text:
Samuel Fraunces
Samuel Fraunces (circa 1722, West Indies – October 10, 1795, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American restaurateur and owner/operator of Fraunces Tavern in New York City. During the Revolutionary War, he provided for prisoners held during the seven-year British occupation of New York City, and may have been a spy for the American side. At the end of the war, it was at Fraunces Tavern that General George Washington said farewell to his officers. Fraunces later served as steward of Washington's presidential household in New York City (1789–1790) and Philadelphia (1791–1794).
Since the late-19th century, there has been a dispute about Fraunces's racial identity.[1] According to his 1983 biographer, Kym S. Rice: "During the Revolutionary era, Fraunces was commonly referred to as 'Black Sam.' Some have taken references such as these as an indication that Fraunces was a black man. ...[W]hat is known of his life indicates he was a white man."[2]:147–148 Some late-19th- and 20th-century sources have described Fraunces as "swarthy" (1878),[3] "mulatto" (1916),[4] "Negro" (1916),[5] "coloured" (1930),[6] "fastidious old Negro" (1934),[7] and "Haitian Negro" (1962),[8] but most of these date from more than a century after his death.[9] As Rice writes in her Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern (1985): "Other than the appearance of the nickname, there are no known references where Fraunces was described as a black man" during his lifetime.[10]:27
It is believed that he was born in the West Indies about 1722.[note 1] There are claims that he was born in Jamaica,[11] Haiti,[12] and Martinique,[13] and a tradition that he lived in Barbados.[10]:25 Although his surname implies that he was of French extraction, there is no evidence that he spoke with a French accent. There is also no record of where he learned his skills as a cook, caterer, and restaurateur.[2]:125
The first documentation of his presence in New York City was in February 1755, when he registered as a British subject and "Innholder".[14] The following year he was issued a tavern license,[15] but where he worked for the next two years is unidentified. From 1758 to 1762, he operated the Free Mason's Arms Tavern at Broadway & Queen Street.[10]:25[16]
In 1762 he mortgaged and rented out the Free Mason's Arms, and purchased the Oliver Delancey mansion at Pearl and Dock Streets.[17] He opened this as the Sign of Queen Charlotte Tavern, but within a year it was better known as the Queen's Head Tavern (possibly due to a painted sign with the queen's portrait).[18] In addition to the usual restaurant fare, Fraunces offered fixed-price dinners, catered meals delivered, and sold preserved items such as bottled soups, ketchup, nuts, pickled fruits and vegetables, oysters, jellies and marmalades.[19] Although it offered five lodging-rooms, the tavern was better known as a place for private meetings, parties and receptions, and card-playing.[10]:50–51
He rented out the Delancey mansion in 1765, and moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, opening a Queen's Head Tavern on Front Street in that city, then moving to Water Street in 1766.[20] He returned to New York City in early 1768, selling the Free Mason's Arms and buying the Vaux-Hall Pleasure Garden, a restaurant and resort along the Hudson River. Built as a private villa, it offered large rooms and extensive grounds, and was the setting for summer concerts and other public entertainments. Fraunces modeled ten life-sized wax statues of historical figures, debuting them in a garden setting in July.[21] He later exhibited seventy miniature wax figures from the Bible, and life-size wax statues of King George III and Queen Charlotte.[22] He operated Vaux-Hall for five summers, resuming operation of his tavern in the Delancey mansion in 1770,[23] and selling Vaux-Hall in 1773.[24]
Revolutionary War[edit]
A month after the April 19, 1775, Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts, the British warship HMS Asia sailed into New York Harbor. Its presence was a constant threat to the city. On August 23, revolutionaries stole the cannons from the fort on The Battery, which prompted The Asia to bombard the city with cannon fire that night. There were no deaths, but injuries and damage to buildings, including Fraunces's tavern. Philip Freneau wrote a poem about the bombardment, "Hugh Gaines Life," that included the couplet: "At first we supposed it was only a sham. Till she drove a round ball through the roof of Black Sam."[25] The tavern was used for more than entertainment during the Revolutionary War. Fraunces rented out office space, and meetings of the New York Provincial Congress were held there. In April 1776, General Washington was present at a court-martial conducted at the tavern.[26]
Washington's headquarters, April 17 to August 27, 1776, was Richmond Hill, a villa two miles north of the tavern. Fraunces provided meals for the officers and staff, and later claimed to have discovered and foiled an assassination plot against Washington.[27] The supposed plotter, Thomas Hickey, one of Washington's life-guards, was court-martialed, and executed on June 28, although the formal charges against him were for attempting to pass counterfeit bills.[28][note 2]
British troops captured lower Manhattan on September 15, 1776, and soon occupied all of what is now New York City. Fraunces and his family fled to New Jersey, but he was captured in June 1778, brought back to New York City, and impressed into working as a cook for a British general.[note 3] Fraunces claimed that he used this as an opportunity to smuggle food to American prisoners, giving them clothing and money, and helping them to escape. He also claimed to have passed information about the British occupation and troop movements to General Washington and others.[29]
General Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in October 1781, but British forces continued to occupy New York City. Peace negotiations were held at the DeWint House in Tappan, New York in May 1783, and Fraunces provided meals for General Washington, British General Sir Guy Carleton and their staffs.[30] His tavern was the meeting place for negotiations between American and British commissioners to end the 7-year occupation. A November 25 dinner at the tavern celebrated the British evacuation from New York City.[10]:78–79 At a December 4, 1783 dinner in the tavern's Long Room, Washington said an emotional farewell to his officers and made his famous toast: "With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy, as you former ones have been glorious and honorable."[2]:128, 132
Petition to Congress[edit]
In a March 5, 1785 sworn petition to the U.S. Congress, Fraunces stated that the Revolutionary War had left him "on the precipice of Beggary." He sought compensation for his service to the country in foiling the assassination plot against Washington, providing intelligence on British troops, and supplying provisions to American prisoners: "That he [Samuel Fraunces] was the Person that first discovered the Conspiracy which was formed in the Year 1776 against the Life of his Excellency General Washington and that the Suspicions Which were Entertained of his agency in that Important Discovery accationed [sic, occasioned] a public Enquiry after he was made a Prisoner on which the want of positive Proof alone preserved his Life."[31]
Congress's response acknowledged his role as "instrumental in discovering and defeating" the assassination plot.[32] For debts incurred during the Revolutionary War, Congress awarded him £2000,[33] and a later payment covered accumulated interest.[34] The State of New York awarded him £200, and Congress paid $1,625 to lease his tavern for two years to house federal government offices.[35] Two weeks after the lease was signed, he sold the tavern and retired to Monmouth County, New Jersey.[10]:78–80
Presidential households[edit]
George Washington got to know Fraunces during the Revolutionary War. Their relationship was one of master and servant, but Washington clearly respected his judgment and repeatedly sought his recommendations on sundries such as glassware and china, and his advice on household management and hiring servants.[2]:131
Washington was Congress's unanimous choice to serve as the first President of the United States. He arrived in New York City on April 23, 1789, and took up residence at the Samuel Osgood House at Cherry & Franklin Streets. Fraunces came out of retirement to serve as steward of the presidential household, managing a staff of about 20, including 7 enslaved Africans from Mount Vernon. Washington was not entirely satisfied with Fraunces, dismissing him in February 1790 when the household moved to the Alexander Macomb House at 39-41 Broadway.[36]
Under the July 1790 Residence Act, the national capital moved to Philadelphia for a 10-year period while the permanent capital was under construction in the District of Columbia. Washington grew dissatisfied with the steward in Philadelphia, and persuaded Fraunces to come out of retirement again. The household staff at the Philadelphia President's House was slightly larger, about 24 servants, initially including 8 enslaved Africans from Mount Vernon. Fraunces headed it for three years, from June 1791 to June 1794.
Following his retirement, he operated a tavern on 2nd Street in Philadelphia for a year. In July 1795 he assumed proprietorship of the nearby Tun Tavern on Water Street.
Fraunces died in Philadelphia a year after retiring from the presidential household. His obituary appeared in the October 13, 1795, Gazette of the United States: "DIED - On Saturday Evening last, MR. SAMUEL FRAUNCES, aged 73 years. By his death, Society has sustained the loss of an honest man, and the Poor a valuable friend."
