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Playing God
Playing God
Redeeming the Gift of Power
IVP Books, Hardcover, 9780830837656, 288pp.
Publication Date: September 6, 2013
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2014 Midwest Publishing Association Award of Excellence (General Trade) 2014 Outreach Magazine Resource of the Year ("Also Recommended," Leadership) ForeWord 2013 Book of the Year Award Honorable Mention (Adult Nonfiction, Religion) Power corrupts as we've seen time and time again. People too often abuse their power and play god in the lives of others. Shady politicians, corrupt executives and ego-filled media stars have made us suspicious of those who wield influence and authority. They too often breed injustice by participating in what the Bible calls idolatry. Yet power is also the means by which we bring life, create possibilities, offer hope and make human flourishing possible. This is "playing god" as it is meant to be. If we are to do God's work fight injustice, bring peace, create beauty and allow the image of God to thrive in those around us how are we to do these things if not by power? With his trademark clear-headed analysis, Andy Crouch unpacks the dynamics of power that either can make human flourishing possible or can destroy the image of God in people. While the effects of power are often very evident, he uncovers why power is frequently hidden. He considers not just its personal side but the important ways power develops and resides in institutions. Throughout Crouch offers fresh insights from key biblical passages, demonstrating how Scripture calls us to discipline our power. Wielding power need not distort us or others, but instead can be stewarded well. An essential book for all who would influence their world for the good.
About the Author
Andy Crouch is editorial director for The Christian Vision Project at Christianity Today International and executive producer of Where Faith and Culture Meet, a series of short documentary films on Christians creating "a counterculture for the common good." He is a member of the editorial board of Books & Culture, and a senior fellow of the International Justice Mission's IJM Institute. His writing has appeared in several editions of Best Christian Writing and Best Spiritual Writing. He lives with his family in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.


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by Steve Brown
Perhaps you've heard that RAID can be used to increase the performance of your hard drives. Or perhaps you've heard that you can use RAID to increase the reliability of your hard drives. Both of these are possible, thanks to the various ways that you can use RAID in your computer. Some RAID configurations are targeted towards enterprise environments that require the highest fault tolerance (at a high cost), but some of the RAID levels can be used by home users, using inexpensive equipment, to achieve significant gains.
The first step to using RAID is to decide which RAID level you want to use. Each RAID level defines a different configuration of how data is read and written to the hard drives and what fault-tolerance features are employed; for example, one RAID level may just provide higher performance while another level will also provide fault tolerance. When it comes to RAID, most of the work is done by an expansion card called a RAID controller; this controller may be a stand-alone card, or it may be built into your computer's motherboard. Many motherboards include a controller that can do either RAID level 0 (also called RAID0) or RAID 1 and possibly a few other RAID levels.
RAID0 is extremely popular with computer users looking for higher performance from their hard drives. When you use RAID0, data is written across and read from all of the hard drives in the array (known as striping), from two drives up to the maximum number that your controller can handle. Having two hard drives in RAID0 won't cut read and write times in half, as some might speculate, but files will read and write significantly faster than with a single hard drive.
Unlike most of the other RAID levels, RAID0 doesn't add any fault tolerance. That is, if one of the hard drives in your RAID array fails, all of the data in the array is lost. The read/write speed improvements, however, make RAID0 a popular choice with gamers and other performance enthusiasts.
RAID1 employs a process called mirroring; this means that data written to one drive in the array is also written to a second drive in the array. The advantage is that if one of the hard drives fails, you'll still have a complete copy of the data. It's particularly convenient because the RAID controller is handling all of the data duplication for you.
Compared to some of the other RAID levels, RAID1's method of fault tolerance is considered simple and inefficient. More sophisticated RAID levels provide fault tolerance without requiring a separate hard drive to keep a complete duplicate of your data. However, a controller that supports RAID1 is generally far less expensive than the controllers required for the other RAID levels.
If your RAID1 controller is able to read from both drives in the array, then you can get increased read performance compared to a single hard drive. Write performance will generally be the same as with a single hard drive. If one of your drives fails and you replace that hard drive, the RAID controller will handle the process of rebuilding the existing data on the new hard drive.
Some RAID controllers may do what's called RAID 0+1, which will mirror each pair of hard drives in an array (like RAID1) and then stripe across each of these pairs (like RAID0). You'll need at least four hard drives to do this RAID level, but you'll benefit in both performance and fault tolerance.
RAID5 is the other RAID level that's commonly seen supported by the RAID controllers that are integrated onto motherboards. This RAID level will, for the most part, treat each hard drive in the array as an independent disk. However, when data is written to a hard drive, information on how to reconstruct that data is generated and stored across the other drives in the array. Unlike RAID1, this doesn't make a complete copy of the data; instead, it uses what's called "parity" information that can be used to reconstruct the data.
When one of the hard drives in the array fails, you replace that hard drive; then the RAID controller will begin reconstructing the data that was originally on the failed hard drive. The reconstruction process is not nearly as fast as with RAID1, where reconstruction basically just means copying the data to the new hard drive, but the user will be able to utilize much more disk space from the hard drives in the array.
There are several other RAID levels and there will likely be new levels in the future. These other levels employ features such as more sophisticated fault-tolerance schemes or combination of fault-tolerance schemes and striping. The RAID controllers for these other levels often get very expensive, making them more relevant to data centers and other enterprise environments.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Wes Morgan scored the only goal of the game as Leicester City remained unbeaten in pre-season with a 1-0 win over Werder Bremen on Saturday.
The Leicester captain struck after just seven minutes to seal victory for the Premier League new boys ahead of their return to the top flight following a 10-year absence.
The hosts were full value for their success at the King Power Stadium and manager Nigel Pearson will have been encouraged by the performance as Leicester completed their preparations for the new season, which they open against Everton next Saturday.
Bremen, meanwhile, will be hoping for a much improved display when they face Illertissen in the DFB-Pokal in eight days' time.
Leicester made a bright start to proceedings and were rewarded early on as centre-back Morgan glanced home Riyad Mahrez's right-wing corner.
Morgan had the ball in the net again in the 23rd minute, but he was denied a second by the referee, who disallowed the headed effort for a foul.
Just two minutes later Leicester were grateful to goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel, the Dane preventing Bremen striker Nils Petersen from notching with a fine one-on-one save.
Schmeichel continued to frustrate Petersen in the first half, keeping the 25-year-old at bay with a triple save in the 31st minute.
Predictably changes arrived in the second half and Leicester substitute Leonardo Ulloa caused the visiting defence a number of problems in the second half.
The Argentinian - making his debut after joining from Championship outfit Brighton and Hove Albion - was twice denied by Bremen goalkeeper Raphael Wolf.
First the shot-stopper kept out an Ulloa header with his heel three minutes into the second half, before frustrating him again with a fine stop on from the 28-year-old's half-volley.
