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1824/4 50C MS64 PCGS. O-110, R.2....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
Lustrous 1824/4 O-110 Half Dollar, MS641824/4 50C MS64 PCGS. O-110, R.2. The 4 is recut over a 4, with the top of the first 4 visible to the left of the final one, and on the reverse there is a die dot below the U of UNUM. The letters AME are solidly joined at their bases. This early die state piece has no evidence of the reverse crack that forms later. The surfaces are outstanding, with full luster beneath deep gold, green, and gray toning. All of the design elements are sharply detailed. Population: 12 in 64, 0 finer (4/10).(Registry values: N2998) (NGC ID# 24FK, PCGS# 6140)
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The Draped Bust Half Dollars of 1796-1797 by Jon Amato is the culmination of more than 10 years of research into the Draped Bust Small Eagle half dollar series, one of the most coveted type coins in American numismatics and one about which remarkably little has been written.
This work will be the premier reference for 1796-1797 half dollars for years to come. Institutions having an extensive numismatic library or coin cabinet will find it a valuable complement to their holdings, and catalogers charged with writing up specimens for auction can now have an indispensable source of background and pedigree information. Likewise, coin dealers seeking to purchase one or more '96 or '97 half dollars for a client or for inventory, and collectors who own, have owned, or desire to own one will want this important reference work for their libraries.
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Cricket offers My Backup serviceposted by Joe on June 20th, 2008 - 10:00 am | Cricket
Cricket Wireless has taken a measure to ensure its customers don't lose their contacts in a freak pool accident this summer. Together with mobile phone insurer Asurion, Cricket has launched My Backup, a service that will do just what the name implies. This is an over the air procedure, meaning you don't have to hook up your Cricket phone to a computer to do it. You can even set up My Backup so that it syncs your contacts with your backup data every so often, so you don't even have to remember to do it yourself.
"The value of the information stored in one's mobile phone is priceless," said Larry Atwell, director of product development for Cricket. "We want our customers to feel safe knowing that even if they lose their wireless device, their contacts can be easily recovered and they can continue on with their lives without any major hiccups."
My Backup goes a bit further, too, allowing customers to import their contact lists from various programs such as Outlook and Yahoo! Mail to a web interface, editing them, and then syncing them over the air to the user's mobile phone. So not only can you backup your contacts, but you can now have all of your contacts stored in multiple places, protecting against loss.
The service will run $2 per day. You can visit https://mybackup.mycricket.com for more info.

subset: commoncrawl


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Newegg.com - A great place to buy computers, computer parts, electronics, software, accessories, and DVDs online. With great prices, fast shipping, and top-rated customer service - once you know, you Newegg.
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This review is from: LaView Panda LV-PC902F2-W HD 1080P 2MP Day/Night w/PIR Detection, Motion, Built-in Micro SD Slot Wireless or PoE IP Camera
Pros: Picture quality is great. It was easy to set up
Cons: Cheap plastic construction. The micro SD slot is to big. Why is the slot sunken it make it hard to insert the card plus the opening is so big you can lose the card inside the device. Which means opening up the outer plastic and using tweezers to pry the card out. So now I have a useless 64gb card. Plus it won't stay connected to the wi-fi. Would like to return it and buy a real security camera.
Other Thoughts: LaView you owe me a 64gb card!READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: Rosewill RHSP-13006 Premium 4320 Joules Rotating outlet Power Surge Protector with RJ11 and Coax Protection (Black)
Pros: Has 12 outlets with 8 that rotate. Compact design. Long cord.
Cons: 2 outlets on top don't work. The plug won't even go into the outlets. So it's only a 10 outlet surge protector.
Other Thoughts: Great design with the rotating outlets. It would be 5 stars if all the outlets worked.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: memorex 25GB 6X BD-R 30 Packs Spindle Blu-ray Recordable Media Model 98682
Pros: Nice color and writing surface. Good price.
Cons: Made one audio blu-ray, first try was a coaster and second was successful. Tried to burn HD video: 6 tries 6 coasters.
Other Thoughts: Never liked Memorex cdr and never liked Memorex cassette tapes. You would think I would learn my lesson. I have now...well at least until Newegg puts them back on sale. I just can't resist a good sale.READ FULL REVIEW


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Home > Indexes > Symantec > 12097701
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UPC Code: 037648604499
Provantage Code: SYM904C
Condition: Factory New
Software > Utilities / Operating Systems > Network Management
Symantec Network Access Control 11.0-SNAC 11.0 Media CD
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Contact us for any new opportunities between 5 and 1,000 seats.
Shop with confidence! Provantage is an authorized Symantec dealer.


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Apple will turn landfill gas into sweet electricity
While everyone obsesses about headphone jacks, Apple's becoming a power company.
England isn't windy enough for new turbines, claims industry boss
It's not really sunny enough for solar, either.
Santiago subway will be the first powered mostly by the sun
The system is getting a direct connection to its own solar farm.
Google puts money into cementing green energy standards in Asia
The company is giving seed funding to a non-profit that works to certify renewable energy.
Mechanical 'trees' generate energy by swaying in the wind
Researchers look to convert the sway of buildings into electricity, too.
Google makes big clean energy purchase to power data centers
Mountain View says its purchase of 842 megawatts is the largest ever by a non-utility company.
Study maps where golden eagles are safe from wind turbines
If you can put wind turbines where there's lots of wind and no eagles, why not do it?
Facebook says renewables will power 50% of its data centers by 2018
Facebook is stepping up its commitment to renewable energy today. While announcing a new data cent...


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Upcoming Events › Calendar
Events List Navigation
Behind-the-Scenes Tours
For members only! See areas of Mystic Seaport that are not open to the general public.Find out more »
The Plein Air Painters of the Maritime Gallery
Exhibition and sale showcases paintings of Museum grounds and the Mystic River.Find out more »
Planetarium Summer Evening Series
Explore the summer night sky during our six-part series.Find out more »
Summer Music Sundays
Enjoy complimentary after-hours Museum admission and listen to live music outdoors at Spouter Tavern.Find out more »
Photographs of the Sea by Michael Kahn
This exhibition and sale of stunning seascapes and spectacular sailing photographs captures the drama and beauty of the maritime experience.Find out more »
Moby-Dick Marathon
Join us for our annual 24-hour reading of Herman Melville's masterpiece, Moby-Dick.Find out more »
Arts on the Quad: Salt Marsh Opera
Enjoy a program of well-known arias, duets, and trios by operatic composers such as Mozart, Puccini, and Verdi.Find out more »
Member Trip to Great Gull Island–SOLD OUT!
Join other members for a tour of the island and see forts that were constructed in 1897 as part of Fort Michie.Find out more »
Model Yacht Regatta
J Class and East Coast 12 Meter class models return to race off the north dock at Mystic Seaport.Find out more »
Arts on the Quad: "The Taming of the Shrew"
Join us outdoors on the McGraw Quad for a production by New London's Flock Theatre.Find out more »
Arts on the Quad: The Trombones of the Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra
Join us outdoors on the McGraw Quad for a performance by the Trombones of the Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra.Find out more »
Member Summer Evenings
Row along the Mystic River, attend a guided tour, and enjoy the Museum's grounds during the final hours of a summer day.Find out more »
Arts on the Quad: West End Blend
Join us outdoors on the McGraw Quad for a performance by the 10-piece band West End Blend.Find out more »
Whaleboating for Members
Climb into a vessel from the fleet specifically crafted for the 38th Voyage of the CHARLES W. MORGAN for a row down the Mystic River.Find out more »
Antique Marine Engine Exposition
Join us for the 25th anniversary of the largest antique marine engine show in the nation.Find out more »
Ledge Lighthouse Tour–SOLD OUT!
Don't miss this opportunity to join other Mystic Seaport members for a private guided tour of Ledge Lighthouse.Find out more »
Farm to Hearth
From soup to cake, you will prepare and enjoy a full meal using historic cooking techniques and recipes in an open hearth.Find out more »
Basic Blacksmithing Class
Learn traditional blacksmithing skills from the Museum's experts.Find out more »
Coastweeks Regatta
Watch rowers race along the Mystic River at our 25th annual regatta.Find out more »
Members' Annual Meeting & Recognition Day
Members, join us for reports on the state of the Museum and the Board of Trustees election.Find out more »
By Land and By Sea: Antique Vehicle Show
See more than 100 pre-1930 cars, trucks, and motorcycles.Find out more »
Fishermen's Fare
Cook a few sailor favorites over the open-hearth of the Buckingham-Hall House.Find out more »
37th Annual International Marine Art Exhibition and Sale
This exhibit is the most comprehensive collection of contemporary marine art in the United States.Find out more »
Modern Celestial Navigation
This is a fast-paced introduction to celestial navigation from a modern perspective.Find out more »
19th-Century Bookbinding
Create a 19th-century flat-back book in the historic Mystic Seaport Print Shop.Find out more »
"Painting en Plein Air" in Oil with William Hanson
Paint en plein air at Mystic Seaport with William Hanson, one of the Maritime Gallery's distinguished artists.Find out more »
"Painting the Maritime Landscape" — Fearless Fluids in Acrylic or Watercolor with Robert Noreika
Come paint with one of the most distinguished Maritime Gallery artists en plein air on the beautiful grounds of Mystic Seaport.Find out more »
Chowder Days
Enjoy a variety of chowders and other seasonal delights at our annual Columbus Day Weekend event.Find out more »
Nautical Nightmares
Join us for an eerie Halloween-themed walking tour.Find out more »
Dyer Dhow Derby
The Dyer Dhow Derby is an annual regatta held in honor of the yacht clubs, sailing associations, and individuals who have donated to or supported our Dyer Dhow fleet.Find out more »
2016 Fall PILOTS Weekend
PILOTS receive special insight and behind-the-scenes views of Mystic Seaport as they work alongside Museum staff.Find out more »
19th-Century Holiday Printing
Create your own holiday cards inside our Print Shop.Find out more »
Celestial Navigation: 19th-Century Methods
A workshop in the history and the actual techniques of celestial navigation as it was practiced aboard American sailing vessels in the Age of Sail.Find out more »
Varnishing Techniques for Traditional Boats
Learn how to keep your traditional boat beautiful for years to come.Find out more »
Kids, put on your costumes and come trick or treating at Mystic Seaport before darkness falls!Find out more »


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Killer's fears over Baghdad's Rusafa jail
A security worker from Rochdale, jailed for life for shooting dead two colleagues in Iraq, has spoken of his fears about jail.
Danny Fitzsimons, 30, from Rochdale, admitted killing Paul McGuigan, from Peebles, Scotland, and Australian Darren Hoare in August 2009.
He was also convicted of attempting to kill an Iraqi guard.
Fitzsimons is the first Westerner to be convicted in Iraq since the 2003 US-led invasion.


