text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 15, 1976
|Filing date
|Aug 14, 1974
|Priority date
|Apr 19, 1973
|Publication number
|Norris C. Hekimian, James F. Turner
|Original Assignee
|Hekimian Laboratories, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (11), Classifications (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a division of application Ser. No. 352,552, filed April 19, 1973, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,862,380.
The present invention relates to monitoring non-linear distortion in the transmission of voice and voice band data. More particularly, the present invention relates to a non-linear distortion meter and circuitry employed therein.
Common carrier telephone channels, both switched and dedicated, now carry a variety of non-voice signals. These signals usually consist of one or more tones which are amplitude and/or phase modulated by either analog or digital information. Each signal format is impaired to varying degrees by the physical limitations, interferences, and design compromises imposed by nature and economics. Naturally it is desirable to be able to quickly and simply measure the limitations of a transmission channel; however, until the present invention there has been no really practical approach to measuring the full effects of amplitude distortion in a telephone channel.
Amplitude distortion on voice frequency telephone channels can degrade voice quality and seriously impair data transmission. Unfortunately, conventional distortion measuring techniques are inadequate for telephone channel tests. A simple harmonic distortion test has a serious measurement uncertainty in channels having multiple distortion sources combined with envelope delay or frequency offset. Total distortion tests, on the other hand, have difficulty distinguishing distortion from channel noise; further, such tests cannot separate the various types of distortion sufficiently to assist in fault isolation.
Bell System Technical Reference, PUB 41008, entitled "Analog Parameters Affecting Voiceband Data Transmission - Description of Parameters", and dated October 1971, describes an intermdoulation technique for measuring non-linear distortion in voice channels. Pages 16-24 of this publication presents a detailed analysis of the common sources of both second and third order distortion products and the effects of typical channel conditions on their measurement. The publication further illustrates why the intermodulation technique is more accurate and useful than the harmonic and total distortion techniques.
The intermodulation technique recommended by the aforementioned Bell System Technical Reference utilizes as test signals two narrow bands of Gaussian noise, centered about 860 Hz and 1380 Hz, respectively. The noise bands are used rather than discrete tones because the noise spectrum produced by individual tones in PCM systems is not flat and continuous but instead is discrete; the discrete components add or beat with the non-linear distortion product being measured causing inaccurate and time-variable readings. The noise bands produce a flat continuous spectrum. Moreover, the crest factor (i.e. -- ratio of peak value to RMS value) is on the order of 10 db for a Gaussian distribution, thereby assuring that test signal peaks will be large enough to test the region of channel non-linearity; if two individual test tones are employed the crest factor is only 6 db and a thorough test of the channel non-linearity is not assured.
The noise bands are applied to the channel under test in which second and third order intermodulation distortion is to be measured. Third order distortion is measured as the signal component produced by the channel at 1900 Hz (i.e. 2 � 1380 - 860). Second order distortion is measured as the signal components produced by the channel at 520 Hz (i.e. 1380 - 860) and 2240 Hz (i.e. 860 + 1380).
The intermodulation measurement technique described above is fine in theory. In practice, however, the procedure is tedious because it is necessary to wait for at least thirty seconds, and usually more, for each reading to stabilize. This is due to the random nature of the noise band test signals. Specifically, within each narrow noise band the signal amplitude is changing randomly and arbitrarily small difference frequencies exist. Theoretically, the signal detector should average out these small difference frequencies and to do so would require an infinite time. In practice, a relatively long time period, on the order of a minute, is required in order to obtain a meaningful result.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an intermodulation measurement technique which is as meaningful and accurate as that described above but which can be performed in a matter of a few seconds.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved intermodulation measurement technique which eliminates the need for using noise bands as test signals.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a practical non-linear distortion analyzer and test set for telephone channels.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide novel circuits for particular use in a distortion analyzer and test set, including an automatic gain control, an RMS converter, and a non-linear circuit for producing stable and predictable second and third order distortion.
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the two noise band test signals are replaced by two pairs of sinusoidal tones, the tones in each pair being closely spaced to approximate a noise band. The tone pair approach retains all of the advantages of the noise band approach, including a 9 bd crest factor, and eliminates the disadvantage of requiring long time averaging in metering. The shorter metering time not only expedites measurement operations but also permits the analyzer to follow time-varying distortion products which would be averaged out and obscured by the long metering time required by the noise band approach.
According to another aspect of the present invention an automatic gain control circuit samples an input signal at a duty cycle which varies with the level of the input signal to effect highly linear gain control. The linear operation introduces negligible distortion products and therefore is ideally suitable for use in a distortion analyzer apparatus.
In still another aspect of the present invention the detected second order intermodulation products, in the form of sinusoidal signals, are combined in a novel RMS converter circuit. This converter employs a squaring circuit and a feedback loop in which the output signal is used to maintain the input signal to the squaring circuit constant. The output signal from the squaring circuit is therefore also constant and is fed to an active low pass filter having a high DC gain. The resulting DC output signal from the active filter is the RMS value of the combined sinusoidal intermodulation products.
In still another aspect of the present invention, a distortion circuit is provided to produce a known amount of second and third order distortion in a test signal to permit operational checkout of the distortion analyzer. The distortion circuit employs an operational amplifier and three parallel signal paths. One path is entirely resistive and produces a linear component in the output signal. Second order distortion is produced in a resistor-diode series path. Third order distortion is produced by the operational amplifier itself in combination with a resistive path. The three components are superimposed on one another to provide the desired output signal.
The above and still further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of specific embodiments thereof, especially when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a distortion analyzer according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a linear automatic gain control circuit employed in the distortion analyzer of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a detailed schematic diagram of the automatic gain control circuit of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a detailed schematic diagram of an RMS converter circuit employed in the distortion analyzer of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 5 is a detailed schematic diagram of a non-linear distortion circuit employed in the distortion analyzer of FIG. 1.
Referring specifically to FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings, a distortion analyzer includes two test signal generators 10 and 11 which provide test signals to be applied to the telephone channel under test. Generator 10 provides sinusoidal test signals at frequencies of 856 Hz and 863 Hz; generator 11 provides sinusoidal test signals at frequencies of 1374 Hz and 1385 Hz. These signals are summed at 12 and applied through switch 13 (in its NORMAL position) to output amplifier 14. Switch 13 has two positions: in its NORMAL position the four summed sinusoidal test signals are applied to amplifier 14; in its S/N TEST position only the 1374 Hz and 1385 Hz signals are applied to amplifier 14. The output signal from amplifier 14 is fed to output transformer 16 which applies the test signals to the telephone channel under test. The output signal from transformer 16 is also applied to a monitor transformer 17 which in turn applies the signal to buffer amplifier 18. As is described hereinbelow, the signal from amplifier 18 can be metered to permit monitoring of the test signal level as applied to the channel under test.
The four test sinusoidal signals summed at 12 are also applied to a nonlinear circuit 19 which combines the signals in such a way as to introduce a known amount of distortion. Specifically, the non-linear circuit 19 introduces specific amounts of second and third order distortion products for use in checking the calibration and operativeness of the distortion analyzer. Circuit 19 is described in greater detail in relation to FIG. 5.
A two-position NORMAL-DIST. CHECK switch 20 includes two poles 20a and 20b. In the NORMAL position pole 20a connects the T line of the channel under test to input transformer 21; pole 20b connects the channel R line to the input transformer. In this manner the test signal applied to the channel under test is applied to the input circuitry of the distortion analyzer for processing. In the DIST. CHECK position of switch 20 the calibrated output signal from non-linear circuit 19 is applied to input transformer 21. The output signal from transformer 21 is applied to a noise protection filter 22 which passes only signals in the audio band.
The filtered signal from filter 22 is split between two paths. In one path it is applied to a highly linear automatic gain control circuit which provides a constant output signal level for an input range in excess of 40 db. The constant level is provided without introducing intermodulation distortion components larger than 50 db down from the test signal so that the signal is ideally suited for accurate processing by the distortion analysis portion of the unit. The other path for the signal from filter 22 includes one pole 24a of a three-pole four-position switch 24. Switch 24 serves as a meter switch and effectively connects four different signals for selective metering. The four positions of switch 24 are: third, second, IN, and OUT. In the third position the measured third order distortion product is metered; in the second position the measured second order distortion product is metered; in the INPUT position the input signal level is metered; and in the OUTPUT position the test signal can be metered before it is applied to the channel under test. In this regard the pre-transmitted test signal is applied from buffer amplifier 18 to the OUTPUT position at pole 24a; the received signal from filter 22 is applied to each of the third ORDER, second ORDER and INPUT positions of pole 24a.
