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Netherton syndrome is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by generalized scaly erythroderma, specific hair shaft defects, and atopic manifestations. Netherton syndrome is caused by mutations in SPINK5, which cause loss of expression of LEKTI (lymphoepithelial Kazal-type–related inhibitor), a serine protease inhibitor.1LEKTI could be involved in skin desquamation by its inhibitory effect on stratum corneum trypsin enzyme and stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme. LEKTI itself would be the preferred option for replacement therapy, but it is not as yet available. Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) is an endogenous serine protease inhibitor used as replacement therapy in congenital AAT deficiency.2 It is a good candidate for LEKTI replacement because it inhibits pancreatic trypsin that demonstrates considerable similarities to stratum corneum trypsin enzyme and stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme.3 To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the use of topical recombinant human AAT (rAAT) gel for Netherton syndrome. The objective of the study was to evaluate the short-term efficacy and tolerability of this drug in patients with Netherton syndrome.
Scoring of erythema and scaling for each patient, separately on each side and for each visit using 2 separate 10-point analogue scales (0 corresponded to the absence of lesions and 10 to the most severe skin involvement). AAT indicates alpha1-antitrypsin.
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North Shore Digest
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- Wednesday 5-6pm
- Thursday 5-6pm
LSProject: Pharmaceutical toxins found in northeast Minnesota lakes and fishMartha Marnocha-
Pharmaceuticals and other human-produced chemicals are appearing in northeast Minnesota's water and fish - even in remote and pristine lakes. In this edition of The Lake Superior Project, Dr. Seth Moore, director of biology and environment with the Lake Superior Band of Chippewa, talks about a new study on these emerging toxins.
Gus' Wild Side: Memorable camping-
Gus recalls memorable camping trips in both Alaska and the midwest.
Gus' Wild Side is a regular feature on WTIP. Gus writes about our connections to Nature as he explores wildness from the High Arctic to his own backyard along the North Shore of Lake Superior.
(Photo courtesy of Margaret Olson on Flickr)
School News from Great Expectations: April 28-
Flynn and Danny report the latest news from Great Expectations Charter School in Grand Marais.
West End News: April 28Bill Hansen-
If imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, then North House Folk School in Grand Marais should feel very flattered. North House was cited in the first sentence of a Duluth News Tribune article announcing the formation of a new folk school starting up in Duluth.
A few years ago, Ely started a folk school, also based on the success of North House. The Ely Folk School has succeeded beyond all expectations and I fully expect the same for the new folk school in Duluth.
Although the folk school movement seems like a new phenomenon to us, it has actually been well established in Scandinavia since the early 1800s. They were a reaction to the idea that education was primarily for the elite members of society. The folk schools were a "small d" democratic idea to connect all members of society to a lifetime of learning, with an emphasis on practical and useful skills that helped connect communities into a more cohesive society.
In the Nordic countries today, almost every town has a folk school, where they are a routine and accepted part of life. While North House wasn't the first folk school in America, it was a bit unique when it started 20 years ago. Hopefully, folk schools will be established in every town in the United States, too.
I've been thinking for awhile that it would be nice to have a folk school here in the West End, perhaps affiliated with the Commercial Fishing Museum and/or Birch Grove Community Center. Obviously, it would make sense to organize it as an add-on to North House programming, as they are such a strong part of the Cook County community.
Speaking of the Commercial Fishing Museum, the most recent newsletter has a very nice article about my mom, Mary Alice Hansen, and the key role she played in founding and developing the museum and the Tofte Historical Society. Mom is pleased by the recognition, but being the true historian, she was very concerned that the article get the details correct and accurate.
Congratulations to Split Rock Lighthouse on receiving a $68,000 grant to put toward developing a long term plan to preserve and interpret this important and iconic historic site. I would argue that Split Rock is the most unique and recognizable image from the North Shore.
The grant actually came from the National Park Service, in partnership with the Maritime Administration, according to Senators Amy Klobuchar, Al Franken and Congressman Rick Nolan. The money passes through the Minnesota Historical Society, who operate Spit Rock and is part of a $138,000 cultural landscape report.
Sugarloaf Cove Nature Center in Schroeder has a deal for you if you plan to plant trees on your North Shore property. They are making available low cost fencing to protect your saplings from the deer. This is actually offered by the North Shore Forest Collaborative, based at Sugarloaf, which is actually a group of many partners, working on a very long term plan to restore the forest along the North Shore. Visit the Sugarloaf Nature Center website for details and contact information.
I'm pleased to report that the elusive bird known as Townsend's Solitaire has been a regular visitor at the Sawbill bird feeders this week. It is a common bird in the mountain west, but quite rare in Minnesota. Although this is exciting news for bird watchers, I must admit that the Solitaire is one of the most nondescript birds that I've ever seen. We also have a black-backed woodpecker hanging around. That, along with all the migrants coming through, makes us a birder's paradise at the moment.
At this writing, Sawbill Lake has 8 inches of ice that is too degraded to stand on. Many of the smaller lakes and ponds are already open and Sawbill will be clear in a few days. The birds, the lake ice, the fabulous rushing rivers and waterfalls, and people already using the golf courses - along with downhill skiing still happening this weekend at Lutsen Mountains - all contribute to the magic that is Cook County's West End.
Sunny's Back Yard: End of a roller coaster winter-
Sunny tells us about the final end of what's been a roller coaster winter in her Back Yard.
Sunny has lived off-grid in rural Lake County for the past 17 years and is a regular commentator on WTIP. Here she shares what's been happening in Sunny's Back Yard.
School News from Oshki Ogimaag: April 26-
Carissa reports the latest School News.
A Year in the Wilderness: April 22 - The Wilderness is coming alive-
Cook County adventurers Dave and Amy Freeman are spending a year in the wilderness. On a regular basis they'll be sharing some of their experiences traveling the BWCAW.
(Photo courtesy of Dave and Amy's Facebook page)
A Year in the Wilderness: April 15 - Saganaga at last-
Cook County adventurers Dave and Amy Freeman are spending a year in the wilderness. On a regular basis they'll be sharing some of their experiences traveling the BWCAW.
(Photo courtesy of Dave and Amy's Facebook page)
Wildersmith on the Gunflint: April 15Fred Smith-
There's hope for serious spring-like temperatures as this week's Gunflint scoop comes your way. However, while my scribing hits the keyboard, it's snowing once more in the Wildersmith neighborhood.
For winter worshippers, things have been glorious over the past month with snow, snow and more snow. I suppose some in these parts are beginning to wonder if this recent siege will ever end.
Up to the moment, around this place we've now totaled slightly over 102 inches, and we're still counting. It's been exactly 30 days since the snow-maker slipped into high gear, giving us one-third of our seasonal total. Guess one should never count the season down and out until the "gal" (Mother Nature) in charge of things says it's so! In the immortal words of NY Yankee great, Yogi Berra, "it ain't over, 'til it's over."
With spring out there somewhere, energies are at a high pitch for the leadership of the Gunflint Trail Historical Society. The focus of course is another Chik-Wauk Museum season and the anticipated opening of their new Nature Center building.
Finishing touches are being made on the facility as the GTHS awaits delivery of exhibits from the design "pros" at Split Rock Studios. Arrival and installation of the displays is hoped for some time next week assuming road bans allow such.
After several years of visioning, planning, jumping through hoops and fundraising, the thought of this project being opened for family friendly viewing and learning is exciting beyond the organizations wildest dreams. The Nature Center will be open daily along with the museum beginning on the Memorial Day weekend.
In addition to completion of the Nature Center building, work is being wrapped up on a small administrative/archival storage unit. Both of these Chik-Wauk additions are being fit onto the footprints of where buildings were located during the days of resort operations. In each case these structures are simple rehabilitations, not actual restorations.