He was buried in an unmarked grave at St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia.[1]
Family and slavery[edit]
Fraunces may have had a first wife named Mary Carlile. If so, she presumably died in New York City about 1756.[10]:25 He married Elizabeth Dally in New York City on November 30, 1757. They had seven children: Andrew Gautier Fraunces, Elizabeth Fraunces Thompson, Catherine Fraunces Smock, Sophia Fraunces Gomez, Sarah Fraunces Campbell, Samuel M. Fraunces, and Hannah Louisa Fraunces Kelly. Andrew G. Fraunces became a clerk in the Department of the Treasury, and published a pamphlet denouncing Alexander Hamilton for his financial dealings.[37] Some of the other children ran hotels or boardinghouses. Samuel M. Fraunces (d. 1799)[38] was named executor of his father's estate, and took over operation of the Tun Tavern.[39]
Fraunces employed servants and held slaves. In 1778, he advertised the sale of a 14-year-old male slave.[40] The 1790 United States Census listed him as a free white male, with four free white women and one slave in his household.[41]
Racial identity[edit]
Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois, co-founder of the NAACP and first editor of its magazine The Crisis, tried to resolve the issue of Fraunces's racial identity. He found no conclusive evidence of Fraunces having been of African descent.[42] Mrs. John Fraunces McCurley, a genealogist and the widow of a Fraunces descendant, reached the same conclusion.[43] Biographer Kym S. Rice could find no 18th-century references to Fraunces having been black. She noted his history as a slaveholder, and listed his memberships in groups (such as the Masons) that were restricted only to whites.[10]:27 Philadelphia local historian Charles Blockson has found sources that described Fraunces as "Negro," "coloured," "Haitian Negro," "mulatto," "fastidious old Negro," and "swarthy."[1][9][44] Cheryl Janifer Laroche, a historian who worked on the 2007 President's House excavation in Philadelphia, notes conflicting sources depicting his family as both mulatto and white.[44] In 1838, Samuel Cooper, a supposed witness to Washington's 1783 New York farewell to his officers, called Fraunces "a negro man."[45]
Jennifer Patton, Director of Education at the Fraunces Tavern Museum in New York City, writes that "The use of ' black' as a prefix to a nickname was not uncommon in the 18th century and did not necessarily indicate African heritage of an individual. For instance, Admiral Richard Lord Howe (1762- 1799), one of Britain's best known and respected seamen – and a white man – was commonly called 'Black Dick,' a nickname his brother Sir William Howe gave to him as descriptive of the Admiral's swarthy complexion."[46]
Patton concludes that, "The issue of Samuel Fraunces' racial identity is still a passionate topic of discussion to this very day. As debate rallies on for conclusive evidence, the actual truth is that we may never know for sure."[46]
Phoebe Fraunces legend[edit]
There is no documentary evidence that Samuel Fraunces had a daughter named "Phoebe." The name does not appear in the birth, baptism, or death records of Christ Church, Philadelphia or Trinity Church, New York.[2]:130 She is not listed among his seven children in Fraunces's will.[47]
The story that an unnamed daughter of Fraunces saved the life of George Washington was published by Benson J. Lossing in his Life of Washington (1860).[48] The actual name "Phoebe Fraunces" appeared in print in a retelling of Lossing's story in the January 1876 issue of Scribner's Monthly Magazine,[49] more than 99 years after the supposed incident:
"A daughter of 'Black Sam,' Phoebe Fraunces, was Washington's housekeeper when he had his headquarters in New York in the spring of 1776, and was the means of defeating a conspiracy against his life. One part of the plan was the poisoning of the American commander. Its immediate agent was to be Thomas Hickey, a deserter from the British army, who had become a member of Washington's body guard. Fortunately the conspirator fell desperately in love with Phoebe Fraunces, and made her his confidant. She revealed the plot to her father, and at an opportune moment the dénouement came. Hickey was arrested and tried by court-martial. A few days afterward he was hanged..."[50]
This poisoning attempt – if it occurred – would have taken place in late June 1776 at Richmond Hill, Washington's headquarters in Manhattan. The housekeeper there was a widow named Mary Smith,[51] although there were other female servants. Fraunces's tavern was about two miles away, and provided catered meals for the general and his staff.
The documentary evidence does not support Lossing's story. He states that "Hickey and his associates of the guard, were arrested immediately after dinner, on the twenty-third."[52] But this would have been impossible – Hickey and Michael Lynch were already in prison, having been arrested eight days earlier on charges of "attempt[ing] to pass counterfeit Bills of Credit."[note 4] Lossing states that "The guardsman was tried by a court-martial, and on the testimony of the housekeeper [italics added] and one of the corps, whom the culprit had unsuccessfully attempted to corrupt, he was found guilty of 'mutiny and sedition and of holding a treacherous correspondence with the enemies of the colonies' and was sentenced to be hanged."[54] But the minutes of Hickey's June 26 court-martial contradict Lossing – four men testified against Hickey, but no housekeeper.[55] Still, a woman seems to have been involved in some sort of conspiracy with Hickey. The Army's General Orders on the day of his hanging contained this warning:
"June 28, 1776. The unhappy fate of Thomas Hickey, executed this day for mutiny, sedition, and treachery, the General hopes will be a warning to every soldier in the Army to avoid those crimes, and all others, so disgraceful to the character of a soldier, and pernicious to his country, whose pay he receives and bread he eats. And in order to avoid those crimes, the most certain method is to keep out of the temptation of them, and particularly to avoid lewd women, who, by the dying confession of this poor criminal, first led him into practices which ended in an untimely and ignominious death."[56]
Washington did order mass arrests of suspected Loyalists for the night of June 23–24.[57] Among these was his housekeeper, Mary Smith.[58] Released for lack of evidence, Smith later fled to England, where she received a £20 Loyalist pension from the British government for the rest of her life.[59] Samuel Fraunces also was arrested, and held until he was released for lack of evidence. In his 1785 petition to Congress, Fraunces swore that he had thwarted an assassination plot against Washington, but the petition contained no mention of poisoning.[60]
On July 9, 1776,[61] a 70-year-old widow, Elizabeth Thompson, became Washington's housekeeper at Richmond Hill.[62] Biographer Kym S. Rice suggests that confusion created by Thompson's name may have led Lossing – writing 84 years later – to misidentify Fraunces's daughter as Washington's housekeeper.[2]:149 At the time of Hickey's June 1776 hanging, Fraunces's eldest daughter, Elizabeth, was a 10-year-old child.[63] But thirteen years later she married Atcheson Thompson,[64] and – coincidentally – became another "Elizabeth Thompson."[note 5]
Children's books[edit]
Lossing's Phoebe Fraunces story was largely forgotten, until it was re-introduced in Judith Berry Griffin's 1977 children's book, Phoebe the Spy.[66][note 6] The fictional 13-year-old Phoebe character is Samuel Fraunces's daughter, and he tells her that he's overheard something about an assassination plot against Washington. Phoebe sees Thomas Hickey sprinkle something on the general's food, and throws a plate of poisoned peas out the window, where chickens eat them and fall down dead. Hickey is immediately arrested, and Fraunces and Phoebe are commended by General Washington.[67]
Another children's book telling this story is the 2016 title by C.R. Cole, Ainsley Battles, and Breanna Dubbs: Phebe and the Peas. In this re-telling "Phebe" is identified by the authors (all descendants of Samuel Fraunces) as the young Elizabeth Fraunces. The story of the poisoned peas is given as a true family story passed down through the generations.[68]
Two purported images of Fraunces exist that may have been drawn from life. One is an oil on canvas portrait by an unidentified artist, likely painted between 1770 and 1785.[10]:27 It was donated to the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York in 1913, and has hung in Fraunces Tavern Museum since.[69] The other is an unsigned drawing, attributed to the artist John Trumbull, that was in possession of a Fraunces descendant in 1900.[10]:33–34 An engraving of the drawing was published by Alice Morse Earle in her 1900 book Stagecoach and Tavern Days.[70]
A copy of the oil portrait was painted for the restaurant at Fraunces Tavern in 2002, and is viewable on Flickr.[71]
In popular culture[edit]
- Dinner for the General, a 1953 teleplay by Reginald Lawrence for Hallmark Hall of Fame, Season 2, Episode 2-26, aired on NBC, February 22, 1953—a teenaged Phoebe Fraunces falls in desperately love with Thomas Hickey, and is horrified when she uncovers his plot to poison General Washington[72]
- Washington's Farewell to His Officers, a 1955 teleplay by Goodman Ace for You Are There, aired on CBS, February 27, 1955—Samuel Fraunces serves a banquet for General Washington and his officers at the end of the Revolutionary War[73]
- The Ballot and Me, a 1956 play by Langston Hughes, features a free-black Samuel Fraunces as a character[74]
- Phoebe the Spy, a popular 1977 children's book by Judith Berry Griffin, tells the "fictional" story of a 13-year-old, free-black Phoebe Fraunces, who saves General Washington's life by preventing him from eating a plate of poisoned peas
- Who Is Carrie?, a 1984 historical novel by Christopher and James Lincoln Collier—Carrie is an enslaved kitchenmaid working for Samuel Fraunces[75][note 7]
- Beyond Harlem, History of Black New York Downtown, a 2005 teleplay by Dara Frazier for NYC Media
- Shades of War, a 2006 off-Broadway play by Dara Frazier-Harper, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a free-black, ultra-rich, Michael Bloomberg-like character[76]
- Rough Crossings, a 2007 BBC video based on a book by Simon Schama, portrays both Samuel Fraunces and the "fictional" Phoebe Fraunces as free-blacks—it has been criticized for being inaccurate[77]
- The Book of Negroes, a 2007 novel by Lawrence Hill about the life of slaves during the American Revolution, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a freed mulatto from Jamaica who runs his namesake tavern, participates in historical events, and later moves to Mount Vernon to run George Washington's household.
