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An adaptive optics (AO) system with Stochastic Parallel Gradient Descent (SPGD) algorithm and a 61-element deformable mirror is simulated to restore the image of a turbulence-degraded extended object. SPGD is used to search the optimum voltages for the actuators of the deformable mirror. We try to find a convenient image performance metric, which is needed by SPGD, merely from a gray level distorted image and without any additional optics elements. Simulation results show the gray level variance function acts more promising than other metrics, such as metrics based on the gray level gradient of each pixel. The restoration capability of the AO system is investigated with different images and different turbulence strength wave-front aberrations using SPGD with the above resultant image quality criterion. Numerical simulation results verify the performance metric is effective and the AO system can restore those images degraded by different turbulence strengths successfully.
© 2009 Optical Society of America
1. Introduction
Adaptive optics (AO) techniques can be used to compensate static or dynamic aberrations of a light beam after propagation through a distorting medium. The conventional AO systems [1] are implemented with a deformable mirror to correct the distorted wave-front, a wave-front sensor to measure the aberrations present in the incoming beam, and a feedback control algorithm to link these two elements in real time. This kind of wave-front correction needs the information about a reference wave-front that corresponds to the undistorted image when it is applied to extended object imaging correction. Model-free optimization techniques provide an alternative approach to the control problem that does not require the use of any priori knowledge of a system model. Generally, this area of research is based on a "sharpness" criterion which is used as an image metric to measure the degree of correction of the wave-front phase [2]. The system considers the criterion as a function of the control parameters and then uses some optimization algorithm to improve image quality.
An appropriate image metric, also called a sharpness function and a suitable control algorithm are two keys to the success of this technique. The relatively popular image sharpness metrics include image gray variation function in the time domain, frequency spectrum evaluation function in the frequency domain, entropy evaluation function in informatics area and statistics function based on statistical information, etc. Several optimization algorithms, such as Simulated Annealing [3], Genetic Algorithm [4], Stochastic Parallel Gradient Descent (SPGD) [5], and Algorithm Of Pattern Extraction (Alopex) [6], are the common stochastic parallel search algorithms in AO system. In order to find a convenient image performance metric only from the distorted gray level image, we compare several image quality metrics in time domain or frequency domain. Based on SPGD algorithm and the above resultant image quality criterion, the high resolution imaging capability of the AO system is investigated through different images and different turbulence strength wave-front aberrations.
2. Model of space object imaging
The symbol (x,y) denotes coordinates of a point in the image plane and f(x, y) is gray level of the point (x, y). For incoherent imaging, the image f(x, y) is given by the convolution of the object function I(x, y) and the intensity point spread function (PSF), h(x, y) , of the system[7]:
For clarity, magnification factors are omitted. All aberration effects are manifested in the PSF which can be obtained through Fast Fourier Transform of the wave-front in simulation. The original images used are given in Figs. 1(a) and 1(b), and are called Image A and Image B respectively.
Image A has a clear background and the object has clear edges, while the object in Image B almost fills the image plane. The image size is 128 × 128 pixels and the gray level is from 0 to 255. The diffraction limit angle (λ/D) is supposed to be 5 pixels, so the full Field of View (FOV) is about 24 times the size of diffraction limited angle. The ideal imaging results of Image A and Image B are given in Figs. 1(c) and 1 (d) under the telescope parameters in this paper.
We use the method proposed by N. Roddier, which makes use of a Zernike expansion of randomly weighted Karhunen-Loeve functions, to simulate atmospherically distorted wavefronts [8]. Considering that the low-order aberrations (tilts, defocus, astigmatism, etc) have the most significant impact on image quality, we use the first 104 Zernike polynomial orders. Different phase screens generated according to this method are not correlated to each other and represent the Kolmogorov spectrum. The phase screens ϕ(r) are defined over 128 × 128 pixels which is also the grid of the wave-front corrector and don't include the tip/tilt aberrations. The tip/tilt aberrations are usually controlled by another control loop and are considered as being removed completely in our simulation. Atmospheric turbulence strength for a receiver system with aperture size D can be characterized by the following two parameters: the ratio D/r 0 and the averaged Strehl Ratio (SR) of phase fluctuations. Phase screens of different atmospheric turbulence strength can be obtained through changing r 0 in the simulation program.
The correction capability of the AO imaging system is analyzed through three different turbulence strength wave-front aberrations where D/r 0 is set at 5, 10 and 20 respectively.
Fig. 1.
3. Definition of several image sharpness functions
Four candidate image-quality metrics are examined in this paper. The first metric F 1 is defined according to the gray level variance of image, which expresses the discrete degree of gray levels distribution. Gray levels are distributed in a bigger range when the image is much clearer. Here
and is the mean of all pixel gray level, and M × N is the image size.
A high resolution image has clear edges and the gray level gradient expresses the edge information of an image, i.e. a bigger gray level gradient can offer us a better image. The second metric F 2 and the third F 3 are defined according to the gray level gradient information of each pixel.
We define F 3 by using the Laplacian operator, which implements a second derivative operation on the image.
The square operation in F 2 and F 3 gives prominence to the contribution of some points, which have a large gray level gradient, to image quality evaluation function. F 2 and F 3 are also regarded as modification of sharpness function S 1 in Ref. 2.
From the imaging theory of Fourier optics, we know that the sharpness of an image is closely related to the high frequency content of the image, which corresponds to the image edge details. A clearer image often includes more high frequency content and the total energy is also relatively higher. In simulation, the frequency information F(u,v) can be calculated through the Fast Fourier Transform of the image f(x,y), and then we can get the energy spectrum P(u,v) using the equation P(u,v) =|F(u,v)|2. From P(u,v), we have the fourth metric F 4:
To give emphasis to high frequency content, we weight the energy spectrum, P(u,v), with the weighting coefficient (u 2 + v 2), so F 4 can also be called as the mean square radius of the image spectrum.
4. Description of AO system
The high resolution imaging model with an AO system is shown in Fig. 2. The model includes an imaging system that records the image plane gray level f(x,y), an image quality analyzer that calculates the image quality metric and the SPGD algorithm that produces control signals u = {u 1,u 2,…u 61} for a 61-element Deformable Mirror (DM) according to changes of metric. The phase compensation m(x,y) , introduced by the DM, can be combined linearly with influence functions of actuators:
where Sj(x,y) is the influence function and uj is the control signal of the jth actuator. On the basis of experimental measurements, we know the actuator influence function of a 61-element DM actuators is approximately Gaussian [9]:
where (xj,yj) is the location of the jth actuator, α is the coupling value between actuators and is set to 0.08, and a is the Gaussian index and is set to 2. The distance between actuators is d which is about 0.1367 normalized in a unit circle. Fig. 3 gives actuators location distribution of DM. The circled line in the figure denotes the effective aperture and the layout of all actuators is hexagonal. We suppose the stroke of the DM is enough to correct the wave-front aberrations in the simulation.
The SPGD algorithm [5] requires small random perturbations ∆u = {∆u 1,∆u 2,…∆u 61} with fixed amplitude |∆uj|=σ and random signs with equal probabilities for Pr(∆uj = ±σ) = 0.5 [10], to be applied to all 61 DM control channels simultaneously. Then for a given random ∆u , the control signals are updated with the rule:
Where the scalar ∆F = F(u + ∆u) - F(u - ∆u) is the corresponding perturbation of the image quality metric and γ is a gain coefficient which scales the size of the control parameter corrections (positive for the case of metric maximization, negative for minimization and positive in this paper).
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
5. Numerical results and analysis
5.1 Adaptation process
We perform the adaptation process over 50 phase realizations. The averaged evolution curves and the standard deviation evolution curves of the metric are the recorded simulation results. For comparing correction ability of the four image-quality metrics, we also give corresponding averaged SR evolution curves.
First, correction performance of Image A is investigated. Fig. 4 to Fig. 7 show simulation results when D/r 0 is 5, 10 and 20 respectively. Averaged evolution curves of four image-quality metrics are given in Fig. 4(a) to Fig. 7(a), in which the averaged evolution curves are normalized to be 1 in the optimal case. Corresponding standard deviation curves and Strehl Ratio curves during the control algorithm's 1500 iterations are presented in Fig. 4(b) to Fig. 7(b) and Fig. 4(c) to Fig. 7(c).
All image-quality metric curves have converged after 1500 iterations in Fig. 4(a) to Fig. 7(a). The iteration number needed for convergence increases and correction performance decreases with the growth of turbulence strength. From Fig. 4(b) to Fig. 7(b), we can see that F 1 and F 4 have relatively smaller standard deviations than F 2 and F 3 , which shows that F 1 and F 4 have stronger adaptability to different turbulence realizations than F 2 and F 3. Fig. 4(c) to Fig. 7(c) indicate that all the four image-quality metrics have strong correction ability for D/r 0 = 5 , F 1 and F 4 are much better than F 2 and F 3 for D/r 0 = 10 , and F 1 is the best for D/r 0 = 20 .