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The Westin Princeton at Forrestal Village
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How has this hotel rated in the past?
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- Breakfast Available
- Swimming pool
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Historical Traveler Reviews The Westin Princeton at Forrestal Village
Relaxing Getaway
My husband and I celebrated our 7th anniversary with a small getaway to the Westin. What a relaxing weekend- we couldn't have asked for more! The staff was excellent, responsive to all our requests. We ate in the restaurants and also ordered room service, and were delighted with both. Our room was beautiful retreat, refined and spotless. I can't think of one thing I would change! We would definitely recommend the hotel and will plan on returning next year.
What Professional Service Should Be!
I wrapped some business around a wedding so I stayed at the beautiful Westin Princeton for 5 nights. As a loyal Four Seasons and Ritz Carlton customer, my standards are high. The Westin Princeton knows what service should be. The bell staff knew my name on my second day. The restaurant servers catered to my special requests without hesitation. This is the friendliest hotel staff I have seen.
If you are in the area, the Japanese Steakhouse in the hotel is worth every penny. But don't fill up on Sushi like I did. The prices were quite reasonable.
Poor experience
While the upper floors may be renovated, the lower floors weren't: stained carpet, very thick dust on the heating/AC duct, what looked like mold on a wall above a fire/water? object, dirty curtain, hard-to-turn shower faucet, stiff, itchy sheets on bed. Window couldn' be opened and room was stuffy even with air turned on. The sundry shop was poor/rundown.
The staff was very, very nice (and very apologetic about problems) and while some were great, others were clearly not sufficiently trained. Was given the wrong information several times (re nearby restaurants, shuttle use, etc.) and had other incidents happen that showed customer service flaws of decision making/skill.
A Perfect Wedding
We held our wedding at this hotel and it could not have gone and better. The food was wonderful, the staff and service was perfect and the hospitality suite and rooms were renovated and very comfortable. I must say for what we paid and what we recieved it was an amazing value.
I loved the indoor pool and jazuzzi and I was greeted by the GM and Catering manager during the event. What a great place to have a wedding! Private, safe and close to downtown Princeton. They provide van service for wedding party to down town princeton and the van driver was amazing and helpful!
After the wedding we enjoyed cocktails in the lobby and watched the very cool flat screens that were in Bar 10 and relaxed!
Great bloody mary's and the bed was heavenly, perfect for your first night together! What a bridal suite! Two floors with outdoor patio over looking pool and garden area!
Great Room, Great Food, Great Staff
Went to see a play in Princeton last weekend and stayed at the Westin. Judging by some of the older reviews here the hotel must have been recently renovated. The room was fantastic, very comfortable bed and a wonderful shower with 2 heads !! New furniture, coffee maker, internet access etc.... We ate in the hotel's own Hibachi style restaurant and the food was amazing, also ordered breakfast in bed which was delicious. Cocktails in the bar were very good too ! The staff were extremely friendly and helpful. Parking in Princeton is hard to find and very expensive, the hotel is 3 miles out of town and has its own free parking. I would highly recommend this hotel for all types of travellers.
Good but....
Room is nice. great bed. Shower could be renovated a little but has a good size. Staff is nice. Pool and amenities are nice. But coffee maker in the room was liking and had to call for room service at 3:00 in the afternoon to pay us a visit. At least received a prompt response. What bothered me the most was the billing process. Received my bill with all the correct charges of my stay and used the very convenient express check-out they offer. But as I check my credit card statement online latter that morning I found out that there was an additional charge not listed on the bill I received at tbe hotel. Called to inquire and was told that those were transaction charges that would be reinbursted within 3 bussiness days. Should've been told about those charges at the hotel.
Luxurious, Comfortable Stay
I stayed here for 2 nights in late March 2004, driving up from the DC area. Location is easy to find from the HWY, and it's 5-10 minutes in a car from the Princeton campus. Free and ample parking. Shuttle to nearby areas are provided, but at the last minute they were booked up.
We were booked at a corporate rate of $199/night, but we saw that AAA rate would have been about $100/night.
This was one of my favorite hotels. I appreiciated that though it is not a large hotel with large amenities, the important things were correctly identified and empasized:
1) clean, efficient, and modernly decorated lobby (leather chairs and tables)
2) one of the most comfortable beds('Heavenly beds' as they named it) and the impeccabily clean, luxurious, 300 thread count, matching, property fitted linens with extra pillows
3) great toiletries- quality soap and shampoo, great double shower head, and larger shower room
I'm a fan of modern, boutique hotels but this trip sold me on Westin hotels.
The hotel sits along inside a small, village-style mall that seems very recently built, with a bagel shop, a few outlet stores, and a food court that can be reached with 2-3 minutes of walking, where we found some junky but cheap snacks and eats. The hotel has a few restaurants inside. We tried the sushi place, but as with most hotel restaurants, it was pricy($20 for small sashimi plate, $5 seaweed side, etc) and tasted bland.
Deceitful, Dishonest Service
I am in the process of coordinating a Pakistani/Indian wedding at the Westin. The business methods for this type of wedding are dishonest, misleading and deceitful. Business policies are not disclosed fully at time of contact because the function must be arranged by the cater Mogul and there is no choice in which Pakistani/Indian caterer can be used. I stronly suspect the banquet and catering managers at the Westin are paid under the table for weddings booked in this manner by Mogul.
Once a contract is signed, hidden fees are tacked on. Westin refused to accept my business when I expressed disagreement with these deceitful practices and requested another caterer. You will not be treated as a respected client but rather a source of cash if you use this facility for an Indian/Pakistani wedding. Please rethink any event you choose to have at this facility.
A little tired
A rebranded Marriott which is showing its age. Peeling wallpaper, dark lighting, bar next to front desk so you smell the smokers as you're checking in. Restaurant and front desk staff were very nice. Overall it's actually not that bad, but needs updating. Not up to Westin standards.
I stayed there for my son wedding. The wedding was organize by them too. Everything was a disaster. The bathrooms were very dirty. The people were no friendly, specially the sell woman of the wedding package. After she got her money she became nasty. I will never recomen thuis place to anyone
TripAdvisor Reviews The Westin Princeton at Forrestal Village
Travel Blogs from Princeton
San Francisco motorcycle ride planned
... weather will be like. Looking at the forecast it looks like the weather will be in the 90s. I have to figure out what I should wear on the trip. I don't want to carry around much of anything just the bare essentials. I am not sure if I will need a jacket or not. Will probably take one just in case. I am starting to wish my cousin could come out with me. It's a trip you want to be able to share with someone. I'll do my best to record it all and experience it all with ...
All Packed and Ready To Go
... we will be sharing throughout the trip. I am really looking forward to the first evening, There will be a woman speaking who specializes in the relationship of geography to theology (e.g., "theography" ). I was visiting my 98 year young mother today and told Mom how I was going to make sure I got to talk with the woman – to which Mom commented, "God help her!" (my Mom is still with it and still mothering me to this day!)
Day 13
... had all our luggage lined up waiting for us. We arrived about 10.45 LA time which is about three hours earlier than NY time so everyone is very tired.....bodies saying its 1.45am. We met up with Albert our new driver....same Albert as last year :) for a forty minute drive to the hotel.The airline gave us all a $7 voucher for dinner....woohoo. ADT will refund any extra we pay above the seven dollars. FUN FUN FUN!!!!! Sleep ins for everyone tomorrow.....our your starting at 11am ...
Newark Airport
... area to fritter away the remaining time before our flight leaves. One airport-food-like panini later, and I'm left writing about the past three hours as if there was anything at all to talk about. Signing off in the immortal words of Eric ...
On the plane!
Wow, boarding was easy and we're comfortable aboard a brand new Dreamliner. This plane is fantastic. Incredibly bright and open and it seems like there is so much space. Jake is having fun watching an extended version of LOTR 3 while discovering the fun one can ...


