text: gEN ealooy <- f| L |imffliiTiY.f >UBL,c LIBRARY M 3 1833 01746 4535 GENEALOGY 974.4 M3876 QL915 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/massachusettsmagv8sale \0& ; r % LA n v i '/■ ■ * i ' i ^ i /Hi i i Vol. VIII X <? /5 X V THE SSAC v s S76 Published by the Salem Press Co. Salem. Mass. USA r^ <! .. LI 'i $-A ^i^i.,>"*'^ '■<• " ' '■ ' ' :: ' CV"-:| ■ • .■' ©rte Mmtoteb gears of pence. CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION X&iD> JL/ 3TIj£ JJtassarfmscffs JHartajta. A Quarterly cMagazine Devoted to History, Genealogy and Biography ■ASSOCIATED AXD ADVISORY ED1T0RS- George Sheldon, DEKKFIELD, MASS. Charles A. Flagq, 1TASHIWGTOH, D. C. Dr. Frank A. Gardner, salkm, mass- John N. McClintock, DORCHESTER, MASS. Lucie M. Gardner, SALEM, MASS. Albert W. Dennis, SALEM, MASS. Issued in January, April, July and October. Subscription, $2.50 per year, Single copies, 75c ▼OL. YIH JANUARY, 1915 HO.l. €nnltni& of fl|t0 f ssue. A CENTURY OF PEACE, Ex-Governor John D. Long, Ex-Governor J. Q. A. Brackett and Charles Arthur Higgins, LL. M .... MRS. JAMES T. FIELDS Agnes Edwards REMINISCENCES OF FOUR SCORE YEARS Judge Francis M. Thompson MARY HARROD NORTHEND . . Charles Arthur Hlgglns, LL. M. COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT . . Frank A. Gardner, M. D. MICHIGAN PIONEERS Charles A. Flagg JOHN N. McCLINTOCK Albert. W. Dennis EDITORIALS 3 9 15 23 27 44 49 52 CORRESPONDENCE of a business nature should be sent to The Massachusetts Magazihe, Salem, Mas*. BOOKS for revie\r may be sent to the office of publication in Salem. Books should not be sent to individual editors of the Magazixe, unless by previous correspondence the editor consents to review the book. SUBSCRIPTIONS should be sent to The Massachusetts Magazine, Salem, Mass. Subscriptions are $2.50 payable in advance, post paid to anv address in the United Stat >s or Canada. To foreign countries In the Postal Union, $2.73. Single copies of back numbers, 75 cents each. REMITTANCES may be made in currency or two cent postage stamps; many subscriptions are sent through the mail in this wav, and they are seldom lost, but su'-.h remittances must be at the risk of the sender. To avoid all danger of loss send by post office money order, bank check, or express money order. CHANGES OF ADDRESS. When a subscriber make3 a change of address, he should notify the publisher*. giving both his old and new addresses. The publishers cannot be responsible for lost copies, if they are not notified of such changes. ON SALE. Copies of this masazine are on sale in Boston, at W. R. Clark's ft Co., 25 Tremont Street, Obi Corner Book Store, 29 Brom field Street. Geo. E. Littlefield, 67 Cornhill, Smith ft McCance, 38 Bromfleld Street: in New York, at John Wanaraaker's, Broadway, 4th. 9th and 10th Streets; in Washington, at Brentanos, Entered as second-class matter March 13, 1908, at the post office at Salem, Mass., under the act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Office of publication, 300 Essex Street, Salem, Mass. ACENTURY OF PEACE BETWEEN, GREAT BRITAIN AND UNITED STATES. THE The Treaty of Ghent, signed December 24, 1814, and ratified at Washington February 17, 1815, thus closing the "War of 1812" between this country and England, was negotiated by Albert Gallatin, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, James A. Bay- ard and Jonathan Russell. As both Adams and Russell were Massachusetts citizens, this State had a large share in the making of this remarkable treaty, and we have invited three* of the first citizens of the Commonwealth to contribute a sentiment appropriate to the anniversary: Ex-Governor John D. Long. Hardly anything in our history is more significant and impressive than the hundred years of peace between this country and Great Britain — especially that feature of it which is seen on the border line between the United States and Canada— extending thousands of miles without a forti- fication or an armed soldier upon it — happy, peaceful abode of an •Ex-Governor Curtis Guild wrote: "You have doubtless noticed from the news- papers that I have been confined to my bed for nearly three weeks with a very serious illness, the result of a complete break-down from trying to oblige too many who wish me in the general public interest to do extra outside work. It is now, of course, too late for me to prepare the article you desire. I can only express my regrets that Illness and illness alone, prevented my undertaking the task." 4 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE industrial population with nothing to suggest that its citizens are of one nation on one side of the unmarked line and of another on the other. What a tribute it is not only to the two great empires represented but to the advancing civilization and sane development of international re- lations during the century just closing! The Treaty of Ghent settled almost none of the questions which led to the war of 1812. It ignored most of them. And yet no treaty ever laid more secure the foundations of peace. The Massachusetts Magazine does well to celebrate this centennial anniversary and to pay tribute to John Quincy Adams who was so con- spicuous and efficient in the negotiations. Would that the nations now in fierce and bloody battle, begun for no cause except for the expansion of the power that inaugurated it, might follow the example and make of the present gory and desolate fields of Europe an area as peaceful, a neighborhood as happy, a paradise of homes as industrious, as sweet and prosperous as those on which the sun of peace now shines along the whole northern border of our republic ! John D. Long. Ex-Governor John Q. A. Brackett. The fact that peace has prevailed for a century between our country and the nation with which it had twice been at war during the forty years preceding the treaty of Ghent, which terminated the second of those wars, is a fact at which all Americans must reoice. Massachusetts has an especial reason for enthusiasm over it when it is remembered that one of her most illustrious sons, John Quincy Adams, was one of the com- missioners who negotiated the treaty which ushered in this grand era of concord. It is accordingly appropriate that the Massachusetts Magazine should take an active part in its commemoration. May our descendants be privileged a hundred years hence likewise to rejoice over another cen- tury of peace not only with Great Britian but with all the other nations of the world. J. Q. A. Brackett. A CENTURY OF PEACE 5 A Century of Peace. "I cannot close the record of this day without an humble offering of gratitude to God for the conclusion to which it has pleased Him to bring the negotia- tions for peace at this place, and a fervent prayer that it's result may be pro- pitious to the welfare, the best interests and the Union of my country." — Diary of John Quincy Adams, Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814. On the eve of completing a cycle of one hundred years of peace be- tween Great Britain and this nation, the treaty seals of which were affixed in Washington February 17, 1815, the nation may well intone the prayer entered by John Quincy Adams on that Christmas eve in far off Flanders, following the signing of the articles of agreement of peace affixed a few hours previously by the commissioners of Great Britain and the United States. We close the record of a century of peace as answer to the petition of our worthy representative uttered when men's thoughts were turned to "Peace on earth, good will toward men." Not only has that peace been of inestimable value and satisfaction to the principals concerned, but the world has been happier and better for it, as is proven by the deplorable but deep contrast now being enacted in the war devastated land where the treaty commissioners sat for four long months. Rulers, diplomats and nations have followed with amazement the years of continuous peace between two great countries where an imagin- ary line of three thousand and five hundred miles has been the boundary without either nation erecting a fort, throwing up a barricade, floating a war vessel or placing an armed forced or a single soldier on guard for the maintenance of peace or to protect their national rights. And today the citizens of each government feel a greater sense of security because of that unfortified, unarmed, unmanned boundary, stretching from the Atlantic headlands along its devious way to Cape Flattery and up the Alaskan line to Demarcation Point, than if it bristled with all the modern means of defense and offense of "civilized" Europe. The war of 1812 had been waging many months ; England's offensive actions had been felt twice as long ; the Czar of Russia had offered to act as arbitrator, a courtesy which Great Britain declined, when suddenly that nation offered to send commissioners to the Hague to draw up agree- ments for peace. The scene was shifted to Ghent, where the commis- sioners sat. The United States sent as its representatives, John Quincy Adams, Albert Gallatin, James A. Bayard, Jonathan Russell and Henry Clay; while those from Great Britain were, Lord Gambier, Dr. Adams, MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE and a Mr. Goulburn. This nation was blessed with a commission strongest both numerically and in brain power ; for the British were fre- quently spoken of by outsiders as mere clerks of their government with- out initiative ability or executive power. Massachusetts furnished a member who had been rocked in the cradle of diplomacy, John Quincy Adams. Mr. Adams was in the diplomatic service ot his country at the «arly age of fourteen and our minister to Russia when called to this com- mission and immediately after was sent to the Court of St. James. Per- "haps no American has ever served in so many diplomatic and national positions as did he who became the sixth president of the United States. The other American commissioners were all strong men. Trouble had been brewing with England for years, caused by her ■domineering acts of stopping American vessels on the high seas, im- pressing sailors to her own service and seizing American goods. In 1806 Mr. Adams introduced a senatorial resolution condemning the British practice of searching ships and demanded the restitution of American property seized by Great Britain, but the administration failed to assert •or to enforce our rights. At the outsight of the peace conference the Britons assumed a lordly -air and demanded much — open navigation and access to the Mississippi river; abrogation of the rights of Americans to fish off the Canadian coast: unthinkable boundary lines ; all of which demands were eventually •dropped. The British commissioners at one time threatened to with- draw and to send the hero of Waterloo to America to head the British army and give the saucy (erstwhile) rebels a trouncing. But Wellington informed the British government its conduct of the war was not such as to support the arrogant claims of her commissioners. Luckily this was