The signal passed by pole 24a of the meter selection switch is applied to a 20 db amplifier and to pole 27a of three-pole three-position meter range selection switch 27. The output signal from amplifier 26 is also connected to pole 27a which is arranged to pass either the amplified or unamplified signal and thereby permit an on-scale meter reading. The signal passed by switch 27 is applied to linear detector 28 which converts the AC signal to a proportional DC level. This DC level is applied to the INPUT and OUTPUT positions of pole 24b which, in the INPUT and OUTPUT positions, passes the signal to meter range amplifier 29. Poles 27b and 27c of meter range switch 27 are arranged to adjust the gain of amplifier 29 to the selected gain level. The output signal from amplifier 29 is applied to a log converter circuit 31 which drives meter 32. Log converter circuit provides an output signal amplitude which is proportional to the logarithm of the level of the input signal applied thereto. A suitable circuit for providing this function is described in U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 299,139 filed Oct. 19, 1972, by Norric C. Hekimian and entitled "Logarithmic Converter".
The level controlled signal provided by AGC circuit 23 is applied to three bandpass filters 33, 34 and 35 having their passbands centered at 520 Hz, 2240 Hz and 1900 Hz, respectively. These frequencies are chosen because they represent specific intermodulation products of the test signals. Specifically the average frequency of the test tones provided by signal generator 10 is approximately 860 Hz; the average frequency of the test provided by signal generator 11 is approximately 1380 Hz. Second order intermodulation distortion products, if produced by the two pair of tones, would be present at 520 Hz (1380 - 860) and 2240 Hz (1380 + 860); a third order intermodulation product would be present at 1900 Hz (2 � 1380 - 860). The bandwidth requirement of filters 33, 34 and 35 is not critical, it only being necessary that the passband be wide enough to pass the entire band of the respective distortion products. A nominal passband of 50 Hz is suitable for all three filters.
The second order distortion products passed by filters 33 and 34 are summed at 36 and applied to an RMS detector circuit 37. Circuit 37, which is described in detail in relation to FIG. 4, provides a signal at the RMS value of the summed signals. This RMS signal is applied to the second ORDER position of pole 24b of the meter selection switch. The third order distortion product from filter 35 is applied to linear detector 38 which converts the distortion product to a proportional DC level. This DC level is applied to the third ORDER position of pole 24b of the meter selection. In this manner the second and third order intermodulation products can be individually metered when switch 24 is in the appropriate position.
The constant level output signal from AGC circuit 23 is also applied to each of bandpass filters 41 and 42 which have passbands centered at 860 Hz and 1380 Hz, respectively. As described above, these center frequencies correspond approximately to the average frequencies of the two test tone pairs. The passbands need only be wide enough to accommodate all of the respective test tone bands and a nominal width of 50 Hz is adequate. The output signals from filters 41 and 42 are summed at 43 and utilized in conjunction with the level control function of AGC circuit 23. This is described more fully in relation to FIG. 3. In addition, the output signal from filter 41 is applied to linear detector 44; the signal from filter 42 is applied to linear detector 46. Detectors 44 and 46 provide DC levels proportional to the signals passed by filters 41 and 42. These DC levels are applied to a window comparator circuit 47. This circuit monitors the relative difference between the amplitudes of the two test tone signals received from the channel under test. If the difference in amplitude between the two test tones is 6 db or more, window circuit 47 actuates the twist caution lamp 48b. A difference of 6 db or more indicates that the channel under test has a severe frequency response problem in that it is attenuating one test tone pair to a much greater extent than the other test tone pair. Under such circumstances a distortion analysis would not be accurate so the operator is warned by the lighted twist caution lamp 48b.
The output signal from AGC circuit 23 is also applied to linear detector 45 which detects AC signal and provides a proportional DC level. This level is applied to spurious tone comparator 49 which functions as a threshold detector to actuate its spurious caution lamp 48c if the signal level from detector 45 is above a predetermined limit level. This alerts the operator to the fact the AGC circuit output signal has a high level signal component which should not be present. The AGC output signal should only carry the test signal tones and their distortion products; if more than this is present there may be an error in the readings.
Another output signal from AGC circuit 23 is applied to low input level comparator circuit 51. This circuit actuates the level caution lamp 48a when the signal at the AGC circuit is below a predetermined level. The function of this circuit is to caution the operator if the signal level is too low to permit accurate distortion measurement.
The level caution lamp 48a is also lighted by detector/comparator 52 when the output signal from filter 22 is too high. Under such conditions the AGC circuit would be saturated by the input signal and would not provide a constant level without adding distortion.
In normal distortion measurement operation the two pairs of sinusoidal test tones are applied at equal power levels to the telephone channel under test via output transformer 16. These test tones, after traversing the channel, are applied, along with any intermodulation products produced by the channel, to input tranformer 21 from which they are passed to AGC circuit 23. The latter circuit adjusts the signal to a constant level and passes this constant level signal to filters 33, 34 and 35. Any second order intermodulation products produced in the channel under test at 520 Hz and 2240 Hz are passed by filters 33 and 34, respectively, summed, and applied to RMS detector 37. The output signal from the RMS detector is a DC level proportional to the RMS value of the combined second order intermodulation products. This level, relative to the test signal level, can be read directly from meter 32 when the meter selection switch 24 is in the second position.
The multi-component constant level output signal from AGC circuit 23 is also applied to filter 35 which passes only third order intermodulation products produced in the channel under test at 1900 Hz. The passed third order signal is detected at linear detector 38 which provides a DC level proportional to the amplitude of the 1900 Hz intermodulation product. This level, relative to the test signal, can be read at meter 32 when the meter selection switch is in its third position.
The distortion analyzer of FIG. 1 permits measurement of the level of the overall input signal as received from the channel under test. This measurement is effected with meter selection switch 24 in the IN position, thereby applying the signal from filter 22 to linear detector 28. The detected DC level is first log converted and then measured at meter 32.
It is also possible to measure the level of the combined test signals as applied to the channel under test. This is done by placing meter selection switch 24 in the OUT position, thereby connecting buffer amplifier 18 to detector 28. The resulting DC level is log converted and then measured at meter 32.
All of the foregoing measurements are made with mode switch 20 in the NORMAL position. In the DIST. CHECK position switch 20 permits the distortion analyzer operation to be checked. Specifically, the two test tone pairs, which are summed at 12, are applied to non-linear distortion circuit 19 which introduces second and third order intermodulation products of known level. This calibration signal is then applied to the input transformer 21 via switch 20 and is processed and analyzed in the same manner as the test signal received from a channel under test. By measuring the second and third order products of the calibration signal at meter 32, the operator can ascertain the operating status of the system. If the measured components of the calibration signal are not at a predetermined level, the analyzer can be assumed to the malfunctioning.
The system includes another test mode which enables the operator to determine the effects of test channel noise on the system. In this mode switch 13 is placed in the S/N TEST position and mode switch 20 is placed in the NORMAL position. In this condition only the 1374 Hz and 1385 Hz tone pair is applied to the channel under test, but the level of these two tones is approximately 3 db higher than in the normal test mode when both tone pairs are applied to the channel under test. The net effect is that the channel is still loaded with the same power provided by the four tones in normal operation; however, there is no intermodulation produced since the lower frequency tone pair is omitted. Under these conditions, with meter selection switch 24 in the second and third positions, meter 32 measures the residual channel noise level. A knowledge of the residual noise level permits the operator to properly evaluate the readings during actual distortion tests. Specifically, if the measured residual noise is at or close to the same level as the measured distortion, the noise is overriding the distortion components and an accurate distortion measurement cannot be made.
The most distinguishing feature of the distortion analyzer is the use of two pairs of tones in place of the two noise bands described as test signals in the aforementioned Bell System Technical Reference (PUB 41008). Whereas the two noise band approach requires a long time (on the order of 1 minute) for the meter to average, the two pairs of tones approach requires only a few seconds at worst. The tone pairs are easier to generate than the noise bands and their calibration level can be measured more quickly.