- Fraunces is portrayed by an African-American actor in a 2010 video at the President's House Memorial in Philadelphia.
- Black Entertainment Television presented a 2015 miniseries, The Book of Negroes, based on Hill's 2007 novel. African-American actor Cuba Gooding, Jr. portrayed Fraunces.
- Fraunces Tavern, at Pearl & Dock Streets in New York City, is a national historic landmark and museum
- Miniature wax figures modeled by Fraunces, a gift to Martha Washington, survive at Tudor Place, the Washington, DC home of her granddaughter[78]
- A Pennsylvania state historical marker at 2nd & Dock Streets in Philadelphia marks the location of the first tavern he operated after leaving Washington's presidential household[79]
- On June 26, 2010, St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia honored Samuel Fraunces by inscribing his name on an obelisk in the churchyard[80]
- ^ The year of his birth is computed from his October 13, 1795 obituary, which lists his age as 73.[2]:125
- ^ Fraunces's 1785 petition to Congress is the primary source documenting an assassination plot against Washington and his generals. At least 4 contemporaneous sources corroborate it: Dr. Solomon Drowne to his sister Sally Drowne, New York, June 24, 1776; Dr. Solomon Drowne to his brother William Drowne, New York, July 13, 1776; both quoted in Henry Russell Drowne, A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern and Those Connected with Its History (New York: Fraunces Tavern, 1919), pp. 8, 10; Peter T. Curtenius to Richard Varick, New York, June 22, 1776, quoted in Robert Hughes, George Washington (New York: 1927), p. 392; and Joseph Hewes to Samuel Johnson, Philadelphia, July 8, 1776, in William Powell, ed., Correspondence of William Tryon 2 (1768-1818) (Raleigh, NC: 1981), p. 862. Significantly, Congress's investigation of Fraunces's petition did not question the existence of the assassination plot. "Report of the Committee on Samuel Fraunces," March 28, 1785, Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
- ^ There is an undocumented claim that Fraunces served in the Continental Army during this 2 years, but he did not mention military service in his 1785 petition to Congress.
- ^ "New York Provincial Congress: Die Sabbati [Saturday], A.M. June 15, 1776. Ordered, That the said Micha Lynch and Thomas Hickey be committed to the Guard in the City-Hall, where Israel Youngs and others are now confined, and that copies of the Affidavits and Examinations related to that matter be delivered to his Excellency General Washington."[53]
- ^ "I have Sir—the honour of being personally known to your Excellency, being the Daughter of Mr Fraunces, and one that was so happy as to have offers of friendship from you Soon after your arrival in this place." Eliza. Thompson.[65]
- ^ Note from Fraunces Tavern Museum: "A sweet book, but one needing some comments. Although the cover calls it a true story, Phoebe and the plate of poisoned peas never existed. Samuel Fraunces had five daughters, but none were named Phoebe. The story of Phoebe Fraunces apparently began in B.J. Lossing's Life of Washington (New York: 1860). Lossing claimed to have heard the story from an unnamed friend of Fraunces."[49]
- ^ In an epilogue entitled "How Much of This Book Is True?" the Colliers write: "Samuel Fraunces is a particularly interesting character. He was generally called 'Black Sam' Fraunces during his lifetime, and it has been assumed by some historians that he was a black. However, our research indicates that he was in fact considered white, despite the nickname." (page 157).
- ^ a b c Booker, Bobbi (2009-03-22). "Racial identity of 'Black Sam' debated". Philadelphia Tribune. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Samuel Fraunces" (biographical sketch) in Rice, Kym S. (1983). Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers. Chicago: Regnery Gateway. ISBN 978-0-89526-842-6.
- ^ Joseph Nerée Balestier, Historical Sketches of Holland Lodge, with Incidental Remarks on Masonry in the State of New York (1878), p. 38.
- ^ Frederic J. Haskin, The Washington D.C. Evening Star, August 11, 1916, p. 10.
- ^ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, The Crisis (December 1916), p. 85.[1]
- ^ James Weldon Johnson, Black Manhattan (Perseus Books Group, 1930).
- ^ William Hornor, Jr., The Philadelphia Bulletin, February 22, 1934, p. 8.
- ^ Charles Henry Thompson, The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 31 (1962), p. 475.
- ^ a b Blockson, Charles L. "Black Samuel Fraunces: Patriot, White House Steward and Restaurateur Par Excellenc". Temple University Libraries. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rice, Kym S. (1985). A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern: The 18th Century. New York: Fraunces Tavern Museum.
- ^ Cole, C. R. (2009). Samuel Fraunces: "Black Sam". Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4363-9104-7. Cole argues that he was born in 1734, rather than 1722/23.
- ^ Donald Peebles, Haiti's Contributions to the World (2010).
- ^ F. Donnie Ford, Caribbean Americans in New York City 1895–1975 (Arcadia Publishing, 2002), p. 7.[2]
- ^ February 5, 1755, "Roll/Register of freemen in the City of New York," reprinted in New-York Historical Society Publication Fund Series 18 (New York, 1866), p. 181.
- ^ Tavern Keeper's License Book, 1756-66, (manuscript, New York Historical Society).
- ^ The British Royal Gazette, July 15, 1780, Mason Arms on Queen St. Now Pearl St.
- ^ Fraunces Tavern Historic Structures Report, (New York: Graduate School of Architecture and Planning, Columbia University, 1979), p. 12.
- ^ The New York Gazette, April 4, 1763.
- ^ Eugene P. McParland, "Colonial Taverns and Tavern Keepers of British New York," The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record (July 1974), p. 158.
- ^ Walter C. Brenner, A List of Philadelphia Inns and Taverns, (typescript, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1928)
- ^ The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, July 25, 1768.
- ^ The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, March 19, 1770; July 27, 1772.
- ^ The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury, May 7, 1770.
- ^ Rivington's New York Gazette, October 25, 1773.
- ^ Freneau, Philip M. (1786). The Poems of Philip Freneau; Written Chiefly During the Late War. Philadelphia: Francis Bailey, at Yorick's Head, in Market Street. p. 321.
- ^ John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington, Volume 4 (Washington, DC, 1931-39), p. 485.
- ^ "Memorial of Samuel Fraunces," March 5, 1785, Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives, Washington, DC.
- ^ Henry Russell Drowne, A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern and Those Connected with Its History (New York: Fraunces Tavern, 1919), pp. 8, 10.
- ^ "Memorial of Samuel Fraunces" (1785)
- ^ "Samuel Fraunces," Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 8 (1937), p. 1.
- ^ "Memorials Addressed to Congress, 1775-88," Papers of the Continental Congress, Record Group 360, M.247, Reel 49, National Archives, Washington, DC.
- ^ "Report on Samuel Fraunces Memorial, March 28, 1785," printed in Journals of the Continental Congress, 28 (Washington, DC: 1933).
- ^ "Report of the Committee on Samuel Fraunces," March 28, 1785. Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives, Washington, DC.
- ^ "Report of the Board of the Treasury," March 21, 1786. Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives, Washington, DC.
