text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 21, 2006
|Filing date
|Apr 30, 2002
|Priority date
|Apr 30, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Matthew M. Murasko, Patrick J. Kinlen, Brent St. John
|Original Assignee
|Lumimove, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (70), Non-Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (46), Classifications (25), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a nonprovisional to U.S. application Ser. No. 60/287,321, filed Apr. 30, 2001, entitled "ELECTROLUMINSCENT DEVICE FABRICATED WITH ENCAPSULATED LIGHT EMITTING POLYMER PARTICLES" and U.S. application Ser. No. 60/287,612, filed Apr. 30, 2001, entitled "ELECTROLUMINSCENT DEVICE FABRICATED WITH ENCAPSULATED LIGHT EMITTING POLYMER PARTICLES", which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present system relates generally to electroluminescent devices including electroluminescent panels, and more specifically, to electroluminescent devices fabricated from materials including light emitting polymers and particles comprising light emitting polymers that have been encapsulated with conductive polymers and/or insulative polymers.
The short lifetime of organic light emitting polymers (LEPs) is presently a major impediment to their use in commercial environments. Organic LEPs are unstable when exposed to air and humidity. In addition to oxygen, other contaminants present in air, such as ozone and NH3, also adversely affect the useful lifetime of LEPs.
Heretofore, lamps fabricated from LEPs have been entirely encapsulated, or have had exposed surfaces coated with protective layers to achieve stability. This large-scale encapsulation/coating process is costly, and requires the use of relatively expensive transparent material.
In addition, the phosphors used in previous EL devices require relatively high voltage, typically in the range of about 60 to about 300 V AC. What is need is an electroluminescent device that requires minimal operating voltage and that exhibits long term stability in a environment containing various contaminants, such as outdoors or in industrial facilities.
The present electroluminescent display device employs organic light emitting polymer (LEP) particles encapsulated with a conductive polymer or thin, insulative polymer to provide LEP stability. The encapsulated particles are formulated into an ink system that can be printed to form a light emitting device.
Devices fabricated from light emitting polymers provide a number of advantages over phosphor electroluminescent devices including higher possible luminosity and low voltage/low current requirements resulting in low power consumption. These electrical characteristics are compatible with low voltage batteries, and allow long life with 9 volt or 1.5 volt "AA" batteries. This low power requirement makes solar powered LEP devices feasible for remote and mobile applications.
In addition, the electroluminescent LEP display device of the present invention is highly resistant to thermal shock and cycling, making it particularly suitable for use outdoors where ambient temperatures often fluctuate by large amounts.
Furthermore, in contrast to existing electroluminescent panels, such characteristics are achieved by the present invention without encapsulating the panel in an expensive material that in turn increases the cost of the panel and limits the freedom of design. The encapsulation of the LEP particles that are used to provide electroluminescence of the present invention provide protection from environmental contaminants, thus prolonging the life span of the panels.
Because of the inherent ability of the present device to function advantageously in weather extremes and also to operate for long periods of time on low voltage batteries, displays fabricated in accordance with the present invention are particularly suited to applications such as bicycle or motorcycle helmets as well as being affixed to various types of vehicles to improve their visibility and the safety of the rider or occupants. Such an illumination system also provides a mechanism for conveying an easily visible message in the form of a design logo or written information, which can be easily used on helmets and vehicles to promote brand awareness.
Panels fabricated in accordance with the present invention may be used in practically any application, indoors or outdoors, where incandescent, fluorescent, or halogen lighting is presently used.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/815,078, filed Mar. 22, 2001, now abandonded for an "Electroluminescent Multiple Segment Display Device", discloses a system for fabricating an electroluminescent display device from materials including light emitting polymers (LEPs), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. The present electroluminescent device may include functional layers which comprise compounds that are organic or inorganic, or combinations thereof. Such a device is termed an organic/inorganic hybrid. The present electroluminescent device further includes an illumination layer comprising light emitting polymers (LEP) or LEP particles which have been encapsulated with a conductive polymer or thin, transparent or semi-transparent insulative polymer (e.g., polyvinylbutyral, Teflon, or polyethylene, etc.).