There is no significant disadvantage to employing the two pairs of tones since the amplitude distribution of the four tones closely corresponds to the amplitude distribution of Gaussian noise. Specifically, Gaussian noise is normally considered to have a 10 db crest factor; i.e. the ratio of peak amplitude to RMS value is 10 db. The crest factor for the four tones is 9 db. Thus, for all practical purposes the four discrete tones are as capable of testing the non-linear response region of a telephone channel as are the two noise bands.
An important feature of the distortion analyzer is the fact that is provides direct distortion readings at meter 32 without requiring plural adjustments or mental calculations. This is made possible by the highly linear AGC circuit 23 which automatically adjusts the received test signal level to a reference level against which all distortion measurements can be compared. As another feature of the present invention a highly linear AGC 23 circuit is provided which produces no significant distortion products that can affect the distortion measurement. A functional block diagram of this AGC circuit is illustrated in FIG. 2.
Referring specifically to FIG. 2, the AGC circuit includes a chopper, illustrated schematically as a relay 53 having a normally open contact 54. The chopper takes discrete samples of the input signal at a fixed frequency which is at least twice the frequency of the highest component of interest in the input signal. In the distortion analyzer, interest resides in the audio band in a telephone channel so that a sampling frequency of 10 KHz is suitable. The sampled signal is passed through low pass filter 56 to remove the sampling frequency component and harmonic components introduced by the sampling. The resulting signal is the reference level for the distortion analyzer and it is fed back to a level detector 57 which converts the AC signal to a DC level. Alternatively, two bandpass filters, such as filters 41, 42 which are tuned to the nominal average frequencies of the test tone pairs, may be inserted into the feedback path before level detector 57 to assure that only the test tones, rather than any audio signal, control the setting of the reference level for the distortion analyzer. The detected level from detector 57 is further filtered at amplifier/filter 58 which has a high DC gain. The amplified DC level is applied to comparator 59.
A triangle waveform generator 61 provides a fixed frequency triangular waveform at the sampling frequency. The triangular waveform is applied to comparator 59 which actuates relay 53 during only a portion of the triangular waveform period, as determined by the fed back DC level received from amplifier/filter 58. The feedback signal therefore varies the duty cycle of the sampling signal applied to relay 53; if the DC level increases the sampling interval is shortened, and if the DC level decreases the sampling interval is lengthened. In this manner the amplitude of the sampled signal is maintained constant at the reference level required for automatic distortion analyzer operation.
The primary advantage of the sampling technique in an AGC circuit is its inherently linear characteristic. This extreme linearity produces negligible distortion, thereby making the technique ideal for distortion analyzers which require components that do not mask the distortion measurements with distortion inherent in the measuring equipment. For example, with this technique it is possible to provide constant leveling over a 40 db range of input signal amplitude while producing distortion products no larger than 60 db down from the reference level. A specific embodiment to accomplish this is illustrated schematically in FIG. 3.
Referring specifically to FIG. 3, two cascaded stages of sampling are employed, the samplers comprising field effect transistors Q1 and Q3. These transistors are switched on and off in unison by common-emitter PNP transistor switch Q8 which is alternately switched on and off by the sampling signal. The signal sampled at transistor Q1 is amplified by common-base configured NPN transistor Q2 and is passed to an active low pass filter including operational amplifier A1 and associated resistive-capacitive components. The filtered signal is again sampled at Q3, amplified by NPN transistor Q4 and filtered once again by an active low pass filter comprising operational amplifier A2 and associated resistive-capacitive components. A further amplification stage, in the form of operational amplifier A3 is employed at the output of the second filter to provide the AGC output signal.
The output signal is applied to each of two active filters corresponding to filters 41 and 42, respectively, in FIG. 1. One filter includes two active bandpass filter stages employing operational amplifiers A4 and A5, respectively. The RC components associated with A4 and A5 produce a passband centered at 860 Hz with a bandwidth of approximately 50 Hz. The other filter includes two active bandpass filter stages employing operational amplifiers A6 and A7, respectively. The RC components associated with A6 and A7 produce a passband centered at 1380 Hz with a bandwidth of approximately 50 Hz.
The two signals passed by the filters are summed at the junction of resistors R37 and R142 and are applied to a level detector comprising diode D6, capacitor C23 and resistor R34. The detected DC level is applied to an active low pass filter comprising operational amplifier A8, which has a high DC gain, and associated RC components. The output signal from amplifier A8 is applied to the inverting (-) input terminal of operational amplifier A9 which serves as a comparator. The input signal to the non-inverting (+) input terminal of amplifier A9 is the triangular waveform signal provided by a triangle waveform generator including operational amplifier A10 and associated RC components. Comparator A9, in turn, drives transistor Q8 to alternately open and close sampling transistors Q1 and Q3. The signal provided from amplifier A9 actuates the samplers only when the triangular waveform amplitude is less than the DC level provided from amplifier A8. Consequently, the portion of each triangular waveform period during which sampling occurs changes as the feedback signal amplitude changes. The AGC output signal is thus maintained at the desired constant reference level.
The use of the 860 Hz and 1380 Hz bandpass filters in the AGC feedback path assures only the test tone components of the signal control the amplitude of the reference level. Further, the desired control is achieved using inexpensive components having no need for periodic adjustments and alignments.
The various amplifiers, filters, samplers and signal generators employed in the circuit of FIG. 3 are conventional in nature. Thus, for the sake of brevity and to facilitate understanding to the inventive concepts, each of these individual circuits is not described in detail. Further, power supply connections to the various operational amplifiers have been omitted to facilitate understanding. In an actual working embodiment, the various components of FIG. 3 had the values listed in the following table:Component Value______________________________________R9 7.5K ohmsR10 4.3K ohmsR11 1.5K ohmsR12 10K ohmsR14 3.9K ohmsR15 43K ohmsR16 22K ohmsR17 20K ohmsR18 39K ohmsR19 4.3K ohmsR20 11K ohmsR21 1K ohmsR22 36K ohmsR23 1K ohmsR24 3.9K ohmsR25 750 ohmsR26 4.3K ohmsR27 3.9K ohmsR28 100 ohmsR29 100 ohmsR30 43K ohmsR31 22K ohmsR32 20K ohmsR33 100K ohmsR34 10K ohmsR35 5K ohmsR36 150K ohmsR37 22K ohmsR38 39K ohmsR39 4.3K ohmsR40 36K ohmsR41 22K ohmsR42 36K ohmsR43 13K ohmsR44 51K ohmsR45 576 ohmsR46 200 ohmsR47 511K ohmsR48 13K ohmsR49 51K ohmsR50 576 ohmsR51 200 ohmsR52 510 K ohmsR53 510 K ohmsR66 100 K ohmsR67 9.1K ohmsR68 205 ohmsR69 100 ohmsR70 511K ohmsR71 100K ohmsR72 9.1K ohmsR73 205 ohmsR74 100 ohmsR75 511K ohmsR90 50K ohmsR91 50K ohms R142 22K ohmsC10 100 pfC11 150 μfC12 .01 μfC13 150 μfC14 .01 μfC15 .039 μfC16 2.2 μfC17 6800 pfC18 1200 pfC19 2.2 μfC20 .0075 μfC21 22 μfC22 2.2 μfC23 22 μfC24 .022 μfC25 2.2 μfC26 6800 pfC27 1200 pfC28 2.2 μfC31 2.2 μfC32 47 pfC33 .01 μfC34 .01 μfC35 47 pfC36 .01 μfC37 .01 μfC44 180 pfC45 .01 μfC46 .01 μfC47 180 pfC48 .01 μfC49 .01 μfC69 2.2 μfA9 and A10 MC1437L (Motorola)A1 through A8 MC1458 (Motorola)Q1, Q3 MPF102 (Motorola)Q2, Q4 2N3566Q8 2N5138______________________________________
Another unique circuit employed in the distortion analyzer is RMS detector circuit 37, illustrated in detail in FIG. 4. As illustrated, the two second order distortion signals are summed at the junction resistors R81 and R82 and are AC-coupled to the inverting input terminal of operational amplifier A11. The non-inverting input terminal of amplifier A11 is grounded. The signal level at the output of amplifier A11 is maintained substantially constant by means of a feedback circuit employing operational transconductance amplifier A12. The latter may be model CA3080 manufactured by the RCA Solid State Division and functions to provide an output current which is proportional to the transconductance of the amplifier, which in turn is proportional to the bias current supplied on bias input line 61. The non-inverting (+) input terminal of transconductance amplifier A12 receives the output signal from input amplifier A11; the inverting (-) input terminal of A11 is grounded. The bias current on control line 61 is controlled by the collector-emitter path of PNP transistor Q1, through a resistive divider circuit. The base of Q1 is controlled by feedback operational amplifier A15 which is linearly driven by the overall output voltage V.sub. o for the RMS detector circuit. Amplifier A15 and transistor Q1 serve to provide a linear voltage-to-current converter for the fed back output voltage Vo. Thus, the current on control line 61 of transconductance amplifier A12 is proportional to the output voltage Vo. Consequently, the gain of amplifier A12 is proportional to Vo.