The same adaptation process is carried out for Image B. Results are very similar to those of Image A and aren't given in the section.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
5.2 Zernike order and PSF of single frame phase screen
Figure 8 gives Zernike coefficients 3-104 decomposed from the same phase screen (D/r 0 = 20) when F 1, F 2, F 3 and F 4 are used as performance metrics optimized respectively. Corresponding PSFs are shown in Fig. 9. We also fit the DM figure to the phase screen using least squares to obtain the best correction achievable with the given 61-element DM. The fitting results are also shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
From Fig. 8, we can see relatively low order content occupies the main part of the wave-front aberrations. Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 all show F 1 and F 4 have much higher correction ability than F 2 and F 3. Compared with the least squares fitting, F 1 almost obtains the best correction achievable for the 61-element DM.
5.3 Cormparison of imaging results
Figure 10 presents averaged imaging results of Image A after different turbulence strength wave- front aberrations are corrected by using F 1 , F 2 , F 3 and F 4 respectively.
Fig. 10.
Figure 11 shows imaging results of Image B after different turbulence strength wave-front aberrations are corrected by using F 1 , F 2 , F 3 and F 4 respectively.
Fig. 11.
From Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, we can see four image-quality metrics can offer better imaging effect when D/r 0 is 5, F 1 and F 4 are much better than F 2 and F 3 when D/r 0 is 10, and F 1 is the best when D/r 0 is 20. These trends agree with the evolution curves in Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. The simulation results show that the AO system with the 61-element DM and SPGD algorithm can realize high resolution imaging for objects with different characteristics.
5.4 Correction ability analysis of performance metrics
For comparing correction performance of four image-quality metrics, we examine the SR before and after correction by these metrics on Image A. Results are shown in Fig. 12. The result of the least squares fitting is also given in Fig. 12. From Fig. 12, we see that four image-quality metrics have strong correction ability when the turbulence strength is relatively weak. F 1 is similar in correction ability to F 4 , F 2 is similar to F 3 , and F 1 and F 4 are better than F 2 and F 3 when D/r 0 is 10. F 1 is the best when D/r 0 is 20. The correction capability of F 1 is very close to the least squares fitting.
The correction ability of different metric can be explained by analyzing their definitions. From Eq. (3) and Eq. (4), we know F 2 and F 3 just use the information of point f(x,y) and its surrounding points, then sum all of points in the image plane. The variance function F 1 in Eq. (2) relates each point to the mean of entire image and the frequency evaluation F 4 in Eq. (5) makes use of mean frequency spectrum. From the above simulative results, we can conclude that F 1 and F 4 , which use global information of the image, have much stronger correction capability than F 2 and F 3 , which use only local information of the image. Just using local information may be the reason why F 2 and F 3 have relatively low correction ability. Contrasted to F 4 , F 1 sustains performance to much bigger wave-front aberrations. The possible reason is that attenuation of high frequency content becomes serious, which makes the sensitivity of F 4 to wave-front aberrations become weak gradually, as the turbulence strength increases. Fig. 13 gives the trends of four image-quality metrics versus the augment of turbulence strength, in which the curves are computed by averaging 50 different turbulence realizations.
Fig. 12.
From Fig. 13, we can see F 2 and F 3 based on gray level gradient are sensitive to the wave-front aberrations when D/r 0 is less than 10. The variance function F 1 and the frequency evaluation function F 4 have higher sensitivity than F 2 and F 3 when D/r 0 is bigger than 10. The sensitivity of F 1 is a litter greater than F 4 when D/r 0 is greater than 20. These trends verify our simulative results are reasonable
Fig. 13.
6. Conclusion
We have simulated a high resolution imaging AO system with a 61-element deformable mirror and SPGD control algorithms. Numerical simulation results verify the performance metric offered is effective, which can provide us with guidance on how to choose appropriate performance metrics in extended object imaging: image metrics based on image global information are better than those based on image local information and the grey level variance function is the most promising image-quality metric. The compensation effect is very close to the optimal correction on combining the grey level variance function and SPGD control algorithm for a given DM. The AO system can restore those images degraded by different turbulence strength successfully. Note that the iteration number needed for convergence increases and correction performance decreases with the growth of turbulence strength. The system can be applied to static or slowly changing wave-front aberrations, while the convergence rate must be improved for rapidly changing aberrations. Further research should be focused on improving the convergence rate so that the system can be used for the dynamic environment.
We express our thanks for the support of the National High Technology Project of China.
References and links
1. R. K. Tyson, Principle of Adaptive Optics (Academic Press, 1991).
2. R. A. Muller and A. Buffington. "Real-time correction of atmospherically degraded telescope images through image sharpening," J. Opt. Am . A. 64, 1200–1210 (1974). [CrossRef]
3. S. Zommer, E. N. Ribak, S. G. Lipson, and J. Adler. "Simulated annealing in ocular adaptive optics," Opt. Lett . 31, 1–3 (2000).
4. P. Yang, M. W. Ao, Y. Li, B. Xu, and W. H. Jiang, "Intracavity transverse modes controlled by a genetic algorithm based on Zernike mode coefficients," Opt. Express 15, 17051–17062 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. M. A. Vorontsov and G. W. Carhart. "Adaptive optics based on analog parallel stochastic optimization: analysis and experimental demonstration," J. Opt. Soc. Am . A. 17, 1440–1453 (2000) [CrossRef]
6. M. S. Zakynthinaki and Y. G. Saridakis, "Stochastic optimization for a tip-tilt adaptive correcting system," Comput. Phys. Commun . 150, 274–292 (2003) [CrossRef]
7. J. W. Goodman. Introduction to Fourier Optics (Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2006).
8. N. Roddier. "Atmospheric wavefront simulation using Zernike polynomials," Opt. Eng . 29, 1174–1180 (1990). [CrossRef]
9. W. H. Jiang, N. Ling, X. J. Rao, and F. shi. "Fitting capability of deformable mirror," SPIE 1542130–137 (1991). [CrossRef]
10. J. C. Spall, "Multivariate stochastic approximation using a simultaneous perturbation gradient approximation," IEEE Trans. Autom. Control . 37, 332–341 (1992). [CrossRef]


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It can feel daunting trying to squeeze in one more thing into an already overcrowded schedule, but establishing and committing to a yoga practice does not have to require a lot of time each day. Learn how you can reap the many benefits of a yoga practice, even if you only...
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You know that if the world at large is trying to absorb the shock of the sudden death of actor Paul Walker of the "The Fast and the Furious" fame, what must it be like for his co-stars?
We'll probably never fully know, but here are their immediate thoughts:
Here's what Vin Diesel posted to his Instagram page:
"Brother I will miss you very much. I am absolutely speechless. Heaven has gained a new Angel. Rest in Peace."
Dwyane "The Rock" Johnson:
"All my strength, love & faith to the Walker family during this heartbreaking time," Johnson tweeted. "We find our strength … in his light. Love you brother."
Tyrese took to Instagram to share this message:
"My heart is hurting so bad no one can make me believe this is real Father God I pray that you send clarity over this cause I just don't understand My heart hurts it's broken no one can convince me that this is real…. Prayer warriors please pray real hard for his only child, his daughter and family… #HeartOfAnAngel13YrsFamilyForeverWeJustCelebreatedYour40thBirthday….. My God… My God… I can't believe I'm writing this…"At least I got to say I love you…. #OurLastExchange but our laughs and moments will live forever #ThisIsWorstThanMyWorstNightmare #GodiLoveYouAndiwillneverquestionYou…. But this I just don't understand #PaulForeverFamily #MyHeartHurtsSoBad please pray for his daughter and family…"
Tyrese also visited Walker's crash site. He posted to Instagram:
I will keep your energy with me forever #AshesOfAnAngel fast family around the world we live you and we love you Paul is the heartbeat of this franchise and were gonna see to it that his energy and presence lives on forever #myhearthurtssobad
Rapper/actor Ludacris, who also starred with Walker in the racing franchise, added this rhyming caption via Instagram:
"Your humble spirit was felt from the start, wherever you blessed your presence you always left a mark, we were like brothers and our birthdays are only 1 day apart, now You will forever hold a place in all of our hearts @paulwalker legacy will live on forever. R.I.P."
It's being reported that filming was currently underway for "Fast 7," with Walker, of course, reprising his role as Brian O'Conner. It'll be interesting to see how the studio, Universal, moves forward with the project.