- ^ Indenture between Samuel Fraunces and Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, April 7, 1785. Papers of the Continental Congress, National Archives, Washington, DC.
- ^ The incident that prompted Fraunces's dismissal involved his serving wine to the household staff, contrary to Washington's orders. G. Kurt Piehler, "Samuel Fraunces," American National Biography, Volume 8 (1999), p. 414.
- ^ An appeal to the legislature of the United States, and to the citizens individually of the several states Against the conduct of the secretary of the Treasury. By Andrew G. Fraunces, citizen of the state of New-York, late in the Treasury of the United States. (1793)[3]
- ^ Estate of Samuel M. Fraunces, no. 265 (Book K, Page 12, 1799), Philadelphia City Archives.
- ^ "All Persons indebted to the ESTATE of SAMUEL FRAUNCES, late of this City, INNKEEPER, deceased, are requested to make payments to the Subscribers... Samuel M. Fraunces, Acting Executor, South Water Street, No. 59." Gazette of the United States, October 28, 1795.
- ^ The Royal Gazette, August 29, 1778.
- ^ "Dock Ward, New York City," in Heads of Families at the First United States Census Taken in the Year 1790 - New York (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1908), p. 117.
- ^ W.E.B. Du Bois to F.E. Norman, The Papers of W.E.B. Du Bois, Correspondence (1954), reel 70, frame 937.
- ^ Mrs. John Fraunces McCurley, "Samuel Fraunces in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (b. 1722 - d. October 10, 1795)" (1958) Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Copies at Fraunces Tavern Museum and New York Historical Society.
- ^ a b Robin Skeates; Carol McDavid; John Carman, eds. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Public Archaeology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-161250-3. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
- ^ "Biographical Sketch of Captain Samuel Cooper". Southern Literary Messenger 4 (8): 522–523. August 1838. Retrieved 2013-12-28. Emphasis in original.
- ^ a b "Fraunces Tavern Museum, Pre-Visit Materials," p. 19.
- ^ Philadelphia Register of Wills, Book X (ten), page 348, proven October 22, 1795.
- ^ Benson J. Lossing, Life of Washington, (New York: Virtue & Company, 1860), vol, 2, pp. 176-77;[4] vol. 3, p. 112.[5]
- ^ a b "Fraunces Tavern Museum, Pre-Visit Materials," p. 18.
- ^ J. F. Mines, Scribner's Monthly Magazine, vol. 11, (New York), p. 311.
- ^ George Washington to Col. James Clinton, 28 June 1776, from National Archives.
- ^ Lossing, vol. 2, p. 175.
- ^ American Archives, Series 4, vol. 6, p. 1406.[6] p. 18.
- ^ Lossing, vol. 2, p. 176.
- ^ "Proceeding of a General Court Martial ... of THOMAS HICKEY and others," June 26, 1776, American Archives, Series 4, vol. 6, p. 1084.[7]
- ^ American Archives, Series 4, vol. 6, p. 1148
- ^ American Archives, Series 4, vol. 6, p. 1054
- ^ "Yesterday [June 23] the general's housekeeper was taken up; it is said she is concerned." The Pennsylvania Journal, June 26, 1776. quoted in Frank Moore, Diary of the Revolution, Volume 1, (New York: Charles Scribner, 1960), p. 256.[8]
- ^ Revolutionary War Receipt Book, 1776 - 1780, Library of Congress.
- ^ "Memorial of Samuel Fraunces" (1785).
- ^ "New York. 9th July 1776. This day Mrs Thompson came to keep house for his Excellency General Washington —" George Washington Papers, Series 5 Financial Papers, Revolutionary War Receipt Book, p. 2.[9]
- ^ "Elizabeth Thompson," Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington,[10] from George Washington's Mount Vernon.
- ^ Records of Christ Church, Philadelphia list Elizabeth Fraunces's birth as December 26, 1765, and her baptism as January 27, 1766.
- ^ Trinity Church New York, Marriage Records, January 14, 1789.
- ^ Elizabeth Thompson to George Washington, 18 August 1789, from National Archives.
- ^ Phoebe the Spy from Amazon.com
- ^ Phoebe the Spy: Plot summary, from Thriving Family.
- ^ Cole, C. R.; Battles, Ashley; Dubbs, Breanna (2016). Phebe and the Peas. Page Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1682891315. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
- ^ Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York, Reports and Proceedings 1912-1913, page 30.
- ^ The caption reads: "Sam Fraunces. From original drawing. Owned by Mrs. A. Livingston Mason, Newport, R.I." Alice Morse Earle, Stagecoach and Tavern Days (New York: MacMillan Company, 1900), p. 184.
- ^ 2002 portrait from Flickr.
- ^ Dinner for the General from imdb
- ^ Washington's Farewell to His Generals
- ^ The Collected Works of Langston Hughes: Gospel plays, operas, and later dramatic works. University of Missouri Press. 2004. p. 465. ISBN 978-0-8262-1477-5.
- ^ Who Is Carrie? from Amazon.com
- ^ Shades of War
- ^ "Simon Schama Should Be Ashamed, & So Should the BBC."
- ^ Wax miniatures from The Georgetowner, October 17, 2011.
- ^ PA Historical Marker from Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.
- ^ Dedication of the obelisk on YouTube.
External links[edit]
- Samuel Fraunces, from Fraunces Tavern Museum.
- Early life of Samuel Fraunces, from Fraunces Tavern Museum.
- Samuel Fraunces (c. 1722–1795), from George Washington's Mount Vernon.
- Samuel Fraunces: Black Man or White Man? from ushistory.org.


text:
Sassy Teen Lia
With all those love hearts around her I am guessing that Lia is quite the passionate lover. Which red blooded man could say no to this stunning..
Sweet young girl
Danielle is wearing a cute pink tee and a cute pair of purple panties and the girl is doing a sultry gallery for us. She doesn´t strip naked but she..
Sexy in a dress
Isabela is wearing a very sexy black and white strapless dress and the girl exudes elegance and a casual sexiness that´s really hard to resist. How..
Sultry teen stripper
Judy Jade will arouse and excite you as she poses in a very sexy black lingerie set and does a striptease. Only a eunuch wouldn't be attracted to..
Sexy workout girl
Melanie has a great set of little tits and a hot body and today she´s modeling them in a set of workout clothes. The blue sweatpants and the blue..
Sexy dress
Here`s a girl that will have you tingling from head to toe with uncontrollable desire. She`s beautiful in every way. Her smile is flawless and her..
Eager to flash
Petite Ashley is eager to flash her perky A-cup boobs and yummy well-rounded buttocks, so she gets rid of her stripy top and white panties exposing..
Sexy in silky nighty
Cutie Kaitlyn is putting on a real show in her sexy silky lace trimmed nighty and heels. First she´s slowly baring her big round boobs with pointed..
Secretary in stockings
As always Carla is at the top of her game in this beautiful sheer top and skintight secretary´s skirt. Under the outfit she´s wearing a black lace..
Shiny bikini on young model
These are pretty close to being the most arousing bikini shots I´ve ever come across, if not the most arousing. Ariel Rebel is wearing a shiny gold..
Super sweet teen
Abigail 18 is posing in a pink tank top and a cute pair of denim shorts and the sexy girl wants to get naked for us. She´s got a tight ass and long..
Sexy tube top
Danielle is wearing a tight tube top and a short denim skirt and the cutie is posing outdoors so we can check out her body in the natural light. I..
Sexy brunette
Simora is so inspired by the beautiful day that she decides she wants to be naked. Her top comes off first and then she unhooks her sexy blue bra to..
Hot secretary girl
Madden is wearing one of the all time sexiest secretary outfits in this hot gallery and if you're not aroused then you're not human. I love how high..
Hot bodied blonde
Madden is posing in a sexy red bra and sexy red panties and it's in this gallery that you can appreciate how fucking tight her body is. She's..
Naughty stripping office..
When your secretary comes to work wearing an outfit like the one Melanie is clad in for this gallery she´s hard to resist. She looks gorgeous and..
Shaving in the tub
Lia is in the bath tub today and she`s wet from head to toe. Her body, like most women, looks better when it`s all wet. Her tits look far more..
Tiny teen babe
Seanna is tall and skinny and very sexy. She's wearing a zip up sweater and a tiny skirt, both of which make her body look even hotter. When..
Tight body
I´m not sure what Josie is wearing even qualifies as a bikini top given how little material there is to it. It´s two tiny triangles of sheer..