In operation, an AC electrical potential having a frequency of between approximately 50 Hz and 1 Khz is applied across electron transporting layer 107 and hole transporting layer 108 to cause illumination of device 100.
LEP Particle Encapsulation Process
Step 205: LEP particles 101 are prepared by micronizing using an air mill or grinding them to an ultimate particle size of approximately 50 microns or less. Note also that small particles are also obtainable directly in the synthetic process for preparation of the polymer. LEPs such as polypyridine, poly(p-phenylene vinylene) or poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] may be used. Additional LEPs include poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene];poly[(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene)-alt-co-(4,4′-biphenylene-vinylene)]; poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylenefluorenylene)-alt-co(9,10-anthracene)]; poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylenefluorenylene)-alt-co-(4,4′-biphenylene)]; poly[{9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylene-fluorenylene}-alt-co-{2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene}]; poly[{9,9-dioctyl-2,7-bis(2-cyanovinylene-fluorenylene}-alt-co-{2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene}]; poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-(1-cyanovinylenephenylene)]; poly[{9,9-dihexyl2,7-bis(1-cyanovinylene)fluorenylene}-alt-co-{2,5-bis(N, N′-diphenylamino)-1,4-phenylene}]; poly[{9-ethyl-3,6-bis(2-cyanovinylene)carbazolylene)}-alt-co-{2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene}]; poly[(9,9-di(2-ethylhexyl)-fluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(N, N′-diphenyl)-N, N′-di-(p-butyl phenyl)-1,4-diaminobenzene]; poly[2-(6-cyano-6-methylheptyloxy)-1,4-phenylene); poly]{9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl}-co-{1,4-(2,5-dimethoxy)benzen poly[{9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl}-co {1,4-(2,5-dimethoxy)benzene}]; poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-ethylenylbenzene)]; poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-diphenylene-vinylene-2-methoxy-5-{2-ethylhexyloxy}-benzene)]; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-divinylenefluorenylene)]; poly[(9,9-dihexyl-2,7-(2-cyanodivinylene)fluorenylene)]; poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-vinylenephenylene)]; poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-vinylenephenylene)]; poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl; poly(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl); poly[9,9-di-(2-ethylhexyl)-fluorenyl-2,7-diyl]; poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(N,N′-diphenyl)-N,N′-di(p-butyloxyphenyl)-1,4-diaminobenzene)]; poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(N,N′-diphenyl)-N,N′-di(p-butyloxy-phenyl) 1,4-diaminobenzene)]; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-benzo-{2,1′,3}-thiadiazole)]; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(9,10-anthracene)]; poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(N,N′-bis{4-butylphenyl}-benzidine-N,N′-{1,4-diphenylene})]; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(2-methoxy-5-{2-ethylhexyloxy}-1,4-phenylene)]; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(9,ethyl-3,6-carbazole)]; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(9,ethyl-3,6-carbazole)]; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(9,9′-spirobifluorene-2,7-diyl]; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,5-p-xylene)]; poly[(9,9-dihezylfluorinl-2,7-diyl)-co-(3,5-pyridine)];poly[(9,9-dihexhglfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(9,9-di-{5-pentanyl}-fluorenyl-2′,7′-diyl; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(6,6′{2,2′-bipyridine})]; poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(6,6′-{2,2′: 6′,2″-terpyridine})]; and poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(N,N′bis{p-butylphenyl}-1,4-diamino phenylene)], all of which are commercially available from American Dye Source, Inc.
