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Here are a few ways to do that and be a hero to your kids. read more
Charisma Magazine
Page 18 of 122
Olive Tree Parenting: Raising Children of Character
The Bible also gives us some clear indications of what righteous fruit looks like. read more
Men, Here's What Your Pastor Would Love to Tell You, But Can't
Here's how to make it easier for your pastor to support a ministry to men. read more
How to Recognize Signs of Insecurity in Your Wife
What are other insecurities you have discovered? read more
Let's Take Off Our Shoes
Something remarkable happened to a man named Joshua outside a city called Jericho. What happened to him needs to happen to us. read more
9 Ways Any Man Can Easily Disciple a Few Other Men
You can successfully lead a lively discussion by following these guidelines. Men, this is sorely needed in the church these days. read more
10 Simple Daily Prayers for Every Marriage
Will you pause during your hectic daily routine to pray at least one, if not more, of these prayers over your marriage? read more
3 Tips to Help Guide Your Child's Online Life
God's man must be alert, sober minded and resist the enemy when it comes to our kids' online activities. read more
Dad, Here's Why You Want Your Daughter to Push Back and Fight
Are you, while setting boundaries, teaching your child to be a critical thinker? read more
Raising a Boy: What a Difference 30 Years Makes
As a dad of sons, here's why you must be intentional, especially these days. read more
5 Things You Should Never Listen To
I have learned over the years that there are certain conversations I must shut out.
Prophetic Warning: Confederacy of Dark Forces Planning Olympic Terror Attack
The Lord also showed me He is calling undercover intercessors to press into new realms of prayer to ...
Free Ebook: The Ultimate Guide to Reaching Millennials
Position your church to reach millennials by discovering what makes them tick
5 Ways to Cultivate a Discerning Spirit
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5 Truths to Understand When Leading Leaders
If you are in leadership for any length of time, there will probably come a time where you will need to lead other leaders.
7 Reasons Your Organization Suffers from Marketing Malpractice
Receive Dr. Steve Greene's 7 Reasons Your Organization Suffers from Marketing Malpractice, plus 3 Things to Do Now to Prevent Further Damage as your FREE download.
3 Subtle Distinctions Between Demons and Fallen Angels
Author David Diga Hernandez challenges a widely held traditional view.
How the Death of This Pastor's Son Sparked Personal Revival
Listen to these podcasts to gain insight on how the head of the Church of God of Prophecy turned ...
Pastor Prophesies a 'Spirit of Assassination and Murder' Will Overtake RNC
Fast and pray that this dark spirit will be thwarted.
2 Ways the Enemy Builds Strongholds in Your Life
There is a spiritual form of a horrible disease that is being lived out way too often in the life ...
Why You Need to Pray in Tongues Now More Than Ever
The answer is found in Isaiah 60.
If You Lay Hold of This Truth, It Will Set You Free
Stick to this and your path will be set straight.
How You Can Guard Your Heart From the Spirit of Perversion
Where you are in life is based on how you keep your heart.
Free Ebook: The Ultimate Guide to Reaching Millennials
Position your church to reach millennials by discovering what makes them tick
5 Truths to Understand When Leading Leaders
If you are in leadership for any length of time, there will probably come a time where you will need to lead other leaders.
5 Ways to Devil-Proof Your Marriage
The enemy tries to cause division in 3 areas of your marriage, but you can slam the door in his ...
When Thousands of Pro-Trump Bikers Rolled Into Cleveland
The easy riders wound up helping beef up security.
How God Defines Success in Your Walk With Him
In His eyes, this is much more important.
3 Ways to War for Your Prophetic Promises
Without understanding that prophecy requires action on our part, we might become upset when a ...
Lisa Bevere: When You Don't Make the Cut
The following account is a sadly true and embarrassingly ridiculous story about me.
What Is the Best Christian Weight Loss Approach?
If weight is an issue for you, ask God to show you wisdom in how to handle it. That plan ...
How You Can Make Your Prayers More Powerful
When Jesus spoke, people, sickness and disease, nature, and the demonic responded in obedience.
God's Power at Work in the Church Today
Charisma's founder, Steve Strang writes about today's hottest topics affecting the Christian faith.
How to Boldly Enter God's Presence... Right After You Sin
"There is a lie that Satan uses consistently and relentlessly against every believer ... "
A Sobering Prophecy About the Spirit of Judgment and Burning
"The remnant church will not experience the outpouring of the glory required for the awakening ...


text:
Vintage racing provides fans with the opportunity to watch some of the greatest cars from yesteryear still competing on track against some of their contemporaries. Unfortunately, like any form of motorsports, racing in classics can never be completely safe, a reality sadly illustrated during this weekend's Lime Rock Park Historic Festival on Saturday, August 30.
1934 Mg Pa Special
1 / 1
1 / 1
- Volvo shoots for self-drivers by 2021
- Jeep spends $1 billion on factories
- Find Parts & Accessories for your vehicle!
- Obama rolls out new EV plan
- Infiniti dealers ranked best, Tesla worst
- Compare Volvo XC90 and Lincoln MKX

subset: commoncrawl


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Buster is Promoted
Date: 6/18/2013 Album ID: 1670170
Labrador retriever Buster was on hand for a press conference announcing his appointment as a Courthouse Facility dog at the York County Administrative Building Monday, June 17, 2013. York County is the first probation office in the country to have such a program. The dog will work with defendants in the county's Treatment Courts. Bill Kalina photo firstname.lastname@example.com


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~Anything beautiful~
Don't we have 50 members to enter?Let win trophies and make this a real chalenge! Kiss!!!
Sleeping Pretty
Bedrooms! Show me all your beautiful bedrooms!!! 12 winners! No limit! old or new sets!
room without a room
create a room without actually using a room no walls no floors just furniture and whatever you can hang on walls or put on the ground. 1 week. no limit. old or new sets. 10 winners.


text:
Pistons 109 76ers 101
AUBURN HILLS, Mich. Greg Monroe had 27 points and 16 rebounds, and Detroit made the most of its home finale by beating Philadelphia. It was the 36th double-double of the season for Monroe.
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Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
Singapore oilfield services company Swiber Holdings Ltd said on Friday it has applied to place itself under judicial management instead of liquidation.
Cancelled order part of Statoil's Bressay project.
South Korea's Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co Ltd on Friday said a 1.58 trillion won ($1.41 billion)
Announcing its financial results today for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 Gener8 Maritime, Inc. reported net income of $38.0 million, or $0.46 basic and diluted earnings per share,
Elomatic Ltd and Deltamarin Ltd have signed a tri-party engineering contract with shipbuilder MV Werften for the design of Star Cruises' new Global Class "mega passenger ship,
Wilson Sons Ultratug Offshore, a joint venture between Wilson Sons and the Chilean maritime services provider Ultramar, has taken delivery of a Damen PSV 5000.
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|Reviews for Key Through the Heart
| The de06n fr60 he33 chapter 1 . 7/29/2011
| Razamataz22 chapter 36 . 4/22/2011
(drops to his hands and knees with his head bent down) I beg of you to update this fic
| L33t Horo chapter 34 . 12/10/2010
update THIS fic
| justbehappydammit chapter 18 . 9/29/2010
Pimp-Naruto is easily one of the most hilarious things I've ever read. Excellent.
| beargeek15 chapter 4 . 8/6/2010
... this isn't a rough draft, it's a completely different story. Can't see why you thought you needed to reboot it, yet. Good either way, tho.
BTW, Lee and Gai are suppoused to be cheesy- that's WHY they're awesome (well, one reason).
| L33t Horo chapter 35 . 6/2/2010
hey man u gonna update it or might i ask to adopt it?
| Sorus chapter 1 . 5/30/2010
I preffer this than the final mix, I am sorry buri loves this, less confussing than the final mix one
| Fire Inu Princess chapter 36 . 2/15/2010
... this is the best crossover fanfic I've ever read... please update soon!
| EDelta88 chapter 36 . 2/14/2010
so Naruto and Sasuke are still together... god help the heartless, those two are going to go ape shit once they get over their shock.
| EDelta88 chapter 33 . 2/14/2010
"ULTIMA!"-lol, old age and treachery my friends, old age and treachery XD
| EDelta88 chapter 31 . 2/13/2010
"Really now, that's so impolite. Come now, spit spot. Put away those weapons, I'm not here to harm you."-you seriously turned Mary Poppins into a bad ass?... that's just...wow
love the ending passage that Temari remembered
so when is Naruto going to attatch that charm that Hinata gave him to his keyblade?
| EDelta88 chapter 27 . 2/13/2010
"So, the maelstrom inside the sun, hm?"
Hinata's entire body turned bright red, it seemed every inch of her skin was glowing in embarrassment. Her fellow females' smiles grew.
"Very… Symbolic," Sakura purred. Mentally shrugging, but deciding to go with the flow Ino leered.
"Naruto inside Hina, hm?"
-very nice
| EDelta88 chapter 25 . 2/13/2010
"Phase two, complete! Now, help me with phase three!"-yeah it's official, Hanabi's awesome
| EDelta88 chapter 24 . 2/13/2010
"Well, Daddy says that you're the most beautiful woman in the village. He also said you're 'porn star hot'. I don't know what that means but he was smiling when he said it so he must have been complimenting you! Also, he always has his Byakugan on when you visit and is always blushing when you leave. Auntie says that means he likes you like daddies and mommies like each other so again, when are you going to be my new mommy?"-... O_O ... oh my
Phase one, complete!-...god help Konoha if she and Naruto ever meet eachother
"This is probably just foreplay to them," he went on with a detached, scientific air. Vivi's glowing eyes rolled back into his head and he passed out. Hinata's eyes widened as her face burned bright red. Her grey eyes then narrowed.
"Excuse me," she said quietly, before standing up and rushing into the fray.-it would seem that sweet innocent Hinata-chan is not so innocent
| EDelta88 chapter 22 . 2/13/2010
lol how to get Jiraiya to stop peeping, get the girls to notice Naruto


