quietly resolute mother (Fox), strong-willed 18-year-old Fanny (Cornish), younger brother Samuel (Brodie-Sangster) and little sister Toots (Martin). Initially sparring about art and poetry, John and Fanny begin to quietly fall for either other. But Fanny would never be allowed to marry a penniless poet, and John's health is deteriorating.
Continue reading: Bright Star Review
Kerry Fox - Monday 19th October 2009 at Odeon Leicester Square London, England
The 1969 session, including the only known recording of 'Sunshine Woman' by the band, will be included on a re-issue of 'The Complete BBC Sessions'...
The 55 year old actor joined Chris Martin and co. on stage in New Jersey to perform 'Earth Angel' and 'Johnny B. Goode'.
Bjork Digital comes to London's Somerset House in September, along with a single live show at the Royal Albert Hall.
Kim Kardashian released an audio excerpt from a phone call between Kanye and Taylor Swift over the lyrics of 'Famous' - but if it was recorded...
There's very much a strength of conviction in remaining what you were, but arguably more so in becoming what you want to be.
The BBC drama starring Aidan Turner returns to BBC One on September 4th.
Guns N' Roses were detained at the Canadian border last week for gun possession but they're adamant the weapon didn't belong to them.
With an ingenious concept, this fairly simple film becomes one of the most gripping thrillers...
Nine people from different walks of life who all work for the government are enlisted...
Stylish and moody, this twisty dramatic thriller gets under our skin with its mysterious tone...
Micky is an avid photographer enjoying her nightly social revelry in London until she bumps...
Even for a riotous Australian black comedy, this film packs in just a bit too...
Fractured into two narratives that take far too long to come together, this stylish boogeyman...
An intriguing legal thriller, this tense Euro-drama takes a female perspective as it examines a...
With a sumptuous attention to detail, lush photography and beautifully understated performances, Campion turns real...
Watch the trailer for Bright Star Bright Star is based loosely on the love of...
I'm always fascinated by those movies that get shot, cut, and finished... then sit "in...
The uncompromising nudity bared throughout Petrice Chereau's Intimacy has already garnered much notoriety, but it's...


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1881-S $10 MS62+ PCGS. PCGS Population (339/41). NGC Census: (536/38). Mintage: 970,000. Numismedia Wsl. Price for problem ...Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
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Description1881-S $10 MS62+ PCGS. PCGS Population (339/41). NGC Census: (536/38). Mintage: 970,000. Numismedia Wsl. Price for problem free NGC/PCGS coin in MS62: $1,055. (Registry values: N991) (NGC ID# 265Z, PCGS# 8694)
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Free personalized radio that
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I Can't Find The Words
Features of This Trackmodern r&b stylings
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a clear focus on recording studio production
mixed minor & major key tonality
an emotional male lead vocal performance
prominent organ
subtle use of strings
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triple note feel
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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text: 2. Huntington Bancshares Huntington Bancshares ( HBAN) of Columbus, Ohio, has seen its stock return 18% year-to-date, closing Friday at $6.43, following a 19% decline during 2011. While Huntington Bancshares was not part of the group of 19 large, complex, bank holding companies whose stress test results were publicly announced by the Federal Reserve, the company was included in the 2012 round of tests, and on Thursday said the regulator had no objections to its capital plan, which "the potential repurchase of up to $182 million shares of common stock and a continuation of Huntington's current common dividend through the first quarter of 2013." Huntington pays a quarterly dividend of four cents, for a yield of 2.49%. The shares trade for 1.3 times tangible book value, and for 11 times the consensus 2012 EPS estimate of 59 cents. The consensus 2013 EPS estimate is 64 cents. Guggenheim Securities analyst Jeff Davis has a neutral rating on Huntington, with a $6.50 price target, and said on Thursday that the company's buyback "modestly higher than the $150 million we had modeled over the next four quarters, approximates 37% of net income we are projecting for 2Q12-1Q13 and 39% net of preferred dividends." Davis estimates that Huntington will earn 57 cents a share this year, followed by 2013 EPS of 60 cents. Interested in more on Huntington Bancshares? See TheStreet Ratings' report card for this stock. Prev 9 of 11 Next


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Print excellent as well, but the color is much better than the other ones. wonderful
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Top Definition
An adjective describing a topic you really don't care about, or don't want to talk about.
A: How was your day?
B: mehable.
A: What the hell?
B: mehable.