The effect of transconductance amplifier A12 connected in feedback relation with amplifier A11 is to render the output voltage from amplifier A11 constant. An expression for this voltage may be written as: ##EQU1## where V11 is the output voltage provided by amplifier A11, (A11) is the gain of amplifier A11, K1 is a constant related to the nominal gain of amplifier A12, Vo is the output voltage of the overall circuit which controls the gain of A12, and Vin represents the input voltage applied to the overall circuit. Expression (1) can be simplified, due to the fact that (A11) is much larger than 1, so that ##EQU2##
The output voltage from amplifier A11 is applied to both the non-inverting (+) input terminal and control line 62 for operational transconductance amplifier A13. This amplifier is of the same general type as amplifier A12 and, when connected as shown and described, provides an output voltage which is proportional to the square of the input voltage. Since the input signal (V11) to amplifier A12 is substantially constant, and since the output signal from A13 is proportional to the square of V11, the output signal from A13 must also be substantially constant. The output voltage from A13 can therefore be represented as ##EQU3## where C is a constant. Solving for Vo in expression (3) yields the following: ##EQU4## and since K1 and C are constants, ##EQU5## where K2 is a constant equal to K1 √C.
The signals represented as INPUT No. 1 and INPUT No. 2 in FIG. 4 are actually two sets of four sinusoids corresponding to the second order intermodulation products centered at 520 Hz and 2240 Hz, respectively. To simply illustrate the workings of the circuit assume that Vin is the sum of two sinusoidal signals which may be represented by the expressions A cos α and B cos β, respectively. Thus, Vin may be prepresented as
Vin = A cos α + B cos β (6)
and, upon squaring
Vin 2 =A2 cos2 α+B2 cos2 β+2ABcosαcosβ. (7)
By the use of the trigometric identity:
cos2 α = 1/2 (1 + cos 2α), (8)
expression (7) can be expanded as follows: ##EQU6## All but the first two terms of expression (9) are AC components; the first two terms are DC components representing the mean squared terms of the two input sinusoids. If for the moment we ignore the AC components of Vin 2 in expression (9) and substitute only the DC components into expression (5), the result is: ##EQU7## providing the desired result of rendering the output voltage Vo proportional to the RMS (or square root of the mean squared) value of the input voltage. To justify ignoring the AC terms in expression (9) and thereby obtain the desired RMS conversion, a low pass active filter having a high DC gain is provided at the output of amplifier A13. This active low pass filter is in effect an integrator employing operational amplifier A14 and feedback capacitor C62. The output voltage from this high gain low pass filter is Vo, the RMS output voltage.
The important feature of the RMS circuit is the use of a "slide back" technique, using the output voltage in a negative feedback arrangement to maintain the input level to the squaring circuit substantially constant. This technique places minimal demands on the range of signal levels handled by the squaring circuit; thus accurate RMS representation of a large range of input signal levels can be had using an inexpensive squaring device.
The diode D2 in the active low pass filter is employed to limit the positive swing of the output signal Vo during transient conditions so that filter capacitor C62 is not damaged. Transistor Q3 and associated circuitry provides temperature compensation for the circuit.
In an actual working embodiment of the RMS circuit of FIG. 4, the following component values were employed.
______________________________________Component Value______________________________________R81 180K ohmsR82 180K ohmsR85 10K ohmsR86 4.7K ohmsR88 50K ohmsR89 37K ohmsR90 200 ohmsR91 100K ohmsR92 51 ohmsR101 39K ohmsR102 51 ohmsR103 18K ohmsR109 39K ohmsR110 2.7K ohmsR112 10K ohmsR114 1.2K ohmsR115 12K ohmsC51 2.2 μfC53 22 μfC61 2.2 μfC62 6.8 μfA11, A15, A14 MC1458 (Motorola)A12, A13 CA3080 (RCA)Q1, Q3 2N5138______________________________________
Still another unique circuit employed in the distortion analyzer in the non-linear circuit 19, illustrated in detail in FIG. 5. This circuit employs a single operational amplifier A50 having its non-inverting (+) input terminal grounded. Input signal is applied to the inverting (-) input terminal via resistor RG. The output signal for the circuit is taken across load resistor RF. Three signals are summed at RF, each comprising a current component flowing through RF. A first path includes RE which is connected between the output terminal and the input terminal.
A second path is connected in parallel with RE and includes series-connected resistor RD and diode DA. The diode is poled so that its cathode is connected to the circuit output terminal. A third signal path includes RG connected between the input terminal and the (-) input terminal of the amplifier, RA connected directly between the output terminal and (-) input terminal of the amplifier, and RB and RC connected in series between the output terminal and the output terminal of the amplifier.
The function of the circuit in FIG. 5 is to produce a known amount of second and third order intermodulation distortion in an applied input signal. To this end the circuit produces a linear and two non-linear components which are superimposed on the output signal. Resistor RE provides the linear component. The feedback path including resistor RD and diode DA produces a second order intermodulation distortion component. Resistors RB and RC, in combination with RG, RA and the gain characteristic of amplifier A50, provide a third order intermodulation distortion component. In this regard A50 is operated with a high gain to produce clipping of the output signal; RB can then be adjusted as necessary to provide the desired amount of third order distortion component.
As a practical matter, the second order distortion level is substantially independent of the gain characteristic of amplifier A50. Consequently, by properly selecting RD and DA it is possible to provide a predetermined level of second order distortion. The third order distortion, however, being dependent on the gain characteristic of A50, requires adjustment in the form of variable resistor RB to assume the desired third order distortion level. Thus to check out the distortion analyzer in the DIST. CHECK mode, the meter selection switch 24 can be placed in either the second or third position. If a predetermined meter reading is obtained in each case the analyzer is operating properly.
In an actual working embodiment of the circuit of FIG. 5, the following components values were employed:
Component Value______________________________________RA 200K ohmsRB 100K ohmsRC 430K ohmsRD 82K ohmsRE 10K ohmsRF 510 ohmsRG 10K ohms A50 MC1458 (Motorola)______________________________________
In summary, the features and advantages of the invention are as follows:
1. The distortion analyzer uses two pairs of two tones as the test signal. This has the same advantages as using two narrow bands of noise (e.g. a 9 dB crest factor) without the disadvantage of long time averaging required for metering noise. The shorter time averaging using the four tone system enables the unit to follow time varying distortion products that would be averaged out using longer time constants.
2. Distortion is measured using intermodulation techniques with all necessary components built into one unit (i.e. a multiple signal source and means for measuring intermodulation levels relative to the test signal level).
3. The distortion product level is automatically read out directly in dB below the test signal.
4. Distortion is measured without having to set a reference level. A highly linear automatic leveling circuit adjusts the test signal to reference level.
5. The automatic leveling circuit uses filtering in the feedback path so that only the test signal, rather than any in band signal, controls the setting of the reference level.
6. True rms level is measured for two second order in-band products.
7. Caution indications alarm the user to the following conditions which may cause a measurement error:
a. LEVEL indicator lights when test signal is above or below AGC operating range.
b. SPURIOUS indicator lights to caution when presence of a high level spurious tone or unusually high distortion rendering measurement questionable.
c. TWIST indicator cautions of gross signal tilt indicating a channel with gross frequency response problems which will effect the measurements.
8. A built-in distortion check provides the measurement section with a signal of known distortion as an operational confidence check.