Telling more of the Chik-Wauk story does not end here. Planning is already underway for the construction of an open-air structure which will display, and further tell the stories about life on the lakes along the Gunflint. It too will be located on the footprint of the original shoreline dock (across the driveway from the Nature Center, on the northeast bay) where the first resort operators had theirs.
The timber-frame constructed "marine equipment" display unit is set to be built by GTHS volunteers under the guidance of professionals at the North House Folk School, on the Folk School Campus in Grand Marais, this coming August. Installation of this facility is scheduled for the summer of 2017.
And last but not least, on the drawing board now is a rehab of one Chik-Wauk Resort guest cabin. Target for this addition is uncertain, but hopefully, as soon as design approval is procured and additional funding is raised. This too will be located on a historic cabin site.
It's hoped all will mark their calendars for another visit this summer to share in some new Chik-Wauk magic!
Speaking of those just mentioned GTHS volunteers, as we near the end of National Volunteer Week, I would like to express my thanks to all the good folks both around the Cook County area, in Grand Marais and up the Trail for all they do to make this place on the northern Riviera the special attraction it is!
Since I reside out this way, I am especially conscious of the people of the Gunflint Community who always answer the call for whatever and whenever, without fail. Not only are you wonderful friends and neighbors, your commitment is uniquely remarkable, in making sure this byway through paradise remains an unequaled natural, cultural and historical resource.
As a volunteer myself on many community tasks, I'm rewarded by gaining far more satisfaction from serving than I actually provide in services. I would guess this attitude is shared by all along the Gunflint who continually pitch in…thank you so much!
On a closing note, as I was finalizing the first draft of this Gunflint report, we had a deck-side visit from a "real" big bird. Following a dinner of roasted chicken, I set carcass remains out on the feeding tray for the pine martens. In no time at all, a "piney" was here, feasting to its content. In a short time, it disappeared with a mouthful to be stockpiled somewhere in the woods.
Soon after, out of the heavens, a bald eagle swooped down to an unprecedented landing at our gourmet trough. Having never had this happen before, it remains a mystery whether the "great American symbol" had its eye on the poultry remains or the pine marten.
The "awesome avian" didn't hang around long, departing without a chicken dinner. Guess it might have preferred our offering in the uncooked state, as opposed to our tasty processed gourmet version.
This is Fred Smith, on the Trail, at Wildersmith, enjoying what may be the last moments of winter!
(Photo courtesy of Marie Hale on Flickr)
School News from Great Expectations: April 14-
Doran and Trevor report the latest School News.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Investigators believe shooter killed himself, acted alone.
Says violent crime, illegal immigration plunged under his watch.
Promote benefits of trade and friendship in an election year.
Russian president reacts to country facing possible exclusion from Summer Olympics in Rio.
Bezos now third behind Gates, Ortega
U.S. Secretary of State speaks at international conference.
Estate of George Harrison complains about use of his music at Republican National Convention.
Authorities take paintings following U.S. request as part of a probe into scandal surrounding Malaysian wealth fund.
Contracting at its steepest pace since early 2009.
For Thatcher, it was handbags; for May, it's shoes


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The Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Graham Bell's Secretby Seth Shulman
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 01/07/2008
Publisher: Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.
A gripping intrigue at the heart of one of the world's most important inventions.
A gripping intrigue at the heart of one of the world's most important inventions.
Product Details
- 9780393062069
- Publisher:
- Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.
- Publication date:
- 01/07/2008
- Pages:
- 256
- Product dimensions:
- 5.90(w) x 8.50(h) x 1.00(d)
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The Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Graham Bell's Secret based on 0 ratings. 4 reviews.
This book is hard to put down. It is very well researched and written! The author has done fantastic detective work and makes his case that Bell saw Elisha Gray's patent first and then altered his, using influence to get his patent entered first. The author started reluctantly down this path and had to prove it to himself as well as scientists and historians he knew at MIT's Dibner Institute before he wrote the book. In my opinion, simply ignore any negative review(s). This is a must-read. In fact, there are modern examples of similar tactics with patents but it is still shocking to see an iconic figure such as Bell perpetrating and benefitting from such deceit. You'll love this book.
A truly captivating factual write-up. I'm submitting it to my bookclub as my selection.
No mention of Antonio Meucci, who was using his working telephone when Bell was still 4 years old? Meucci and Bell's stories are where the real smoking gun lies. Focusing on E.G. is an old story and misses the boat. Embarrassing that Meucci is not mentioned here, at least not in the official synopsis. Hopefully it's in the book beyond just a passing reference.


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The goal of this study was to test a hypothesis associating impulsivity with an elevated body mass index (BMI).
To this end, we examined associations of BMI with putative genetic, neurophysiological, psychiatric, and psychological indicators of impulsivity in 78 women and 74 men formerly dependent on alcohol or drugs. A second analysis was designed to test the replicability of the genetic findings in an independent sample of 109 women and 111 men with a similar history of substance dependence.
The results of the first analysis showed that BMI was positively correlated with Total and Nonplanning Scale Scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the number of childhood symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in women. It was also positively correlated, in women, with a GABRA2 variant previously implicated as a risk factor for substance dependence and an objective electroencephalographic feature previously associated with GABRA2 and relapse risk. The second analysis confirmed that the correlation between BMI and the substance-dependence-associated GABRA2 genotype was reliable and sex-specific.
We conclude that an elevated BMI is associated with genetic, neurophysiological, psychiatric, and psychological indicators of impulsivity. The sex difference may be explained by greater opportunities to eat and overeat, a preference for higher calorie foods, a longer duration of alcohol/drug abstinence, or previous pregnancies in women.
This paper presents data supporting the hypothesis of a relationship between an elevated body mass index (BMI) and impulsivity. A critical reader may ask why such data are needed, for the former obviously connotes the latter—that is, poor behavior control. Yet, formal observational studies have produced mixed results. The presence versus absence of a relationship between BMI and impulsivity appears to be contingent on the age of the subjects under investigation.
Indeed, in studies of children, there is little1 or no controversy about the relationship. Overweight children have been found2 to exhibit less impulse control than normal weight children during a stop-signal reaction time task. Also, children or adolescents with behavior control problems indicative of impulsivity, including Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),3 Conduct Disorder,4,5 Oppositional Defiant Disorder,4,5 and alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use,6 have all been shown to exhibit a greater average BMI than their unaffected peers. Longitudinal studies find that the BMI elevation associated with behavior control disorders is stable throughout the adolescent years.4
The controversy about the BMI–impulsivity association is solely limited to studies of adults. It is particularly obvious in studies7–9 of adult Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), which, like other behavior control disorders, are often characterized by a greater-than-average level of impulsivity.10 For instance, from an analysis of data from the National Comorbidity Study, Simon and colleagues11 reported that obesity (a BMI ≥30 kg/m2) was not associated with an increased risk of a SUD, but a decreased risk. Yet, Onyike and colleagues12 evaluated 39,695 respondents to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and found no association between obesity and substance use. Petry and colleagues13 reported findings from an analysis of 41,654 members of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) dataset. They found that obesity was positively associated with a lifetime diagnosis of an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), but not with a history of a Drug Use Disorder (DUD). Their finding is curious because DUDs are typically associated with higher levels of impulsivity and Cluster B personality features, and loss of control over intake, than are the AUDs.14 DUDs should therefore be more strongly related to BMI and obesity than AUDs if impulsivity mediates the relationship. In addition, Gearhardt and Corbin15 analyzed the same NESARC dataset and reported a result inconsistent with the conclusion drawn by Petry and colleagues16: the frequency of drinking and BMI were inversely related.