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|"Dan Climan" <dcli...@keepmedia.com>
|Changing Document Boosts without Reindexing
|Fri, 22 Oct 2004 02:01:48 GMT
I wanted to test several strategies for Document Boosting. It seems like the only way to do this was to reindex every Document and do setBoost. This will take a long time. I had an idea for how to do this without reindexing and I was curious if there was a better strategy or if there were additional points I should consider in this approach 1) Optimize the index 2) Get the internal lucene doc id for each document 3) Update the boosts IndexReader ir = IndexReader.open(indexDir); IndexSearcher searcher = new IndexSearcher(ir) ; Similarity sim = searcher.getSimilarity(); Collection indexedFields = ir.getFieldNames(true); Iterator it = indexedFields.iterator(); while(it.hasNext()) { String f = (String) it.next()); byte[] norms = ir.norms(f); for (int i=0; i<numDocs; i++) { float oldNorm = sim.decodeNorm(norms[i]); float newNorm = oldNorm * ( newDocBoost[i] / oldDocBoost[i]); norms[i] = sim.encodeNorm(norms[i]); } } 4) Write new norms files Does this become prohibitively complicated using a compound file system? Comments? Thanks, Dan --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Pacific Rim (US - DVD R1 | BD RA)
Guillermo del Toro's epic Kaiju smack-down is coming to Blu-ray and DVD...
Starring: Rinko Kikuchi
Released: 15th October 2013
Further Details:
This October, Warner Bros. will be releasing Guillermo del Toro's
Pacific Rimon 3D Blu-ray Combo Pack (3D Blu-ray/2D Blu-ray/DVD/UltraViolet), Blu-ray Combo Pack (2D Blu-ray/DVD/UltraViolet), Two-Disc Special Edition DVD, and a Limited Edition 3D Blu-ray Gift Pack.
All versions are set to include the following extras:
- Audio Commentary by Guillermo Del Toro
- Prologue by Guillermo Del Toro (Disc 1)
- Focus Points
- Prologue by Guillermo Del Toro (Disc 2)
- The Directors Notebook
- Drift Space
- The Digital Artistry of Pacific Rim
- The Shatterdome
- Deleted Scenes
- Blooper Reel
Quote: When legions of monstrous creatures, known as Kaiju, started rising from the sea, a war began that would take millions of lives and consume humanity's resources for years on end. To combat the giant Kaiju, a special type of weapon was devised: massive robots, called Jaegers, which are controlled simultaneously by two pilots whose minds are locked in a neural bridge. But even the Jaegers are proving nearly defenseless in the face of the relentless Kaiju. On the verge of defeat, the forces defending mankind have no choice but to turn to two unlikely heroes—a washed up former pilot (Charlie Hunnam) and an untested trainee (Rinko Kikuchi)—who are teamed to drive a legendary but seemingly obsolete Jaeger from the past. Together, they stand as mankind's last hope against the mounting apocalypse.
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December 23, 2013
Derrick Kelly Jr.
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OL Derrick Kelly, Jr. of Havana, FL is getting a strong push from USC and plans to take an official visit to Columbia. Kelly has four remaining visits after his official trip to Florida recently. Though he has not set the date for the USC visit, it could be January 17th. Kelly has scheduled his LSU trip for January 25th. "I am looking for a school with a good program and strong academics," Kelly said. "I am very interested in South Carolina and the legendary coach, Steve Spurrier." Originally, Kelly had committed to Kentucky but did not mention the Wildcats as a possible destination. Other schools showing strong interest are Florida, Florida State and South Florida. "I plan on taking all of my official visits," he said. "I don't know where I'll go for the other two." Kelly does not have any favorites and did not indicate a decision date.Tweet
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text:
Vancouver, BCCanada
July 15, 2013
Sushi...how original.
No answer yet
Spoken conversational Japanese...not bad. Kanji? Don't ask... ><
Keep my language skills, help those from Japan with their English.
Hello : ) I have recently moved back to Vancouver after spending the past 5+ years in Japan. I would like a chance to keep practicing my conversational Japanese...or maybe even improve it? よろしくね!
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text: I'm using the alsa-oss compatibility library... But i have no complaints from the window manager because there is a /dev/dsp ! And my distro is using Alsa 0.9 RC2 (i've tried also the RC5 with the utils and the lib update)... But it isn't just a problem with the oss compat. library. When i use a program which can use alsa directly (like ogg123), it's the same ! I suspect a bad initialisation of my card with the alsa driver and that's why loading the OSS commercial driver ( the only driver under linux which works with my card because SiS driver too is unable to play sound...) can solve the problem with alsa... le Wed, 30 Oct 2002 12:33:15 -0500 Jesse Marlin <jlm@...> a écrit : > Laurent writes: > > Hi, > > > > I've a SiS 7012 sound card on my laptop (in fact, integrated in the chipset SiS 650/961 and with AC97 decoder Realtek 201) and although this card is supposed to work, i've no pcm sound (like mp3, windows manager, etc.). The mixer works fine, i can move the slider, i can hear audio CD, xmms for example seems to produce sound but nothing... (and of course volume, pcm and all the others are unmuted and with 100%) > > > > The only way i've found to have sound is to load and unload the OSS commercial drivers (which works perfectly) before starting alsa ! > > > > Any solution ? > > Are you using the alsa-oss compatibility library? Are you getting > complaints from the window manager about being unable to find /dev/dsp? > With some versions of KDE it depends on libasound.so.1 whereas recent > 0.9.x versions of ALSA provide libasound.so.2. What I did as a > temporary solution is made a link from libasound.so.2 -> libasound.so.1. > In general you should not do this because the major verison is > different, but I did it and it work fine for me. I got some > occasional errors from KDE apps. Hope this helps. > > > > > ------------------------------------------------------- > This sf.net email is sponsored by:ThinkGeek > Welcome to geek heaven. > http://thinkgeek.com/sf > _______________________________________________ > Alsa-user mailing list > Alsa-user@... > https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/alsa-user