Green thong
Teen babe Jenny Reid is hanging out on her bed wearing a tight green thong, a tiny mesh skirt and a tight t-shirt that makes her small breasts look..
- All Girls
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- Webcam Girls
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[April 11, 2014]
Internet of Things (IOT) Leaders Analysis: Cisco
(M2 PressWIRE Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) Dublin - Research and Markets (
) has announced the addition of the "Internet of Things (IOT) Leaders: Cisco" company profile to their offering.
The world is moving beyond standalone devices into a new era in which everything is connected. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to uniquely identifiable objects (things) and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure. Stated differently, the concept involves the notion that there are many things (assets, objects, etc.) in the world that may be addressed/labeled/cataloged for various purposes. One term used for this concept is Object Hyperlink, which refers to the notion of extending the Internet to objects and locations in the real world. In other words, the Internet is associated with (or mapped to) the real world by attaching object tags with URLs as meta-objects to tangible objects or locations.
In all cases, there is a need for communication, which may occur over great distances or within close proximity to the item. Examples include everything from telemetry applications such as monitoring remote electric utility infrastructure via wireless connections via machine-to-machine (M2M) connections to proximity applications such as reader-tag interactions that occur via Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) solutions involving Near Field Communications (NFC) or other methods.
Leading companies in IoT are the pioneers in establishing the vision, infrastructure, technologies, and solutions for the networks, applications, and solutions that will power the future of non-human communications.
As part of its series of reports focused on Internet of Things (IoT) Leaders, this report evaluates: Cisco This report is a must-read for anyone interested to learn more about IoT, leading companies, technologies, and solutions.
Save time and gain valuable insights into the current status of IoT, future direction, and market opportunities.
Target Audience: - Application developers and aggregators - Managed service and middleware companies - Wireless network operators and service providers - Data management and predictive analysis companies - Sensor, presence, location, and detection solution providers - Internet identity management, privacy, and security companies - M2M, Internet of Things (IoT), and general telecommunications companies - Wireless infrastructure (cellular, WiMAX, WiFi, RFID/NFC, and Beacon) providers Key Topics Covered: 1.0 Quick Facts 2.0 Introduction 3.0 Leadership 4.0 Financials 5.0 Internet Of Everything (Ioe) For more information visit
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) .
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text: Music Justin Bieber sings for free in Mexico Add to ... Reuters Video Published Tuesday, Jun. 12, 2012 11:21AM EDT Last updated Tuesday, Jun. 12, 2012 12:19PM EDT Mexico City was gripped with Bieber fever for a free outdoor concert. More than 200,000 fans packed Mexico City's iconic Zocalo Square on Monday (June 11) to watch the Canadian teen idol do what he does best. Watch More Video: Sketching the Armadillo in New York with Julie Kraulis Pastry experts share what makes the best doughnuts How 'Lights Out' went from viral YouTube hit to Hollywood movie Paul Reiser explains why his 'Mad About You' marriage was the real deal ShowBiz News: Justin Timberlake likens Republic Convention to 'a car crash' Supermodel Cara Delevingne turns actress for new sci-fi epic Why Barbra Streisand still gets stage fright before a live audience Bazinga! Annual Comic-Con event kicks off in San Diego Meet the British artist who turns muddy rubbish into sparkling creations How Vancouver-born Finn Wolfhard's star is rising in the horror genre How Michael David Rosenberg went from busking to a billion YouTube views Charlize Theron on the importance of proper sex education ShowBiz News: Stars react to death of Garry Marshall Caitlyn Jenner talks 'coming out' as a Republican The Tragically Hip praised by Canadian artists for originality Francesca Eastwood takes spotlight with indie feature 'Outlaws and Angels' ShowBiz News: Ryan Phillippe TV series put on hold - again Supermodel Kate Moss dropped into River Thames for 'Absolutely Fabulous' movie 'Degrassi: Next Class' addresses Black Lives Matter 'Ghostbusters' fails to knock 'Secret Life of Pets' from top box-office spot Comments AA


text:
It would be nice if instead of a minute and a half of terrible editing I got to see some people get hit with cupcakes.
Here's a wonderful slow motion video of cupcakes flying out of a 120psi cupcake cannon and into people's faces.
via Gizmodo
Here's a wonderful slow motion video of cupcakes flying out of a 120psi cupcake cannon and into people's faces.
via Gizmodo
I have a 64GB iPhone, but I don't like using iTunes to transfer videos to it because it is a hassle. I have this little $30 USB/Lighting flash drive that holds 32GB of files, including videos, photos, and songs. I plug it into my computer, copy over a bunch of card magic instruction videos, and […]
Researchers at UC Riverside and Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada have published a paper describing their ongoing success in setting a "transparent nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized-zirconia" into patients' skulls, which reveal the patients' brains so that the patients' brains can be zapped with therapeutic lasers.
A pilot invented this $18 plastic hook for your belt/waistband that can tow a 25lb rollaboard around the airport behind you, leaving you hands-free as you maneuver the concourse.
It's one thing to enjoy dinner at home and a nice glass of Cabernet Sauvignon with your best friend, Netflix, but it's another thing entirely to make that meal from scratch and get that wine delivered right to your doorstep.But what if we told you there's a way to make this possible? To keep your social life, […]
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It would be nice if instead of a minute and a half of terrible editing I got to see some people get hit with cupcakes.
it would be nice if it was preceded by three-and-a half minutes of Rube Goldberg-ian bakery madness synced to a better tune.
Are you kidding? That tune rocks!
not a single money shot in the whole thing…
Not nearly enough attention was paid to the gun itself.
I came here to say exactly what NoahApples said. That video gave me a serious case of cupcake blueballs.
Great looking footage, but I have to agree with the above comments. Terrible decisions were made in the editing.
Still this would be a fitting end for a cupcake cake.
Boy thanks for that very disappointing video. Either the gun operator was a terrible aim or the vid director lost sight of the whole point. Who gives a crap about seeing people in slow motion with nothing happening to them when there is A GUN THAT SHOOTS CUP CAKES IN THE SAME ROOM YOU DUMB ASSES.
Any idea what fps that video was shot at. That slow mo, looked truely slomo, 80 fps or higher?
Wow, 1.5 horribly edited minutes of hipsters making faces. Wait, there's supposed to be cupcakes too?
Nothing that shows anything of real interest, as others have eluded to.
nthr lcklstr Ls pstng….
Boner Cupcake! would be all over this.
For reals? You folks are even cynical about cupcake videos?
Here's some of the actual footage of people being hit… as well as some info on the cannon itself.
I was also disappointed with the editing in the clip featured in the post. You'll like this more once you get through the promo stuff :)
The handy thing about shooting food products at hipsters is that they usually carry kitschy eye wear at all times anyway.
These comments really could have been better. Shoulda known.
Yeah, I'm here for an exploding cupcake video?
120 psi means absolutely nothing without context.
The good: Dalek-lookin' steampunky cupcake cannon, people having fun with flying desserts.
The bad: As noted above… not nearly enough impact footage.
Taken straight from family guy…
It's been done: The RCAF's Chicken Cannon
at 36 seconds, two girls, one cup… cake
I would love to see that meme take off. Also, I want more cupcake cannon!
A Steam punk cupcake gun is a really cool idea. And even after being let down by this crappy video, I took a minute to follow the you tube link in hopes of some more promising footage. I can't believe how much time, effort and resources these people put into this crap. A dozen T shirts, screen printed vinyl curtains, a nation-wide tour…its just a cupcake gun, not really worth touring the country.
But check this out. Modify the cupcake gun to shoot baloney sandwiches instead, tour the country and make slow motion videos blasting baloney sandwiches into the gaping mouths of homeless people! And then you and your entourage can pass out high fives! Don't worry, you can still have your own logo and line of t-shirts saying how awesome you are! Totally epic!!!
To all you idiots who posted negative comments… Please. They didn't make this video in hopes that it would dazzle you internet nerds. It's funny how you all suggest something else too. But it wont be done. Why? Because you'll just sit at the computer, like always, and maybe dis on someone who is actually doing something.
Why you idiots gotta dis, with all your negativity? You're all like, "this sucks", and "this video editing is terrible". But you know what, your a bunch of nerds and won't do anything! Yeah. I said it. You'll never dedicate your life to selling t-shirts and plastic cupcakes to promote t-shirts. It's clothes, bitches! No one is here to impress you, or dazzle you with good video editing. And you know what else, its so hilarious you never do nuthin. You're never gonna make a boloney shooting gun! You just sit behind your computer like you always do and disrespect. So, like, you nerds gotta like, show mad props!