We are therefore confronted with a paradox. In childhood, impulsivity, substance use, and related variables are all positively associated with BMI and obesity. In adulthood, however, the associations are inconsistent or unexpectedly negative. It is therefore likely that an uncontrolled factor emerges between adolescence and adulthood in impulsive individuals to complicate the association. We suspect that excessive and regular use of alcohol and drugs is the factor.
The major goal of this study was to control this factor by examining substance-dependent adults uncomplicated by regular use. More specifically, we studied patients in residential substance abuse treatment programs where abstinence could be verified. We examined women and men separately because female sex has previously9,16,17 been shown to amplify the relationship of some impulsivity indicators—Antisocial Personality Disorder and Delay Discounting—with BMI.
A second major goal was to test the contributions of a genotype and a biological endophenotype previously implicated in poor behavior control in adults. To this end, we examined a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the GABRA2 gene, which encodes a subunit of the GABAA receptor. Variation in GABRA2 has been associated with conduct problems,18 substance use,19 and SUDs.18 The endophenotype has power within the fast beta (19–30 Hz) frequency band of the spontaneous electroencephalogram. Fast beta power has previously been shown to associate with the same GABRA2 genotype that promotes risk for Conduct Disorder and SUDs.20
In addition to GABRA2 and fast beta power, we examined other likely indicators of impulsivity, including familial density of substance dependence,21 childhood symptoms of ADHD, and total and subscale scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Scores on depression and anxiety scales were examined to test the discriminant validity of our theory relating externalizing features to BMI and obesity risk.
The patients in the principal analysis were recruited from two residential substance abuse treatment facilities in the Hartford, CT region. A different sample of patients was also studied, in an effort to replicate the genetic findings revealed in the principal analysis. The replication sample was drawn from a larger dataset collected and managed by a consortium of NIDA- and NIAAA-funded investigators. It included substance-dependent patients recruited from a wide variety of settings and locations across the eastern United States.22,23
On average, the principal sample of 152 residential treatment program patients had completed 13 yrs of education. Their age range was 21–55 yr. Seventy percent of the 78 women, and 74% of the 74 men, were European-American (EA).
All of the patients were in good medical health. They were not enrolled if they had a lifetime history of seizures, neurosurgery, head injury with loss of consciousness greater than 30 minutes, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, mental retardation, dementia, or significant medical disorders, including HIV-1 infection or cardiovascular, hepatic, immunologic, or renal disease. Patients with uncorrected deficits in vision or hearing were also excluded.
Patients initially deemed eligible for the study were transported to the University of Connecticut Health Center (UCHC) on a weekday morning. An informed consent document, approved by the UCHC Institutional Review Board, was reviewed and signed at that time. Urine and breath samples were then collected and assayed to exclude patients with recent exposure to alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, marijuana, or heroin. In addition, hair samples (PDT-90™, Psychemedics Inc., Cambridge, MA)were collected to verify self-reports of no drug use during the previous 60 days. Patients admitting substance use, suspected by treatment program staff of substance use, or testing positive for alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, or heroin use during the previous 2 months were excluded. The maximum duration of abstinence allowed by the protocol was 6 months.
Demographic data and medical and psychiatric histories were obtained from all patients to determine final eligibility. The psychiatric history was obtained with the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (CDIS-424). Additional demographic, medical, psychological, and drug use information was garnered from medical records, interviews, and questionnaires, including the BIS-11,25 Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST26), Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-2027), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND28), Family History Assessment Module (FHAM29), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS30), the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT31), and the Beck Depression (BDI-II32) and Anxiety (BAI33) Inventories. BMI was calculated from height and weight measured during the visit.
The assessment of fast beta electroencephalographic activity occurred in the afternoon after a lunch break. It was recorded over a 5-minute period while patients sat quietly with eyes closed. The reduction and analysis procedures have been described elsewhere.34
The replication sample was formed from a subset of n=220 patients who had participated in two large multi-site studies of the genetics of cocaine, opioid, and alcohol dependence.23,35 They were selected from the multisite studies to resemble, as closely as possible, the drug use and demographic characteristics of patients enrolled in the principal sample. Their characteristics are summarized in Table 2.
The methods used to assess medical and mental health in the replication sample were not identical to the methods used in the principal sample. Accordingly, the entry criteria could not be identical. All of the replication sample patients had a lifetime diagnosis of dependence on cocaine, opioids, or cannabis. Their minimum duration of abstinence (4 months) was slightly longer than the minimum for the principal sample (2 months) because the diagnostic interview, the SSADDA,36 used 4 months, not 2 months, as a cut point for categorization. The maximum duration of abstinence was 1 year. Unfortunately, in the replication sample, duration of abstinence was not verified with serial toxicology tests of urine or hair as it was in the principal sample. In addition, BMI was based on self-reported height and weight. It was not directly measured as in the principal sample.
DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples (primary study) and cell lines, blood, or saliva (replication study). GABRA2 genotyping procedures have been described previously.37 Patients were identified as being either homozygous for the low substance-dependence-risk "A" allele (which comprises the low-risk genotype group) or a carrier of the substance-dependence-associated "G" allele (which comprises the high-risk genotype group) at rs279858.
The GABRA2 genotypes in both samples were distributed in a manner consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations (principal sample: p = .9; replication sample: p = .9). In the N = 123 European Americans comprising the principal sample, the rates were 22.7% (n = 28) GG, 52.8% AG (n = 65), and 24.3% (n = 30) AA. In the replication sample, the respective rates were 14.1%, 45.4%, and 40.4%.
When divided by sex, the sample size was insufficient to support a complex statistical model, such as factor analysis followed by a regression analysis of factor scores. We, therefore, adopted a simple analytic strategy in which regression equations were computed separately for women and men. The equations tested the association of BMI, independently, with Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory scores, BIS Total Score and three subscale scores (attention, motor, nonplanning), childhood ADHD symptoms retrospectively recalled on the WURS, relative fast beta EEG power at the Fz electrode, GABRA2 SNP genotype, and the percentage of immediate biological family members greater than age 25 with a lifetime diagnosis of dependence on alcohol or drugs (except nicotine). One covariate employed in every analysis other than the GABRA2 analysis, which was limited to the 123 European Americans, was a single variable coding for the absence versus presence of European-American ancestry. The covariate was entered because race and ethnicity have previously been associated with BMI and may alter its association with other variables. FTND total score was also used as a covariate because most patients were active smokers and smoking is likely to influence body mass. The third covariate was age.
The analysis of the replication sample involved a test of the association of the GABRA2 SNP genotype with BMI by a general linear model. Age and level of nicotine use were specified as covariates. Separate analyses were performed for males and females.
Table 1 presents the full analysis results for women and men. Table 2 presents a summary of the demographic and psychological characteristics of the two groups.
In brief, the analysis revealed statistically significant associations in women of BMI with ADHD symptoms, BIS-11 impulsivity score, fast beta EEG power, GABRA2 genotype, and the family density of alcohol and drug dependence. In men, most of the associations—with family density as the only exception—were not statistically significant.
The information presented in Table 2 does not provide clear insight into the source of the sex difference. For example, the women and men did not differ on demographic and substance use variables that might contribute to the associations (eg, FTND, MAST, or DAST-20 scores). Duration of abstinence also did not significantly differentiate the groups, although the women had been abstinent for an average of 35 days longer than men.
To help interpret the results of the primary analyses, we conducted two secondary analyses with the same covariates. The secondary analyses were motivated by a priori hypotheses about pregnancies and recency of substance use as possible moderators of the BMI-by-impulsivity association. Analysis 1 examined the relationship between the number of previous full-term pregnancies reported by women and BMI. The result approached statistical significance (p = .06). Analysis 2 tested the association of days of abstinence and BMI. It was statistically significant in women (p = .03) but not in men (p = .20). The results of these analyses are reported in Table 1.