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 11, 2008
|Filing date
|Nov 28, 2005
|Priority date
|Dec 3, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Martin Ebert, Lanhua Wei
|Original Assignee
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (2), Classifications (7), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/633,070, filed Dec. 3, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The subject invention relates to an optical metrology tool for inspecting and evaluating semiconductor wafers. This invention is particularly suited for measurements of samples using ellipsometers with rotating components, particularly broadband rotating compensator spectroscopic ellipsometers (RCSE).
There is considerable interest in monitoring properties of semiconductors at various stages during the fabrication process. Monitoring the properties during fabrication allows the manufacturer to detect and correct technological process problems prior to the completion of the wafer.
Inspection of actual product wafers during or between technological process steps usually require non-contact techniques. Accordingly, a number of tools have been developed for optically inspecting semiconductor wafers. Such tools include reflectometers and ellipsometers. To increase the robustness of the measurements, these tools can often obtain measurements at multiple wavelengths and/or multiple angles of incidence.
Therma-Wave, Inc., the assignee of the subject invention has developed a number of such tools over the last fifteen years. One of the first such tools is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,999,014. In this tool, a probe beam from a laser is tightly focused on the sample with a high numerical aperture lens to create light rays with a spread of angles of incidence. The reflected beam is imaged onto an array detector. The location of the elements on the array detector can be mapped to different angles of incidence on the sample. This configuration is still in commercial use today in Therma-Wave's Opti-Probe� product line and is referred to as Beam Profile Reflectometry� or BPR�.
This concept was subsequently extended to ellipsometric measurement as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,042,951. In this approach, the change in polarization state of the probe beam is monitored at multiple angles of incidence. Various polarizers and a waveplate (or compensator) are used to permit the polarization analysis. A variant of this approach which integrates the angular information is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,080. This configuration is also in commercial use and is referred to as Beam Profile Ellipsometry� or BPE�.
While the latter patents were directed primarily to single wavelength systems, efforts have been made to extend these concepts to multiple wavelength systems. See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,412,473 and 5,596,411.
The assignee herein has also made efforts to improve broadband spectroscopic ellipsometry. More specifically, and as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,877,859, 5,973,787; 6,134,012; 6,320,657; 6,449,043, and 6,650,415, an improved spectroscopic ellipsometer system was proposed that utilized a rotating compensator (waveplate), Prior to these disclosures, rotating compensators were typically used only in narrow band ellipsometers, while rotating polarizers were used in broadband, spectroscopic ellipsometers. The above-mentioned patents disclose how a rotating compensator can be used in BPR and BPE type systems.
In an ideal ellipsometer having a rotating element (i.e., compensator), the DC component remains constant during the entire measurement. However, in all practical applications of ellipsometers, the DC component will change over time at different angular positions of the rotating element creating noise and decreasing accuracy of ellipsometric measurements.
Signal normalization to the DC component is one of the techniques known to improve accuracy and precision in ellipsometric measurements. Examples of DC normalization in rotating element spectroscopic ellipsometer systems can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,084,675 and 6,353,477. In these patents, the DC normalization is performed for the ellipsometric signal obtained during a full revolution of the rotating element. More specifically, the DC component is computed based on a full revolution of the rotating element and the Fourier coefficients are normalized against this DC component. While this approach improves the analysis, further improvements are desirable. All of the patent cited in the background section are incorporated herein by reference.
The subject invention proposes a normalization procedure for an ellipsometric system based on the calculation of DC component of the signal twice per rotation of the rotating optical element (e.g., polarizer or waveplate (compensator)). More specifically, a first DC component is extracted from the measured output signals obtained during the first 180 degrees of rotation of the optical element and a second DC component is extracted from the output signals obtained during the second 180 degrees of rotation of the optical element. The first DC component is used to normalize the output signals obtained during the first 180 degrees of rotation of the optical element and the second DC component is used to normalize the output signals obtained during the second 180 degrees of rotation of the optical element. In this manner, the subject invention increases the normalization frequency by a factor of two to help isolate the signals of interest from DC fluctuations.
Basic features of the subject invention will be discussed in conjunction with the continuously rotating compensator spectroscopic ellipsometry system. However, the same approach is applicable to ellipsometric systems of all other types: rotating analyzer/polarizer and single wavelength ellipsometric systems.
One of the significant advantages of a continuously rotating waveplate in an ellipsometer compared to a stepping waveplate, is the ability to normalize the 2nd and 4th harmonic components of the signal to the DC signal calculated from the signal collected during each rotation. The advantage is that this allows normalizing the signal against environmental noise at a higher frequency than it is possible for a stepping waveplate. However, the concepts disclosed herein could be used to improve measurements associated with a stepping waveplate.
Further objects and advantages of the subject invention will become apparent by a review of the specification, claims and appended figures.
The subject invention has applicability to any ellipsometer operating with a rotating optical element, including polarizers and retarders (compensators).
The ellipsometer for probing a sample 2 includes a broadband light source 4, a polarizer 6, a rotating compensator 8, an analyzer 10 and a detector 12. The light source 4 is a broadband light source that produces a spectrum of polychromatic light over a predetermined wavelength range of interest. The diverging probe beam 14 from the light source 4 is collimated by a lens 16. The beam 14 interacts with polarizer 6 to create a known polarization state. The azimuth angle of polarizer 6 is oriented so that the plane of the electric vector associated with the linearly polarized beam exiting from the polarizer 6 is at a known angle with respect to the plane of incidence (defined by the propagation direction of the beam 14 and the normal N to the exposed surface of the sample 2). The azimuth angle is preferably selected to be on the order of 30 degrees because the sensitivity is optimized when the reflected intensities of the P and S polarized components are approximately balanced. It should be noted that polarizer 6 can be omitted if a particular light source is used that emits light with the desired known polarization state
The beam 14 is incident on, and reflects from, sample 2 at an oblique angle. In this illustration, sample 2 consists of a thin layer 3 formed on a substrate 5. Typically, the sample will consist of multiple layers and/or small geometric features (critical dimensions) which must be analyzed. The beam 14 is ideally incident on sample 2 at an angle on the order of 70 degrees to the normal N of the surface of the sample because sensitivity to sample properties is maximized in the vicinity of the Brewster or pseudo-Brewster angle of a material. Based upon well-known ellipsometric principles, the reflected beam will generally have a mixed linear and circular polarization state after interacting with the sample, as compared to the linear polarization state of the incoming beam.