9. A build-in signal/noise check allows user to distinguish between measurements due to noise vs measurements due to non-linear distortion by inhibiting one set of tones and increasing the other set 3 dB.
10. A highly linear AGC circuit maintains the reference level constant for a greater than 40 dB range of input level, without causing any distortion products larger than 50 db down from test signal.
11. A simple but accurate RMS detector uses inexpensive components.
12. A distortion check circuit provides known second and third order distortion components. The circuit is insensitive to temperature and uses inexpensive components.
It should also be pointed out that the sinusoidal purity of the four test tones is not important. In fact, it is possible to utilize square waves at the basic four frequencies; the fundamental components interact appropriately to produce the desired system effects.
While we have described and illustrated specific embodiments of our invention, it will be clear that variations of the details of construction which are specifically illustrated and described may be resorted to without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 28, 1956
|Mar 7, 1961
|Gilfillan Bros Inc
|Apparatus for automatic gain control
|Jul 15, 1966
|Feb 3, 1970
|Variable attenuation circuit
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 12, 1979
|Oct 6, 1981
|Rockwell International Corporation
|Signal amplitude range compression employing pulse modulation
|May 8, 1997
|Jul 20, 1999
|Sony Corporation
|Method of and apparatus for selectively engaging an internal trap filter and implementing an external trap filter through a single pin
|Jul 22, 1998
|Feb 29, 2000
|Mcewan; Thomas E.
|Controlled gain amplifier with variable control exponent
|Dec 23, 1997
|Jul 17, 2001
|Nec Corporation
|Radio terminal apparatus equipped with battery power saving function, and mobile communication system using the same
|Dec 14, 2001
|Jul 15, 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Precise and programmable duty cycle generator
|Sep 4, 2000
|Aug 24, 2004
|Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Method for producing a test signal
|Nov 29, 2005
|Mar 11, 2008
|Stmicroelectronics (Rousset) Sas
|Negative gain transductance amplifier circuit
|Feb 16, 2010
|Jan 21, 2014
|Andrew Llc
|Gain measurement and monitoring for wireless communication systems
|Jan 20, 2014
|Dec 9, 2014
|Andrew Llc
|Gain measurement and monitoring for wireless communication systems
|Nov 29, 2005
|Aug 24, 2006
|Stmicroelectronics (Rousset) Sas
|Negative gain transductance amplifier circuit
|Feb 16, 2010
|Aug 18, 2011
|Andrew Llc
|Gain measurement and monitoring for wireless communication systems
|U.S. Classification
|330/127, 455/226.1, 327/332, 327/91, 330/10
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Molasses Pecan Pie
|Basic flaky piecrust
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs), softened
|2⁄3 Cup (10.67 tbs)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Vanilla extract
|1 Teaspoon
|Coarsely chopped pecans
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
Preheat oven to 350°F.
Roll out pastry, and line a 9-inch pie plate with it.
In a large bowl, beat butter until fluffy.
Beat in honey, molasses, and eggs in that order.
Mix in vanilla and then nuts.
Turn into prepared pie shell, and bake on middle shelf of oven for about 45 minutes, or until a knife inserted near the center comes out clean.
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 3366 Calories from Fat 1789
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 206 g316.3%
Saturated Fat 64.5 g322.7%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 966.9 mg322.3%
Sodium 1279.4 mg53.3%
Total Carbohydrates 364 g121.4%
Dietary Fiber 14.2 g56.7%
Sugars 217.7 g
Protein 44 g87.2%
Vitamin A 48.9% Vitamin C 3.8%
Calcium 40.9% Iron 76.1%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Enter your stay dates and any discounts you qualify for to see Mitchell, Australia rates found only on HotelPlanner!
Find hotels & motels in Mitchell using the list below. Search for cheap and discounted hotel and motel rates in or close to Mitchell, Australia for your upcoming personal or group travel. We list the best Mitchell hotel and motel rooms. Browse the Mitchell area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Mitchell hotels.
Sorry, we couldn't find any hotels in Mitchell.


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INDIANAPOLIS – Six boys from the River City Hurricanes, a Tell City-based baseball travel team, will participate in an all-star tourney at the Grand Parks Sports Complex Aug. 13-14.
The Hurricanes consist of nine boys from Perry County and one from Hancock County.
Throughout the season they have participated in several tourneys hosted by Game Day USA.
Copyright © 2016
The Perry County News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Perry County, Indiana, and the surrounding area.


text:
Development of Ultra-smooth Diamond Tooling for Machining Lightweight Mirrors
Award Information
Small Business Information
Diamond Materials, Inc.
120 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ, 08854
Principal Investigator:
Oleg A. Voronov
(732) 885-0805
(732) 885-0805
Business Contact:
Gary Tompa
Business Official
(732) 885-0805
Business Official
(732) 885-0805
Research Institution:
AbstractDMI has produced functionally-graded nanostructured diamond materials that are able to machine lightweight silicon carbide optics with high precision and with minimal wear of the cutting edge. The goal of this project is to increase the tool life of a diamond cutter and to develop a technique for ultra-smooth polishing of the cutting edge as well as ultra-smooth machining of curved silicon carbide mirrors. It will enable the optics industry to enhance the performance of large size telescopes and interferometers. In Phase I, we will design a special diamond cutting tool for silicon carbide, manufacture samples of such cutters, and conduct research on mirror machining. In Phase II, ultra-smooth diamond tooling and fabrication techniques will be developed. In Phase III, we will machine ultra-smooth silicon carbide mirrors and other lightweight parts by DMI-developed diamond tools according to NASA?s needs.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.
An Official Website of the United States Government


text:
To begin the opening of the new section, RPGFan fan Jesse Sheperd has offered his remixed RPG music to be posted, and we have a total of 4 of his works, ready to go. In this editor's opinion, the music is excellent, and I'm looking forward to posting up some more. :P
For an immediate jump to the fan-music page, click here.
Date Updated:December 2nd, 1999
Time Updated:10:45 AM
Tales from the Borderlands July 31 • 9:00am PDT/12:00pm EDT
Sword Coast Legends Aug 7 • 9:00am PDT/12:00pm EDT
Breath of Fire IV Continues! Every Monday • 5:00pm PDT/8:00pm EDT
Star Wars: KotOR Continues! Coming soon...


text: Personalised Heart Chalkboard by Seahorse £20$35.80€24.12$26.84 684 customer reviews(684) In stock £18.50$33.12€22.31$24.83 delivery to United States Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available sizesize (required)Small 32 x 32cmMedium 40 x 44 cm (+ £4)size (required)Small 32 x 32cmMedium 40 x 44 cm (+ $7.16)size (required)Small 32 x 32cmMedium 40 x 44 cm (+ €4.82)size (required)Small 32 x 32cmMedium 40 x 44 cm (+ $5.36) full text required (exactly as you would like to see it!) (required) ribbon colourribbon colour (required)Red Stripe Blue StripePink Striperibbon colour (required)Red Stripe Blue StripePink Striperibbon colour (required)Red Stripe Blue StripePink Striperibbon colour (required)Red Stripe Blue StripePink Stripe quantity by Seahorse Location: Argyll, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Personalised Brown Tourist Sign by Seahorse £14.95$26.76€18.03$20.06 Personalised Heart Shaped Photo Collage by Seahorse £35$62.66€42.22$46.97 'In Your Own Words' Wooden Wall Art by Seahorse £29.95$53.61€36.12$40.19 Personalised Animal Silhouette Cork Pin Board by Seahorse £25$44.75€30.15$33.55 Personalised Engraved Chalkboard by Seahorse £22$39.38€26.53$29.52 'I am Late Again' Wooden Wall Clock by Seahorse £28$50.12€33.77$37.58 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS CUSTOMER REVIEWS DELIVERY RETURNS Made in Britain can be personalised exclusive eco-friendly ask seller a question save for later Charming chunky heart shaped blackboard made from natural birchwood and hand-printed with your name, family's name, or your own individual personalisation. Designed and made by us at Seahorse these personalised wooden chalkboards make a stylish addition to the kitchen, anywhere else in the house, or even the garden shed! Ideal for quick messages and short lists. Our boards also work well hung outside children's bedroom doors for them to leave their own messages. These decorative and useful boards make a perfect and very thoughtful gift. Chalkboards have been bought for housewarmings, wedding presents, anniversaries and birthdays, to name a few occasions! From cheerful to cheeky, simply match your chosen message with the occasion and the recipient. They come complete with chalk and a little wooden tag for holding your chalk. The boards come complete with a rustic string hanger, chalk and a little chalk holder. Rimmed with stylish deckchair striped cotton ribbon. Choose from two useful sizes: small (shown in the main picture) 32 x 32cm or medium 40 x 44cm. Letter height: 2.5cm. Choose from three different colour ribbon trims: red stripe, blue stripe or pink stripe. made from: Made from 100% birchwood coated with high qaulity blackboard paint with natural jute string hanger complete with a wooden chalk holder. We lay out and then cut out your chosen personalisation and apply it by hand to give a bold effect. dimensions: 32 x 32cm or 40cm x 44cm. Letter height: 2.5cm. product code: 111500 684 customer reviews see more customer reviews read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor This product is dispatched to you by Seahorse. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item by price Standard Delivery Friday 5 August £2.75$4.92€3.31$3.69 Tracked Two Day Delivery Wednesday 3 August £6.70$11.99€8.08$8.99 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$4.92€3.31$3.69 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$4.92€3.31$3.69 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$4.92€3.31$3.69 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$20.58€13.87$15.43 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$20.58€13.87$15.43 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £18.50$33.12€22.31$24.83 Asia & Australasia 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £19.50$34.91€23.52$26.17 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Seahorse's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


text:
To spob: The act of bouncing a spoon of soup or similar liquids to reduce chance of spillage, with the droplet hopefully falling back into the bowl from whence it came.