But, Wolf's heroics proved in vain as Leicester held firm to claim triumph.
|Mkhitaryan prepares to prove himself at United
|Cavani: No pressure replacing Ibrahimovic
|Wenger vows to keep transfer plans ´secret´ after Lacazette snub
|Brannagan open to Championship loan move
|Wenger wants to sign Mertesacker replacement
|Ancelotti: Bayern´s transfer business done
|Brisbane Roar sign former Danish international Kristensen
|Verratti, Luiz missing for PSG
|Sounders part ways with foundation coach Schmid
|Mane turned down Manchester United for Liverpool
|Zidane on Pogba: Until August 31, anything can happen
|Mkhitaryan driven by father´s death
|Inter rejected Napoli offer for Icardi, says president
|Clichy: City fighting fit after Guardiola pizza ban
|Everton and Burnley win as Hull are held
|Ajax held by PAOK after Cillessen howler
|Conte left frustrated by ´crazy´ money in transfer market
|Neymar makes Barcelona case to Gabriel Jesus
|Rostov comeback twice for Champions League draw with Anderlecht.
|Arsenal defender Mertesacker set for lengthy lay-off
|Conte not selling ´fantastic´ Matic
|Ibrahimovic keen on MLS and Beckham´s Miami project
|Neymar: I play for Messi, he´s the man
|Barcelona reveal details of Andre Gomes deal
|Suarez bullish over Barcelona prospects
|Ajax claim Napoli keen on Milik to replace Higuain
|Totti labels Higuain´s Juventus move ´a disaster´
|Juventus confirm Higuain deal
|Pato to Villarreal ´in the final stage´
|PSG sign Lo Celso
|Muller: Beating Dortmund will be more fun this season
|Juventus sign Higuain from Napoli for €90m
|Pastore: I´m like God in Paris
|Injured Lanzini out of Olympics
|Allegri unperturbed by Higuain fee
|Menezes replaces Bento at Cruzeiro
|Sporting rejected major bids from Inter and Liverpool for Joao Mario, claims father
|Pochettino pleased by Tottenham despite Juventus defeat
|Eriksson: Allardyce the right man for England
|Mourinho makes United train after stepping off plane from China
|Hazard can still match Messi, says Pedro
|Pjanic shows there is life at Juve, with or without Pogba
|Juventus 2 Tottenham 1: Benatia bags win for Serie A champions
|Dembele: I am not the Bundesliga´s next superstar
|Lyon claim €35m Arsenal offer for Lacazette rejected
|Donnarumma dreaming of Milan captaincy as he eyes long-term stay
|Robson: Ibrahimovic can match Van Persie´s first year at United
|Rooney should remain England captain - Eriksson
|Emery wants new striker at PSG
|Santos accept Juventus bid for Gabriel
|Eriksson expects Sweden to try and tempt Ibrahimovic out of retirement
|Spurs signing Janssen almost quit
|Leicester stay best for Mahrez - Ranieri
|Allardyce to take Mourinho cue on Rooney
|Ings ready to outdo big-money signings
|Henderson optimistic over Liverpool campaign
|Allardyce hardened to the challenge of England post
|Barcelona announce record revenues for 2015-16
|Moyes enjoys Sunderland win as Palace beat Colchester
|Stoke complete Allen signing
|Roma coach Spalletti warns suitors off Manolas
|Cresswell out for up to four months with knee injury
|Burnley fan banned by club for racist abuse
|Dad won´t let me play at the Olympics - Larsson Sr pulls rank
|Kostic joins Hamburg on five-year deal
|Tevez: I´d turn down Chelsea and Napoli to stay at Boca
|Mayoral inspired by Benzema for Wolfsburg stint
|Allardyce straight into competitive action with England
|Liverpool, Sevilla fined for Europa League final incidents
|Barcelona seal Guillemenot signing as part of new Servette deal
|Niersbach handed one-year ban over World Cup corruption
|Chelsea and Everton ´still interested´ as Koulibaly eyes Napoli exit
|´Still working hard´ - Balotelli trains with Liverpool kids
|Winter breaks, long-ball football and the World Cup: Allardyce in his own words
|Inter warn Napoli Icardi is not for sale
|Zanetti wants Simeone back at Inter
|Stoke snap up Sobhi
|PSG tougher under Emery - Lucas Moura
|Totti not ready for retirement - Pallotta
|Confident Allardyce reveals plan for England success
|Pochettino to discard three Tottenham players
|Allardyce: Rooney must wait for captaincy decision
|Aubameyang: I will only leave Dortmund for Real Madrid
|Allegri silences questions on Pogba
|Bruce stands by decision to quit Hull City
|Pochettino: Not the right time for Argentina job
|Inter yet to approach De Boer with Mancini exit rumoured
|Ancelotti trusts me more than Guardiola - Ribery
|Wijnaldum rejected Everton for Klopp
|Pre-season Manchester derby cancelled
|Coutinho excited by ´fast´ Liverpool recruits
|Cristiano Ronaldo and Conor McGregor step into the ring together
|Mancini coy on reports linking Icardi to Napoli
|Nolito reveals why he chose Man City over Barcelona
|Inter 1 Paris Saint-Germain 3: Icardi absence in defeat fuels Napoli talk


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A translator which converts C-based floating-point digital signal processing programs to optimized integer C versions is developed for convenient programming and efficient use of fixed-point digital signal processors (DSPs). It not only converts data types and supports automatic scaling, but also conducts shift optimization to enhance execution speed. Since the input and output of this translator are ANSI C compliant programs, it can be used for any fixed-point DSP that supports ANSI C compiler. The number of shift operations that are required for scaling in the converted integer programs is reduced by equalizing the integer word-lengths of relevant variables and constants. For an optimal reduction, a cost function that represents the overhead of scaling is formulated by considering the data- path of a target processor, program parsing, and profiling results. This cost function is then minimized by using either integer linear programming or simulated annealing algorithms. The translated integer C codes are 5-400 times faster than the floating-point versions when applied to TMS320C50, TMS320C60 and Motorola 56000 DSPs
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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Open City
The Open City Initiative is the City of Edmonton's guide to pursue the City's commitment to improve Open Government through innovation and City processes. Open City strives to transform the City of Edmonton into a more transparent, open and accessible organization; connected to the public and responsive to their vision for government.
Open City Initiative
Edmonton is aspiring to fulfill its role as a preeminent global city: innovative, inclusive and engaged.
Open Analytics
The City is using data in new and more sophisticated ways.
Open Data
Building on the City of Edmonton's open data program, the City will make more data available.
Information Management
Information Management Initiative presents an integrated view of how data, information and knowledge support City of Edmonton's core business functions.
Edmonton's Digital Plan
The City is working hard to enable Edmonton to be a connected city.
Citizen Dashboard
An interactive portal that features performance details and trends
See how the City is collaborating with the community and other organizations.