As reported earlier, Paul Walker was killed in a fiery car crash after leaving a charity event Saturday afternoon. Walker was the passenger in the vehicle, and both he and the driver were killed after the car lost control and crashed.


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St. Johns District News
There's nothing we enjoy more than sharing the good news about our hard-working students and staff members. We have a lot to share! Our News page includes kudos to faculty and staff for awards and accomplishments, information about upcoming and past events and so much more. Visit this page often, as we'll update it regularly.
Our next governing board meeting is on Tuesday, August, 2016, at 6:30 p.m. Hope to see you there!
St. Johns Unified School District No. 1 of Apache County, Arizona will hold a special district additional assistance budget override election (formerly known as a capital outlay budget override election) on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. The district seeks authorization to exceed its district additional assistant budget by the lesser of $500,000 or ten percent of its revenue control limit. Please see the request for arguments for additional details.
Do you find it hard to get your son or daughter to study? Would their grades improve if they had better study skills and resources? If you answered yes to either question, we have some helpful tips for you!
GreatSchools.org is a wonderful online resource with tips to help your child prepare for a successful study session. The site is for mainly middle school students, but you can apply most of the rules to all students. Simple tips such as how to organize their study space, plan time to study, and having proper study materials can go a long way toward helping your child be successful.
If you prefer the approach of helping your child directly, then you may want to refresh your memory on topics you learned in school. A good place to get started is Internet Public Library. This online resource can help anyone with a wide range of topics. Here you can look up information that you need, or your child can go there to do research. It has everything your child needs to advance learning. Topics include arts and crafts, nutritional information, and even information on athletics and sports.
If studying in the traditional way is not working for your child, you should look online at Fun Brain for a more interactive approach to studying. Don't let the fact that it is full of games discourage you from letting your child go there. The games provided on this great, interactive site teaches your child a variety subjects while reinforcing basic skills in math, reading, science, and other subjects. Remember, even though they are playing games, they are learning. Any kind of learning is good!


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The map below notes road closures and lane restrictions in Downtown Cincinnati, Over-the-Rhine and The Banks. It is updated weekly. View Street Tweets or follow @roadmapcincy on Twitter for daily updates.
Construction-Related Road Closures and Lane Restrictions
Downtown: I-71 Bridge Deck Replacement over Eggleston Ave.: The Third Street exit ramp off I-171 south will be closed until summer 2017 for ODOT project to reconstruct the bridge decks just north of the Lytle Tunnel entrance.
CBD: Holiday Inn & Garage: Curb lane and sidewalk around project site on Seventh, Eighth & Sycamore closed till December 2016 for construction.
The Banks: Intersection of Central Avenue and Mehring Way south of Paul Brown Stadium: Lane closures at the intersection till July 27. Crews replacing crosswalk and sidewalk pavers with decorative concrete. Through traffic allowed.
The Banks: Mehring Way between Rose Street & Central Avenue: Lane restrictions for CSX maintenance through mid-August.
CBD: Main Street just south of Sixth Street: West curb lane restricted and sidewalk closed indefinitely for construction at AT580.
Over-the-Rhine: Elm Street, Gandolfo to 12th: West curb lane and sidewalk closed during construction of Cincinnati Shakespeare Co. theater. Additional lane closed, as needed, for concrete pours and materials deliveries.
Over-the-Rhine: Sycamore & 14th Streets: Lane and sidewalk restrictions 24/7 through July 2017, for Ziegler Park improvements.
Over-the-Rhine: Elm Street in front of Memorial Hall: Sidewalk in front of building closed during renovation. Through access open.
Over-the-Rhine: Charlotte Street Between Short Alley & Elm Street: Closed for renovations to YMCA. Signage directs motorists.
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Last week's shooting by police, and of police, brought to the fore once again the nation's seemingly never-ending trauma arising from the troubled relationship betwixt the negro and Caucasian races that has existed since the first days of the colonies in the early 1600s.
A pregnant woman died in a house fire in Harriman late Tuesday night on Clifty Street.
Lindsay Carter, 23, was inside the two-story home when it caught fire and was unable to exit to safely, according to a release from the City of Harriman.
Harriman emergency responders responded to the 502.5 Clifty St. fire around 11 p.m.
TBI is assisting the State Bomb & Arson and the Harriman Fire and Police Department's with the ongoing investigation.
For more information, look at Friday's Roane County News.
It's official now: Property tax rates in Roane County will not increase for the 2016-17 fiscal year.
The Roane County Commission voted unanimously during Monday's regular meeting to keep the rates the same.
"It's a good budget with no tax increase for the citizens of Roane County," Commissioner Stanley Moore said.
The rural property tax rate will remain $2.575 per $100 valuation.
The rate in Kingston, Oliver Springs and Rockwood will stay at $2.515.
July 1 marked a change for Roane County Schools.
Leah Rice Watkins took over as director of schools, replacing Gary Aytes, who retired on June 30.
Watkins said she appreciates the welcome she's received from the community so far.
"I look forward to serving them and working to grow the school system and continue the good works that have been started," she said.
The Roane County Board of Education picked Watkins in April to succeed Aytes. Her four-year contract started on July 1 and expires on June 30, 2020.
Before adjourning Monday night's Roane County Commission, Chairman Ron Berry took some time to pay homage to local law enforcement.
"I think it's an appropriate time for us to say thank you to our police departments, our sheriff's department, for the way that they're handling things in Roane County," Berry said.
The commissioners and those in the crowd then stood to their feet to applaud.
Michael Dunn Center recently added three new board members, Beth Stubbs, Sandy McPherson and Suzie Jones Clay, and those members spent a day last week going through a two-part orientation.
The first part was in a classroom, while the second part was touring the facility and some of the homes in the community.
"Who we are, what we do, and how we do it," that's what Michael Dunn Center President and CEO Mike McElhinney said was the main thing being taught to the trio.
Three candidates for Harriman City Council attended a recent candidate forum at Harriman's David Webb Riverfront Park.
Shauna Hines, Tim Johnson and Tyler Manning all shared their perspectives on how to bring industry and business to Harriman and other city needs.
"We need jobs," said Hines.
She said she also believes the city needs more for children to do, because it will keep them out of trouble and away from things like drugs.
Oliver Springs officials recently passed the town's budget for 2016-17, just in time for the new fiscal year which began July 1.
The $1.98 million budget does not include a tax increase, said Mayor Cecil Crowe.
"With a lot of time and effort, we were able to manage [proposed expenditures] and not given anyone an increase," he said. "Everyone worked hard, and we were able to get a balanced budget.
"I applaud everyone who helped make this possible."
Two individuals identified last week as having resigned from the town of Olivers Springs are still employed.
Eddie Kelley still works as the town's Park and Recreation director. Though former Water Department Supervisor Eugene Brummitt did resign his position, he currently works for the department part time.
Roane County Commissioner Randy Ellis loves politics.
Next week, he will participate in what could be a major event in American politics. Ellis will be an alternate delegate at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.
"I'm excited; this is the first time I've been," Ellis said. "I've always been the nerd that watches the whole thing on TV.
"It's exciting to be a part of the process."
Copyright © 2016
The Roane County News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Roane County and Kingston, Tennessee, and the surrounding area.


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Michael Sean Winters is the author of Left At the Altar: How Democrats Lost The Catholics And How Catholics Can Save The Democrats (Basic Books, 2008). His biography of the Rev. Jerry Falwell, God's Right Hand: How Jerry Falwell Made God a Republican and Baptized the American Right was published by Harper One in January 2012 to critical acclaim. He is a Visiting Fellow at Catholic University's Institute for Policy Research and Catholic Studies.