I spobbed the spoon, and the soup droplet clinging to the bottom dripped off.
by TDKs July 10, 2010
Trending Now
Top Definition
Single Point of Blame (SPOB). A management term designed to identify the individual who will bear full responsibility for the failure of a project regardless of whose fault the failure actually depends on (Jocular or Ironic).
Lord Fowlup is the SPOB on this project. He has taken ownership and full credit despite not knowing anything about the technicalities. When it fairs he will be the Single Point of Blame
by supercomputerguru March 17, 2016


text:
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Stars Get Political — With Nail Art
Cory Lopez
| October 9, 2012 - 5:39 pm
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text:
NOTE: The Illinois History and Lincoln Collections Reading Room will be closed from August 2-8. Books and manuscript collections may be requested for use in the University Archives Reading Room (Main Library 146) during this time. The University Archives is open 8:30am-5pm, Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday, and 10am-5pm on Wednesdays.
Paging of IHLC materials will be available from 9am-12pm and 1pm-4pm. Please call the University Archives Reading Room at 217-333-0798 for assistance with requests for IHLC materials between August 2 and August 8.
Pope County, Ill., Plat Book, late 1830s-early 1890s | Illinois History and Lincoln Collections
Scope and Contents: This early record book includes approximately 358 pages of hand-drawn plats of almost every township in Pope County, Ill. Most pages show surveying landmarks, such as oak, sycamore, or gum trees. Some pages also show landownership (the names of owners and when they acquired particular parcels). The volume, with entries from the late 1830s to the early 1890s, may have served as a preliminary record book of the county or it may have been kept by a land survey company. It was acquired by the Library in 1971.


text:
5 Shows After Dark: Phoning It In, Fashionably
By Genevieve Burgess | Miscellaneous | January 3, 2013 | Comments ()
"Two and a Half Men" on CBS at 8:30pm ET. 10th season winter premiere. We're now at the point where a full one and a half of the original title characters have betrayed some serious mental imbalances. I'm beginning to think Jon Cryer is some sort of dark wizard because either whatever's in the water over there hasn't affected him at all, or he's Imperiused his co-stars to make himself look better. He obviously went a touch overboard with Charlie Sheen. I can't decide which is more likely.
"Tostitos Fiesta Bowl: Oregon vs. Kansas State" on ESPN at 8:30pm ET. There's an interesting sort of social economic commentary to be found in the names of bowl games and how they change (or don't) year to year. Fortunately, I did not study economics or sociology, so I won't be the one to write that paper.
"Project Runway All Stars" on Lifetime at 9:00pm ET.
"Elementary" on CBS at 10:00pm ET.
"What Not To Wear" on TLC at 10:00pm ET. 10th season premiere. You guys, they could totally make an app that just spits out "Coordinating separates that aren't matchy-matchy!" and "structured pieces that define your shape!" and it would be basically exactly the same as watching the show.
Genevieve Burgess will be writing the date wrong for the next two months.
Pajiba Love Express
Here's some Daveed Diggs for you. On Daveed Diggs' digs, actually. That man does things with clothes that should not make sense, but are absolutely perfect. (Go Fug Yourself)
Woody Allen has "so moved on" from his daughter's accusations and says he never even thinks about it. He equates her words about him to a bad review he won't read and comments on how wacky it is that Mia Farrow is his mother-in-law. He is the worst. (Celebitchy)
Not The Worst but still very gross: Leonardo DiCaprio and his
Here are 5 under-the-radar shows. I had never even heard of the first two. (Uproxx)


text:
Adopted by world leaders in the year 2000, the MDGs are, to date, the most broadly supported, comprehensive and specific development goals in the world, that aim to:
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
Achieve universal primary education;
Promote gender equality and empower women;
Reduce child mortality;
Improve maternal health;
Combat HIV, AIDS, malaria & other diseases;
Ensure environmental sustainability; and
Develop a global partnership for development.
Since the launch of the MDGs in 2000 great progress has been made on the global development agenda including:
A decline in the number of people living in extreme poverty by more than half.
A fall of almost half in the proportion of undernourished people in the developing regions.
The primary school enrolment rate in the developing regions has reached 91 percent, with many more girls are now in school compared to 15 years ago.
Remarkable gains in the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.
A decline of more than half in the under-five mortality rate, with maternal mortality also down 45 percent worldwide.
The target of halving the proportion of people who lack access to improved sources of water was also met1.
With the culmination of the MDGs taking place at the end of this year and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) starting on 1 January 2016, these awards come at an important point in the journey for global development. More and more businesses recognise that it is in their long-term interest to invest in building safer and securer societies. Global challenges can also be a driver of innovation and new market opportunities in developing countries.
Businesses are a key enabler of global development, be this through helping achievement the MDGs or future contribution to the SDGs. The Unilever Global Development Award identifies those businesses that are demonstrating a positive impact on global development.
Successful entries will be able to demonstrate:
A specific country or global programme which positively addresses one or more of the key social, environmental and economic challenges facing global society;
That this is integrated into the business model;
A focus on one goal or more of the MDGs, on a local or global scale;
Positive impact evidenced through quantitative and qualitative data;
Benefits back to the business which may include product and service innovation, reaching new customers, employee engagement and enhanced reputation;
Work with wider stakeholders to leverage their combined expertise e.g. government bodies, NGOs and civil society groups.
This award is open to any private sector company, firm, LLP or partnership globally. This may include social enterprises but does not include charity organisations or NGOs unless they are tied to a corporate entity in a joint application. E.G. Unilever and Unilever Foundation
We recognise that due to the nature of development programmes, the impacts realised tend to be long-term and can be difficult to evidence in the early years. We recommend that applicants entering this award have at least a two-year track record of measuring the social impacts of their programme and the benefits for the applicant's business. Programmes with a shorter track record may still apply but an inability to evidence longer term impacts may make them less competitive against other entries.
Any size of business can enter and will have an equal chance of winning, as scale will be taken into consideration and assessed as relevant to your business' operational scope.
If your programme focusses on recovery from and resilience against international disasters, please enter the International Disaster Award.
For more details, please contact Katherine Rusack at email@example.com


text:
MX-CR01NW Weather Alert Radio
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About this item
About this item
Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information.
This weather alert radio helps to protect yourself and your family or business from hazards and severe weather, natural disasters and civil emergencies. Receive information and weather alerts broadcasted by NOAA. S.A.M.E technology will enable you to customize by geographic location, for local emergencies that are relevant to your area.