In an alternative, LEP particles may comprise OLEDs (organic light emitting devices), which includes organic and inorganic complexes, such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolato) aluminum; tetra(2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolato) boron; lithium salt; 4,4′-bis(9-ethyl-3-carbazovinylene)-1,1′-biphenyl; 9,10-di[(9-ethyl-3-carbazoyl)-vinylenyl)]-anthracene; 4,4′-bis(diphenylvinylenyl)-biphenyl; 1,4-bis(9-ethyl-3-carbazovinylene)-2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzene; tris(benzoylacetone)monophenanthroline) europium (III); tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(phenanthroline) europium (III); tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(5-aminophenanthroline)europium (III); tris(dinapthoylmethane)monophenanthroline) europium (III); tris(diphenoylmethane)mono( phenanthroline) europium (III); tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(4,7-diphenyl phenanthroline)europium (III); tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(4,7-dimethyl-phenanthroline)europium (III); tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(4,7-dihydroxy-phenanthroline)europium (Ill); tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(4,7-dihydroxyloxy-phenanthroline)europium (III); lithium tetra(2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato) boron; lithium tetra(8-hydroxyquinolinato) boron; 4,4′-bis(9-ethyl-3-carbazovinylene)-1,1′-biphenyl; bis(8-hydroxyquinolinato)zinc; bis(2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato)zinc; Iridium (III) tris(2-phenylpyridine); tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum; and tris[1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-(2,2-dimethylpropan-1-oyl)-pyrazolin-5-one]-terbium, many of which are commercially available from American Dye Source, Inc.
Light emitting polymers and OLEDs operate off low voltage and are more readily adaptable to being applied in thin layers than phosphors containing zinc sulfide, which exhibit graininess when applied as a thin coating.
Step 210: LEP particles 101 are then coated with a conductive polymer 102 or, alternatively, a thin, insulative polymer using a fluidized bed coater. In this process, the particles are fluidized in an air or nitrogen stream and material 102 spray coated onto the particles to form encapsulated particles 103.
Step 215: A Printing ink 104 is then formulated by mixing the LEP particles and binder polymers (e.g. poly(methylmethacrylate) or poly(butylmethacrylate) in a suitable solvent. Other suitable binder polymers may be any suitable thermoplastic, including poly(vinylbutyral), poly(vinylalcohol), poly (vinylchloride), polycarbonate, polystyrene, poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(oxyethylene), cellulose esters, cellulose ethers, nylon 6,6, nylon 12, nylon 6,12, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), poly(vinylcarbazole), poly(caprolactone), polysulfone, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(4-vinylphenol), poly(methyloctadecylsiloxane), and the like. Other binder systems that may be employed include systems employing thermosetting resins, for example, systems with urethane and epoxies, as well as UV-curable binder systems.
Functional Stack Printing Process
In an exemplary embodiment, a functional electroluminescent device 100 is fabricated as a plurality of layers, called a 'stack', in accordance with the following steps:
Step 220: Print rear electrode (REL) (electron transport layer) 107 onto a suitable substrate in a desired pattern.
Step 225: Print LEP ink layer 104 onto the rear electrode patterns 107.
Step 230: Print transparent hole transporting electrode 108 onto LEP layer 104.
Step 235. Print front outlining electrode lead (FOEL) 106 onto hole transporting electrode 108. Print appropriate connection leads (Ag, C, or any suitable conductor) to rear electrode 107 and FOEL 106.
In the present embodiment, the rear electrode (electron transport layer) and transparent electrode (hole transport layer) are fabricated using conductive polymers to provide a totally polymeric system without metals or metallic compounds. It should be noted that although, in the embodiment described above, each of the layers is applied in steps 220 through 235 is applied by a printing process, any of these layers may be applied by any suitable method for depositing the layer material onto the corresponding stack element.
Rear electrode 402 is formed of an electrically conductive material, e.g., silver or carbon particles. Dielectric layer 403 is formed of high dielectric constant material, such as barium titanate. Illumination layer 404 is formed of LEP particles, as described above. Front electrode 406 may be formed of silver particles or other electrically conductive material.
At step 505, rear electrode 402 is applied over a front surface of substrate 401. In an exemplary embodiment, rear electrode 402 is formed of conductive particles, e.g., silver or carbon, dispersed in a polymeric or other binder to form a screen printable ink. In one embodiment, rear electrode 402 may comprise a silver particle ink such as DuPont 7145. Alternatively, rear electrode 402 may comprise a conductive organic polymer such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). In an exemplary embodiment, a carbon rear electrode 402 may have a thickness of between approximately 2�10−4 inches and 6�10−4 inches. It is to be noted that rear electrode layer 402, as well as each of the layers 403–406 that are successively applied in fabricating device 100, may be applied by any appropriate method, including an ink jet process, a stencil, flat coating, brushing, rolling, spraying, etc.