A: What the hell?
di mattthegamer463 09 agosto 2007
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Pittsburgh Steelers starting right tackle Willie Colon's worst fears were confirmed Tuesday when medical tests revealed he has a ruptured right Achilles tendon. The injury will knock Colon out for the entire 2010 season.
"It's torn, and he's getting surgery [Wednesday] morning with [team physician] Dr. James Bradley," Colon's agent, Joe Linta, said. "He's expected to have a full recovery, and it's about a nine-month rehab."
Pittsburgh now has to look within the organization or sign a veteran free agent to replace Colon, who started every game for the Steelers the past three seasons.
The Steelers are beginning to address replacing Colon for this season and will bring former Cowboys offensive tackle Flozell Adams in for a visit.
Jordan Woy, Adams' agent, told ESPNDallas.com's Calvin Watkins that his client has other teams on his list, but for now the Steelers decided to take a look.
If the Steelers don't sign Adams, some internal options to replace Colon include moving offensive guard Trai Essex to right tackle, or playing backups Jonathan Scott or Tony Hills.
Levi Jones is also a free agent with starting experience that is available.
James Walker covers the AFC North for ESPN.com. ESPNDallas.com's Calvin Watkins contributed to this report.


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Kirkdale Hotel
With a stay at Kirkdale Hotel in Croydon, you'll be close to Fairfields Hall and Selhurst Park Stadium. This bed & breakfast is within close proximity of Centrale Shopping Centre and Airport House Business Centre. Make use of convenient amenities, which include complimentary wireless Internet access and a television in the lobby. Free self parking is available onsite. Make yourself at home in one of the 19 guestrooms. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available to keep you connected. Bathrooms have shower/tub combinations and hair dryers. Conveniences include desks and coffee/tea makers, and you can also request cribs/infant beds.
Choose your room
Share it
Services and terms: Kirkdale Hotel
Accommodation facilities
- Bar/Café
- Non-smoker Rooms
- Parking
- 24 hr Room Service
Standard Room Services
- Hairdryer
- Telephone
- Television
Location : Kirkdale Hotel
From Croydon South train station: leave the station and carry on until the end of the road. Turn right and carry on towards the traffic lights. Cross the road. Carry on walking down the road until reaching the accommodation (approximately 3 minutes from the traffic lights).


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Measuring air pollution on a bicycle
A small group of EPFL students captured second place at the international competition iCan with their bike light with an air pollution gauge.
A small group of EPFL students captured second place at the international competition iCan with their bike light with an air pollution gauge.
Male fruit flies could find their chances of fathering offspring radically reduced if they are last in the queue to mate with promiscuous females before winter arrives, according to new University of Liverpool research.
The finish line is in sight, the rush of victory just past the cash register, the trophy flung hastily into a shopping cart.
Most people probably think of sperm as the microscopic tadpole-like things wriggling around in human semen. But there is an astonishing amount of diversity in the size, shape and number of sperm produced by male animals. ...
This election year has produced 17 Republican presidential candidates, which on its surface may appear to give the party a competitive advantage. Evolution, however, disagrees.
Human intelligence and knowledge depends on how we collect and use sharable resources, according to scientists from The University of Manchester.
Contact and competition among different animals within a community matters when it comes to the possibility of parasitic disease outbreak, according to new research from the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological ...
India's competition investigators have accused Google of abusing its market dominance in online searches in the country, deepening the US Internet giant's woes with governments around the world.
First taxis rose up against Uber, then hotels challenged Airbnb and now, restaurants in France are taking on meal-sharing sites they believe create unfair competition and could sap jobs.
Whether online auctions are selling rare Pokemon cards or fine art, the science behind inciting the highest bids gets a boost from a paper to be published in the September issue of the Journal of Retailing. Researchers from ...


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The Farmington Knights JV baseball team won Wednesday's away non-conference game against Central by a score of 7-4.
(April 25, 2012: Cape Girardeau, MO 63703) The Central Tigers baseball team (Cape Girardeau, MO), 7-4 in Wednesday's non-league bout with the visiting Farmington Knights (Farmington, MO)
The Knights now possess a 1-1 record. They take the field next when they travel to Central for a non-league bout on Wednesday, April 25. Farmington will face a Tigers team coming off a 4-2 non-league win over Windsor (Imperial, MO). The Tigers record now stands at 6-8.
Next, the Tigers face the Farmington Knights (Farmington, MO) in a non-league bout, on Wednesday, April 25. Central will attempt to move on its 7-9 season record.


