text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 1, 2007
|Filing date
|Sep 5, 2003
|Priority date
|Sep 5, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Nischal Abrol, Sandeep Singhai
|Original Assignee
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (5), Classifications (13), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention herein is related to telecommunication systems, particularly to wireless communications devices, and most particularly to memory-constrained communications devices.
Increasingly, mobile wireless devices communicate messages over heterogeneous connections, in which one or more constituent links include a public network, such as the Internet. The Internet is a loosely-organized international collaboration of autonomous, interconnected, packet-based networks, including wireless networks, which can be represented by a hierarchical, multilayer architecture, service descriptions, and protocols. Communication endpoints, or hosts, can be interconnected over a network using intermediate packet-switching computers called routers. To communicate using the Internet, a host typically implements a protocol from at least one layer of a hierarchical Internet protocol suite. Each host and router executes one or more programs, or processes, which perform various tasks including information communication, processing, and display. An application can be a process that often operates at the topmost layer of the Internet protocol suite, and that may use a lower-layer transport protocol to provide transport layer communication services across distinct, but interconnected, networks. In turn, a transport protocol typically employs a network protocol to facilitate message transfer over a network between communicating processes. At the lowest layers, messages can be logically and physically transformed, and transported as electromagnetic or electro-optic signals through the networking media.
Numerous communication protocols exist, with some protocols being well suited for use with inter-networked communicating processes. For example, a full-duplex protocol can be advantageous because it permits essentially concurrent communication between connected hosts. Another protocol distinction may lie in whether a protocol is connection-oriented (end-to-end) or connectionless (stateless). In an end-to-end protocol, a connecting circuit, or bidirectional logical connection, typically is established prior to communication between the endpoint hosts. Also, connection-oriented protocols typically invest responsibility for communication integrity, security, and flow management in the communicating hosts, and not in intermediate computers or routers. Nevertheless, such protocols can be disrupted by delays or interruptions in one of the intermediate links or routers, which connect the hosts. To improve robustness of the communication system, routers often use connectionless network-layer protocols, which forward each message, or data unit, independently of others. In general, a stateless protocol offers no end-to-end message delivery guarantees. Independently transmitted messages may be forced to contend for the use of network resources as they are routed through the network. These messages may arrive at the destination host damaged, duplicated, out of order, or not at all. Thus, higher-layer processes, such as an application or a transport-layer process, typically would assume responsibility to correctly receive, reorder, repair, acknowledge receipt of, and request re-transmission of, the segments, or messages, conveyed by the connectionless protocol.
A connection-oriented protocol may be described as "reliable" if it includes a mechanism by which sender and receiver exchange information, directly or indirectly, about a communication state, such as a message delivery. Generally termed an "acknowledgement," or ACK, the mechanism may involve a variety of techniques, such as a formatted response, to convey the information desired for a given protocol. In sender-initiated acknowledgement protocols, each communicating host, whether client or server, may retain a copy of transmitted messages for possible re-transmission until the corresponding receiving endpoint ACKs the particular message. When the recipient acknowledges receipt, the sender may release the memory locations in which the retained copies are stored. If a proper acknowledgement is not received, the sending endpoint may retransmit messages beginning at the point of the last proper ACK. In typical communications, multiple messages may be transmitted, with each host accumulating copies of sent messages until corresponding ACKs are received. There may be a risk that either, or both, host may temporarily become overwhelmed by the number of segments being stored, processed, received, and transmitted at a given time. This risk may be grounded in numerous sources, for example, the bursty nature of Internet communications, the ACK-related retention of previously transmitted messages, and the ability of hosts to transmit multiple messages.
A popular group of protocols used on the Internet is the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an end-to-end, full-duplex, transport protocol providing reliable inter-process communication between pairs of host computer processes. Using TCP, a message can be communicated using one or more formatted data units, called TCP segments. In addition to being a connection-oriented protocol, TCP further assures message delivery by employing message error detection and message receipt acknowledgements. Error detection can be in the form of a checksum, which usually corresponds to the data of, and can be incorporated into a respective TCP segment. Internet Protocol (IP) is a robust, connectionless network protocol, in which each message segment can incorporate identification information, including IP addresses for source and destination hosts. Using a destination host address, the IP protocol may route subsequent segments over multiple paths to increase the likelihood that a message, which includes one or more TCP segments, will reach the destination host intact, on time, and in order. TCP-like protocols may be used in conjunction with IP-like protocols to add a mechanism by which sender and receiver exchange information about the segments conveyed by the connectionless protocol, and by which reliable message exchange can be established. TCP message receipt acknowledgement generally uses positive acknowledgement-based, sender-initiated controls, which also may provide the communicating hosts with message sequencing information, host message or channel capacity, and so on. Implicitly, although TCP/IP can be a reliable, robust communication protocol suite, the actual flow of segments during communications may be bursty, that is, subject to wide variations in the volume of packets being transmitted at a given moment.
When an application program, or process, (e.g., HTTP) communicates with another host using TCP/IP-like protocols, the transport-layer processes (e.g., TCP) on either endpoint connect with the respective application using a logical device called socket. A TCP socket may include an IP address and a TCP port number. Typically, the IP address can be associated with the host, and the TCP port number can be associated with a particular communication function of the particular process invoking the host transport process. By directing messages through a specific local host socket to a specific remote socket, a local host may be capable of communicating across a network with the remote host. A communication buffer may be allocated at each endpoint of a TCP connection, as a TCP connection is established. Each communication buffer on each host may include one or more transmit buffers and receive buffers. An exemplary BUFFER READ can be an operation in which data is transferred from a buffer to an executing application (process). An exemplary BUFFER WRITE can be an operation in which data is transferred from a process to a buffer. During a communication, a remote host can function as a server to a client local host, and vice versa, with roles changing during the course of a communication. With full-duplex communications, hosts may communicate messages concurrently. However, a client or a server often cannot perform two transactions internally at once—for example, a BUFFER READ cannot be performed on a host buffer concurrently with a BUFFER WRITE, and vice versa. This aspect also may lend to a host being temporarily overwhelmed, for example, during a period of high message volume.
Relative to other communication systems, mobile devices often can be memory-constrained, with limited available communication memory space. Such constraints may adversely affect flow control and buffer management under some conditions. For example, memory-constrained devices may be susceptible to message flow anomalies such as buffer deadlock and buffer starvation. Buffer deadlock may arise when only one process at a time can use a buffer; when the process holding a buffer will release it only voluntarily, and after it has completed its task; when a first process holding a buffer is waiting to acquire additional buffers held by a second process; and when the second process is waiting to acquire additional buffers held by the first process. Buffer starvation may occur where an active, or high priority, first process consumes nearly all available buffers, thereby blocking a temporarily inactive, or low priority, second process, which waits for the buffers held by the first process to be released.
Certain mobile device processes may be configured to defer performing a BUFFER READ operation on a communication buffer until an in-progress BUFFER WRITE operation has completed. As such application processes execute, stored TCP segments can accumulate in both transmit and receive buffers of the mobile device, leading to exhaustion of the available communication memory space. With the memory space exhausted, the process may be unable to complete an in-progress BUFFER WRITE while, at the same time, it awaits the completion of the BUFFER WRITE to perform a BUFFER READ operation. Also, a mobile device process may execute a high message volume operation, which temporarily exhausts available communication memory space, and which leads other processes and operations to face buffer starvation. Typically, for some period after a buffer deadlock or a buffer starvation develops, the mobile device halts communication, while keeping open the TCP connection. Many TCP protocols and processes can provide timeout mechanisms, in which the TCP connection between the mobile device and the server can be closed after a predetermined timeout period.
This recovery technique can be inefficient because the timeout period may be on the order of several seconds. For a mobile user, buffer deadlock, buffer starvation, default TCP recovery mechanisms, and host overload during a period of high message volume, may lead to a reduced, and unsatisfactory, perceived Quality of Service. In the aggregate, these factors are of a type that can waste substantial mobile system resources. Thus, it is desirable to manage host resources, such that the impact of such factors may be reduced, or substantially eliminated.
The present invention provides communication methods and communication buffer management methods, along with communication systems and communication devices, such as mobile communication devices. The communication methods and communication buffer management methods can be advantageous for a local host, which uses a message protocol and has a communication buffer with a predetermined number of memory locations. Within the communication buffer may be copies of transmitted messages having transmitted message identifiers. Memory designated as committed memory may be write-inhibited, and memory designated as free memory may be write-enabled. The selected memory locations associated with the stored transmitted message copies may be denominated as committed memory. Memory locations not denominated as committed memory may be denominated as free memory.