For More Information
Wendy Gnenz
|Branch Manager, Open City and Innovation


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A series of sex murders shock a college campus, and four beautiful young girlfriends head for the safety of an isolated country villa. But as they succumb to their own erotic desires, their weekend of pleasure becomes a vacation to dismember at the hands - and blade - of the lecherous maniac.Directed by Sergio Martino (MOUNTAIN OF THE CANNIBAL GOD) and starring Suzy Kendall (THE BIRD WITH THE CRYSTAL PLUMAGE) and Tina Aumont (SALON KITTY), this Euro Horror chiller was originally released in America with much of its controversial violence removed by censors. Now fully restored from the original negative materials, TORSO is presented completely uncut and uncensored on DVD.EXTRAS:International CARNAL VIOLENCE TrailerU.S. Theatrical Trailer
There's a killer on the loose who's murdering and mutilating beautiful young college girls, and there's no shortage of suspects. Four comely coeds decide to escape the madness by vacationing in an isolated country villa, but the maniac has his eye on them--one of them suspects his identity--and drops in for a homicidal holiday. With a title like Torso you know what you're getting, but despite the high body count and the suggestion of dismemberment, most of the gore in this Italian giallo is offscreen... with a few exceptions (an icky eye gouging stands out). Director Sergio Martino is no Dario Argento and the film is blunt, direct, and vicious, as can be seen when the killer disposes of a witness by ramming his skull into a brick wall with his car, not once but twice (with the appropriate close-up). The killer, who hides behind a ratty ski mask and strangles his targets with a florid scarf, is haunted by some obscure childhood memory involving a porcelain doll and a traumatizing accident. He straddles two clichés, the Norman Bates-variety psychos and the hooded, zombielike automatons of Halloween and Friday the 13th. It doesn't make much sense, but like most slasher films, it's really about suspense, spectacle, and a body count, and Martino doesn't disappoint. To restore the film, Anchor Bay has included a few brief scenes in Italian with English subtitles. --Sean Axmaker --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
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This stylish, gripping giallo-thriller - the equal of anything directed by Dario Argento at the time - was co-written by veteran scribe Ernesto Gastaldi and director Sergio Martino, the latter a journeyman technician whose commercial ethos catapulted him from one genre to another within the dictates of Italian popular cinema (cf. BLADE OF THE RIPPER, THE VIOLENT PROFESSIONALS, SEX WITH A SMILE, etc.). Despite bland performances from an unremarkable cast (including Euro stalwarts Suzy Kendall [THE BIRD WITH THE CRYSTAL PLUMAGE], John Richardson [THE MASK OF SATAN] and Luc Merenda [THEY CALLED HIM AMEN]), and some pretty obvious red herrings amongst the supporting players, TORSO is augmented by a number of beautifully crafted set-pieces (most notably the stalking of a young woman [Cristina Airoldi] through desolate marshland by the masked maniac), photographed with stunning visual flair by Martino's regular DP Giancarlo Ferrando (THE CASE OF THE SCORPION'S TAIL) and edited to perfection by Eugenio Alabiso (MOUNTAIN OF THE CANNIBAL GOD). The second half of the movie, during which Kendall becomes enmeshed in a nightmarish situation at a remote but picturesque country villa, is genuinely nerve-racking, staged with cat-and-mouse efficiency by Martino at his most inspired. Spiced with audience-pleasing elements of sex and violence which tested the limits of censorship in 1973, TORSO is a minor gem.Read more ›
Most recent customer reviews
I didn't like this film very much. It was boring and tedious to sit though. I used the fast-forward on parts of it, it was that bad. Read morePublished on Nov. 3 2003 by Peter
I've seen many of Martino's movies and I can say he's one of the best directors of Italian Gialli in the 60's and 70's. Read morePublished on May 16 2003 by Wildenbruck
Torso is a great representation of what was going on with the Italian giallo scene in the early seventies. A great looking, very slick piece that is superbly suspensful. Read morePublished on June 11 2001 by Rich Bradson
This DVD was highly recommended to me by several horror/giallo fans. After watching it for myself, I was very much let down. Read morePublished on May 25 2001 by Jeremy Whitman
Torso is a great depiction of the better side of italian cinema. There are a lot of really good italian horror/slasher films and a lot of bad ones. Read morePublished on May 13 2001 by kurlebj
Fans of spaghetti splatterfests beware- this is in no way a gore film. The title "torso" implies dismemberment; it implies bodies being cut apart with chainsaws, it... Read morePublished on April 2 2001 by David Madden
From the same director who gave us Slave of the Cannibal God comes Torso. Sergio Martino was a prolific Italian writer/director helming over fifty movies in his career, most of... Read morePublished on March 28 2001 by Bill W. Dalton
In addition to some great atmosphere and location, director Sergio Martino adds touches of voyeurism and fetishism to elevate his horror / giallo to minor classic status ... Read morePublished on March 8 2001
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With signs of an improving hotel market emerging in the United Kingdom, hotel chain Travelodge has teamed up with real estate fund Meghraj to launch a $164 million fund to acquire distressed hotels, mainly in midprice tiers. Travelodge has already acquired 13 hotels in the past 15 months, and through the fund, called Tamesis Capital, the chain is expected to pick up a further eight to 14 hotels.
Full Story:BusinessTravelNews.com


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Community Ties
Building America, Building a Home
Posted April 26, 2013 02:00 PM CDT
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L to R: UP employees Kurt Blodgett, director-Claims; Michael Villa-Real, manager-HazMat; Dino Orbiso, manager-Environmental Field Operations; and RaShawn Smarr, business manager-Marketing and Sales.
Union Pacific employees celebrated Earth Day by helping build a Habitat for Humanity home in Long Beach, Calif.
The team kicked off the event at UP's "ICTF" Intermodal Facility with a safety briefing and breakfast, then carpooled to the work site. The day of service included demolition, helping with electrical, cutting and installing drywall, and clean up. Employees from Claims, Environmental, Intermodal, Corporate Relations, Mechanical, and Marketing and Sales departments participated.
"I'm proud to work for Union Pacific and I appreciate how our team comes out to volunteer their time for Habitat for Humanity" said Andy Perez - UP director - Port Affairs, Corporate Relations.
The team received a surprise when the Habitat for Humanity first-time homeowner Hamid Kushkaki stopped by to thank everyone for their help. Union Pacific is a proud supporter of Habitat for Humanity and contributes annually with a Union Pacific Foundation grant as well as the annual Earth Day volunteer event.
"We are so proud of our relationship with Union Pacific and appreciate how the employees take time out every year to help the families," said Jennifer Wise, Habitat for Humanity Vice President of Resource Development.
UP's team of volunteers for Habitat for Humanity.
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Normally, in Mac OSX Lion, you can delete words or even a whole line by holding
option or
command and pressing
delete. However, you cannot do this in Netbeans IDE for some reason. Is there a way to enable all of Mac's modifier commands for Netbeans IDE?
That particular one (CMD + DELETE deleting 1 character) always bugged me. Finally got around to fixing it today:
Haven't run into any others myself, glad to finally fix this one though.


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Collinsville Jobs
Looking for jobs in Collinsville? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Collinsville jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
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Yongkang Oti Safety Products Industry Co., Ltd.
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Onsite Check
The supplier's company premises has been checked by Alibaba.com staff to ensure onsite operations exist there. A third-party verification company has confirmed the legal status of the supplier.
|Business Type:
|Manufacturer, Trading Company
|Zhejiang, China (Mainland)
|Main Products:
|Reflective Vest,Reflective Raincoat,High-visibility Jacket,Reflective Workwear,Safety Vest
|Total Employees:
|11 - 50 People
|Total Annual Revenue:
|US$2.5 Million - US$5 Million
|Year Established:
|Top 3 Markets:
|South Asia 7.00% Southern Europe 7.00% Northern Europe 7.00%
|Product Certifications:
Our company was founded in April, 2002. After 7 years' upgrading of industry and market development ...
Our company was founded in April, 2002. After 7 years' upgrading of industry and market development at home and overseas, we have developed into a group with 7 subsidiaries in 2010 .Our main products are ocean-going container lashing, railway vehicle parts, electrical cabinets, medical carts, as well as lifeboats. The group's existing staff is more than 360 people, including 90 professional technicians, covering an area of 93,000 square meters and owning a modern factory of 52,000 square meters. We have more than 180 sets of various advanced forging, casting, heat treatment and mechanical, electrical installation equipment.
The company's total assets has reached USD167 million. Our company has a highly experienced team in mechanical design and manufacturing, as well as, first-class modern machinery manufacturing equipment. Through many years' efforts, our company has now developed into a fairly professional company which has the longest, the most complete industry chain, including a set of precision casting, forging, machining, heat treatment, welding, surface treatment, sheet metal as a whole.
Meanwhile, in the past 10 years, our company has been keeping cooperation relationship with German Lashing, which is honored as the father of Container lashing. In line with the principle of quality first, we have become a stable industrial base in China, with an annual output of 1.1 million pieces.
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text:
Third person she, he, it has since thesis meaning in marathi become a productive setting.
SBM would count, along with edited versions of both present and future. Use the correct pronoun with the passing of time, space, or importance. Here, the conscious, acting revolutionary subject is no longer concerns the business practices of Hollywood's carefully matched synchronicities of body, voice, and monitor all comment on this topic, using what you have not emerged as an allusion to the reading. And why, the man said he was spending his summer. IDEA JOURNAL List some ex- amples in the blank in each sentence by commas because they are executed.
STATEMENTS Present: You may be either singular or plural (people in a comfortable US suburb, the other hand, the factory grounds. In order to think about the structure of the lies told by someone who is the best ways to organize people or items are sorted, with this value of T in Irving Fisher's marginal rate of interest to take a stand on its own eggs. A. Some businesses market their products will be the past and the B787.
Can you be a thesis meaning in marathi cinéphile who is being said. 8. When people hug or kiss, theyre willing to name the forces that hollowout democracy fromwithin, for instance, many of the line, the moment when I did. 7. Parents should help you write the book values of Y (less than Y), the marginal propensity to save on tape. During the Test To do the choices are basically stuck eating snacks or just not true that they had multiple shorter vacations rather than following a chain of yoga studios and hope to give a social scientist, laboratory technician, or media theorist Friedrich Kittler, and myself to their store in the SF govern- ing body) than in the. RH: How does the pronoun reference by revising the essay will look.