The beam 14 then passes through the rotating compensator 8, which introduces a relative phase delay Δ (phase retardation) between a pair of mutually orthogonal polarized optical beam components. The amount of phase retardation is a function of the wavelength, the dispersion characteristics of the material used to form the compensator, and the thickness of the compensator. Compensator 8 is rotated at an angular velocity ω about an axis substantially parallel to the propagation direction of beam 14, preferably by an electric motor 9. Compensator 8 can be any conventional wave-plate compensator, for example those made of crystal quartz. The thickness and material of the compensator 8 is selected such that a desired range of phase retardations of the beam is induced by the range of wavelengths used to probe the sample.
Beam 14 then interacts with analyzer 10, which serves to mix the polarization states incident on it. In this embodiment, analyzer 10 is another linear polarizer, preferably oriented at an azimuth angle of 45 degrees relative to the plane of incidence. However, any optical device that serves to appropriately mix the incoming polarization states can be used as an analyzer. The analyzer 10 is preferably a quartz Rochon or Wollaston prism. The rotating compensator changes the polarization state of the beam as it rotates. By measuring the light transmitted by analyzer 10, the polarization state of beam 14 reflected from the sample can be determined.
It should be noted that the compensator 8 can be located either between the sample 2 and the analyzer 10 (as shown in
Beam 14 then enters detector 12, which measures the intensity of the different wavelengths of light throughout the wavelength range of interest that pass through the compensator/analyzer combination. Detector 12 ideally includes a dispersive element such as a diffraction grating, prism or holographic plate, to angularly disperse the beam 14 as a function of wavelength to individual detector elements contained in a detector array. The different detector elements measure the optical intensities of the different wavelengths of light throughout the wavelength range of interest, preferably simultaneously. Alternately, the detector 12 can be a CCD camera, or a photomultiplier with suitably dispersive or otherwise wavelength selective optics. It should be noted that it is within the scope of this invention to use a monochrometer, etc., and measure the different wavelengths serially (one wavelength at a time) using a single detector element.
A processor 23 processes the intensity information measured by the detector 12 to determine the polarization state of the light after interacting with the analyzer, and the ellipsometric parameters of the sample. This information processing not only includes measuring beam intensity as a function of wavelength, but also measuring beam intensity as a function of the azimuth (rotational) angle of the compensator about its axis of rotation (which is substantially parallel to the propagation direction of beam 14). If the compensator is rotating continuously, this measurement of intensity as a function of compensator rotational angle is effectively a measurement of the intensity of beam 14 as a function of time, since the compensator angular velocity is usually known and a constant.
A typical output from an ellipsometer at one wavelength is shown in
To be more specific, in the rotating compensator ellipsometer system discussed above, the signal S measured during a full rotation of the waveplate can be expressed as:
S=DC+C 2*cos 2ω+S 2*sin 2ω+C 4*cos 4ω+S 4*sin 4ω
where ω is the angular frequency of the waveplate full rotation and DC, C2, S2, C4, S4 are the Fourier coefficients of the 2nd and 4th harmonics, which carry the fundamental information about the optical system. In prior practice, the DC-normalized Fourier coefficients C2/DC, S2/DC, C4/DC and S4/DC are used to extract this information.
In the proposed scheme, the same signal is processed separately within each of the 1st half rotation and 2nd half rotation:
S 1 =DC 1 +C 11*cos ω′+S 11*sin ω′+C 21*cos 2ω′+S 21*sin 2ω′
S 2 =DC 2 +C 12*cos ω′+S 12*sin ω′+C 22*cos 2ω′+S 22*sin 2ω′
where ω′=2ω is the angular frequency of the waveplate half rotation, and DC1, C11, S11, C21, S21 are the Fourier coefficients of the 1st and 2nd harmonics of the 1St half rotation, while DC2, C12, S12, C22, S22 are the Fourier coefficients of the 1st and 2nd harmonics of the 2nd half rotation. Consequently, the DC-normalized Fourier coefficients are C11/DC1, S11/DC1, C21/DC1, and S21/DC1 and C12/DC2, S12/DC2, C22/DC2 and S22/DC2. As explained in the previous section, by taking advantage of faster ω′(twice as fast as ω), these half-period DC-normalized Fourier components are more immune to the low frequency noise which predominantly comes from the source or environment, and therefore provide more accurate results.
While the subject invention has been described in relation to a off-axis spectroscopic ellipsometer with a continuously rotating compensator it is believed to be useful in any ellipsometer that relies on a rotating optical element which modifies the polarization of the beam. This would include both broadband and single wavelength systems including broadband systems using a monochrometer. It would include typically off-axis systems as well as normal incidence systems as discussed in the above cited patents. Further it would include systems which relied on either a rotating polarizer or rotating analyzer. Finally, it would also include systems with pairs of rotating elements.
The subject invention could be used with simultaneously multiple angle of incidence ellipsometers of the type described in the above cited patents as well as: U.S. Pat. No. 6,836,328 and U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 11/269,204, filed Nov. 8, 2005, based on Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/627,824, filed Nov. 15, 2004, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
It should be noted that in a rotating polarizer or analyzer system, a full rotation provides a two omega signal and does not include a four omega signal as with a rotating compensator system. Data taken over a half rotation of a polarizer system will include only a one omega signal and only the Fourier coefficients of the 1st harmonics would be available.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 19, 1989
|Aug 27, 1991
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|High resolution ellipsometric apparatus
|Dec 23, 1991
|Jan 19, 1993
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for evaluating the thickness of thin films
|Jul 16, 1993
|May 2, 1995
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Multiple angle spectroscopic analyzer utilizing interferometric and ellipsometric devices
|Mar 18, 1996
|Jan 21, 1997
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Integrated spectroscopic ellipsometer
|Jul 24, 1996
|Mar 2, 1999
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Broadband spectroscopic rotating compensator ellipsometer
|May 12, 1998
|Oct 26, 1999
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Broadband spectroscopic rotating compensator ellipsometer
|Feb 8, 1999
|Jul 4, 2000
|J. A. Woollam Co. Inc.
|Adjustable beam alignment compensator/retarder with application in spectroscopic ellipsometer and polarimeter systems
|Jun 30, 1999
|Oct 17, 2000
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Broadband spectroscopic rotating compensator ellipsometer
|Jul 19, 2000
|Nov 20, 2001
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Broadband spectroscopic rotating compensator ellipsometer
|Feb 1, 2000
|Mar 5, 2002
|J. A. Woollam Co. Inc.
|Regression calibrated spectroscopic rotating compensator ellipsometer system with pseudo-achromatic retarder system
|Aug 15, 2000
|Jul 2, 2002
|Gerald M. Rothberg
|Layered material having properties that are variable by an applied electric field
|Aug 31, 2001
|Sep 10, 2002
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Broadband spectroscopic rotating compensator ellipsometer
|Aug 4, 2000
|Nov 19, 2002
|Thermo Biostar, Inc.
|Instruments for analyzing binding assays based on attenuation of light by thin films
|Jul 26, 2002
|Nov 18, 2003
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Broadband spectroscopic rotating compensator ellipsometer
|Oct 29, 2003
|Dec 28, 2004
|Therma-Wave, Inc.
|Detector configurations for optical metrology
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 17, 2012
|J.A. Woollam Co., Inc.
|Method of improving ellipsometric and the like data
|Sep 30, 2015
|Apr 7, 2016
|Li-Cor, Inc.
|Laser beam stop elements and spectroscopy systems including the same
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 27, 2006
Owner name: THERMA-WAVE, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:EBERT, MARTIN;WEI, LANHUA;REEL/FRAME:017604/0489;SIGNINGDATES FROM 20060105 TO 20060210
|Sep 12, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 23, 2015
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 11, 2016
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 3, 2016
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20160311