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Irish Left ReviewJoined up thinking for the Irish Left
Bin Charges: From Private Circus to Public Service Tue Jun 21, 2016 12:38 | Michael Taft
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Ireland. The international working class solution.
national | history and heritage | opinion/analysis Monday January 13, 2014 22:02 by john throne - Facts For Working People.
The last 40 years. Lessons and mistakes.
The military campaign of the Republican groups was a failure. Some of us said this would be the case from the start. But some of us who did so did not put enough emphasis on the need to struggle for an international solution to the problems facing Ireland. This article seeks to put this right. It also seeks to look at the North and borders and the future taking into account the changes that have taken place and considering alternatives. A socialist united Ireland? Is this possible if the socialist revolution does not start first in England, Scotland and Wales and spread to Ireland North and South? Is it possible that the revolution could unfold in a way that would leave significant divisions in the working class and make the move to a socialist united Ireland not immediately possible? Perhaps some sort of Canton system like exists in Switzerland would be necessary for a time. Can the socialist revolution start first in the North given the deep division made worse by the past 40 years.?
Ireland: The International Working Class Solution


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Max Boot: Obama Repeats Bush Mistakes in LibyaRoundup: Historians' Take
Max Boot is a contributing writer to Opinion. He is a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, an advisor to the Romney campaign and author of the forthcoming Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare From Ancient Times to the Present Day.
The attack in Benghazi, which killed Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other Americans, was practically the only foreign policy issue to come up in the second presidential debate, and it's sure to come up again in Monday's final debate, which will be entirely devoted to foreign policy.
Last time around, much of the focus was on whether President Obama called it a "terrorist" act. The evidence on this score is ambiguous: In a Rose Garden statement on Sept. 13, the president did decry "acts of terror," but it was not clear whether he was referring to Sept. 11, 2001, in the United States or Sept. 11, 2012, in Libya, and after his remarks, other administration spokesmen preferred to ascribe the attack to spontaneous demonstrations over an anti-Islam video.
But one issue is unambiguous: There has been a crippling and dangerous lack of security in Libya since Moammar Kadafi was overthrown last year with the help of NATO airstrikes. This was an issue that many observers worried about while the war was ongoing: Was there a plan to create security and governance after Kadafi's downfall?..
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- A Brief History Of Spousal Speeches At Political Conventions


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A three train meet sees Q226 with a HLCX pair pass Q383 with BNSF power and the Y101 local working the industry with a CSX road slug set. 7 units, 6 paint schemes!
A nice pair of WE GP-35's split the former B&O CPL's with an empty Niles coal train.
Aftermath of vandals putting ties on the tracks. That's the power off Q226 in the background pulling two rerailed cars west.
Akron Barberton Cluster RR job heads for the W&LE connection.
A local works the Valley yard in Akron with a pair of blue geeps.
Conrail local had paused for just a moment, then pulled out on a bitter cold night.
ABB job has just come off the CSX(track to the right)and is backing into the siding to get a W&LE crew.
Local with an ex Conrail is passed by Q358 with CSX 699 leading.
A pair of BNSF -9's head east on CSX.
A close up of one of the new primer units.
A clean CSX painted ex Conrail leads Q148 up the hill.
RDC M3 handles the Canton train today as it passes through the former Goodyear Tire complex. That's the former Akron Barberton Belt bridge above the train, now without rails.


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Roger Moore and Christina 'Kiki' Tholstrup have been married since 10th Mar 2002. [view couple]
Sir Roger George Moore KBE (born 14 October 1927) is an English actor. Moore played the British secret agent James Bond in seven feature films between 1973 and 1985; he remains the oldest actor to have played the character. After graduating from the ...Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), Moore worked as a model and made several appearances in minor films and television dramas before finding more substantial roles in the television serials Ivanhoe (1958–1959), The Alaskans (1960–1961) and Maverick (1961). Moore's most significant television work came with his portrayal of Simon Templar in The Saint from 1962 to 1969 and his starring alongside Tony Curtis in the television drama The Persuaders! (1971).
Connect any celebrity with Roger Moore to see how closely they are linked... romantically!
My next-door neighbor totally loved Roger. Once I asked what he had that I didn`t. `He is so handsome and suavay, and he`s so good, he can leave his shoes under my bed anytime`. Well, I guess that was telling me, eh what.
`Yes, I like to keep the British end up too` (Quote..unquote..)
As odd as it might sound, some of the best advise I had ever gotten inadvertantly came from Roger Moore. I can remember him saying that when he was a youngster, his father said, "Look pretty and you`ll go far!" That may be the greatest advice for success. Hey! It worked for 007.


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A male that takes down women for fun, who's way with the opposite sex is unrivalled by his peers.
Did you hear Jarv shagged 4 women last week. He's a sickening birder.
af Le B3ar 16. november 2011
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I'm an idealist living in a practical field. Professionally, I work on a lot of software for infrastructure, so I work in F#, C#, Java, Python, Go, and whatever else the technologies call for. I tend to pick functional languages these days if I have the choice.
In my spare time I like to bounce around the world, play video games, cook, and make projects in fun languages like Clojure, F#, Rust, and C++.
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New Age Moon Calendar
De August Hesse
Abra o iTunes para comprar e baixar apps.
New Age Lunar Calendar gives a quick and easy reference to descriptions and imagery of the current and future moon phases. A unique feature are the descriptions of the 12 moons of the year, which help to give the user a sense of lunar meaning within a broader perspective.Unlike some moon calendars, this application offers an easy to access listing of all coming moon eclipses with diagrams and images to show their expected lunar appearance. Also, this moon calendar, offers brief entries on moon lore and moon deities giving a foundation to understanding the moon through a spiritual context.
These unique features make New Age Lunar Calendar the most uniquely suited mobile application for spiritual seekers interested in the magic of the moon.
Clientes também compraram
- Categoria: Entretenimento
- Lançado: 23/12/2010
- Versão: 1.0
- Tamanho: 3.0 MB
- Idioma: Inglês
- Vendedor: August Hesse
- © 2010 Star 7 Engineering
Compatibilidade: Requer o iOS 3.0 ou posterior. Compatível com iPhone, iPad e iPod touch.


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Michigan Department of Education
|Department overview
|Ministers responsible
|Department executives
|Child department
|Key document
Michigan Department of Education (MDE) is a state agency of Michigan, in the United States. MDE oversees public school districts in the state. The agency is headquartered at 608 West Allegan Street in Lansing.[1] The Department of Education is overseen by the State Board of Education. The Board of Education is elected at-large and appoints the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Superintendent of Public Instruction is also the chair and a non-voting member of the Board.[2] Currently the Superintendent of Public Instruction is Brian J Whiston, who was appointed on July 1, 2015.[3]
The Michigan State Board of Education is elected[4] every two years in groups of 2 for eight year terms.[5] The Board of Education is one of a few commissions that head up departments, with the other commissions' members appointed by the governor.
The responsibilities of the state Department of Education and the Board of Education are outlined in the 1963 Michigan Constitution, which states[6][7]
Leadership and general supervision over all public education, including adult education and instructional programs in state institutions, except as to institutions of higher education granting baccalaureate degrees, is vested in a state board of education. It shall serve as the general planning and coordinating body for all public education, including higher education, and shall advise the legislature as to the financial requirements in connection therewith.
- ^ MDE - Contact Information. Michigan Department of Education. Retrieved on March 30, 2009.
- ^ MDE - Superintendent. Michigan Department of Education. Retrieved on April 22, 2009
- ^ MDE - Brian J Whiston, Superintendent of Public Instruction. Michigan Department of Education. Retrieved on July 13, 2015
- ^ MICHIGAN IN BRIEF: 1998–99 Chapter 2: About State Government (PDF). Public Sector Consultants, Inc. 1999.
- ^ Article VIII of the Constitution of Section 3, Constitution of (1963)
- ^ MDE - State Board of Education. Michigan Department of Education. Retrieved on April 22, 2009
- ^ The Constitution of the State of Michigan of 1963, Article VIII, Sec. 3.
External links[edit]
|This article relating to education in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Transtrigonal Approach for Excision of MUllerian Duct Structures
Version of Record online: 26 NOV 2008
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1993.tb16278.x
© 1993 British Journal of Urology
British Journal of Urology
Volume 72, Issue 5, pages 834–836, November 1993
Additional Information
How to Cite
LAMOIMT, G. L. and GOUGH, D. C. S. (1993), Transtrigonal Approach for Excision of MUllerian Duct Structures. British Journal of Urology, 72: 834–836. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1993.tb16278.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 26 NOV 2008
- Version of Record online: 26 NOV 2008
- 26 November 1992
- Abstract
- References
- Cited By
Summary Persistent mtillerian structures attached to the prostatic urethra in the male may cause urinary incontinence and infection. The transtrigonal technique allows complete excision with preservation of normal bladder function and control. We describe the operative technique in detail.