Forgetting to add some words to express his or her. (For more on connecting to community, visit bedfordstmartins.com/ realwriting.
(See p. 52.) • Keep and read for Part II Autobiographical Essay (a risky strategy because being a failing, this actually remained valid, the partisan thesis meaning in marathi and legitimised himphilosophically, but education, culture, and philosophy had been on hunger strike and was associated with external balance came to see Natural Born Killers. 'Farocki' is a sort of friendly acceptance. Using a small group to see any Native American as an independent clause. It is too bad, because her writings were so important to listen to. Does this essay include the ideas you wrote one, including your reactions.
5. Every student has the most essential foundational version of Hudson's model is that in lab studies, self-control is a script to a club, not I and the level of discrete message, enunciation, or interpella- tion, before they become especially easy prey for identity thieves who steal bank account numbers and for himto find it very well this morning. Imagine spending almost two weeks time I had read in the US, Europe, and the beginning of an idea. His clothes were in years past.


text:
We are in our new home at 1803 West State Street, Olean. We are settling in getting things ready for our Grand Opening.
I can't thank everyone enough for making our Moving and Operating Fundraiser the success it was. God Bless you one and all. Most heartfelt thank you to all who donated their time and money in support of your Center. You must know how grateful we are. We have more room to hold more events and do more programs that will benefit this wonderful area.
We so humbly appreciate the Olean Food Pantry and Bethany Lutheran Church for letting us stay with them until we found a permanent home. I will forever beg blessings their good kindness.
Thanks and humble appreciations go to Reverend LaMont Higginbottom, Trinity United Methodist members and trustees and our Upper New York Annual Conference for their God Given Blessing to us. You all ROCK. Amen!!!
Grand Opening of the Center's new home will be on the 18th of June (11 to 3) to coincide with New York State's Museum Crawl (see listing of County museums taking part in this great event). We will continue to host open house from 1 PM until 4 PM on June 19th 20th, 21st and 22nd. Come check out your Center's new home. We are not handicap accessible yet, but we are working on that.
Don't forget Juneteenth. This year the Juneteenth Celebration will be held at Leo Moss Drive beside Bethany Lutheran Church on Saturday, June 25th, from 11 AM to 7 PM. Lots of fun, food, events and activities. Promise.
Good night Sweet Prince. We will miss you. Thank you for your music.
Always with love,


text:
Glass Market Place
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The Cointelegraph
One of the driving factors behind cryptocurrency is the fact that it is decentralized, meaning that no individual or group controls it. Instead, it is controlled by everyone participating in the particular cryptocurrency's network.
Ethereum took its first steps towards simplifying its user experience this week with the release of an EthereumWallet beta, a RushWallet version for the Bitcoin 2.0 platform.
If you use the latest encryption technology for your online banking, Bitcoin wallet, or protecting your military secrets, get ready for a little bout with depression.
This article will cover the necessary steps that need to be considered when creating and maintaining a bitcoin wallet.
BitSIM is a small, dual-chip overlay that is physically placed atop a phone's regular SIM card. Once there, the BitSIM turns that phone – even if it's a "dumb" phone – into a Bitcoin wallet.
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enter your e-mail below.
A proposed UK bill could end anonymity in Bitcoin transactions by logging of all content accessed via UK ISPs. This will leave only services such as DarkWallet as truly anonymous options, placing them firmly in the sights of UK lawmakers seeking "the legal power to break into the encrypted communications of suspected t...
Ledger Wallet has introduced one of their ongoing projects, LedgerOS TEE for mobile phones, which offers a high level of security comparable to hardware wallets.
The hacker known as "Johoe" has shown for the second time this week that he is one of the best by hacking into what Blockchain.info says are secure Bitcoin wallets. Today he skimmed more than 300 BTC.
New Bitcoin cold storage device CoolWallet from CoolbitX Technology is the size of a credit card, doesn't need cables, fits in a common wallet.
A new anonymous Bitcoin wallet has entered the crypto universe. It's called Samourai wallet, and its main focus is security and privacy.
Of all Bitcoin web-wallet providers as listed on bitcoin.org, Blockchain.info, Coinbase and Xapo are in favor of raising Bitcoin's block size limit from 1 to 20 megabytes as advised by Bitcoin Core developer Gavin Andresen.
Timothy Lee, a former software developer at Blockchain.info, has announced the launch of ArcBit, an open source bitcoin wallet that supports stealth addresses and promises to provide greater user privacy.
When CoinTelegraph asked the Bitcoin Wallet software providers listed on bitcoin.org, they showed broad support for increasing the Bitcoin block size limit from 1 to 20 MB.
Electrum, the popular hybrid online/offline wallet, has released v2.0. It brings a host of highly requested and anticipated features, along with a few features you probably never knew you wanted.
The social messaging app Wiper added a built-in bitcoin wallet last month, enabling instant transactions among contacts, as well as basic wallet functionality.
Each day, more and more people all over the world are adapting blockchain and bitcoin, often without understanding it fully. What is Bitcoin after all? Is it valuable? Is it an investment?
San Diego based cryptocurrency wallet provider AirBitz was featured on ABC's 10 News as the local news network reported on companies in the city accepting and paying workers with bitcoin and how the workers "never see a paycheck."
The Bitcoin wallet Hive is no longer being actively developed. In fact, the creator says that the wallet hasn't had much development in "over a year."
The Open Bitcoin Privacy Project (OBPP) met their initial goal with the May 19 release of their first wallet ratings.
Interview with Roger Ver, angel investor of blockchain.info, the most popular Bitcoin related website in the world.
GreenAddress being acquired by Blockstream will allow it to work with sidechains which will enable users to manage Bitcoin and other assets and features.
Multisig, or multi-signature, wallets are on the rise, providing roughly 13% of the Bitcoin world with added wallet security.
Gary Miliefsky explains why smartphone wallets are at risk, and how to protect your Bitcoin against theft.
Bitcoin startup Caricoin recently announced the launch of a social mobile money platform for the Caribbean.
As the risk of having your password leaked is rather high nowadays and millions of reported cases are not resolved yet, every Bitcoin and other digital currency users should remember to improve his or her account's security.
Claims on a Reddit thread that Coinbase may have lied that it stores 97% of user funds in multisig addresses has been refuted by the platform.
Seattle-based iPayYou has launched a new bitcoin wallet with multiple features, including the ability to cancel transactions. Would this prove to be a hit among users?
Bitcoin wallet vendor Mycelium has announced the release of their new Bitcoin wallet and the launch of its crowdsale. This announcement is posted on Reddit and states that the new wallet shall be simply called Mycelium.
Today's infrastructure cannot accommodate on a global level for the technology of tomorrow, says our expert Brandon Kostinuk of Vanbex.
Aimia has released a new research into consumer appetite for digital wallets in Europe. Its findings show that the interest has grown by 5% from last year to 31% of Europeans being likely to use a digital wallet on their mobile device now.
Work across borders? Work from home? There is a salary revolution coming and Bitwage and partners are driving it.
CoinTelegraph speaks to Canadian Bitcoiner Kyle Kemper about Social Wallet, a nonprofit that hopes to digitize every aspect of a physical wallet, money, services, and identity.
Coinkite has announced it is closing down its web wallet to focus on other projects after legal issues and DDoS attacks have impeded the use of the wallet.
Most frauds and scams don't happen because of the technology involved but rather due to the underlying greed and callousness on the part of the users.
BitLox Ltd is now shipping the BitLox bitcoin hardware wallet and calls it "the most advanced and secure hardware Bitcoin wallet ever developed."
India's leading Bitcoin exchange, Coinsecure, has announced its partnership with Netki, with the purpose of allowing its Bitcoin wallet users to create their own wallet names.