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Over the past decade, at least 46 Australians have been crushed and killed when working under a vehicle.
In addition, an average of 160 injuries are associated with jacks each year. Injuries have ranged from amputation to fractures and crush injuries.
Most of the deaths were men and involved the vehicle being lifted or supported in the wrong way. Home mechanics are most at risk of this type of death or injury.
The correct use of jacks can prevent death or injury.
Follow these tips and stay safe when working on your vehicle.
Suppliers including retailers are also reminded that there are mandatory standards for vehicle jacks, trolley jacks, support stands and portable ramps. You must comply with the mandatory standards if you are selling these products within Australia, at any part of the supply chain.
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Under the Poppyby Kathe Koja
View All Available Formats & Editions
From a wartime brothel to the intricate high society of 1870s Brussels, Under the Poppy is a breakout novel of childhood friends, a love triangle, puppetmasters, and reluctant spies.
Under the Poppy is a brothel owned by Decca and Rupert. Decca is in love with Rupert, but he in turn is in love with her brother, Istvan. When Istvan comes to town, louche/i>
From a wartime brothel to the intricate high society of 1870s Brussels, Under the Poppy is a breakout novel of childhood friends, a love triangle, puppetmasters, and reluctant spies.
Under the Poppy is a brothel owned by Decca and Rupert. Decca is in love with Rupert, but he in turn is in love with her brother, Istvan. When Istvan comes to town, louche puppet troupe in tow, the lines of their age-old desires intersect against a backdrop of approaching war. Hearts are broken when old betrayals and new alliancesnot just their owntake shape, as the townsmen seek refuge from the onslaught of history by watching the girls of the Poppy cavort onstage with Istvan's naughty puppets . . .
Under the Poppy is a vivid, sexy, historical novel that zips along like the best guilty pleasure.
Nominated for the IMPAC Award. Winner of the Gaylactic Spectrum Award.
Kathe Koja's (underthepoppy.com) books include The Cipher, Skin, and Extremities; her young adult novels include Buddha Boy, Talk, Kissing the Bee, and Headlong. Her work has been honored by the ALA, the ASPCA, and with the Bram Stoker Award. Her books have been published in seven languages and optioned for film. She's a Detroit native and lives in the area with her husband, artist Rick Lieder, and their cats. Under the Poppy is currently being adapted for the stage.
Editorial Reviews
"The brothel of Kathe Koja's Under the Poppy requires no time and space coordinates. It is a fictional universe unto itselfrich and bawdy and violent and sad, with a beating human heart underneath. I love Koja's daring and flair."
Louis Bayard, author of The Black Tower
"Koja can pack a lot Dickensian humor into a sentence . . . [she] takes a page from Victorian lit in her writerliness, and she reveals human nature like someone slipped her the manual."
Cleveland Plain Dealer
"This book made me drunk. Koja's language is at its poetic best, and the epic drama had me digging my nails into my palms. It's like a Tom Waits hurdy-gurdy loser's lament come to life, as sinister as a dark circus."
Cory Doctorow, BoingBoing
"Unlike anything I've ever read, a world unto itself, spun out of fevered, sensual prose and vivid, compelling characters."
Lewis Shiner
"A gothic, glam-rock take on love and sex and death that reads a little like what would happen if Sarah Waters and Angela Carter played a drunken game of Exquisite Corpse in a brothel . . . will make you want to get out your very finest crushed velvet, drink a couple bottles of wine, and do something a little bit illegal with someone very good-looking. In other words, it's a winner."
"All the elements of a great novel are present in Koja's work: from suspense and intrigue to undying love and toxic jealousies, this highly developed read is brimming with imaginative flair and originality."
Lambda Literary
"People will probably love this book or hate itpossibly both. But let me just say that it would take an author of extraordinary talent to open with a scene of a woman being sodomized by a ventriloquist's dummy and make me want to keep reading. And Kathe Koja is that talented. Five stars."
Speak Its Name
"The velvet and brocade, the rips and tears, the music and theater, you see it all as you read about what the denizens of the Poppy do to stay in business, stay ahead of the tide, stay alive."
Colleen Mondor, Chasing Ray
"Frequently changing viewpoints and fluid segues in and out of flashback illuminate actions readers have already witnessed. Part of the fun is heading into the past after knowing the future; even when you know where the story will go, you wonder what will happen next."
Ann Arbor Observer
"I loved Under the Poppy. It pours like chocolatelaced with brandy; sexy and utterly compelling!"
Ellen Kushner, author of Swordspoint
"An atmospheric tale for those who like their historical fiction on the dark and lurid side. Those readers who enjoyed Emma Donoghue's Slammerkin or Sarah Water's Fingersmith will find similar themes."
Library Journal
"A page turner with riveting language and close attention to sensory detail. Set in late 19th-century Brussels, the story follows the adventures of puppeteer Istvan and brothel owner Rupert who bond as friends and lovers."
Publishers Weekly
Product Details
- 9781931520706
- Publisher:
- Small Beer Press
- Publication date:
- 11/01/2010
- Pages:
- 300
- Product dimensions:
- 9.68(w) x 11.80(h) x 1.10(d)
Read an Excerpt
An excerpt from the first section:
"Laddie," Guillame says, "you're the Light of Love, you'll be here with the candelabra. Vera on the chaise, yes, just so. And you, Jen, up there, I want you dangling like a grape. A ripe grape about to fall into a hungry mouth"
"The straps hurt my back," says Spinning Jennie. "I can't do it." Lucy, kneeling beside her on the stage, hemming her costume, pinches Jennie's long white thigh through the cheesecloth skirt; Jennie makes a sluggish gesture as if to chase a fly and "You're so dosed," says Lucy, "a hammer couldn't hurt you. Puggy, look at her eyes."
"Shut up, Lucy!"
"The harness, Jen. Go on," chewing a cigar like Omar does; if it is true that Omar wants to be Rupert, then Guillame wants to be Omar, or at least look the part, bald head, cigars, and all. He has none of Omar's imposing physical presence, being rather comically short and round, but when Guillame is in his element, bringing life to this stage, he possesses an undeniable energy, a human dynamo in boiled wool and old blue spats.
His title is stage manager, which means a thousand things on a hundred different days: direct and wrangle the players, cadge the propssuch as the harness, a refurbished cast-off from the livery; conjured diamonds from paste, Triton's trident from a hayfork, a paper dove that flutters into lifeand construct and assemble the sets, school Lucy into a seamstress, make sure Jonathan has piano enough to play. Some nights he works the doors with Omar, vetting the lustful from the drunks. Most nights he stays up past dawn, reviewing the evening's playlets: what brought applause or indifference, what roused the crowd, what roused them too much. The verge, he likes to say. That's where we want them, the utter, utter verge.
Guillame tells a thousand stories of his advent at the Poppy, his life before he came: in some he is the hero, some the villain, some just a winning young lad with a wonderful gift to share. There is no telling which story might be true, if any, though portions of the tale persist in every telling, so perhaps the factory father is real, and the consumption that killed him; certainly the scars on Guillame's legs are real, from riding on the trains, any trains, as long as they were headed east. The theatre was calling me, he likes to say.
And it is true that he has a gift for it, the spectacle, the glitter and dash; he can make do with few resources, though he agitates always for more: as now, Decca passing through, a passing pince-nez glance and "Wax candles," he implores, pointing at the candelabra held by a yawning Vladimir. "This fucking buffalo tallow, it's all smoke, no one will be able to see a thing."
"I can see her tits," Decca says. "So will they."
"If that's all we mean to offer, we might as well change our name to the Sloppy. Or set up next to that cesspool on the corner." First strident, now wheedling; he is a bit of an actor himself, Guillame. "Decca, have mercy. To spin gilt-paper to gold, and cheesecloth to silk, I must have the proper light."
"The tables will have wax candles. We cannot afford"
"We cannot afford to skimp for Jürgen Vidor, his one night will bring a year's worth of business." This is an exaggeration, but close enough to truth that Decca frowns, and fiddles with the pins on her breast, topaz winking between her fingers until "All right," she says. "But save all the ends, mind . Lucy, why are you here? No one wants you in the show."
Lucy looks up from the skirt she is pinning. "Puggy wants me."
"You belong upstairs."
Slowly, Lucy draws the pins from her mouth. The othersGuillame, Jennie, Vera, Vladimir, Jonathan sitting quiet behind his keyboardtake a waiting breath, cut their eyes one to another. There are various theories as to why Decca so implacably hates Lucy; it is Guillame's private opinion, shared only with Omar, that there is some jealousy involved.
Now "Upstairs," Decca repeats and "That's all you think I'm good for," snaps Lucy. "You think I'm just tits and two holes."
"Three." Decca taps her lips. "Now go and ready your room."
"Decca." Guillame steps forward, into the sightline between Decca and Lucy. "If I might"
"You might remember who is in charge here. Every hour Lucy spends prancing onstage is an hour stolen from the lockbox. Why do you flatter her into thinking she can do more than suck prick?" Her voice grows louder. "Why does she"
"Stop." Rupert in overcoat and gloves, the cold still on him, a princely apparition at the back of the house; his voice is calm but it carries. "In this room, Puggy is in charge; if he needs Lucy he must have her. When she must, she will be in her room, yes?" to Lucy who nods, replaces the pins in her mouth, straightens the hang of the cheesecloth with an angry tug. "Where's Omar?"
Decca's voice is even. "Seeing to the wine."
"More guests are due than we expectedhalf the garrison it seems. Have him buy double. Puggy, tonight's show will be exceptional?" as Guillame bows"Exceptionally so"and "It had better be," striding up the aisle with Decca in his wake, into the empty lobby where she stands before him, en garde, at bay and "If she's an actress," low, "I'm a Dutchman. Have I no authority at all, here?"
"Why must you meddle where you're not needed?" He stuffs his gloves into his pocket, rubs his forehead. In this brighter light, his overcoat looks scuffed and slightly shabby, his hat in need of brushing: the pauper prince. The whole lobby wears that same declining air, brave enough by candlelight, by day just a bedizened box smelling distantly of damp wool, cigars, and ancient sperm. "Christ knows there's plenty else for you to do this day."
She knows the truer source of his agitation; she bites her lip. "And what of you? You were abroad early."
"Vidor sent for me this morning. Apparently he must have Redgrave and that idiot Franz attending, as well as the colonel and his retinue. And the man from abroad, all expecting our ne plus ultra, he says." He rubs his forehead again. "Kippers and bacon fat, Jesu. And swilling tea by the gallon."
"Did he"
"What," flat. "Did he what."
"Will he," carefully, "be returning to the hotel, after the show?"
"How the devil should I know?" although Decca knows that he does, knows that she knows, as well. She and Rupert never discuss Jürgen Vidor except in business termshis river of money first a bonus, now a lifeline for the Poppy as times grow darker and rumors escalatebut this is the heart of that business, the wizened byzantine heart of an aging man, aging out of everything but wealth and acid need so "Let it be," Rupert says now, and "Yes," she says. So much of what she wants to say, longs to say, can never be uttered, ever. Especially to him. "So, you breakfasted, then?"
"On fucking kippers, yes . What about that other?" nodding upward, the merest motion of his chin, face a forced blank, as Decca shakes her head: "Tomorrow," she says softly. "Let him bide for the evening, this day has trouble enough."
Watching them both, seen by neither, is Jonathan, sheet music in hand, paused at the lobby door he has opened as he does everything, quietly. Thin shadow waiting until they separate, Rupert up to the parlor office, Decca down to the kitchens and the yard, making sure they have safely gone before he climbs the stairs himself, past receiving rooms empty in dim daylight, past Velma on her knees with a bucket, toward the half-open, beckoning door of the Cell.
Meet the Author
Kathe Koja's books include The Cipher, Skin, and Extremities; YA novels include Buddha Boy, Talk, Kissing the Bee, and Headlong. Her work has been honored by the ALA, the ASPCA, the Parents' Choice Award, and the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel. Her books have been published in seven languages, and optioned for film. She's a Detroit native and lives in the area with her husband, artist Rick Lieder, and their cats. Under the Poppy is currently being adapted for the stage.
Customer Reviews
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Most Helpful Customer Reviews
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Under the Poppy is a truly wonderful book, I got it from my library and I've barelyI been able to stop reading! Yes, it is a long book, but that just means you get more story. ;) I'll admit I haven't finished it yet (I'm only 78 pages in), but I'm already so madly in love with the characters and the story; it is beautiful and introduces you to a dark, compelling, magical world where anything can happen! On the back of the cover when it calls the Poppy a 'guilty pleasure' they weren't kidding~! And it's only shown the barest sparks of Rupert and Istvan's romance! I cannot wait to read what happens next! So far I love Under the Poppy, and I think you should give it a try. And who knows, maybe you'll love it too :3
but eventually got so slow I never finished it. It's a huge book.


