text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 24, 1985
|Filing date
|Mar 26, 1984
|Priority date
|Mar 26, 1984
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Robert F. Cusack
|Original Assignee
|Gte Valeron Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (3), Classifications (8), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to touch probes for use in gaging applications where an indication of contact between the probe and a workpiece is desired. More specifically, the invention concerns touch probes limited to use environments requiring only two axes of movement between the touch probe and the workpiece.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Automatic gaging of workpieces undergoing machining by numerically controlled machine tool systems during the work cycle--i.e. "in-cycle" gaging, is effected through the use of touch probes. Such probes are moved under control of a machine tool system program into contact with pre-selected portions of the workpiece at which time the touch probe signals the machine controller to calculate information related to the shape or location of the workpiece surface.
Known examples of touch probe designs are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 388,187, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,987 filed June 14, 1982 by Robert F. Cusack, entitled "Touch Probe", and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 501,994, filed June 14, 1983 by Richard O. Junegel, entitled "Turning Tool Probe", both applications assigned to the same assignee as the instant invention. The probes of both these prior patent applications have a stylus carrying element movable relative to a probe housing in three coordinate mutually perpendicular axes. Such three axes probes require electrical interconnection between the electrical contacts used therewith to properly indicate sensed contact by the stylus with a workpiece in any of the three axes. Such required contact interconnection in turn complicates the construction and attendant cost of manufacture of such three dimensional probes.
I have discovered a novel construction for touch probe stylus mounting apparatus wherein the stylus movement is limited to movement in two axes. Such probes find particular utility in automated in-cycle gaging applications on two axis machine tool systems such as numerically controlled turning centers or lathes.
In accordance with the principles of the invention, a first member is movable relative to a touch probe housing and is capable of being coupled to the probe stylus. A second member is fixed relative to the housing. A contact strip mounted to one of the first and second members confronts first and second contact elements mounted to the other one of the first and second members, and the first and second contact elements make a point contact with the contact strip in a rest position of the first member to define a linear dimension extending along a direction normal to an axis common to the probe housing and the stylus. The first and second members are mechanically coupled by a structure which prevents all motion of the first member relative to the second member except for linear motion parallel to the stylus/housing common axis and pivotal motion in planes parallel to both the common axis and the linear dimension defined by the rest position contact by the first and second contact elements with the contact strip.
The touch probe of this invention features improved rigidity, compactness and ease of manufacture when compared to known three axis, or three dimensional, probes.
The objects and features of the invention will become apparent from a reading of a detailed description of an illustrative embodiment, taken in conjunction with the drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view taken normal to the longitudinal axis shared by the housing and the stylus of a touch probe arranged in accordance with the principles of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the touch probe of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the stylus mounting apparatus of the touch probe of FIGS. 1 and 2.
It is to be noted that the same components or parts thereof are designated with the same reference numerals in the various drawing figures.
With reference to FIGS. 1-3, a touch probe arranged in accordance with the principles of the invention has substantially rectangular elongate probe housing 16 divided internally into three cavities or compartments 10, 18 and 17. Cavity 10 houses the probe detector switch and stylus mounting apparatus. Cavity 18 houses the probe detector and telemetry circuitry 23, while cavity 17 holds the probe batteries for supplying operating power to the circuitry in housing cavity 18. A suitably shaped cover plate (not shown) seals cavity 17, 18 and 10 via screws engaging mounting holes 33 in housing 16.
Circuitry 23 accepts a signal from the sensor mechanism to be described below on input 32 and converts the signal for appropriate transmission via radiated telemetry to a remote receiver associated with the machine tool system utilizing the touch probe. The details of such circuitry 23 are not necessary to an understanding of this invention and are therefore not set forth in detail in this description. Examples of known arrangments suitable for use as circuitry 23 are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,945--Juengel, issued Aug. 30, 1983, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 478,906--Juengel, filed Mar. 25, 1983, pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 501,994--Manns, et al., filed June 14, 1983, and pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 504,137--Juengel, filed June 14, 1983, all assigned to the same assignee as the instant invention.
The probe stylus movement sensing apparatus is contained in housing cavity 10. Mounting base or support block 13 is rigidly coupled to housing 16 via bolt 26 at a first side of cavity 10 extending normally to an end wall of the housing. A planar reed spring 8, which is resiliently deformable except in its major plane, has a first side coupled to support block 13 via reed clamp 14 and two screws 15. At an opposite end of support block 13 are first and second wire springs 9A and 9B each having one end coupled to support block 13 via wire spring clamp 12 which is also coupled to block 13 via the same two screws 15. Wire springs 9A and 9B are resiliently flexible except along their longitudinal axes.
Attached to the opposite ends of reed spring 8 and wire springs 9A, 9B is a stylus holder 1, which is movable relative to probe housing 16. Reed spring 8 is coupled to stylus holder 1 via reed spring clamp 2 and two additional screws 15. Wire springs 9A, 9B are coupled to stylus holder 1 via wire spring clamp 11 engaging the ends of the other two screws 15. A second portion of stylus holder 1 protrudes through a central aperture in reed spring 8 and in aperture 25 in the end wall of probe housing 16. The protruding portion of stylus holder 1 has a threaded bore 22 for coupling receipt of a threaded end 21 of replaceable stylus 19 having a suitably shaped contact tip portion 20.
Rigidly coupled to the end wall of housing 16 adjacent aperture 25 is a contact strip 6, preferably fashioned from cemented tungsten carbide. Contact strip 6 is electrically isolated from housing strip 16 by an adhesive non-conductive bonding strip 7. Contact strip 6 is positioned such that it extends along a dimension perpendicular or normal, to the common longitudinal axis 300 shared by housing 16, apperture 25 and the protruding portion of stylus holder 1. Mounted to the first portion of stylus holder 1 are substantially spherically shaped contacts 5A and 5B held respectively in contact holders, or cups, 3A and 3B. Contacts 5A and 5B are preferably fashioned from cemented tungsten carbide. In a rest position of stylus holder 1, contacts 5A and 5B abut contact strip 6 in point contact fashion, thereby defining a linear dimension passing through the two point contacts which is normal to axis 300, parallel to the non-deformable plane of reed spring 8, and normal to the longitudinal axis of wire springs 9A and 9B.
With the structure as set forth above, the combination of the reed spring 8 and wire springs 9A and 9B operates to restrict the movement of stylus holder 1 (and therefore movement of stylus 19) to either linear movement parallel to axis 300 (as shown by direction 35 in FIG. 2) or pivotal movement in planes parallel to both axis 300 and to the linear dimension defined by the point contacts between contacts 5A, 5B and contact strip 6 (i.e. the stylus tip can pivot generally in the direction 34 shown in FIG. 2). This two axis limitation arises, because reed spring 8 prevents rotation of stylus holder 1 about axis 300 and further prevents translational movement of holder 1 in directions normal to axis 300, while wire springs 9A, 9B being non-deformable along their longitudinal axes, permit pivoting movement of holder 1 only in planes parallel to both the linear dimension defined along contact strip 6 and to axis 300. It is to be noted that a single wire spring or flexible rod-like element is sufficient to cooperate with reed spring 8 to so constrain movement of stylus holder 1. However, two wire springs, as shown in the drawing figures, are preferred, due to the improved rigidity and resistance to probe damage achieved through use thereof.
To optionally assist in positively defining the rest postion contact between contacts 5A, 5B and contact strip 6, a biasing coil spring 24 may be interposed between a rearward housing wall of cavity 10 and the first portion of stylus holder 1. Alternatively, bias spring 24 could be replaced by the resilient action of a metal bellows (not shown) which would be coupled between the protruding portion of stylus holder 1 and the perimeter of housing aperture 25.
A further adjustment feature is provided by screw 27 threadingly engaging a bore in housing 16 running normal to axis 300 and placed so that an inner end of screw 27 engages stylus holder 1. As screw 27 is advanced toward stylus holder 1, holder 1 will pivot in the allowed plane of pivotal motion to differentially alter the pre-load force between contacts 5A, 5B and contact strip 6 in the stylus holder rest position. Hence, the pre-travel required to leave the rest position by stylus movement can be adjusted to compensate for a stylus that is slightly off center--i.e. having a longitudinal axis not in alignment with axis 300.