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Latest Multisports News
Page 7 of 49 pages ‹ First < 5 6 7 8 9 > Last ›
Athletes prep before Edmonton action begins
04/09/15 - As the penultimate stop on the World Triathlon Series in Edmonton gets closer, athletes are prepping more than ever in the hopes of having a successful weekend right before the start of the Grand Final in... |Full Story
Fully stocked men's roster for WTS Edmonton
02/09/15 - As the penultimate stop on the World Triathlon Series, Edmonton will this weekend offer up a fast and furious sprint course to a star-studded men's start list as the athletes fight for final points in the... |Full Story
WTS Edmonton podium completely up for grabs
02/09/15 - The World Triathlon Series is coming to the Americas, as Edmonton, Canada becomes the ninth stop in the 2015 circuit. After hosting the Grand Final last year, Edmonton is set to serve up a sprint course... |Full Story
Long Distance Duathlon titles on the line
31/08/15 - This weekend, ITU and the International Powerman Association (IPA) will present the ITU Powerman Long Distance Duathlon World Championships for the eighth time. Reigning champions Emma Pooley (GBR) and... |Full Story
100 days to go to Science & Tri Conference
17/08/15 - Today marks just 100 days to go until the 2015 Science & Triathlon Conference. The two-day conference will run on 26-27 November, 2015 in Paris, "the City of Light", offering participants the chance to... |Full Story
Polyanskiy picks up Tiszy World Cup title
09/08/15 - Igor Polyanskiy (RUS) claimed the top podium position in a thrilling race, winning the elite men´s triathlon final in Tiszaujvaros, clenching his first ever World Cup title. In front of his home crowd,... |Full Story
Sheedy-Ryan rakes up first World Cup win
09/08/15 - Australian Felicity Sheedy-Ryan timed her race to perfection to win the elite women´s triathlon final at the Tiszaujvaros ITU World Cup. Audrey Merle (FRA) took the silver medal and Sara Dossena (ITA)... |Full Story
Tiszaujvaros World Cup heats up
08/08/15 - Action got underway at the 2015 Tiszaujvaros ITU World Cup on Saturday with some blistering heats of semifinals action. The day began with two waves of semifinals for the women, the first of which was... |Full Story
19th Tiszy World Cup features semifinals action
06/08/15 - In its 19th edition, the Tiszaujvaros ITU Triathlon World Cup showcases a talented lineup for two days of semifinals and finals action. The finale to TriWeek, which is a week-long festival of multisport... |Full Story
WTS Hamburg draws big broadcast numbers
23/07/15 - Recent broadcast figures demonstrate the continued growing demand to watch the sport of triathlon, as the ITU Mixed Relay World Championships and ITU World Triathlon Hamburg garnered top numbers. Taking... |Full Story
France wins first Mixed Relay World Championships
19/07/15 - In the seventh edition of the ITU Triathlon Mixed Relay World Championships, France scored its first World Championship title in a down to the line fight. After Great Britain edged out the team in 2014,... |Full Story
Vincent Luis smashes Hamburg for first WTS title
18/07/15 - No stranger to the podium, but a stranger to the top, France's Vincent Luis produced a remarkable run at World Triathlon Hamburg to claim his first ever World Triathlon Series title over four-time World... |Full Story
Jorgensen sprints to her 11th straight victory
18/07/15 - Proving that she is also capable at dominating in a sprint, USA's Gwen Jorgensen claimed victory at the 2015 ITU World Triathlon Hamburg on Saturday. With Great Britain's Vicky Holland giving... |Full Story
Athletes share their thoughts on #WTSHamburg
17/07/15 - The largest triathlon on the WTS schedule, the atmosphere in Hamburg is an athlete favorite. Read what they have to say about the races, the crowd and their expectations. Gwen Jorgensen on continuing... |Full Story
Competition stiff for Mixed Relay World Champs
16/07/15 - One of the most anticipated events of the year is back. For the third season running, Hamburg will host the 2015 ITU Mixed Relay World Championships in a whirlwind of dynamic racing. Just when you think... |Full Story


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D-Beat of The Month: Systemik Viølence "Fuck as Punk"
This band is A FUCKING BEAST and I love them for that!!! Systemik Viølence is a new band from Lisbon, Portugal, that spit in the face of conformity and are releasing their debut tape Fuck as Punk! Their songs are blistering, distorted, raging weapons of mass radness that will freaking rip your
Eternal Downfall…
ATRAMENT // ACEPHALIX // DEATHGRAVE Photo Essay
Unholy triple fucks – it all went down in Oaktown on March 12th for the ATRAMENT record release show for their new LP Eternal Downfall. Rounding off the bill was the headliner ACEPHALIX along with DEATHGRAVE, and the word on the street is that chairs were flying – some band members
The Punx Are Coming! Bleak Life Fest 2 & 3 Benefit
Text & Photos: Imogen Reid Bleak Life is an annual punk fest here in the frozen hellhole that is Ottawa, Canada: it is three days of beer, speed, weed and noise-induced hearing loss. It was started three years ago by a group of friends who saw a need in this city
CVLT Nation Premiere Streaming:
SUNSHINE WARD "Disillusion"
I will always and forever be a fan of SICK, RAGING, OFF THE CHAIN D-BEAT, and the new SUNSHINE WARD soon to released 12 inch Order will do the trick. This band kicks the teeth out of all authority and kicks oppression in the balls with their non-stop onslaught! Our
D – beat punk is one of those genres, like grindcore or depressive black metal, that takes a lot of flak for being overly formulaic. Usually, the accusations come from kids outside the scene, since those of us who actually listen to this stuff do so because we enjoy the
This Is Boston Not Any Where Else…SYMPTOM / EXIT ORDER Full Sets Raging NOW!
My favorite videographer from Boston has to be AT THE BOILER ROOM, because his footage always has so much energy, plus he captures the raddest local and touring bands! Case in point: peep these two insane sets from SYMPTOM and EXIT ORDER below. You can also head over to our comrade Angela Owens for
The Nightmare is Real: I WANNA DIE – Ne Me Quitte Pas Review + Stream
Hey hey, guess what? Our good buds and notorious Bay Area Punk Rock degenerates I WANNA DIE have released a new EP called Ne Me Quitte Pas, and well, as expected it's an awesome fucking rager of embittered and fucked up hardcore punk coming atcha straight from the fucking gutter, where
While You Hate, We CREATE! Fuck Racism in Metal!
Racism is never a joke…Phil Anselmo, you straight fucking played yourself in the eyes of so many, and CVLT Nation will never support you in any way or form. I have been an active part of the underground music community since the early 80s, and I have never made the
偏執症者 (Paranoid) – Satyagraha Review + Raging Full Set
Currently, many folks are beginning their new year by making empty promises to themselves about all kinds of shit that they most likely won't be able to follow through with. Luckily, we here at CVLT NATION are here to help! As many of you may know, CVLT NATION is the
CVLT Nation Premiere Streaming: ATRAMENT "No Beyond"
My blood is turning black, my skull is beginning to cave in, my sense of rage is rising, and all of this is being caused by the sonic beast that goes by the name of ATRAMENT. This Bay Area group creates music that has underground music lovers from around the
Raw Blackened Thrash Metal: Gevurah's 'Rites of Degeneracy' Review + Full Stream
Hailing from the United Kingdom's Yamabushi Collective come some strapping young lads known for their work in Nembutal and sonic torturers Cease To Exist under their new band name, Gevurah. They reach a new form after combining audial dismal fire, thrash and black metal. As previously stated in articles I've
CVLT Nation's Top Six ITALIAN Releases of 2015
Six – UFOMAMMUT – Eecate 1999 seems like millennia ago. That was the year the "space mammoth" was conceived in the quiet hill town of Tortona, Piedmont, Northern Italy. Little did anyone know that from such a small, placid and unsuspecting place could rise one of the heaviest, loudest, most crushing and


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Will You Need Reading Glasses after LASIK?
If you have both eyes corrected for distance vision, then you will eventually need reading glasses after LASIK.
Our Blog
If you have both eyes corrected for distance vision, then you will eventually need reading glasses after LASIK.
KAMRA™ corneal inlays can treat presbyopia without corrective lenses. Let's see how LASIK might affect the results.
Distinguished eye surgeon Dr. Andrew Holzman of TLC Laser Eye Centers was featured on Good Morning America today. In the segment, Dr. Holzman helped viewers understand a new procedure for people who rely on reading glasses.
Dr. Holzman is the first ophthalmologist in the Washington, DC area to offer KAMRA™ inlay surgery. His Rockville, MD office has the proud distinction of being the first TLC Laser site to perform this life-changing procedure.
Dr. Andrew Holzman is the only eye surgeon in the Washington, DC area to offer KAMRA™ inlays to treat presbyopia.
Dr. Andrew E. Holzman prepares patients for what to expect following the placement of a KAMRA™ inlay, and offers tips to ensure a smooth recovery period.
Wilson Ramos, starting catcher for the Washington Nationals, underwent LASIK surgery with Dr. Andrew E. Holzman.
KAMRA™ inlays are an excellent option for correcting presbyopia. Let's see who is an ideal candidate for this treatment.
Let's consider the cost of KAMRA™ inlays, as well as matters related to insurance coverage and monthly financing.
Dr. Andrew Holzman is the first Washington DC Metro eye surgeon to offer KAMRA™ inlays to improve near and reading vision.
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The Federal & State Grants Unit oversees federal and state assistance programs administered by the Authority.
The Research & Analysis Unit serves as Illinois' Statistical Analysis Center (SAC). State SACs provide objective analysis of criminal justice data for informing statewide policy and practice.
Adult Redeploy Illinois provides financial incentives to local jurisdictions for programs that allow diversion of non-violent offenders from state prisons by providing community-based services.
The Adult Redeploy Illinois Oversight Board Performance Measurement Committee will meet on Friday, July 29, 2016 at 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. At the following public site: ICJIA, 300 W. Adams Street, 2nd Floor – Small Conference Room, Chicago, IL 60606.
The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority ("the Authority"), based in downtown Chicago, is seeking qualified candidates for the position of Associate Director, Office of Human Resources. Under the direct supervision of the Executive Director, the Associate Director oversees all matters involving human resources and labor relations. Specific duties include but are not limited to: develops and formulates policies and procedures to implement long-term strategic goals associated with personnel; plans programmatic agency initiatives mandated by the Executive Director; oversees the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) program for the agency; manages the personnel operations of the agency's Human Resources and Labor Relations Programs; serves as Labor Relations Manager advising managers and administrators on labor relations issues; resolves 3rd level grievances; serves as part of the management team during Master Contract Negotiations; recommends approval of agency supplemental agreements to the Director; serves on the Director's Executive Staff; prepares and implements the agency's annual Affirmative Action Plan. The Associate Director also provides Legal Counsel with information/data for litigation relating to equal employment matters, as well as provides testimony to the Courts of State and United States and formal and informal hearings. Directs the preparation of data to be utilized in preparing the Agency's Budget and Headcount Controls; directs professional and para-professional staff; effectively recommends grievance resolutions; completes and signs performance evaluations.
The Adult Redeploy Illinois Oversight Board Outreach, T.A. & Communication Committee will meet on Monday July 25, 2016 at 2:30p.m. to 4:30 p.m. At the following public site: ICJIA, 300 W. Adams Street, 2nd Floor – Small Conference Room, Chicago, IL 60606.
The Authority's Audit Committee will meet on Thursday, July 28, 2016 at 10 AM to 11:30 AM at the Authority, 300 West Adams Street, 2nd Floor, Chicago IL 60606.
The Illinois Center of Excellence for Behavioral Health and Justice Board of Directors will meet on Wednesday, July 20, 2016 at 10 AM at the following location: University of Illinois – Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107 and Illinois Department of Human Services, 401 S. Clinton, Second Floor, Chicago, IL 60607.
The Illinois Center of Excellence for Behavioral Health and Justice Advisory Board will meet on Wednesday, July 20, 2016 at 9:30 AM at the following locations: University of Illinois - Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107 and Illinois Department of Human Services, 401 S. Clinton, Second Floor, Chicago, IL 60607.
The Strategic Opportunities Committee will meet on Monday, July 18, 2016 at 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. at the following location: 300 W. Adams, Suite 200, Large Conference Room Chicago, Illinois 60606.