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Alain Gresh
Alain Gresh is deputy director of Le Monde diplomatique, Paris
Alain Gresh: Syria's president is a pragmatist who sees talks with Israel as a prerequisite for stability and peace in the Middle East
Alain Gresh: The US has swept aside repeated overtures from Tehran. Is it any wonder if the Islamic Republic now wants the bomb?
Alain Gresh: While Israel receives unanimous western support, this crisis is dragging the region ever faster into the abyss.
Alain Gresh: UN sanctions destroyed Iraq but no one will be tried for the crime.


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Wrong, Bush took Libya off the terrorist nation list.<quoted text>
Obama was the one who dragged the US into the Libyan quagmire.
Barack Obama, our next President
There are 1403990 comments on the Hampton Roads Daily Press story from Nov 5, 2008, titled Barack Obama, our next President. In it, Hampton Roads Daily Press reports that:"The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep," Obama cautioned. Young and charismatic but with little experience on the national level, Obama smashed through racial barriers and easily defeated ...
Join the discussion below, or Read more at Hampton Roads Daily Press.
#902077 May 13, 2013
#902078 May 13, 2013
"Often imitated"
Since: Jul 07
never duplicated
#902079 May 13, 2013
So does hillbilly and redneck, but that never stops you.
"Often imitated"
Since: Jul 07
never duplicated
#902080 May 13, 2013
Yes, obama does. Glad you're on board, mini me.
#902081 May 13, 2013
Galt has a cartoonish impression of military operations Homer.
And, happy national apple pie day.
#902082 May 13, 2013
Obama says Benghazi is a side show.
Everyone who knows anything about this scandal knows the side show was Obama, Hillary, Rice & Oapy the Press Secretary perpetrated the side show by claiming the successful terrorist attack on our embassy was due to a Youtube video for two weeks back when the election was close and two weeks after Obamatard said:
Al Qaeda is on the run! Bin Laden is dead!
Mission Accomplished!
#902083 May 13, 2013
Lol, so do your comments!!
Frankly, had I been in the job at the time, I think my decisions would have been just as theirs were. Bush-appointed Secretary of Defense Bob Gates on the administrations response to the Benghazi attack
We dont have a ready force standing by in the Middle East, and so getting somebody there in a timely way would have been very difficult, if not impossible. Bush-appointed Secretary of Defense Bob Gates on the ability of the military to respond to Benghazi as it was happening
I would not have approved sending an aircraft, a single aircraft, over Benghazi under those circumstances. Bush-appointed Secretary of Defense Bob Gates on the administrations decision to not deploy air support during the Benghazi attacks
And the best of the bunch
Its sort of a cartoonish impression of military capabilities and military forces. The one thing that our forces are noted for is planning and preparation before we send people in harms way, and there just wasnt time to do that. Bush-appointed Secretary of Defense Bob Gates on critics who expected the U.S. military to swing into immediate action in Benghazi during the attacks
"Often imitated"
Since: Jul 07
never duplicated
#902084 May 13, 2013
Figures you'd be an insensitive prick.
"Reaction in Leila Fowler's hometown to her brother's arrest on suspicion of her murder ranged from disbelief to anger today. "
#902085 May 13, 2013
And you didn't answer my my questions. Why is it wrong that Clinton got head from Lewinsky but, you accept Thomas Jefferson having an extra marital affair with a slave, even impregnated her, or all your "founding fathers", for that matter? They all were know, or it was common for slave owners to have 2 families, a white one &, a black one. Why the double standard for your "founding fathers?" You don't hear about that in the history books! Yet they're idolized, faces carved in a mountain & all!
Now a far as marriage, to each it's own! If marriage means so much to you, do so, but if you don't see that it's no more than a way to outcast the unmarried, a govt money scheme, & a lawfully binding contract, you're more off than I thought! In most religions God is all seeing, therefore when they tell you the 2 are now 1 in the eyes of God, who do you think they're talking about? A God that is all seeing, & knows when 2 people are knotted at heart hence"God is love,"or a govt that now recognizing the 2 people as a married couple? If it were God, he saw that the 2 people loved eachother before they were married!
Now as for the ghetto bunnies comment. I'll first start with the TANF(Temporary Asst for Needy Family) statistics. TANF is the most common & used form of welfare, & around 80% are single white women. So who's really sleeping around like bunnies, the ghetto or suburban white America?