An electrical signal indicative of stylus movement from the probe rest position can be generated with the following arrangement. Contact 5B is grounded to housing 16 via electrically conductive mounting cup 3B, spring clamp 2, reed spring 8, and mounting base 13. Contact 5A is electrically isolated from grounded housing 16 via insulated contact mounting cup 3A and is coupled to output terminal 31 via conductor 4 which passes through conduit 28 in reed clamp 2, conduit 29 in stylus holder 1 and conduit 30 in the rear housing wall of cavity 10. Hence a simple series circuit in the probe rest position extends from electrical ground through contact 5B, through contact strip 6 (which, as previously mentioned, is electrically isolated from housing 16 by strip 7), through contact 5A to output terminal 31 via conductor 4. Thus, whenever one or both of contacts 5A and 5B begin to move, due to allowable stylus movement caused by contact with a workpiece, the electrical resistance between housing ground and output 31 will increase, thereby providing an electrical indicating signal to circuitry 23. This relatively simple arrangement is easy to manufacture, compact and rugged. Especially contributing to the ease of manufacture is the fact that no isolated electrical interconnection between contacts 5A and 5B is required.
It should be noted that the invention described herein has been illustrated with reference to a particular embodiment. It is to be understood that many details used to facilitate the description of such a particular embodiment are shown for convenience only and without limitations to the scope of the invention. Many other embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art, given the instant disclosure. For example, the spherical contacts could be mounted to the housing, with the contact confronting them mounted to the movable stylus holder. By way of further example, the axial location of the reed spring and the wire springs could be reversed. Additionally, the exterior shape of the probe housing may take whatever form necessary to adapt the probe for interchangeable use with the tooling elements of a particular machine tool system. Accordingly, the invention is intended to be limited only by the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 14, 1960
|Mar 3, 1964
|Certificate of correction
|Oct 4, 1971
|Oct 23, 1973
|Lockheed Missiles Space
|Three axis inspection probe
|Oct 1, 1976
|Jan 30, 1979
|The Bendix Corporation
|Bi-axial probe
|May 26, 1981
|Nov 30, 1982
|Rolls Royce Limited
|Probe for use in measuring apparatus
|Sep 2, 1982
|Aug 9, 1983
|Rolls Royce Limited
|Probe for use in measuring apparatus
|Jun 14, 1982
|Jun 5, 1984
|The Valeron Corporation
|Touch probe
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 9, 1986
|Jan 26, 1988
|Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, Heidenhim/Brenz
|Anti-collision device for the sensing head of a measuring machine
|Nov 6, 1989
|Sep 18, 1990
|The Micromanipulator Co., Inc.
|Probe assembly including touchdown sensor
|Apr 23, 1991
|May 5, 1992
|Johnson James D
|True position probe
|U.S. Classification
|33/558, 33/561
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 26, 1984
Owner name: GTE VALERON CORPORATION TROY, MI A CORP. OF DE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CUSACK, ROBERT F.;REEL/FRAME:004243/0814
Effective date: 19840320
|Feb 6, 1989
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 23, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 25, 1993
Owner name: BANKERS TRUST COMPANY, NEW YORK
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GTE VALENITE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:006498/0021
Effective date: 19930201
|Apr 29, 1997
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 21, 1997
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 2, 1997
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19970924


text:
Another fine translation of sutras by Rulu; more than just the standard Pure Land sutras. Check Amazon for the Table of Contents etc.
http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Thinki ... 1605946313
Thinking of Amitabha Buddha
Discuss and learn about the traditional Mahayana scriptures, without assuming that any one school 'owns' the only correct interpretation.
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- Nicholas Weeks
- Posts: 2448
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Thinking of Amitabha Buddha
Every time you recite Amita Buddha's name, a ray of light shines through empty space. If you recite very sincerely, then this light fills up the universe, so that the energy of all worlds will be auspicious and harmonious.
Master Hsuan Hua
Master Hsuan Hua
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
I twisted my ankle walking down the stairs at my school. I fell down so hard and my ankle is swollen like crazy! I was super embarassed! I had to wait for my sister's boyfriend to come get me and he took FOREVER! I'll be in my bed until I get better! I called Nos and he brought me some snacks and kept me company for a while, but I'm going to still try and get some assignments done for school. I can email all my professors and keep in touch.
I hope this doesn't ruin my plans for Halloween. On a light note, Brian, my sister's boyfriend got me a new game for my PSP!
Crash Bandicoot: Mind over Mutant
In Crash Bandicoot: Mind over Mutant, a rejuvenated Neo Cortex is taking over the world yet again. Cortex and N. Brio devise a new kind of evil – a text-messaging, do-anything device (that looks remarkably, like a PSP) which controls both mutant and bandicoot minds. Mutant in your Pocket - Not only does Crash keep the ability to control his enemies when he jacks them, now he can store his favorite monsters in his pocket, upgrade them and utilize their powers when they are most advantageous.
I loved the old Crash Bandicoot games growing up, and the Crash Team Racing games were addictive as hell! So far it's pretty fun. And for someone who didn't know what kind of games I'm into, he made a pretty decent choice! Hopefully if I break the ankle, he'll cough up a PS3 or something!
Wish me luck!


text:
The last wire you will ever need
Drop by our Hickory, NC store for the best deals on electronic cigarettes, eliquid, and knowledgeable and helpful staff. Click here for directions!
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With today's report, private sector employment has finally regained its pre-recession peak. It has taken more than six years for private sector jobs to recover, an extremely stark reminder of the depth of the downturn and the weakness of what's been a plodding labor market recovery.
When people say hang in there, it will get better, even they don't believe it. I am a grim reminder of what might happen to them and they don't want to catch what I have.
Warren Buffett described public pension plans as a "gigantic financial tapeworm" and warned of a decade of pain. He was right on the first point, less so on the second.
For the first time since the '30s, the 99 percent stood up and pointed out the real culprits -- Wall Street and the politicians they own. People listened, they heard, and began to believe.
There was a boxer who, when faced with the likelihood of being knocked out, sold ad space on the soles of his shoes. Call it what you will, but I found that to be a move closer to brilliant than to defeatist.
Bitcoin enthusiasts today are very much recreating the digital equivalent of the California Gold Rush. The currency is the answer to all our modern day problems, they claim. I hear all that. It is still a rerun, because it is human.
I always assumed I'd belong to the same class too, the one I had identified with since birth. Now I'm not sure if I'll ever be middle class again.
Wall Street gamblers are still paid huge money and are again creeping toward reckless misbehavior. Their corporate crime wave strip-mined the economy for young workers and is draining away their ability to afford basic goods.
I went through the first 35 years of my working life having to look up how to spell 'laid off.' For real. It was just one of those brain twerks; to this day, I never type the words 'meditate' or 'environment' right the first time either. But I sure learned how to spell 'laid off.'
A million fewer people received SNAP last December than in December 2012 -- the fourth straight month in which participation fell from the previous year. This is just the latest sign that SNAP, which critics claim is out of control, has begun to shrink as the economy slowly recovers from the Great Recession.
When I first heard JCPenney's new tagline "When it Fits, You Feel it," I was reminded of why I don't "fit" JCPenney. It is the same reason why I b...
The average American continues in depression, while economic inequality soars and the rich are doing well, under President Obama and the Republicans in Congress.
The NASDAQ, DOW Jones and S&P 500 are all experiencing record highs. But does this mean that the market is oversold and we should expect declines? Not necessarily.
Guided by the mythology of the "American dream" -- the idea that, given the opportunity, the deserving will excel and rise above their peers -- politi...
While Marx was wrong about some things, his writings accurately predicted several aspects of contemporary capitalism, from the Great Recession to the iPhone 5S in your pocket.
Market suckers have been taken in by these speculative games for four years running; why should 2014 be any different, especially with CNBC cheering them on by not explaining what's really going on?


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Peppers at 10, which seems low.
OTish: What signs tell you that Football is coming?
In the good ol' days, my late July would involve unwrapping the latest NCAA video game, downloading a Denard Robinson cover, and hyping myself up by winning 5 NCs in a row with Michigan.
Now, since the NCAA is dumb and won't pay players their value, we don't have that video game to look forward to. What signals you that football is coming? HTTV, various hype videos, other MGoBlog stuff helps... but I'm missing that NCAA videogame fix.
There are...
...days until Delano Hill runs onto the field while the best band is playing the greatest fight song ever written, touches the banner, and beats Hawaii.
Delano is a three-year letterman. He has appeared in thirty-three games and started thirteen of them. Just in case some people don't know, his younger brother is LaVert Hill, a four-star recruit from Detroit Martin Luther King who committed to Michigan in February.
Excellent article on football recruiting in Detroit News
Steve Wiltfong puts in crystal ball for Donovan Peoples-Jones to Michigan
Just as the title says. Steve Wiltfong has placed a crystal ball prediction for Donovan Peoples-Jones to Michigan. Things are looking good for the Maize and Blue.
New Pump-Up Video
Should be noted that this isn't my video. Just saw it on YouTube.
My review: Weird, catchy tune. Solid video quality. Great editing. Non-standard fare for the video clips. Incorporates Michigan's history and draws visual parallels to the current state of things.