Methods include receiving a received message from a remote host; determining whether a local host communication buffer is in a predetermined buffer state; and, if the communication buffer is not in the predetermined buffer state, to routinely process received messages and receive additional messages from the remote host. However, if the communication buffer is in the predetermined buffer state, then designating the received identifier in the received message as a release identifier; using the release identifier to locate associated copies of transmitted messages; and denominating the associated copies as free memory. The predetermined buffer state may be the number of free memory being less than a predetermined memory threshold. Where the received message includes a header and a payload, the method includes extracting the received identifier from the header, in which the received identifier has a defined relationship to a transmitted message identifier stored in committed memory. The received message can be unacknowledged, such as returning no ACK to the remote host, or acknowledged by sending an ACK with an ACKNUM having an ordinality of less than that of the received message. Also, the payload of the received message may be discarded. The received and transmitted message identifiers each can be defined over an ordered, numerical sequence. The defined relationship between the received identifier and the transmitted message identifiers can be such that the transmitted message identifiers have an ordinality of less than the ordinality of the received identifier.
The message protocol can be a response-type, reliable, end-to-end message protocol, including acknowledgement-based protocols, such as a positive acknowledgement-based (ACK) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) based protocol. Where TCP is the message protocol, the release and transmitted message identifiers may be TCP acknowledgement sequence numbers (ACKNUM), such that, when the ordinality of the received message ACKNUM identifier is greater than the ordinality of transmitted message ACKNUM identifiers, transmitted message copies stored in committed memory the communication buffer may be denominated as free memory. The communication buffer may be further allocated into transmit and receive buffers. A transmit buffer can be managed using the present method, and a receive buffer may be managed using the present method.
Apparatus include a communication system and mobile communication device having a communication buffer and a memory controller connected with the buffer. The buffer has a predetermined number of memory locations consisting of free memory and committed memory. A message transmitted from the mobile communication device to a recipient across a communication network may be stored in a selected free memory location, as a transmitted message copy. A transmitted message copy includes therein a corresponding transmitted message identifier. The memory controller can discern from the transmitted message identifier whether to denominate the selected free memory location in which the transmitted message copy may be stored as a selected committed memory location. The communication buffer can be allocated as a transmit buffer including committed transmit memory, free transmit memory, or a combination thereof. Transmitted message copies having corresponding transmitted message identifiers may be stored in committed memory. The memory controller may be configured to examine a received message identifier in a received message from the remote host. The memory controller may monitor the transmit buffer, and may be configured to identify committed transmit memory storing transmitted message copies with transmitted message identifier associated with the received message identifier.
The memory controller can include a memory counter, a commit directory, a mapper, and an analysis register. When the predetermined buffer state monitored by the memory controller is represented by the number of memory locations in free memory being less than a predetermined memory threshold, the memory counter can be used to enumerate the number of memory locations remaining in free memory or consumed in committed memory. The analysis register can be used to parse a received message, and extract the release message therefrom. A mapper, such as a translation look-aside buffer, can translate the release identifier, which may be a logical value, into a physical memory location of a transmitted message copy associated with the release identifier. The mobile communication device also may include a transceiver through which the local process bidirectionally communicates messages over a communications network with the remote process using a preselected wireless communication protocol.
The message protocol used between hosts may be an end-to-end communication protocol. Moreover, the message protocol may be a positive acknowledgement-based, end-to-end communication protocol, wherein protocol acknowledgements contain message identifiers defined over a numerical sequence. Where the message is a TCP segment, the message may have a header and a payload. A transmitted message and copy may have a transmitted message identifier in the header; and a received message header may have a received message identifier. The received message identifier in a TCP segment can be an Acknowledgement Number (ACKNUM) having a defined relationship with a selected transmitted message copy. If the memory controller determines that the communication buffer is in a predetermined buffer state, the received message identifier may be designated as a release identifier. The transmitted message identifiers may be defined over a numerical sequence. A release identifier may be selected from a message identifier in the numerical sequence, e.g., an ACKNUM, corresponding to a transmitted message received by the remote host. The memory controller may denominate, as free transmit memory, the committed transmit memory corresponding to a selected transmitted message copy, associated with the release identifier. The release identifier also may be associated with a block of committed transmit memory locations. In such a case, the memory controller may denominate, as free transmit memory, the block of committed transmit memory corresponding to a block selected transmitted message copies, associated with the release identifier. When used to identify unacknowledged transmitted message copies in committed transmit memory, a transmitted message identifier (ACKNUM) of a selected transmitted message copy may have an ordinality less than the ordinality of a received message identifier (ACKNUM), and may be designated as a release identifier by the memory controller.
The communication buffer further may be allocated into a receive buffer, having a predetermined number of receive memory locations including committed receive memory, free receive memory, or a combination thereof. The memory controller also can monitor the receive buffer, storing received messages in the receive buffer in selected free receive memory, which the memory controller can denominate as committed receive memory. If the memory controller determines that the communication buffer may be in a predetermined buffer state, a received message identifier may be extracted from the received message and may be designated a release identifier. The received message may not be acknowledged and the payload from the received message may be discarded. The device also may include a transceiver connected with the communication buffer so that the local process can bidirectionally communicate messages through the transceiver with the remote process.
The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the following drawings, wherein:
The embodiments herein provide differential acknowledgement processing (d-ACK) methods and apparatus for managing a mobile device communications buffer in a mobile communications device. Although the exemplary methods and apparatus herein may present differential acknowledgement processing (d-ACK) in the context of memory-constrained mobile wireless devices, these methods and apparatus may be implemented in a vast array of devices, systems, and environments.
1. Definition of Terms
As used herein, a message may be an exemplary data unit transferred during a communication between two communication endpoints, or hosts. The constituent components of a message may be one or more data units, such as a TCP segment (segment). A TCP segment can include a TCP header and a TCP data payload (header and payload, respectively). Further, a message may be one or more data units of video, audio, text, data, multimedia, and other content, significant to a host or a user of the host, including retransmissions and control messages. Messages may be formed of one or more data units, including, without limitation, data frames, packets, datagrams, delimited streams, administrative responses, and communication control data. Control messages may be in the form of positive or negative acknowledgements, status updates, requests, replies, and the like. The term message also can comprehend communicated responses or communication control data, including, for example, an acknowledgement (ACK), an ACK sequence number (or ACKNUM), and the like.
In general, a memory buffer, or simply, a buffer, can be apportioned from one or more memory blocks. Each memory block can be apportioned, in turn, from one or more unit memory locations. The number of unit memory locations constituting a memory block, as well as the number of memory blocks constituting a memory buffer may be fixed, selectable, variable, or a combination thereof. A fixed value may be a single value, and typically assigned in advance of operations. A selectable value can be drawn from a discrete set of values, and often may be assigned in advance of operations. A variable value may assume a value usually within a predetermined range, which may be assigned dynamically or during operations. Memory locations, memory blocks, and memory buffers all may be termed memory objects, unless the context calls for a specific memory entity. A buffer may be a single memory object and also may be apportioned from multiple, smaller memory objects.
Accordingly, a system memory buffer logically may contain a fixed number of smaller functional buffers, each effectively formed from a fixed number of unit memory locations. In the alternative, a system memory buffer may contain an aggregation of fixed-, selectable-, and variable-sized memory objects of differing size, which may be adapted to suit a particular purpose, to minimize wasted memory space, and the like. For example, all communication interface control structures may be allocated a memory object of one predetermined size, whereas a communication buffer may be composed of memory objects of different sizes, with an object size being adapted to facilitate efficient communication. The available physical communication memory space may be formed from or within a single integrated device, or from or within multiple integrated or discrete physical memory devices or modules. Furthermore, where advantageous hierarchical, distributed, or shared memory object configuration may be used.
Also as used herein, a "memory constrained" device may be a device having a limited memory space, or number of memory locations, available for use as a communications buffer. Memory constraints in a compact, mobile communications device may arise, for example, from power, cost, or device size considerations. In the examples and embodiments that follow, the terms "local" and "remote" may be used to provide relative reference points, and not to assign a particular physical or spatial relationship between communicating hosts. Also, the term "free" and "committed" as applied herein to memory entities, including memory locations, buffers, and devices, respectively designate the memory entity as being in a state substantially corresponding to one of a "write-enable" state and "write-inhibit" state. A memory entity designated write-enabled may allow new data to be stored. In write-inhibited memory, new data storage is temporarily prevented. It is desirable that a communication buffer consist of free memory and committed memory.