The analysis revealed a statistically significant positive association between the high risk GABRA2 SNP genotype and BMI in women (p = .02). The association was not significant in men (p = .70). The test for replication in an independent sample was therefore successful.
This study tested the hypothesis of a positive relationship between BMI and various indicators of impulsivity in adults with a history of substance dependence. The findings support the hypothesis. Among women, BMI was positively correlated with the Total score and Nonplanning subscale score on the BIS-11, the number of ADHD symptoms, the familial density of substance dependence, and fast beta EEG power. It was not correlated with recent anxiety and depression symptoms measured by the BAI and BDI-II, respectively. In men, BMI was only correlated with the familial density of substance dependence.
This study also revealed a positive correlation, among women, between BMI and a genotype previously associated with both conduct problems18 and substance dependence.20,38,39 The correlation was significant among the 123 European-American subjects in the first analysis and the 220 European-American subjects in the replication analysis. The reproducibility of the GABRA2 finding across analyses diminishes concerns about the increased risk of Type 1 error associated with the analysis of samples of modest size.
In view of the correlation of BMI with genetic and other likely indicators of impulsivity, and previous evidence associating these indicators with substance dependence, the present findings suggest that an elevated BMI and substance dependence are related through this factor. An overlap between BMI and substance dependence is not a new idea, for Wang and colleagues have previously hypothesized deficits in reward processing as a feature common to both an excess BMI and drug addiction.40 Our contribution to the literature is demonstrating impulsivity as an additional overlapping feature. Individual differences in impulse control may elevate BMI and obesity risk by impairing the individual's awareness of satiety cues41 and fostering loss of control over food intake.
A minor but additional contribution to the literature offered by this study is implied by the results shown in Table 1: duration of alcohol and drug abstinence is positively correlated with BMI, albeit in women only. Although this result is not as easily interpreted as the BMI-by-impulsivity correlation, it does suggest an explanation for the morass of findings11–13,15 in the adult literature regarding the association between substance dependence and BMI: studies that fail to control background variability in recency of use will produce inconsistent results. Of course, one11 might argue that the large epidemiological studies did control for this background variability by excluding patients with current dependence from the analysis of the lifetime dependence-by-BMI association. But, excluding patients with a current substance use disorder diagnosis does not eliminate patients who continue to use substances excessively but do not exhibit the requisite number of problems from use to be diagnosed as dependent. Their excessive use may still be sufficient to suppress BMI through pharmacological effects on appetite or energy and/or a reduction in resources (time or money) that are available for overeating and weight gain. In this study, we eliminated this confound by requiring alcohol and drug abstinence.
The sex difference found here in the correlation of impulsivity indicators with BMI is consistent with a similar sex difference found previously for two other impulsivity indicators—Antisocial Personality Disorder symptoms9 and delay discounting task performance.17 This study, therefore, shows that the correlation generalizes beyond these two indicators. We can offer several speculative explanations for the sex difference.
The first possible explanation relates to the marginally nonsignificant difference between men and women in duration of abstinence shown in Table 2. If this difference is meaningful, then it suggests that the physiological or economic effects of recent substance use may be more persistent in men than women and obscure the association of BMI with other factors. One would accordingly predict that BMI and impulsivity will be correlated in men when the residual effects of their more recent use of alcohol and drugs have dissipated.
A second possible explanation for the sex difference relates to prior pregnancy in women and the hypothesis that impulsivity leads to more pregnancies and a residual increase in BMI. We were able to test this hypothesis by regressing the number of reported pregnancies on BMI (Table 1). The regression findings approached statistical significance (p = .06). We, therefore, cannot exclude pregnancy as a possible mediator of the association between impulsivity and BMI in women.
Another category of explanations—more likely than the others—relates to a sex difference in food preference. Previous research has shown that women report greater cravings for sweets than men42 and a reduced ability to inhibit brain activation in the presence of food.43 Greater cravings for high-calorie foods that promote rapid weight gain may place women, especially impulsive women, at greater risk for greater body mass than impulsive men (who may express their impulsivity through, for example, greater substance use).
A final category of explanations relates to a possible sex difference in the opportunity to eat and overeat—that is, in the food environment. Women are traditionally more involved in home life and food preparation than men, particularly in low-income households.44 As a result, they may have greater access to food throughout the day. Among women who are impulsive, greater access may translate into more weight gain than would be seen in impulsive men.
From the findings reported here, we can draw several major conclusions. First, impulsivity and BMI are related in women with a history of substance dependence. In addition, we can conclude that the same GABRA2 genotype previously implicated in risk for substance dependence is also related to BMI. Finally, we can conclude that recent anxiety and depression symptoms are not related to BMI in this sample.
The present conclusions should be considered cautiously, for they are constrained by several limitations in the study design. The two most obvious limitations are the small size and the homogenous composition of the two samples. Until a follow-up study is performed without these limitations, we do not know if the correlates of BMI shown here will generalize, and be detectable in other racial-ethnic groups or groups less affected by impulsivity and substance dependence.
Another major limitation is the sole use of BMI as the estimate of adiposity and obesity risk. BMI is a convenient index. But, it is not ideal. Future research should include other, more valid measures of adiposity, such as the waist-to-hip ratio or triceps skinfold thickness.
A final limitation relates to questions about the function of the GABRA2 gene. Despite its robust and well-replicated association with various externalizing disoders, GABRA2 has not yet been shown to alter amino acid expression. It may instead interact with other genes, such as GABRG1,45 that are functional to alter when or where they are expressed. Future studies should examine multiple genes and conduct tests of their interactions in modifying risk for an elevated BMI or obesity.
This study was supported by grants R01 DA017666 (Dr. Bauer), M01 RR006192 (Dr. Kranzler), R01 AA017535 (Dr. Gelernter), R01 AA11330 (Dr. Gelernter), and K24 AA13736 (Dr. Kranzler) from the Public Health Service, Bethesda, MD.
Declaration of Interest
Dr. Kranzler has been a paid consultant for Alkermes and Gilead and received research support from Merck for projects unrelated to the work described here. He also reports associations with Eli Lilly, Janssen, Schering Plough, Lundbeck, Alkermes, GlaxoSmithKline, Abbott, and Johnson & Johnson, which provide support to the ACNP Alcohol Clinical Trials Initiative (ACTIVE). Neither Dr. Kranzler nor the other authors perceive that a conflict of interest is present.
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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- Most bookedQuality Inn & Suites Southwest
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"Great sleep. Excellent mattress. Plenty of hot water. All amenities. Waffles for breakfast."
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"Needed a place downtown, so I could walk to the business I needed to take care of. Perfect for doing this. Price point was higher than I would have chosen personally, but for business, it worked. Room was clean and nice, but no fridge or microwave. Bed wasn't comfy, but not bad. Room was ver..."
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"Our F250 truck was broken into and a pistol was taken. We discovered this on Friday morning when getting into our truck. Hotel told us that they would comp our stay since this happened but so far this has not happened. Bad part is that we were told by someone coming in at 2AM that security guard ..."
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"Very nice room and service. Will definitely be back. Only complaint was tv remote didn't work properly."
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"The Old Capitol Inn is a small hotel in downtown Jackson, MS. The rooms are all different and very comfortable. The free breakfast was the best we have ever enjoyed at any hotel; the food was hot and fresh. The neighborhood includes the capitol building and state offices. However, there are sever..."
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- Jackson State University (JSU)
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- Annandale Golf Club
- Riverside Park
- Canton Multicultural Center and Museum
- The Refuge
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- Mississippi Governor's Mansion
- Russell C Davis Planetarium
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- ITV Report
Live updates
Man charged over Buckingham Palace incident
A man arrested after being Tasered outside Buckingham Palace as he held a knife to his neck has been charged with possessing a bladed weapon in public and affray, Scotland Yard said today.