Chicago Prog. Alert: Harbaugh and Waddle, ESPN 1000
On my morning commute, I heard ESPN1000 Chicago promoting an event featuring Jim Harbaugh. He will be reuniting with former Chicago Bear teammate, Tom Waddle, alongside his co-host, Marc Silverman.
Jim Harbaugh joins Waddle & Silvy LIVE and in person July 27th!
Live @ChicagoCut starting at 2pm@WaddleandSilvy @TWaddle87
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— ESPN 1000 (@ESPN1000) July 14, 2016
University of Michigan Head Football Coach, Jim Harbaugh, joins ESPN's Waddle and Silvy at Chicago Cut Steakhouse July 27 2 pm. Call 312-329-1800 to book your spot in the live audience. $125 per person including three course lunch and all beverages.
A photo posted by Chicago Cut Steakhouse (@chicagocutsteakhouse) on Jul 18, 2016 at 9:59am PDT


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- November 05, 2010
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Comments (22) (Please sign in to comment)
Alice needs a time out…
Alice, I think you're scaring Nara….
(Good job, Miss Bliss!)
Actually, it's the same duck-shaped potato as last time … shhhh, don't tell anyone …
Alice IS the center of attention!
I feel like Alice has been getting bossier and bossier these days. Of course she was always bossy but I think she hasn't been cut down a notch for a while (and the recent illness clearly has had no dampening effect whatsoever).
I have a potato-shaped duck.
Miss Bliss hasn't talked to mom for a while.
Can pangolins whistle the Dick Van bleeep Show theme, because this cartoon is an homage to the "Odd But True" episode, which is a parody of the cartoon Ripley's Believe it Or Not.
(That "bleeep" is part of a name pronounced the same as the work "dike" but w/ a "y" replacing the "i". Working around the censorbots is so much fun.)
If I ever have a kid, I hope it's just like Alice.
It's so hard to deal with the fact that your brilliant idea isn't getting the reception you thought it would. Though Alice needs a time out, I can definitely feel for her.
Alice must be the center of attention, always.
Is there any creature on Earth more magical than the Pangolin?
Does Nara's duck have one eye or two?
We don't have a TV and my wife hasn't had one since she was a kid, but she knows all of the jingles from those early years. I wonder if she will be surprised when I refer to her as my cute little pangolin.
Miss Bliss picked the wrong week to quit drinking.
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text:
The art of carrying on with your routines throughout the day without actually paying attention to what is going on around you, as if you're floating through the day. e.g, other people, conversations, distractions.
"Holy sh*t! Did you see that fat bitch trip up the curb? Hilarious!"
"...huh? Sorry man I was ghosting"
"...huh? Sorry man I was ghosting"
dodane przez yesirichards wrzesień 09, 2011
A soccer term created by Brian Dunseth in 2011. The term describes a player switching into Stealth Mode and disappearing behind a defender.
This term can also refer to any type of sneak attack on a fellow human being.
This term can also refer to any type of sneak attack on a fellow human being.
Brian: Here he goes here, ghosting into the box, right there. Just ghosting right in.
dodane przez Joey Mackswell Lewis sierpień 30, 2011
On a ship: Working during the time between the point you started to fake you are injured (or sick) and the time you can get your actual medical advice to leave the vessel. You have to be present and work as much as you can, but you need to stress out that you can not work up to 100% and you need to moan and look miserable whenever someone sees you.
- Hey Babbaloo, I heard you have an accident on the stairs. What the fuck are you doing here?
- Oh, I'm just ghosting in the Laundry till we get to Wienna and I can go on sick leave.
- Oh, I'm just ghosting in the Laundry till we get to Wienna and I can go on sick leave.
dodane przez KicsiBruce wrzesień 18, 2010
To drive a car at night with the headlights off. Also known as cloaking.
On that stretch of highway running by Carrboro, NC, I was ghosting the other night for a short bit as I approached the underpass.
dodane przez birdlaunch7 kwiecień 05, 2009
the act of taking a hit and keeping it in as long as u can; hiding it in ur lungs
"hey fool try not to cough when u ghost that shit"
"try ghosting it, u get super fucked up"
"try ghosting it, u get super fucked up"
dodane przez paul16 styczeń 28, 2009
Ghosting is a sport, sometimes described as a paradox, first devised by an Indian dental student. The scenario presents an individual's ability to be metaphysically present and absent in two frames of reference, simultaneously. In the events, one cannot determine with confidence whether one satisfies or nullifies the other. Both events are deemed to be true and witnesses remain in oblivion.
Example 1
Guy 1: where's jay gone?
Guy 2: oh he's ghosting again.
Example 2
Jayant woodeyar has been ghosting his way through dmd.
Guy 1: where's jay gone?
Guy 2: oh he's ghosting again.
Example 2
Jayant woodeyar has been ghosting his way through dmd.
dodane przez Ghost rider wrzesień 12, 2014
When driving down the highway, the driver "blows" the passenger, giving the perception to other drivers that the car is driving by itself (Ghosting). Passenger would hold the side of the steering wheel for safety.
As above. The act of Ghosting.
dodane przez wemissyoufox grudzień 11, 2013


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Prosecutors charge Vt. man with bank fraudApril 22,2014
The Associated Press
BURLINGTON - A Vermont man faces trial on federal bank fraud charges after prosecutors say he used stolen identities to obtain two Vermont identification cards and defraud banks of $75,000.
Thirty-five-year-old Brian Wyer agreed to remain in custody during his arraignment Monday in U.S. District Court in Burlington.
Federal Magistrate John Conroy noted during the arraignment that Wyer has 26 prior convictions for fraud, theft and forgery, the Burlington Free Press reports.
Wyer was indicted in Vermont in June and taken into custody by U.S. marshals in Illinois last month.
Prosecutors say Wyer used identities of people who lived in Ohio and Kansas to obtain the two Vermont non-driver identification cards. Officials say he used the fraudulent cards to open bank accounts in Massachusetts and then withdraw about $75,000 in cash.MORE IN This Just InPHILADELPHIA Many delegates from Vermont arrived at the Democratic National Convention this... Full StoryWhite River Junction A Windsor Superior Court judge this week denied a prison sentence... Full StoryBARRE A Maine woman is accused of forging checks and selling off items that didnt belong to her. Full Story
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Most Popular "Johannesburg South Africa" Titles
- Movies or TV
- Genres
- Keywords
- IMDb Rating
- Instant Watch Options
- In Theaters
- On TV
- Release Year
1. Money Monster (2016)
R | 98 min | Crime, Drama, Thriller
Financial TV host Lee Gates and his producer Patty are put in an extreme situation when an irate investor takes over their studio.
Director: Jodie Foster | Stars: George Clooney, Julia Roberts, Jack O'Connell, Dominic West
Votes: 16,457 | Gross: $40.96M
2. Chappie (2015)
R | 120 min | Action, Crime, Drama
In the near future, crime is patrolled by a mechanized police force. When one police droid, Chappie, is stolen and given new programming, he becomes the first robot with the ability to think and feel for himself.
Director: Neill Blomkamp | Stars: Sharlto Copley, Dev Patel, Hugh Jackman, Sigourney Weaver
Votes: 172,191 | Gross: $31.57M
3. District 9 (2009)
R | 112 min | Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller
An extraterrestrial race forced to live in slum-like conditions on Earth suddenly finds a kindred spirit in a government agent who is exposed to their biotechnology.
Director: Neill Blomkamp | Stars: Sharlto Copley, David James, Jason Cope, Nathalie Boltt
Votes: 530,699 | Gross: $115.65M
4. Invictus (2009)
PG-13 | 134 min | Biography, Drama, History
Nelson Mandela, in his first term as the South African President, initiates a unique venture to unite the apartheid-torn land: enlist the national rugby team on a mission to win the 1995 Rugby World Cup.
Director: Clint Eastwood | Stars: Morgan Freeman, Matt Damon, Tony Kgoroge, Patrick Mofokeng
Votes: 123,875 | Gross: $37.48M
5. The Bucket List (2007)
PG-13 | 97 min | Adventure, Comedy, Drama
Two terminally ill men escape from a cancer ward and head off on a road trip with a wish list of to-dos before they die.
Director: Rob Reiner | Stars: Jack Nicholson, Morgan Freeman, Sean Hayes, Beverly Todd
Votes: 184,362 | Gross: $93.45M
6. The Interpreter (2005)
PG-13 | 128 min | Crime, Mystery, Thriller
Political intrigue and deception unfold inside the United Nations, where a U.S. Secret Service agent is assigned to investigate an interpreter who overhears an assassination plot.