Secondly on the same front, if you need a piece of paper to stop you from sleeping around, well, you're a whore, & chances are there's issues that exist alot deeper than marriage, a ring, & a certificate of "acceptance."
"Often imitated"
Since: Jul 07
never duplicated
#902086 May 13, 2013
I think it's funny that no one can possibly know more about anything than you. If we have a choice in believing a writer for Popular Mechanics or you, you think we should believe you. You're a know it all that doesn't know sht.
#902087 May 13, 2013
What's with your continuing need to attack other posters instead of discussing the issues?
#902089 May 13, 2013
Actually, when Homer used to have his photo as his avatar, we thought of him more as a scrotum.
"Often imitated"
Since: Jul 07
never duplicated
#902090 May 13, 2013
"There seems to be little downside to sending warplanes to Benghazi. Perhaps such a demonstration could have prevented the attack on the CIA safe house, saving two lives and halting the loss of a critical intelligence operation."
Google search of ' "CIA safe house" in benghazi ' resulted in about 120,000 results, but that dumbass wants idiots like you to think he has some kind of inside information.
#902091 May 13, 2013
Incorrect. Islamic radicals conducting a civil war against the Libyan government asked for help.
Just like Egypt and Syria.
"Gloria Ad Caput Venire"
Since: Jan 08
Trump 2016 and beyond
#902092 May 13, 2013
The Terrorist nation list is truly a
"living document" subject to change.
Since: Oct 08
Location hidden
#902093 May 13, 2013
Oh Black ladies can't keep their legs together Huh? Can't say no? Therefore Birf control pills must be available to 13 yr. olds?? Use your head for something other than a hat rack..
#902094 May 13, 2013
That's what know-it-all full-of-shit libtards like RealDweeb do.
Make silly remarks and then insult when challenged and proved to be a fool like he is. He is just your run of the mill Democrat. Nothing special here.
#902095 May 13, 2013
Bush neutralized Gaddafi, who was able to control the radical Islamists.
Obama turned the radicals loose, with Benghazi as the result.
"Often imitated"
Since: Jul 07
never duplicated
#902096 May 13, 2013
This is who you are up against for credibility
"Joe Pappalardo is senior editor at Popular Mechanics and a former associate editor at Smithsonian's Air & Space magazine. Joe is the author of The Secret History of Sunflowers and his writing has appeared in Time, the Village Voice, the Dallas Observer, the New York Sun, and Spirit magazine. He is the recipient of a 2005 distinguished reporting award from Military Reporters and Editors and has been recognized for science writing from the Dallas Press Club and for short feature writing from the Texas Associated Press Managing Editors. Joe was also one of five finalists for the international Aerospace Journalist of the Year award."
Now let's see your resume (drinking before 10am doesn't count)
United States
#902097 May 13, 2013
Bush was Proven Right that focusing on one individual would not End Terrorism whereas Obama after Killing Osama went around spiking the Football claiming Al-Qaeda was on its Heels and In Decline we know thats not True!!
The difference in Leadership, Bush understood Evil whereas Obama living in his Liberal Utopia Bubble denied Evil exist and Blamed America!! What has appeasing our Enemies gotten us Benghazi etc.!!
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The Essentials of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Edition 1by David V. Kerns Jr., J. David Irwin
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 01/22/2004
Publisher: Pearson
With sound, practically-oriented coverage of all the basic concepts in electrical engineering, the second edition of this book represents the best balanced general introduction to the field available. It superbly integrates conceptual discussions with current, relevant technological applications. This text clearly presents the fundamentals in the/b>/b>
With sound, practically-oriented coverage of all the basic concepts in electrical engineering, the second edition of this book represents the best balanced general introduction to the field available. It superbly integrates conceptual discussions with current, relevant technological applications. This text clearly presents the fundamentals in the context of various applications from all engineering fields. It also introduces and utilizes the latest technologies to illustrate how modern technologies are interdisciplinary. Chapter topics include circuits, transient analysis, steady state power analysis, operational amplifiers, and more. For anyone who wants to use a self-study approach to learn the fundamentals of electrical engineering.
Product Details
- 9780139239700
- Publisher:
- Pearson
- Publication date:
- 01/22/2004
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 672
- Sales rank:
- 982,974
- Product dimensions:
- 7.90(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.10(d)
Table of Contents(NOTE: Each chapter begins with Introduction and concludes with Summary and Problems.)
1. Introduction.
Overview. Basic Concepts.