Talhat Rehman, 54, of Lindsay Drive, Harrow, was seen ranting and pressing a second six-inch knife to his chest while holding a set of beads.
He will appear in custody at Westminster Magistrates Court today.
Police investigating claims officers used dead kids' IDs
Scotland Yard has begun an investigation into claims its officers used the identities of dead children and issued fake passports in their names to go undercover.
A Guardian report alleges that the Metropolitan police authorised the creation of the aliases for covert officers infiltrating protest groups, without consulting or informing the children's parents.
The newspaper claims generations of officers went through national birth and death records, over three decades, in search of suitable matches to generate official documents like driving licences and national insurance numbers.
Scotland Yard tonight said the practice was not "currently" authorised and confirmed it was probing "past arrangements for undercover identities used by SDS (Special Demonstration Squad) officers".
Tasering at Buckingham Palace captured on video
Eyewitness Grant Shepherd has filmed the moment a man wielding two knives was Tasered outside Buckingham Palace.
The man is seen falling to the ground before being detained, while officers on horseback keep the crowds of tourists back.
Pictures from Grant Shepherd
'He was walking across the road with knives on him'
Kevin Burrows witnessed a man being Tasered by police outside Buckingham Palace earlier today. He described the incident to ITV News' Reporter Damon Green:
Evidence collected after Tasering at Buckingham Palace
Police: Man Tasered after 'acting aggresively'
A spokesman for the Metropolitan Police said:
It was approximately 11.50. A man was seen outside the centre gate in possession of two knives.
He was not making threats to members of the public but he was challenged by police.
He acted aggressively and a Taser was discharged.
He is thought to be in his fifties. He was arrested on suspicion of affray and has been taken to a central London police station.
- Damon Green: ITV News reporter
Man at Buckingham Palace 'Tasered in the back'
An eyewitness to the arrest at Buckingham Palace told me that police walked behind the suspect and Tasered him in the back.
Two knives at scene where man was Tasered
A scene was cordoned off with police tape 30 metres from the palace gates this morning and an ambulance was parked to the side of the building.
Inside the cordoned-off area lay two knives with six-inch blades and a pair of Nike high top trainers.
Taser wire also lay on the floor with four plastic tubes of two different sizes, three large ones and a small one.
A hat and a black carrier bag containing paper material with a handkerchief beside it also lay on the ground.
Man pictured before stun gun used
The man's face has been blurred for legal reasons.
Queen not at Buckingham Palace at time of Tasering
The Queen and Prince Philip were at Sandringham at the time of the incident.
A Buckingham Palace spokeswoman said they would not comment as it was a police matter.


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Somebody had to start a thread....
We will be there May 13-29, I don't think I have been this excited to go on vacation! 124 more sleeps.... * Sigh*
We will be there from May 8 till the 22. Start packing soon.
There will be a big group of us coming within your timeline. Most or us coming like Rob around May 8th to 22-26. ME Too
Us'ns too ! :-)
4 of us will be at CRT from 11 - 25 may. All the way from uk
We are coming back May 18th - 27th!!
1 couple and two friends. I hope to get more friends to join us!!!
I can't wait!!!!!
Who did you all book with? Prices I have seen have been outrageous!
NurseLoves ...
I didn't see that the resort price was up very much at all compared to last October rates. Airfares are bouncing up/down like mad, however. Ours dipped down by almost $100 last Tuesday evening, around 10:30, so we jumped and booked by 11:00 pm. I looked again on Wednesday evening and the price was back up, plus another $20 or so. Check the airline price and then check Orbitz for the air & resort package price. Orbitz seems to be consistently lower than the other on-line agencies for a packaged trip.
Yes, its airline prices that I meant to say. They are just outrageous out of my airport (BOI) to CUN recently.
Ugh. I thought with the fuel prices a little lower I would see a drop, but not yet.
I will be there May 8 for one week, just after having come back from early January stay. A bit cheaper from TO in May than in January. Hope to meet fellow posters who will be in attendance
Now we are up to 8 of us!! 1 couple, 4 single ladies and 2 guys. All of us in our 40's!! I hope the disco is hoping this time, since we will want to dance some!
We booked thru Orbitz, they have a couple of promo codes for $100 off.
ORBITZ100 (minimum of $2000 (do-able with double occupancy); TRAVEL100 (Minimum stay 7 Nights or more) TRAVEL75VACATION (Minimum stay 4 nights).
One of the girls got a cheaper deal (only 4 nights) thru Travelocity, she spoke with an agent.
See you all at CRT for some good times and new memories!!


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There is nothing more magical than a summer birthday party when you're turning 12... Ok, well maybe 16 and 18... Oh well, you get the idea. Birthdays are pretty special. We're big fans at our house. I'm not one of those Mom's that throws over the top parties every year for each child. We like to … [Read more...]
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Looking for something fun for your summer holiday gatherings or even just a lazy Sunday afternoon? Labor Day is coming-up & kiddos love games. The bigger they get, the bigger they want their games! We were getting ready for a family event and I thought it would be super fun to create a DIY Yard … [Read more...]
Little Bug Baby Shower /// Food Elements
I finally have a minute to share about the Tasty Treats from the Little Bug Baby Shower that I threw last month for my friend Sarah... I've broken the post down into three sections in order to cover the different food stations that we had for the party along with an introduction to our Little … [Read more...]
Little Bug Baby Shower | Design Elements
I am quite literally bursting with joy... Sarah's 1st Baby girl was born bright and early on Monday morning. On her Daddy's birthday to be exact. She is beautiful and is a natural fit into the Nitta family. I'm hoping I can share some photos soon of the beautiful little bug. … [Read more...]
{The Corn Cob} A Cute Treat for your Halloween Parties
From a very early age in my life I knew the principle of... "Presentation is Everything" was a very true principle. I was always on the look out for fun and innovative ways to WOW my friends and family with whatever trinket or goodie I was presenting them with. The same holds true … [Read more...]


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Mar 7, 1972
|Filing date
|Mar 3, 1970
|Priority date
|Mar 3, 1970
|Publication number
|Gene P Weckler
|Original Assignee
|Fairchild Camera Instr Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (6), Classifications (28)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent WeckIer [54] PIIOTOSENSOR CIRCUIT WITH INTEGRATED CURRENT DRIVE [72] Inventor: Gene P. Weekler, Campbell, Calif.
[73] Assignee: Fairchild Camera and Instrument Core n W Vis QEi- 22 Filed: Mar. 3, 1970 21 App1.No.: 16,173
[ 51 Mar. 7, 1972 3,427,461 2/1969 Weckler ..250/2l3A 3,465,293 9/1969 Weckler ..250/220M Primary Examiner-Archie R. Borchelt Assistant Examiner-D. C. Nelms An0meyRoger S. Borovoy, Alan MacPherson and Charles L. Botsford [5 7] ABSTRACT The collector of a common-base transistor is coupled to the emitter of a phototransistor, so that upon the application of suitable pulses to the emitter of the common-base transistor 6 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures [52] U.S. Cl. .250/211 J, 250/220 M, 307/311, 317/235 N [51] Int. Cl ..H0lj 39/12 [58] Field of Search ..250/206, 207, 208, 209, 211 R, 250/211], 213 R, 213 A, 220 M; 317/235 N, 235 D, 235 Y; 307/311 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,535,526 10/1970 Henry 250/2l 1 J AI -r 1:: To]
0 -V U U PULSE GENERATOR Patented March 7, 1972 3,648,051
2 SheetsSheet 1 V I Tp! PULSE GENERATOR F F' E 3 3 F' JP E f mm El 50 FIG.2
INVENTOR. BY GENE PWECKLER zMJMX ATTORNEY 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 xiv k mk
km'km' INVIz'NTOR. GENE P. WECKLER MMMWV ATTORNEY m ||2\ 1 KM Km Patented March 7, 1972 FIG.3
PI-IOTOSENSOR CIRCUIT WITII INTEGRATED CURRENT DRIVE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a photosensor circuit with integrated current drive for detecting incident radiant energy and generating one or more output pulses whose width is a function of the radiant power, also referred to as photon flux.