Director: Sydney Pollack | Stars: Nicole Kidman, Sean Penn, Catherine Keener, Jesper Christensen
Votes: 86,053 | Gross: $72.52M
7. Tsotsi (2005)
R | 94 min | Crime, Drama
Six days in the violent life of a young Johannesburg gang leader.
Director: Gavin Hood | Stars: Presley Chweneyagae, Mothusi Magano, Israel Makoe, Terry Pheto
Votes: 25,024 | Gross: $2.91M
8. Who Am I? (1998)
PG-13 | 108 min | Action, Adventure, Comedy
A secret agent loses his memory after falling from a crashing helicopter. He is then chased by a number of other agency operatives, but he has no idea why.
Directors: Benny Chan, Jackie Chan | Stars: Jackie Chan, Michelle Ferre, Mirai Yamamoto, Ron Smerczak
Votes: 27,723
9. Seal Team Eight: Behind Enemy Lines (2014)
R | 98 min | Action, Drama, War
Tom Sizemore stars in the most explosive Behind Enemy Lines yet! Seal Team 8 must fight their way through the Congo to defuse one of the greatest threats the world has ever known.
Director: Roel Reiné | Stars: Tom Sizemore, Lex Shrapnel, Anthony Oseyemi, Michael Everson
Votes: 2,331
10. A World Apart (1988)
PG | 113 min | Drama
A White enclave in Johannesburg, South Africa, in the 1960s. Molly Roth, 13 years old, is the daughter of leftist parents, and she must piece together what's happening around her when her ... See full summary »
Director: Chris Menges | Stars: Barbara Hershey, David Suchet, Jodhi May, Jeroen Krabbé
Votes: 1,142 | Gross: $2.33M
11. Lola (1961)
Not Rated | 90 min | Drama, Romance
Roland Cassard is a young man with no job and seemingly no prospects. By chance, he runs into his former girlfriend, Cecile who works as a dancer at a cabaret under the stage name Lola. She... See full summary »
Director: Jacques Demy | Stars: Anouk Aimée, Marc Michel, Jacques Harden, Alan Scott
Votes: 3,252
12. Ebola Syndrome (1996)
Not Rated | 98 min | Comedy, Crime, Horror
A restaurant employee wanted for murder contracts Ebola by raping a woman in South Africa and starts an outbreak there and in Hong Kong when he returns home.
Director: Herman Yau | Stars: Anthony Chau-Sang Wong, Yeung-Ming Wan, Fui-On Shing, Tsui-Ling Wong
Votes: 2,639
13. The Wilby Conspiracy (1975)
PG | 105 min | Action, Adventure, Drama
Black anti-apartheid activist and British engineer are forced to run from South African secret police.
Director: Ralph Nelson | Stars: Sidney Poitier, Michael Caine, Nicol Williamson, Prunella Gee
Votes: 1,156
14. Yesterday (I) (2004)
R | 90 min | Drama
After falling ill, Yesterday learns that she is HIV positive. With her husband in denial and young daughter to tend to, Yesterday's one goal is to live long enough to see her child go to school.
Director: Darrell Roodt | Stars: Leleti Khumalo, Lihle Mvelase, Kenneth Khambula, Harriet Lenabe
Votes: 1,900
15. Gangster's Paradise: Jerusalema (2008)
R | 119 min | Action, Crime, Drama
A young hoodlum's rise from a small-time criminal to a powerful crime entrepreneur during the turbulent years before and after the fall of apartheid.
Director: Ralph Ziman | Stars: Rapulana Seiphemo, Jeffrey Zekele, Ronnie Nyakale, Shelley Meskin
Votes: 9,677 | Gross: $0.00M
16. Safari (2009)
98 min | Adventure, Comedy
Tour organizer, Richard Dacier, bites off more than he can chew when he loses at poker to the South African mob. Coming face to face with Africa's cruellest Godfather, Mr. Charles, he is ... See full summary »
Director: Olivier Baroux | Stars: Kad Merad, Lionel Abelanski, Valérie Benguigui, Frédérique Bel
Votes: 843
17. Operation Delta Force (1997 TV Movie)
R | 93 min | Action, Thriller
A team of military experts and scientists go after a terrorist group that has seized a deadly virus and is threatening to release it.
Director: Sam Firstenberg | Stars: Ernie Hudson, Jeff Fahey, Rob Stewart, Frank Zagarino
Votes: 742
18. Inside (1996 TV Movie)
R | 94 min | Crime, Drama
A South Afrikaan political prisoner is tortured to obtain information on apartheid conspirators. Ten years later, the head officer in charge of the questioning is similarly held as prisoner... See full summary »
Director: Arthur Penn | Stars: Nigel Hawthorne, Eric Stoltz, Louis Gossett Jr., Ian Roberts
Votes: 239
19. Getroud met rugby (2009– )
Drama, Romance, Sport
Stars: David Dukas, Marielise van Rooyen, Anel Alexander, François Beya
Votes: 10
20. Amandla! A Revolution in Four Part Harmony (2002)
PG-13 | 108 min | Documentary, History, Music
Interviews, archival footage, and filmed performances highlight the role of music in the South African struggle against apartheid.
Director: Lee Hirsch | Stars: Duma Ka Ndlovu, Vusi Mahlasela, Walter Cronkite, F.W. de Klerk
Votes: 513 | Gross: $0.40M
21. Friends (1993)
105 min | Drama
Three female friends, at the end of the eighties, share a house in Johannesburg, South Africa. Each of them has her own way to live with apartheid. Thoko is a black teacher and practices ... See full summary »
Director: Elaine Proctor | Stars: Kerry Fox, Dambisa Kente, Michele Burgers, Marius Weyers
Votes: 78
22. Death of a Snowman (1976)
R | 86 min | Action, Crime
A white cop and a black reporter join forces to investigate apparent vigilante killings in the South African underworld.
Director: Christopher Rowley | Stars: Nigel Davenport, Ken Gampu, Peter Dyneley, Bima Stagg
Votes: 54
23. The Mating Game (2010– )
Stars: Maggie Benedict, Nick Boraine, Elma Postma, Khabonina Qubeka
24. Alec to the Rescue (1999)
100 min | Adventure
Director: Derrick Louw | Stars: Barbara Carrera, Oliver Tobias, Cindy Marshall-Day, Ben Jeffery
Votes: 28
25. Johannesburg: 'City of Gold' (1953)
Not Rated | 8 min | Documentary, Short
This Traveltalk short discusses how Johannesburg began as a farming community, but with the discovery of gold in the area, the city embraced mining as its primary industry. Native workers ... See full summary »
Star: James A. FitzPatrick
Votes: 11
26. Capsized (2011)
97 min | Crime, Mystery
A con artist and a chef moves in with an older woman and ends up falling in love with her daughter. Then they plan to kill the mother. The two criminals lead a life of luxury, but their guilt catches up to them.
Director: Ngaka Siphiwe | Stars: Nicola Da Silva, Andrew Devadas, Duncan, Barry Friedman
27. Township Boys (2006)
28 min | Documentary, Short
Director: Janus Metz Pedersen | Star: Daniel Khumalo
28. Conversations on a Sunday Afternoon (2005)
80 min | Drama
A writer trying to locate a woman he met at a park encounters numerous refugees who have made South Africa their home.
Director: Khalo Matabane | Stars: Fatima Hersi, Tony Kgoroge
Votes: 52
29. Africa (2001– )
480 min | Documentary
An eight-part exploration of the diverse peoples that make up the African continent.
Stars: Joe Morton, Annan Cedi, Abba Defar, Adam Ilius
Votes: 17
30. Lopussa on alku (1993 TV Movie)
25 min | Documentary
Director: Timo-Erkki Heino | Star: Lesego Rampolokeng
31. Holiday in South Africa (1947)
Approved | 8 min | Short, History
This 'Movietone Adventures" short tells the story of how in the 1840s, fifteen people formed a town in South Africa, and named it Durban, after the Governor of the Cape. It shows Durban, in 1947, as being a holiday city for South Africans.
Director: Charles Skinner | Star: Lowell Thomas
32. Tried to... (2007)
7 min | Short, Drama
Director: Ndlela Nkobi | Stars: Faith Baloyi, Sechaba Mogale, Ayanda Itsweng, Modupi Makhalemele
33. Enraged by a Picture (2006)
17 min | Documentary, Short
A photographer, Muholi is celebrating her exhibition in Johannesburg. Efficiently confrontational, the exhibition causes a stir and provokes an outcry on a subject that is particularly ... See full summary »
Director: Zanele Muholi
34. Joburg from Above: Satellite and Schematics of the World of 'District 9' (2009 Video)
16 min | Short
Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990–1996)
If It's Doomsday, This Must Be Belfast
TV-Y7 | Animation, Adventure, Comedy
The Planeteers go on separate missions across the world to prevent the detonation of three separate nuclear bombs. Verminous Skumm is behind the plot of inciting hatred to get people into nuking each other.