Michael Sean Winters
News Articles
Articles by Michael Sean Winters
Indiana tops key Senate racesAug. 14, 2012 Politics
A little office that reaches a continentJul. 20, 2012 World
Races for Congress feel super PAC influenceMay. 29, 2012 Politics
Protesters, critics greet Rep. Ryan at GeorgetownApr. 26, 2012 Justice
GOP in a jam when it comes to Latino voteApr. 10, 2012 Politics
US Catholics come to aid of Eastern European churchesMar. 21, 2012 World
Some see bishops in danger of overplaying their handFeb. 28, 2012 Politics
Bringing God to the rhythms of our daysFeb. 3, 2012 Spirituality
Right still reads Falwell's playbookFeb. 1, 2012 Politics
Retail politics not what they once were in NHJan. 4, 2012 Politics
Partisanship in the pulpit, then and nowDec. 28, 2011 Politics
Vignettes and smokers' chats as bishops meetDec. 7, 2011 People
Group brings pro-life voice to Democratic PartyNov. 30, 2011 Politics
Religious liberty tops concerns at bishops' meetingNov. 21, 2011 Politics
Obama meets quietly with head of U.S. bishopsNov. 12, 2011 Politics
NH Republican makes his markNov. 10, 2011 Politics
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The speech Clinton must giveJun. 16, 2016 Distinctly Catholic
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"People who thought they were at the periphery, but Pope Francis said, 'No, you're not!'"Jun. 10, 2016 Distinctly Catholic
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The November election takes shapeJun. 8, 2016 Distinctly Catholic
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Speaker Ryan cavesJun. 3, 2016 Distinctly Catholic
Links for 06/02/16Jun. 2, 2016 Distinctly Catholic
Book Reviews
Correcting a caricature with a caricatureJun. 25, 2014 Politics
Novak memoir written from crass superficial thinkingJan. 29, 2014
US Catholics' complicated historyMar. 20, 2013
A bean-counting analysis of democracyMay. 16, 2012
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Villa Metochi - Rustic Ambiance & ComfortSend to a friend
From $132 / night
Payment Protection
Reserve for only
balance of due
Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 2/
Sleeps: 6/
Type: Villa
Book this 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom villa in Rethymnon today! A total of 6 people can sleep here comfortably. This property has been booked 1 times.
Guests can enjoy a pool, deck, and outdoor grill among other amenities offered by this rental.
Travelers are sharing their opinions on this property. It has an overall rating of 5/5 thanks to an average of 6 reviews.
Costs vary, with the average weekly rate as low as $840.00 to as high as $1,610.00, depending on travel dates.
The owner responds to 100% of inquiries and last updated the property's calendar 8 days ago.
Villa Metochi - Rustic Ambiance & Comfort Rethymnon, Crete, Greece
Additional Location Information
The villa is situated in a beautiful and tranquil area with olive trees. It is only 2.5 km far from the center of Rethimno. Nearest shops, tavernas and beach are located 2.5 km away. Car is needed.
There are many (email: hidden)ractions nearby, including Rethimno's old town, the Venetian Fortezza, the Venetian harbour, the Loggia, the Rimondi Fountain, Saint Franciscus Church, the Neratzies mosque, the famous Sacred Monastery of Arcadi, the Village of Margarites and the Village of Eleftherna. The beaches of Preveli, Triopetra, Ligres, Agios Pavlos, Damnoni, Ammoudi and Rodakino are of exceptional beauty (southern part of the prefecture of Rethimno). In addition, the small towns of Plakias and Agia Galini are worth visiting and there are many beautiful beaches around.
Welcome to the city of Rethimnon, a place blessed with beauty, embraced by breathtaking mountains and the deep blue of the Mediterranean, decorated with renaissance colors and inhabited by people known for their hospitality, honoring their ancestors and traditions. It is a place one falls in love at first sight and visitors are able to feel the positive vibes of the city from the very first moment, making them feel at home.
The city of Rethymno is an ideal tourist destination for visitors who wish to explore the rich cultural heritage and the natural beauties of Crete. This well-organized city offers to visitors a variety of picturesque routes to follow and numerous historical monuments to visit. The old city of Rethymno still preserves its old urban structure to a great extend, formed during the Venetian period and later reformed during the Turkish occupation.
The beautiful city of Rethymno is standing on the site where ancient Rithymna used to be, as archaeological excavations of the late Neolithic period (3500- 2800 BC) proved. It is the gate way between Chania and Heraklion. Full of rich history, ancient sites, magnificent sandy beaches, Byzantine churches, lovely villages & lively resorts. Rethymno combines an old- time aristocratic appearance with a modern aspect, a blend which is creating a unique atmosphere.
In Rethimno you can enjoy the breathtaking sight of an endless sandy beach that meets on one side the blue see and on the other the enchanting view of the city. For all the time Winter and summer! The beach of Rethimno is 12 km long, it starts from the historical city center and extends to the Eastern part of the isle reaching Scaleta. Rethimno beach has fine-grained brilliant light brown sand where you can walk barefoot and feel how soft and beautiful it is. There's nothing more rejuvenating than kicking off your shoes to sink your toes into powdery-golden, squeaky-clean beach sand.
There are numerous scheduled and charter international flights directly or transit through Athens with regular domestic flights to the airports of Chania or Heraklion. These are quite frequent and run by a lot of companies (British Airways, Excel, First Choice, Easyjet, Thomas Cook, Ryanair, Monarch Airlines, Transaero Airlines, Alitalia, Aegean Airlines, Olympic Air, Cyprus Airways, NordStar Airlines, Lufthansa, Delta Air Lines, Transavia, Airberlin, Ural Airlines, Jetairfly, KLM, Condor, Swiss, Helvetic Airways, Edelweiss Air, Smart Wings, NIKI, SAS, S7 Airlines, TUIfly, CSA, Orenair, Germania, etc)
Chania International Airport can be reached within 60 minutes and Heraklion Airport in 70mins.
Also, there is a regular ferry service from the port of Piraeus to Heraklion and Chania. Ships depart every day. The ships are quite modern, cheaper than flying and quite comfortable. Anek Lines, Minoan Lines.
All known car hire companies operate in Crete with competitive prices.
GPS coordinates and Google maps link will be provided after making a reservation.
More About This Location
Rural retreats
Getting There
Nearest airport: Chania Airport, 43.5 miles
Nearest ferry port: Sousa port, 34.18 miles
Car is essential
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Rethymnon Attractions
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Rethymnon Attractions
Last updated on July 21, 2016
Rates shown in $ USD (Rental listed originally in EUR)
|Minimum Stay
|See all dates
Please note: these rates exclude taxes and fees and may vary depending on the length of your stay. Rates are also subject to change at the owner's discretion.
Rental fees
- Fees for additional guests may apply.
Additional notes from the owner
Rental Rates include all local taxes, utility bills, housekeeping, bed linen and bath/pool towels.
Rental duration less than 6 days can be considered if it fills a gap.
Maximum capacity: 6 guests. For groups larger than 4, there is an extra cost of 20 euros/day for the use of the studio (2 extra guests).
- A/C or climate control
- Housekeeping Included
- High chair
- Hair dryer
- Towels Provided
- Cleaning Service
- Soap/Shampoo Provided
- Iron
- Linens Provided
- Washing Machine
- Long term rentals allowed (over 1 month)
- Local Guides/Maps
- Safe
- Central heating
Phone / Internet
- Wireless Internet
- Internet Access
Pool / Spa
- Private outdoor pool (unheated)
Property Features
- Ocean or water views
- Parking
- Secure parking space
- Mountain Views
- Kettle
- Paper Towels Provided
- Grill
- Freezer
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Toaster
- Blender
- Stove or Oven
- Satellite or cable TV
- DVD Player
- Books
- Television
- Garden
- Garage
- Deck
- Porch
- Outdoor Dining Area
- Balcony or terrace
- 8 Dining chairs
- 10 Lounge chairs
- Pet - ask
- Smoking - ask
- children
Living space
- 1399 square feet
Reviews (5)
Very good
A FlipKey verified reviewer
"Fully satisfied and exited"
I stayed at villa Metochi with my husband and our two kids (9 and 13 years old) from 12 until 19 Sept. This was our first time in Crete and we felt fascinated by the places we had the chance to visit. Rethimno is so beautiful and local people are really kind and willing to help. We enjoyed local dishes, drinks and sweets and we have to admit that Greek cuisine is on top. The villa is very hospitable and a great choice for families with kids. Everything was neatly organized and very clean. The owner was helpful and she welcomed us with a big smile, a fruit basket and Raki. The outdoor area is fascinating: a lot of green, tall trees, a big swimming pool and terrific views. The villa is near Rethimno and there are some other houses around, so we never felt isolated. However, we had privacy and our kids were playing outside without worrying. In few words, we completely enjoyed out stay and we would book villa Metochi again.
A FlipKey verified reviewer
"Wonderful impressions about Villa Metochi and Rethimno"
What to say about Villa Metochi and about Rethimno... We are a family of 4 (2 kids 5 and 3 years old) and our stay at the villa was brilliant! We absolutely liked everything: location, countryside, outdoor, interior of the house. The villa is close enough to Rethimno and finding grocery shops is more than easy. The outdoor of the villa is just gorgeous: a lot of green, beautiful and colorful flowers, fruit trees, big spaces for kids to play around, many places to sit and enjoy the sun or the shadow, big BBQ, grass, etc. It seems that owners have spend a lot of time looking after all these trees and plants. The interior is equally beautiful and tasteful. It has an amazing rustic style with nice details in the furniture. In the upper part of a wall there were several old farming tools and it was interesting to see how local farmers were working many years ago. The kitchen is small but very functional and fully equipped. Rooms were spacious with excellent mattresses in the beds and enough space in the closets. Both the veranda and the BBQ area were excellent and spacious enough for having lunch or for just sitting and looking around the area, the stunning views, the garden and the swimming pool. The wifi was working perfectly and the speed was good. The town of Rethimno was a lovely surprise! A nice, picturesque, lively town with many worth visiting places such as the beautiful old town, the castle and the old port. The beach was another nice surprise: a very long sandy beach, well organized, shallow waters ideal for kids. We also visited Chania and Heraklion, but we consider that Rethimno is irresistible and charming. Our overall impressions were more that excellent. We were welcomed warmly by owner and we were given some special details. We will recommend this place to our friends and family and we would definitely come back.