2. DC Circuits.
Ohm's Law. Kirchhoff's Law. Single-Loop Circuits. Single-Node-Pair Circuits. Resistor Combinations. Nodal Analysis. Loop and Mesh Analysis. Superposition. Source Exchange. Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems. Measurements and the Wheatstone Bridge.
3. Transient Analysis.
Capacitors and Inductors. First Order Circuits. Second-Order Circuits.
4. AC Steady State Analysis.
Sinusoidal Functions. The Sinusoidal Function/Complex Number Connection. Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements. Impedance and Admittance. Y Δ Transformations. Basic Analysis Using Kirchhoff's Laws. Nodal Analysis. Mesh and Loop Analysis. Superposition. Source Transformation. Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems. Nonsinusoidal Steady State Response.
5. Steady State Power Analysis.
Instantaneous Power. Average Power. Effective or RMS Values. The Power Factor. Complex Power. Power Factor Correction. Typical Residential AC Power Circuits. Three-Phase Circuits.
6. Magnetically Coupled Circuits and Transformers.
Magnetic Circuits. Mutual Inductance. The Linear Transformer. The Ideal Transformer. Transformer Applications.
7. Network Frequency Characteristics.
Sinusoidal Frequency Analysis. Passive Filter Networks. Resonant Circuits.
8. Introduction to Electronics.
Energy and Power. Analog and Digital Systems; Signals and Pulses. Analog Systems; Amplifiers and Gain. Modulation and Demodulation; Encoding and Decoding. Digital Systems; Information, Sampling and Logic Gates. Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Systems.
9. Operational Amplifiers (OpAmps).
The Ideal Op Amp. The Noninverting Amplifier. The Unity-Gain Buffer. The Inverting Amplifier. The Principle of Negative Feedback. The Differential Amplifier. The Summing Circuit. The Integrator. The Active Filter. The Current-to-Voltage Convertor. The Nonideal Op-Amp.
10. Semiconductors, Diodes, and Power Supplies.
P- and N- Type Semiconductors. Current Conduction in Semiconductors. The p-n Junction Diode. Diode Circuit Models. Power Supply Circuits. Wave Shaping: Clippers and Clampers. The Zener or Avalanche Diode. Load Lines and Graphical Solutions. Photodiodes and Light Emitting Diodes.
11. Transistor Fundamentals: Switches, Large-Signal Amplifiers and Power Electronics.
MOSFET Fundamentals. MOSFET Output Curves and Regions of Operation. The NOT Gate: MOSFET Implementation. Other FET Types. Large Signal Amplifiers: Using the MOSFET. BJT Fundamentals. BJT Output Curves. The NOT Gate: BJT Implemenatation. Large-Signal Amplifiers: Using the BJT. Power and Voltage Limits of MOSFETs and BJTs. Thyristors, Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) and Motor Control.
12. Small Signal Transistor Amplifiers.
General Linear Two-Port Models. The MOSFET Small-Signal Model. MOSFET Amplifier Circuits: Small-Signal Analysis. Voltage Gain Loss at the Input. The BJT Small-Signal Model. BJT Amplifier Circuits: Small Signal Analysis. Multi-Stage Amplifiers.
13. Digital Logic Circuits.
Number Systems. Boolean Algebra. Truth Tables. Switching Networks. Canonical Forms. Function Minimization. Combinatorial Logic Design. Sequential Logic Circuits.
14. Digital Electronic Logic Gates.
Review of Ideal Logic Gates. Real Logic Gates: Speed, Noise Margin, and Fanout. Basic Logic Gates Using Relays. Basic Logic Gates Using MOSFETs. Basic Logic Gates Using BJTs.
15. DC Machines.
Fundamental Concepts. A Simple Rotating Machine. The Basic DC Machine. Equivalent Circuits and Analysis.
16. AC Polyphase Machines.
The Revolving Magnetic Field. The Polyphase Induction Machine: Balanced Operation. The Polyphase Synchronous Machine: Balanced Operation. AC Machine Applications.
Appendix A: Complex Numbers.
Appendix B: Linear Algebra and Cramer's Rule.
Appendix C: Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam Review.
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As far as text books go this book is awful especially because there are no answers in the back of the book. What is the point of a course book if I cant see if I am doing the problems right or practice. There is also no solutions manual available so it means there will be a lot of time spent with the instructor.
This book is horrible. The explanation is so abreviated. The lack of theory means when you do the problems you dont know where to begin. No answers in back of books so you cant practice. I had to buy another Circiuts test to understand the material.