Director: Stan Phillips | Stars: David Coburn, LeVar Burton, Joey Dedio, Janice Kawaye
Votes: 9
Around the World in 80 Gardens (2008– )
South Africa
Kirstenbosch botanic garden in Capetown. VOIC garden became the city's central park. Stellenberg is a surviving estate and garden in Dutch colonial style, ironically built by an Englishman.... See full summary »
Star: Monty Don
The Amazing Race (2001– )
The Race Begins
TV-PG | 45 min | Action, Adventure, Game-Show
From Central Park in New York City eleven teams embark on the Amazing Race by speeding to the airport to catch flights to Johannesburg, South Africa. After arriving in Johannesburg, teams ... See full summary »
Stars: Phil Keoghan, Paul J. Alessi, Amie Barsky, Drew Feinberg
Votes: 71
Strike Back (2010–2015)
Vengeance, Part 10
TV-MA | 48 min | Action, Drama, Thriller
Knox turns on his incompetent Nigerian partners, allowing the to be arrested, and even on his own security chief, who protest at abandoning the strong Africa project. Mike gets his ... See full summary »
Director: Bill Eagles | Stars: Philip Winchester, Sullivan Stapleton, Rhona Mitra, Michelle Lukes
Votes: 210
Strike Back (2010–2015)
Vengeance, Part 9
TV-MA | 47 min | Action, Drama, Thriller
Stonebridge warns he can't guarantee to regain control over his obsession with wife-killer Craig, but is told he's too invaluable for the team to consider expulsion, especially to balance ... See full summary »
Director: Bill Eagles | Stars: Philip Winchester, Sullivan Stapleton, Rhona Mitra, Michelle Lukes
Votes: 181
Strike Back (2010–2015)
Zimbabwe: Part One
TV-MA | 45 min | Action, Drama, Thriller
A sniper attempts to kill the President of Zimbabwe. Since there is evidence that the sniper could be British, Porter is sent in undercover to locate the sniper and silence him.
Director: Daniel Percival | Stars: Richard Armitage, Andrew Lincoln, Jodhi May, Colin Salmon
Votes: 318
Strike Back (2010–2015)
Zimbabwe: Part Two
TV-MA | 45 min | Action, Drama, Thriller
A sniper attempts to kill the President of Zimbabwe. Since there is evidence that the sniper could be British, Porter is sent in undercover to locate the sniper and silence him.
Director: Daniel Percival | Stars: Richard Armitage, Andrew Lincoln, Jodhi May, Colin Salmon
Votes: 302


text:
Supreme Court in a split non-decision leaves millions in Limbo
"Today's ruling is a setback for a more humane and rational enforcement of our immigration laws."
This week in LGBTQ history: Supreme Court decides on Colorado's Amendment 2
Twenty years ago, on May 20, 1996, a landmark victory was won at the United States Supreme Court in Romer v. Evans.
Religious right's latest attack on working women's privacy reaches Supreme Court
The latest religious-based challenge to contraceptive care has hit the Supreme Court.
Not holding Supreme Court nomination hearings is "middle finger" politics
Yesterday, President Obama nominated Judge Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy left by Scalia.
The main political issue of the year stems from Scalia's death
Within hours, the Senate Republicans formed a blockade: They would wait more than ten months for the next president to replace Scalia no matter who President Obama sent their way.
Segregationists should be disqualified from the Supreme Court!
The vilest things are coming from the mouths of arch-segregationists, including the bunch that sits on the United States Supreme Court.
Court blocks Texas voter IDs - maybe
A federal appeals court ruled Wednesday that a Texas voter ID law, as written, discriminates against blacks and Hispanics.
Today in women's history: Sandra Day O'Connor is FWOTSC
First Woman On The Supreme Court was born on March 26, 1930.
Justices could increase big-money hold on state courts
Most voters know little about judicial candidates. Money influences judicial campaigns far more than it does campaigns for Congress.
Mayors back Obama's executive action on immigration
"The president's executive action on immigration is a step forward for America. We need to support his efforts to address our broken immigration system."


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Daily Archives: 12 May 2011
Miserable Failures
Gag order off, and Philadelphia review board member Ana Maria Catanzaro's story is out. Her summary of episcopal incompetence: Cardinal Rigali and his auxiliary bishops also failed miserably at being open and transparent. Their calculated public statements fueled speculation that … Continue reading
Posted in Church News, Ministry Leave a comment
The Bishop Who Won't Go Away
Well, well: the institution is rolling up its sleeves and getting down and dirty in the PR tussle it knows it's badly losing with the sacking of Bishop Bill Morris. "We asked him," says the bureaucracy, "to resign six times." … Continue reading
Posted in Church News, Ministry 6 Comments
Varietates Legitimae 19: Respect and Purification
The Church insists that inculturation is a two-way street. It will accommodate, but in turn, expects "purification" and "sanctification." 19. The liturgy, like the Gospel, must respect cultures, but at the same time invite them to purify and sanctify themselves. … Continue reading
"A church seeking redemption"
I found this interesting piece linked from Duke Divinity's fine Call and Response blog. What happens when a church bucks advice from its insurance company and lawyers and apologizes directly to sec abuse victims? Read about it here. GuideOne Insurance's … Continue reading
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Bring the beach home with nautical decor.
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Offer good for one item at regular price only. Limit one coupon per customer per day. Must present coupon at time of purchase. Offer is not valid with any other coupon, discount or previous purchase. One cut or one bolt of fabric or trim "by the yard" equals one item. Online fabric & trim discount is limited to 10 yards, single cut. Excludes Heidi Swapp™ Minc.™ Foil Applicator, CRICUT® products, Tim Holtz® Vagabond™ Machine, Silhouette CAMEO® Machine, candy & snack products, gum & mints, helium tanks, gift cards, custom orders, special orders, labor, rentals or class fees. Cash Value 1/10¢.
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N.H., Maine, Vt. snowmobile weekend startsFebruary 01,2014
Tri-state mobile weekend begins
CONCORD, N.H. Snowmobilers in New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine are taking part in a three-day weekend when riders registered in any one of those states can explore the trails of the other two states for free.
Starting Friday, any snowmobile legally registered in any of the participating states is allowed on trails in all three states. All other host state regulations apply, including speed limits, youth laws and Vermonts mandatory liability insurance law.
New Hampshire and Vermont have held an annual reciprocity weekend since 2010. Maine passed a law in 2011 to join the weekend festivities.
The states have agreed to allow trail access without having to pay another state for the opportunity to ride there. Officials said its good for the economy of all three states.
The event runs through Sunday.MORE IN Vermont NewsDemocratic Gubernatorial Candidate Peter Galbraith released a proposal Thursday to quash the... Full StoryDemocratic Gubernatorial Candidate Peter Galbraith released a proposal Thursday to quash the... Full StoryCLEVELAND In an appeal to anxious voters, Donald Trump pledged Thursday night that safety will... Full Story
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Luanne Rice
This book is available for download with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device, and with iTunes on your computer. Books can be read with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device.
Luanne Rice is that rarest of all novelists who indelibly captures the defining moments in our lives. In this acclaimed bestseller, she takes readers on an unforgettable exploration of the most elusive miracle of all: how a broken family might be made whole again.
Painter Honor Sullivan had the perfect love and the perfect life with her husband, a renowned photographer and sculptor—until the day John's passions led him to disaster, shattering their family and her heart. Since then, Honor has struggled to make a safe haven for herself and their three daughters at Star of the Sea Academy on the magical Connecticut shore.
Now, years later, a mysterious letter in a familiar hand hints at John's return to the family he's always loved more than anything on earth. It will take nothing short of a miracle to heal the rift between father and daughters, husband and wife, the past and the present—but a miracle is exactly what is in the making at Star of the Sea Academy. The only question is: Do you believe?
From Publishers Weekly
© Publishers Weekly
- $7.99
- Category: Fiction & Literature
- Published: Jun 27, 2006
- Publisher: Random House Publishing Group
- Seller: Penguin Random House LLC
- Print Length: 480 Pages
- Language: English


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Verified Purchase
Things I liked: Elite force BB's have always worked well for me.
Things I would have changed: Just keep putting out a wonderful product.
What others should know: Mine were supposed to be brown in color, but white ones were set to me. I wanted the browns so I could make a sight difference when I went to use them.