Defore the redcoats entered and burned Washington and peace loving, action-delaying Madison had fled one way, leaving Mistress Dolly to hide the White House silver and flee another. But, eventually, and suddenly, terms of agreement were reached, a treaty was drawn subject to the unqualified approval of both govern- ments and signed by the commissioners on that memorable Christmas •eve. While it has proved by duration to be one of the strongest treaties on earth, it has also proven to be one of the strangest, for on its pages no mention can be found of the vital causes which led to the war it was to oring to a conclusion. Right of search, impressment of Americans, fish- - A CENTURY OF PEACE 7 cry rights, all omitted ; and the boundary question to be settled by mutual agreement. Article ten of the treaty carried lines that foretold a moment- uous question for the young republic ; a question that was not settled for that sturdy power until a half century of peace under that treaty had passed. It read: "Whereas the traffic in slaves is irreconcilable with the principles of humanity and justice, and whereas both His Majesty and the United States are desirous of continuing their efforts to promote its abolition. it is hereby agreed that both the contracting parties shall use their best endeavors to accomplish so desirable an object." But the young nation had again proven its prowess so effectually with the mother country, especially upon the salt and inland seas, that the dignity of her citizens has never again been questioned by England. Four years later a special commission on the fisheries question declared: "The inhabitants of the United States shall have forever, in common with the subjects of his Brittanic Majesty, the liberty of taking any fish of any kind" along practically the entire coast of Newfoundland and Labra- dor. And while the right to land, repair and secure wood and water "and for no other purpose,'' within the three mile limit on other shores than those specifically named was acknowledged, the commissioners from this country omitted one little word that has proven to be a fishbone of con- tention these later years — "bait." Fishing for cod was all that was thought of in 1818. One event must not be overlooked, that transpired after the commis- sioners signed the treaty and before it could be ratified and sealed at Washington — before the knowledge of peace conclusions reached these shores at all. Wellington's veterans of the war in Spain had been hurled by Packenham against New Orleans, where Jackson so thoroughly an- nihilated them the result of the Louisiana purchase was forever clenched to these United States. Had the British seized New Orleans, the 15th of January, 1815, might have marked a date of such success possibly Great Britain would have refused to ratify the treaty and the United States have remained or reversed to an Atlantic seaboard strip. New Orleans made a glorious wafer seal on the articles of treaty; while it also stamped the death warrant of the Federalists and gave birth to a protective tariff for the young industries of the United States, tak- >ng the place of Jefferson's embargo act. MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Believing one of the greatest factors in this century of peace with England to be the moral stamnia of the majority of American statesmen, I cannot close without again quoting words of that Massachusetts born son of the nation, when in his diary, while in his first service in the Senate, after watching the methods and minds of partizan party leaders or workers, he wrote: "I feel strong temptation and have great provocation to plunge into political controversy. But I hope to preserve myself from it by the con- siderations which have led me to the resolution renouncing it. A politician in this country must be the man of a party. I would fain be the man of my whole country." Such was Mr. Adams' life and conduct to the end of his country serving career, doing much to build for that century of peace with the motherland, which closes with the seventeenth of next month ; only to open again, we all trust, to bless us with cycle after cycle of unbroken peace at home and abroad, that will eventually have the effect of bringing to all nations an eternal cessation from fratricidal strife. Charles Arthur Higgins, LL. M MRS. JAMES T. FIELDS THE PASSING OF THE LAST OF A GROUP OF FAMOUS BOSTONIANS \ By Agnes Edwards There are certain personalities which would be distinguished in any age because of their inherent qualities: there are others which would be significant because of the circumstances which developed them and the environment in which they were placed. Mrs. James T. Fields, whose death marks the passing of the last of a group of famous Bostonians, will hold her place in the history of New England both because she was a charming individual, and because she was part of a very remarkable period in the history of American literature. ..:,.. ; a\u We who live in Massachusetts now have almost forgotten how the prestige of this section of the country came^ to be: we accept the .results of that golden age of letters almost as unthinkingly as the Romans accepted their pleasanter lot after the age of Augustus. The fine nerve of appre- ciation which connects the past with the present has lost its resiliency — a great loss, for to live in, the past completely, is to become isolated from living issues; to live in the present completely ..is to become shallovy and. meagre in understanding. . MUii :r ,. i ,- ., .-» /: . iT , >.;• - :-^~f -f-th;::r As one walks down Charles Street today it seems an ordinary enough thoroughfare : the heavy drays and clanging cars crawl by and send the mud splashing up on the narrow sidewalk, and half way up- the. flat red brick houses : there are second-hand furniture stores : lodging houses, •ittle eating rooms, small tailoring shops: it is only in the imagination that the Charles Street - of sixty years ago still exists--leisurely, charming, dignified — a street of repute and exclusiveness. Here it was that Oliver Wendell Holmes once lived — cheerful, well-groomed, energetic — his trim figure a familiar sight hurrying across the Common, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, unostentatious in the midst of his fame, and half a score of other well-known men and women, making a center of culture that has tinged the whole fabric of New England life. Here it was that Mr. and Mrs. 9 ' io MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Fields dispensed a hospitality of such generosity and yet such exquisite simplicity that it will never be forgotten in the annals of Boston. Number 148 Charles Street stands flush against the sidewalk, English fashion, its plain brick front giving no hint of the deep richness within. Long after the tide of fashion swept away from this section of the city and long after her husband's death, Mrs. Fields stayed on, and her friends found their way to her as of old. Today the door through which Dickens bounded, when "handsome and glowing, famous over half the globe'' he came on his first visit to America in 1842, and through which Thackeray's "great burly figure, broad chested and ample as the day" passed and re- passed so many times during his visit to this country, is closed. The garden which opened down to the river where Holmes loved to row in the early morning, when, as he wrote "the river and the bay are as smooth as a sheet of beryl-green silk, and I run along ripping it up with my knife edge blade of a boat, the rent closing after me, like those wounds of angels which Milton tells of, but the seams still shining for many a long rood be- hind" — this garden is now deserted. But in the dim drawing room, mel- low with memories, still hang the autographs and portraits — among them an exquisite drawing of Hawthorne by an artist now almost forgotten but once most fondly esteemed— Rowse — . still stand the books, and still ling- ers that "scholarly and gentle atmosphere" which made that house what Henry James has called "the little ark of the modern deluge." The house remains, but the spirit which animated it is gone, and with its going Charles Street and Boston have closed one of the happiest chapters in their history. Mr. Fields, being a publisher of high repute came in contact with the most eminent literary men of his generation : being a gentleman of at- tractive personality and gifted with the keenest sense of appreciation, his business acquaintances became his friends. Thus it was that the pleasant house with its shaded lawn and ample rooms became the natural rendez- vous of the choicest spirits of that time, and never before or since has there been such an assembling of choice spirits in Xew England. Longfellow, beautiful and calm, Celia Thaxter "with the sea shells she always wore about her neck and wrists, and a gray poplin dress defining her lovely form," Hawthorne, that noble and melancholy figure who used to pace back and forth on nights when he could not sleep, Emerson who says he was glad that his lot was "'cast in the time and proximity of excellent per- sons," Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, whom Mrs. Fields describes as "beau- . L. tftf* 1 "-' I s ir *!***. M*A^,VS& •^.'^iijaae^ Mrs. James T. Field, soon after her marriage MRS TAMES T. FIELDS n • tiful, with heightened color, her eyes shining and awake but filled with great softness, her abundant curling hair rippling naturally about her head and falling a little at the sides." — of all that brilliant company we liave many souvenirs both in their memoirs and diaries and in those of Mrs. Fields. Of another still wider and even more illustrious company we have another kind of memento. Mr. Fields was a book collector, and on a certain shelf in the well-used library stands a priceless line of vol- umes. Here is a copy of Milton, printed in 1673 which Thomas Gray owned as a school-boy and which bears his signature no less than nine times upon the title page: a "Rasselas" of Dr. Johnson which contains an autograph letter of his: Byron's own copy of "Don Juan," a "Rape of the Lock" which once belonged to Charles Lamb, who has restored in his own handwriting several of the pages which were missing, and over a hundred volumes from Leigh Hunt's library in England with his vehe- ment annotations. Here, £00, is a North's "Plutarch" which Shakespeare himself might have read, and from which he is believed to have drawn his material for "Julius Caesar," an 1757 edition of Burn's poem with an autograph poem by Allen Ramsey on the first page. There are autograph letters from Browning, Scott, Tennyson, Dr. Brown of Edinborough, — one from Thackery to Mr. Fields with a neat little caricature of the pub- lisher by Thackery 's own inimitable pen, and an autograph letter of Gray, which was given Mrs. Fields by "Barry Cornwall." One reads in Mrs. Fields' account that "many strangers came to Bos- ton in those days, on literary or historical errands — men of tastes which brought them sooner or