A FlipKey verified reviewer
"Unique place with character"
I stayed at Villa Metochi with my family and parents (6 in total) for 10 days and I can say that this house has something special and unique. Villa Metochi has personality and is well-cared for, it's not just an impersonal property for rent. This place is outstanding and we enjoyed every corner of the house. My family and I stayed at the main house, while my parents stayed at the studio. So, both families could have moments of privacy and personal space. The main house is very comfortable and tastefully decorated. The studio is also beautiful and spacious, with its own bathroom and kitchen. The garden is really amazing and huge, with big trees, palm trees, grass and many flower pots. It's a real heaven. My kids loved playing around and diving into the swimming pool. We also cut lemons from the lemon trees of the villa and my m?m prepared homemade lemonade! Ermis is a friendly and adorable dog, he was a great company during our stay and my kids didn't want to part with him. His place is behind the studio and he has always croquettes and fresh water, thus we didn't have to care for his food. The villa is situated on a hill near Rethimno and for reaching the house you have to pass through a beautiful small pine forest with amazing views to the town of Rethimno. We took some great photos from there. The owner couldn't be more helpful and friendly to us. Our overall impressions of our stay and of Crete are just perfect and we are already planning to go back next summer.
A FlipKey verified reviewer
"Wonderful stay at an exceptional villa"
I stayed with my family (2 kids) and a couple of friends and we can assure that it's the ideal place to spend a relaxing and recreational period in Crete. We would like to congratulate the owners for the perfect condition of the villa, the studio, the gardens and the swimming pool which was very clean and inviting. The location was lovely and very close to Rethimno. The house was well equipped, with beautiful bedrooms and excellent mattresses in the beds! The studio was also very nice and spacious, with its own kitchen, bathroom and veranda. We enjoyed many meals on the two verandas of the main house and we made a good use of the BBQ. The gardens were so beautiful and well maintained and the views to the sea really stunning. Andreas, the pool boy, was very helpful and service minded. In our 2 weeks stay, the maid came three times. The cleaning service was complete (changing of linen and towels, bathroom cleaning and vacuum cleaning) and I consider that three times is more than enough, since we rented a self-catering villa instead of a hotel room. Thus, our privacy was fully respected. The pool boy-gardener was coming early in the morning, so he didn't disturb us at all. The villa makes you feel like home, as it offers everything you may need in order to prepare food or tidy up. In addition, we chose staying at Rethimno because it is in the middle of the island and we could easily visit the Southern (beaches of South Rethimno), Eastern (Heraklion area) and Western (Chania area) part of the island. Marina was really kind and helpful, she welcomed us with fruits and Tsikoudia, she gave us some useful info and she also offered us a souvenir which we really appreciated! Finally, Ermis was so adorable and a great companion during our stay! We are all very excited about Villa Metochi and we have plans on staying here again.
A FlipKey verified reviewer
The Netherlands
"Great retreat just outside Rethymno"
We had a great stay in Villa Metochi. The spacious and well maintained garden is great with kids. House is very well equipped with different location to relax. My son especially enjoyed the fresh apricots in the morning enjoyed fresh from the tree. This house is very suitable if traveling with 2 couples due to the additonal studio. House is cleaned thoroughly in the middle of the week by a cleaning lady. Owners areservice oriented people trying to make the best out of your stay. Highly recommended!
- 1
Showing 1-5 of 5 reviews


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South African journalist Charlene Smith
South African journalist Charlene Smith writes about the spread of AIDS in Southern Africa. In 1999, she was raped, and feared the man who raped her could have given her HIV/AIDS. Smith had a hard time obtaining the drugs that could lessen the potential of her getting HIV. Smith then wrote about her experience and helped spread awareness about rape and HIV in South Africa. Statistics say every 26 seconds, a woman is raped in South Africa— the country with the fastest growing HIV rate. Smith continues to speak about her experience and is pushing for legal and medical reforms in South Africa. Her website is www.speakout.org.za. Smith is a repeat Fresh Air guest, first on the show in May 2000.
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Adult male Yellow Warbler at the Iona Island Bird Observatory.
Sunrise at Iona Island.
Happy birders on the 2013 WildResearch Pelagic Trip.
Adult male Calliope Hummingbird at the Iona Island Bird Observatory.
WildResearch members spot something during a Winter ID workshop.
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Curious about the newer model? Check out the 2016 Audi A3
By KBB.com Editors
KBB Expert Rating: 7.5
Somewhere between small wagon and sporty hatchback is the 2013 Audi A3. While its $28,000 starting price doesn't exactly feel entry-level (it can go as high as $40,000 with all the option boxes checked), the A3 isn't supposed to compete with the VW Golf or Subaru Impreza. It's a genuine Audi through and through, filled with luxury features and high-end engineering every bit as real as that found on more expensive Audi models. From its quattro all-wheel drive to its available diesel engine, the A3 is like no compact on the market. Hatchbacks may still struggle to make inroads in America, especially with older buyers, but if there is one car that can change hearts and minds on the subject, it is the 2013 Audi A3.
If you're seeking a compact wagon with the virtues of all-wheel drive or superior fuel-efficiency, there are a number of choices. But, if you want one that also delivers dynamic handling, upscale refinement and an enviable pedigree, the 2013 Audi A3 tops a very short list.
The 2013 A3's $28,000 entry price may seem reasonable, but Audi's pricing structure and abundance of options can swiftly inflate an A3 into the $40,000 range. If you crave a sharp-handling, practical hatchback with a price tag closer to $25,000, the VW GTI or Mazda3 hatchbacks are worthy alternatives.
There are no major changes to the 2013 Audi A3.
Despite 2013 likely being the final year of its current lifecycle, Audi's A3 continues to deliver a desirable balance of comfortable ride and sharp handling. The Servotronic speed-sensitive power steering...
... is appropriately communicative, while the 4-wheel independent suspension is both predictable and controlled. Opting for the sport suspension and 18-inch wheels will add an insignificant amount of harshness to the A3's otherwise composed ride. Regardless of your preference for manual shifting, we recommend you experience Audi's S tronic dual-clutch automatic transmission before committing to the 6-speed manual. The dual-clutch automatic is more responsive when on the throttle and provides lightning-quick shifts, while (obviously) being more convenient in stop-and-go driving.
The jury is in when it comes to the benefits of all-wheel drive. In virtually any road condition, dividing the engine's output among all four wheels provides a level of control not available when only two wheels are driven. We only regret that Audi's quattro all-wheel-drive setup is not available with the 6-speed manual transmission or the diesel engine.
The 2013 Audi A3's 5-door configuration almost exponentially expands the utility of the A3 platform. With the rear seats up, you'll enjoy comfortable seating for four, along with 19.5 cubic feet of luggage space for overnight travel. With the rear seats folded, travel options (for two) are unlimited, providing secure, accommodating storage for any number of activity-oriented pursuits.
Despite its entry-level status, the 2013 Audi A3 features a beautifully crafted interior where high-quality materials abound. The base seats are comfortable and supportive, while the aggressive bolstering of the available sport seating keeps the driver on lockdown during spirited driving. Sensible ergonomics and logical placement of controls ensure a user-friendly driving experience. Tight rear legroom is expected with any compact hatchback, and the A3 is no exception. The rear seats feature a 60/40 split design, and although they do not fold completely flat, they do allow for reasonable cargo versatility.
In 2006, the Audi A3 introduced elegant design to the 4-door hatchback segment. The 2013 Audi A3, like every Audi model, possesses Audi's signature Singleframe front grille. However, the A3's overall style is unique. Its coupe-esque roofline combined with an aggressive nose projects a sense of forward motion. The available '18" Sport Package' supplements the A3's aggressive design with 18-inch 5-spoke wheels wrapped with summer performance tires.