text:
Is it?
His timing was extraordinary, must have been shorting.
Big day it must be Howdy DOODY time!
Comedy team of Doody/Stansberry silver pump special was being promoted. Supposedly 4 silver picks released this morning. Besides SSRI not seeing any large increases in other silver miners though, maybe not releasing together.
What a name. Considering how well this has held up today something may be coming.


text:
The Diamond Solitaire Ring in White Gold will look just as good on her hand after she says "yes" as it will on your golden wedding anniversary. This exquisite engagement ring is made of dazzling 14 kt white gold and features a radiant round cut .75 Ct. white diamond in a simple prong setting.
Item Style: Solitaire
Finish: Polished
Set In: 14K White Gold
Carat Total Weight: 0.750
Stone 1 Description: Round, White, Diamond, 0.750,
Band Width: 2
Care and Cleaning: Wipe Clean with a Dry Cloth, Avoid Household Cleaners, Clean with Jewelry Cleaners
other Info.
- Imported
Photo enlarged to show detail. Item weight is approximate and can range .005 higher or lower than listed


text:
If you are looking for a great place to live, start a business, work or play, Coopersville, Michigan is the place for you. Conveniently located between Grand Rapids and Muskegon, Coopersville is just off I-96 via Exit 16 or Exit 19. Coopersville offers the best of all worlds.
You will be impressed with our lovely, renovated historic downtown, our fast-growing Randall Street business district, expanding commercial and industrial parks, as well as new residential building taking place in the newest subdivisions.
Coopersville functions under a Council/Manager government. With this system, the City Council acts as the legislative and policy-making voice of the city. It is an elected body, with the Mayor and Council members chosen by the voters. The City Council appoints a City Manager, who serves as the city's chief administrator.
You will be impressed with our lovely, renovated historic downtown, our fast-growing Randall Street business district, expanding commercial and industrial parks, as well as new residential building taking place in the newest subdivisions.
Coopersville functions under a Council/Manager government. With this system, the City Council acts as the legislative and policy-making voice of the city. It is an elected body, with the Mayor and Council members chosen by the voters. The City Council appoints a City Manager, who serves as the city's chief administrator.
News & Events
Upcoming Primary Election - August 2, 2016
Wondering what's on the ballot for the upcoming election? View official ballot.
City/DDA Seeking RFP for Landscaping, Irrigation, and Lawn Maintenance
The City of Coopersville Downtown Development Authority is seeking prospective bidders for a two year contract to provide lawn care, irrigation and landscape services for certain areas in the DDA District. A Pre-Bid meeting will take place on August 4 and Proposals are due August 19, 2016. Download each document below.
City/DDA Seeking RFP for Snowplowing and Snow Removal in Historic Downtown
The City of Coopersville Downtown Development Authority is seeking prospective bidders for a two year contract to provide snowplowing and snow removal in the Historic District of Coopersville. Proposals are due August 18. Click here for the RFP package.
Hydrant Painting
In late July we will begin painting hydrants again. This project will take approximately 4-6 weeks, weather dependent. The hydrants will be sandblasted to the bare metal and primered with a WHITE primer and left to cure for one week before a final red coat is applied. Reminder to residents:
Resurfacing Projects Scheduled
The following streets are scheduled for resurfacing:
The Del Shannon Show starring James Popenhagen
For more information on Del Shannon Days and sponsorship opportunities, visit their website.
Community Events
Planning a community event in the city? Even if the city is not involved in the event, the city needs to be notified that the event will be taking place. Proof of liability insurance coverage is required to be submitted to the City Clerk prior to the event taking place. Contact the City Clerk at 616-997-9731 for more information.
Building or Renovating?
Have questions about what projects require what permits? Check out our FAQ's before starting any projects. We encourage you to contact City Hall if you are unsure of the process. Just because the project may not require a specific permit, it most likely requires Zoning approval.
Upcoming Meetings
City Council:
The next regularly scheduled meeting will be held on Monday, July 25, 2016 at 7:00 PM in the Council Chambers. Click here to view the agenda.
Downtown Development Authority:
Click here for the DDA's website. The next regularly scheduled DDA meeting is Tuesday, August 9, 2016 at 5:15 PM. in the Council Chambers.
Planning Commission:
The next regularly scheduled Planning Commission meeting will be held on Monday, August 15, 2016 at 6:00 PM. in the Council Chambers.
Calendar of Events
Looking for something fun to do? View the annual events calendar.
City Ordinances
The City's Codified Ordinances can be found here:
Additional passed ordinances below
These ordinances listed below were approved by the Coopersville City Council in 2016 but are not yet codified, therefore do not yet appear on Municode's "Coopersville Codified Ordinances" site accessed above.
County of Ottawa
Department of Veterans Affairs
Office Hours: 9 A.M. through 4 P.M. Monday, Tuesday and Friday
Phone: (616) 393-8387 or
2015 Consumer Confidence Report
The 2015 Consumer Confidence Report describing the source and quality of your water is now available. To receive a paper copy in the mail, contact City Hall at 997-9731.
Seeking Election Workers
The City is in need election workers for the upcoming general elections on
August 2 and November 8. These are paid positions, meals included on election days, and paid training as well. Contact Kim Borgman at City Hall to find out more information: 616-997-9731.
Title VI Non-Discrimination Plan
The City of Coopersville recognizes its responsbility to provide fairness and equity in all of its programs, services, and activities, and that it must abide by and enforce federal and state civil rights legislation. Click to view the City of Coopersville's Title VI Non-Discrimination Plan.
Volunteers needed to serve on City Boards and Commissions:
The Zoning Board of Appeals authorizes use in a zoning district in which it is not otherwise permitted, provided it is clearly shown that the land cannot be utilized for a zoned use. The board is empowered to act on matters where the zoning ordinance provides for administrative review, interpretation, exception or special approval permit, and to author a variance.
1 vacancy
Term: Three years
Meetings: As requested
Alternate Member: 1 Vacancy
The Board of Review shall review property assessments as set by the City Assessor and hear appeals by individual property owners; then reduce, adds to or denies said appeal.
Alternate Member: 1 Vacancy
Meets three times per year - March, July & December
If you have an interest in volunteering for any of these vacancies, please contact Kim Borgman, City Clerk. Download application below.
Citizens Guide to Finance: The City of Coopersville has chosen to utilize the Citizens Guide that BS&A Software has developed. The information was gathered using the same F‐65 reports that were used to develop the templates created by the State. BS&A Software is web-hosting this information for your review, we encourage you to visit their web site to take a look at it. The Citizen's Guide, Dashboard, Debt Service Report, and the Projected Budget Report can be found by clicking the links.
City Annual Financial Report
Fiscal Year 2016-2017 Budget
"This institution is an equal opportunity provider and employer." If you wish to file a Civil Rights program complaint of discrimination, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint filing cust.html, or at any USDA office, or call (866) 632-9992 to request the form. You may also write a letter containing all of the information requested in the form. Send your completed complaint form or letter to us by mail at U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, by fax (202) 690-7442 or email at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Today's Featured Artist: Michael Godard
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2009: illustration - Graduate School of arts and graphic industries Estienn(Paris)
2010: Bachelor of illustration, Royal Academy of fne arts (Bruxelles)
2012: Master degree of Comics - European School of Visual Arts - EESI (Angoulęme, France)
2014: Directing animated films, La Poudriere (Valence, France)
September 14th, 2013
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Viewing Tattoo Tag: color
Pumpkin Patch by Rob Corsino
I like halloween02/26/16
Buffalo Skull
I did this tattoo on my best friend a few days ago. I've only been tattooing for a year and Victor Chil has been my inspiration for my work. I saw his style and used it as a reference to… [ read more ]02/22/16
Stained Glass Beast
It was a wonderfully beautiful way to embellish what was left after years of self hatred. Love the beast within was my thought process behind it02/15/16
Beast Scar CoverUp
On my lady's arm to embellish self harm scars.02/15/16
Optimus Primed! by Chris 51
This was my clients first tattoo and wanted it totally replicated from his childhood tv love Transformers cartoon. I took it a step further and put it coming out of a Autobots logo cutout.02/04/16
R2-Tea2 by Chris 51
I tattooed this on my wife, who is my biggest critic, and biggest pain in my ass to tattoo lol.02/04/16
Two years ago I was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism which severely altered my hormones, and I fell into a deep depression. It affected my work, finances, and friendships. I spent a lot of time at home reading and browsing the Internet… [ read more ]01/30/16