later to the "Old Corner" where the "Atlantic Monthly" was already a power. Of course one of the pleasures sought for was an interview with Dr. Holmes, the fame of whose wit ripened early — even before the days of the "Autocrat." It came about quite nat- urally, therefore, that they should gladly respond to any call which gave them the opportunity to listen to his conversation; and the eight-o'clock breakfast hour was chosen as being the only time the busy guests and host could readily call their own. Occasionally these breakfasts (at Mrs. Fields) would take place as frequently as two or three times a week. The light of memory has a wondrous gift of heightening most of the pleasures of this life, but the conversation of these early hours was far more stimu- lating and inspiring than any memory of it can ever be. There are few men, except Poe, famous in American or English literature of that era 12 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE who did not appear once at least. The unexpectedness of the company was a great charm ; for a brief period Boston enjoyed a sense of cosmo- politanism, and found it possible,, as it is really only possible in London, to bring together busy guests with full and eager brains who are not too familiar with one another's thought to make conversation an excitement and a source of development. Reading this we begin to understand what an integral part of that life the Fields were, and also what a charcter- istic embodiment of it. Tt was not the brilliancy of the French Salon, that glittered in the house on Charles Street: neither was it the Bohemian- ism of a later day coterie of New York : it was, rather, a refined and grac- ious atmosphere, not formal and yet scrupulously correct, that was created by the host and hostess of that tranquil home, into which were welcomed not only the great but the humble: not only those who had achieved but those who were aspiring to fame. After her husband's death Mrs. Fields still maintained the old customs, traditions and friendships, keeping to the very end her interest in all mat- ters touching literature and fine publishing. Only a year ago she wrote to General Charles Lawrence Peirson in regard to a monograph of his just published: "I have long been meaning to write you a brief word about the mak- ing of your book in Salem. It is done with so much taste and care that I looked at it carefully at first to see the mark of the Merrymount Press. "Finding a new name (to me) and 'Salem' I really have wished ever since to have a bit of talk with you about the doing thereof. I think no per- sonal friends could have done better for your history, and if the doers of your book were not friends before, they have offered a new and beautiful tribute to the bravery which has helped save our Land." When one recalls that she was eighty years old when she penned this one cannot help but be struck by the liveliness of her mentality and the keenness of her appreciation. It was after her husband's death that she became deeply interested in the Associated Charities and the question of self help. In her book "How to Help the Poor" she shows the clear intelligence and the same restraint in regard to economic matters which distinguished her in the literary and social world. Clubs and charities in which she was interested were many: to all that wide procession of philanthropies which started as far back as T852 — the training school for nurses, the after care of women discharged MRS. JAMES T. FIELDS i 3 from prison, the New England's woman's club, the Radical club, the care of foundling and motherless infants, the teaching the dumb to speak — she ^ave her support. But with the exception of the Associated Charities, of which she was the founder, perhaps the kind of beneficence which pleased her best was unobtrusive — that which has no organization, no president and no minutes of its last meeting. The young man struggling with a lit- erary career, the elderly woman whose poems and occasional articles brought her only too meagre a pittance — to these sensitive persons who are the most difficult of all to help her gifts and pensions, sometimes re- ceived without their knowing the name of the giver, made life and hope possible. This is a charity which is finer than the word, and no one indiv- idual will ever know the extent and delicacy of Mrs. Fields' benefactions. Thus the life which began in social and intellectual promise, when "a slip of a girl" as she says, she first began meeting notable people, and en- tertaining them under her own roof, ended in an old age of spiritual fulfill- ment. It is pleasant to hear her friends tell of the grace of her entertaining — a grace which remained with her until the very end, when, an old lady with a white lace scarf over her head, clad in white and half reclining on her sofa she served her guests with a dignity which made it impossible for them to even suggest assisting with the heavy teapot. In her hospitality as in her writings she was old-fashioned in a day of new fashions, main- taining through the vulgar buzz of change a delicate distinction, as a lilac tree, crowded into a city close still maintains its fragrance. Charles Street became a noisy thoroughfare, but the shadows on the long drawing room were not disturbed : in Back Bay a millionaire built a mansion, and in his gorgeous library was not a single book — only cut glass vases and lace doilies scattered on the tables and on the shelves —but in the home of Mrs. Fields stood in quiet security books whose binding proclaimed them treasured first editions and whose annotations show them the once loved possessions of Lamb or Keats or Leigh Hunt. The debutantes of the sea- son entertained at teas where low neck was en regie, and the tango was danced between cups, but Mrs. Fields still observed the ceremony with well-bred formality, and led the conversation along lofty and carefully chosen lines. Side by side with change she held her poise for over half a century, and now that she has gone Boston and New England have lost something that can never be replaced. 14 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE It is this loss which makes the passing of Mrs. Fields significant. To her personal friends there is a personal grief, and to those hundreds who received her gentle aid there is a double distress. But to those other hun- dreds and hundreds who did not know her, but to whom Boston is dear. her passing will have a subtle and immutable effect. Such lives as Mrs. Fields add a richness to the picture of the past — a richness which no modern touch can simulate. Mrs. Fields is no longer a unique personality: she is a part of history, and with her going the iong "trailing clouds of glory" which were the garments of Longfellow and Lowell and Tennyson, have been drawn across our vision for the last time. The door is closed : the house on Charles Street is tenantless : the last hand of the past has slipped from ours. Only as we stand by the "af- feaced anonymous door," and realize what this house has meant to other lives, we seem to feel its charm even yet: There falls upon the old gray city An influence luminous and serene A shining peace. x ■ .1 REMINISCENCES OF FOUR-SCORE YEARS By JcDr.E Francis M. Thompson of Greenfield, Massachusetts Including His Narrative of Three Years in the New West, During Which He Took in 186*2 a 3000-mile Trip From St. Louis up the Missouri, and Thence Down the Snake and Columbia Rivers to Portland, and to San Francisco, Returning in 1863. (Continued from Vol. VII, No. 3.) Helena, Montana, Jan'y 20, 1904. Dear Thompson: Contrasting- recent winters with those you knew in the mountains, you would not know the country, for it is, and with the exception of less than a week, has been for eight months like summer ; no snow, and only floods of golden sunshine with warm weather. Every one here is well excepting me. I harbor no illusions and feel that "sleep is beginning to lay me in the arms of her brother." My trouble is of twenty-five years standing and is slowly culminat- ing, and though I am well and work in the office every day, it is idle to say or hope it can long continue. A near denoument brings no terror. One hates to close the rhapsody of domestic life such as it has been my fortune to enjoy, and leave the relatives and friends which are mine. And then this poor debouched state ; it needs me, being wofully lack- ing in men of sensitive natures who resent civic treachery as a crime. What with the R. Roads and copper companies, and the millionaires, everything is pecuniarily appraised, except the scars on a soldier. I have fought bribery and every form of civic corruption for forty years and now that it has become triumphant, I fight it still, and bear :ts contumely with becoming indignation. T have led a strenuous life for forty years, and have lived for the state, ^m\ seeing my mistakes and omissions, know they cannot blot out my history, with which I am reasonably content. I have never fawned to, or flattered the coarse, or condoned wickedness in high places. But I drop this. Don't think I am to die soon. I tell you those boys of 1863-4, are missing, one of them being of rare occurrence. . . . No :»ian ever came to Montana and staid so short a time, left so deep an ».*npress on history as did you, and it is a pleasure to know, in a rude tune, the influence was wholly wholesome. . . . Come and stay with us on your way to Portland. Yours very sincerely, W. F. SANDERS. 15 i6 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE When, after a long and bitter struggle, Montana was admitted to representation in the United States senate, Col. Sanders drew the short term, and at its expiration he returned to Helena and resumed the prac- tice of his profession, with his son. His long and faithful service ended in the fall of 1905, after years of suffering which he bore with fortitude and resignation. In his death, Montana lost a most honest, able, and taithful citizen. On the first of March, 1006, the legislature of Montana having: estab- lished the county of "Sanders" in honor of the man who had done so much for the commonwealth, the citizens met at Thompson, which was named as the county seat, and installed the county officers. "Fearless and firm, he never quailed, f • . ;; :: Nor turned aside for threats, nor failed ;/....: ;: To do the thing he undertook. : :;:i How wise, how brave, how well, --;.