Within the context of this disclosure, memory management can be effected by hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Memory management can include selectively allocating memory resources for the storage of information, and may implement one or more memory allocation policies to provide sufficient resources to satisfy allocation requests expected during communications. Memory allocation policies well-known in the computer arts may be used, including without limitation, memory mapping and re-mapping, static memory allocation, dynamic memory allocation, and hybrid allocation, which can be a combination thereof.
2. Discussion of Embodiments
LHOST 102 may incorporate mobile terminal 114, such as a handset, personal digital assistant, or other compact communication device, which may be memory-constrained. LHOST 102 also may use mobile station manager (MM) 112 to facilitate communication between mobile terminal 114 and REMHOST 110. Although MM 112 often can be integrated into mobile terminal 114, it also may be contemplated that MM 112 be an entity separate from mobile terminal 114, as is shown in
Mobile transceiver 116 may include radio receiver 122 and radio transmitter 124. Receiver 122 can receive an incoming wireless message from MSP 104, and can transfer the received message to receive buffer 126. Transmitter 124 can transfer an outgoing message from transmit buffer 128 to MSP 104 over the physical air (Um) interface. Messages across the Um interface typically may be transferred using a predetermined wireless communication protocol; message transfer may be bidirectional and full duplex. Typically, at the beginning of a communication, processes (e.g., application 120) on REMHOST 110 and LHOST 102 employ selected TCP sockets to negotiate a connection therebetween. Each process may create one or more sockets to effect communication. Communication buffer 118 may be allocated for each socket created in LHOST 102, although two or more sockets may share communication buffer 118, and possibly contend for allocation of memory space. As the TCP connection is being established, communicating TCP processes also may identify port numbers and negotiate other parameters, such as the amount and size of TCP segments to be bidirectionally transferred between REMHOST 110 and LHOST 102. Communication buffer 118 can be allocated into transmit buffer 128, and may be allocated into receive buffer 126. Similarly, in REMHOST 110, communication buffer 132 may be allocated into receive buffer 134 and transmit buffer 136. Although receive buffer 126 and transmit buffer 128 are depicted as being physically separate entities, the distinction also may be virtual. The available communication memory space can be mapped over one or more integrated or discrete physical memory devices or modules.
Outgoing messages received from terminal 114 can be transferred by process 120 into transmit buffer 128, for example, in response to a process BUFFER WRITE operation. Messages in transmit buffer 128 may be transmitted to MSP 104 by transmitter 124. In conjunction with message transmission from LHOST 102 to REMHOST 110, a transmitted message copy can be stored in selected memory location in buffer 128 free memory, and denominated to be in committed memory, pending acknowledgement. As communications between LHOST 102 and REMHOST 110 continue, the amount of free memory in transmit buffer 128, relative to the amount of committed memory, may vary, containing, for example, both outgoing messages received from process 120 and transmitted message copies sent to REMHOST 110.
Where a message includes a payload and a header, the header typically contains a corresponding message identifier. A message identifier, corresponding to a particular message being transmitted from sender host to recipient host, may be a response indicant beneficially adapted to provide a mechanism by which the recipient host may correctly receive, reorder, repair, acknowledge receipt of, and request re-transmission of, the segments, or messages, conveyed from the sender host. As used herein, the term received message identifier can be used to describe a response indicant by which a recipient host can confirm the receipt of selected messages from the sender host.
In bidirectional communications, message flows may be created between hosts communicating over a network. A first message flow may be established between a first host as a sender host, and a second host as a recipient host. A second message flow also may be established between the second host as a sender host, and the first host as a recipient host. To facilitate communications, it may be advantageous to include administrative information in a message. Exemplary administrative information may include a host IP address, a port identifier, error detection indicia, and a message identifier. In some reliable end-to-end message protocols, such as those using positive acknowledgement techniques, the message identifiers associated with a message flow may be indexed in an increasing numerical sequence. A header may include communication administrative information, for example, a respective message identifier. A TCP segment, for example, can consist of a data payload and a header. For a respective message acknowledgement (ACK), a message identifier representative of the sequential position of the respective message within a message flow may be called the acknowledgement number (ACKNUM). An ACKNUM index value may be called ACKNUM ordinality or, simply, Ordinality. Typically, Ordinality increases in relation to the number of messages that are transmitted in a message flow sequence. Thus, a message identifier may be representative of the Ordinality associated with a message ACKNUM, and be indicative of the position of a message within a message flow sequence. In general, a transmitted message identifier may correspond to a message transmitted from sender host to recipient host. Similarly, a received message identifier may correspond to messages successfully received by the recipient host from the sender host. In bidirectional message flows, a range of values, or sequence, for an ACKNUM in a first message flow, for example, from local host to remote host, generally can be different from the ACKNUM sequence used for the second message flow, for example, from remote host to local host.
A sender host may employ a transmitted message identifier to manage message transmission and storage. Such identifiers may be used to identify transmitted messages, which may be stored by the local host, but not yet acknowledged as received by the recipient host. A recipient host may use a transmitted message identifier to manage message reception and to process received data. A recipient host also may use a transmitted message identifier to formulate a received message identifier, which may be included in an ACK reply to the sender host. In the ACK reply, a recipient host may include a received message identifier, representative of an anticipated subsequent message. The received message identifier may be assigned an Ordinality of ACKNUMR by the recipient host which, when received in an ACK by the sender host, is indicative that the recipient host requests the sender host resume transmission to resume with a message having the Ordinality of ACKNUMR. Implicitly, by replying to the sender host with an ACK bearing a received message identifier having an Ordinality of ACKNUMR, the recipient host confirms receipt of transmitted messages with a received message identifier, having an Ordinality of less than ACKNUMR. Therefore, a received message identifier may have a defined relationship with corresponding transmitted message identifiers of previously transmitted messages, as well as be associated with copies of transmitted messages which may be stored by a sender, but awaiting acknowledgement.
In a communicating host, transmitted messages may be stored in a transmit buffer prior to and after transmission. Similarly, received messages may be stored in a receive buffer after being received and before being processed by an application. The distinction between transmit and receive buffer may be flexible and, during a high-message volume period of communications, available free buffer space may dwindle to near exhaustion. In the event that a received ACK is not processed by a sender host, the sender host may re-transmit stored messages, beginning with a message that follows the last message successfully acknowledged. Retransmission may repeat until an ACK is received and, when a host may be unable to process an incoming ACK, for example, due to exhausted memory locations, the unreceived ACK may lead to a service time-out, loss of connection, and degradation in perceived Quality of Service.
In the exemplary context of LHOST 102 as sender host and REMHOST 110 as recipient host, LHOST 102 may transmit a series of messages to REMHOST 110. In general, before transmission, messages outgoing to REMHOST 110 may be stored in LHOST transmit buffer 128, for example, as TCP segments. Successive messages may be assigned transmitted message identifiers of increasing Ordinality, for example, having an Ordinality of less than ACKNUMR. Outgoing messages may be transmitted from transceiver 116, across the Um interface to MSP 104, using a preselected wireless communication protocol. Messages received by MSP 104 can be communicated across network 108 to REMHOST 110, through MSP router 106. REMHOST 110 may store the received messages in receive buffer 134 of communication buffer 132. If REMHOST 110 successfully receives messages transmitted by LHOST 102, including a message with a transmitted message identifier having Ordinality of less than ACKNUMR, REMHOST 110 may acknowledge the receipt of the messages by transmitting ACKR to LHOST 102. By including in ACKR a received message identifier having an Ordinality of ACKNUMR, REMHOST 110 may confirm receipt of messages having Ordinality of less than ACKNUMR, as well as request a subsequent message in a message flow sequence, for example, with a transmitted message identifier having an Ordinality of ACKNUMR. After being communicated across network 108 from REMHOST 110, MSP router 106 may direct ACKR to MSP 104, which transmits ACKR over the Um interface to LHOST 102 using the preselected wireless communication protocol. Radio receiver 122 in LMHOST 102 can detect incoming signals and can convert the physical signals into logical received messages, e.g., TCP segments.