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Jones Act
U.S. Navy Opposes Repeal of Jones Act
The news that the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Navy League support the Jones Act and oppose its repeal was applauded by Maritime Cabotage Task Force (MCTF), the national coalition representing the U.S.-flag fleet engaged in domestic waterborne commerce. Both organizations dedicated to the defense of the United States have reaffirmed their support for the law, which is directly responsible for half a million U.S. jobs and vital to national security. In response to anti-Jones Act legislation introduced earlier this year, the U.S. Navy said, "For decades, U.S. merchant mariners have provided essential support for the U.S. Navy during times of war and national crisis. Repealing the Jones Act would remove that support at a time when we are fighting two wars and facing a continuing threat from international terrorism." The statement comes within days of comments from Daniel B. Branch, Jr., president of the Navy League of the United States, highlighting the importance of a "strong commercial maritime industry" to a "maritime nation [like] the United States." The Jones Act establishes a U.S. merchant marine of skilled seafarers and U.S.-flagged ships essential for maintaining the flow of domestic and foreign waterborne commerce that is capable of serving as a naval and military auxiliary in times of war or national emergency.
Nat'l Commission Says: Jones Act No Hinderance to Spill Clean Up
The January 11, 2011 report from the non-partisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling confirmed the Jones Act did not prevent foreign vessels from assisting with the clean-up effort during the Deep Water Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico last year. "Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling" was prepared by the independent entity at the request of President Barack Obama.
Grill Retires, Maritime Cabotage Task Force
The Maritime Cabotage Task Force (MCTF) is thanking its retiring Chairman, Philip M. Grill, for his 14 years of leadership of the labor/management coalition that promotes the Jones Act and other U.S. maritime cabotage laws in Washington. Grill, who is retiring as Vice President – Government Relations for Matson Navigation Company, Inc., on July 31, has chaired MCTF since its founding in September 1995. Under his leadership
OMSA - Jones Act Compliance Manager
The national trade association that is the voice for the U.S. flag workboat industry has taken the unusual step of hiring an experienced investigator to collect evidence on foreign vessels that violate the U.S. law known as the Jones Act. The Offshore Marine Service Association (OMSA) has created a new position – Manager of Jones Act Compliance – to ensure compliance with the laws requiring that vessels involved in domestic transportation be owned by Americans
Ruling on Permanently Moored Dockside Casino
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ruled that, for purposes of the Jones Act, a permanently moored dockside casino is not a vessel in navigation and its employees are not seamen entitled to protection under the Act. In the instant case, the casino vessel was documented and inspected by the U.S. Coast Guard, but only got underway once each year for engine and maneuvering tests. The court held that the vessel was not engaged in the transportation of passengers or cargo and was
Obama Supports the Jones Act
A campaign pledge of support for the Jones Act has earned President Barack Obama the cover spot on the 2008 Annual Report of the Maritime Cabotage Task Force, a Washington, D.C.-based coalition promoting the domestic U.S.- Flag fleet. In August 2008, then candidate Obama declared "America needs a strong and vibrant U.S.-flag Merchant Marine … That is why you … can continue to count on me to support the Jones Act…."
Jones Act Seems Beneficial to Puerto Ricans Finds GAO
American Maritime Partnership (AMP) member, Crowley Maritime Corp. distributes the following announcement: The long-awaited General Accountability Office (GAO) study on the Jones Act in Puerto Rico shows that the U.S. domestic container shipping fleet has provided regular, reliable service while offering significant rate reductions, according to the American Maritime Partnership (AMP), an industry trade group. "GAO disproved charges that the Jones Act raises prices for consumers in
Horizon Lines Supports Jones Act
Horizon Lines, Inc. issued the following statement from interim President and Chief Executive Officer Stephen H. Fraser: Horizon Lines is, and always has been, a very staunch supporter of the Jones Act and all of its requirements. The Jones Act stipulates that cargo shipped between two U.S. ports must be transported on vessels that are American-made, American-flagged, at least 75% American-owned and predominantly American crewed
Watercraft Under Construction is Not a Vessel in Navigation
The US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that a watercraft under construction is not a vessel in navigation for purposes of the Jones Act. In the instant case, plaintiff allegedly incurred injuries while working on an oil drilling rig that was afloat, but not yet ready for operation and for which the required US Coast Guard certificates had not yet been issued. He brought suit under the Jones Act. The court held that the Jones Act was not applicable in that the rig was not
Jones Act Waiver Not Likely
Efforts by U.S. officials and oil firms to waive Jones Act shipping requirements and increase available oil tankers to the Northeast are so far dead in the water, the U.S. Department of Transportation said. "No one has made a credible case in the Executive branch or Congress to grant waivers or eviscerate the Jones Act," John Graykowski, acting administrator of the Maritime Administration told Reuters. The Jones Act -- which is overseen by the Department of Transportation's Maritime
Philly Shipyard to pay Dividend
Philly Shipyard, a U.S. commercial shipyard constructing vessels for operation in the Jones Act market has announced acash dividend to be paid by PHLY. The schedule is as follows: Dividend amount: USD 0.25 per share Declared currency: USD
Can Domestic Shipping Become Our Industry's Farmer's Market?
The Future of Shortsea Shipping and Domestic 'Markets' Arriving at the Farmer's Market this morning I made the decision to grill some hand cut rib eye with fresh vegetables and potatoes later that evening. I searched several of the local farm kiosks to find the mix I
NASSCO Lays Keel for Jones Act Tanker Liberty
U.S. shipbuilder General Dynamics NASSCO hosted a keel laying ceremony on Thursday, May 26 for the Liberty, one of three new ECO Class Jones Act tankers under a construction contract with SEA-Vista LLC, a partnership between SEACOR Holdings, Inc. and Avista Capital Partners.
NASSCO Delivers Second ECO Tanker to APT
On Thursday, May 19, shipbuilders at General Dynamics NASSCO delivered the Magnolia State to longtime customer American Petroleum Tankers (APT). The ECO Class tanker is one of the most fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly tankers in the world and symbolizes the emerging future of green
NASSCO Christens Jones Act ECO Tanker
U.S. shipbuilder General Dynamics NASSCO launched and christened Garden State, another ECO Class tanker due to join the Jones Act fleet. Launched and christened on Saturday, May 7, the new ship, will join the ranks as one of the most fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly product
Crowley Christens Third LNG-ready Product Tanker
Crowley Maritime Corporation christened the third of four new LNG-ready Jones Act product tankers at a May 5 ceremony at the Julia Street Cruise Terminal in New Orleans. The 600-foot-long, 50,000-dead-weight-ton (dwt), 330,000-barrel-capacity MT Louisiana is capable of carrying crude oil
NASSCO Delivers First ECO Class Tanker for SEA-Vista
On Thursday, April 28, 2016, General Dynamics NASSCO delivered the first ship in a series of three ECO Class tankers currently under construction for SEA-Vista LLC. The newly-built Independence is a 610-foot, 50,000 deadweight-ton, LNG-conversion-ready product tanker with a 330
Crowley to Christen 3rd LNG-ready Product Tanker
Crowley Maritime Corp. announced it will hold a christening ceremony Thursday, May 5 in New Orleans for the newly built Louisiana, the company's third of four new Jones Act product tankers. The 600-foot-long, 50,000-dead-weight-ton (dwt), 330
GE Equips New Multipurpose Supply Vessels
After equipping more than 20 purpose supply vessels (PSV)/multipurpose supply vessels (MPSV) for Eastern Shipbuilding, GE has once again been chosen by the builder to equip Hornbeck Offshore Services' (HOS) next generation of U.S. flag, Jones Act-qualified MPSVs
Crowley's Roberts Outlines Support for Puerto Rico, Jones Act
As U.S. lawmakers address means to stabilize Puerto Rico's economy, Crowley Maritime Corporation's senior vice president and general counsel, Michael Roberts, was called upon to offer recommendations for supporting the island's economy and strengthening the U.S
APT's 2nd ECO Class Product Carrier Christened
On Saturday, April 23, General Dynamics NASSCO hosted a christening ceremony for the second Jones Act ECO Class tanker for American Petroleum Tankers (APT) under construction at the company's shipyard in San Diego. U.S. Representative Scott Peters spoke at the ceremony
AWO, Stakeholders 'Barge In' at Capitol Hill
American Tugboat, Towboat and Barge Industry Urged Support for American Jobs, Vessel Discharge Reform, and Waterways Infrastructure. Members of the American Waterways Operators, the national trade association representing the tugboat, towboat and barge industry
Third LNG-ready Tanker Delivered to Crowley
Crowley takes delivery of Louisiana, third Jones Act tanker with LNG capability Crowley Maritime Corp. has taken delivery of Louisiana, the third of four new, Jones Act product tankers being built for the company by Philly Shipyard, Inc
AWO President Champions the Jones Act
On April 14 in testimony before the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Subcommittee of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, Tom Allegretti, President & CEO of The American Waterways Operators (AWO), will press for continued defense of the Jones Act and a uniform federal
Manage and Mitigate Risk on the Water
Strengthening your marine insurance Early in the morning on August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Golf Coast of the United States. Hurricane Katrina was the worst insured loss event in the history of insurance anywhere in the world. It was bigger than 9/11