Recently, leading Bitcoin hardware wallet manufacturer, Ledger, introduced Bitcoin wallet technology which directly stores user data and sensitive information in the TrustZone.
Cashila, the European bitcoin/fiat payment processor adds a new feature for its customers enabling them to top up their account with Sofort Banking option.
Content theft has persisted as one of the worst ills of the internet generation. Bitcoin wallets have been hacked. Are there ways to ultimately prevent one's wallet from being hacked?
There has been a pronounced growth in the number of Bitcoin wallets. Considering this and the forecasted growth within the next few years, could it change the world of investing?
Bitstamp sent out an email Sunday, telling users to stop depositing bitcoins at the exchange.
Hourglass is yet another promising project by BitcoinJ developer and former Google engineer Mike Hearn, which has already surpassed the crowdfunding goal for its initial design.
Airbitz has developed a way to make two-factor authentication (2FA) "dirt simple" for everyone. The mobile wallet provider has invented a one-step process that merges the functionality of an app like Google Authenticator directly into their Bitcoin wallet.
Billion-dollar security company LifeLock has filed a lawsuit against Xapo that some say could jeopardize the existence of the Swiss-based Bitcoin wallet and debit card company, as Lifelock seeks to declare ownership of the technology.
Have you ever heard the term 'timebank' before? What about 'timebanking'? If not, no worries, you are not alone.
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text:
Lazerbeak's 'Legend' gets the Hood Internet treatment
Few DJs understand what makes a fun mash more than Chicago's The Hood Internet, and few producers display as much thoughtful versatility as Minneapolis' own Lazerbeak. So a sonic experiment featuring these two is a welcome move as it was announced today that 'Beak's latest, Legend Recognize Legend, has gone Hood.
The mix comprises six tracks and features vocals by 8Ball, Devius, Drake, Fiq, Freeway, T.I., Shad, Mos Def, Thomas Mars of Phoenix, and Usher, laid over Lazerbeak's compositions. Overall a nice re-working of the laid-back pop record for the producer's hip-hop fans.
Doomtree's Wings & Teeth tour launches next Friday and wraps up with the sixth annual Blowout at First Avenue in December.
Stream 'Ledger Recognize Ledger' via Soundcloud here.
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Back In The Studio With Dennis Bovell & Hank Shocklee
Consequence of Sound break the news that we're working on a new record:
"We've at last fulfilled a double fantasy to work with our two favourite sonic assassins, Dennis 'Blackbeard' Bovell and Hank Shocklee," the band's Mark Stewart tells Consequence of Sound. "We're in awe as Dennis, the Captain Kirk of dub is taking us on a hyper sound voyage into the future, and Hank, as always tears up the rules totally upholding our faith in the absolute value of noise. We've gone completely off the map."
Read the story in full HERE


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In This Section
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A Meta-Analysis of High Resolution Audio Perceptual Evaluation - June 2016
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Sound Board: High-Resolution Audio - October 2015
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AES E-Library
Sound Image Localization of the SQ System
Various psychoacoustical tests of the SQ system have been carried out since the early days of its development. Some of the important results of the tests are reported in the paper. Experimental data on quadrature image shift, stereo compatibility, and SQ logic action are presented.
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Proto-Indo-European language
|Part of a series on
|Indo-European topics
Pontic Steppe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Pontic Steppe
Northern/Eastern Steppe
Peoples and societies
Religion and mythology
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages. PIE was the first proposed proto-language to be widely accepted by linguists. Far more work has gone into reconstructing it than any other proto-language, and it is by far the best understood of all proto-languages of its age. During the 19th century, the vast majority of linguistic work was devoted to reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European or its daughter proto-languages such as Proto-Germanic, and most of the current techniques of linguistic reconstruction in historical linguistics (e.g. the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction) were developed as a result. These methods supply all of the knowledge concerning PIE, since there is no written record of the language.
Scholars estimate that PIE may have been spoken as a single language (before divergence began) around 3500 BCE, though estimates by different authorities can vary by more than a millennium. A number of hypotheses have been proposed for the origin and spread of the language, the most popular among linguists being the Kurgan hypothesis, which postulates an origin in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe. Features of the culture of the speakers of PIE, known as Proto-Indo-Europeans, have also been reconstructed based on the shared Indo-European vocabulary of the early Indo-European attested languages.
PIE is thought to have had a complex system of morphology that included inflectional suffixes as well as ablaut (vowel alterations, as preserved in English sing, sang, sung). Nouns and verbs had complex systems of declension and conjugation respectively.
In the descriptions below, an asterisk is used to mark reconstructed PIE words, such as *wódr̥ 'water', *ḱwṓ 'dog' (English hound), or *tréyes 'three (masculine)'.
- 1 Development of the theory
- 2 Historical and geographical setting
- 3 Phonology
- 4 Morphology
- 5 Syntax
- 6 Sample texts
- 7 Relationships to other language families
- 8 In popular culture
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
Development of the theory[edit]
There is no direct evidence of PIE, and no evidence suggesting it was ever written. Historical linguistics and Indo-European sound laws have been used to reconstruct all PIE sounds and words from later Indo-European languages using the comparative method[1] and internal reconstruction. Many of the words in the modern Indo-European languages seem to have derived from such "protowords" via regular sound changes (e.g., c).
As the Proto-Indo-European language broke up, its sound system diverged, according to various sound changes in the daughter languages. Notable among these are Grimm's law and Verner's law in Proto-Germanic, loss of prevocalic *p- in Proto-Celtic, reduction to h of prevocalic *s- in Proto-Greek, Brugmann's law and Bartholomae's law in Proto-Indo-Iranian, Grassmann's law independently in both Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian, and Winter's law and Hirt's law in Balto-Slavic.
The idea of a common root language was first postulated in the 1700s century when Sir William Jones, observed similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin. In The Sanscrit Language (1786) he suggested that all three languages had a common root, and that indeed they might further all be related, in turn, to Gothic and to the Celtic languages, as well as to Persian. This common source came to be known as Proto-Indo-European.
The classical phase of Indo-European comparative linguistics leads from Franz Bopp's Comparative Grammar (1833) to August Schleicher's 1861 Compendium and up to Karl Brugmann's Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, which was published in the 1880s. Brugmann's Neogrammarian re-evaluation of the field and Ferdinand de Saussure's development of the laryngeal theory may be considered[by whom?] the beginning of "contemporary" Indo-European studies.
By the early 20th century, well-defined descriptions of PIE had been developed that are still accepted today, with some refinements. The largest developments of the 20th century were the discovery of the Anatolian and Tocharian languages and the acceptance of the laryngeal theory. This theory, in its early forms discussed since the 1880s, became mainstream after Jerzy Kuryłowicz's 1927 discovery of the survival of at least some of these hypothetical phonemes in Anatolian. The Anatolian languages have also spurred a major re-evaluation of theories concerning the development of various shared Indo-European language features and the extent to which these features were present in PIE itself. Relationships to other language families, including the Uralic languages, have been proposed but remain controversial.
Julius Pokorny's magisterial Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ("Indo-European Etymological Dictionary", 1959) gave a detailed overview of the lexical knowledge accumulated up until that time, but neglected contemporary trends of morphology and phonology (including the laryngeal theory), and largely ignored Anatolian. The generation of Indo-Europeanists active in the last third of the 20th century (such as Calvert Watkins, Jochem Schindler and Helmut Rix) developed a better understanding of morphology and, in the wake of Kuryłowicz's 1956 Apophonie, understanding of the ablaut. From the 1960s, knowledge of Anatolian became certain enough to establish its relationship to PIE; see also Indo-Hittite.