LHOST 102 also may receive messages from REMHOST 110, substantially concurrently with LHOST 102 transmitting messages to REMHOST 110. In general, messages going from REMHOST 110 to LHOST 102 may be stored prior to transmission in REMHOST transmit buffer 134, for example, as TCP segments. The outgoing messages may be transmitted across network 108 and to MSP 104, through MSP router 106. MSP 104 can transmit the messages over the Um interface to LHOST 102, using the preselected wireless communication protocol. Radio receiver 122 in LMHOST 102 can detect incoming signals and can convert the physical signals into logical received messages, e.g., TCP segments. Successive messages may be assigned transmitted message identifiers of increasing Ordinality, for example, having an Ordinality of less than ACKNUML. By including in ACKL a received message identifier having an Ordinality of ACKNUML, LHOST 102 may confirm receipt of messages having Ordinality of less than ACKNUML, as well as request a subsequent message in a message flow sequence, for example, with a transmitted message identifier having an Ordinality of ACKNUML.
Generally, received messages may be stored in receive buffer 126 until process 120 requests selected received information. Responsive to a process BUFFER READ operation, the received payloads stored in receive buffer 126 can be transferred to process 120, and the data can made available for use, for example, by mobile terminal 114. After a BUFFER READ, committed memory in buffer 126 can be denominated as free memory. However, while a BUFFER READ operation is pending, additional messages also may be received from REMHOST 110. As communications between REMHOST 110 and LHOST 102 continue, the amount of free receive memory in receive buffer 126, relative to the amount of committed receive memory, may diminish. The number of available free memory locations also may be reduced where process 120 defers performing a BUFFER READ operation upon receive buffer 128 until an in-progress BUFFER WRITE operation completes. A risk of buffer starvation or buffer deadlock may arise, for example, when process 120 is transferring a large volume of messages to transmit buffer 128, substantially concurrently with receive buffer 126 accepting a large volume of messages transferred from REMHOST 110. Also, process 120 may be configured to defer performing a BUFFER READ operation from buffer 126, until after completing an in-progress BUFFER WRITE operation to buffer 128. With transmit buffer 128 accepting messages from process 120, in addition to retaining copies of messages being transferred to REMHOST 110, the available memory space in communication buffer 118 may begin to dwindle. Inventive embodiments herein may benefit communication buffer memory management by monitoring a predetermined buffer state and, if the state is present, to release sufficient memory to complete a pending, and potentially stalled, operation. In certain embodiments, a response indicant may be obtained from a received message identifier, responsive to the predetermined buffer state. The response indicant may have a defined relationship with unacknowledged transmitted messages, and may be used to denominate, as free memory, selected committed memory locations storing a transmitted message copy. According to the embodiments herein, for example, when a host receives an ACK with an Ordinality of ACKNUM, the host may denominate committed memory locations storing selected transmitted message copies as free memory. It may be beneficial to so denominate a copy of a transmitted message having a respective transmitted message identifier with an Ordinality of less than ACKNUM. The free memory location may advantageously be used, for example, by a new or an existing process, and buffer exhaustion due to ACK-related retention of previously transmitted messages may be mitigated.
It may be desirable that an embodiment of differential processing memory controller (DPMC) 130, or a functional equivalent thereof, provide improved management of memory locations constituting communication buffer 118. The managed memory locations may include transmit buffer 126, receive buffer 118, or both. DPMC 130 may monitor communication buffer 118 for a predetermined buffer state, e.g., the memory locations committed to store unacknowledged transmitted message copies, relative to memory location availability. In response to a predetermined memory state in buffer 118, DPMC 130 may examine a received message, or TCP segment, from REMHOST 110, to determine which committed memory may be released. Conveniently, as stated above, the ACKNUM of the received message can correspond to the ACKNUM of a transmitted message copy and, thus, correspond to the committed memory location in buffer 128 in which the transmitted message copy is stored. The committed memory in transmit buffer 128 (i.e., communication buffer 118) corresponding to one or more transmitted message copies, which may have an ACKNUM Ordinality less than the ACKNUM Ordinality of the received message, may be released and denominated as free memory. It is contemplated that a release of committed memory in transmit buffer 128 may be performed, for example, when a BUFFER WRITE operation to transmit buffer 128 is in progress. The released memory locations may be used, for example, to complete a memory operation, such as a BUFFER WRITE, on transmit buffer 128. Advantageously, by completing a BUFFER WRITE operation on buffer 128, process 120 can proceed to perform a BUFFER READ operation on receive buffer 126, and to release the memory locations in receive buffer 126 thereafter.
Turning now to
As described relative to
XCVR 205 can transfer received message 236 sent by the remote host to receive buffer 212. It is desirable that received message 236 have a received message identifier therein, and that the received message identifier have a defined relationship with the transmitted message identifiers corresponding to the transmitted message copies stored in committed memory 222. In response to a predetermined buffer state, DPMC 210 can designate a received message identifier in a received message to be an response indicant, including a release identifier. DPMC 210 also can be configured to identify one or more committed memory corresponding to one or more transmitted message copies having message identifiers associated with the indicant or release identifier; and to denominate the committed memory so identified as free memory. The embodiments herein can use a received identifier to identify at least one transmitted message identifiers, which can be associated with one or more transmitted messages being acknowledged. Advantageously, transmitted message identifiers can correspond to unacknowledged transmitted message copies. The identifiers may be used to identify the committed memory in which particular transmitted message copies may be stored.
In use, DPMC 210 can monitor buffer 220, for example, using commit directory 230 and memory counter 232. If the communication buffer, e.g., transmit buffer 220, is not in a predetermined buffer state, received message 238 may be routinely processed, e.g., stored in receive buffer 212. On the other hand, if the communication buffer is in a predetermined buffer state, received message 238 can be diverted to analysis register 240. A suitable predetermined buffer state for use in exemplary DPMC 210 may be the number of free memory 224 being less than a predetermined memory threshold as may be determined by counter 232. Commit directory 230 can identify which of the memory locations in buffer 220 may be denominated as committed memory 222. Counter 232 may be used to determine the number of memory locations 224 remaining in buffer 220, relative to the predetermined number of memory locations. In the alternative, directory 230 could easily be adapted to track free memory. Similarly, counter 232 instead may track committed memory. In register 240, differentially processed received message 238, a TCP segment, can be parsed into header 242 and payload 246. Received message identifier 244 can be further extracted therefrom, and be designated as the release identifier. Payload 246 may be discarded, with no corresponding ACK message being returned to the remote host, which further may reduce memory demand on the dwindling memory space. The lack of an ACK for received message 238 from the local host can cause the remote host to re-transmit message 238, desirably minimizing data loss. However, a response may be sent, such as a return ACK having the ACKNUM of received message 236 last successfully processed into receive buffer 212.
With respect to exemplary ACKNUM values, where the remote host transmits message 236 to the local host as a TCP segment having a received identifier TCP ACKNUM with an ordinality of (XACKNUM), the remote host implicitly confirms the receipt of previously transmitted messages having transmitted message identifiers having TCP ACKNUM ordinality of (XACKNUM−1) or less. In the example illustrated above in
As indicated above, a response from the remote host may implicitly acknowledge the receipt of a series, or block, of transmitted message copies, as well as a single transmitted message copy. The most recently received message 238 can include a received message identifier 244, which has a defined relationship with the respective transmitted message identifiers of multiple transmitted message copies in committed memory 222. Multiple transmitted message copies may occupy multiple memory locations, or a memory block of committed memory 222. Thus, release identifier 244 can be associated with a memory block, and release identifier 244 can cause commit directory 230 to denominate a block of committed memory as a block of free memory. It may be desirable to use a finite state machine, such as FSM 248, to coordinate the operation of DPMC 210.
In a statically-allocated memory space, one or more transmit buffers 256 a–256 c, and one or more receive buffers 258 a–258 c, may be allocated with fixed sizes and boundaries. Typically, one buffer pair is allocated per local host TCP socket. Fixed sizes and boundaries may be uniform for each buffer allocated, or may be selectable, and can be positioned either in a transmit buffer or in a receive buffer. Also, in statically-allocated memory, DPMC 260 may establish the number of memory locations that may be allocated, for example, prior to the execution of process 255, or the memory configuration may be established, for example, during the design process. In contrast, with dynamically-allocated memory space, memory locations can allocated for selected transmit buffers 256 a–256 c, receive buffers 258 a–258 c, or some combination thereof. Allocation may be performed before or after the execution of process 255 commences. Conveniently, DPMC 260 may be configured to allocate memory space at the start of a communication, e.g., in cooperation with an application or upper-layer service process. DPMC 260 also may provide adaptable buffer sizes and boundaries during the execution of process 255, e.g., in response to real-time message flow demands. In one example, DPMC 260 may allocate more memory space to transmit buffer 256 a than to receive buffer 258 a, for example, during a period when transmit demands exceed receive demands, or when executing a high-bandwidth transmission process. Similarly, DPMC 260 may reallocate more memory space to transmit buffer 256 b from transmit buffer 256 c, for example, in the event a socket of process 255, associated with transmit buffer 256 c, enters a standby state, while another socket of process 255, associated with transmit buffer 256 b, engages in high-bandwidth communication with the remote host.