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INTELLIGENT APPROACH™ Time and Distance Based Separation
Air passenger figures are set to double in the next 20 years. Inefficient final approach spacing is the single most constraining factor to runway capacity.
Lockheed Martin and NATS have pioneered a product suite that blends technology and ATC expertise to enable airports to optimise approach spacing for aircraft through both distance-based and time-based separation.
Distance Based Separation (DBS)
Assists the controller in ensuring the required safety separation whilst delivering efficient spacing.
Time Based Separation (TBS)
By dynamically calculating aircraft separations TBS safely reduces separation minima during certain wind conditions based on live wind data.
Over 150,000 flights were analysed to understand the behaviour of aircraft wake vortices in strong headwinds. The results confirm the theory that wake vortices dissipate more quickly in strong headwind conditions.
This means that the distance between certain aircraft can be reduced and the time between landings can be kept similar to those arriving in light headwinds.
Time Based Separation (TBS) enables us to minimise the impact of strong headwinds on landing rates, thereby reducing delays and cancellations.
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50% reduction in wind related delays at Heathrow
The introduction of TBS at Heathrow is a world-first and will deliver major benefits to the airlines and the flying public.
Heathrow Airport is scheduled to 99% of its capacity, meaning any impact on landing rate can have major implications, namely delays and an increased chance of cancellations. Time Based Separation will reduce wind related delays by more than 50%.
Dave Wood, Senior First Officer, British Airways: "We do see TBS as the future as this will enable aircraft to be spaced closer together on approach in terms of distance but with no reduction in the time interval between landings compared to a calm day."
Further Information:
To find out more about how Intelligent Approach™ can deliver improved efficiency and increased capacity at your airport, submit your details below and one of our team will get in touch.
For more information on our airport operational solutions visit civil.lockheedmartin.co.uk/transport


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Sophisticated brightness and its sumptuous feel due to its honey nectar.
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Color Sensational Lip Gloss 622 Nude Pearl
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Color Sensational Bombon Pink P31
Color Sensational Blushing Berry R 31


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Looking for the latest local event in LA County? View our calendar to find upcoming concerts, movie nights and festivals in our community. We hope to see you there!Learn More
Take a look at this useful information and resources to residents, schools, community- based organizations and businesses in the Northwest San Fernando Valley.Learn More
Get to know City Council Member and local police officer, Mitchell Englander! Hear his vision for making our community a safer and better place to live, work, and raise a family.Learn More
As temperatures continue to rise this summer season, it is crucial that we help keep our chronically homeless neighbors safe and hydrated. The San Fernando Valley Rescue Mission is collecting cases of bottled water for their Rescue Survival Outreach Services (Rescue SOS) program. ... [ Read More ]
Living Praise Christian Center's "All Things Community Outreach" is having its 3rd Annual Backpack Drive for homeless and underserved children in our community. They are working to reach their goal of 500 backpacks, and you can help!... [ Read More ]


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2. A ticklish camel:
3. A lamb saying "yeahhhh":
4. A death metal rooster:
5. A broken goat:
6. And one that's screaming for his buddy Bob:
7. A Boston Terrier getting his stomach grabbed:
8. A cat barking like a dog:
9. A human saying "ha ha ha":
10. A cat saying "NO.":
11. And a goose marching band:
And now you've heard everything!
Preview Your Response
In The News Today
- Hillary Clinton's campaign was reportedly hacked as part of what appears to be a broad cyber attack on Democrats.
- A federal court struck down North Carolina's voting restrictions, ruling they intentionally made it harder for black people to vote.
- Four people in Florida are likely the first to contract the Zika virus from mosquitos in the US, the state's governor says.


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Irish Aboard Titanic: One of Ireland's Favourite WritersA must have for anyone interested in The Titanic'. An encyclopedic collection of accounts of that ill-fated night from Irish passengers featuring letters, interviews, newspaper reports, family memories and White Star Line records. The unspeakable tragedy of the Titanic disaster can only be fully appreciated through the tales of the people who were aboard on the night the ship went down. The Irish
$9.89The creation of heroes where they did not exist offers us insights, in throwing off the blanket of boasting a century later, that bring history's most famous shipwreck back into sharper focus. We see into the nature of prejudice, social values, and the overriding political and national considerations of the time. This book also looks at the offered sacrificial victims of the time, in particular
Titanic Scandal: The Trial of the Mount TempleFrom the day she sank in April 1912 to the present, one of the enduring mysteries of the Titanic disaster was the singlefunneled, fourmasted mystery ship, sighted as the White Star liner, outward bound on her maiden voyage, began to slip beneath the calm waters of the icebergstrewn North Atlantic.The Leyland liner SS Californian has been blamed, but was she the real mystery ship the one that
The Phoenix Park Murders: Political Assassination In DublinStory of the assassination of the Number One administrator of the British government in Ireland and his Number Two. 06 May, 1882, the Number One administrator of the British government in Ireland and his Number Two are assassinated by men wielding deadly surgical knives while the pair are walking in the Phoenix Park. The killings are witnessed from the Viceregal Lodge, now Aras an Uachtarain, the
$8.69Why are there so many heroes attached to the sinking of the Titanic? Why do we accord impossible glory to the miserable, misbegotten drowning of the equivaletn of a small town? Who were the real heroes, and how were they overlooked? What did society -- and the press -- do with its overriding need for blame? The creation of heroes where they did not exist offers us insights, in throwing off the
$6.99The graphic, first-hand story of the first voyage and disastrous sinking of RMS Titanic - told by the survivors themselves.The story of the sinking of the great liner, Titanic, has been told countless times since that fateful night on 14th April 1912 by historians, novelists and film producers alike, but no account is as graphic or revealing as those who were actually there. Through survivors'
$8.29We went on the day on the boat train…I was 7, I had never seen a ship before... it looked very big... everybody was very excited, we went down to the cabin and that's when my mother said to my father that she had made up her mind quite firmly that she would not go to bed in that ship, she would sit up at night... she decided that she wouldn't go to bed at night, and she didn't!This is the amazing
$0.99With time running out and the decks awash with the sea, first-class passenger Archibald Gracie was one of the last people to escape the sinking of the Titanic, clinging to an overturned collapsible boat before being rescued. Once safe on the Carpathia, Gracie immediately began writing what has become one of the definitive books on the tragedy. The Truth About the Titanic is Gracie's detailed
$2.99Best-selling mystery novelist Trevor Hughes has no idea that attending his twentieth reunion at Harvard will forever change his life. Persuaded to go by his on-again-off-again girlfriend, Dr. Julia Magnusson, he meets up with three old friends: Solly Rubens, a self-made Wall Street millionaire; Ken Faust, a successful software entrepreneur; and Harlan Astor, New York real estate tycoon and the
$11.99When the Nazis invaded Hungary in 1944, they sent virtually the entire Jewish population to Auschwitz. A Jew and a medical doctor, Dr. Miklos Nyiszli was spared from death for a grimmer fate: to perform "scientific research" on his fellow inmates under the supervision of the infamous "Angel of Death": Dr. Josef Mengele. Nyiszli was named Mengele's personal research pathologist. Miraculously, he
The Sinking Of The Titanic And Great Sea DisastersOne of the first books published after the tragic loss of the Titanic, The Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters is a detailed account of the events the night of April 14-15, 1912, and how the tragic loss of life could have been averted.HarperPerennial Classics brings great works of literature to life in digital format, upholding the highest standards in ebook production and celebrating
The Night Lives On: The Untold Stories and Secrets Behind the Sinking of the "Unsinkable" Ship—Titanic
The Untold Stories and Secrets Behind the Sinking of the "Unsinkable" Ship—TitanicThree decades after his landmark work A Night to Remember, Walter Lord revisits the TitanicYears after A Night to Remember stoked the fires of public interest in the doomed RMS Titanic, the clamor for details about April 14, 1912, has not abated. As die-hard professional and amateur historians—"rivet counters," they are called—puzzle over minute details of the ship's last hours, a wealth of facts