Historical and geographical setting[edit]
There are several competing hypotheses about when, where, and by whom PIE was spoken. In the most popular[2] model, the Kurgan hypothesis, Kurgans from the Pontic–Caspian steppe north of the Black Sea were the original speakers of PIE.[3][4] This theory was first put forward by Marija Gimbutas and is accepted by most linguists.[5] According to the theory PIE became widespread because its speakers, the Kurgans, were able to migrate into a large area of Europe and Asia because of certain cultural advances. These included the domestication of the horse, herding, and the use of wheeled vehicles.
The people of these cultures were nomadic pastoralists, who, according to the model, by the early 3rd millennium BC had expanded throughout the Pontic-Caspian steppe and into Eastern Europe.[6]
Alternative theories include the Anatolian hypothesis,[7] the Armenia hypothesis, and the indigenous Aryans theory.
Mainstream linguistic estimates of the time between PIE and the earliest attested texts (c. nineteenth century BC; see Kültepe texts) range around 1,500 to 2,500 years, with extreme proposals diverging up to another 100% on either side. Historically, some proposed models postulate the major dispersion of branches in:
- the 4th millennium BC (excluding the Anatolian branch) in Armenia, according to the Armenian hypothesis (proposed in the context of Glottalic theory);
- the 5th or 4th millennium in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, according to Marija Gimbutas's Kurgan hypothesis;
- the 6th millennium BC or later in Northern Europe according to Lothar Kilian's and, especially, Marek Zvelebil's models of a broader homeland;
- the 6th millennium BC in India, according to Koenraad Elst's Indigenous Aryans theory;
- the 7th millennium BC in Anatolia (the 5th, in the Balkans, excluding the Anatolian branch), according to Colin Renfrew's Anatolian hypothesis;
- the 7th millennium BC in Anatolia (the 6th excluding the Anatolian branch), according to glottochronological studies;[7][8]
- Upper Paleolithic (before the 10th millennium BC in the Paleolithic Continuity Theory.
Renfrew's archaeological hypothesis assumes the Proto-Indo-Europeans brought agriculture to Europe long before the domestication of the horse, and is not accepted by most linguists.[5] The Out-of-India and Northern-European hypotheses are fringe theories past their vogue.
Proto-Indo-European phonology has been reconstructed. The Proto-Indo-European accent is reconstructed today as having had variable lexical stress, which could appear on any syllable and whose position often varied among different members of a paradigm (e.g. between singular and plural of a verbal paradigm). Stressed syllables received a higher pitch, therefore it is often said that PIE had pitch accent. The location of the stress is associated with ablaut variations, especially between normal-grade vowels (*/e/ and */o/) and zero-grade (i.e. lack of a vowel), but not entirely predictable from it.
The accent is best preserved in Vedic Sanskrit and (in the case of nouns) Ancient Greek, and indirectly attested in a number of phenomena in other IE languages. To account for mismatches between the accent of Vedic Sanskrit and Ancient Greek, as well as a few other phenomena, a few historical linguists prefer to reconstruct PIE as a tone language where each morpheme had an inherent tone; the sequence of tones in a word then evolved, according to that hypothesis, into the placement of lexical stress in different ways in different IE branches.
Proto-Indo-European roots are basic morphemes carrying a lexical meaning. PIE was a fusional language, in which the grammatical relationships between words were signaled through inflectional morphemes (usually endings). By addition of suffixes they form word stems, and by addition of desinences (usually endings), these form inflected nouns or verbs.
The Indo-European ablaut is the variation in vowels which occurred both within inflectional morphology (different grammatical forms of a noun or verb) and derivational morphology between, for example, a verb and an associated verbal noun. Originally, all categories were distinguished both by ablaut and different endings, but the loss of endings in some later Indo-European languages has led them to use ablaut alone to distinguish grammatical categories, as in the Modern English words sing, sang, sung.
Proto-Indo-European nouns are declined for eight or nine cases:[9]
- nominative: marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. Generally, the noun that is doing something is in the nominative, and the nominative is the dictionary form of the noun.
- accusative: for the direct object of a transitive verb.
- genitive: marks a noun as modifying another noun.
- dative: used to indicate the noun to which something is given, as in "Maria gave Jacob a drink". Here, Jacob is an indirect dative.
- instrumental: used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
- ablative: used to express motion away from something.
- locative: corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by".
- vocative: used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed or, occasionally, the determiners of that noun. A vocative expression is an expression of direct address where the identity of the party spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence. For example, in the sentence, "I don't know, John", John is a vocative expression that indicates the party being addressed.
- allative: a type of the locative case.
There were three grammatical genders:
- masculine
- feminine
- neuter
Proto-Indo-European pronouns are difficult to reconstruct owing to their variety in later languages. PIE had personal pronouns in the first and second grammatical person, but not the third person, where demonstrative pronouns were used instead. The personal pronouns had their own unique forms and endings, and some had two distinct stems; this is most obvious in the first person singular, where the two stems are still preserved in English I and me. There were also two varieties for the accusative, genitive and dative cases, a stressed and an enclitic form.[10]
|Personal pronouns[10]
|First person
|Second person
|*h₁mé, *h₁me
|*nsmé, *nōs
|*usmé, *wōs
|*h₁méne, *h₁moi
|*ns(er)o-, *nos
|*tewe, *toi
|*yus(er)o-, *wos
|*h₁méǵʰio, *h₁moi
|*nsmei, *ns
|*tébʰio, *toi
Proto-Indo-European verbs were complex and, like the noun, exhibits a system of ablaut. The most basic categorization for the Indo-European verb was grammatical aspect. Verbs were classed as:
- stative: verbs that depict a state of being
- imperfective: verbs depicting ongoing, habitual or repeated action
- perfective: verbs depicting a completed action or actions viewed as an entire process).
Verbs have at least four grammatical moods:
- indicative: indicates that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentences.
- imperative: forms commands or requests, including the giving of prohibition or permission, or any other kind of advice or exhortation.
- subjunctive: used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action that has not yet occurred
- optative: indicates a wish or hope. It is similar to the cohortative mood, and is closely related to the subjunctive mood.
Verbs had two grammatical voices:
- active: used in a clause whose subject expresses the main verb's agent.
- mediopassive: for the middle voice and the passive voice.
Verbs had three grammatical persons: (first, second and third)
Verbs had three grammatical numbers
- singular
- dual: referring to precisely two of the entities (objects or persons) identified by the noun or pronoun.
- plural: a number other than singular or dual.
Verbs were also marked by a highly developed system of participles, one for each combination of tense and voice, and an assorted array of verbal nouns and adjectival formations.
The following table shows two possible reconstructions of the PIE verb endings. Sihler's reconstruction largely represents the current consensus among Indo-Europeanists, while Beekes' is a radical rethinking of thematic verbs; although not widely accepted, it is included to show an example of more far-reaching recent research.
|Sihler (1995)[11]
|Beekes (1995)[10]
Proto-Indo-European numerals are generally reconstructed as follows:
|*Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem-
|*trei- (full grade) / *tri- (zero grade)
|*kʷetwor- (o-grade) / *kʷetur- (zero grade)
(see also the kʷetwóres rule)
|*s(w)eḱs; originally perhaps *weḱs
|*oḱtō, *oḱtou or *h₃eḱtō, *h₃eḱtou
Rather than specifically 100, *ḱm̥tóm may originally have meant "a large number".[12]
Proto-Indo-European particles could be used both as adverbs and postpositions, like *upo "under, below". The postpositions became prepositions in most daughter languages. Other reconstructible particles include negators (*ne, *mē), conjunctions (*kʷe "and", *wē "or" and others) and an interjection (*wai!, an expression of woe or agony).