Similar to DPMC 210, DPMC 260 can denominate selected memory locations in communication buffer 254 to be committed transmit memory locations, or be free transmit memory locations, for example, by employing one or more commit directories. DPMC 260 may employ transmit commit directory 262 to identify memory locations corresponding to transmitted message copies associated with unacknowledged messages. DPMC 260 also may employ receive commit directory 278 to identify memory locations in receive buffers 258 a–258 c of communication buffer 254, which may be denominated as, for example, committed receive memory locations, free receive memory locations, or some combination thereof. Additionally, where communication buffer 254 and DPMC 260 can be configured to provide dynamic memory allocation, free receive memory locations may be dynamically re-allocated to be free transmit memory locations, and vice versa.
In response to a predetermined buffer state, DPMC 260 can differentially process an incoming message as a received message with a received message identifier therein. It is convenient that the predetermined buffer state be, for example, the amount of free memory falling below a predetermined memory threshold. This memory amount may be determined using memory location counter 266. Typically, MM 250 accepts a received message via XCVR 252. If communication buffer 254 is NOT the predetermined buffer state, message 268 can be stored in selected free receive memory in buffer 258 a–258 c. In certain embodiments the predetermined buffer state may include substantial exhaustion of free memory in a buffer 256 a–256 c. However, if the predetermined buffer state exists in communication buffer 254, DPMC 260 can admit message 268 here, a segment, to analysis register 270, and can parsed the segment into header 272 and payload 276. A received message identifier, which may be in header 272, can be extracted from header 272 and be designated as a release identifier.
Similar to DPMC 210 in
Although shown as discrete entities, some or all of the functions of commit directory 230, 262, 278, free memory location counter 232, 266, TLB 234, 264, analysis register 240, 270, and FSM 248, 280, may be integrated, differentiated, added, deleted, or otherwise modified to produce the desired result.
Of course, a skilled artisan would realized that the structures described in
Many substitutions, modifications, alterations and equivalents may now occur and be made by those having ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it must be understood that the illustrated embodiments have been set forth only for the purposes of example, and that it should not be taken as limiting the invention as defined by the following claims. The following claims are, therefore, to be read to include not only the combination of elements which are literally set forth but all equivalent elements for performing substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result. The claims are thus to be understood to include what is specifically illustrated and described above, what is conceptually equivalent, and also what incorporates the idea of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 22, 1998
|Apr 4, 2000
|Lexmark International, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for dynamic buffering of input/output ports used for receiving and transmitting print data at a printer
|Mar 8, 1996
|Jun 20, 2000
|Mitsubishi Electric Information Technolgy Center America, Inc. (Ita)
|Network interface having support for message processing and an interface to a message coprocessor
|Nov 14, 1997
|Jun 25, 2002
|Fujitsu Limited
|Connectionless communication system
|Sep 1, 1999
|Apr 22, 2003
|Tantivy Communications, Inc.
|Packeting timeout spoofing in a wireless data communications network
|Dec 27, 2001
|Aug 15, 2006
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Data array having redundancy messaging between array controllers over the host bus
|Apr 20, 2001
|Nov 1, 2001
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Communication device and communication control method using lower layer data transmission order control at upper layer
|Feb 16, 2001
|Oct 24, 2002
|Microsoft Corporation
|System and method for providing componentized transports and forms
|Jul 5, 2001
|Feb 20, 2003
|Martin Larsson
|Method and arrangement relating to data communication
|May 30, 2001
|Aug 28, 2003
|Thomas Gruhn
|Method for transmitting data packets in a communication system and corresponding transmitter and receiver
|May 8, 2003
|Nov 11, 2004
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus and method for workflow-based routing in a distributed architecture router
|Sep 5, 2003
|Mar 10, 2005
|Sandeep Singhai
|Communication buffer manager and method therefor
|Automatic-repeat-request stragtegies. XP-002309572, Chapter 15, pp. 458-470.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 24, 2009
|Sep 10, 2013
|Sony Corporation
|Transmission apparatus, transmission method, and program
|Sep 17, 2010
|Dec 3, 2013
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd
|Apparatus and method for transmitting and receiving data in one-to-one communication
|May 25, 2011
|Dec 10, 2013
|Google Inc.
|System and method for handling of destination host side congestion
|Feb 24, 2009
|Oct 8, 2009
|Sony Corporation
|Transmission apparatus, transmission method, and program
|Sep 17, 2010
|Mar 24, 2011
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus and method for transmitting and receiving data in one-to-one communication
|U.S. Classification
|370/412, 370/428, 370/429
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 2, 2004
Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ABROL, NISCHAL;SINGHAI, SANDEEP;REEL/FRAME:014942/0049;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040115 TO 20040119
|Oct 25, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 28, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
|Too small
|Somewhat small
|Fits as expected
|Somewhat large
|Too large
Ever Pretty Elegant Lace Long Sleeve Formal Floor Length Evening Dress 09882
|$49.99 - $59.99 & FREE Returns on some sizes and colors. Details
|Lower price available on select options
- Detailed Size Info Please Check Left Image, Not Size Info Link. It is US Size when you place order.
- Lining, no stretch
- Padded enough for "no bra" option.
- Concealed zipper up the back
- Packaging: Our dresses are folded for faster shipping. Please use steam to remove any wrinkles upon arrival.
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Product Description
This stunning evening dress features a figure flattering ruched satin waist and a 3/4 sleeve lace bust. The formal floor length of the dress coupled with the classic black color makes this dress perfect for any black tie affair; it has also been very popular with mothers of the bride and groom.
- Shipping Information: View shipping rates and policies
- Date first available at Amazon.com: November 22, 2013
- #10 in Clothing > Women > Dresses > Wedding Party > Mother of the Bride
- #43 in Clothing > Women > Dresses > Prom & Homecoming
- #44 in Clothing > Women > Dresses > Formal
- Average Customer Review:
Customer Reviews
Top Customer Reviews
My only wish is that it were a bit longer. with heels on it hit at the ankle and I really wish it were closer to floor length as pictured on the model. I had on flats in the attached picture. It still looked great and made me feel comfortable. It hid my arms which I think are a little fat but didn't look old fashioned. It also accentuated my curves. I didn't need a bra but I'm a dd cup and get paranoid so I wore a strapless one anyway.
I really hope this review helps someone make a decision on this dress. Go for it! I'm glad I took a chance on it.
I wore this dress to wedding reception last week and I received so many compliments! I hid my tummy nicely. I'm so self conscious about that. But I would suggest to go up a size or 2 to give yourself some wiggle room. So glad I did! The color of the dress really showed up nicely with the flash of the camera. And most importantly I felt so pretty in it! Next I may get the dress in black!!!
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I ordered this for my mother as her mother of the bride gown. She absolutely loves it and it looks beautiful on her. Read morePublished 3 days ago by diana bergstrom
beautiful gorgeous but too small for me but I will recommend it beautiful dress for a weddingPublished 14 days ago by fafavi segbor-mensah
I ordered a size larger then I normally wear, I were a size 10 but I ordered a size 12 and I was glad I did, the dress fit my hips perfectly, Since my waist and breast were smaller... Read morePublished 14 days ago by Ms G
Had to send this back because the dress was not white, but more of an off-white or cream. Wasn't happy about having to pay for shipping to have this returned either.Published 15 days ago by Rae
This was purchased as a gift for my future daughter in law's mom. It is every thing she wanted and everyone is very pleased.Published 29 days ago by Amazon Customer
Looks like a Goodwill reject. I donated it to Goodwill!!! Disappointed does not do justice to my thoughts about this dress.Published 1 month ago by Barbara Simmons
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Grimsby Tide Times
Tides for 26th July 2016
Grimsby is a seaport on the Humber Estuary in Lincolnshire, England, with a population around 90,000. The town is permanently linked with the sea fishing industry, and its peak in the 1950s, it was the largest and busiest fishing port in the world.remove ads
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Grimsby Tide Tables 2016
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Tide Calendar for Grimsby
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Next High Tide, Sun and Moon times
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9hr 3min
Neap & Spring Tides
The graph below shows seven days of high and low tides at Grimsby visually. Where there is little change, a Neap tide has occurred. Where the change is greatest, this is a Spring tide. Graph times are now adjusted for BST, as above.
|Tue 26th Jul
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|Sun 31st Jul
|Mon 1st Aug
Mouse over the display to see tide height above chart datum at a given time.