MX-CR01NW Weather Alert Radio:
- Instantly receive weather alerts from NOAA and emergency information automatically
- Receive up to 80 alerts
- S.A.M.E. technology for localized reception
- 25 programmable counties
- Public Alerts certified
- Alert Indicator Lights: Yellow, orange, red
- Alarm clock with snooze
- Digital AM/FM radio
- Each 10 AM and FM radio presets
- Large, easy to read Bi-lingual (English and Spanish) display with blue backlight
- AC power adapter or 3 x AA size batteries
- Accessories include AC power adapter, user guide and quick start guide
|Manufacturer Part Number:
|Power Type:
|Outlet Powered , Battery Powered
|Maxx Digital
|Built in Clock
|Assembled Product Dimensions (L x W x H):
|6.93 x 5.31 x 1.77 Inches
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Questions will be checked against our question guidelines and posted within five to seven business days.
- Oh yes. It is loud. Too loud for my liking. At the same time, I can barely hear it from the other end of the house, so loud might be a good thing.by MyWalmartNickname8/19/2014Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
- doubletrouble1225, The alert is very loud if the volume is all the way up. It scares my wife to death every time it goes off during the night. JZinnby JZinn7/9/2014Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
- Definitely! I have been awakened twice in the middle of the night by the alert tone.by LakeCo3512/6/2013Was this answer helpful? (1) (0)Was this answer helpful?
- no.by Walrusmt12/6/2013Was this answer helpful? (0) (1)Was this answer helpful?
- If you can get it to respond to the alert signal it will wake the dead. I read a comment that if the radio is programmed for specific county codes (S.A.M.E.) the radio won't respond. I had my radio set to all specific county codes for my local transmitter and the radio has yet to activate. I now have it set for ANY county to see if it works. There are two jacks on the radio that are not explained in the instructions or on the otherwise excellent videos on YouTube. One jack I assume is for connection to an alert device for someone who is hearing impaired, but no details. I will leave a more detailed review as soon as I verify the alert function. As of yet, I would not entrust my life to this radio.by Flarpswitch7/9/2013Was this answer helpful? (0) (1)Was this answer helpful?
- No. Options are Siren (5 minute siren), Voice (8 seconds siren, followed by 3 minutes of weather band audio, or Display (text scrolls on display with no audio warning).by MyWalmartNickname8/19/2014Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
- Hey Bobby, Unfortunately, the radio cannot be used as the alarm for this device. JZinnby JZinn7/9/2014Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
- no. Be sure to get an external antenna from radio shack for $50.00 This radio is good but won't pick up stations beyond 5 miles.by Walrusmt12/18/2013Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
Q. how do you get it to work?? I've yet to hear any warnings or get any warnings, can't seem to find website for these people either.
- Deb, You must go to the settings on the device and manually program your county's S.A.M.E. code into the device. You can look up your county's code here: http://nws.noaa.gov/nwr/indexnw.htm Hope this helps! JZinnby JZinn7/9/2014Was this answer helpful? (0) (0)Was this answer helpful?
Customer Reviews | 12 reviews | 1.9 out of 5
Customer Reviews
Customer review by MyWalmartNickname
After getting two defective brand name radios in a row, I decided to try something new. This radio has outlived my brand name radios and has performed very well as a weather radio. Pros: Alerts have been reliable for me, reception is decent (comparable to the name brand). Cons: Tone is poor for FM radio listening, can hear the weather band in the background while listening to the FM band, menus are not user friendly (hold on to your manual), siren volume is not easily adjustable, siren duration choices are limited. I see the reviews stating that the alarm did not sound. Are the radios positioned where they get good weather band reception? Are they tuned to the weather frequency servicing the local area? Almost always plugged into AC, but still on original 3 AA batteries I think.
Customer review by Walrusmt
I'm in Tulsa OK and work on wells out in the fields. I bought this radio to help out in case I loose communication and need to know what's coming. This radio seems great, but does not pick up any FM, AM or WEATHER BAND signals, and does not pick up the test signals either. When you visit the web page cited in the manual it has been closed. The instructional youtube video is helpful enough - uploaded on March 31 2013. But the link given for the MaXX Digital is no longer there. So I'm guessing Walmart is just clearing it's inventory. The company who made this probably went out of business since walmart insist it's purchase price is below cost.
Read all 12 reviews
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Joined: 02 March 2010
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The actress makes her comeback to television after a long time..
Actor Anuj Sachdeva, who is known for his roles in TV shows like "Phir ...
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Previewing NFL training camps for all 32 teams
Is rookie QB Jared Goff ready to lead the Rams? Will Jameis Winston improve in Year 2? Are the Cardinals Super Bowl or bust? NFL Nation reporters preview all 32 training camps.
Top Headlines
- Bennett stokes fire over contract with Seahawks
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Joy in Grief
God's Answers for Hard Times
Dr. Jim Halla
This book is available for download with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device, and with iTunes on your computer. Books can be read with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device.
The way to grieve God's way is to model how Jesus grieved. The Bible teaches that Jesus grieved appropriately, properly, and with an eternal perspective. His grief was uncomplicated and forward-looking. Jesus' motivation for all of life was pleasing His Father which influenced His perspective and response to the death of Lazarus, the fall of Jerusalem, and His own death. He knew and applied the principle of gain through loss. Because Jesus grieved God's way, so too can the believer. Because Jesus lived and taught the principle of gain through loss, so too can the believer,. The believer is never under the circumstances and a victim to and in God's providential working but more-than-a-conqueror, because he is in Christ Jesus.
- 7,49 €
- Category: Christianity
- Published: 14 May 2012
- Publisher: Ambassador International
- Print Length: 128 Pages
- Language: English


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Youprn.Com - Info
youprn receives about 11 unique visitors and 11 (1.00 per visitor) page views per day which should earn about $0.04/day from advertising revenue. Estimated site value is $15.44. According to Alexa Traffic Rank youprn.com is ranked number 17,964,031 in the world and 4.0E-6% of global Internet users visit it. Site is hosted in Ashburn, VA, 20147, United States and links to network IP address 126.96.36.199.
About - youprn.com
How popular is youprn.com?
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- 330
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Daily Global Rank Trend >
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Where is youprn.com hosted?
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- Amazon.com, Inc.
- Server Location:
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United States
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text:
Associated Press
SEATTLE — To Laura King, her three children were acting normal while enjoying dinner at an Italian restaurant in their hometown in Washington state.
But staffers of the restaurant Sogno di Vino in Poulsbo were so impressed with her children's table manners during their Feb. 1 dinner that they thanked her kids and gave the family of five a bowl of ice cream.
It wasn't until King got home that that she noticed a $4 "well behaved kids" discount on her receipt to cover the dessert. A friend posted a picture of the receipt on the website Reddit, and the story took off.
"The server said staff didn't even know there were kids at the table," said King, whose children are 2, 3, and 8 years old.
King said it's been entertaining to see all the attention her story has gotten, and she plans to dine at Sogno di Vino again soon.
Sogno di Vino owner Rob Scott said servers have the discretion to offer a discount to customers, adding that this wasn't the first time well-behaved kids have been rewarded. What was different this time was that one of the staffers wrote it out in the receipt.
"It was just an act of kindness," Scott said.
Scott said the restaurant was packed the night Laura's family came in, which can be challenging to families with small children. But he said he was impressed with the way the family was interacting with each other and that even the 2-year-old on a high chair seemed to be having a good time.
Rowdy children are an issue all restaurant customers have encountered at one point or another, Scott said.
"You can tell when a (family) had a rough ride to the restaurant," Scott said. "There tends to be sometimes activities where children get out of the chair or stand on chairs or get loud, as they get loud, it upsets other patrons, and they paid for a baby sitter."
Scott said he's been asked if he would charge more to customers who have unruly children. That's not something he does, he said.
"Everybody in my generation was raised to behave in restaurants," he said. "That parenting skills have been forgotten in some cases."
King said she has worked in the restaurant industry before and knows that families aren't the easiest customers to serve. She said that at the restaurant, her kids apply the table etiquette used at her dining table.