Rear electrode layer 402 may cover the entire substrate 401, but this layer 402 typically covers only the illumination area (the area covered by LEP layer 404, described below).
At step 510, optional dielectric layer 403 is applied over rear electrode layer 402. In an exemplary embodiment, dielectric layer 403 comprises a high dielectric constant inorganic material, such as barium titanate dispersed in a polymeric binder to form a screen printable ink. In one embodiment, the dielectric may be an ink such as DuPont 7153. Dielectric layer 403 may cover substrate 401 either entirely, or may alternatively cover only the illumination area. Alternatively, dielectric layer 403 may include a high dielectric constant inorganic material such as alumina oxide dispersed in a polymeric binder. The alumina oxide layer is applied over rear electrode 402 and cured by exposure to UV light. In an exemplary embodiment, dielectric layer 403 may have a thickness of between approximately 6�10−4 inches and 1.5�10−3 inches.
In accordance with one embodiment, dielectric layer 403 has substantially the same shape as the illumination area, but extends approximately 1/16″ to ⅛″ beyond the illumination area. Alternatively, dielectric layer 403 may cover substantially all of substrate 401.
At step 515, illumination layer 404 is applied over dielectric layer 403. Illumination layer 404 is formulation in accordance with the process described above with respect to
At step 520, conductive layer 405 is printed over LEP layer 404, extending about 1/16″ to ⅛″ beyond LEP area 404. The distance beyond the Illumination layer to which conductive layer 405 extends is a function of the size of the device. Accordingly, the extension of conductive layer 405 beyond Illumination area 404 may advantageously be between approximately 2 percent and 10 percent of the width of Illumination layer 404. In an exemplary embodiment, conductive layer 405 comprises an inorganic compound such as indium tin oxide (ITO) particles in the form of a screen printable ink such as DuPont 7160. In an alternative embodiment, conductive layer is non-metallic and is translucent or transparent, and comprises an organic conductive polymer, such as polyaniline, pyrrole, or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). In an exemplary embodiment, an ITO conductive layer 405 may have a thickness of between approximately 2�10−4 inches and 5�10−4 inches.
At step 525, a front electrode, or more specifically, a front outlining electrode layer 406, comprising a conductive material such as silver or carbon, is applied onto the outer perimeter of conductive layer 405 to transport energy thereto. Front electrode 406 is typically 1/16″ to ⅛″ wide strip, approximately 2 percent to 20 percent of the width of conductive layer 405, depending on the current drawn by device 100 and the length of the device from the controller or power source. For example, front electrode 406 may be approximately ⅛″ wide for a 50″ wire run from the controller.
Front electrode leads may be screen printed onto substrate 401, or may be fabricated as interconnect tabs extending beyond the substrate to facilitate connection to a power source or controller. In one embodiment, front outlining electrode layer 406 contacts substantially the entire outer perimeter of conductive layer 405 and does not overlap rear electrode 402. In an alternative embodiment, front electrode 406 contacts only about 25% of the outer perimeter of conductive layer 405. The front electrode may be fabricated to contact any amount of the outer perimeter of conductive layer 405 from about 25% to about 100%. Front outlining electrode 406 may, for example, comprise silver particles that form a screen printable ink such as DuPont 7145. In an alternative embodiment, front outlining electrode 406 is non-metallic and is translucent or transparent, and comprises an organic conductive polymer, such as polyan iline, polypyrrole, or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Fabricating front and rear electrodes 406/402 with polymers such as the aforementioned compounds would make device 100 more flexible, as well as more durable and corrosion resistant. In an exemplary embodiment, a silver front outlining electrode layer 406 may have a thickness of between approximately 8�10−4 and 1.1�10−3 inches.