The 2013 Audi A3 comes generously equipped at its sub-$30,000 base price. Standard equipment for its base – which Audi calls "Premium" – trim includes dual-zone automatic climate control, leather seating surfaces, fog lights, and Audi concert radio with SiriusXM Satellite Radio, 140 watts of power and 10 speakers. Functional equipment includes cruise control, remote keyless entry, halogen headlights, and Audi's Sideguard airbag system.
Audi's Premium Plus model grade adds xenon headlights, an Aluminum Medial inlay in the doors and center console, Bluetooth mobile phone capability, and a power-adjustable driver's seat. Audi's Titanium Sport package provides a lower, firmer suspension for more precise handling, sport seats for better lateral support, and piano black interior trim. Those living – and surviving – in cold climates may desire the Cold Weather package, offering heated seats, mirrors and windshield washer nozzles. Standalone options include Audi's Open Sky panorama sunroof, dark walnut wood inlays, navigation, rear side airbags and roof rails.
Audi's 2.0-liter turbocharged 4-cylinder engine is perennially regarded as one of the best drivetrains available in its luxury segment. Producing 200 horsepower between 5,100 and 6,000 rpm, and 207 lb-ft of torque between 1,800 and 5,000 rpm, the turbocharged four is as flexible as it is fast. If you want to maximize your efficiency, Audi's direct injected 2.0-liter clean diesel is a compelling argument for a non-
hybrid drivetrain, with adequate power, generous torque (236 lb-ft between 1,750 and 2,500 rpm) and a whopping 42 miles per gallon (EPA highway). We only wish Audi would combine its diesel offering with quattro all-wheel drive.
2.0-liter turbocharged inline-4
200 horsepower @ 5,100-6,000 rpm
207 lb-ft of torque @ 1,800-5,000 rpm
EPA city/highway fuel economy:
21/30 mpg (manual), 22/28 mpg (automatic), 21/28 mpg (automatic, quattro)
2.0-liter turbocharged diesel inline-4
140 horsepower @ 4200 rpm
236 lb-ft of torque @ 1,750-2,500 rpm
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 30/42 mpg
To compare current market prices, check out KBB.com's car classifieds to view the new and used Audi A3 vehicles for sale near you.
Based on 23 Ratings for the 2013 - 2016 models.Review this car
By Vigo on Tuesday, March 1, 2016
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 4,821overall rating 9 of 10rating details
Pros: "well built,sunroof, xenon headlights, automatic AC"
Cons: "road noise, no back up camera, expensive options"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"Test drove a 2015 A4 and liked it. Saw this in dealer lot and was curious so I took it for a spin. Surprised by the amount of interior room. Very much an AUDI. A4 had more doo das and a bit more power, but for the money the A3 was my pick. Excellent driving dynamics. Has an "eagerness" to it; like a puppy tugging on a leash. Some road noise makes in into the cabin, but is tolerable. All in all, very happy with this purchase."
8 people out of 13 found this review helpful
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By New TDI Fan on Thursday, February 18, 2016
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 14,000overall rating 8 of 10rating details
Pros: "Gas Mileage, technology, Great interior"
Cons: "No real horsepower"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I traded in my 2008 BMW 328I knowing that I would be trading horsepower for gas mileage. I was thinking that I didn't want to spend $50 a week on gas. Little did I know I gave up much when I bought the Audi. Gas mileage is phenomenal, at 50+ MPG from Los Angeles to Phoenix. The interior is magnificent! From the brown leather, to the dash, and the MMI. My only problem with it is the horsepower, or lack of thereof. Nevertheless it delivers the gas mileage I was looking for, and would recommend it to a friend who was looking for fuel economy vice raw power."
1 person out of 5 found this review helpful
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By Bizquik on Monday, January 11, 2016
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 7,000overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "Driving experience, stereo, safety, driver assist"
Cons: "None"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I want to write this review because I spent a lot of time trying to figure out what car to get and also to justify spending more money that I originally planned to. I looked at a number of SUV's priced in the high 20's and low 30's. Ultimately, I either didn't like the way they looked or how they drove. Most cars – luxury or otherwise – either were not AWD or just looked boring. Besides the look, I wanted a driving experience and a car that was reliable and safe. According to Consumer Reports, the new A3 has great safety rating and the realiability is suprisingly good. After a ton of research, I took a leap of faith on the reliability after owning Japanese cars to this point. I have owned my car for 6 months so I feel it's a fair time to write a report. Although it is probably too early to comment on reliability, I can talk to other points. First, the driving experience is pretty amazing. It has great pick up and zips around great. I live in the mountains so going uphill or taking curves is effortless (compared to other cars / SUV's I have driven or been in). Second, I have now driving in snow a number of times and it feels like vecro is stuck to the tires / road. It handles so well that I couldn't possibly be happier. I never think twice about road conditions when it comes to this car (of course, you have to worry about other drivers). As for appearance, the car is really sharp. I have gotten my fair share of compliments. The interior is smartly designed – everything makes a lot of sense and it's easy to navigate. The car heats up / cools off really quickly. The seats are adjustable in a lot of ways and super comfortable. And the interior just looks sharp. The headlights are pretty terrific especially the high beam - both make it much easier to drive at night (I live where streets are not really lit up and tend to be really dark). I ended up with the Premium Plus with the premium stereo and the driver's assist. Actually, I really wanted the stereo after reading a lot of reviews but the driver assist wasn't on my 'radar'. Here is something I learned – not all dealers order the cars the same way. One dealership tried to have me believe that unless I bought the highest end A3 that the radio wouldn't be an option. Then I went to another dealer to find out that they appreciate good sound and order a lot of their cars with the premium stereo but also a couple other features people might want. He tried to convince me that the driver assist is something I would love as well once I used it. He's a sales guy – I'm probably not going to believe everything he says. Well, he was right. I love having it as well as the cold weather package (especially but not limited to the seat warmers). Needless to say, to this point I am super happy with my purchase. In the end, I might have spent a little more than I initially had wanted to but it was well worth it all the way around. The driving experience, the amazing stereo sound, the peace of mind, and all the other little things confirm that my research and patience really paid off. I hope my review will help you save some time and answer some questions you might have already had."
88 people out of 88 found this review helpful
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By BobMar46 on Sunday, November 29, 2015
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 4,000overall rating 9 of 10rating details
Pros: "Performance, handling, LED headlights"
Cons: "No power seats"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I am reviewing a A3 Prestige 2.0T Quattro Cabriolet S-line with 19" wheels. The engine is very responsive with little turbo lag and with boost over a wide usable range, it feels more like a 6 than a 4. The suspension and tires have excellent balance of handling and a ride that is firm yet does not feel like riding on a board. Drive select provides choice about sportiness vs. comfort. The summer tires that ship with the 19" wheels are not good for winter. I replaced them with all-weather tires which I will be using year around. Alternate for those in northern climates can be the wheel/winter tire packages that Audi dealers offer. The standard 18" wheels do come with all season tires. The car is also very quiet for a soft top. It is quieter than my previous car that was a hard top convertible. There is particularly less tire noise. Some complain that the MMI system is confusing. It is quite different than most other navigation systems. However it does make sense once you are past the learning curve. I did not think I would be a fan of the pop up screen on the dash but have become one in most lighting conditions. It says clean compared to a touch screen. However in bright lighting conditions when the sun is in certain positions, it looks washed out compared to my other car that has the display recessed into the dash. The rear camera display is wonderful, combining parking monitors, bright view in any light conditions and projected path based on steering wheel position. There is one thing about the parking monitor I do not like however. When first putting the car into reverse frequently it beeps and flashes proximity in the front of the car. I find that distracting. The included blind spot side monitor is very effective. It lights on the inside side of the mirror housing and based on that becomes visible more quickly than those systems that light up on the outside side of the mirror itself. I did not want to consider a soft top convertible that did not have that. All soft tops do not have as much rear visibility as sedans and I felt it was an important safety feature. That decision eliminated some competitive models. Apparent brightness of the LED headlights is superb. That is particularly the case with high beams on very dark country roads. They seem more like daylight driving than even Xenon headlights. The B & O sound system is superb. It sounds very balanced at low volumes and yet plays exceptionally cleanly at high volumes. Clarity with the top down at 75 MPH is not a problem. Depending on trim level, it accepts either 1 or 2 SD cards and will recognize SDXC cars with up to 10,000 songs each. Jukebox has hard drive storage for up to an additional 5,000 songs. The sport seats are supportive yet comfortable even on long rides. Yet there is little excuse for it not to have power seats on a car with a MSRP north of $50k. The seats do adjust just about any way imaginable. Manual seats also make it more difficult on rear seat entry and exit compared to others that have a power button on the top of the seat combined with a lever to tilt it forward. To include a power adjuster for lumbar support, but not for the basic seat functions does not make much sense. Seldom does anyone else drive my car, so lack of power seats was not a deal stopper. However it may be an issue for some others. Trunk space is not large with 9.9 CF with top up and 7 CF with top down. However the shape of the space available makes loading, unloading and what it will store is quite good for its size. Fold down seats in the back further helps when needed. The Quattro system takes up space and replaces a spare tire with a repair/inflating kit. Price of the A3 Prestige as mine is equipped is in the same range as an A5 Cabriolet Premium with less equipment. The A5 is larger, has a more usable back seat and larger trunk. However with the same power train in a heavier car, the A5 is somewhat slower. Some say that the Quattro system on the A5 is more effective than the one on the A3. I cannot compare that. Of course there are other A3 Cabriolets that are significantly less expensive than equivalent A5 models similarly equipped. In the end it may become a choice of the importance of size vs. features."