-,-. He bore himself, let history tell." NATHANIEL PITT LANGFORD. I first met Mr. Langford at St. : Paul, Minn., in the fall of 1859. He was then cashier in the banking house of his uncles, W. R. Marshall & Co.. and I was in that city in the employ of Wall street parties who intended to start a bank of issue under the laws of Minnesota. The friendship then begun has since continued. Mr. Langford was associated with Captain James L. Fisk in organizing a party of emigrants to cross the country from St. Paul "to Fort Benton, practically upon the line of the present Northern Pacific Railroad, then - an unoccupied wilderness. * "\ The party left St. Paul, 1 May 16th, 1862 and consisted of one hundred and thirty men. women and children, and arrived safely at Fort Benton' Sept. 6th, and were soon scattered among the new mining camps in the mountains. ... Mr. Langford was one of the first at Bannack, and being active and energentic, in company with others erected a saw mill some ten or twelve miles above Bannack, near to fine timber. These ingenious men manu- factured the most of their necessary iron work for the mill from old, worn out wagons which had crossed the plains. In January, 1863, a party of gamblers and roughs from sneer wicked- ness fired into a wikiup of the Sheep Eater tribe of Bannacks, killing an old chief, a lame Indian, a papoose, and a Frenchman named Cazette. "Old Snagg," the chief, was afterward scalped by Buck Stinson. The law abiding citizens arose to the occasion and determined that the roughs who had perpetrated this outrage should be tried, and if found guilty suffer punishment. J. F. Hoyt was elected judge, and twelve good men selected as a jury, among whom were Mr. Langford. W. C. Rheem, REMINISCENCES OF FOUR SCORE YEARS 17 in able lawyer, was assigned as counsel for the accused and the triai proceeded. Mr. Langford was a man of courage and solid worth, and became a marked man, when he voted "guilty" while all his comrades decided to clear the prisoners. The enmity of the road agents against him is easily accounted for, and he narrowly escaped death at their hands. He was the first post master of Bannack, but resigned in 1864 tG become Collector of Internal Revenue of the new territory of Montana. lie was succeeded as post master by Lucius Nims, Jr. Truman C. Everts was Assessor of Internal Revenue. He occupied official positions in Montana until 1876, being appointed governor of the territory by Andy Johnson, but the strained relations then existing between the president and senate, prevented his confirmation to that office. In August, 1870, he with other prominent citizens of the territory or- ganized the Washburn Yellowstone expedition, and through the public press made known to the world the unparalleled phenomina of "Wonder- Land." He was the first superintendent of the National Park, and continued in that position for more than five years without compensation, and pay- ing his own expenses. He is an honorary member of the Historical So- ciety of Montana, to which association he has contributed many valuable books and papers. He is president of the Historical Society of Minnesota, and makes his residence at St. Paul. SAMUEL T. HAUSER. Mr. Hauser was from St. Louis and was a passenger with me on the Emilie in 1862. He was a civil engineer, a strong man both physically and mentally, and became one of the leading men of the new territory. He organized the First National Bank ot Helena, and served as governor of Montana by appointment of Grovci Cleveland. He w r as brave and fearless, and was severely wounded by the Crow Indians in the fight on the Yellowstone in 1863, while a membec of the James Stuart party. In his interesting story of "The^Life and Adventures of Captain Joseph La Barge." (Francis P. Harper, N. Y., 1903) Hiram M. Chittenden, of the United States army, says, "The danger from snags was alw r ays present and sometimes very great, and passage of these obstructions was a matter «jf anxious solicitude on the part of both passengers and officers Less dangerous, but not less annoying, was the passage of shallow bars where there was not sufficient depth to float the boat. This usually occurred at the "crossings" or places where the channel, after having followed one v 'de of the river-bed for a distance, crossed over to the other. In these places the channel generally split up into chutes, none of which might have the required depth of water. The pilot's first step would be to select IS MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE the most promising channel. If this failed, he retreated and tried another." If no channel could be found, some officer of the boat would go out in the yawl, and sound for the deepest water, an if only a few inches in depth was lacking, the steamer would try ''walking." Huge spars would be planted each side the bow, with the tops leaning up the river. By the use of tackle and the "'nigger" engine, the boat would be partially lifted over the bar. At times when a depth of two or three inches more water would float the boat, the wheels were turned backward, thus damming up the water, while the spars and "nigger" engine would pusn her forward. JOHN F. GRANT, popularly known as "Johnny" was son of Captain Richard Grant, who had been an officer of the Hudson Bay company, and was well known as a trader on the old emigrant road. C. P. Higgins, an able and worthy man, married one of Captain Grant's daughters. He and the Grant's settled in the Bitter Root Valley, near Fort Owen in 1857, and at the time of which I write, the Grants were rich in horses and cattle. "Johnny" was perhaps the earliest settler in the beautiful Deer Lodge Valley, and his herds swarmed therein when we first came to it. It was understood that he kept a squaw from each of the surrounding tribes of Indians, and when any approaching party of Indians were dis- covered, their tribal relations were early made out, and all the wives ot other blood were carefully concealed, that no quarrel might result, during the entertainment of the uncles, aunts and cousins, of the wife of the blood of the visitors. Mr. Grant was a kind and generous friend to those whom he trusted, but was harsh with those he disliked. One of the old pioneers was Louis R. Maillet who came into the coun- try with the Stevens surveying party about 1855. He tells the follow- ing story of an incident in the life of "Johnny" Grant. In the winter of 1855, Grant "whose camp was on Beaverhead creek, was in his lodge mak- ing pack saddles, when the brother of one of his Indian wives entered and struck him on his head with a club, saying that his sister had been treated badly and that Grant loved his young Indian wife better than the "»ld one. Grant threw the Indian down and held him, whereupon some squaws ran in armed with knives, and would certainly have killed him, bad not Maillet interfered, knocking down two of them and threatening the others with his pistol if they did not leave. The trouble ended there, and Grant escaped. That night, another brother-in-law, his young wife's brother, arrived in camp. This was Tin-doy, who, Mr. Maillet says, was the bravest Indian he ever saw. Tin-doy rated the Indians roundy and told them that if they ever caused any more trouble he would take a club and knock their brains out. The Indians greatly feared him, and peace was restored in camp." Once when taking four hundred head of cattle for "Johnny" Grant to REMINISCENCES OF FOUR SCORE YEARS 19 California, Mr. Maillet, riding ahead discovered signs of Indians. Wait- ing for his train to come up, he formed the wagons into a corral, near a •small creek, and awaited events. He told his men to load every gun, and await the attack behind the shelter of the wagons. As soon as the In- dians fired, to make a rush before they could have time to load. They were attacked and the scheme worked admirably; the Indians took to ♦.heir heels and escaped to the rocks. He further says ; "Among our party was a young man who lived in California, and who had come east to get himself a wife. He had married a young lady in Philadelphia., a very pretty girl, who did not seem more than sixteen years old. When the at- tack began, the husband had made a place for her between sacks of flour and placed her therein. This same young man was one of the first to run after the Indians. After they were dislodged, we turned towards the wagons and there we met this dear little woman who had followed us. Her husband chided her for leaving her place of security. Her tear- ful reply was that she thought her husband would surely be killed, and if he was, that she wanted to die too. Every man in the outfit instantly fell in love with her and would have died for her. As for myself, I am sure I felt as the others did, for I love her still. We had one man — a Mr. Hall, killed, One Indian was seen to fall, rise and fall again. I do not know if he has risen since or not." BUFFALO. Persons who never saw a large herd of buffalo, can scarcely credit statements made concerning the unlimited number of these awkward, ungainly creatures which once roamed over the great plains. Captain Lewis of the Lewis & Clark expedition says of a herd which he saw on Sun river: "There were at least ten thousand of them within a circle of two miles." Again, of a herd seen on Teton river, near the present town of Ben- ton : "We continued through immense herds of buffalo for twenty miles." His associate, Capt. Clark, writing of buffalo seen on his trip down the Yellowstone: "The herd stretched as thick as they could swim from one side of the river to the other, and the party was obliged to stop for an hour." ^ While making their celebrated portage around the Great Falls of the Missouri, Lewis and Clark say; "They go in great herds to water about the falls, and as the passages to the river near that place are narrow and steep, the foremost are pressed into the river by the impatience of those behind. In this way we have seen ten or a dozen disappear over the falls in a few minutes." The herds were not perceptibly diminished at the time 01 our expedi- tion. I have seen countless multitudes upon the rolling prairies bordering the Missouri River, between old Forts Pierre and Union. At times the wheels of the steamer were stopped for fear of injuring both the paddle ■:■■■ 20 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE wheels, and in consideration for the stupid, bull-headed beasts who blocked the way. More than once when on a boat going down the river have I seen upon the bank below us a large herd grazing close to shore, and as the boat approached they would take fright and run down the stream, trampling down willows and brush as they ran, and coming to some turn in the river keep straight on, plunging over the bank and each other, hundreds upon hundreds, while the boat, unable to stop its progress in season, would strike many under its wheels. When running free upon the prairie, its lumbering gait appears slow,* and extremely awkward, leaning far over to one side, then changing and leaning to the other, like a sail boat in a vigorous breeze. In fact, their progress is rapid, and it takes the very fastest Indian pony to overtake and pass one. In the old days when hunting them with bow and arrows, the pursuer would ride along side and the beast of his selection, and let drive an arrow, and if placed in the right spot he paid no more attention to that particular animal but selected another for his victim. When hunting with the old Hudson Bay flint lock, the Indian carried his bullets in his mouth, and his powder in a horn. When loading he placed the horn in the muzzle of the gun, and