Is that the exploding head of a diabetic Scanner?
Two Girls, One Cupcake-Cannon-Protection-Suit
Yes, those of you who have complained are entirely right to do so: you paid good money to watch that video, and you deserve what you paid for! What's that you say, it was free? Very well, then the bastards who held you down and forced your eyes open and made you watch it should pay for their crimes! Wait, what? You mean you watched it of your own volition? Oh.
As for me, I enjoyed it: several of the gentleman were pleasing to look at. That doesn't mean I'm into sploshing, though…
It's not true there's no money shot. There is a single one, right at the end, when buddy gets beaned by a blue one. But it did seem oddly edited to remove nearly all impacts. Perhaps they were worried about a lawsuit from the cupcake anti-defamation league? Or perhaps they know what we want and they're holding out on us.
OMG. I SO want one, one a rotating turret and a belt feed.(bakery belt feed? oh kool.)
Major props for the steam punk design ethic too, you goth cake slammer you.
Inspiration? http://www
Johnny Cupcakes 1 year ago
"Amazing! I'm going to post this on my blog! johnnycupcakes.com"
Comments are closed.


text:
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text:
An autopsy of the body of Nadim Nawara, one of the two Palestinian teenagers killed last month north of Jerusalem, has indicated that his death was caused by live bullets.
The IDF has denied that its forces used live fire in the incident in which Nawara and Muhmmad Salama, both 17, were killed.
Israel's efforts to rescue three kidnapped teenagers continued late Tuesday night, with the arrest of 64 Palestinians – including 51 prisoners who were released in 2011 in exchange for soldier Gilad Shalit.
More than 150 suspects – including Hamas officials - have been arrested by the IDF since Saturday, following the kidnapping of three yeshivah students last Thursday.
Last night, one Palestinian man was killed in clashes with the IDF, and two men in Hebron were arrested.
Israel has defended the actions of its soldiers over the fatal shooting of two Palestinians during a West Bank protest last week.
A video has emerged of the incident on May 15 at a Nakba Day rally at Ofer Prison near Ramallah which Palestinians are claiming shows that neither of the rioters posed a threat at the time when they were shot.
Two Palestinians have been killed by Israeli soldiers in the West Bank after participating in Nakba Day riots.
Soldiers reportedly shot the men in the heart with rubber bullets during a riot outside the Ofer Military Prison near Ramallah today.
Britain has "serious concerns" about Israeli activity in the Palestinian territories, Baroness Warsi has told the House of Lords.
The Foreign Office minister said on Monday that Britain had "raised cases with the Israeli authorities" relating to the killing and injuring of civilians, policing of non-violent demonstrations, and treatment of child detainees.
Moshe Dayan described him as "the best soldier in the IDF", generations of Israeli special forces strove to emulate his deeds and some of the army's core values were laid down by him.
A former Londoner has become the oldest recruit to join the Israel Defence Forces' elite paratroopers unit, at the tender age of 29.
Isaac Allen, who received his red beret last month, has been trumpeted as the IDF's latest poster-boy in a campaign to close the army generation gap.
Islamic Jihad has announced a ceasefire after launching a massive rocket barrage at southern Israel over the past 24 hours.
The Gaza terror group said that the truce had been brokered by Egypt – but Israel has not yet confirmed it.
A contentious new law that will criminalise strictly Orthodox yeshivah students who evade Israeli army service was passed by Knesset this morning.
The so-called "Draft Law" was approved by 65 to 1, with a Jewish Home MK casting the only "no" vote. Most of those who opposed the law simply boycotted the vote.


text:
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In Focus
Smart Grid: The Consumer Stands To Gain Too
Smart Grid: The Consumer Stands To Gain Too
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Amy Marshal, Director, Business Development at Engage Consulting, discusses how the smart grid can benefit the consumer and what the utility needs to do in order to convince the consumer of its potential benefits.
We asked Amy Marshal, Director, Business Development at Engage Consulting about the report she co-wrote entitled "
Smart Grid: A great consumer opportunity
." The report was commissioned by Smart Grid GB and outlines the opportunities for both the utility and its consumers.
As many are not convinced of the benefits for the consumer, we asked Ms Marshal to elaborate.
"There's obviously a lot for the utility to gain from the smart grid such as effective asset investment , longer life cycle on existing assets, better control, and reduced field visits, for instance. But, there are also many benefits,for the consumer," explains Ms Marshal. Although utilities benefit most directly from energy system efficiency, consumers can benefit from the resulting effective use of investment. In addition to this, socially and environmentally, we all benefit from the resulting contribution to reducing or curtailing carbon emissions.
She pointed out that consumers can look forward to a reduction in their energy bills. The report suggests that a portion of the financial benefits of smart grid must be passed to the consumer in order to secure their participation and engagement. This is in addition to any bill reductions the smart grid facilitates. Financial benefits should be passed on to the consumer through incentives and lower prices.
Another benefit for consumers is an improvement in the reliability of their electricity supply. Smart grid will improve customer service during power outages through increased grid automation and reduce power interruptions.
It is up to the utility to show or communicate to consumers the direct and personal benefits that they will attain from the smart grid, explains Ms Marshal. If these benefits are communicated in a simple and clearly, expressed manner via multi-channel communication means, smart grid market development and smart schemes such as demand side management will be greatly enhanced. The benefits should be relevant to their personal needs and desires.
Ms Marshal suggests the following to utilities:
Tell people before it happens and keep it consistent
Make messages available through multiple channels and be consistent across those methods through central body
Make it clear as to what is going to change and what the benefits will be
Make the message aesthetically pleasing, clean and clear
The report shows that a number of utilities fail to carry out effective customer engagement and, as a result, deployments are ineffective. Says Ms Marshal, "Consumer opportunities will only be realized if all parties involved get it right."
21 Nov 2013
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This session looks at the principles of Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) to attract website visitors, and the tools and techniques for tuning website effectiveness. Using book marketing examples, it focuses on so-called organic search (natural search) and doesn't try to cover everything: rather it zeroes in on the most important things that website owners can do themselves with minimal technical knowledge.
Search Engine Optimisation is part of the broader field of Search Engine Marketing (SEM). The related Part 2 presentation covers Paid Search using Google Adwords, YouTube and similar opportunities and briefly looks at measuring results using Google Analytics.
Martin Taylor, Director, Digital Strategies Limited, Auckland, New Zealand


text:
Topological and Geometrical Properties of Braided Streams
Strong relationships among dimensionless properties of braided streams indicate that similarity is preserved in streams with the same average number of channels but of different sizes. The degree of braiding in streams, conveniently measured by the average number of channels bisected by lines crossing the channel, increases with the product of discharge and gradient, but decreases with higher variance in discharge. A random walk simulation model of braiding duplicates many of the numerical relationships observed in natural streams, suggesting that most of the downstream variation in the number of channels in braided streams is explainable by local fluctuations in discharge and sediment in transport, as opposed to large-scale factors such as valley constriction.
If you can't find a tool you're looking for, please click the link at the top of the page to "Go to old article view". Alternatively, view our Knowledge Base articles for additional help. Your feedback is important to us, so please let us know if you have comments or ideas for improvement.


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Advance Tabco 7-PS-25 Hand Sink with Faucet - 20" x 24"
- Built in deck mounted faucet and soap dispenser
Advance Tabco
You May Also Need
"You May Also Need" items are guaranteed to work with the item you are viewing, such as lids that will fit a cup or casters that will fit a piece of equipment. If an item is not listed in this section, we do not guarantee that it will work with the product you are viewing and do not recommend that you purchase them for use together.
"You May Also Need" items are guaranteed to work with the item you are viewing, such as lids that will fit a cup or casters that will fit a piece of equipment. If an item is not listed in this section, we do not guarantee that it will work with the product you are viewing and do not recommend that you purchase them for use together.
|20 Inches
|24 Inches
|13 Inches
|Bowl Depth
|5 Inches
|ADA Compliant
|Bowl Front to Back
|16 Inches
|Bowl Left to Right
|14 Inches
|Faucet Included
|Soap Dispenser
|18 Gauge
|Made in America
|Stainless Steel
|NSF Listed
|Number of Compartments
|Stainless Steel Type
|Type 304
Thanks to its elongated design, this Advance Tabco 7-PS-25 hand sink complies with all Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements making it a necessary addition to handicap accessible lavatories in any location. The Advance Tabco 7-PS-25 ADA Compliant hand sink is made of durable 18 gauge type 304 stainless steel to stand up to years of high traffic usage.