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text:
Whether tackling treacherous snow-covered terrain, driving off the beaten path, or surviving extreme conditions where roads fear to tread, the adrenaline-pumping TRD Pro Series from Toyota is up for any challenge.
The Toyota RAV4 that Ryan Millen piloted last year to four out of five Western U.S. victories is about to take an even bigger stage.
Ram Truck continues to build the best pickups. The Ram 1500 EcoDiesel delivers the industry's best fuel economy at 29 miles per gallon (mpg).
The Midwest Automotive Media Association announced today that the 2016 Volvo XC90 has been named the winner of its sixth annual Family Vehicle of the Year award.
Atlanta. Mercedes-Benz Vans is pleased to announce the expansion of the Sprinter portfolio by debuting the WORKER model, which goes on sale in Spring 2016.
Together, millennials and baby boomers give Ford 160 million good reasons to expect the surge in SUV sales will continue into the next decade.
The 2016 Chicago Auto Show Media Preview kicked off with the Midwest Automotive Media Association (MAMA) breakfast. MAMA President Patrick Olsen presented Volvo with the 2016 Family Vehicle of the Year award for the XC90.
The 2016 Chicago Auto Show Media Preview kicked off with the launch of the 2017 Explorer XLT Sport Appearance Package and the BraunAbility Explorer MXV, the first mass-produced wheelchair accessible SUV.
Kia introduced the all-new Niro, a hybrid utility concept vehicle, during the 2016 Chicago Auto Show Media Preview. Perhaps the most defining feature of the vehicle is its hybrid efficiency with a design that resembles a crossover, as Kia is looking to create a brand new segment.
Nissan debuted the all-new 2017 Armada full-size SUV at the 2016 Chicago Auto Show, the largest auto show in North America. Nissan is also displaying a trio of "Winter Warriors," custom-built Pathfinder, Murano and Rogue models equipped with special snow tracks in place of their wheels and tires, at the nine-day show.


text:
Hello all
On IE5.5, could somebody please tell me how to remove Autocomplete on the forms. In fact, what I would prefer is to erase the history on Autocomplete - not the web address bar, just the forms on pages, i.e. when I search using Yahoo, if I start to type motoring for example, as soon as I type m, IE5.5 offers me a history of what I have previously searched.
Got it!
Thank you in anticipation of an answer.
London Boy!


text:
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text:
The catered chalet experience is modeled after European ski resorts where nearly half of ski vacations are experienced this way. A catered chalet package at this property includes a personal chef to prepare gourmet meals in the comfort of your chalet, menus tailed to your preferences including vegetarian, organic, and special diets - along with separate options for children, a chalet team that will assist in getting you around town, and daily housekeeping. Speak to a Steamboat destination expert for more details. 5,7,and 10 night packages available.
Minimum night stay requirements and other restrictions may apply. Properties displayed on this site are subject to availability at time of purchase. Valid on new reservations only. Promotion cannot be combined with any other offer.
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The Owl Lodge is a perfect retreat for a family ski trip in Steamboat with privacy and easy access to ski trails. Boasting for its prime location and exceptional level of quality with features only the finest decorations and furnishings. This multi-level home features a five bedroom, a full bathroom and half that can accommodate ten guests. Adding more convenience for the guests' stay, the house has an elevator and a dumb waiter.
On the main level, there is a king bedroom with private bathroom located across the hall. On the next level, there are two bedrooms, one with two sets of bunks and other with a split-king bed. On the top level, there is an office with queen sleeper sofa and the remaining two bedrooms, one with a split-king bed and the other with a king, each with private bathrooms.
There are two living areas in this unit. The living room has a grand fireplace with lots of comfortable seating loaded with an in-home sound system with iPod connection, big screen TV's and Blu-Ray DVD with access to Netflix for indoor entertainment. The lower level offers a second living area and also serves a recreation room with another large fireplace and TV. From there, guests can access the large hot tub and outdoor patio. The dining table can sit eight guests plus two more at the bar. The gas BBQ grill invites you to grill-out on the large deck for outdoor parties.
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text:
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. -- A hearing on misdemeanor gun, drug and alcohol charges has been delayed for three suspended Tennessee basketball players and Tyler Smith, who was dismissed from the team last week.
The players were not in court Thursday morning. The hearing has been rescheduled for Jan. 29.
All four face misdemeanor charges stemming from a New Year's Day traffic stop. Police pulled over the car the four were in for speeding and said they smelled marijuana. They also say they found a handgun with an altered serial number, a bag of marijuana and an open container of alcohol.
Tennessee (No. 10 ESPN/USA Today, No. 9 AP) hosts Auburn on Thursday night.


text:
Integrate template and functions to skadate script(must know the script before answer) - repost
This project received 1 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $30 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Project Budget$30 USD
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Project Description
Simple integration of a template and function to datingsite. you must know skadate script before you even answer here.
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- Forbes
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- Times Online


text:
Show Us What You Got
Show us your desktop, and we'll pick our favorite. That screenshot, along with information on who owns it, will be printed in our February issue.
What makes a desktop winning material? You tell us! Why should your desktop be immortalized in the February issue of Linux Journal? Just remember, your editorial staff full of family friendly folks. Well, for the most part anyway. If my wife steps into my office and finds me sorting through desktop photos of hardcore pornography, let's just say we all lose. Me especially! (So keep it family friendly, for my kid's sake)
Please fill out the form below by November 15th, and you could see YOUR desktop in the February issue of Linux Journal.
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Practical Task Scheduling Deployment
On Demand
One of the best things about the UNIX environment (aside from being stable and efficient) is the vast array of software tools available to help you do your job. Traditionally, a UNIX tool does only one thing, but does that one thing very well. For example, grep is very easy to use and can search vast amounts of data quickly. The find tool can find a particular file or files based on all kinds of criteria. It's pretty easy to string these tools together to build even more powerful tools, such as a tool that finds all of the .log files in the /home directory and searches each one for a particular entry. This erector-set mentality allows UNIX system administrators to seem to always have the right tool for the job.
Cron traditionally has been considered another such a tool for job scheduling, but is it enough? This webinar considers that very question. The first part builds on a previous Geek Guide, Beyond Cron, and briefly describes how to know when it might be time to consider upgrading your job scheduling infrastructure. The second part presents an actual planning and implementation framework.
Join Linux Journal's Mike Diehl and Pat Cameron of Help Systems.
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|The Firebird Project's Firebird Relational Database
|Jul 29, 2016
|Stunnel Security for Oracle
|Jul 28, 2016
|SUSE LLC's SUSE Manager
|Jul 21, 2016
|My +1 Sword of Productivity
|Jul 20, 2016
|Non-Linux FOSS: Caffeine!
|Jul 19, 2016
|Murat Yener and Onur Dundar's Expert Android Studio (Wrox)
|Jul 18, 2016
- Stunnel Security for Oracle
- The Firebird Project's Firebird Relational Database
- Murat Yener and Onur Dundar's Expert Android Studio (Wrox)
- SUSE LLC's SUSE Manager
- Managing Linux Using Puppet
- My +1 Sword of Productivity
- Non-Linux FOSS: Caffeine!
- Doing for User Space What We Did for Kernel Space
- SuperTuxKart 0.9.2 Released
- Google's SwiftShader Released
Geek Guides
With all the industry talk about the benefits of Linux on Power and all the performance advantages offered by its open architecture, you may be considering a move in that direction. If you are thinking about analytics, big data and cloud computing, you would be right to evaluate Power. The idea of using commodity x86 hardware and replacing it every three years is an outdated cost model. It doesn't consider the total cost of ownership, and it doesn't consider the advantage of real processing power, high-availability and multithreading like a demon.
This ebook takes a look at some of the practical applications of the Linux on Power platform and ways you might bring all the performance power of this open architecture to bear for your organization. There are no smoke and mirrors here—just hard, cold, empirical evidence provided by independent sources. I also consider some innovative ways Linux on Power will be used in the future.Get the Guide


text:
Unclaimed and Mostly Forgotten: A Testament to Troubled Lives
By PATRICIA WEISS
Published: November 25, 2001
ROW by somber row, beside a tranquil, tree-lined lane behind Connecticut Valley Hospital, lie the long-forgotten -- nearly 1,700 of them.