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|Article published in Synthetic Metals (28), 1989, pp. C687-C690, by H. Tomozawa et al. entitled Metal-Polymer Schottky Barriers on Processible Polymers.
|Article published in the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 21, No. 6 Jun. 1982, pp. 860-864, by Kenzo Kojima et al. entitled Electroluminescence in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) I. Impulse Voltage.
|Article published in the Journal of Molecular Electronics, vol. 4, 1998, pp. 37-46, by R.H. Friend entitled Optical Investigations of Conjugated Polymers.
|http://www.kressworks.com/Research/Qu . . . /Electroluminescence Of Organic Polymer.ht, Jul. 3, 2002, (12 pages).
|I-components website, Technology, at http://www.i-components.co.kr/korean/technology.htm, Nov. 14, 2002, (14 pages).
|International Search Report dated Jan.17, 2003 for International Application No. PCT/US02/13547.
|Orgacon Conductive Transparent Films, Application Sheet, entitled Patterning Orgacon Film by Means of UV Lithography, AGFA, revised May, 2001, (3 pages).
|Proceedings of the 2<SUB>nd</SUB>International Symposium on Advanced Luminescent Materials and Quantum Confinement, 201<SUB>st</SUB>Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, 185, 2002, by J. F. Suyver et al. entitled (Electro) Luminescence of Solutions, Powders and Layers of ZnSe:Cu Nanocrystals.
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|Dec 27, 2004
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|Jul 13, 2005
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|Jul 12, 2006
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|Optoelectronic Component And Method For Producing An Optoelectronic Component
|U.S. Classification
|427/66, 427/222
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 16, 2002
Owner name: LUMIMOVE, INC., MISSOURI
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2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records
Cloud-Gazing: Gravity Waves off the Coast of Africa
GISS Scientists Select Best Institute Paper of 2015
Investigating Climate Effect on Vegetation, Carbon in Alaska
Farms Act as Major Source of Air Pollution
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Research at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) emphasizes a broad study of global change, which is an interdisciplinary initiative addressing natural and man-made changes in our environment that occur on various time scales — from one-time forcings such as volcanic explosions, to seasonal and annual effects such as El Niño, and on up to the millennia of ice ages — and that affect the habitability of our planet.
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Liu, H., M. Fu, X. Jin, Y. Shang, D. Shindell, G. Faluvegi, C. Shindell, and K. He, 2016: Health and climate impacts of ocean-going vessels in East Asia. Nature Clim. Change, early on-line, doi:10.1038/nclimate3083.
Sobel, A.H., S.J. Camargo, T.M. Hall, C.-Y. Lee, M.K. Tippett, and A.A. Wing, 2016: Human influence on tropical cyclone intensity. Science, 353, no. 6296, 242-246, doi:10.1126/science.aaf6574.
Kort, E.A., M.L. Smith, L.T. Murray, A. Gvakharia, A.R. Brandt, J. Peischl, T.B. Ryerson, and C. Sweeney, 2016: Fugitive emissions from the Bakken shale illustrate role of shale production in global ethane shift. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, no. 9, 4617-4623, doi:10.1002/2016GL068703.
Geller, M.A., T.H. Zhou, D. Shindell, R. Ruedy, I. Aleinov, L. Nazarenko, N. Tausnev, M. Kelley, S. Sun, Y. Cheng, R.D. Field, and G. Faluvegi, 2016: Modeling the QBO — Improvements resulting from higher model vertical resolution. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., early on-line, doi:10.1002/2016MS000699.
Dowsett, H., A. Dolan, D. Rowley, R. Mocha, A.M. Forte, J.X. Mitrovica, M. Pound, U. Salzmann, M. Robinson, M. Chandler, K. Foley, and A. Haywood, 2016: The PRISM4 (mid-Piacenzian) palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Clim. Past, 12, 1519-1538, doi:10.5194/cp-12-1519-2016.
Luo, H., R.M. Castelao, A.K. Rennermalm, M. Tedesco, A. Bracco, P.L. Yager, and T.L. Mote, 2016: Oceanic transport of surface meltwater from the southern Greenland ice sheet. Nature Geosci., 9, no. 7, 528-532, doi:10.1038/ngeo2708.


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Racing roundup: Franchitti wins Iowa Corn Indy 250
Published: Sunday, June 21, 2009 at 6:22 p.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, June 21, 2009 at 6:22 p.m.
NEWTON, Iowa Dario Franchitti was disappointed that Saturdays qualifying for the Iowa Corn Indy 250 was canceled. He felt that a few late tweaks made to his No. 10 car had turned it into a rocket ship.