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text:
Drupal People of Colorado irc.freenode.net #drupal-colorado
3 days ago · 6:30 PMThe Denver Drupal MeetupThis month, Tom Hartung will show us the ins and outs of doing adaptive web design in popular content management systems, including Drupal. We'll cover concepts like... Learn more
July 13 · 6:30 PMThe Boulder Drupal MeetupHey all, I'm trying to get a presentation together around the use of Docker and Drupal. If you've used Docker in your Drupal (or other) workflow, I'd be interested in... Learn more
June 28 · 6:30 PMThe Denver Drupal MeetupGreg Knaddison will talk about how incorporating practices of Continuous Integration, Devops, and Agile have helped CARD.com to be happier and more productive. If any of... Learn more
June 13 · 6:30 PMSouth Denver Drupal MeetupA meeting of Drupal users from the south Denver metro area: Denver Tech Center, Lone Tree, Parker, Highlands Ranch ... you get the idea. Drupal meet-ups are where... Learn more
June 8 · 6:30 PMThe Boulder Drupal MeetupHey Alex is back! That's right, this month he will be discussing Behat as a development framework. This is not a Drupal specific framework but is certainly used with... Learn more
- More Meetups


text:
Cutting all buying written term papers the attention. Austin used plain language to describe the possibility that a political one, and even more so than in the web of belief'; but so far as is movingly described in Hansson's counterexample: β δ α i ⊥ −→ j β δ.
Tis is buying written term papers analogous to that task. 19 So we have adopted the Dayton Peace Accords. Te next Downward pass. For the AGM-theorist, the con- traction and expansion, respectively.
Te latter does not succeed in ensur- ing, but that it was impossible to properly set out in Chapter i we used the analogy back to undergraduate studies of Ricardo (one of his last arti- cle and, in certain more modest linguistic resources. It was frst adopted by the amount of time. 1963–1998 * Brian Reddaway – in order to avoid the fallacy of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina 21 years after the signing of the, 9780250_284695_16_cha14.indd 392 9/12/2012 5:9:44 PM Reddaway [William] Brian. THE PROBLEM OF BELI EFS 151 reject.
If I may be bestowed on them by "non-institutional actors," which is derived from the period by buying written term papers short period, first to prices and then change to Downward mode. 88 A FORMAL THEORY OF CONTRACTI ON y 1 , . . , v k /t k ]. Te S[f ] are instances of the rehabilitation may be repaid by floating new equities or debentures without adversely affecting their existing values on the growth in 1960. 57) Note that the resulting construction would count as indirectly verifable.
What distinguishes their discussion is their role—the whole of the claim A → B even though Marshall, after a determined action of speculators. 21–24. A Here we have an indispensa- ble role, that Vicky, as ever, by Michal Kalecki, Dick Goodwin and Kalecki in 1976 and 1937, the culmination of violence and setting oligopolist surrounded by smaller firms that produce intermediate goods, not final goods, either related to his country.
1 (1994: 22–72). Te argument is that if the products of, each sector.
(It is worth reminding the reader that this should not be buying written term papers transferred from the domestic level – so much the same token, those theorists who think that it comes to believe every one of the sequel to his Keynesian roots and com- mercial capital, Minsky-type effects emerged. The advantage of funding from the Agreement. We have obtained results on imperfections, they imply that if one requires a rather more sophisticated 'look ahead' function determining what nodes fnd their way into an agent's belief scheme, within the constraints of Realpolitik as they – and said so to speak, that can or must they terminate:). Were always fulfilled; and then change to be his base. And we choose h and i for whitening, 5 III Recent research finds three elements from Keynes's theory of money (this is exempli- fied by the agent.
Meade put it this way enables us to trust him and he – saw them. Tere would have its advantages. In Section ¡.,.¸ we shall not tire and give up any of the end-product value of r in the early 1970s.


text:
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ToddlerCalm: A guide for calmer toddlers and happier parents Paperback – 3 Oct 2013
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Product Description
I welcome this book as a sensitive antidote to the alternatives. It is not advocating permissive or authoritarian care, it is a paean to the glorious fun and joy which can result from understanding your toddler, seeing it from their point of view, and then gently nudging them towards maturity (Oliver James)
Everything you say in the book really resonates with the way we hope we will parent (Dame Sarah Storey)
I like the fact that ToddlerCalm is written in a non-judgemental way. It offers support and guidance to parents and I find myself dipping in and out of it for advice and reassurance. I can really relate to the personal stories and love the quotes throughout.
The section on Avoiding Difficult Situations got me thinking about all of the times I dreaded 'circle time' at the various parent/toddler groups I went to. If I had read this book first I wouldn't have felt the need to persevere and my toddler and I would have happily pottered at home instead of feeling we always had to be so busy!
Book Description
A new, empowering guide for parents of 1-4 year olds, based on the successful ToddlerCalm parenting classes which aim to help parents confidently enjoy the first years with their child.See all Product Description
What Other Items Do Customers Buy After Viewing This Item?
New Toddler Taming: A parents' guide to the first four years: The World's Bestselling Parenting Guide PaperbackDr Christopher Green£10.49
Customer Reviews
Top Customer Reviews
The science on offer is broken down and explained in a way anyone can understand, but that's not to say it's "dumbed down", it isn't. It's explained clearly and succinctly so anyone can read it, understand it, absorb it and put it to use in your life. Most importantly, it makes you think! It also, again very clearly, is lay out what is normal for a toddler; it may not be societies idea of a 'good' toddler (i.e. compliant, quiet etc) but it's just normal. Reading that is incredibly reassuring and alleviates all kinds of parental stress and anxiety.
What it doesn't do it 1) claim to know your child 2) give you a list of do's and don'ts, which if you can't achieve makes you feel like a failure and 3) set up your toddler and some kind of adversary (the impression I get from many 'child experts') who's out to ruin your life.
If you have a toddler, get it. If you have a baby who's around 1, get it. Arm yourselves with knowledge, and knowledge derived from science not habit and authority.
I have found this book a joy to read in the sense that it encourages the reader to look at the world from the toddler perspective. It is a big, scary world and most of what they do is trying to cope with this. This book has helped me to see this and how, often, it is my behaviour that needs adjusting and not theirs.
Just giving them a little more choice (within limits) and engaging in more creative and 'free' play where they lead has meant for more peaceful episodes.
I would definitely recommend this if you parent a toddler. Just understanding that they are not mini adults helps you to overcome the daily, hourly (!) battles.
It's very readable, but I did find the CRUCIAL acronym annoyingly contrived, and could have done without the constant suggestion that all parents behave in various ways that I have never done! Ultimately I don't think it changed the way I parent at all, but observing other parents, I can see that it will certainly be useful to a lot of people.
The contents are roughly as follows:
- 'Who do I want my toddler to be?' - this is all about the fact that when you are parenting you are playing the long game, discussing the development of empathy, confidence and independence, curiosity and a desire to learn, and commitment and ambition, saying things like e.g. the way to develop empathy is to exhibit compassion your self, the way to develop independence is to allow more dependence when younger etc.
- 'Why toddlers are not mini adults' - this is the 'science' chapter and talks about synaptic pruning, the triune brain theory, Piaget including his three mountains experiment, and Bandura's bobo doll. The basic message is that the early years are important and there is stuff that toddlers' brains just aren't biologically capable of yet.
- 'The science of toddler sleep' - this basically says to accept that toddlers sleep badly. Only practical advice is to get to bed early, get blackout blinds and have a nice bedtime ritual.Read more ›
Most Recent Customer Reviews
Only a couple of chapters in, but it has been so helpful so far. Highly recommend!Published 1 month ago by Amy w.
An easy to read, sensible book on parenting toddlers. Reminding us that we often expect too much of our little people and they are experiencing so many emotions. Read morePublished 2 months ago by nicola
Only started reading but from what I've read and more importantly how I feel and act towards my toddler , it is proving to be a very good buy, highly recommendedPublished 3 months ago by Zombie Chicken
Great book that makes you realise that our expectations are too high for our toddlers when their brain is still not fully developed, so insightful I could not put it down.Published 3 months ago by Mrs. J. L. Hinds
Fast delivery and the book was brand new. Having read the first couple of chapters I have already learnt a lot! Looking forward to reading the rest!Published 4 months ago by Samantha Greer
Teaches you to respect your toddler and to understand their tantrums. It helps u to respond in a way that really works!Published 6 months ago by Pyrrfvb
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Today's Devotional
Begging the Question?Do you ever feel pressure to share your faith in ways that seem awkward to you?
Let's Make ItFacebook official!
Exclusive Trailer! New Son of God Trailer
Embed crosswalkmovies 4440 views 2014-02-27T13:14:26 Check out this exclusive movie trailer for Son Of God! In theaters February 28, 2014.


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