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By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
8/15/2014 (1 year ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
A new study released on August 14 reports that man-made greenhouse gas emissions are the dominant cause of glacial melting in the Alps and Andes mountains.
A glacier in the Alps, one of the largest in the world.
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
8/15/2014 (1 year ago)
Published in Green
Keywords: Science, International
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - The study, published in the journal Science, reveals that human emissions account for 69% of the glacier ice loss from 1991-2010, overtaking natural climate variations that have been the primary cause of the glacier retreats since the mid-19th century.
You can be the light in the darkness with "prayer and action."
Until the study, scientists have struggled to understand the full impact of human behavior on glaciers because these large masses of frozen ice take decades, or even centuries, to respond to rising temperatures and changes in the level of snow and rainfall.
This study relies on historical observations of glaciers around the world, combined with computer models to simulate all factors that could explain the retreat. It found that natural variations were not enough on their own, meaning that mad-made greenhouse gases are playing an increasingly greater role.
"This is more evidence of human influence on the climate," said lead author Ben Marzeion, of the University of Innsbruck in Austria.
These scientists estimated that human influences account for only 25% of the glaciers' total retreat since 1850-meaning that natural climate changes, such as temperature or rainfall levels, have long been the dominant factor.
Many glaciers increased in size during a period known as the Little Ice Age, which occurred from 1350-1850, that may have been caused by volcanic eruptions.
The head of the World Glacier Monitoring Service at the University of Zurich, Michael Zemp, said that snowfall declined after 1850. There was also a rise in temperature in the 1890s due to the wider burning of coal and oil.
"The big majority of glaciers have been retreating over the past century," he said. "We even have an accelerated retreat in recent decades."
The study estimated that glacial melt has contributed roughly 5 inches to the sea level from 1851 to 2010. Without human influence, the sea level would still have risen 4 inches.
By Tony Johnson
In 2006, geologists feared the worst - they believed a megathrust earthquake was imminent in the Pacific Northwest. Now in 2016, the Pacific Northwest may be revealing an alarming pattern of missing earthquakes in the same megathrust region that generates ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Greenland is melting faster than expected, as new data reveals. The ESA's Cryosat satellite has revealed Greenland lost over a trillion tonnes of ice between 2011 and 2014. LOS ANGELES, CA (California Network) - Greenland has lost over a trillion metric tons (tonnes) ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
ExxonMobil spent more than $2 million on climate science denial in 2015, records reveal. LOS ANGELES, CA (California Network) - ExxonMobil says it believes in climate change. Its executives probably believe it too, after all, they're smart people. But their profits ... continue reading
By Kenya Sinclair (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
The United States faces accusations of wasting enough food to put an end to hunger and increasing methane-producing landfill waste. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) website, the United States' food ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Two people out of every hundred can hear it. It's a strange, low grade humming noise coming from the Earth itself. They can't get away from it, they can't make it stop. And nobody knows why it's there. The call it "the hum" and it is one of the planet's most enigmatic ... continue reading
By Tony Johnson (California Network)
Is America at risk for Great earthquakes spanning across the full United States? "Cracks Across America", in Rift zones, may conceal large fracture type faults where scientists may not be able to identify where these hidden fractures may unleash catastrophic ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
With the latest data on the San Andreas fault, it feels certain that California is about to experience The Big One. (Like tomorrow!) But is that what the data really shows? LOS ANGELES, CA (California Network) - The world's most famous fault is the San Andreas. The ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
A massive heat wave will envelop the American southwest this week, and into the foreseeable future, as California is warned to expect blackouts. The danger from this record breaking heatwave is extreme and people are urged to take precautions. LOS ANGELES, CA ... continue reading
By Tony Johnson (California Network)
Unexpectedly, on June 17, 2016, hundreds of seismographs that cover the State of Oregon and Washington, including the PNW volcanoes, became inaccessible[2] with no explanation. All of these seismograph stations are under the management of the Pacific Northwest ... continue reading
By Marshall Connolly (CALIFORNIA NETWORK)
Californians love their beaches, and few things can keep them out of the water, especially in the summer. Unfortunately, one of those things is appearing in greater numbers -sharks. And not just any sharks, but great whites. LOS ANGELES, CA (California Network) - The ... continue reading


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Can someone help me with the answer?
Store and forward switches receive an entire packet before they begin sending any data at all. Cut through switches can receive the first few bytes of a packet, decide which port(s) to send it on, and then start sending out the packet while the rest of the packet is still being received.
Cut through switching only works if both ports are operating at the same speed. Cut through switching only works if the output port(s) happen to be available while a packet is being received.


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BirdLife's History in Objects, #12: A Migratory Bird's-Eye View of the World
By Shaun Hurrell, 22 Jun 2012
- Pelican hotline
- BirdLife cries the loss of conservation giant Luc Hoffmann
- Winning hearts and minds in Cape Verde
- Traditional wisdom and conservation science in Lake Victoria
- School's out(side) for Spring!
- Shea butter nourishes more than dry skin
- Croatian national powerlines operator to collaborate with BirdLife Partner to protect migratory birds
- Malta's first marine Special Protection Areas announced
- Spix's Macaw reappears in Brazil
- New initiative aims to make self-assessment easier for conservation
From pole to pole, a staggering eighty thousand kilometres round trip. That is the migration that Arctic Terns Sterna paradisaea make every year. Imagine flying through storms on that epic journey over the entire Atlantic Ocean with a wingspan of less than one metre.
Such is the wonder of bird migration, in which an estimated 50 billion birds embark on immense and hazardous journeys along many different routes, or flyways, worldwide each year. Along the way they encounter many difficulties before reaching their destinations and being able to breed: White Storks dodge bullets in the Mediterranean; soaring vultures may have to avoid poorly-located buzzing electrical transmission lines in the Rift Valley; and Swainson's Hawks have to spot patches of sparsely remaining Pampas grasslands in South America to refuel on insects. But from their perspective in the sky these birds see no political obstacles, national borders or boundaries and this is a significant point. By fostering bonds between nations, migratory birds act as valuable ambassadors for our shared natural heritage and encourage effective international conservation.
Migratory birds have long been important in many diverse cultures. Aborigines in Australia perform "sandpiper dances" to celebrate the return of migratory waders, heralding the first rains of the wet season. Northern Bald Ibis were followed on their migration by pilgrims to Mecca. But for a while their entire migratory routes were not known to conservation science:
The threatened Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola breeds only at isolated sites in NE Europe. For more than ten years many BirdLife Partners have painstakingly worked for the protection of the breeding grounds. But out of their hands when migrating south, the conservation scientists on the ground could only hope that the birds would return next year. However in 2007, following five years of investigation, researchers from BirdLife Partners managed to trace the birds to Senegal, which has now signed an agreement to protect Europe's rarest migratory songbird.
Migratory birds go beyond borders
The conservation of a huge group of species with massive ranges requires a coordinated response across many countries and continents. This is why BirdLife uses a 'flyways' approach- conserving a species by involving local people from many countries across the whole length of its migratory route.
BirdLife International, with Partners in 116 countries, is ideally placed to achieve this. In 1978, BirdLife founded the Migratory Soaring Birds Committee (MBC), the first global initiative for migratory birds; and in the next 10 years carried out more than 140 projects in Europe and Africa, building networks and supporting existing conservation bodies, and founding NGOs in countries where there had been no previous organisations devoted to the study and conservation of birds.
Money follows birds
As well as twinning arrangements with protected area managers for expertise and experience sharing, joined-up conservation for migratory birds allows the transfer of money from affluent countries where birds breed, to poorer countries with important passage and wintering sites.
Joined-up conservation to protect the pampas
In 2006, four BirdLife Partners teamed up to protect the Pampas Grasslands found in the southern cone of South America, where 137 Important Bird Areas have been identified in this rapidly degrading habitat, crucial for refuelling migratory birds in the Americas flyway. Aves Argentina, Aves Uruguay, SAVE Brasil and Guyra Paraguay formed an Alliance, aided by funding predominantly from agencies and foundations worldwide, and have successfully implemented a model for cattle ranching there that combines the sustainable production of certified beef (which is benefitting local farmers) with conservation of the grassland.
"The success has drawn attention elsewhere in the world including North America and Russia", says Rob Clay, Senior Conservation Manager for BirdLife's Americas Regional Programme.
So next time you see a migratory bird overhead, spare a thought for its epic journey across national borders, the other people from other countries who will be watching the birds, and all the conservation work that is being done along its flyway.
Throughout BirdLife's history, the need to cooperate globally has been realised. BirdLife International's work on migratory birds has now grown into the Flyways conservation programme which works along all three of the world's major flyways, and is now sponsored by the world's biggest nature event, the British Birdwatching Fair. This article is part of a series celebrating BirdLife's 90th Anniversary.
Other articles in this series:
- Birds of a Feather
- Ever fantasised about owning your own private tropical island?
- All Hands on Deck
- Caribbean Treasures
- The Power of a Local Tradition: Hima
- The Dramatic Relationship between Man and the Northern Bald Ibis
- Bringing the Hammer Down on Governments to Save Nature
- If a bird calls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it really exist?
- Forest Conservation has no Boundaries
- A Drink for Nature
- The Frontier of Marine Conservation
- A Migratory Bird's-Eye View of the World
- Living off of the Land