Franchitti settled instead for Sundays checkered flag his second victory in two tries at the Iowa Speedway.
Franchitti took the lead with 50 laps to go and cruised to victory in the Iowa Corn Indy 250. Franchitti beat Ryan Briscoe by just more than five seconds to grab his first victory since the Streets of Long Beach in April and move into second place in the IRL standings.
It was the 10th career IndyCar win for the Scot, who took the lead three laps after making his final pit stop on the 7/8-mile oval.
In the last stop, the changes were fantastic and I was able to pull away I had a good gap on (Briscoe), Franchitti said. I was able to get through traffic really well.
Briscoe finished second for the third straight race despite leading for 85 laps. Hideki Mutoh took a season-best third after notching a career best of second in Iowa in 2008.
Dan Wheldon was fourth, while pole-sitter Helio Castroneves took seventh.
Briscoe maintained his lead in the points race becoming the first driver this season to do so for more than one race. Hes three points ahead of Franchitti and 15 up on Scott Dixon, who finished fifth.
I dont think were doing anything wrong. Were doing an extraordinary job as a whole team, said Briscoe, who has led the most laps at each of his last three races. Its just going to be like this the rest of the season. Its going to be very close.
The start of the race was marred by a number of accidents and cautions. By the halfway point, seven cars had been knocked out including Tony Kanaan, who had led for 48 laps.
Danica Patrick took her first lead of the season 38 laps in after Justin Wilsons spinout brought out a yellow flag. Raphael Matos then spun out and Mario Moraes lost control trying to avoid him, drawing the fourth caution of the day just 55 laps in.
Patrick led for 24 laps but wound up ninth, her worst finish since taking 19th at the Streets of St. Petersburg.
In Silverstone, England, Sebastian Vettel cruised to victory in the British Grand Prix on Sunday, leading Red Bull to a 1-2 finish for the second time this season.
The 21-year-old Germans faultless 15.1-second win over teammate Mark Webber duplicated their finish at China in April. Both cars benefited from revamped aerodynamics.
I had a fantastic car, it was unbelievable. I was able to push, push more, said Vettel, whose car had a new nose, undertray and diffuser. It shows we are going the right way. Id like it if we could finish the season like that, but this circuit suits our car.
On the other hand, we have made quite a step forward. I think we have improved the car a bit everywhere and it all came together, with the team working perfectly well.
Brawn GPs Rubens Barrichello was third after struggling with back pain, but teammate and championship leader Jenson Button finished a season-low sixth in front of home fans.
Having won six races out of eight, Button still leads the standings despite finishing outside the top three for the first time this season. He has 64 points, followed by Barrichello with 41 and Vettel with 39. There are nine races left.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
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Providence, RIUSA
Hometown: Randolph, MA; Babson Park, MA; Deep River, CT; York, PA; Norrist
February 22, 2011
No answer yet
No answer yet
Weekends are fine, weekdays are usually impossible.
Locally I am going to say GAAM (just not their parking lot)! But if we go anywhere in the world, I'm going with Shakespeare in the Park in Vancouver, BC where they set up tents looking over the waterway. Way too amazing a setting.
We don't know any other souls that like to go to the theatre like we do! Guess we should stop living in the ghetto some time...
People who like theatre, what a treat!
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David, why not the new Tamron 24-70/2.8 VC...? I´m sure you will appreciate both the image stabilizer and the f2.8 for playing with the depth of field (which is a strong creative aspect in certain situations the 4.5-5.6 zoom cannot really give you).
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The Republican convention's rowdy chants about Hillary Clinton -- "Lock her up!" – have caused liberal journalists to get extremely distressed. In their lead editorial on July 21, The Washington Post fulminated that Team Trump's "descent from standard red-meat partisanship to unprecedented accusations of criminality displays contempt for the rule of law and a startling disinterest in fact and reason."