Terribbly written text. If you have an instructor that doesnt explain concepts well because he live in an alternate universe youre in it deep. I needed to do internet searhces and read other texts to understand this book.


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Congress Gives Itself a 5-Day Extension to Solve This Whole Budget Thing
No shutdown this weekend. But next weekend? Who knows?By Jaime Fuller
No shutdown this weekend. But next weekend? Who knows?By Jaime Fuller
Stop sleeping with your girlfriends' sisters!By Margaret Lyons
The disco futurist returns with his first solo album in 30 years.By Lindsay Zoladz
"I am an alcoholic. I am an addict," he told a London crowd.By Véronique Hyland
He said it was like being trapped in a time loop.By Melissa Dahl
After throwing a rock through his mom's car window at the last one.By Delia Paunescu
The only thing missing was Jesse in a slave-girl outfit.By John Sellers and Lindsey Weber
The mayoral candidate is not dropping out of the race.By Joe Coscarelli
The organizers of "AsianModelPalooza" really want you to object to their extra-raw raw bar.By Hadley Tomicki
In that they play a criminal and a cop, not a boss and employee.By Willa Paskin
Bank of America didn't tell investors that Merrill Lynch lost billions.By Adam K. Raymond


text:
Blaming Israel for carnage
There are 121881 comments on the Fort Worth Star-Telegram story from Jul 22, 2006, titled Blaming Israel for carnage. In it, Fort Worth Star-Telegram reports that:Most media outlets aren't providing news of Israel's barbaric air raids on Lebanon with fairness and integrity.
Join the discussion below, or Read more at Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
Since: Jun 12
Location hidden
#112424 Dec 14, 2013
BTW the indigenous people of Australia have a right to live wherever they choose to. They are not dictated to by the Australian government
#112425 Dec 14, 2013
Yes. and i believe the zionist government should reinburse me and my family for all the misery they caused the Native Indians and my Tribe.
#112426 Dec 14, 2013
No answer for this, Port Jeff Mutt?
"Ok Wayne Stinkin Bobbalinda Cheese, Lamebrain, choke on your pearls.......You believe in a cosmic zombie who impregnated his own creation so she could give birth to himself so he could sacrifice himself to himself so he could save his other creations from himself? Don't even try to argue what I just said isn't true either, because that's EXACTLY what the bible says happened. LMFAO "
Tuck your head behind your torn sofa and keep on truckin! PoorPitiful Fcik.
#112427 Dec 14, 2013
You are just self righteous. You are not dealing with the indigenous people firing rockets into chosen populated areas and sending suicide bombers with the intent to kill as many civilians as possible.
Since: Jun 12
Location hidden
#112428 Dec 14, 2013
Not at all. You asked me some questions and I have answered them honestly. Unlike you who keeps avoiding the elephant in the room. You need to ask yourself why these people are doing that and why it is that the indigenous Australians are not doing the same thing. I am also waiting for an answer from my last post before we move forward
#112429 Dec 14, 2013
the link supporting Israeli compensatation
Btw don't Palestinians still live in Palestine?
Which parts of Australia are being returned?
Who said Israel has never done wrong?
It seems some say Isreal has never done right.
Since: Jun 12
Location hidden
#112430 Dec 14, 2013
I'll answer further questions once you answer the one's I have asked ,you let's see, maybe three times??
When will the Palestinians be given the right to return to their homes?
When will Israel be apologizing for her actions in dispossessing the inhabitants from their homes?
#112431 Dec 14, 2013
You haven't answered honestly at all. When asked to support your claim, you always say you've already posted that answer somewhere else..
What elephant in the room? You give yourself way to much credit..
Why are they doing that? I know the agenda of jihad and it's players hamas, hezbolah, Iran etc. The agenda is wrapped around their majdi. Maybe you should ask why Israel is flourishing and Palestiene is not. Israel has offered to help them in many areas, especially agriculture. They refused. They'll take money for rockets though. Do you really think any of these groups care more about their people than they do their agenda?
In all honesty, do you really believe that if given a choice, the original inhabitants of Australia wouldn't expel you if they could?
Just so you know, I'm not moving along with you. This is the second time I have asked what your question is. Now you call it an "elephant in the room". Do you really think anyone is pondering your question and waiting for my answer?
Again, what is your question? We are all waiting.