2. Description of the Prior Art Previously, semiconductor photosensors incorporating transistors operating in the storage mode have made use of a voltage pulse to interrogate the photosensor. Periodic voltage pulses from a pulse generator function to recharge the spacecharge capacity in the collector-base junction of the phototransistor in such a manner as to generate an output signal proportional to the incident photon flux, or radiant power impinging upon the base of the phototransistor. An integral of the amplitude of the output pulse is a measure of the quantity of charge needed to reestablish the initial condition on the space-charge capacity of the collector-base junction of the phototransistor. These photosensors are powered by what is known as a constant voltage drive. For a more detailed description, reference may be made to US. Pat. No. 3,427,461 issued Feb. 1 l, 1969 to the assignee of this application.
For some applications, however, it may be desirable to use a constant current drive, rather than a constant voltage drive. For example, for direct pulse-width modulation, the constant current drive approach is desired because an output pulse is produced whose width, rather than amplitude, varies as a function of the incident photon flux. Moreover, constant current drive allows one to vary the output-load resistor in such a manner as to reduce undesirable switching noise. Also, with a constant current drive, the emitter resistance of the phototransistor remains relatively constant during recharge, which reduces or eliminates the problem of image lag when detecting low levels of photon flux.
Therefore, for some applications, operating the photosensor with constant current drive to produce a pulse-width output is more desirable than with the prior art constant voltage drive.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The photosensor circuit of the invention features some of the advantages mentioned above by providing a phototransistor with a constant current drive that can be fabricated in the same monolithic semiconductor substrate as the phototransistor. The current drive presents to the phototransistor a current source with a fixed compliance. The compliance may be selected arbitrarily within certain limits by the selection of an external DC-voltage supply.
Briefly, the circuit comprises a transistor connected to operate in the storage mode and functioning as the phototransistor, and a transistor connected in the commonbase configuration and functioning as a source of direct current of a predetermined level and fixed compliance that periodically charges the space-charge capacitance of the phototransistor. The resulting output signal is at a fixed amplitude but of a width proportional to the incident photon flux.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a simplified electrical schematic circuit diagram of the photosensor with constant current drive.
FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic drawing of the top view of pairs of integrated photosensor circuits with constant current drive located in the same semiconductor substrate, with the current drive transistors sharing the same base region.
FIG. 3 is a simplified cross-sectional view of an integrated circuit pair of FIG. 2 along the lines 3-3.
FIG. 4 is a simplified electrical schematic diagram of a matrix of photosensor circuits with constant current drive capable of being integrated into a monolithic semiconductor substrate.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1, the photosensor circuit with integrated current drive of the invention comprises a phototransistor 10 having an emitter 11, base '13, collector 15, emitter-base PN- junction 12, and collector-base PN-junction 14, with the base 13 unconnected to provide operation in the storage mode. Operation of a transistor in the storage mode is described in the previously mentioned US. Pat. No. 3,427,461.
A second transistor 20 is provided to function as a source of constant current drive for the phototransistor I0. Transistor 20 has an emitter 21, base 22, and collector 23, with the collector 23 coupled to the emitter ll of the phototransistor I0. Although transistors 10 and 20 are shown as NPN-bipolar transistors, other types, such as PNP-bipolar transistors can be used with appropriate changes in polarity.
The output from an external pulse generator 32 via resistor 34 is coupled to the emitter 21 of current-drive transistor 20 and functions to provide periodically negative-going pulses of a predetermined width. The resistance value of resistor 34 should be large compared to the on resistance of the emitter-base junction of transistor 20. The amplitude of the voltage pulse out of pulse generator 32 is several times the on voltage of the emitter-base junction of transistor 20, in order to ensure that a resonably constant current is supplied to transistor 20 during a pulse phase.
Coupled to collector 15 of phototransistor 10 via a load resistor 44 is a source of constant voltage 42, such as a battery, of approximately 5 to 10 volts. This voltage determines the compliance of the equivalent constant current source. Compliance as used herein is defined as the voltage range over which the current source will maintain a constant current.
Operation of the photosensor circuit commences with the application of a negative-going pulse to emitter 2! of transistor 20. The width of the charging pulse from the pulse generator 32 is determined by the time required to bring the charge on phototransistor 10 from zero to full amount permitted by the compliance limits.
Because it is an NPN-type, transistor 20 is turned on by the pulse from generator 32, thereby allowing current between the emitter-21 and collector 23 and providing a source of constant current for driving phototransistor I0. Transistor 20 provides an impedance transformation between the driving means shown as pulse generator 32 and the phototransistor 10. A very low impedance load is presented to pulse generator 32 by transistor 20, but a very high impedance source is presented to transistor 10. Preferably, transistor 20 is selected so that the DC common-base, forward current transfer ratio from emitter to collector, a, is approximately unity, and substantially the same current level is at emitter 2i and collector 23.
With its base 13 unconnected, transistor 10 appears in the circuit as a capacitor having capacitance value of (8+1 )C where C is the space-charge capacitance of the base-collector junction 14, and B is the common'emitter current gain. When voltage from battery 42 is applied to collector l5, and constant current from transistor 20 is applied to emitter 11, the capacitance of junction 14 starts charging. Charging ceases when transistor 20 saturates, that is when the compliance limit is reached, at which time the current into emitter 21 equals the current out of base 22.
The charging pulse from the pulse generator 32 then returns to zero, whereupon the integration of the photon flux begins. Incident photon flux causes a photogenerated current, which discharges the space-charge capacitance C of the collectorbase junction 14 of phototransistor 10, as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,427,461. Briefly, photon flux generates electron-hole pairs in both base and collector regions which are separated across the high field region of the reverse-biased collector-base junction 14.
The amount of discharge due to the photon flux is determined when the next pulse from the pulse generator 32 is applied to transistor 20, which starts the process once again of charging the space-charge capacitance of base-collector junc tion 14 of phototransistor 10. The quantity of charge needed to bring the space-charge capacitance of junction 14 up to full value is the product of the current through the load resistance 44, which is constant, and the time this current flows. This charge is proportional to the impinging radiant power, or photon flux, and a measure thereof.
Referring to FIG. 2, the top view of a portion of a typical semiconductor structure for integrating the photosensor circuit of the invention into a linear monolithic array is shown. Reference may also be made to FIG. 3, which shows a simplified cross-sectional view of a portion of the array structure along the lines 3-3 of FIG. 2. The array comprises a substrate 50 of semiconductor material of one conductivity type, such as N-type which typically functions as the collector for the phototransistor. Located within the substrate 50 and extending from the principal surface 52 thereof are a pair of spaced base regions 54 and 56 of opposite conductivity type, such as P-type, forming respective PN-junctions 55 and 57 with substrate 50. Junctions 55 and 57 typically are the collector-base junctions. Base region 54 suitably extends laterally through the substrate 50 and functions as the common base for all of the current-drive transistors in the array, whereas a plurality of spaced base regions similar to region 56 are provided, one base region for each phototransistor.
Located within base region 54 and extending from the upper surface 52 are a pair of spaced regions 60 and 62 of one conductivity type, such as N-type, which form with base re gion 54 a pair of spaced PNjunctions 61 and 63. Typically, region 60 is the emitter and region 62 is the collector of a lateral current-drive transistor. A plurality of such emitter-collector combinations are located in common-base region 54, one combination for each current-drive transistor. A layer of protective, passivating oxide 66 is located over at least portions of the principal surface 52 and covers at least the upper surface edges of any PN-junction located thereat.