text: The recipient of much acclaim, Catalan flamenco singer Miguel Poveda made a point early on in his career, despite his relative youth, to honor the style's grand musical traditions. Born Miguel Ángel Poveda León in Barcelona on February 13, 1973, Poveda began singing publicly in 1988, accompanying his sister, flamenco dancer Sonia Poveda. He established himself as a rising star within the flamenco community after winning four prizes at the 1993 Festival Nacional del Cante de las ... Read more


text:
- June 3: GM Recalls 1.9 Million Vehicles the Automaker Says Are Safe recalls | 54 days ago
- May 21: Cadillac CTS False Safety Ratings Class-Action Lawsuit to Proceed news | 67 days ago
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1985 Cadillac SeVille
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Definición de assured en inglés:
1Confident: "Certainly not," was her assured reply
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Longford were a much bigger and more mature team than Galway, and were much more assured and confident.
- But thanks to Erika's show of full-hearted support, he now felt much more assured and confident about himself and in his abilities as a leader.
- He gave his evidence in a very confident and assured way.
confident, self-confident, self-assured, self-possessed, poised, phlegmatic, levelheaded;
informal unflappable, together
2 [attributive] Protected against discontinuance or change: an assured tenancy
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- This has resulted in employees of companies believing that bonuses were an assured part of their total remuneration package.
- Although we are now familiar with the notion that an assured shorthold tenancy gives the tenant a very limited security of tenure, that would not have been the case in 1988.
- If the annual market rent is in excess of £25,000 no landlord could reasonably be expected to let the premises at less than the market rent when the only advantage of an assured tenancy would be to the tenant.
infallible, unfailing
informal sure-fire
For editors and proofreaders
División en sílabas: as·sured
Definición de assured en:
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Doomsday and Brimstone Compilation Fund Raiser for Electro-Music
December 21, 2012
Jack Hertz is pulled together another charity release called Doomsday and Brimstone. Lots of great tracks here by friends I've met at Electro-Music events. Doomsday and Brimstone by Various Artists The Sound for Good record label has partnered with the Electro-Music to help help support the community by... Read more →


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Winter Solstice Celebration
This Saturday, the American Swedish Institute will celebrate the longest night of the year with a little holiday party. During their Winter Solstice Celebration, folks will be invited to stroll through the Enchanted Forest, filled with lit Christmas trees and other sparkling décor. Folks will be able ward off any chills sitting by one of the roaring bonfires. Inside, guests will be able to take a guided tour of the museum's holiday exhibit, "Jul to the World." Meanwhile FIKA, the space's restaurant, will be serving up traditional eats and glögg, a.k.a. Swedish mulled wine, for purchase during extended hours that evening. Looking to do some last-minute shopping? The pop-up gift shop will be open as well, and offering deals on certain items.
Sat., Dec. 21, 3-8 p.m., 2013
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I have a wordpress website running the woocommerce plugin and since the last update everything looks good except that when looking to a product, you can see that the side bar is hiding behind the product (not neatly on the side anymore).
This looks very bad, and i need to get it back to how it used to be. Is there a CSS code or anything i can do to have this displaying properly?


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Style, taste and functionality together brew rich-tasting coffee with advanced performance. Programmable features are convenient to set brewing options that suit you, like Delay Brew for coffee when you want it and Brew Strength Selector to brew a bolder, richer taste. As coffee brews and the heavenly aroma of coffee fill the air, you can grab that rich-tasting cup before the cycle finishes with Grab-A-Cup Auto Pause. The thermal, double-walled, stainless steel carafe is designed to retain the freshness and flavor of just-brewed coffee for hours. Easy brewing, stylish design and coffee the way you like it makes every cup the best cup. Experience the taste™ with the Mr. Coffee® brand.
Cup Capacity: 5
Capacity (volume): 5.000
Features: Indicator Lights, Automatic Shutoff, Water Filtration, Digital Display, Clock Timer
Material: Plastic, Stainless Steel
Finish: Smooth
Safety and Security Features: Auto Shutoff
Includes: Instruction Manual
Battery: no battery used:
Dimensions: 10.400 H x 6.900 W x 10.900 D
Product Weight: 2.800
other Info.
Warranty Information
To obtain a copy of the manufacturer's warranty for this item, please call Target Guest Services at 1-800-591-3869.
- Online Item #: 12750761
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 072-08-0126
- Item can be gift wrapped.
- Made in the USA or Imported


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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Fantastic (Remix)
Features of This Trackr&b influences
east coast rap influences
funk influences
danceable beats
funk beats
heavy use of guest rappers
a poetic rap delivery
clear pronunciation
lyrics about the rap industry
boastin' lyrics
the use of chordal patterning
an electric bass riff
light percussion fills
the heavy use of funk samples
the heavy use of R&B samples
use of strings
subtle use of pianos
a dry recording sound
subtle use of noise effects
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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The rate of smoking commercial tobacco products among American Indian youth is double the rate for white youth. Interventions are needed to reduce this disparity.
To test the feasibility of a Web-based intervention to influence attitudes toward and intentions about smoking cigarettes among American Indian youth who attended a Native summer camp in the Northern Plains.
The study website, the SmokingZine, was originally developed and tested in Canadian youth, then adapted to be appropriate for American Indian youth. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to test the influence of exposure to the adapted SmokingZine website on smoking attitudes and behaviors among American Indian youth 12–18 years of age. Participants assigned to the intervention group were given access to the website for 1 hour per day during their camp experience and asked to sign in to the site and use it. Control group participants were not given access to the site.
A total of 52% of intervention youth signed in to the website at least once. Among nonsmokers, intentions to try a cigarette in the intervention group declined from 16% to 0%, and increased from 8% to 25% in the control group (P < .05). Compared with the control group, youth in the intervention group were more likely to help others quit (21 percentage point change in intervention versus no change in control; P < .05) and had less positive attitudes about the drug effects of smoking (–0.19 change in intervention versus 0.67 in control; P < .05).
These data indicate that SmokingZine needs more long-term, rigorous investigation as a way to keep American Indian youth from becoming regular smokers. Because the intervention group could use computers only 1 hour per day, increasing access might result in more visits and a greater effect of the website on smoking behaviors.
Smoking tobacco is responsible for more premature morbidity and mortality in the United States than any other behavioral risk factor [1]. Nationally, rates of smoking, as well as other forms of tobacco use, such as chewing tobacco, are substantially higher among American Indians than white people [2,3] and have not followed the downward trend observed over the past decade in the general US population [4,5]. Of particular concern, a recent report from the US Surgeon General on tobacco use among racial and ethnic minority people in the United States indicated that smoking rates among American Indian youth are double that of their white counterparts [4] and remain high even compared with their peers in other racial and ethnic minority groups [4].
High rates of smoking among American Indian youth may be due, in part, to the sovereign status of federally recognized tribes. Because tribal lands are often not subject to state tobacco control policies, American Indian youth have access to tobacco products at a very early age. Early initiation often leads to addiction and long-term abuse of tobacco [6,7], which in turn contribute to cardiovascular disease and lung cancer, the leading causes of death in the American Indian population [6,7]. Although these worrisome data highlight the need to develop or identify successful programs to both prevent and reduce smoking among American Indian youth, a Medline search conducted before initiating this project produced no adequately evaluated programs that targeted Native youth.
Increasing attention has focused on using the Web for smoking cessation support, including delivery of information, discussion groups, cognitive behavioral treatment, and self-help materials [8-14]. The SmokingZine website was originally developed explicitly for testing in urban Canadian youth [15]. Since 1995, the TeenNet project [14,16] at the University of Toronto has pioneered a combination of website development, community mobilization, and action research involving young people from diverse backgrounds in all stages of program design, development, and dissemination. In 2002, TeenNet began a randomized controlled trial of SmokingZine involving more than 1400 smoking and nonsmoking adolescents from participating Toronto-area high schools [8]. SmokingZine was both the largest randomized trial of an eHealth intervention for behavior change and one of the largest studies on adolescent smoking cessation [8,11]. In another clinical trial, the same intervention was efficacious in reducing smoking among middle-school youth in public schools [15].
Because of the success of the SmokingZine trial with youth from diverse backgrounds, adapting and testing this program for Native youth seemed promising. Because young people use the Web for health information [10], we conducted a randomized controlled study of this Web-based youth smoking prevention and cessation resource, SmokingZine [8,11], among American Indians 12–18 years of age attending summer camp in South Dakota. The outcomes of interest to our study were short-term smoking behaviors, attitudes about smoking, and usability of the Web tool [12]. Our findings are intended to identify issues for a full-scale efficacy study of the SmokingZine intervention in a larger sample.