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Susan's Reviews > The Silent Strength of Stones
The Silent Strength of Stones (Chapel Hollow #2)
by Nina Kiriki Hoffman
by Nina Kiriki Hoffman
Susan's review
bookshelves: childrens
Jul 28, 2007
bookshelves: childrens
Recommended for: Those who like witchy stories
Read in July, 2007
The Silent Strength of Stones is about a young man discovering who he is and his relationship to his family and the "witchy" world. His world has been rocked by his mother abandoning him. Enter a family that enters the summer community in a mountain town, however, no one can see them. Shape-shifting, mind-control, communing with nature, personal metaphysical gifts, and ethics are part of this story.
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User reviews
User Review - Flag as inappropriate
I fell in love with that 'Go Get'em', fearless girl named Dru that I had come to know throughout the first two novels in this series. However, in this book Dru just seemed to doubt herself a bit too much in this book. Other than that little fact, this book was as wonderful and unexpected as ever.
Review: Jealousy (Strange Angels #3)User Review - Jillian -always aspiring- - Goodreads
PRE-READING THOUGHTS: All have to say as of yet is this: Graves, I'm disappointed in you. >.< (Yes, I skimmed -- and, no, I'm not sorry.) POST-READING/SKIMMING THOUGHTS: I've had the book for months ... Read full review
Review: Jealousy (Strange Angels #3)User Review - Sara E. - Goodreads
If you looked at the cheesy cover of this book, you probably assumed it was just another kissy-kissy vampire/werewolf book, but you would be mistaken. Dru is not a victim. She had been raised by her ... Read full review