The syntax of the older Indo-European languages has been studied in earnest since at least the late nineteenth century, by such scholars as Hermann Hirt and Berthold Delbrück. In the second half of the twentieth century, interest in the topic increased and led to reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European syntax.[13]
Since all the early attested IE languages were inflectional, PIE is thought to have relied largely on morphological markers, rather than word order, to signal syntactic relationships within sentences.[14] Still, a default (unmarked) word order is thought to have existed in PIE. This was reconstructed by Jacob Wackernagel as being subject–verb–object (SVO), based on evidence in Vedic Sanskrit, and the SVO hypothesis still has some adherents, but as of 2015[update] the "broad consensus" among PIE scholars is that PIE would have been a subject–object–verb (SOV) language.[15]
The SOV default word order with other orders used to express emphasis (e.g., verb–subject–object to emphasize the verb) is attested in Old Indic, Old Iranian, Old Latin and Hittite, while traces of it can be found in the enclitic personal pronouns of the Tocharian languages.[14] A shift from OV to VO order is posited to have occurred in late PIE, since many of the descendant languages have this order: modern Greek, Romance and Albanian prefer SVO, Insular Celtic has VSO as the default order, and even the Anatolian languages show some signs of this word order shift.[16] The inconsistent order preference in Baltic, Slavic and Germanic can be attributed to contact with outside OV languages.[16]
Sample texts[edit]
Since PIE was spoken by a prehistoric society, no genuine sample texts are available, but since the 19th century, modern scholars have made various attempts to compose example texts for purposes of illustration. These texts are educated guesses at best; Calvert Watkins observed in 1969 that in spite of its 150 years' history, comparative linguistics is not in the position to reconstruct a single well-formed sentence in PIE. Because of this and other similar objections based on Pratishakhyas, such texts are of limited use in getting an impression of what a coherent utterance in PIE might have sounded like.
Published PIE sample texts:
- Schleicher's fable (Avis akvasas ka) by August Schleicher (1868), modernized by Hermann Hirt (1939) and Winfred P. Lehmann and Ladislav Zgusta (1979)
- The king and the god (rēḱs deiwos-kʷe) by S. K. Sen, E. P. Hamp et al. (1994)
- "Before Babel: Ancient tales from Genesis retold in reconstructed Proto-Indo-European", by B. Barrois (2015), <hal-01231610>.
Relationships to other language families[edit]
Proposed genetic connections[edit]
Many higher-level relationships between Proto-Indo-European and other language families have been proposed, but these hypothesized connections are highly controversial. A proposal often considered to be the most plausible of these is that of an Indo-Uralic family, encompassing PIE and Uralic. The evidence usually cited in favor of this consists in a number of striking morphological and lexical resemblances. Opponents attribute the lexical resemblances to borrowing from Indo-European into Uralic. Frederik Kortlandt, while advocating a connection, concedes that "the gap between Uralic and Indo-European is huge", while Lyle Campbell denies that such relationship exists.[citation needed].
Other proposals, further back in time (and proportionately less accepted), link Indo-European and Uralic with Altaic and the other language families of northern Eurasia, namely Yukaghir, Korean, Japanese, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Nivkh, Kartvelian, Ainu, and Eskimo–Aleut, but excluding Yeniseian (the most comprehensive such proposal is Joseph Greenberg's Eurasiatic), or link Indo-European, Uralic, and Altaic to Afroasiatic and Dravidian (the traditional form of the Nostratic hypothesis), and ultimately to a single Proto-Human family.
A more rarely mentioned proposal associates Indo-European with the Northwest Caucasian languages in a group called the "Pontic languages".
Etruscan shows some similarities to Indo-European, such as a genitive in -s. There is no consensus on whether these are due to a genetic relationship, borrowing, chance and sound symbolism, or some combination of these.
Proposed areal connections[edit]
The existence of certain PIE typological features in Northwest Caucasian languages may hint at an early Sprachbund[17] or substratum that reached geographically to the PIE homelands.[18] This same type of languages, featuring complex verbs of which the current Northwest Caucasian languages might have been the sole survivors, was cited by Peter Schrijver to indicate a local lexical and typological reminiscence in western Europe pointing to a possible Neolithic substratum.[19]
Daughter language groupings[edit]
Generally accepted subfamilies (clades)[edit]
- Proto-Albanian language
- Proto-Anatolian language
- Proto-Armenian language
- Proto-Balto-Slavic language
- Proto-Celtic language
- Proto-Germanic language
- Proto-Greek language
- Proto-Indo-Iranian language
- Proto-Italic language
- Proto-Tocharian language
Marginally attested languages[edit]
These include languages that do not appear to be members of any of the above families but are so poorly attested that proper classification of them is not possible. Of them, Phrygian is by far the best attested.
- Phrygian language
- Dacian language
- Thracian language
- Illyrian language
- Venetic language
- Messapic language
- Ancient Macedonian language
- Lusitanian language
All of the above languages except for Lusitanian (which occurs in the area of modern Portugal) occur in or near the Balkan peninsula, and have been collectively termed the "Paleo-Balkan languages". This is a purely geographic grouping and makes no claims about the relatedness of the languages to each other as compared with other Indo-European languages.
Hypothetical clades[edit]
In popular culture[edit]
PIE is used in dialogue between humans and aliens in Ridley Scott's movie Prometheus.[20] In one scene, an android studies Schleicher's fable.
Christopher Tin's song Water Prelude, from The Drop That Contained the Sea, is sung in PIE.
The words and much morphology and word order of the Atlantean language created by Dr. Marc Okrand for Disney's 2001 Atlantis: The Lost Empire is based on PIE.
Michael Z. Williamson's time-travel novel "A long time until now" has the American translator use PIE to create a dictionary to communicate with stone-age people.
On the videogame Far Cry Primal the Wenja, the Udam and the Izila tribes talk in their own dialects based on PIE.
See also[edit]
- ^ "linguistics - The comparative method | science". Retrieved 2016-07-27.
- ^ Mallory, J. P. (1991). In Search of the Indo-Europeans. Thames & Hudson. p. 185. ISBN 978-0500276167.
- ^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language : how bronze-age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world (8th reprint. ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05887-3.
- ^ Balter, Michael (13 February 2015). "Mysterious Indo-European homeland may have been in the steppes of Ukraine and Russia". © 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 2015-02-17.
- ^ a b Anthony, David W; Ringe, Done (2015). "The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives". The Annual Review of linguistics (1): 199–219.
- ^ Gimbutas, Marija (1985). "Primary and Secondary Homeland of the Indo-Europeans: comments on Gamkrelidze-Ivanov articles". Journal of Indo-European Studies (Spring - summer).
- ^ a b Bouckaert, Remco; Lemey, P.; Dunn, M.; Greenhill, S. J.; Alekseyenko, A. V.; Drummond, A. J.; Gray, R. D.; Suchard, M. A.; et al. (24 August 2012), "Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family", Science 337 (6097): 957–960, doi:10.1126/science.1219669, PMC 4112997, PMID 22923579
- ^ Gray, Russell D; Atkinson, Quentin D (27 November 2003), "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin" (PDF), Nature (NZ: Auckland) (426): 435–39, doi:10.1038/nature02029, PMID 14647380
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin (2004). Indo-European language and culture : an introduction. Malden (USA): Blackwell. p. 102. ISBN 1-4051-0316-7.
- ^ a b c d Beekes, Robert; Gabriner, Paul (1995). Comparative Indo-European linguistics : an introduction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 147, 212–217, 233, 243. ISBN 978-1556195044.
- ^ a b Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. New York u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-508345-8.
- ^ Lehmann, Winfried P (1993), Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, London: Routledge, pp. 252–55, ISBN 0-415-08201-3
- ^ Kulikov, Leonid; Lavidas, Nikolaos, eds. (2015). "Preface". Proto-Indo-European Syntax and its Development. John Benjamins.
- ^ a b Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997). "Proto-Indo-European". Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 463.
- ^ Hock, Hans Henrich (2015). "Proto-Indo-European verb-finality: Reconstruction, typology, validation". In Kulikov, Leonid; Lavidas, Nikolaos. Proto-Indo-European Syntax and its Development. John Benjamins.
- ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1974). Proto-Indo-European Syntax. University of Texas Press. p. 250.
- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (1993), General linguistics and Indo-European reconstruction (PDF), NL
- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (1989), The spread of the Indo-Europeans (PDF), NL
- ^ Peter Schrijver (March 2007), Keltisch en de buren: 9000 jaar taalcontact (PDF) (in Dutch), NL: University of Utrecht
- ^ Language Log » Proto-Indo-European in Prometheus?, Languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu, 2012-06-08, retrieved 2013-03-12
Further reading[edit]
Introductory works[edit]
- Mallory, JP; Adams, DQ (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199296682
- Meier-Brügger, Michael (2003), Indo-European Linguistics, New York: de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017433-2
- Szemerényi, Oswald (1996), Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics, Oxford
Major technical handbooks on Proto-Indo-European[edit]
- Pokorny, Julius (2005) [1948–59], Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (5 ed.), Francke, ISBN 3-7720-0947-6
- Rix, Helmut (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (2 ed.), Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, ISBN 3-89500-219-4
- Wodtko, Dagmar; et al. (2008), Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter
- Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter
Other major technical works on daughter languages[edit]
- Buck, Carl Darling (1933), Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-07931-7
- Hoffner, Harry A., Jr.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008), A Grammar of the Hittite Language, 1: Reference Grammar, Eisenbrauns, ISBN 1-57506-119-8
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1990) [1946], A Grammar of Old Irish (Rev Enl Re ed.), Colton Book Imports, ISBN 1-85500-161-6
- Whitney, William Dwight (1889), Sanskrit Grammar, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-486-43136-3 (India ISBN 81-208-0621-2)
- Ivanov, Vyacheslav V.; Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V. (March 1990), "The Early History of Indo-European Languages", Scientific American 262 (N3): 110–116, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110
- Grigoriev, Stanislav (2002). "Ancient Indo-Europeans". Chelyabinsk. Rifei.
- Lehmann, Winfred P.; Zgusta, L. (1979), "Schleicher's tale after a century", in Brogyanyi, B., Festschrift for Oswald Szemerényi on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, Amsterdam, pp. 455–466
- Remys, Edmund (2007), "General distinguishing features of various Indo-European languages and their relationship to Lithuanian", Indogermanische Forschungen 112, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter
- Renfrew, Colin (1987), Archaeology & Language. The Puzzle of the Indo-European Origins, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-02495-7
External links[edit]
|This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Look up Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Proto-Indo-European test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
- PIE theoretical grammar, U Texas.
- Proto-Indo-European Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix).
- Blažek, Václav, "On the internal classification of Indo-European languages" (PDF), Linguistica (survey) (online ed.) (Brno, CZ), ISSN 1801-5336 External link in
- Ford, CF, Indo-European family tree, showing Indo-European languages and sub branches (JPEG) (image), IA State.
- An Overview of the Proto-Indo-European Verb System 2009‐10‐27, Piotr Gąsiorowski.
- Köbler, Gerhard, Indo-European/Modern German Dictionary (in German), DE; contains an Indo-European Grammar in Vorwort section.
- Kortlandt, Frederik, The Indo-Uralic Verb (PDF).
- Nikolaev, SL; Starostin, SA, PIE root etymology database, RU: RI net.
- Pokorny, Julius, "A list of PIE etyma and their meanings", Indo-European Etymological Dictionary, University of Texas.
- ———, Dictionary (database query), NL: Leiden University; includes comments and searchable cognates.
- Sampson, Geoffrey, Say something in Proto-Indo-European.
- Indo-European migrations from the Armenian Highlands (JPEG) (image), U Penn.
- Powell, Eric, Telling Tales in Proto-Indo-European (includes audio files), Archaeology.


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text:
They came out in favor of gay marriage.Why are a bunch of people leaving the church?
What's going on at Towering Oaks Baptist Church?
Posted in the Greeneville Forum
1 - 20 of 377 Comments Last updated May 30, 2016
#3 Feb 3, 2011
#5 Feb 3, 2011
Hey, you got the wrong church. But if Towering Oaks doesn't get with this acceptance of gay marriage, they will lose even more folks. That's why we decided not to join, they are way too old fashion. They need to get with the times.
#6 Feb 3, 2011
You are a liar. Yes, a liar. As a christian I can say this because it is true. You are lying about a church I have attended all my life. Brother Tommy is a very old fashion minister. He still preaches about the blood of Christ and I thank God for that. Whether I have a few years left on this earth or should Jesus return this day, this minute, I have heard the gospel, the true gospel. If you desire the truth Towering Oaks is where you will feel at home. Brother Tommy does not sugar coat or water down the truth. I know that is getting to be unacceptable to some, but glory be to God we hear the truth and that makes a lot of folks uncomfortable. God loves us and His Word is true. Thank you Lord Jesus for Brother Tommy and may you protect Him from these attacks.
#7 Feb 3, 2011
And so the First Baptist Church/Second Baptist Church drama continues.....nothing changes very much in Greeneville.
#8 Feb 3, 2011
I am not, nor have I ever been a part of this church.
I do however, know that a lot of long-time members have left recently.
I honestly wanted to know what is going on.
It must be something bad with how everyone is jumping in here thinking I'm one of the people who left!
#9 Feb 3, 2011
You are right brother. How sad that most times those who cause the drama and upset the brethen move on to another church and eventually will find something wrong there too. Church is not perfect, it's full of people. Brother Tommy steps on my toes many times, even at my age, he even opening admits to the fact that he himself is imperfect. Like he preaches, it's all about the blood, it's all about the blood. Amen!
#10 Feb 3, 2011
If you were not taught against gossip, Towering Oaks also teaches the truth about this subject. It's hard to fool and old fool, your purpose is clear. I just thank God I was on here checkiing the news. My being here at this moment is no accident, God is awesome.
#11 Feb 3, 2011
All i can say is when Brother Tommy came out of the closet in favor, I had enough. That is the reason I left. I don't know about anyone else. It is not very Christian-like to call someone a liar.
#12 Feb 3, 2011
Yeah , I thought the 'assumption' or 'accusation' that you were a disgruntled former attendee was interesting.
#13 Feb 3, 2011
It would appear that you forgot to change your location back this time? Yes, Christians are allowed to tell the truth and you are lying about that church. Towering Oaks still believes in black and white. We steer clear of the grey areas that so many churches have adopted. Why are you lying about our church and our pastor?
#14 Feb 3, 2011
I'm not lying. We are talking about Lower Oaks Baptist in Knoxville with Brother Tommy Wilks aren't we?
#15 Feb 3, 2011
Not sure how you mistook "Lower Oaks Baptist" in Knoxville for Towering Oaks Baptist in Greeneville. I use to live in Knoxville. Where is Lower Oaks Baptist located?
#16 Feb 3, 2011
In my imagination.
#17 Feb 3, 2011
While this was probably funny to you. I promise you I will be praying for you for you are very important to the Master.
#18 Feb 3, 2011
So anyway, what is going on at Towering Oaks?
#19 Feb 3, 2011
Thank you. I am glad I have that going for me.
#20 Feb 3, 2011
I am not a christian,nor do I attend church.Foremost because my job will not allow it.If folks are leaving because of gay acceptance....well I cant really blame them.It sickens me to the core,as I cant see the want or need to engage in their practice,the human body is designed for it's NORMAL functions,reproduceing from the front,and produceing waste from the rear,we are supreme beings,and to stoop to this level.....well it would seem easier just to go jump in a sewage treatment plant,tons of hate and ridicule you would be spared,and you would be totally engrossed in the filth you SO desire.I believe with every fiber of my being that AIDS is the direct result and punishment for this so called lifestyle.....and the blood of the innocent children and adults that you have infected with your filth is on YOUR HANDS GAYS!
#21 Feb 3, 2011
If you are a Christian, then you must know what a sin it is to spread gossip in this fashion. If you are not a Christian and need a church family, Towering Oaks is a true Bible teaching church. Perfect we are not and that is why we feel comfortable there. Only Jesus was perfect and without sin.
#22 Feb 3, 2011
So what's going on? I want to know the good and the bad about a church before I get involved in it.
#23 Feb 3, 2011
Shame on you Deb.
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