It features a pre-installed 6" deck mounted faucet with wrist-style handles and a built in liquid hand soap dispenser, both of which are easily accessible from all angles. Keyhole style wall brackets allow for easy installation and provide superior support.
Overall Dimensions:
Left to Right: 20"
Front to Back: 24"
Height: 13"
Compartment Dimensions:
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Front to Back: 16"
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(IV) Christopher, son of Joseph Tilden, was baptized at Scituate May 4, 1712. He married Sarah Parrot of Boston and lived there. Children, born in Boston: Major David, mentioned elsewhere; Sarah, born March 6, 1743; Abigail, April 17, 1745; Captain Joseph. of Boston, had sons Joseph, Bryant P. and William.
Biographical Sketch of Christopher Tilden
MLA Source Citation:Milliken, Charles F. The History of Ontario County, New York, and Its People Lewis Historical Publishing Co., New York. 1911. AccessGenealogy.com. Web. 28 July 2016.
https://www.accessgenealogy.com/new-york/biographical-sketch-of-christopher-tilden-2.htm- Last updated on May 31st, 2011
This page is part of a larger collection. Access the full collection at Genealogy and Biography of Ontario County New York.


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Articles on Travel technology
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Dead Rapper Makes Virtual Stage Appearance
Over the weekend, Tupac Shakur made his first appearance on stage since he was shot dead 15 years ago. Shakur was resurrected for a performance with rappers Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre in the form a realistic looking two dimensional computer image.
They say the only things that are certain in life are death and taxes. But half that statement appears to be under challenge by one late rap star and some special effects, which brings us to today's last word in business - virtual comeback.
TUPAC SHAKUR: (Singing) California love.
NEARY: Over the weekend, the rapper Tupac Shakur made his first appearance on stage since he was shot dead 15 years ago. The performer was resurrected for a performance with rappers Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre in the form a realistic-looking two dimensional computer image. It was created by the Oscar-winning visual effects firm Digital Domain.
The response was so enthusiastic that plans are now in the works for a virtual Tupac tour, featuring Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg, according to a source cited in the Wall Street Journal. Neither of the living performers commented, but as Digital Domain's chief officer told the journal, this is just the beginning.
And that's the business news on MORNING EDITION, from NPR News. I'm Lynn Neary.
And I'm Steve Inskeep. And just this program reminder: At the top of the hour, we'll have analysis of today's news from Edward R. Murrow.
Copyright © 2012 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
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Season 7, Episode 22 Rampage
First Aired: May 17, 2001
A gunman is at large and Greene fears for his family's safety. Derek Fossen: Ted Marcoux. Napalitano: Peter Onorati. Michael Jeffries: J.E. Freeman. Ted: Eli Russell Linnetz. Julie Oliver: Liane Curtis. Abby: Maura Tierney. Weaver: Laura Innes. Greene: Anthony Edwards.
Guest Cast
Liane Curtis Liane Curtis Julie Oliver
Ted Marcoux Ted Marcoux Derek Fossen
J.E. Freeman J.E. Freeman Michael Jeffries
Peter Onorati Peter Onorati Napalitano
Cast & Details See all »
- Premiered: September 19, 1994
- Rating: TV-14
- Premise: The riveting medical drama that redefined the genre for the 1990s and into the 21st century. Created by author Michael Crichton and set in a Chicago ER, the series chronicles the lives of its harried staff in staccato, realistic scenes of lives saved and l… (more)
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The Real Housewives of Orange County8:35 pm | BRAVOI'll Watch1444 Watching
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5:46 PM EDT, Tue July 26, 2016
Akeem Shavers Rumors & News
- Height: 5-11
- Weight: 203
- Seasons: Sr (3V)
There doesn't seem to be any recent rumors or news. Please check back again later.
NCAA Player News
- 12
Leonard Fournette
More NFL love for Leonard Fournette
- 3
Festus Ezeli
Festus Ezeli signs a two-year deal with the Portland Trailblazers
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Eddie Lacy
Check out Eddie Lacy on the field during Green Bay Packers' first practice of training camp
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Jabrill Peppers and his 'greatest in the world type of athleticism' should shine again in 2016


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TEAMLISTS | #NRL Round 21 teams are in! Get them all here, with lower grades to come throughout the ...
34 hours ago - 1 Likes
The South Sydney Rabbitohs are pleased to announce their side to take on the Parramatta Eels in round 18 of the NRL Telstra Premiership this Sunday 15 July at 3pm at Parramatta Stadium.
Second-rower David Fa


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Is there a way to use a Java regex to change a String to be of a certain format? For example, I have an input String containing a date & time which can be input with a variety of delimiters, can I use a regex to change it to use a specific delimiter? If I can, how can I do it? Currently I'm just checking the input with a regex and then concatenating a new String together with the desired delimiters like so:
Pattern dtPatt = Pattern.compile("\\d\\d\\d\\d[/\\-.]\\d\\d[/\\-.]\\d\\d[tT/\\-.]\\d\\d[:.]\\d\\d[:.]\\d\\d");
Matcher m = dtPatt.matcher(dtIn);
if (m.matches()) {
String dtOut = dtIn.substring(0, 4) + "/" + dtIn.substring(5, 7) + "/" +
dtIn.substring(8, 10) + "-" + dtIn.substring(11, 13) + ":" +
dtIn.substring(14, 16) + ":" + dtIn.substring(17, 19);
// do processing with dtOut
} else {
System.out.println("Error! Bad date/time entry.");
It seems like I should be able to do this with a regex, but a lot of googling, reading, and experimentation has not yielded anything that works.


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Beauty Salon (Paperback)
"Like much of Mr. Bellatin's work, Beauty Salon is pithy, allegorical and profoundly disturbing, with a plot that evokes The Plague by Camus or Blindness by Jose Saramago."--"New York Times"
"Including a few details that may linger uncomfortably with the reader for a long time, this is contemporary naturalism as disturbing as it gets."--"Booklist"
A strange plague appears in a large city. Rejected by family and friends, some of the sick have nowhere to finish out their days until a hair stylist decides to offer refuge. He ends up converting his beauty shop, which he's filled with tanks of exotic fish, into a sort of medieval hospice. As his guests continue to arrive and to die, his isolation becomes more and more complete in this dream-hazy parable by one of Mexico's cutting-edge literary stars.
Mario Bellatin, the author of numerous short novels, was born in Mexico City in 1960. In 2000, "Beauty Salon" was nominated for the Medicis Prize for best novel translated into French. This is its first translation into English.
About the Author
Mario Bellatin is a Mexican Sufi with a collection of eccentric prosthetic arms to be used for different occasions. He is Mexico's leading younger novelist. THE LARGE GLASS (Eyewear Publishing, 2015) and BEAUTY SALON (City Light Books, 2009) are among his works translated into English. He is often spoken of as a future Nobel Prize winner, the winner of the 2015 Jose Maria Arguedas Priza, Cuba's most important prize for fiction. He was guest curator of Documenta 13.
Originally from NYC, Hollander has lived in Mexico City for the last 20 years. Editor of magazines: The Portable Lower East Side (1983-1993) and Poliester (1992-2000). Author of various works of fiction, translator, writer, director and producerof the feature film Carambola (2005). He currently writes for the London Guardian Weekly and the New York Times travel section.


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Dinosaur Dinners (Enhanced Edition)
Lee Davis
This book is available for download with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device, and with iTunes on your computer. Books can be read with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device.
It was eat or be eaten in the days of the dinosaurs. Step back in time and let these monstrous creatures tell you themselves! Dinosaur Dinners now available in iPad-friendly formate. It is the ideal programme to enable parents to support their child's literacy at home.
DK Readers is a multi-level learning-to-read programme combining DK's highly visual style with appealing stories at five graduated levels. Stunning photographs and engaging, age-appropriate stories are guaranteed to capture a child's interest while developing reading skills and general knowledge. DK Readers allow progression from stories for beginning readers with simple sentences and word repetition through to stories with rich vocabulary and more challenging sentence structure for proficient readers. Written by leading children's authors and compiled in consultation with leading literacy experts.