let the powder run until he thought he had a charge, then dropped in a bullet which ran down to the powder, while he held the gun nearly perpendicular while riding at utmost speed. Coming along side his victim, he lowered the mizzle of his gun, and fired. If the bullet had not escaped from the gun before it went off, he was in luck. In this way many of the Indians' guns are shortened, which has often been the subject of remark by tenderfeet, the muzzles having been blown off while hunting buffalo. Captain Chittenden in his ''Early Steamboat Navigation on the Mis- souri River," tells a funny story of a buffalo hunt in which Captain Joseph La Barge took part. On one of his trips to the mountain, the men had got pretty tired of the regulation fare on the boat, and longed for fresh meat. His first mate was an Englishman who had never seen a wild buffalo. Soon after they saw four bulls swimming the river. Captain La Barge said, "Man the yawl, John, and I will go with you and we will have a buffalo before we get back." The Captain ordered the men on the steamer to shoot the animals, and he would lasso a wounded one and drag it to the boat. He placed the mate in the bow of the yawl with a Hne> while he took the rudder. The men fired and wounded two buffalos. To reach them the yawl had to pass close to the uninjured ones. To the consternation of the Captain, the mate slipped his noose over the horns of a big bull which had not been wounded. Too late, the Captain shouted that he did not wish to anchor to a live buffalo. "Oh," exclaimed the mate, "he's as good as any." REMINISCENCES OF FOUR SCORE YEARS ai The crew backed the oars, but to no purpose ; away went the bull with the boat, and when he struck the shore, they started across the prairie, but soon the stem of the yawl gave way, being wrenched entirely out of the boat and carried oil* by the beast in his flight. &c. Upon my books I find charged out $3.00 9.00 1. 00 3.00 $6.00 5.00 1. 00 I. OO 34.50 18.00 Tobacco reached $15 per pound for a short time in 1863. In January, 1864, I find the following bill of goods credited to W. A. Clarke, since United States senator, and the celebrated multi-millionaire, then freighting and trading between the mines and Salt Lake City: 2 boxes of butter 299 lbs. $299.00 3 sacks of flour 261 lbs. 208.80 5 sacks of peaches 201 lbs. 160.80 1 box of eggs 120 doz. 120.00 129 lbs. of oats 24.27 PRICES OF PROVISIONS for Thanksgiving dinner, 1863 3 cans of peaches 3 chickens 1 can of oysters 5J lbs. hominy Sold A. J. Oliver & Co. 1 gal. molasses 5 lbs. candles 5 boxes matches 1 tin bucket 23 lbs. butter 60 lbs. meal $812.87 Staples, viz., coal oil and whisky, were ten dollars per gallon. MILK RIVER. On the 8th of May, 1805, Lewis and Clark came to a stream having "a peculiar whiteness, such as might be produced by a tablespoonful of milk in a dish of tea," which they named "Milk River." The stream has retained its name, and as in the early days of steamboat navigation, boats rarely ascended above this point, its valley became the great highway to Fort Benton and beyond. When the railroads were built, the engineers followed the broad trail in their course to the Pacific coast. FIRST NEWSPAPER IN MONTANA. In Vol. Ill, page 300 of the publications of the Historical Societv of Montana, N. H. Webster in 22 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE writing of the Montana Post, which was the first regular newspaper printed in the Territory, says: "This was an excellent paper, the first established in Virginia City. and with the exception of the "News Letter" of Bannack, a small sheet, of short life, the Post was really the first paper in the Territory." The facts are, that I had a small hand press sent out in the spring of 1864 and with it the head lines for a news letter. Using this heading, I published a few numbers giving local news about Bannack, with no in- tention of making the publication a permanent affair. As this was the first attempt at a newspaper in Montana, I claim whatever credit there may be in the matter. I am informed that copies are on file in the archives of the Historical Society. TRUMAN C. EVERTS came to Montana in 1864 bearing the appoint- ment of Assessor of Internal Revenue. He made his headquarters at my store in Bannack, and was a cultured gentleman and proved an efficient officer. In 1870 he joined the Washburn expedition to the Yellowstone Lake country. Wholly devoid of skill in woodcraft, he managed to stray from his companions while in the wilderness, and for thirty-seven days wandered alone without blankets or arms, a portion of the time scarcely sane, living upon thistle roots, and dogged for hours by a mountain lion. He at length was found by a party which had been sent out for his rescue. He died at Hyattsville, Md., February 16th. 1901, aged 85 years. See his relation, Scribner's Magazine, November, 187 1. THE FIRST SCHOOL IN MONTANA. Miss Lucia Darling, niece of Governor Edgerton, taught the first school established in what is now Montana. It was opened in a room of the log cabin of her uncle, in the fall of 1863. When looking for a place in which to open her school, Miss Darling and her uncle called upon one patriotic citizen and explained their business. He said, "Yes, glad of it; d d shame, children running around in the streets ; ought to be in school ; I'll do anything I can to help her, she can have this room ; I'll give it to her cheap. She can have it for fifty dollars a month ; it's dirt cheap !" Miss Darling gathered about about twenty pupils. She afterwards became Mrs. S. W. Park of Warren, Ohio. Mrs. Park died August 18th.. 1905. MARYHARROD NORTHEND AUTHORITY AND WRITER OX COLONIAL HOMES OF NEW ENGLAND Charles Arthur Higgins, LL. M. The winning of victory out of almost years of defeat is what impressed me most strongly as the accomplishment of one Massachusetts woman, Mary Harrod Northend, the famous authority and writer upon Amer- ican historical and colonial homes, and their settings and furnishings. In the quaint old side street of Lynde in Salem, I found Miss Northend surrounded by her inherited and accumulated treasures. Here we talked of her early struggles, her successes and her hopes. 1 found a bright, happy little woman with sparkling eyes and ready voice, which belied the gathering crown of silver about the brow of this clever, determined piece of interesting femininity. The author relates that in girlhood and young womanhood, she was a semi-invalid, and consequently her school days were brief and intermit- tant. She had reached a mature age, when, after various efforts toward self-support, an incident in her social life led her to attempt literary work. It was after a house party, some dozen years ago that Miss Northend was searching for someone to record the occasion in verse; she could find no one, and was forced to do it herself. Miss Northend says that she turned out a couple of bits of "doggerel'' but they were accepted as "poems," and from that period she determined to enter the literary field in earnest. She relates that her intimates, knowing her educational defi- ciencies, frankly endeavored to discourage her. saying it would be wasted effort, and for a time their prophecies seemed true. Her manuscripts were politely returned by magazine editors, with her autograph and address cut from the page and pasted on the outside of the envelope, because they could not decipher the writing nor, probably, read any of the contents. A typewriter was the ultimate remedy for that. 23 24 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Then Miss Northend began a campaign in the magazine departments of the metropolitan dailies and received her first encouragement some dozen years ago from the Sunday editor of the Boston Herald. Her kodak furnished the first illustrations but were far from satisfactory and the embryo author was wise enough to devote her energies to the story side. .Later she hired a professional photographer to accompany her on copy- producing excursions. By polishing and repolishing her efforts, this woman of meagre educational opportunities, has brought herself in fifteen years to a position of known ability and recognized authority, and to a point where the demand for her work is beyond her physical powers. Last year over one hundred and fifty articles were published in various magazines that appear in every household. Her second book, ''Historic Homes of New England, " followed quickly after her earlier work, "Colo- nial Homes and Their Furnishings. " Each is a pretentious volume of beauty and rich with a wealth of illustrations. Through the urging of her publishers, Little, Brown & Co., Miss Xortbend brought out the earlier volume in seven weeks time, an act made possible only by the existence of the most wonderful collection of negatives in the country, bearing upon colonial and historic homes, which now numbers nearly sixteen thousand. Her work is most often seen in the Ladies Home Journal, to which she is a constant contributor. But some thirty-seven different periodicals have a call for her work. At the present time she has in preparation two articles for the Century, one on the "Value of Summer Camps," and another on "North Shore Gardens"; also an article for the Outlook, "Why Mothers Should Send Their Girls to Summer Camps." Her third book, which is now "on the ways" will be devoted to the subject of "Remodeled Farm Houses", to embrace not only New England houses, but examples in other states as well. While Miss Northend's writings are familiar to the average reader, yet her principal feature is photographic work for magazines, and much of her time, more especially during the summer months, is devoted to travel- ling- all over New England getting beautiful homes, grounds, and other pictures to be used during the winter months, taking from 2000 to 3000 pictures each year. She claims that much of her success in this work resulted from the fact that she always gives personal supervision to everything, and while it en- tails an immense amount of work and takes a great deal of time, yet the i, . , u , , i , , . A , , , ■ ^ " ,iB, f ,, i h^ i ,. ii i , ., i n i .,.i ..jBlg^ip^i pppp t gpa^ ■ ^^^.i^^-^^^-^^ — .,M%>^tf>,».itoj ..."~*. fttri'm i, tfffm MttTi Si.rfrrWrt^ii^Wiiri'''^'''"^ • Mary Herrod Northend WHO HAS HAD A REMARKABLE RISE AS MAGAZINE CONTRIBUTOR, AND AUTHOR *6 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE So this brief sketch proves that efforts that were at first considered the riding of a hobby, have passed into the full position of an honorable profes- sion. For Miss Northend's boundaries of research, description and illustra- tion are not limited to the exterior or interiors of four walls, but to every -detail connected with the fitting. Chapters are written on doorknockers or andirons; wall papers receive historic treatment that is educational, gate- ways, lintels, windows, stairways, fireplaces, porticoes, china, glassware. silver, pewter, furniture and draperies, as well as the gardens and walks, have received that dignified treatment that causes her articles and works to be read by the architect, the designer, the expert in every furnishing trade and profession, and sought after by the historian, the student, the artist and the booklover of every degree. Wisely this little lady early resolved to break the rigors of her constant labor by bringing to her side pleasant friends and enlightening converse, and so each Friday evening finds gathered in her rooms, a select coterie of literary and artistic workers, happy over Miss Northend's brewing of the tea. COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT Colonel John Paterson's Minute Men's and militia Regiment, April 19, 1775. Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, May-June 1775. Colonel John Paterson's 26tii Regiment, Army of the United Colonies, July-December, 1775. By Frank A. Gardner, M D. Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, which responded to the Lexington Alarm of April 19, 1776, was made up of Minute Men and Militia from Berkshire County. The Regiment was composed of seven companies with officers as follows: Captains Peter Porter Charles Dibble William Goodridge Thomas Williams David Rossiter Asa Barnes David Noble First Lieutenants Moses Ashley Simeon Smith David Pixley Josiah Arnold Ebenezer Smith Thomas Nichols Joseph Welch Second Lieutenants Silas Childs Amos Porter Oringh Stoddard "Ensign Caleb Smith Josiah Wright . . . - A list of the Field and Staff officers from April 22nd to May 7th con- tains the following: Colonel John Paterson Lietenant Colonel Seth Reed Major Jeremiah Cady Adjutant Enoch Woodbridge Chaplain David Avery Surgeon Timothy Childs Surgeon's Mate Jonathan Lee Quartermaster Gerard Fitch Lenox Uxbridge Gageborough April 22 April 20- April 22 April 22- 27 '• - 28 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE .Under date of May 26, 1775, we find the following: •'Capt. I. W. Kilton Capt. Will. Wyman Capt. Joseph Morse Capt. Sam. Sloan Capt. Chas. Dibble Capt. Will Gutteridge Capt. David Noble Capt. Thomas Williams Capt. Watkins Capt. Gibbs 56 47 49 52 38 58 53 47 43 35 John r A return of Colonel Paterson's Regiment, Field Officers: John Paterson, Colonel. Seth Reed, Lieutenant-Colonel. Jeremiah Cady, Major. 481 Paterson." May 27, 1775. Captains Lieutenants Ensigns Samuel Kelton John Bacon Nahum Powers 56 Wm. Wyman Sam'l Chapin Peter White 45 Joseph Moss Wm. Bowdoin (Recruiting) 47 Sam'l Sloan Zebediah Sabin Enos Parker 49 Chas. Dibbell Simeon Smith 59 Wm. Goodridge David Pixley 59 David Noble Joseph Welch Josiah Wright 5o Thomas Williams Orange Stoddard Ashley 44 Nathan Watkins Wm. Clark Sam'l Wilcocks 34 -Capt. Bliss - 33 496 Commission officers not included." A similar list found in the Archives 2y, Page 201, gives the following additions or variations : "Timothy Childs, Surgeon. John Lee, Surgeon's Mate. Lt. Moses Ashley, in Captain Thomas William's Company. COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 29 Lt. John Compston, in Captain Bliss's Company. Ensign Orange Stoddard, in Captain Tromas William's Company. Ensign Francis Cabot, in Captain Bliss's Company." "Capt. John McKinster of Nobletown took out inlisting orders from Capt. Charles Dibbell in Col. Patterson's Regiment, we suppose this Com- pany to be full & near if not quite compleat as to arms & may be ex- pected here this week. Capt. Douglas at Jerico took inlisting orders as above, we suppose his Company to be full* & arms sufficient, this company may be extected here by next Monday at fartherest. Capt. In- gersol's Company may be expected every hour, he took our inlisting Or- ders from Capt. Wm. Guttridge in Collo. Patter-on's Regiment & is now on his March, supposed to be full and compleat with arms. Capt. Pratt we hear is gone, or proposes to go to the Northward. Capt. Strong we are doubtful whether he will get his Company full. John Pateroon, Wm. Goodridge. Cambridge, June 13, 1775." On the morning of June 17.. 1775, when news of the landing of the Brit- ish troops in Charlestown reached Cambridge, General Artemas Ward re- served his own regiment, Paterson's, Gardner's, and part of Bridges's Regiments, to be prepared for an attack on Cambridge, when he ordered the remainder of the Massachusetts forces to Charlestown. Colonel Pat- erson's regiment marched to the battle in the afternoon, and one man in the regiment was wounded. June 26, 1775, "whereas Capt. Mackenster of Spencer and Capt. Porter of Becket have Inlisted each a Company of men on the Establishment of this Colony and Not joyned as yet to any Regiment. Resolved, That the Said Company be Joyned to Colo. John Pattison's Regiment, how sta- tioned at Cambridge immediately, Provided Sd Companys are full or near full and that Each man is equipt with a good and sufficient firelock and join their regiment as soon as may be passed." The towns represented in this regiment are shown in the following list: Captains Jno. McKinstry. Sam'l Sloan, Williamstown, E. Hoosac, etc., Sharon, Nobletown. Wm. Goodridge, Stockbridge 32 Indians). ( Theo.Bliss, Boston, Pepperillboro. Sam'l Kilton, Needham, Newton, etc., etc. AO MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Wm. Wyman, Uxbridge, Boston, Mendon, etc., etc. Nathan Watkins, Partridgefield, Gageborough, Plainfield, No. 5, etc., etc. Jos. Morse, Xatick, Roxbury, Medway, Sherborn, etc. Chas. Dibble, Lenox, Stockbridge, Glass-works, etc., etc. David Noble, Pittsfield, Richmond, etc. Thos. Williams, Stockbridge, W. Stockbridge, Becket, Hartwood. A list dated July 15, 1775, gives the nafes of the following officers on recruiting duty: Lt. Zebadiah Sabin Lt. Moses Ashley. Lt. Wm. Boden. Lt. Wm. Clark. Capt. Chas. Dibbell. Lt. John Wyman. Capt. Wm. Goodrich. Tehoiakim Mtojhksin. Lieut. John Bacon. July 22, 1775, Colonel Paterson's Regiment was assigned to Brigadier General Heath's Brigade. Major General Israel Putnam's Division. This regiment, which was at that time at No. 3 "to take post at No. 1 and the redoubt between that and No. 2." "An abstract due to the Field & Staff Officers of ye 26th Rg't from ye 1st day of May to ye 1st day of August, 1775, one day included together with ye Place John Paterson, Lenox, Colonel, eng. May 7. Seth Reed, Uxbridge, Lt. Col., eng. May 7. Jeremiah Cady, Gageborough, Major. David Avery, Gageborough, Chaplain. , Adjutant. Gerard Fitch, Stockbridge, Ot. Mr. Timo. Childs, Pittsfield, Surgeon. Jona. Lee, Pittsfield, Surgeon's Mate." List dated August 1, 1775. September 30, 1775, the regiment was stationed at "Number Three." A list of officers of the Regiment dated August 6, 1775, is identical with the above list of August 1st, with the exception that the Adjutant COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 31 is given as William Walker of Lenox. A return made October 18, 1775, shows that the Regiment was still at "Number Three." "Province of Massachusetts Bay. To the Honorable Council & House of Representatives. In General Court at Watertown Assembled. Gentm. The Petition of Us the Subscribers humbly Showeth that we have been at past of the Trouble and Expence of raising Several Com- panies in the 26th Reg't of Foot in the Continental Army, Commanded Col. John Paterson & marching them to camp & have Serv'd as Officers in said Reg't had encouragment of being Commissioned as such, but through Neglect have not yet Rec'd such Commission. We therefore Humbly pray this Honorable Court if they in their great Wisdom Should think fit to grant us Commissions accordingly & your Petitioners as in Duty shall Ever Pray. • John McKinstry, Captain. Wm. Walker, Adjutant. Thorn. McKinstry, 1st Lt. John Pennoyer, 2d Lt. Jed. Sanger, 2d Lt. Amos Porter. 2d Lt. Wm. Watkins, 2nd Lt. Jacob Lyon, 2d Lt. Edw. Compston, 2d Lt. This may certify that the within named Officers have served in their respective offices during the Summer Past. John Paterson, Col. 26th Reg't. October 23, 1775. Commission recommended by Council October 31. 1775." This regiment took part in the engagement at Lechmere Point on the <<th of November, 1775, and the part which they played caused General Washington to write as follows: ''The alacrity of the rifle men and officers upon the occasion did them honor, to which Colonel Paterson's Regiment, and some others, were properly entitled." He praised them in the general orders of the next day. Two companies belonging to this regiment, under the command of 32 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Captains William Goodrich and Thomas Williams, both of Stockbridge, went on Arnold's Quebec expedition. The large number of Indians in these companies was probably the especial reason for their selection. They were both in Major Roger Enos's Battalian as the expedition was first organized, and when at Fort Western, a reorganization was made, Captain Goodrich's Company was in Major Return Jonathan Meig's Third Division and Captain Williams's Company in Lieut. Colonel Roger Enos's Fourth Division. The division under the command of Major Enos after reaching Dead River returned with the report that on account of a serious lack of provisions they were not able to proceed. Captain Williams's returned in this section of the expedition but Captain Goodrich with his company reached Quebec, where he was taken prisoner as narrated in the biographical sketch in the second section of this article. Lieutenant John Cumpston, of Saco, Maine District, was also a member of Arnold's Que- bec expedition, from Colonel Paterson's Regiment. Nine of the officers of this regiment had seen service in the French war or the Militia, before the Revolution. The following ranks were at- tained by officers of this regiment during their service in the war: one major general, one colonel, two lieutenant- colonels, four majors, nineteen captains, eleven first lieutenants, six second lieutenants, two ensigns, one adjutant (rank not given), one surgeon and one surgeon's mate. The strength of this regiment during the year is shown in the follow- ing table: Com. Off. Staff. Non Com. Rank and file. Total 32 . 64 440 536 19 4 53 409 485 . 34 5 57 5o6 602 33 5 57 445 540 25 .5 48 407 485 27 4 54 432 5*7 28 3 49 459 539 Date x June 9 July Aug. 18 Sept. 23 Oct. 17 Nov. 18 Dec. 30 COLONEL JOHN Ruth (Bird) Paterson. 