Located within the other base region 56 and extending from the upper surface 52 is a region 70 of one conductivity type, such as N-type, which forms PN-junction 71 with region 56. Typically, region 70 is the emitter, 56 the base, and the substrate 50 is the collector of a phototransistor. A plurality of such phototransistors exist within the array. Electrical contact is provided between collector 62 of the current-drive transistor and emitter 70 of the phototransistor via interconnect layer 75, which comprises conductive material located atop oxide layer 66, but extends through openings therein to be in ohmic contact with the respective regions. A plurality of such interconnect layers are provided one for each combination of current-drive transistor and phototransistor.
The common-base lateral NPN-transistors formed in common-base region 54 need have a beta that is only equal to or greater than I0, since these transistors are operated in the common-base configuration and function as impedance transformers. A beta equal to or greater than ten can easily be obtained by processing the devices so that the lateral distance between the emitter region 60 and collector region 62 is on the order of microns. Conveniently, the emitter 60 and collector 62 of the lateral NPN-transistor may be formed simultaneously with formation of the emitter 70 of the phototransistor. Thus, only a minimum of processing steps are needed to integrate the current drive-phototransistor combination into the same semiconductor substrate.
Referring to FIG. 4, an area array of photosensor circuits with constant current drive suitably comprises the linear arrays of FIG. 2, which have been paralleled in two directions and interconnected as indicated in FIG. 3. The area array comprises a series of rows 101, 102,...m, m+l, and columns 111, 112,...n, n+1. A row scan generator 120 having multiple outputs is coupled in parallel to each of the rows, while a column scan generator 130 also having multiple outputs is coupled in parallel to each of the columns. Each of the scan generators 120 and 130 suitably comprises a shift register with one circulating bit, that is, a ring counter. The row scan generator 120 furnishes input pulses of a constant current and width to the emitter of each of the current-drive transistors located in a particular row. The column scan generator provides a constant current pulse to the common base of each of the current-drive transistors located in a particular column. A load resistor and a source of constant voltage, such as battery 150, are coupled to the output of the array, that is, to the collectors of all of the phototransistors.
Operation of the area array of FIG. 4 begins when a negative-going pulse with respect to ground potential of a predetermined amplitude is supplied to the bases of all of the currentdrive transistors by the column scan generator 130, except for the current-drive transistors in the nth column, whose bases are biased at 0 volts with respect to ground potential. The row scan generator 120 holds the emitters of each of the currentdrive transistors at 0 volts with respect to ground except for the transistors in the mth row whose emitters are biased at a predetermined negative voltage level with respect to ground potential. All of the current-drive transistors in the area array are therefore inactive, except for the current-drive transistor located at row m, column n, because the emitter-base junctions of all but current-drive transistor mn are either reverse biased or at zero bias. Only the current-drive transistor run is forward biased, because a negative voltage is on the emitter, and zero voltage is on the base. Interrogation of any photosensor circuit in the array is made in the same manner.
While the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, the scope of the invention is not limited to the embodiments shown, but the concepts described herein may be applied to numerous other embodiments as will be obvious to one skilled in the an.
What is claimed is:
1. A photosensor circuit with constant current drive for detecting incident photon fiux and generating one or more output pulses whose width is a function of the photon flux, the circuit comprising:
a first bipolar transistor having a collector, base and emitter,
and a pair of PN-junctions, the base unconnected to provide operation in the storage mode;
an output terminal coupled to the collector of said first transistor, said output terminal adapted to receive a source of constant voltage;
a first input terminal adapted to receive a series of selectively applied pulses of a predetermined amplitude and width;
a second bipolar transistor having a collector, base, and emitter, and a pair of PN-junctions, the collector coupled to the emitter of said first transistor and the emitter coupled to said input terminal;
a second input terminal coupled to the base of said second transistor, said second input terminal adapted to receive a source of fixed potential, said circuit generating output pulses whose width is a function of the photon flux incident to the base of said first transistor.
2. The circuit of claim 1 further defined by means for selectively applying a series of pulses to the base of each of the second transistors.
3. An array of a plurality of photosensor circuits with constant current drive as defined in claim 1, the circuits arranged in rows and columns, the array further defined by:
one terminal for each row being coupled to the emitter electrode of each said second transistor in said row, one terminal in each column being coupled to the base of each said second transistor in said column;
the collector of all said first transistors being coupled to said output terminal, upon selective application of pulses to the row and column input terminals said array generates pulse signals whose width is a function of the photon flux incident to the base of a selected first transistor.
4. A semiconductor structure comprising:
a semiconductor substrate of one conductivity type having a principal surface;
first and second regions of opposite conductivity type located within the substrate and extending from the principal surface, the regions spaced apart from each other, each region forming a PN-junction with the substrate, each junction having an edge at the principal surface;
third and fourth regions of one conductivity type located within the first region and extending from the principal surface, the third and fourth regions spaced apart and each forming a PN-junction with the first region, each junction having an edge at the upper surface, said first, third and fourth regions forming a bipolar transistor;
a fifth region of one conductivity type located within the second region and extending from the principal surface, the fifth region forming a PN-junction with the second region, the junction having an edge at the upper surface, said fifth and second regions and said substrate forming a bipolar transistor;
a layer of protective, passivating material overlying portions of the upper surface including the surface edge of each of the PN-junctions, the protective layer formed to expose selected portions of the first, third, fourth and fifth regions so that electrical contact can be made thereto, at least the portion of the protective layer overlying the second region being transparent;
layers of conductive material selectively located over the protective layer and extending therethrough to make ohmic contact to the substrate and the first, third, fourth and fifth regions, but not to the second region.
5. The structure as recited in claim 4 wherein at least one of the conductive layers extends to couple the fourth region to the fifth region.
6. The structure as recited in claim 5 wherein the substrate comprises the collector, the second region comprises the base, and the fifth region comprises the emitter of a phototransistor; and wherein the first region comprises the base, the third region comprises the emitter and the fourth region comprises the collector of a second transistor, said third region being adapted to receive a series of pulses of a predetermined amplitude and width and said substrate being adapted to receive a source of constant voltage the device generating output pulses whose width is a function of the photon flux incident upon the second region.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 23, 1966
|Feb 11, 1969
|Fairchild Camera Instr Co
|Storage mode operation of a photosensor
|Mar 11, 1966
|Sep 2, 1969
|Fairchild Camera Instr Co
|Detector array controlling mos transistor matrix
|Mar 1, 1968
|Oct 20, 1970
|Commissariat Energie Atomique
|Integrated photosensitive switching circuit using double emitter transistors
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 24, 1974
|Feb 3, 1976
|Itt Industries, Inc.
|Integrated semiconductor device for scanning an image
|Sep 10, 1984
|Apr 8, 1986
|Judkins Thomas E
|Ceiling panel attachment member
|Apr 30, 1993
|Jul 19, 1994
|Eg&G Reticon Corporation
|Diode addressing structure for addressing an array of transducers
|Dec 17, 1999
|Nov 26, 2002
|Intel Corporation
|Pulsed optical couplers
|Jan 13, 2004
|Feb 13, 2007
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Transistor-based interface circuitry
|Jan 13, 2004
|Jul 29, 2004
|Taubman Matthew S
|Transistor-based interface circuitry
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Mik: Vietnam - I never thought I'd be coming back - I guess we never really CAN leave, can we?
Littlejohn: Braddock! I'm warning you, don't step on any toes.
Col. James Braddock: I don't step on toes, Littlejohn, I step on necks.
Col. James Braddock: Walk or crawl, we're gonna make it!
Lin Tan Cang: [Lin, Braddock's Vietnamese wife, has been waiting 13 years for his return] Oh, it doesn't matter.
Gen. Quoc: You must pay for the crimes you have committed against my country!