We conducted a small randomized feasibility trial in one geographical site to test the 1-month effects of a Web-based intervention on smoking behaviors among American Indian youth 12–18 years of age. All participants completed a baseline survey and were then randomly assigned to one of two conditions: intervention (50%) or control. Intervention participants were asked to sign in to the website and use it, and were provided with regular access to the site during their camp experience. Control participants were not given access to the site. All participants completed a follow-up survey 1 month after randomization. We assessed and compared smoking behavior in both groups. In addition, we assessed attitudes and social behaviors that could be expected to change as a result of the intervention exposure. All control participants received access to the intervention after completion of the study. This study is reported in line with CONSORT requirements, and a flow chart and checklist were included in the review of the manuscript. We did not register this trial prospectively, as it was a feasibility trial, not a fully powered randomized trial.
Each year more than 150 American Indian 6th to 12th graders from across South Dakota are selected to participate in a 6-week residential summer enrichment program in Rapid City, South Dakota. All nine Indian reservations located in South Dakota participate in the program, whose goal is to prepare students for success in college. During the 6 weeks, students attend classes in mathematics, science, English, computer use, and life skills. All camp attendees were eligible for this study, with a target sample size of 100 youth, based on a sample size calculation with power of 80% and a moderate effect size in intentions to smoke in the future.
Working closely with the director of the summer program, we arranged to insert an informational sheet about the study into all correspondence mailed to the 164 selected students before the program started. During registration, our research staff set up an informational booth in the lobby of the students' dormitory to describe the program to students and their parents. For students interested in participating, a consent form was read to both parents and students. A total of 113 students provided consent, completed the baseline assessment described below, and were randomly assigned to the intervention or control arm. Randomization was completed by assigning each consented and assessed youth to a study identification number that had been preassigned to either intervention or control status. Field staff were unaware of the preassignment.
Although it has a small cessation focus, the Web-based SmokingZine is primarily a smoking prevention intervention. It consists of a series of smoking educational modules that include culturally relevant contexts (a summer powwow) and images relevant to Native youth (eg, eagles, feathers, drums, and outdoor scenes). Our methods for developing and culturally adapting SmokingZine for use in this study have been previously published [16]. Briefly, we conducted talking circles with Native youth to ascertain their knowledge and attitudes about tobacco use, their opinions of SmokingZine, and their recommendations for changes. Talking circle participants provided useful information on the differences between ceremonial and commercial tobacco use, as well as their personal patterns and motivations regarding tobacco use. They also offered guidance on changes to the site that would make it more fun to use and more culturally appropriate. Examples of suggestions are replacing urban images with images of outdoor settings familiar to diverse Native youth, and replacing images of a shopping mall with images of a powwow. The research team made changes based on participants' suggestions.
After randomization, control group participants were told that they would receive information about smoking at the end of the 6-week program. Intervention youth were given usernames and passwords to access the SmokingZine site and were instructed to use it as much as they wanted. Our intent was for the intervention participants to visit the site multiple times, with each visit lasting 10–20 minutes. The use of unique usernames and passwords enabled the research team to broadly track usage patterns of each participant over time. The research assistant maintained a list that linked each username to an identification number printed on the study questionnaire, enabling us to link site usage to baseline and follow-up data.
Each day of the 6-week program, students had 1 hour of computer time. Those in the intervention were encouraged to visit the SmokingZine site during this time. On the initial visit, the research assistant helped participants navigate to the site. Once participants signed in to the site, they were asked about their current smoking status. Then, based on their response, they were guided to educational modules about smoking prevention or cessation. The underlying message of these modules reinforced the values of nonsmokers and created a set of conditions to enhance smokers' motivation and commitment to change. Toward the end of each session, modules helped smokers identify goals for behavior change and explore barriers to change, as well as providing advice and strategies where appropriate. During subsequent sessions, participants received additional information about smoking prevention or cessation.
All intervention and control youth were asked to complete a 30-minute paper-and-pencil survey on current smoking habits, intentions to smoke, and attitudes about smoking, both immediately after randomization and again 1 month later. We also approached youth who did not complete the entire survey to provide us with smoking outcomes only, to maximize response to a minimal outcome dataset.
The 87-item survey, called A Smoking Prevention Interactive Experience (ASPIRE) instrument, consisted of sociodemographic items, several scales, and individual items. Many of the items were derived from existing instruments, and others were created specifically for an interactive, multimedia smoking prevention and cessation curriculum for culturally diverse high-school students [9]. Attitudes were measured by a series of questions asking for the opinions of youth on various smoking-related issues. The primary outcome of this feasibility study was short-term smoking behaviors; secondary outcomes were attitudes about smoking and intentions to smoke.
At baseline, on the basis of questionnaire answers, students were categorized as current smokers (smoke every other week, smoke less than a pack a week, smoke a pack a week, smoke more than a pack a week, smoke a pack a day, or smoke more than a pack a day), former smokers (used to smoke regularly but quit), or nonsmokers, including never-smokers (never smoked even part of a cigarette) and experimenters (only smoked part of a cigarette or smoked only a few times).
We compared baseline demographic data between intervention and control participants, using t tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for proportions to confirm that randomization was accomplished. We also examined website usage data for intervention participants to assess patterns and frequency of use.
Next, we examined changes in survey responses from baseline to 1-month follow-up in key smoking and related outcomes. We focused these analyses on selected intermediate outcomes of long-term smoking prevention, such as short-term smoking behavior changes, intentions to smoke in the future, and social actions that participants could take regarding smoking. We compared each of these variables from baseline to follow-up between intervention and control participants. Relatively few participants were missing at follow-up and, therefore, we used no imputation method.
We also performed a factor analysis on the attitude questions in the ASPIRE instrument to determine whether we could identify any groupings of questions for analysis. We identified three clusters, based on factor loadings of greater than 0.5, independent of loading on other factors. These were social issues (3 items, eg, "Kids who smoke have more friends"), drug effects (3 items, eg, "Smoking cigarettes relieves tension"), and negative effects) (9 items, eg, "Cigarette smoking is addictive"). We averaged the items in each cluster to form a score for each area. We then compared responses to attitudinal scores between intervention and control youth from baseline to follow-up.
The study team invited 164 young people to participate, and recruited and randomized 113 (68.9%). The mean age of participants in the intervention and control arms did not differ (mean of 14.8 vs 14.4 years). Of the 113 who completed the baseline measures, we were able to collect smoking follow-up data on 102 (90.3%). The intervention and control groups did not differ in the proportion who provided follow-up data (n = 49, 92% versus n = 44, 90%). Likewise, baseline demographic data and smoking behavior were similar between youth who completed and those who did not complete the follow-up assessment.
In terms of use, 10 (52%) intervention youth signed in to the website at least once. Of these, 39 (80%) used the site only once, and 5 (20%) used it 2 or more times. Overall, intervention users rated the site positively on the survey: 16 (33%) rated it as very useful and 27 (54%) rated it as somewhat useful. A large proportion of intervention users indicated that use of the site made them think very differently 22 (44%) or somewhat differently 19 (38%) about smoking. Finally, most of the intervention users indicated that use of the site would very much (36, 74%) or somewhat (3, 11%) keep them from smoking in the future.
Table 1 presents the characteristics of the 113 participants randomly assigned in the study. Baseline demographic characteristics did not differ across the intervention and control groups. Most participants reported their ethnic status as Native (95/113, 84%), with a preponderance of girls over boys (69, 61%), and a majority with at least one smoking parent (75, 66%).
Table 2 presents data on smoking status and intent for the intervention and control groups at baseline and 1-month follow-up. Differences including smokers and former smokers were not tested statistically due to small sample sizes. Rates of current smoking at baseline among all youth were relatively low: almost 80% were never-smokers. The proportions of youth in the never, current, and former categories of smoking did not change from baseline to follow-up. The number of intervention youth who reported helping someone quit smoking increased over time. In contrast, the number in the control group did not change(6 versus 0, P < .05). Likewise, among nonsmokers, the number who intended to try a cigarette in the intervention group declined from 7to 0 and increased from 3 to 8 in the control group (P < .05). Finally, the other smoking-related variables did not differ across the intervention and control groups.
Table 3 presents data on the attitudinal changes from baseline to follow-up in both the intervention and control groups. Scores for the drug effects and negative effects clusters (described above), but not for social issues, changed significantly from baseline to follow-up in the intervention group but not in the control group, in a direction consistent with the intended effects. Intervention youth felt less positively than the control youth about the drug effects and more negatively about the adverse effects of tobacco.