9 people out of 16 found this review helpful
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By Larry on Friday, November 13, 2015
I don't own this caroverall rating 8 of 10rating details
Pros: "well built, good value, superb interior"
Cons: "headlights"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 4
"My in-laws have just purchased one of these - and it is a lovely, great value for money and incredibly well built. A strong competitor in it's field. However.....The headlights make night driving more than a little awkward - particularly in darker areas. The lights illuminate a sharp, but insufficient "letter slot" view of the road to the point that anything/anyone immediately outside the small area is practically invisible. The dealership claims that this is a deign feature common on European cars - however, it is only present on the A3. I would speculate that this is in fact a design flaw, rather than a feature as it would be present on other models."
8 people out of 17 found this review helpful
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By Chizzle246 on Sunday, November 8, 2015
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 2,000overall rating 9 of 10rating details
Pros: "fun to drive, feels like a quality made car"
Cons: "small trunk, not much interior storage"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I recently bought a brand new 2016 A3 2.0T Quattro. This car is great! So much fun to drive. The 2.0 engine in the compact A3 body makes it very quick. You can really feel it coming out of corners when the quattro is clawing into the asphalt. I highly recommend this car to anyone looking for a nice car at the mid 30s price point. I test drove the FWD 1.8 and it was very pedestrian. You must get the 2.0 engine to get the Audi feel. The 1.8 isn't recommended."
6 people out of 12 found this review helpful
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Molissa Fenley (1954) founded Molissa Fenley and Company in 1977 and has since created over 85 dance works during her continuing career. She grew up in Ibadan, Nigeria traveling there with her family in 1961, completing all of her early education there in International Schools and her last two years of high school in Spain. She returned to the US in 1971 to study dance at Mills College in Oakland, California. Upon graduation in 1975, she moved to New York. With her company, Molissa Fenley and Company, and as a soloist working in collaboration with visual artists and composers, she has performed throughout the United States, Canada, South America, Europe, Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Her work has been commissioned by the American Dance Festival, the Brooklyn Academy of Music's Next Wave Festival, the Dia Art Foundation, Jacob's Pillow, the Joyce Theater, The Kitchen, Lincoln Center, the New National Theater of Tokyo, The National Institute of Performing Arts in Seoul, and by Dance Theater Workshop/New York Live Arts. Both Cenotaph and State of Darkness were awarded a Bessie for Choreography in 1985 and 1988, respectively. Molissa has also created many works on ballet and contemporary dance companies, most recently for Barnard/Columbia, Oakland Ballet, Pacific Northwest Ballet, Robert Moses' Kin and the Seattle Dance Project. She is a Guggenheim Fellow, a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome, has enjoyed residencies at the Baryshnikov Art Center, the Bogliasco Foundation in Genoa, Italy, Djerassi, TopazArts and Yaddo, is the recipient of two Asian Cultural Council residencies in Japan and a Master Artist of the Atlantic Center for the Arts. Molissa is the Danforth Professor of Dance at Mills College, in residence in the spring semesters, and often teaches choreographic workshops at other universities, most recently at Hunter College and the Experimental Theater Lab of New York University. Seagull Press recently published Rhythm Field: The Dance of Molissa Fenley. Molissa, with company members Christiana Axelsen and Rebecca Chaleff, has just completed Water Table, an evening length work comprised of eight parts. Recent performances include a season at New York Live Arts, June 14-18, 2016.
Historical Bio:
Molissa Fenley (Choreographer and Performer) was born in Las Vegas, Nevada in 1954. She was six years old when her family moved to Ibadan, Nigeria where her father worked with USAID. She attended high school in Spain and then returned to the US to attend and graduate from Mills College in Oakland, California with a BA in Dance in 1975. She moved to New York City that year and formed Molissa Fenley and Company in 1977. In her 38-year career she has choreographed over 80 works.
Early works were commissioned by The Kitchen (MIX, 1979), Dance Theater Workshop (ENERGIZER, 1980 and EUREKA, 1982) and the American Dance Festival (GENTLE DESIRE, 1981). The company began to tour nationally and internationally in 1980. The Brooklyn Academy of Music's Next Wave Festival commissioned HEMISPHERES in 1983, with music by Anthony Davis and visual element by Francesco Clemente and GEOLOGIC MOMENTS in 1986, with music by Philip Glass and Julius Eastman. CENOTAPH (1985), with music by Jamaaladeen Tacuma and text by Eric Bogosian and commmissioned by Jacob's Pillow, was awarded a "Bessie" for Choreography. STATE OF DARKNESS, a solo set to Stravinsky's Le Sacre du Printemps. a commission from the American Dance Festival was performed over 50 times in many venues around the world. In 1990, the Brisbane Biennial featured this work with live orchestra, one of Fenley's most memorable performances. A "Bessie" was awarded to State of Darkness, both for Fenley's performance in 1988 and for Peter Boal's performance in 1999. Five dancers have danced this work to date: Fenley, until 1994, Peter Boal from 1999-2000, and Rachel Foster, James Moore and Jonathan Porretta of the Pacific Northwest Ballet in June 2007, where once again the work was performed with a live orchestra at the 125th anniversary of Stravinsky's music presented by the Pacific Northwest Ballet at McCaw Hall in Seattle, WA. The work remains in their repertory and was performed as part of their Director's Choice programing March 14-25, 2014.
From 1988 through 1997, Fenley choreographed solo works in collaboration with contemporary visual artists and composers. A few highlights include: THE FLOOR DANCES (1989), with music by Henryk Gorecki and sculpture by Richard Long (revived in 2013 at New York Live Arts); WITCHES' FLOAT (1993), with music by Alvin Lucier and set by Kiki Smith, (revived in 2013 at New York Live Arts, performed by Holley Farmer); NULLARBOR (1993) with music by Robert Lloyd and set by Richard Long; BRIDGE OF DREAMS (1994) with music by Laurie Anderson and set by Kiki Smith; SITA (1995) with music by Philip Glass and photography by Sandi Fellman and TRACE (1996) with music by Jonathan Hart Makwaia, set by Roy Fowler and text by John Jesurun.
Since 1997, Fenley has returned to working with an ensemble. Performances by the company have taken place at the Joyce Theater, Summerstage, The Kitchen, City Center, Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center Out-of-Doors, the Rovereto Festival, Italy, Jacob's Pillow, and many others. Company works include: ON THE OTHER OCEAN (1999) with music by David Behrman; TIMBRAL INVENTIONS (1999) with music by John Cage; DELTA (1999) with music by John Cage; SKY GARDEN (2000) performed in silence; 331 STEPS (2001) with music by Laetitia Sonami and set by Merrill Wagner; KURO SHIO (2002) with music by Bun-Ching Lam; WATER COURSES (2002) with music by poet Joy Harjo; LAVA FIELD (2004) with music by John Bischoff; DESERT SEA (2004) with music by Lou Harrison; PATTERNS AND EXPECTATIONS (2005) with music by Fred Frith; DREAMING AWAKE (2006) with music by Philip Glass; CALCULUS AND POLITICS (2007) with music by Harry Partch; COSMATI VARIATIONS 1-4 (2008) with music by John Cage; ICE,DEW,FOOD,CREW,APE (2009) with music by Alvin Curran and poetry by Bob Holman; DOUBLE BEGINNING (2010) with poetry by Bob Holman; THE PROP DANCES (2010), a collaboration with five visual artists and four contemporary music composers: MASS BALANCE with prop by Todd Richmond and music by Cenk Ergun; 94 FEATHERS with props by Merrill Wagner and music by Cenk Ergun; PLANES IN AIR with props by Roy Fowler and music by Joan Jeanrenaud; PIECES OF LAND with props by Jene Highstein and music by Jason Hoopes and PROP DANCE #5 with props by Keith Sonnier and music by Lainie Fefferman; THE VESSEL STORIES, (2011), a work in three parts with music by Philip Glass, String Quartet #4 (Buczak); CREDO IN US (2011), with music by John Cage and CROSS BRIDGE, a work made in collaboration with Holley Farmer, John Jesurun, David Moodey and Rosemary Quinn; FOUND OBJECT, with contributions from Roy Fowler (painter), Erin Gee (composer), John Guare (playwright), Joy Harjo (poet), Jene Highstein (sculptor) and Rudy Wurlitzer (writer) commissioned and premiered at New York Live Arts on October 2, 2013; REDWOOD PARK commissioned by Oakland Ballet; REDWOOD PARK II premiered in New York.