Since: Jun 12
Location hidden
#112432 Dec 14, 2013
Don't tell me I haven't answered honestly just because it doesn't suit your agenda. The fact remains that Israel is a liar promising people the right to return to their homes and then not carrying out that promise.
The questions are:
1 When is Israel going to allow the return of the Palestinian refugees?
2. When is Israel going to apologize and compenstate Palestinians not just for the second intifada which was 1987-1993 but for her actions in destroying 318 Palestinian villages before and after she unilaterally declared her independence
I don't care about what other people think I am not addressing them, I am addressing you and you just keep trying to change the subject. If the topic was about Australia or America your points may well be valid but it's not, it's about Israel. You are the coward who is unable to address the truth and then you cry victim!!!
#112433 Dec 14, 2013
You are whacko. You have never asked me these questions. Show a post to me asking these questions and I'll apologize. If not we'll just agree your lying again.
Here is my answer to both the above questions, hopefully never.
Because someone mentions your country they are changing the subject? Shows what a hypocrite you really are. BTW Islam is on the rise in Australia though. Embrace it but, not to tight, something may go off.
Islam is on the rise in Australia. That's a good thing.
#112434 Dec 14, 2013
I apologize. I have confused you and Europhobe. It was she who I addressed those posts( all 7 of them) to, not you..
Islam is on the rise in most western countries, especially in America. In fact Michigan, Dearborn is a prime example. Here in Australia we have one of the lowest percentages of Muslims per capita in the world and that is how it is going to stay. We have been criticized for turning the boats back to Indonesia and our current prime minister has stated that people who arrive by boats will never be accepted. They are sent to either Christmas Island or Naru for processing and that's a good thing
#112435 Dec 14, 2013
Public apology to USA born America, it was not her but Europhobe who I had posted to re Israel
Since: Jun 12
Location hidden
#112436 Dec 14, 2013
In relation to the terrorist groups one also needs to look at the Israeli terrorist groups such as
- Irgun who were responsible for the death of the UN mediator Folke Bernadotte. They were also responsible along wtih others for the massacre in Deir Yassin
Lehi terrorist group also known as the Stern gang whose aim was the forcible removal of the British authorities from Palestine. It was they who blew up the King David Hotel . 91 people killed and 45 injured
In the early hours of the 12th of July, 1947, two British field security NCOs, Sergeants Paice and Martin, were held up by five armed members of Irgun and driven off to a secret hiding place. Three weeks later their bodies were found hanging from a eucalyptus tree...
The Haghanah were also a terrorist group
In recent time other Religious zealots such as the Gush Emunim carried out attacks between 1980-1984
Terror against Terror-1975 responsible for bombings, beatings and several Arab murdered
By 1948 some 200 British Soldiers and 90 British policemen had been murdered by nationalist terrorist gangs such as Irgun...
Israel today in the year 2013 is still taking land belonging to Palestinians in the occupied territories and is bulldozing land that is not theirs to make way for new settlements
Shows how loving and God fearing the government of Israel and it's people are when they can continue to steal peoples land and all the world can see and stands silently by. No wonder it is the only state in the UN that has no boundaries because they keep expanding it at the expense of the Palestinians.
Since: Jun 12
Location hidden
#112437 Dec 14, 2013
Khisas a village with a few hundred Muslims and one hundred Christians had lived peacefully together in a unique location. On the 18th December 1947, the Jewish troops attacked the village and randomly started blowing up houses in the dead of night while the occupants were still asleep.15 villagers including 5 children were killed in the attack. The Hagana at first denied the operation then admitted it. Ben Gurion issued a public apology but a few months later included it in a list of successful operations
#112439 Dec 15, 2013
Most likely the Palestinians will be given the right to return to their homes , right after the Aboriginals of Australia are given the right to return to all of their homes. I hopoe you're not holding you're breath.
Btw men can be courteous too can't they?:-)
#112440 Dec 15, 2013
#112441 Dec 15, 2013
And nutty Islamists currently fire rockets nearly every day....evidently not a nice neighborhood
Since: Jul 11
Location hidden
#112442 Dec 15, 2013
No one is completely innocent when it comes to survival. If the Israelis did not defend themselves the Arabs would have slaughtered them a long time ago. Look at the way Muslims are killing Muslims in Egypt, Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria. Most of the civilized world marvels at the restraint of the Israelis given the mass murders committed by radical Muslims all over the world.