The purpose of the present study was to test several aspects of the feasibility of the adapted Web-based SmokingZine intervention for American Indian youth. The intervention was feasible and acceptable for at least half of the participants, and at least somewhat effective for American Indians 12–18 years of age. The trial was successfully implemented with little oversight or structure, among staff and youth generally unfamiliar with research projects or randomized designs. Moreover, most students (69%) in the summer camp participated in the study, indicating that a larger randomized test of this, or a similar, Web-based intervention is logistically possible. This evidence of feasibility is critical, because concerns about the adequacy of prior study designs have plagued the literature on youth smoking prevention [13]. We also were pleased that a substantial proportion of the intervention group found the website interesting and useful.
Only 52% used the site, although a much smaller proportion used it on more than one occasion. This is a common occurrence among Web-based studies of youth, where actual use of the website in randomized trials is often low [17]. In this study the investigators identified some engagement strategies for youth to increase their use of and engagement in the Web-based activities, and this is a promising avenue for future research and implementation. Future studies should consider strategies to increase the proportion of randomly assigned participants who visit the SmokingZine website more than once, for instance by structuring or scheduling use, providing incentives for use, or increasing access to computers. Qualitative work has identified the multiple ways in which youth engage in using eHealth technologies to gain information [18], and some of these ways are relevant to the present application. For example, finding personalized and tailored information was a need expressed by youth in the focus groups, and the SmokingZine website could be more tailored to individual users' needs and data and marketed as such.
In regard to marketing, in our study, the moderate amount of website use might have resulted from the strict limitation on computer access, suggesting that liberalizing the amount of computer time might enhance the effect of the intervention. If the program were implemented in schools, there would be supervised and required time for sessions on the computer that would likely promote the visiting of the website by youth during school hours.
Given our experiences with this study, we propose that a group design would be ideal, given the opportunity for sharing site passwords as well as information and materials pertinent to the intervention among youth in the same physical location. The popularity among youth of social networking sites such as Facebook also suggests that a group design would be appropriate for a larger trial. As well, in a study with a longer follow-up period, preexisting friendships and social networks would result in youth using the site together. We did not observe joint use in our study, but in settings where computers are publicly available, such as schools and community centers, joint use could occur. The use of group randomized trials, in which the unit of intervention is the group, would help to minimize this problem. Finally, biochemical validation could be used to verify smoking outcomes in any future rigorous efficacy trials aimed at American Indian youth.
In the short run, the intervention did not directly affect smoking behavior, although it did alter intentions to use tobacco among never-smokers. This finding is encouraging for future efficacy trials, as the relatively high rates of smoking in later adolescence occur in both early- and later-starting smokers. This type of intervention may thus be best suited for young people who are still irregular smokers or nonsmokers at the time of exposure. The intervention did change social interactions involving smoking, such as offering to help others quit. This may be the most intriguing and important finding, as tobacco use is a socially driven phenomenon [19] that could be prevented by breaking down socially normative perspectives on tobacco.
Given our small sample size, the lack of effects on smokers may simply indicate lack of power coupled with low baseline rates of smoking. These low baseline rates, in turn, likely reflect the biases related to being selected to attend a camp for American Indian youth. For example, the students had to have a high grade-point average and were highly recommended by their school counselor and teachers. Smoking is more frequent among Native youth with lower academic performance, who perhaps were not widely represented at this camp [16]. In other community settings, we would be more likely to encounter a wider variety of Native youth, including more regular smokers. This is a major limitation to the generalizability of the present study data, in that less achievement-oriented Native youth might not respond to this website. The structured nature of the summer camp is also a limitation of the present study, as youth in the camp are not near their regular and ongoing social influences, and so the artificial structure of the camp interactions might alter the effects of the intervention.
Besides the highly selected sample of American Indian youth attending summer camp, other limitations of this feasibility study include the short duration of the follow-up and the lack of qualitative data to enhance our understanding of quantitative survey findings. As well, a key limitation was the camp's rigorous control of access to the Web, allowing youth only 1 hour of computer use each day. We expect that participants neither visited the site as much nor stayed as long as they might have with longer or unlimited Web access, thus diluting the potential impact of the intervention. There was always the potential in this individually randomized design for contamination to occur between intervention and comparison youth, discussing smoking and even using the website together. Finally, despite our best efforts, the randomization intended to be evenly divided between intervention and comparison youth was not, and so more rigorous randomization procedures will need to be instituted for the next study. Even so, strengths include the use of a previously tested intervention, a documented adaptation process, and a rigorous feasibility design.
Future efforts should pay closer attention to cessation among subsets of youth smokers, because American Indians who smoke in youth are most likely to become regular adult smokers [20]. If cessation needs more emphasis, the intervention website will need to be enhanced.
These findings partially support the potential of the SmokingZine tool for future research. We believe this feasibility study has set the stage for future intervention research into tobacco use reduction among American Indian and Alaska Native youth. Online tobacco control efforts have started to emerge [21-24], but none to date have been designed for or targeted at American Indians and Alaska Natives. In a similar vein, some authors have called for more use of eHealth technology to enhance the health of Native people, both inside and outside the Indian Health Service [19].
We are deeply grateful for the collegiality of Dr Harvey Skinner and his team at the University of Toronto. With this generous help, we have been able to adapt their intervention for our population.
This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute 1UO1 CA114642 to D.S.B.
Conflicts of Interest:
Conflicts of Interest: None declared.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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DenimBlog on MSN.com
DenimBlog did an interview for MSN.com about getting the right fit on your jeans, what's hot right now and what's not etc. I have taken a print screen of the article so you can see it but if you would like to read it on the MSN.com website then you can click here.
Favorite Celeb Outfit: Zac Efron
We see the celebs wear so many different outfits, we thought it would be fun if our readers got to pick their favorite! Here are all the various outfits we have blogged Zac Efron in and please vote for your favorite! We mean your favorite by his head to toe outfit, not just his jeans! What do you think he looks best in? (Note: if you like these blogs, they are published on Mondays, so you can keep your eye out for them!)
If you hover your mouse over the pictures they each have a number assigned to them for the poll.
WIN a pair of PPD Drexel Jeans from Paige Premium Denim
Paige Premium Denim is giving 3 lucky DenimBlog readers/members the chance to WIN a pair of their sexiest, slim fitting men's PPD jeans, the Drexel. The Drexel is Paige's most popular fit and it's gorgeous! I've seen it worn in person and it's hot! It's the perfect skinny jean for any man! Guys also need their butts to look good, just like the women! Paige's jeans do this for both her women's and men's PPD line! You wont be disappointed.
All you have to do to enter this fantastic giveaway and be in with a chance of winning a pair is go to Paige's insider page on DenimBlog by clicking here and answer this question: Which celeb do you think best embodies the PPD style? And how would you rock the PPD look if you won?
The contest will be open for 2 weeks and will end on the 6th September 2010. The 3 winners will each receive 1 pair of PPD Drexel jeans in whatever wash is available in the desired size. The jean is a very popular one and it sells out fast, this is why no specific wash is being stated. Good luck to everyone who enters the contest! We definitely need more guys in PPD!
Paige is a sponsor of DenimBlog.
Denim Review: Marc Allison Denim Leggings
This weeks review is on a brand of jeans that is not so familiar at the moment, Marc Allison jeans. They recently launched last year and jumped straight on the jeggings bandwagon! I'm going to be reviewing a pair of their denim leggings in a dark blue wash.
The one thing that really surprised me when I got these jeans was the fit. I'm normally really skeptical about the fit of new brands as I normally leave it up to the experts to get it right, but, just because they are new doesn't mean they haven't focused on the fit is what I found out. I think the fit of these denim leggings is the best thing about them. They fit really snug all the way down and they are very skinny. Some denim leggings are baggy in the calf and around the knee area but these fit tight all the way down which is fantastic! They also didn't forget about the back pockets! They really paid attention in making those very flattering on the butt. Their logo on the right back pocket is only small and quite pretty too, I like the uniqueness of it!
The wash is also very clean and very smooth, the blue is deep and it is even all throughout the jean with subtle lighter tones on the thighs. I think the wash is very pretty and I am glad I got this pair to review! The rise isn't too high either, it's in the range of being one of the perfect heights. The inseam is also a good length for me.
Marc Allison also have other styles as you have seen in some of their look books that we have posted on DenimBlog. I would definitely recommend trying out the brand if you haven't yet. You will be surprised by how much attention they pay and effort that goes in to the making of their jeans! You can buy Marc Allison jeans on their website by clicking here.
To read other denim reviews, please click here.
Jeans courtesy of Marc Allison.


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Noises problem
1999 BMW 328 4 cyl Two Wheel Drive Manual 125000 miles
My mechanic has told me several times that my tires are very loud. He suggested changing to Michelins. I just bought a set of Michelin Primacy MXV4 225/45/17. Now I have a different, louder noise when driving. The tires are supposed to be quiet so is the noise suspension or what?
Sunday, May 17th, 2009 AT 1:33 AM