So terrible a stigma did mental illness once carry that many patients who died at the state psychiatric facility in Middletown, originally called Connecticut Hospital for the Insane, were buried without any sign of their identities. The small, stark headstones that mark their graves bear no names, only numbers.
Unlike typical tombstones, with ornately carved references to beloved mothers and devoted dads, these unadorned markers also show no evidence of age, gender or religion, never mind shrubbery, flowers, American flags or any signs that mourners ever stop by to pay their respects.
But now new efforts are being made to rescue these people from anonymity. It would be too costly to replace all 1,685 numbered stones or engrave them individually. Instead, a single large monument was erected in September, and the first stage of engraving began. When its roster of remembrance is complete, the stone will serve as a central guide to the cemetery, and a lasting public testament to troubled lives lived and lost.
''We're trying to erase the stigma,'' said Garrell Mullaney, the hospital's chief executive.
The people buried there died between 1868 and 1957, at a time when mental illness was believed to be irreversible and hereditary. ''The reason the patients' names are not on the stones is not to protect their confidentiality, but so it wouldn't bring shame on their families,'' he said. ''People kept these things quiet.''
And quiet they remain there. The graveyard, with its grim emphasis on numbers, calls to mind the thousands of lives lost recently in the World Trade Center. Unlike most victims of the terrorist attacks, though, whose remains were tragically unable to be recovered, these are people whose bodies were simply never claimed.
At least one of them was not forgotten, however, merely lost for nearly a century.
James J. Byrnie, an artist who decorated circus wagons for P. T. Barnum, left his home in Ansonia one day in 1902 and inexplicably vanished. His only son, then 4, lived the rest of his life never knowing what had become of his father. That awful void became a legacy of loss passed on to the next generation.
''I would say he was probably the most pivotal person in my life, and I never even met the guy,'' said Robert Byrnie, 71, a grandson of James Byrnie's. ''His absence was profoundly felt by the family.''
About five years ago, Mr. Byrnie, and his sister, Anne Byrnie Grace, both of Cromwell, began searching for the grandfather they had never known. They scoured libraries, town halls and churches throughout the state for any record of his name.
''Our name has always been important to me because of its unusual spelling,'' said Ms. Grace, 61. ''I can remember that, as a kid, any time we went on vacation, the first thing I would do is look in the phone book.'' She would comb it for anyone who spelled his or her name the way she did, hoping to locate a long-lost cousin or other relative. ''And it all went back to never knowing what had happened to our grandfather.''
Finally, information from the State Bureau of Vital Statistics led them to Connecticut Valley Hospital. After several years in a Danbury almshouse, James Byrnie had been admitted to the hospital and died there on Oct. 14, 1906. His medical records, still on file, show that he suffered from dementia, a result, they surmise, of lead poisoning.
''It was the custom back then to mix your own paints,'' said Robert Byrnie, a retired high school art teacher. ''The bright colors were particularly toxic. And working on circus wagons, that's what he would be using.''
A hospital official showed the Byrnie's where their grandfather had been buried. His plot, No. 403, was not only devoid of a name, but one of many there missing a stone. They were distraught, not by the circumstances in which their grandfather had died, but that he had been buried with nothing to signify that he had ever lived.
''All people's lives are important,'' said Ms. Grace, ''and no matter what your state in life is, whether you're rich or poor, or mentally ill, or a Rhodes scholar, your name is who you are.''
She did find some comfort, though, in ''a very profound experience,'' she said. ''When we did finally find him, and we laid flowers on his grave, I had the deep, profound sense of my grandfather saying to me: 'Thank you for finding me. Now my soul is free.' ''
While the Byrnies had been seeking their grandfather, the Rev. John Hall had been on a mission of his own, to restore dignity to those buried anonymously beside him.
He had been distressed about the burial ground ever since he first spied it in 1990, soon after becoming pastor at Middletown's First Church of Christ Congregational.
''I was very struck by the power of the cemetery,'' he said, ''with all those numbered stones lined up row after row after row. It is a very vivid statement about how people with mental illness have been viewed in our society.''


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Technology - New Discoveries, Research, Studies And Breakthroughs
Curious about recent discoveries and breakthroughs in the tools, machines, methods and applications that can be used to solve real-world problems and challenges? Want the most interesting news and updates relating to our developing new ways to interact with our world and manage our lives? We cover them here.
Subscribe here to our latest "Technology - New Discoveries, Research, Studies And Breakthroughs" articles.
"Green" Products Get High Marks at New Jersey Expoby Thomas A. Parmalee
People concerned about the environment turned out in droves for the Global Green Expo, which was held at Liberty State Park in Jersey City from April 25 to April 27 to celebrate Earth Day, and they were met with scores of new, innovative products.
Dogs Cloned For Drug Sniffing Jobsby Lady Bee
BMW M1 Homage Concept Revealed!by George Delozier
Clean Your Desk as you Surf the Net with the USB Cleaner Mouseby Ben Arnold
Airwaves City Car Concept Focuses on Safetyby George Delozier
New Wireless Adapter Promises 6x the Rangeby Ben Arnold
A Slightly Fatter Honda Fitby George Delozier
Crisper Foods With Frisper Vacuum Sealerby Toby
It certainly is economical. And the Frisper has high ratings. Let's take a look!
Keyboard Pants: The Ultimate in Typing Readiness!by Ben Arnold
MoneyMaker Pump Inventor Wins Lemelson-MIT Sustainability Awardby Myra Per-Lee
Dr. Martin Fisher, inventor of the MoneyMaker irrigation pump has won the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Award for sustainability for his invention. The pump, available now in three versions, has helped more than 300,000 African farmers become entrepreneurs and rise out of poverty.


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(b) Target sequence is
Complimentary base sequence to target to form DNA is
for formation of double strand is calculated using nearest neighbours parameters as shown below.
Thus, standard free energy change for formation of DNA double strand is
is related to equilibrium constant K of formation of DNA by equation.
…… (1)
In equation (1), R is gas constant. Value of R is. T is temperature in Kelvin. Convert in Kelvin temperature by adding 273.