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The Leader Who Had No Title: A Modern Fable on Real Success in Business and in Life Paperback – Dec 28 2010
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Letter to the Editor
Incorporation of Donor Risk Into Liver Allocation Algorithms
Version of Record online: 28 JAN 2013
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12038
© Copyright 2013 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
American Journal of Transplantation
Volume 13, Issue 2, pages 524–525, February 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Braat, A. E., Blok, J. J., Rahmel, A. O., Adam, R., Burroughs, A. K., Putter, H., Porte, R. J., Rogiers, X. and Ringers, J. (2013), Incorporation of Donor Risk Into Liver Allocation Algorithms. American Journal of Transplantation, 13: 524–525. doi: 10.1111/ajt.12038
Publication History
- Issue online: 28 JAN 2013
- Version of Record online: 28 JAN 2013
- Manuscript Revised: 25 OCT 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 25 OCT 2012
- Manuscript Received: 16 OCT 2012
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
To the Editor:
We would like to thank Avolio et al. [1] for the comments on our article on the Eurotransplant Donor Risk Index (ET-DRI) [2]. The Authors address an important issue: the practical incorporation of donor risk into liver allocation algorithms. It is suggested that the ET-DRI should first be compared to existing donor-to-recipient-matching (D2Rm)-models, such as D-MELD [3], BAR [4] or SOFT [5], for applicability and accuracy before using it in liver allocation.
We fully agree that transplantation outcome depends on donor, transplant and recipient risk factors. Of course, combining all these factors would lead to the best assessment of pretransplant risk and therefore best estimation of posttransplant results (note that all risk models are from observational studies, and have never been tested prospectively to confirm predictive value). The first step is to look into donor and transplant factors, as did Feng et al. [6] for the UNOS region. In our current study we describe all significant donor- and transplant risk factors within the Eurotransplant-region, and combine these into one number/score—the ET-DRI. The scores mentioned by Avolio et al. only include some of these factors or factors that were not significant in our study; D-MELD only includes donor age, BAR includes donor age and cold ischemia time (CIT), and SOFT includes donor age, cause of death, creatinine, allocation and CIT. The interesting thing about the ET-DRI (and DRI) is that it is the strongest risk indicator when looking at donor and transplant factors, and it is a continuous and validated score. It provides one number that represents the hazard ratio (HR) of that specific liver allograft, including the transplant factors allocation and CIT. Step 2 will be to investigate significant risk factor in recipients. Ultimately, research will be needed to see how to best integrate both (donor/transplant and recipient) scores to develop a D2R model, as stated by Avolio et al.
Scores like D-MELD, BAR and SOFT do not take the strongest donor factors into account: split-liver (HR1.67) and donation after cardiac death (DCD) (HR1.71). Although such allografts are scarce for the total Eurotransplant region (6.5%), they account for almost 25% in, for example, the Netherlands, and in our opinion should therefore be incorporated in donor risk stratification.
Clearly, further research is needed, especially for recipient risk factors. The ET-DRI (DRI) gives a validated specific HR for every single allograft, which is necessary to correct for in such research. Currently the only factor used in allocation is the extended criteria donor (ECD). We showed the superiority of ET-DRI over ECD for use within the Eurotransplant region. Further steps to be taken are development of a (validated) recipient risk index and the incorporation of donor and recipient risk scores into a risk stratifying model.
Finally we agree that scores may be helpful for allocation, but cannot replace individual assessment and decision making of the transplantation team. In addition, the socioethical choice of weighting utility versus equity remains a major factor of impact of how allocation will be steered in different countries. ET-DRI is a tool, rather than a means, which can be used to do this.
The authors of this Letter to the Editor have no conflict of interest to disclose as described by theAmerican Journal of Transplantation. This manuscript was not prepared or funded by a commercial organization in any way.
- 1Balancing utility and need by means of donor-to-recipient matching: a challenging problem. Am J Transplant 2013; 13: 522–523., , , , , .
- 2The Eurotransplant Donor Risk Index in Liver Transplantation: ET-DRI. Am J Transplant 2012; 12: 2789–2796., , , , , , et al.
- 3D-MELD, a simple predictor of post liver transplant mortality for optimization of donor/recipient matching. Am J Transplant 2009 ; 9: 318–326., , , , .
- 4Are there better guidelines for allocation in liver transplantation? A novel score targeting justice and utility in the model for end-stage liver disease era. Ann Surg 2011; 254: 745–753., , , et al.