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20k FACEBOOK PHOTO LIKES NEEDED - FAST DELIVERY REQUIRED !!
This project received 25 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $28 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Project Budget$10 - $30 USD
Total Bids25
Project Description
Needed 20k + Facebook Photo Likes needed.
ONLY Fast DELIVERY is required.
We need 20k in very few time.
ONLY fast freelancers bid on this project.
Send us a pm with ur bid with the price and the speed.
we will only contact and hire bidders with PMs !!
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
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Work on projects like this and make money from home!Sign Up Now
- Forbes
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The best Hitman of the Hitman series so far - Amazing
Good: Graphics are really good. The gameplay is amazing. AI improved a lot and has achieved great level of interaction. Missions can be hard and thus challenging depending on the level chosen. The story is amazing
Bad: The character could have more skills - enemy kill/ engaging is always the same. Game is short and could be extended. Story could be longer and more detailed.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 12, 2006
|Filing date
|Oct 22, 2003
|Priority date
|May 26, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ashish K. Verma, Arnold C. Chen, Daniel A. Francis
|Original Assignee
|Finisar Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (3), Classifications (20), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/580,322, entitled "Electrically Pumped Vertical Optical Cavity with Improved Electrical Performance," filed on May 26, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,647,041 which relates, in turn, to: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/273,813, entitled "Tunable-Gain Lasing Semiconductor Optical Amplifier," and filed Mar. 22, 1999; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/299,824, "Optical Signal Power Monitor And Regulator," filed Apr. 26, 1999; and, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/09/416,817, "Low-Noise, High-Power Optical Amplifier," filed Oct. 12, 1999. The subject matter of all of the above-recited patent applications is wholly incorporated herein by this reference.
2. The Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to optical transmission systems and devices. More particularly, exemplary embodiments of the invention concern optoelectronic semiconductor devices such as vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and vertical lasing semiconductor optical amplifiers.
2. Related Technology
As the result of continuous advances in technology, particularly in the area of networking such as the Internet, there is an increasing demand for communications bandwidth. For example, the transmission of data over a telephone company's trunk lines, the transmission of images or video over the Internet, the transfer of large amounts of data as might be required in transaction processing, or videoconferencing implemented over a public telephone network typically require the high speed transmission of large amounts of data. As applications such as these become more prevalent, the demand for communications bandwidth capacity will only increase.
Optical fiber is a transmission medium that is well-suited to meet this increasing demand. Optical fiber has an inherent bandwidth which is much greater than metal-based conductors, such as twisted pair or coaxial cable; and protocols such as the SONET protocol have been developed for the transmissions of data over optical fibers. Typical communications system based on optical fibers include a transmitter, an optical fiber, and a receiver. The transmitter converts the data to be communicated into an optical form and then transmits the resulting optical signal via the optical fiber to the receiver. The receiver recovers the original data from the received optical signal. Optical amplifiers, which boost the power of the optical signal propagating through the system, are also a basic building block for fiber communications systems.
Many technologies exist for building the various components within fiber communications systems. For example, optical amplifiers may be created by doping a length of fiber with rare-earth metals, such as erbium, in order to form an active gain medium. The doped fiber is pumped to create a population inversion in the active medium. Then, when an optical signal propagates through the doped fiber, it is amplified due to stimulated emission. Transmitters may be a laser source modulated externally by a lithium niobate modulator, or a directly modulated DFB laser or FP laser. Semiconductor technologies are another alternative for building components. For example, laser sources may be created by using semiconductor fabrication techniques to build an optical cavity and a semiconductor active region within the optical cavity. The active region acts as the gain medium for the cavity. Pumping the active region results in a lasing optical cavity. In a variation of this theme, semiconductor devices may also be used as amplifiers. In one approach, an electrical current pumps the semiconductor active region of the amplifier, resulting in an increased carrier population. The optical signal then experiences gain as it propagates through the active region due to stimulated emission.
These types of semiconductor devices often will function in both the optical and electrical domains. For example, the amplifier described above functions as an optical device since an optical signal injected into the device is amplified as it propagates through the device. However, it also functions as an electrical device since the basic gain mechanism is an electrical effect (e.g., a p-n junction or multiple quantum well) and the device may also be electrically pumped. As a result, finding materials which can meet all of the optical and electrical requirements is difficult and, more often than not, more than one materials system is used to create the required device. For example, it is common to create devices which combine GaAs-based Bragg mirrors with InP-based active regions. However, the use of multiple materials systems creates its own problems, not the least of which is how to effectively combine the different materials systems. For example, GaAs and InP are not lattice matched and devices which combine the two typically will have a lattice mismatched interface somewhere, which can create undesirable effects. In addition, the techniques used to fabricate these devices may also lead to undesirable effects, such as the creation of deep-level defects, particularly if the device requires unusual or non-standard fabrication processes.
Thus, there is a need for semiconductor devices which overcome the undesirable effects generated by combining different material systems and/or by the processes used to fabricate the devices.
In accordance with the present invention, a monolithic semiconductor device extends primarily along a vertical direction and includes the following layers. A first semiconductor layer is doped either n-type or p-type, but preferably is n-type. A second semiconductor layer is doped with the other doping type (i.e., p-type if the first layer is n-type and vice versa). An active region is formed between the first and second semiconductor layers. A third semiconductor layer is doped the same type as the second semiconductor layer. The second and third semiconductor layers are in direct contact with each other but are lattice mismatched. In an alternate embodiment, the interface between the two layers is characterized by trap-like defects rather than being lattice mismatched. An additional doping layer, preferably a delta doping layer, is located in close proximity to the interface between the second and third semiconductor layers. The dopant concentration in the doping layer is heavier than in the bulk of either the second semiconductor layer or the third semiconductor layer. In an alternate embodiment, the second semiconductor layer includes two sublayers with a contaminated interface between them. Thus, one of the sublayers acts as a spacer to separate the contaminated interface from the lattice mismatched (or heavily defective) interface.
In one exemplary embodiment, the device further includes a bottom mirror layer and a top mirror layer, which together form a laser cavity which includes the active region. In one embodiment, the laser cavity is designed to output laser light in a vertical direction, for example as a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). In another embodiment, the device includes a pump input to the active region. The active region also includes an amplifying path which is not colinear with the optical path of the laser cavity. When the active region is pumped above a lasing threshold for the laser cavity, the gain of the active region is clamped to a gain value which essentially is constant. Thus, an optical signal propagating along the amplifying path is amplified by an essentially constant gain.
The present invention is particularly advantageous for a number of reasons. The doping and spacer layers both lead to improved electrical performance. For example, in the context of the VCSELs and VLSOAs, they result in lower turn-on voltages for the laser cavities, thus resulting in lower power consumption and lower heat generation. They also mitigate nonlinear thyristor-type effects caused by the lattice-mismatched interface and/or deep-level defects.
The invention has other advantages and features which will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
VLSOA 100 generally operates as follows. The VLSOA 100 receives an optical signal at input 112. The optical signal propagates through VLSOA 100 along the amplifying path 130. The VLSOA 100 also receives a pump at the pump input 110,111, which pumps the active region 104 above a lasing threshold for the laser cavity 140. When lasing occurs, the round-trip gain offsets the round-trip losses for the laser cavity 140. In other words, the gain of the active region 104 is clamped to the gain value necessary to offset the round-trip losses. The optical signal is amplified according to this gain value as it propagates along the amplifying path 130 (i.e., through the active region 104). The final, amplified optical signal exits VLSOA 100 via output 114.
Note that the gain experienced by the optical signal as it propagates through VLSOA 100 is determined in part by the gain value of the active region 104 (it is also determined, for example, by the length of the amplifying path 130) and this gain value, in turn, is determined primarily by the lasing threshold for the laser cavity 140. In particular, the gain experienced by the optical signal as it propagates through VLSOA 100 is substantially independent of the amplitude of the optical signal. This is in direct contrast to the situation with non-lasing SOAs and overcomes the distortion and crosstalk disadvantages typical of non-lasing SOAs.
Turning again to
Referring to
The semiconductor device 180 is formed by the layers 105, 104, 107, and 119, which are layers of semiconductor materials. In this exemplary embodiment, the substrate 102 is InP, the bottom cladding layer 105 is n-doped InP (n-InP), the top cladding layer 107 is p-InP, and the confinement layer 119 is p-GaAs/AlGaAs. The switch from p-InP in top cladding layer 107 to p-GaAs in confinement layer 119 facilitates the construction of features such as the confinement structure 109 and top mirror 106. p-GaAs, however, is not lattice-matched to p-InP, resulting in unwanted electrical effects. The delta doping layer 118, which in this embodiment is a p-type Beryllium (Be) doping, counteracts these unwanted electrical effects, as will be described in greater detail below. The doping concentration in the delta doping layer 118 is higher than that of the surrounding layers 107,119. Other dopants, including III-V dopants such as carbon and zinc would also be suitable.
In more detail, in an exemplary embodiment, the top cladding layer 107 is InP doped with zinc to a three-dimensional concentration of 1�1018 cm−3. Layer 107 is fabricated using OMCVD. The delta doping layer 118 is formed by depositing Be via MBE to a two-dimensional concentration of 4�1013 cm−2. The thickness of the resulting delta doping layer 118 is on the order of several monolayers. Confinement layer 119 is GaAs doped with Be to a three-dimensional concentration of 1�1018 cm−3 and is also formed using MBE. This particular structure is an example. Other materials, dopants, dopant concentrations, fabrication methods, etc. would be suitable depending on the intended device 180. For example, the concentration of dopant in the delta doping layer 118 is selected to counteract unwanted electrical effects, such as those due to trap-like defects caused by the lattice mismatch at interface 107-119 and/or the fabrication processing of device 180. In this particular example, concentrations as low as 8�1012 cm−2 have been sufficient to counteract the concentration of undesirable trap-like defects, although other concentrations will be appropriate for other devices 180. As another example, the bulk dopant concentration in layers 107 and 119 are also exemplary and will vary from one device 180 to the next.
The laser cavity 140 is formed primarily by the two mirrors 106 and 108 and the active region 104. This embodiment is electrically pumped so the pump input includes the electrical contacts 110, 111. The optical signal amplified by the VLSOA 100 is confined in the vertical direction by index differences between bottom cladding 105, active region 104, and top cladding 107; and is confined in the transverse direction by index differences between the confinement structure 109 and the resulting aperture 115. As a result, the optical signal to be amplified is generally concentrated in dashed region 121, and the amplifying path 130 is through the active region 104 in the direction in/out of the plane of the paper with respect to
The active region 104 in embodiment 100 includes a double heterostructure of p-InAlAs/I-InAlGaAs/n-InAlAs. In other embodiments, the active region 104 may comprise a multiple quantum well (MQW) active region. MQW structures include several quantum wells and quantum wells have the advantage of enabling the formation of lasers with relatively low threshold currents. Quantum wells may be fabricated using various materials systems, including for example InAlGaAs on InP substrates, InGaAsP on InP, GaInNAs on GaAs, InGaAs on ternary substrates, and GaAsSb on GaAs. An exemplary embodiment uses InAlGaAs grown on an InP substrate. GaAs, InGaAs, or lnAl GaAs on GaAs; or nitride material systems may also be suitable. Alternatively, the active region 104 may comprise a single quantum well or a double-heterostructure active region. The choice of materials system will depend in part on the wavelength of the optical signal to be amplified, which in turn will depend on the application. Wavelengths in the approximately 1.3–1.6 micron region are currently preferred for telecommunications applications, due to the spectral properties of optical fibers. The 1.28–1.35 micron region is currently also preferred for data communications over single mode fiber, with the approximately 0.8–1.1 micron region being an alternate wavelength region.
In an exemplary embodiment 100, mirror 108 is a Bragg reflector formed by either alternating layers of InAlGaAs and InAlAs, alternating layers of InGaAsP and InP, or alternating layers of GaAs and AlGaAs. Mirror 106 is a hybrid mirror, which combines a number of layers of a Bragg reflector 112 (specifically, alternating layers of GaAs and AlGaAs, and/or alternating layers of Si and SiO2) followed by a metallic mirror 113 (specifically, gold). The mirrors 106 and 108 may comprise other types of Bragg reflectors or other types of non-Bragg mirrors. They typically will have reflectivies in the range of approximately 95–100%. Bragg reflectors are formed by periodic variations of the index of refraction of a medium and can be highly reflective. For example, the Bragg reflector may comprise alternating layers of thicknesses d1 and d2 and refractive indices n1 and n2 such that n1d1+n2d2=λ/2, where λ is the wavelength to be reflected. The reflectivity R={[1−(n1/n2)2N]/(1+(n1/n2)2N]}2, where N is the number of periods (pairs) in the Bragg reflector. Reflectivities as high as 99% or more may be achieved. In addition to the ones described above, Bragg reflectors may be fabricated using various materials systems, such as, for example, alternating layers of GaAs and AlAs, or alternating layers of SiO2 and TiO2.