Substitute known values in equation (1),


text: 000 FXUS63 KDDC 222301 AFDDDC Area Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Dodge City KS 601 PM CDT FRI JUL 22 2016 ...Updated aviation section... .SHORT TERM...(This evening through Saturday) Issued at 1201 PM CDT Fri Jul 22 2016 The HRRR for several runs has been insistent on developing a strong cold pool with outflow spreading southeast across western and central Kansas, but the HRRR likely is being far too aggressive (as usual) with outflow. Model soundings are largely uncapped by late afternoon, and a few surface based thunderstorms may develop along the surface trough line from north central into southwest Kansas. With high dewpoint depressions, there will be some potential for microbursts. The thunderstorms along the trough line most likely will dissipate before midnight. As the Pacific Northwest upper level trough progresses across the northern United States, a Pacific cold front will move into the central part of the country Saturday. The front will enter northwest Kansas and should extend from eastern Iowa across north central Kansas to southeast Colorado by Sunday morning. A second minor upper level trough that was near the British Columbia coast early today will reach the Northern Plains Sunday and reinforce the weak Pacific cold front Sunday. The front most likely will advance to near the Oklahoma border by Monday morning. A few high based thunderstorms may develop near the front Saturday afternoon, but the plume of exceedingly warm mid level temperatures over the frontal zone will keep coverage minimal. Once again, anything that forms will have the potential for production of high winds with very high downdraft CAPE values. Chances for more widespread thunderstorms are better Sunday night. Guidance has been a few degrees too high on maximum temperatures in southwest Kansas the past few days, most likely as a result of anomalously high evapotranspiration. This trend is likely to continue today, and maximum temperatures were adjusted down a bit in areas that received the most rainfall in the past week. Heat advisory criteria were not met for any station Thursday, and it is not at all certain that advisory criteria will be met today. The GFS looks considerably too warm again Saturday, but it is likely that temperatures will be two or three degrees warmer than today in most areas with downslope southwest low level flow and slightly warmer H8 temperatures. It is possible that heat advisory criteria will be met briefly at a few stations Saturday afternoon, so an advisory will be issued for Saturday in order to make a pretty picture with neighboring sites. .LONG TERM...(Saturday night through Friday) Issued at 344 PM CDT Fri Jul 22 2016 The subtropical high in the central part of the United States will weaken and evolve into an elongated ridge across the southern part of the country early next week, and minor waves rippling across the north side of the ridge will provide opportunities for thunderstorms nearly every day. Anticipating how mesoscale mechanisms will evolve in the long term is an exercise in futility. Temperatures will be near season averages on most days, although the potential exists for cooler values if nocturnal convective clusters linger into the morning hours and provide cool outflow that could keep highs in the 80s in some areas. As an upper level trough moves across the Northern Plains Sunday, the central part of the country will be in the entrance region of the jet streak associated with the upper level trough. Weak upward vertical motion will erode the mid level warm plume, and scattered thunderstorms can be expected to develop Sunday afternoon and evening along and behind the weak surface boundary across southern Kansas. Temperatures will be cooler Sunday as a consequence of increased cloud cover and the invasion of slightly cooler air behind the weak Pacific front. Thunderstorms are likely to linger into the evening Sunday, and evolution of a modest low level jet Sunday evening could support development of a nocturnal cluster in central and eastern Kansas. Outflow from the cluster may maintain a boundary that will wallow in western Kansas Monday, and another cluster of thunderstorms is possible Monday night near the old baroclinic zone. The models suggest that another minor upper level trough in the westerlies will approach Tuesday, and another round of thunderstorms is possible Tuesday afternoon and night. More thunderstorms can be expected Wednesday evening and night near the outflow boundary from the Tuesday night event. Yet another area of thunderstorms may propagate from the northern Plains into Kansas Thursday night. The upper level high will retrograde to the southwestern part of the country by late in the week, and a more significant upper level trough will dig into the Mississippi Valley Friday. This evolution will support a front with some actual cooling on Friday along with more thunderstorms. Temperatures are likely to remain cool through next weekend, but warmer weather will return early in August. However, it is likely that another surge of cool air will spread into the central part of the country around 3 August, followed by several days of mild weather. It appears likely that there will be occasional invasions of cool air in August, and there is little indication that there will be an extended period of hot weather. The current episode of heat may be the most notable one of the summer. && .AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Saturday evening) Issued at 559 PM CDT Fri Jul 22 2016 VFR conditions will prevail across the TAF sites with only a few mid level clouds around the HYS terminal this evening. Winds will generally be from a southerly direction at less than 10 knots overnight increasing to over 12 knots by late morning tomorrow. && .PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS... DDC 73 102 73 97 / 10 10 10 40 GCK 71 102 70 97 / 20 20 20 30 EHA 72 101 71 98 / 20 20 20 40 LBL 72 104 72 100 / 10 10 10 30 HYS 74 104 72 95 / 20 20 20 30 P28 75 105 76 101 / 0 0 0 30 && .DDC Watches/Warnings/Advisories... Heat Advisory until 8 PM CDT Saturday for KSZ030-031-045-046-065- 066-079>081-089-090. Heat Advisory until 8 PM CDT this evening for KSZ044-064. && $$ SHORT TERM...Ruthi LONG TERM...Ruthi AVIATION...Hovorka_42


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Harrison joins UGA softball team
The Dodge County News
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Kaylee Williams, coach Lu Harris-Champer and Adele Harrison
Harrison joins UGA softball team
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Wednesday, July 3. 2013
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Former Dodge County High School (DCHS) Lady Indian softball star, Adele Harrison has agreed to join the University of Georgia (UGA) softball team. She has starred with Middle Georgia State College (MGSC) the last two years where she was all conference both years.
Harrison was a big star for the Lady Indians as she was all-region in 2007, 2009 and 2010. She was honorable mention in 2008. She made the North-South All-Star team in 2010 and was named Georgia Dugout Club Elite 80. Her career batting average of .413 is third in the school's history. She is the all time DCHS leader in hits with 172, walks with 41 and stolen bases with 101. Her stolen bases are 12th in the state history books.
As a freshman at MGSC she hit a strong .412 and made first year all-conference team. She improved her sophomore season to a .420 and led the conference with 81 hits and seven triples. The seven triples were tied for sixth in the nation. Once again she was named first all-conference and she was named to the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) all tournament first team. She was also named an Academic All American.
The University of Georgia expressed interest in Harrison following her sophomore season at MGSC. She decided to go for a visit and she will be part of the program beginning in the fall. She will graduate from Middle Georgia State College with a pre-med associates degree this summer and will major in biology at UGA. Harrison will join a strong Georgia program that advanced to the National College Athletic Association (NCAA) tournament this past season. The Lady Dogs made the national championship series a few years ago.
Harrison is the daughter of Steve Harrison and Rita Llop of Eastman and has a younger brother, JoJo.
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City council wants to study tax increase
Tue, Jul 26, 2016 - 09:04 AM
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The clip Kleinfeld Tough request from Carlito's Way (1993) with Al Pacino, Sean Penn Okay, Dave, what's up...
The clip Kleinfeld Tough request from Carlito's Way (1993) with Al Pacino, Sean Penn Okay, Dave, what's up? I need you to do something for me. What is it? You gotta help me spring Tony Tagillalucci from the prison barge at Rikers. Are you crazy? He thinks I stole a million dollars from him. This is a dying man. He's nuts. He's totally fucking paranoid. Do you realize what you just said to me? If I don't do it, he's going to have me killed. It's that simple. So that means you're gonna have to bust into prison? What do you think, I'm crazy? He's gonna swim off the island. Gonna swim? Yeah. He's gonna drown. Not if you and I pick him up... ...in that. Tony's got a guy on the inside who'll get him in the water. I know these channels like the back of my hand. We cross Little Neck Bay into the north corner to pick him up. There's a buoy about 100 yards offshore. That's where he's gonna be. This is in and out, half hour tops. He's gonna jump off a barge... ...swim 100 yards... ...to a buoy in the East River? Impossible. It's too rough. He's going to die. That's his fucking problem. There's no point in arguing. I have to do this. I'm asking for your help. You're a lawyer, man. What the fuck is happenin' to you?


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About Us
The Fire Battalion is the Army ROTC Program for the city of Chicago, with headquarters at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Our students attend their university classes at several 4-year universities in Metropolitan Chicago and Northwest Indiana. University of Illinois at Chicago is the host school and extension center schools include Illinois Institute of Technology, Robert Morris University, Chicago State University, Indiana University Northwest, and Purdue University Calumet. You can also be part of the ROTC program by attending The University of Chicago, Columbia College, Roosevelt University, St. Xaiver University, Northwood University, and Resurrection University College of Nursing, while attending your military class at University Illinois at Chicago. As a Cadet in Army ROTC, you will test your limits and learn what it means to be ARMY STRONG through training in leadership, tactics, national security, and effective communication.
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If you are interested in joining the ROTC and becoming part of the greatest team that you will ever have the opportunity to serve then please visit our 'How to Join' page.
We are located at 728 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60607-4920
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- Cadet Troop Leading program leads to vast experiences for Army cadets July 13, 2016
- Army JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl winners announced June 29, 2016
- Cadet team from Saipan get unique experience at JLAB June 27, 2016
- JROTC Cadets receive mentoring from Cadet Command's past leadership June 26, 2016
- Defense secretary observes, mentors future leaders at Cadet Summer Training June 22, 2016


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Come and join us
We're a vibrant, Anglican church situated at the heart of Cheltenham town centre, we love to welcome people from all walks of life to our two Sunday celebrations at Trinity, and everybody is invited to join us! Our morning celebration has a real family feel, whilst our evening celebration is more informal and contemporary.
What's ahead
Check out what's coming up at Trinity
Kids Holiday Club
Tuesday 26th July – Thursday 28th July.
Trinity House
Discipleship Year
Beginning September 2016.
Trinity Cheltenham
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Sunday 31st July to Saturday 6th August.
Royal Bath & West Showground
The Alpha Course
Alpha is for anyone interested in exploring questions of life and spirituality.
We spend 8 evenings considering some of the big questions in life including:
"What can I really believe?" "Does prayer work?" "Who is Jesus?" and "Is there a God?"
Watch the latest Alpha Talk
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-Via Laughing Squid


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This special arc with guest artist Jim Rugg continues!! Finn and Jake might have finally met their match, but what will happen with it turns out that the match isnât a match at all? Things are getting crazy in the land of Ooo and it looks like our heroes might need someone to save them this time around.
Marvel Assembles an Official Title for Third "Avengers" Movie
Comic Books, Film


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