1744- 1762. PATERSON was the son of Colonel John and He was born in Farmington, Connecticut, in He fitted for college in his native town, and graduated at Yale in A few weeks after his graduation his father died in Havana, Cuba, whether he had gone in command of a company of picked men from Farmington and Whethersfield, a part of the army under command of Lord Albemarle. The son John studied law, teaching school in the mean- COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 33 time. He soon became distinguished in his profession, and in 1774 re- moved to Lenox, Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Soon after his ar- rival he was chosen Clerk of the Propriety. He represented the town in the General Court in May, 1774, and was made a selectman and assessor. "Mr. John Paterson" represented the Town of Lenox in the first Provin- cial Congress in October, 1774. October 25, 1774, he was chairman of a Committee of Progress "to inquire into the state of all the stores in the commissiary general's office." "John Paterson, Esq." was the representa- tive from Lenox to the Second Provincial Congress, held in February, 1775. February 9th he was chairman of a committee "to report a resolve for the publication of the names of all those who have been appointed counsellors by mandamus, and have refused to resign their appointments." On the 10th he was a member of a committee "to revise the commission of the committee of safety, and the commission of the committee of sup- plies, and point out what amendments, if any, are necessary." Three days later Colonel Paterson was appointed on a committee "to bring in a resolve for inquiring into the state of the militia, their numbers and equipments, and recommending to the selectmen of the several towns and districts in this Province to make return of their own town and district, stock of ammunition and warlike stores, to this Congress." In the records of the same day we read : "Ordered, That Col. Paterson bring in a re- solve appointing an agent, for. and in behalf of this Province, to repair to the Province of Quebec and there establish a correspondence to collect and transmit to us the best and earliest intelligence that can be obtained of the sentiments and determination of the inhabitants of that Province with regards to the late actions of Parliment or any other imporant mat- ters that do or may effect the colonies in their present dispute with Great Britain." On the following day, he, with Mr. Bigelow and Colonel Henshaw were directed "to bring in a resolve, directing and empowering the Com- mittee of correspondence in the Town of Boston to establish an intimate correspondence with the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec," etc. A committee of Congress, April 1, 1775 was directed "to pay the sum of. twenty-three pounds, lawful money, into the hands of Colonel John Paterson and Capt. William Goodridge, to be employed in purchasing a number of blankets and some ribbons which they are to present to the Indians enlisted as aforesaid, viz : one blanket and one yard of ribbon to each person, that is or may be enlisted; and in case the whole of the 34 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE money should not be employed in the purchase of the aforesaid, they are to be accountable for the residue." A letter from the Congress of appre- ciation to the Indians for their offers of service and sympathy was ad- dressed "To Jehoiakin Mtohksin, and the rest of our brethren, the Indians, natives of Stockbridge ;" and Colonel Paterson with two others was or- dered to draft a letter to the Reverend Mr. Kirkland, and an address to the Chief of the Mohawk Indian Tribe. This letter was presented to the Congress three days later, and on the same date it was "ordered" that Captain Goodridge apply to Colonel Paterson "in regard to a motion which Captain Goodridge had presented for 'liberty' to augment his company to one hundred men, and that they be considered as rangers." Colonel Paterson was to "consult the field officers of those regiments of militia, from which said company is to be enlisted." •Upon receipt of the news of the Lexington alarm Colonel Paterson assembled members of his regiment, and on April 22, 1775, marched with them to Cambridge. April 24, 1775, he was appointed one of a committee "to attend the committee of safety, and let them know the names of offi- cers .... belonging to the Minute Men and such as are most suitable for office in the Army now raising." May 5, 1775, he was engaged as Colonel of the 12th Regiment, Provincial Army. On the 8th of May Colonel Paterson, with two others was appointed on a Committee "to give notice to such members of this Congress as are now at Cambridge and Roxbury, and other absent members whom we can notify that a matter of greatest importance is to be taken into consideration at three o'clock tomorrow afternoon and to direct their attendance at that time." A com- mission was granted to him by this Congress before its close, May' 29, 1775, as Colonel of the Regiment. "Resolved, that Colonel Asa Whitcomb be directed to pay the advance pay of those Companies in Colonel Paterson's Regiment, who came from the County of Berkshire, out of the first money he may receive from the Receiver General." (June 4, I775-) The record of Colonel Paterson and his men at Bunker Hill has already been given in the historical section of this article. The army was reor- ganized in July and Colonel Paterson's Regiment became the 26th in the Army of the United Colonies. During the remainder of the year this regiment did excellent service in the seige of Boston. When the Con- tinental Army was formed in January, 1776, Colonel Paterson was given command of the 15th Regiment. After the evacuation of Boston by the i V 698876 COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 35 British, Colonel Paterson was ordered with his regiment to New York, and they marched on the 18th of .March. He was stationed with his men for a short time on Staten Island, where they remained for a short time, as a part of the defensive force of New York, for on April 21st they sailed from New York up the Hudson as one of the regiments ordered to relieve the Americans in Canada. Early in May they were in Montreal where they suffered severely from small pox, and a general vaccination was or- dered. He was engaged with his regiment, in the battle of The Cedars, where they met with a heavy loss in killed and wounded, and sixty-seven were taken prisoners. In June they retreated by way of Crown Point and Ticonderoga. During the summer he remained with his regiment at Fort Independence opposite Ticonderoga, and on September 22nd was ordered to Fort George. On November 18th they were ordered to em- bark at Lake George on their way south. He had only 331 men fit for duty on November 19, 1776. They left Albany, December 3rd, and reached Peakskill December 8th. When he reached Washington's Army which was retreating through New Jersey, he reported with only 220 out of the 600 men who had left for the northern campaign in April. He took part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and when the army was reorganized in January, 1777, he was given command of the First in that service, but on the 16th of February, 1777, Congress promoted him to the rank of Brigadier General, and he received his commission on the 31st, and was assigned to the Northern Department. Colonel Joseph Vose was appointed to command his regiment. General Paterson left at once for Ticonderoga. In the first battle of Stillwater, September 19, 1777, his brigade with that of Generals Glover V and Nixon's formed the right wing in the American Army. In the second battle of Bemis's Heights, October 7th, he with his troops, assaulted the entrenchments of Balcarras, being driven back from under the heavy fire of the grape and musket balls. Rallying the troops of his own and Glover's and Learned's Regi- ments, he attacked the great redoubt, and drove the British Light In- fantry, finally carrying the works. He was wounded, but he secured the victory. He remained on duty, however, during the strenudus days which preceded the surrender of Burgoyne. During the winter of I777~8 he was at Valley Forge with his brigade. General Patterson with his brigade performed distinguished services in the battle of Monmouth by repelling the attacks of General Clinton. At White Plains, General Pater- son's Brigade, composed of the 10th, nth, 12th and 14th Regiments^ ' 36 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Massachusetts Line, was known as the 3rd Massachusetts Brigade. Dur- ing the winter of 1778-9 General Paterson's Brigade was stationed at West Point, the command of that post having been given to him. From then, on to the close of the war, he was constantly in the Highlands, and frequently commanded at West Point, notably during the winters of 1777-8, 1778-9, 1779-80. During the winter of 1780-81 he was under General Heath, and 1781-2 he was under General McDougall. On Sep- tember 30, 1783 George Paterson was commissioned a Major General. Thomas Egleston in his "Life of Major General John Paterson'' says : "He left the Army in December, 1783, having remained in service con- tinually since he was appointed Colonel. He was one of the last Generals to leave the Army. On his retirement he was granted half pay for life. .... With the exception of Lafayette, he was the youngest officer of his rank in the Revolutionary War, and he had the complete confidence of his superiors, not only as a patriot and a soldier, but as a man of sound judgment. His early experience as a lawyer and as a leader ol men had ripened his judgment and given to his mind his judicial charac- ter." He was one of the original members of the Society of the Cincinnati formed in January, 1783. When the Massachusetts Society was formed in June of that year, General Paterson presided. After the war he re- turned to Lenox, and built the house which, in 1894, was occupied by his great-grandson, Thomas Egleston of New York. During Shay's Re- bellion in 1786-7 he headed a detachment of Berkshire Militia ordered out for its suppression. After peace was restored, he resumed the prac- tice of his profession. In 1790, General Paterson became one of the proprietors of the "Boston Purchase" consisting of 230,400 acres of Broome and Tioga County, New York, and in the following year, he removed to Lisle, now known as Whitney's Point. He held many offices in this new section, and was the first judge and first representative to the State Leg- islature from the new county. From October 7, 1803, to March 3, 1805, he was Representative in the United States Congress from Tioga County. Broome County was set off from Tioga in 1806, and May 13th of that year he was made Chief Justice of the new county, serving during the remainder of. his life. Professor Egleston wrote of him as follows: "General Paterson was six feet, one and one-half inches in height, and well proportioned, of graceful carriage and commanding mein. He was a nervous, quick, active man, and a great pedestrian. While County Judge he would often walk eighteen miles to Binghampton to hold his % COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 37 court rather than to go to the field and catch a horse to ride. While in the army he served as a drill officer. He was diffident, retiring of habit, never putting himself forward or importuning for place. Duty was first with him, whether he received censure or praise for doing it. He always had the force of law with him. In all his relations he main- tained the strictest interpretation of the propriety and order, and he never forgot that he was a gentleman. " He died at Lisle, New York, July 19, 1808, aged 64 years. A monument tablet to his memory was erected in