- 5Survival outcomes following liver transplantation (SOFT) score: A novel method to predict patient survival following liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8: 2537–2546., , , et al.
- 6Characteristics associated with liver graft failure: the concept of a donor risk index. Am J Transplant 2006; 6: 783–790., , , et al.


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Author has written 7 stories for Pokémon, Percy Jackson and the Olympians, and Fullmetal Alchemist.
Hello!! What's up here?! I'm squirtlepokemon215! Big Fan of squirtle and his squirtle squad! Not to mention, also Percy Jackson and The Olympians; Kane Chronicles; and Heros of Olympus!! If you want to read a Gary/Leaf story then go to my friend, EpicStormMage. It's funny to me though. Continuing on with my profile.!!! P.S. I'm in love the color blue. And still I having trouble with some stories.
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Forum indexSony Cyber-shot TalkChange forum
Sony Mavica FD-91 review
Started Aug 27, 2000 | User reviews
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Unknown user 25471 • New Member • Posts: 1
Sony Mavica FD-91 review
Aug 27, 2000 • Review of Sony Mavica FD-91
$699.00 on sale made this the best buy for me. I do web development so resolution is fine. The floppies make me "snap crazy". I have never taken so many pics, save what I need and reformat. The savings on film and memory sticks is a major plus. The 14x ("518" mm) OPTICAL zoom is great!
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1 megapixels • 2.5″ screen • 37 – 518 mm (14×)
Announced: Nov 16, 1998
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Akaroa Criterion Motel, Akaroa
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Akaroa Criterion Motel, Akaroa
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $78
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Nearby Four Star Akaroa hotels
In the hotel
- Continental breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Barbeque grills
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Laundry facilities
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Garden
In the room
- Balcony
- Satellite TV channels
- DVD player
- Free WiFi
- In-room safe
Top Akaroa hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Akaroa
- Adorian MotelFrom
"Very good staff, pleasant overall stay"Jun 7, 2016
- Governors Bay HotelFrom
"We had a charming room with french doors leading to a balcony with a beautiful view. The bathrooms and showers were located across the hall. They were very clean and easy to…"Mar 14, 2016
- Haka LodgeFrom
"Staff was really nice and welcoming and the room was nice. I'd come here again!"Apr 29, 2015
Nearby hotels
Akaroa Criterion Motel, Akaroa's small print
Also known as
- Akaroa Criterion
- Akaroa Criterion Motel
- Akaroa Motel
- Criterion Akaroa
- Criterion Motel
- Criterion Motel Akaroa
- Motel Akaroa
- Akaroa Criterion Hotel Christchurch
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for NZD 25 per night
Continental breakfast is offered for an extra charge of NZD 15 for adults and NZD 15 for children (approximately)
WiFi is available in guestrooms for NZD 9
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Outstanding 4.6 /5 from 72 reviews
The room was very clean and quite spacious. There was a refrigerator, sink, microwave, plates/bowl, and silverware. A love seat and chair, and coffee table. The 'free' WiFi was limited to 750mb/day, with fair speeds. I asked the manager for an extra access code, and she provided on reluctantly. I arrived after midnight, but having all ed ahead to inform, the manager left my room key on the door, which was nice. My room had the view of a house, which I didn't like for the value, but I'm guessing that is because of rates offered by this site.
Easy to find even after hours of flying & driving down from Chch. Welcoming. Comfortable bed, quiet, could walk to everything. We were able to wander the town, hike, & find great restaurants without touching the car. Highly recommend this place.
Very nice room and friendly innkeeper. Akaroa is a beautiful spot to relax. I wish we'd spent another night there instead of going into Christchurch.
We were greeted on our arrival with a friendly welcome and were quickly shown to our room which was ready immediately on our arrival. The room was spacious, very clean and tidy and showed absolutely no damage or wear and tear. The amenities were excellent as was the free wi-fi. Overall, we had a very enjoyable stay and would stay here again.
the room we stayed in was very noisy till 4am in the morning with loud people on the street and cars and loud music even the odd fights.sound travels so even people on the water front and boat ramp could be heard.
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