Ms. Fenley's work has been presented throughout the United States, South America, Europe, Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. She has choreographed works for the Ohio Ballet (FERAL, 1986); the Australian Dance Theatre (A DESCENT INTO THE MAELSTROM, 1986); the Deutsche Oper Ballet of Berlin (BRIDGE OF DREAMS, 1994); the National Ballet School of Canada (INNER ENCHANTMENTS, 1986); the Performing Dance Company at the University of Utah (TIMBRAL INVENTIONS, 1999), ESCALAY, 1999) and I AND YOU RESEMBLE EACH OTHER, NOW, 1999); Peter Boal (WAITING FOR RAIN, 2002) the Korea/Japan Performing Arts Exchange Association (KURO SHIO, 2003); DESERT SEA (2005) for the Repertory Dance Theater, Salt Lake City , STATE OF DARKNESS for Peter Boal in 1999 and for the Pacific Northwest Ballet in 2007, CASTOR and PLANES IN AIR for the Seattle Dance Project and THE VESSEL STORIES (2012) for Robert Moses' Kin. Her work has also been performed by Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company, Elisa Monte and David Brown, Dance Alloy, Young Soon Kim Dance Company, Peggy Baker Dance Projects, Richard Move, Felicia Norton and Li Chiao-Ping. Her work resides in the repertory companies of the University of Wisconsin at Madison, the University of Georgia at Athens and Mills College in Oakland, California. LATITUDES (1997), a dance for the web commissioned by the Dia Art Foundation, can be viewed at www.diacenter.org/fenley/title.html.
Fenley has been on the dance faculty at Mills College since 1999, in residence every spring semester. Since 2003, she has also taught choreography at the Experimental Theater Wing of New York University. She was awarded a Rome Prize for a six month residency at the American Academy in Rome from February through August 2008, and named a 2008 Guggenheim Fellow. In February 2009 she was in residence at the Atlantic Center for the Arts where ICE, DEW, FOOD, CREW, APE with music by Alvin Curran and poetry by Bob Holman premiered. Recent New York City performances of the company include the Judson Memorial Church in September 2009; as part of the 75th anniversary celebrations of the 92nd Street Y in March, 2010; THE PROP DANCES, works made in collaboration with five contemporary visual artists and four composers and the revival of Regions (1995), supported by an award from the NEA American Masterpieces Initiative at Joyce Soho, November 2010. Recent performances include the premiere of THE VESSEL STORIES at the Days and Nights Festival in Carmel, California August 2011; CREDO IN US, a new work set to the John Cage score from 1942, premiered at the Art Museum at Mills College on September 2011. Both THE VESSEL STORIES and CREDO IN US received their New York premieres at the Judson Memorial Church in January 2012. CROSS BRIDGE, a work made in collaboration with Holley Farmer, John Jesurun, David Moodey and Rosemary Quinn premiered at Club La MaMa in December 2012. FOUND OBJECT and the revivals of ENERGIZER, THE FLOOR DANCES and WITCHES' FLOAT were presented at New York Live Arts in October 2013.
RHYTHM FIELD: THE DANCE OF MOLISSA FENLEY with essays by Molissa and her colleagues including Peter Boal, Rande Brown, Bob Holman, Bill T. Jones, David Moodey, Richard Move, Ann Murphy, Tere O'Connor, Elizabeth Streb and Paz Tanjuaquio, with foreword by Philip Glass and epilogue by Stephen Greco and including archival photographs will be published by Seagull Press in July 2015.
Christiana Axelsen is originally from Bainbridge Island, Washington. She has been a company member with Molissa Fenley since 2013. In addition to her work with Molissa, she has danced with Christopher Williams, Beth Gill, Michou Szabo, zoe|juniper, Dai Jian, Anne Zuerner, Mana Kawamura, and Korhan Basaran among others. She has a degree in dance and geology from Mount Holyoke College and is a graduate of the Merce Cunningham Professional Training Program.
Rebecca Chaleff is a Ph.D. candidate in the department of Theater and Performance Studies at Stanford University. She has had the pleasure of performing with Pat Catterson, Douglas Dunn and Dancers, and the Merce Cunningham Repertory Understudy Group, among others, and is currently working with GERALDCASELDANCE. Rebecca began dancing with Molissa Fenley and Company in 2012.
Evan Flood of Vineland, NJ has a BFA in dance performance from Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University where he performed the works of Brian Brooks, Merce Cunningham, and Inbal Pinto & Avshalom Pollak. He is also an alumni of The Contemporary program at Jacob's Pillow as well as Cedar Lake Contemporary Ballet's 360. He currently dances with LustigDanceTheatre under the direction of Graham Lustig and has been a guest artist with the Oakland Ballet in Oakland, California.
Peiling Kao, a native of Taipei, Taiwan, has been a freelance dancer for 16 years. After graduating from Taipei National University of the Arts in 1996 with a BFA in Dance, she worked as a full-time teacher at Cloud Gate Dance School in Taiwan. She has trained in ballet, contemporary, modern dance, Chinese Traditional Dance, Chinese Martial Art, improvisation, and contact improvisation. In 2007, Kao was awarded the Taiwan-England artists' residency, hosted by Independent Dance based at Siobhan Davis Studios in London. In 2010, she finished her MFA in Choreography and Performance at Mills College, receiving an E.L Wiegand Foundation Award for excellence in performance and choreography. In 2012, she was awarded an Izzie (Isadora Duncan Dance Award) for Outstanding Achievement in Performance for the collaborative work, Terra Incognita: Revisited. Later that year, she was awarded an Artist in Residency at the Shawl-Anderson Dance Center in Oakland. Kao has taught dance at Mills College, Austin Peay State University, and at the Chinese American International School as a visiting artist. Her work has been presented at Austin Peay State University, The Garage and the Luggage Store Gallery in SF, and Temescal Art Center and Mills College in Oakland. She has danced with Molissa Fenley and Company since 2010.
Matthew Roberts grew up in Akron, OH where he began his training under the direction of Everett N. Deck, Jr. His formal training started while attending the University of Akron's Dance Institute, studying under Lana Caroll-Heylock, Andrew Carroll, Christina Foise, Mary Ann Black and Amy Miller. After graduating high school, he attended Marymount Manhattan College and before graduating with a B.F.A. in dance with a concentration in Choreography, he choreographed five pieces and had the honor of performing pieces by Lar Lubovich, Robert Battle, Jessica Lang, Pedro Ruiz, Alonzo King, Shen Wei, and Cherice Barton. He has performed with Blue Muse Dance under the direction of Mayuna Shimizu in their production of The Circle Bridge and now performs with LustigDanceTheatre.
Paz Tanjuaquio is a choreographer, performer and artist based in NYC since 1990. As a dancer, she first performed with Molissa Fenley in 1997 in the solo Sita at the Joyce Theater and has since had the pleasure of dancing in many of Fenley's group works. She received her MFA in Dance from NYU Tisch School of the Arts, and her BA in Visual Arts from University of California, San Diego. Awards for her own work in collaboration with composer/artist Todd Richmond include National Endowment for the Arts, American Dance Festival's International Screendance, Meet The Composer/Commissioning USA, among others. In 2000, the collaborators co-founded TOPAZ ARTS, Inc. in Woodside, NY, establishing a creative space for the performing and visual arts. topazarts.org
Alyssa Lee Wilmot, Assistant to Molissa Fenley, Former Company member began her studies with Molissa as a graudate student at Mills College. Alyssa received her BA in Philosophy, Dance and Political Science from The College of Wooster, and an MFA in Dance Choreography and Performance from Mills College. Alyssa holds numerous Pilates and fitness certifications, is the artistic director and choreographer for her dance and performance company, group A, and owns and operates The Movement Factory in Cleveland, Ohio. She has been a faculty member and a visiting artist at a variety of colleges, universities, and performance spaces, and has performed and had work presented nationally and internationally. Alyssa has served as Molissa Fenley's assistant since 2010 and performed with Molissa Fenley and Company intermittently from 2002-2011.
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Vassar College
October 27, 2016
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