The electrical contacts 110,111 are metals that form an ohmic contact with the semiconductor material. Commonly used metals include titanium, platinum, nickel, germanium, gold, and aluminum. In this embodiment, the laser cavity is electrically pumped by injecting a pump current via the electrical contacts 110,111 into the active region 104. In particular, contact 110 is a p-type contact to inject holes into active region 104, and contact 111 is an n-type contact to inject electrons into active region 104. Contact 110 is located above the semiconductor structure (119 or the semiconductor part of 117, if any) and below the dielectric part of 117 (if any). VLSOA 100 preferably has a number of isolated electrical contacts 110 to allow for independent pumping within the device. This is advantageous because in this embodiment, VLSOA 100 is long in the longitudinal direction and independent pumping allows, for example, different voltages to be maintained at different points along the VLSOA. Alternately, the contacts 110 may be doped to have a finite resistance or may be separated by finite resistances, rather than electrically isolated.
Confinement structure 109 is formed by wet oxidizing the confinement layer 119, which consists of GaAs and AlGaAs. The resulting confinement structure 109 is aluminum oxide and the aperture 115 is the unaltered AlGaAs. The confinement structure 109 has a lower index of refraction than aperture 115. Hence, the effective cross-sectional size of laser cavity 140 is determined in part by aperture 115. In other words, the confinement structure 109 provides lateral confinement of the optical mode of laser cavity 140. In this embodiment, the confinement structure 109 also has a lower conductivity than aperture 115. Thus, pump current injected through electrical contact 110 will be channeled through aperture 115, increasing the spatial overlap with optical signal 121. In other words, the confinement structure 109 also provides confinement of the pump current.
VLSOA 100 operates as follows. Pump current is injected through contacts 110,111, or, more precisely, holes are injected through contact 110 and electrons through contact 111. These holes and electrons flow to the active region 104, where they increase the carrier density in the active region 104. That is, the pump current is used to pump the active region 104. The pump current is laterally confined by confinement structure 109. The pump current is sufficiently high to exceed a lasing threshold for vertical cavity 140. As a result, laser radiation is generated by the vertical cavity 140. This laser radiation may be emitted from the vertical cavity, for example, through the top surface 120 or into the substrate 102 or it may be generated but not actually emitted from the VLSOA 100. The laser radiation may lie in the visible light range, infrared range, ultraviolet range, or any other frequency range.
While the laser cavity 140 is operating above the lasing threshold, an optical signal propagates along the amplifying path 130. As the optical signal propagates through the- active region 104, the optical signal is amplified by a gain multiplier due to stimulated emission of additional photons. The gain multiplier is substantially constant (i.e., independent of the amplitude of the optical signal) because the laser radiation produced by laser cavity 140 acts as a ballast to prevent gain saturation. That is, when the optical signal is weaker, fewer additional photons are stimulated by the optical signal, but more laser radiation is generated. But when the optical signal is stronger, more additional photons are stimulated by the optical signal, but less laser radiation is generated. Typically, the value of the constant gain multiplier is inversely proportional to the loss of the cavity mirrors 106 and 108. For example, if a 0.2% loss (99.8% reflectivity) results in a gain of 10 dB (10 times), then a three times larger 0.6% loss (99.4% reflectivity) would result in a three times larger logarithmic gain of 30 dB (1000 times) for otherwise identical VLSOAs 100.
Efficient operation of VLSOA 100 depends, in part, on efficient pumping of the laser cavity 140 by the pump current.
Curve 230 is preferable to curve 210 for the following reasons. First, the turn-on voltage. 232 is significantly lower than turn-on voltage 212 and series resistance 234 is typically lower than series resistance 214. This results in lower power consumption and lower heat generation for the VLSOA with delta-doping. Second, the early onset of kink 216 leads to significant degradation in performance of the laser cavity 140. For example, the value of pump current 250 typically is determined by other factors. At the value shown in
This electrical behavior is consistent with the following physical state of affairs. From top to bottom, the three semiconductor layers 119-107-105 are doped p-p-n and, therefore, the overall semiconductor device 180 ideally would behave as a p-n device. The first p-p interface should be of little or no electrical consequence since both layers 119-107 are doped p-type, even though they are constructed of different materials. However, the two layers 119-107 are lattice-mismatched and, in the case of two p-type mismatched layers, this mismatch has been known to create deep level n-type interface defects (i.e., deep-level donors). Because of these trap-like defects, the interface 119-107 essentially behaves like an n-type material. Hence, the overall structure behaves like a p-n-p-n device, commonly known as a thyristor. This causes the turn-on voltage 212 to increase. It also leads to the kink 216, which is caused by an avalanche breakdown of the central n-p junction. The avalanche effect increases the concentration of injected holes and electrons into the central n-p junction. This injection exceeds the current flowing through the junction, which leads to carriers piling up at the junction. Eventually, the minority carrier concentration exceeds the equilibrium concentrations, at which point the bias condition of the n-p junction changes.
The delta doping layer 118 alleviates these problems by providing additional holes which combine with the deep-level donors, thus reducing their effect. The p-type delta doping provides an excess of holes in the vicinity of the deep level donors. Some of the free holes are trapped by the deep donors (i.e., they compensate the donor charge). The remainder of the free holes are able to promote current injection across the interface. Hence, the mismatched junction behaves as a p—p junction, as originally intended.
In delta doping layer 118, the dopants are concentrated in a narrow vertical region, in this case located in close proximity to the lattice mismatched interface 107-119. In an exemplary embodiment, the delta doping layer 118 lies entirely within the top cladding layer 107. For example, the top cladding layer 107 may be delta doped and then the confinement layer 119 applied to the top cladding layer 107. In other embodiments, the delta doping layer 118 may lie entirely within confinement layer 119, or lie partially within layer 107 and partially within layer 119. Doping distributions other than delta doping may also be used. For example, a wide swath around interface 107-119 may be doped rather than the narrow delta doping layer 118.
However, a delta doping layer 118 is preferred for several reasons. First, since the trap-like defects are presumably caused by the lattice mismatch of layers 107,119, they likely are concentrated in the vicinity of the interface between these two layers. Hence, a delta doping layer 118 in the same location will be matched to the expected distribution of defects. Second, in VLSOA 100, the delta doping layer 118 is located within the laser cavity 140. When the VLSOA 100 is operating, optical modes will be created within the laser cavity 140. Indiscriminately doping the interface 107-119, for example by using a broadly dispersed bulk doping rather than a delta doping, increases the chances that excess free carriers will interact with the optical modes within laser cavity 140. In fact, in an exemplary embodiment, the delta doping layer 118, and hence also interface 107-119, will be located at a standing wave null of the optical cavity 140 in order to minimize the interaction of any additional dopants and the optical modes within the laser cavity 140.
The introduction of spacer sub layer 303 further improves the electrical performance of device 380 for the following reasons. Due to fabrication limitations, the top surface 320 of top cladding sub layer 302 may be contaminated. For example, fabrication may begin with a substrate manufacturer which produces a substrate 102, including bottom cladding layer 105 and top cladding sub layer 302. This is feasible since in this example these layers are all based on the InP materials system. The manufacturer would then ship this substrate to another party, which would add the lattice-mismatched GaAs layer 119. For example, wafer bonding and metamorphic regrowth are two common techniques appropriate for adding the lattice-mismatched layer 119. However, during this process, the top surface 320 may be exposed to contaminants and/or oxidized. Placing the lattice-mismatched layer 119 directly on top cladding sublayer 302 would result in an interface which is both lattice-mismatched and contaminated.
Spacer sublayer 303 is added to separate these two effects. In this embodiment, the p-InAlGaAs spacer layer 303 is grown on top of the p-InP sublayer 302. The interface between these two layers may be contaminated but it is not lattice mismatched since both layers 303,302 are from the same InP materials system and, therefore, lattice-matched to each other. The lattice-mismatched interface now occurs at the interface between the spacer layer 303 and the GaAs layer 119. In this way, the two potentially harmful effects are physically separated from each other. Furthermore, as was the case with the lattice-mismatched interface, the contaminated interface 302-303 preferably is located at a standing wave null of the laser cavity 140. In another embodiment, a delta doping layer (or other doping layer) is applied to the contaminated interface 302-303 in addition to the lattice-mismatched interface 303-119.
The addition of the spacer layer 303 also reduces the unwanted thyristor effects. As described previously, the lattice-mismatched interface 119-303 results in electrical behavior consistent with that of a p-n-p-n thyristor. A thyristor may be modeled as an intertwined p-n-p and n-p-n transistor. In this model, the kink 316 is caused by the cumulative current gains of the two transistors exceeding a value of one. Adding spacer layer 303 increases the width of the top cladding layer 107, which is the base of the n-p-n transistor within the thyristor. This, in turn, reduces the current gain of the n-p-n transistor, thus counteracting the unwanted effect.
In an exemplary embodiment, the top cladding sub layer 302 is InP doped with zinc to a three-dimensional concentration of 1�1018 cm−3, fabricated using OMCVD. The spacing sublayer 303 is fabricated using MBE and the contaminated interface is caused by the switch from OMCVD to MBE techniques. The sub layer 303 is InAlGaAs formed as 78% In.53Ga.47As and 22% In.52Al.48As. The composition of the two ternary compounds are selected so that each is lattice matched to the InP of the top cladding sub layer 302. The 78%–22% composition of the final quaternary compound is selected for its optical characteristics. The sublayer 303 is doped with Be to a three-dimensional concentration of 1�1018 cm−3. For optical reasons, the spacing sub layer 303 is grown to a thickness of 2240 angstroms, which is an optical path length of a half a wavelength at the operating wavelength. However, for the purposes described above, thicknesses of 500–1000 angstroms are sufficient. In an alternate embodiment, spacing sub layer 303 is InP, exactly matched to top cladding sub layer 302. The delta doping layer 118 is formed by depositing Be via MBE to a two-dimensional concentration of 4�1013 cm−2. Confinement layer 119 is GaAs doped with Be to a three-dimensional concentration of 1�1018 cm−3 and is also formed using MBE. This particular structure is an example. For example, the composition and thickness of spacing sub layer 303 were selected partly due to optical considerations. For devices 380 without optical considerations (e.g., transistors), other choices may be preferred. Other variations will be apparent.
Finally, although the above discussion focuses on a p-GaAs:p-InP:n-InP semiconductor device 180 used in the context of a VLSOA 100, other embodiments will be apparent. For example, the invention is not limited to p-p-n devices. The principles illustrated above are equally applicable to n-n-p devices in which the n-n interface is rendered p-type due to some defect. Furthermore, the defect need not be caused specifically by a lattice mismatch. Many types of trap-like defects, as may be caused by various growth dynamics or impurities, are also addressable using the techniques described above.
As another example, the invention is not limited to the VLSOA application described above. The semiconductor device 180 described above may be used in many other diverse applications. For example, many of the principles described in the context of VLSOA 100 are equally applicable to vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). In a VCSEL, the laser cavity generates laser radiation which is the primary output of the device. In a VLSOA, the laser cavity generates laser radiation, which is used as a ballast for amplifying a separate optical signal propagating through the device. In other words, a VCSEL is similar to VLSOA 100 except that there is no signal to be amplified and, therefore, no need for an optical input 112, optical output 114, or amplifying path 130. Instead, the primary output is the optical radiation generated by laser cavity 140, which typically would be emitted through the top surface 120 or through the substrate 102. The design of the optical cavity 140 would be optimized accordingly. For example, a top view of a VCSEL may be more square rather than long and skinny as is the case with VLSOA 100. However, the principles illustrated above for increasing the electrical performance of the current pump would apply equally to the VCSEL. In fact, the cross-sectional VLSOA designs described in the context of FIGS. IB and 3, including the specific examples given, are also suitable as VCSEL designs.
As a final example, the semiconductor active region is a basic device which has many applications outside of semiconductor lasers and semiconductor optical amplifiers. Semiconductor device 180 is nearly as basic in design and, therefore, equally general in application. The basic principles illustrated with respect to device 180 may be applied to other applications, including for example purely electrical designs of p-n junctions and transistors. In these applications, the principles illustrated may also be applied to materials systems other than the ones listed above. For example, devices based on semiconductor compounds (as opposed to single element crystals) are generally more likely to exhibit lattice mismatch effects or trap-like defects. Common materials systems include the III-V and II-VI compounds, as well as devices which combine semiconductor compounds with silicon (e.g., GaAs on Si).
The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as exemplary and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
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Owner name: FINISAR CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
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