Gen. Quoc: Braddock! Braddock! Boogie Eye! Boogie Eye!
Littlejohn: I warned you Braddock not to fuck with us.
Col. James Braddock: Don't try to stop me Littlejohn.
Littlejohn: You're stopped.
Gen. Quoc: I have tested many before, Braddock, and no one has lasted even an hour. Maybe you can be the first, eh?
Col. James Braddock: I'll do whatever you want. Just let the boy go.
Gen. Quoc: You will do what I want... anyways.
Gen. Quoc: [preparing to torture Braddock] You will find your first test quite challenging.


text:
Feb 21, 2010
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- Israel's military chief has been urged to remain in hispost amid rising threats and the prospect of war in 2010.
Feb 11, 2010
RAMALLAH [MENL] -- A Palestinian Authority security officer, in the firstsuch incident in years, has killed an Israeli soldier.
Feb 09, 2010
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- Israel has drafted a plan for the production anddeployment of a short-range missile and rocket defense system.
Jan 23, 2010
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- Israel's military has failed to advance plans to build aneffective transport fleet.


text:
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text:
George W. Bush & Al Gore's Education Policies
Guests: Representative Bill Goodling
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Rove FileTracker$19.95
Quick Specs
Total Downloads:2,903
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Price:Free to try (Some features limited); $19.95 to buy
File Size:695.58KB
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text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Craig L Russell <Craig.Russ...@Sun.COM>
|Re: JDO2 Annotations
|Wed, 12 Jul 2006 17:36:59 GMT
Javadogs, Please take a look at this proposal by Andy. High order bit: The expert group needs to make a decision whether to: 1. Not define any annotations, leaving it up to implementations to decide what to do 2. Define a complete set of annotations 3. Track JSR 220 and JSR 250 annotations for persistence and mapping and add only annotations for JDO that are not already covered by the other annotation specifications Orthogonal to the above, we need to decide whether support of annotations for implementations that support JDK 1.5 is required or optional. Craig On Jul 4, 2006, at 11:48 PM, Andy Jefferson wrote: >> For information, you can find an initial (top-level) set of >> suggested JDO2 >> annotations at > http://jpox.cvs.sourceforge.net/jpox/JPOX/Plugins/Java5/src/java/ > org/jpox/annotations/ > > Since it's all quiet on annotations I'll provoke further :-) > The above link now shows an almost complete set of proposed JDO2 > annotations > (I changed "PersistentField" to "Field" to match the metadata > element). The > advantages of matching annotations to metadata element are > obvious ... people > don't need to relearn the terms they already know from metadata. > The only > places where I haven't stuck to this are the top-level > PersistenceCapable, > PersistenceAware annotations (since they make more sense, to me) > > The only elements missing are Index, ForeignKey, Unique (i'll add > these soon), > Interface, Property (which are low interest for me) and the > recursive aspects > of FetchGroup and Embedded (which are restricted due to annotations > JDK1.5 > design). Needless to say that these are all supported in the latest > JPOX > nightly builds where you could actually use them interchangeably > with your > metadata, or JPA annotations, or indeed your own set of annotations > if you > feel like it. > > Comments are welcome. Really. > > > -- > Andy Craig Russell Architect, Sun Java Enterprise System http://java.sun.com/products/jdo 408 276-5638 mailto:email@example.com P.S. A good JDO? O, Gasp!
|View raw message


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Campus Housing:
The housing campus looks kind of good. My friends that are residents do not complain about it but the exterior of the campus and a little more interior could have a little more work.
Campus Housing:
The rooms are small and the bathrooms aren't always clean but all of the buildings are close together
Campus Housing:
I personally have lived on campus for three years and plan to live on campus for my fourth as well. Factoring in the free laundry and cleaning services, common areas, access to study rooms and computer labs, and meal plan options, campus housing is a great deal. Ostapenko is a great option for those wanting an apartment feel without having to leave campus. Berg is probably the worst, but it is in a great location on campus. The housing process is a little stressful, but if you plan ahead and know what you want, it is usually easy to obtain. I have had a wonderful experience living in Rowley, Gerard, and now St. Joe's. All of them have been kept very clean, including the bathrooms. Currently, my living situation is great - bathroom has been completely renovated with all new fixtures and doors, my own controllable heating and air conditioning units, and a large desk and dresser. The RAs do a great job of encouraging students to participate in programs to get to know new people and create a welcoming, comfortable environment.
Campus Housing:
Living on campus is very convenient, especially for the proximity to classes. However, living on campus tends to feel like boarding school, especially since it is a small school. Enforcement rules are very strict and the floor plans are very constricted, lacking privacy.
Campus Housing:
I am a commuter, so I don't know much, but based on visits to friends' dorms and their comments, the dorms seem pretty okay.
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Love Actually is a 2003 British Christmas-themed romantic comedy film written and directed by Richard Curtis. It features an ensemble cast, many of whom had worked with Curtis in previous film and television projects. The screenplay delves into different aspects of love as shown through ten separate stories involving a wide variety of individuals, many of whom are shown to be interlinked as their tales progress. Set primarily in London, the story begins five weeks before Christmas and is played out in a weekly countdown until the holiday, followed by an epilogue that takes place one month later. Wikipedia
(neither understands the other's language) Jamie: (in English) It's my favorite time of day, driving you. Aurelia: (in Portuguese) It's the saddest part of my day, leaving you.
|190 points
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text:
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In the bus, boy made room for an old woman.
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linked to #198205
- Vortarulo
- 2011-10-17 23:30
In the bus, a boy made room for an old woman.
Sentence #35397
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text:
Search results
Did you mean: genesis khan
Create the page "Genghis Khan" on this wiki! See also the search results found.
- ~Shi /Huang gaius juli.us kaesar Cicero Jesus Muhammad ~Wû /zé tiān Genghis Khan Jeanne d'Arc Martin Luther Galileo Galileij John Smith Rene Descartes19 KB (712 words) - 19:52, 12 July 2016
- history and across cultures. This was true of the tyrannical Mongolians of Genghis Khan, the Macedonians under Alexander the Great, and the Caesars of ancient10 KB (1,271 words) - 16:35, 15 May 2016
- mentioned several times throughout Mongolia's history, including one of Genghis khan's wars (Cerveny, 2007). Mayans have another tradition when it comes to25 KB (3,816 words) - 14:20, 8 May 2016


text:
Boho Reading Sunglasses
Available Colors
Available Colors
Product description
Sizing and fit
- Aspheric lenses
- Polycarbonate Frame
- Anti-scratch coating
- Spring-hinges
- Aspheric lenses
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- Anti-scratch coating
- Spring-hinges
Embrace your inner hippie. Our Boho reading sunglasses are the ideal round frame if you're a writer, painter, or a just a creative soul. They are the perfect pair that will compliment and complete your bohemian lifestyle. Our Boho reading sunglasses will transport you to one of the greatest decades of all time. You may find yourself using word like "Groovy" in your everyday conversation. They just might inspire you to dust off your records and remember the "good ole days' while chillin' at your pad. These frames are not only a dy-no-mite accessory, but have spring loaded hinges for that extra bit of comfort and a suede case to boot! (Fringe not included). Offered in a wide range of strengths, anyone can rock out Boho readers.
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Glasses Type: Reading Sunglasses
Frame Style: full-frame
Frame Shape: round
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Frame Width: 5 1/8 in
Lens Width: 1 7/8 in
Temple Length: 5 7/16 in
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Nose Bridge: 3/4 in
California Customers - Prop 65
Dear California Customer of Peepers® Reading Glasses,
"Prop 65" is a California state environmental law requiring that a warning be provided by anyone who in the course of doing business in California exposes individuals to a chemical that California has placed on its regulated list. Bisphenol A (BpA) was recently added to this list.
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