#112443 Dec 15, 2013
It's kinda scary and strange that great famous men equated the occults convert jews with evil and wickedness and now see and judge for yourselves the following meassage by Charles Lindbergh and his total mistrust for jews and their greedy treasonous traitor ways..
"Everyone knows something about the famous speech Charles Lindbergh delivered in Des Moines, Iowa on September 11, 1941 to advocate publicly that the United States stay out of WW II, then underway in Europe. Lindbergh told his audience that Jews were one of the principal forces attempting to lead the U.S. into the war, along with the Roosevelt administration and the British. What followed this speech, quoting Kevin MacDonald, ".. was a torrent of abuse and hatred unparalleled for a mainstream public figure in American history.
Overnight Lindbergh went from cultural hero to moral pariah," exhibiting in sensationally dramatic form the influence Jews had acquired over American public consciousness. Lindbergh "was denounced by virtually all the leading media, by Democrats and Republicans, Protestants and Catholics, and, of course, Jewish groups. Many accused him of being a Nazi, including the Presidential Secretary who compared Lindbergh's speech to Nazi rhetoric."
Since: Jul 11
Location hidden
#112444 Dec 15, 2013
Its radical totalitarian Islam that's the problem, not Islam. Despite that, there is a resistance movement to Islam growing voraciously in Ireland, France, Netherlands and Australia. It uses your philosophy which says foreigners are occupying nations and must be expelled.
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FCA US Launches Bug Bounty Program to Advance Vehicle Cybersecurity
FCA US Tipton Transmission Plant Earns Bronze in World Class Manufacturing; Recognition Achieved in Record Time
First Trophy of Year for Dodge Driver Beckman, Eighth Win of Season for Mopar at NHRA Chicago
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Top Definition
Pornography containing yourself, hence "auto" - as in "autobiography". This would almost always be home video or pictures, or amateur video or pictures.
I keep a folder on my computer called "Auto Porno" that contains all the videos and pictures of my girlfriend and I having sex.
by Brandon/Lucent March 05, 2005
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Most church members have been involved in one way or another in fellowship and outreach efforts throughout the year. Many thanks to those who have taken leadership in organizing our community dinners: The Pancake Supper, Salmon Supper, Chicken Barbecue and Pork Dinner as well as the Community Breakfast/Yard Sale. These are very popular events that bring many people into the Church and also raise money toward our operating costs.
Rector: Reverend Michael O'Hara, 847-7281 or 424-0564
Parish Administrator: Brenda Rhyno, 849-8464 or 847-0850 (office) e-mail: email@example.com
Warden: Kevin Tupper (847-0239) or email@example.com
Warden: Bob Moir (977-1037 or firstname.lastname@example.com
Did you know that the Diocese has a Youth and Inter-Generational Ministry dedicated to serving young people? There are a number of events planned this year for youth to gather together to explore their faith and meet other young Christians all while having fun. These events are not just for church-going Anglican youth…all are welcome. Some dates:
Camp Medley and Camp Brookwood, camps for various ages, all summer long
Diocesan Choir School, Rothesay Netherwood School, July 3-10 (adults as well)
CLAY (Canadian Lutheran Anglican Youth), Charlottetown, August 17-21
St. Michael's Youth Conference, Camp Wildwood, Aug. 22-27
2nd Annual Diocesan Youth Ministries Conference, Christ Church Parish Church, Fredericton, October 1.
For more information contact email@example.com or check the website at www.facebook.com/YIGfton
Vacation Bible School: St. Paul's Anglican Church located at 486 Kennebecasis River Rd in Hampton will be holding a Vacation Bible School (VBS) August 22 - 25 from 9 am to 12 noon for ages 4 to 11. Register at http://stpaulshampton.ca/ or call The Rev. David Turner at 832-3375 to register.
January 20
February 17
March 16
April 20
May 18
June 15
July - Cancelled during the summer
August - Cancelled during the summer
September 21
October 19
November 16
December 21
You are invited to make a donation in memory of a loved one by printing the following donation card and mailing it to:
St. Augustine's Anglican Church
239 Quispamsis Road
Quispamsis, New Brunswick
In Memoriam Picture
In Memoriam Card
Wondering how to keep abreast of General Synod news (July 7-13)? Here's the link, via the Anglican Journal: http://www.anglicanjournal.com/gs2016
The following is a list of events being planned here at St. Augustine's :
If anyone is aware of any conflicts with another Parish and any of the above events, please inform Art Scott.
The following is a list of events being planned at Holy Trinity:


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