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5.0 stars 20 totalReview Alita de Asis
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I'm so glad I chose Alita to represent me in my workers comp case... She was always readily available to answer questions that arose., and made sure to keep things progressing when my former employer tried to stall things. She was able to get me more than what I had anticipated so that was great... But one of the best things about having Alita as my representative was I felt comfortable talking to her.
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Alita was very helpful, she supported and took our concerns very serious regarding our family matter. Alita went above and beyond to do everything to get us a equal and just outcome! I would definitely use Alita again.
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My case was very complicated and difficult to defend. I desperately searched for attorneys, but their offices never returned my calls or they were reluctant to take on my case. Alita was the only one who gave me a chance and I'm so fortunate that she did! She is a very hard-working lawyer who will firmly fight for you until the end! Despite the overwhelming challenges of my case, she was highly dedicated to finding the best solution possible to help me. Whenever I had any questions or concerns, she was always there to answer them promptly and ease my mind. She was also very thorough and meticulous in her work, searching for any angles to protect my interest, all the while keeping me well-informed. Not once did I feel abandoned by her. Thanks to Alita and her kind assistant Gary from Local Legal, my case was resolved through an acceptable settlement and my family and I were finally able to have some peace of mind. She was truly a godsend to us and I highly recommend her if you're seeking a lawyer to staunchly defend your case while treating you with compassion and respect.
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Alita is a great lawyer to work with. She is very knowledgeable and able to explain things clearly. She stays in touch and has a great assistant too. Alita was always professional and updates me in a timely manner.
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I was extremely happy with the outcome of my custody case. Alita provided exceptional service from beginning to end. My children and I were in great hands with Alita! I a especially grateful for Alita being by my side on the day of court. I was at ease and comfort with her confidence, organization, and professionalism. Alita is the best when it comes to custody cases and I would highly recommend her to represent you!
Posted by Baojun
As a father to fight for custody of minor kids, you are always underdog. Of course, any family court or judge will never admit it. In my case, I am impressed by Alita's enthusiastic, professional, and her devoting to the case. I am truly believe that Alita will be the perfect choice for those who are fighting for minor's custody esp. for those dad. From the first day I worked with Alita, the first file she filed, I knew that I found the right one. She is so professional in her writing and her focus of the case, which I think is the major reason that I can get the results even better than I expected. If you have custody issue on minor kid, I highly recommend you talk to Alita.
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I liked how you explained to me that I'm your boss and you worked for me and that you let me make my own decisions after explaining the situation. Without you, I'd be lost and would've been taken advantage of. Thank you for all that you did for me.
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I was involved in a work comp dispute with my employer and was referred to Alita de Asis. I am very glad I decided to retain her as my lawyer. Alita did an outstanding job in representing me at the hearing with the Labor Board and continued to do the same when my employer appealed the Labor Board decision. Alita's professionalism and transparency with all matters was greatly appreciated. She made time on her schedule to meet my schedule, many meetings were scheduled during the evening - a benefit to me. Alita was very thorough in making sure I understood everything that affected our case. Very timely in returning my phone calls and responding to my email messages. Alita's tenacity in representing her client and her client's rights truly made me glad she was in my corner. If it wasn't for Alita, I am very certain I would not have had the decision we received.
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Alita is a very hard working and very passionate lawyer who cares about injured workers and their rights. I couldn't find a lawyer on my island of kauai so i called a couple from Oahu and she was the only one who would take my case. She flew over here for the hearings and talks to me through the phone and emails. We won the hearing that the insurance denied fault. Im very happy with everything she has done for me so far and am looking forward to her handling the rest of my case. I would recommend Alita to anyone in hawaii that has been injured at work. She fights hard for employees. Also she has done all this without any form of payment yet which is the best. Not many people will do that. Im glad she agreed to take my claim. If you need a great workers comp lawyer she's the one...definitely would use her again and highly recommend her to anyone


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Road and Rail
Company Overview of Earl L Henderson Trucking Inc.
Company Overview
Earl L Henderson Trucking Inc. provides road transportation of freight in the United States. It operated tractors and temperature controlled trailers; and provides freight brokerage services. The company was founded in 1978 and is based in Salem, Illinois with an additional office in Caseyville, Illinois.
206 West Main Street
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A description of the voice and data switching network of a fully electronic private automatic branch exchange (PABX) is given, including a description of the crosspoint device and its principles of operation. Some related circuity is described, including the terminal and service circuits, supervision circuits and a loss-compensation device.
Note: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated is distributing this Article with permission of the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) who is the exclusive owner. The recipient of this Article may not assign, sublicense, lease, rent or otherwise transfer, reproduce, prepare derivative works, publicly display or perform, or distribute the Article.


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PRO Research
Sigma Labs: Seizing Alpha In 3-D Printing
Market Cuts Both Ways • 82 Comments
Market Cuts Both Ways • 82 Comments
Sigma Labs Review V2.0Dec. 7, 2015 • Azaas
3D Systems' Lack Of Quality Assurance And The Case Of MisconductJun. 19, 2015 • jjsmith771 • 11 Comments
3D Printer Stocks Printing Higher Stock PricesJul. 2, 2014 • Stockerblog
NASDAQ And OTC-Listed Companies Webcast Live To Investors: May 1st At RetailInvestorConferences.comApr. 29, 2014 • Bradley H. Smith • 1 Comment
Sigma Labs: Target For M&A?Mar. 19, 2014 • Lucas J. Kras • 4 Comments
Sigma Labs (SGLB) "Writing The Standards For 3D Printing"Sep. 24, 2013 • 3D Printing Investor • 11 Comments
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Instablogs are blogs which are instantly set up and networked within the Seeking Alpha community. Instablog posts are not selected, edited or screened by Seeking Alpha editors, in contrast to contributors' articles.
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Sigma Labs, Inc. is a developer of advanced, in process, non-destructive quality inspection systems for metal-based additive manufacturing and other advanced manufacturing technologies.
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Other News & PR
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Mom's Voice Activates Different Regions In Children's Brains
Indo-Asian News Service | Tuesday May 17, 2016
The findings showed that brain regions that respond more strongly to the mother's voice extend beyond regions of hearing.
Delhi Court Asks CBI to Consider Chhota Rajan's Sisters' Bhai Dooj Plea
Delhi News | Press Trust of India | Friday November 13, 2015
A Delhi court today directed the CBI to consider the plea of underworld don Chhota Rajan's sisters, who sought its permission to meet their brother currently in the probe agency's custody, on the occasion of 'Bhai Dooj', saying they have not met him for the past 27 years and wanted to bless him.
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Health | Indo-Asian News Service | Wednesday September 9, 2015
A one-on-one math tutoring programme can relieve anxiety about doing math problems in your kids, says a study by Indian-origin researchers.
Britannia rejigs top management; Vinod Menon appointed as CFO
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Sleep Disorders: Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders
Sleep and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression are closely related. Psychiatric disorders are the leading cause of insomnia, the inability to sleep. In addition to insomnia, people with psychiatric disorders have other sleep problems, including sleepiness during the day, fatigue, and nightmares.
Lack of sleep can also cause psychiatric problems such as paranoia and hallucinations. Difficulties with sleep can make psychiatric disorders worse by making the person confused or frustrated, as well as more sensitive to pain and other medical problems.
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Simona Surdu, Edward F. Fitzgerald, Michael S. Bloom, Francis P. Boscoe, David O. Carpenter, Richard F. Haase, Eugen Gurzau, Peter Rudnai, Kvetoslava Koppova, Joëlle Févotte, Marie Vahter, Giovanni Leonardi, Walter Goessler, Rajiv Kumar and Tony Fletcher Occupational exposure to arsenic and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a multinational European study International Journal of Cancer 133
Version of Record online: 9 JUL 2013 | DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28216
What's new?
While it is established that inhalation of arsenic can cause lung cancer, associations with other cancer types is less clear. Here, the authors examined a possible link of workplace exposure to the chemical element in dust and fumes with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). They find that women are at higher risk of NMSC from arsenic workplace exposure than men with a markedly increased odds ratio in the presence of additional sunlight exposure. Thus, the combined exposure to arsenic and sunlight poses a considerable risk for the development of skin cancer.
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MusiCares MAP Benefit Concert, Los Angeles, Calif.
(May 8, 2009)
(AP Photo / Lisa Rose)
April 14, 2013 |
September 21, 2013
October 14, 2012
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