Trinity Church in Lenox by his great-grandson, Thomas Egleston, in 1887. LIEUTENANT COLONEL SETH REED of Uxbridge was prob- ably the son of Lieutenant John Reed of the same town, who was born March 6, 1748. April 19, 1775, he was engaged as Major in Colonel Eb- enezer Learned's Regiment, serving five days. May 7, 1775, he was en- gaged as Lieutenant Colonel in Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Continental Army. May 30th and 31st, 1775, he was reported "Field Offi- cer of the main Guards." When the Army was reorganized in July, 1775, he was appointed Lieutenant Colonel under the same command in the 26th Regiment, Army of the United Colonies and served through the year. MAJOR JEREMIAH CADY of Gageborough, was Captain of a Gage- borough Company in Colonel Williams's "North Berkshire" Regiment, in July, 177 1. He was appointed Major of Colonel John Paterson's Regi- ment, April 22, 1775. A few days later he became Major of Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army. AYhen the Army of the United Colonies was formed in July he held the same rank in the 26th Regiment, under the same commander, and served through the year. In a letter from General Schuyler dated Jan. 28, 1776, mention was made of Major Cady as commanding a "Corp." ADJUTANT ENOCH WOODBRIDGE of Stockbridge was appointed to the office April 22, 1775. He served through May 7, 1775. From Janu- ary 1, 1777 to November 20, 1778, he was quartermaster of Colonel Seth Warner's Additional Continental Regiment. ADJUTANT WILLIAM WALKER of Lenox, held that rank in this Regiment as shown by a list of Field and Staff Officers of Colonel John 38 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Paterson's 26th Regiment, Army of the United Colonies, dated October 69 l 77S- J ust when he entered the service we do not know, but we are certain that he had held the office during the summer, from a communi- cation addressed to Geenral Washington, signed by James Otis in behalf of council to General Washington (dated January I, 1775.) In this recom- mendation that a commission be granted, the statement was made that the officers whose names were mentioned had served during the "sum- mer past." January 1, 1776, he became First Lieutenant in Colonel John Paterson's 15th Regiment in the Continental Army. QUARTERMASTER. GERARD (also given GARED) FITCH of Stockbridge, was appointed to that office, April 22, 1775, and served through the year under Colonel Paterson in his three regiments; the Lex- ington Alarm Regiment, 12th Regiment in the Provincial Army, and from July to December in the 26th Regiment, Army of the United Colonies. During 1776 he was Quartermaster of Colonel John Paterson's 15th Regi- ment in the Continental Army. CHAFLAIN DAVID AVERY of Gageborough (Winsor) was en- gaged to serve in Colonel Paterson's Regiment, April 22, 1775, and he served through the year on Colonel Paterson's staff. February 15, 1777,. he became Chaplain of Colonel Henry Sherburne's Additional Regiment. August 15, 1778, he was appointed Chaplain of the 4th Massachusetts Brigade. He resigned March 4, 1780. SURGEON TIMOTHY CHILDS of Pittsneld was the son of Captain Timothy and Mary (Wells) Childs. He was born in Deerfield, April 9, 1748. On the Lexington Alarm of April 19, 1775 ne marched as Lieuten- ant in Captain David Noble's Company in Colonel John Paterson's Regi- ment. May 7, 1775, he was engaged as Surgeon in Colonel John Pater- son's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, and he held the same rank through the year on the staff of this commander. During 1776 he was Surgeon in Colonel John Paterson's 15th Regiment in the Continental Army. The following tribute is paid to him in the Child's Genealogy: "He was an ardent advocate of the people's rights, and of our Republican form of government. During the struggle for Independence, he participated ac- tively and zealously, by every means in his power, to promote the views and obects of the most eminentlv successful and useful. As a physician, COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 39 Doctor Childs was eminently successful. As a public man he was able . ... As a testimony of the people's confidence, they for many years elected him to represent them in the Legislature of Massachusetts, both in the House and in the Senate." According to Heitman's "Historical Register of the Officers of the Continental Army" he died February 25, 1821. But the Childs Genealogy gives his age at death as 76 years. SURGEON'S MATE JONATHAN LEE of Pittsfield served in this regiment from April 22, ly 75 at least through July of that year, and in all probability through the year. During 1776 he held the same rank in Colonel Paterson's 15th Regiment in the Continental Army. CAPTAIN ASA BARNES of Lanesborough marched in command of a company in this regiment on April 22, 1775. During 1776 he was Cap- tain in Colonel Paul Dudley Sargent's 16th Regiment, Continental Army. April 29, 1775 he enlisted in Colonel Ruggles Woodbridge's Regiment, and commanded a company in that organization through the year. A bio- graphical sketch of this officer has been given in'the Massachusetts Maga- zine, Volume 4, Page 40. CAPTAIN THOMAS THEODORE BLISS of Boston enlisted as an officer in this regiment April 20, 1775, and served under Colonel Paterson through the year. During 1776 he was Captain in Colonel John Pater- son's 15th Regiment, Continental Army. Pie was taken prisoner at The Cedars, May 18, 1776, released on the following day, and retaken on the day after that. January 1, 1777, he became Captain in Colonel John Lamb's Second Regiment, Continental Artillery. He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Monmouth on the 28th of June, 1778, and was exchanged in December of that year. He rejoined his company and served to June, 1783. CAPTAIN CHARLES DIBBLE of Lenox, held that rank in a com- pany of Minute Men of this Regiment, and marched in response to the Lexington alarm or April 19, 1775. Soon after his arrival at Cambridge, he returned to Berkshire County, and enlisted five full companies, three of which joined the army at Cambridge, and two the army that went to the Northward. He went to Albany and purchased firearms and blankets for the army at Cambridge. April 23, 1778, he was commissioned Captain in Colonel David Rosseter's Third Berkshire County Regiment. October 40 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE 14, 1780, he reentered service in the last named regiment, and served until October 21, 1780, on an alram to the Northward. CAPTAIN (WILLIAM) DOUGLAS of Hancock, took enlisting or- ders at Jericho, according to a letter of Colonel John Paterson's dated Cambridge, June 13, 1775, but this regiment being full. Col. Paterson en- gaged that they should join Colonel Henshaw's Regiment. CAPTAIN WILLIAM GOODRICH of Stockbridge commanded a company of Minute Men, containing thirty-two Indians, which marched in response to the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775, from Stockbridge and Glass Works. May 5, 1775, he was engaged to serve in Colonel John Paterson's Twelfth Regiment, Provincial Army. He was one of the officers of this regiment who went to Quebec and was taken prisoner there. From March 1, 1777, he served as Major in Colonel John Pater- son's Brigade, and received his commission June 26, 1777. From October 23, to November 7, 1780, he served as Major in command of Captain Enoch Noble's Company on the Bennington alarm. CAPTAIN GIBBS. In a list dated May 26, 1775, signed by Colonel John Paterson, the name of Captain Gibbs appears with thirty-five men credited to his company. No other record of a Captain Gibbs in connec- tion with this regiment has been found. CAPTAIN INGERSOLL. In the above mentioned list there also appears the name of Captain Ingersoll but owing to the fact that this regiment was full he was to join Colonel Henshaw's Regiment. CAPTAIN SAMUEL KILTON of Needham marched as Sargeant in Captain Aaron Smith's Company of Militia, Colonel William Heath's Regiment on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. Five days later he was engaged as Captain in Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, and served through the year. CAPTAIN JOHN McKINSTRY of Nobletown was a private in Lieu- tenant David Black's Company of South Hampshire County Regiment which marched for the relief of Fort William Henry in 1757. In Decem- ber, 1760, he was an invalid on the Albany road returning from the West- William Shepherd's Company. From March 30 to November 1, 1762, he ward. From June 15 to December 1, 1751, he was a private in Captain served as a private under the last named commander, residence Blandford. In these last two records of service he is described as the son of John COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 41 McKinstry. May 5, 1775 he was engaged as Captain in Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, and served through the year. During 1776 he was Captain in Colonel John Paterson's 15th Regiment, Continental Army. CAPTAIN JOSEPH MORSE (MOSS) of Natick, was the son ot Captain David and Sarah (Dyer) Morse. He was born in Natick, Janu- ary 1, 1739-40. March 7th, 1760 he enlisted as a private in Captain Jones's Company. From March 28th to December 4th, 1760, he was a Sergeant in Captain William Jones's Company. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775, he marched as Captain of a company of Colonel Samuel Bul- lard's Regiment, and five days later he was engaged as Captain in Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, serving through the year. During 1776, he was Captain in Colonel William Prescott's 7th Regiment, Continental Army. During 1777 he was Captain in Colonel Rufus Putnam's Fifth Regiment, Massachusetts Line, and from November II, 1778 to December 15, 1779, the date of his death, he was Major in Colonel William Brad- ford's 14th Regiment, Massachusetts Line. His widow was allowed half pay to December 1786. See Massachusetts Magazine, Volume 1, Page 248. CAPTAIN JEHOIAKIM MTOJHKSIN (MTOHKSIN) of Stock- bridge, was engaged as Second Lieutenant in Captain William Goodrich's Company of Indians, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, April 23, 1775. He was called Captain in a list of recruiting officers of this regiment, dated July 15, 1775, said list being reproduced in IV Force II, page 1372 He was probably the man of the same name who served as a private in Captain David Pixley's Stockbridge Company, Colonel John Brown's Third Berkshire County Regiment in June and July, 1775. CAPTAIN DAVID NOBLE of Pittsfield was a private in Captain Ezra Clapp's Company of the South Hampshire Regiment on the alarm at Fort William Henry in August, 1757. From August 6th to the 30th, 1759, he was in Captain John Bancroft's Company, Brigadier General Ruggles's Regiment. In July, 1771, he was Lieutenant in Captain Israel Stoddard's (Pittsfield West) Company, Colonel William Williams's Regi- ment. He built the school house in the Western district of Pittsfield, in 1765. He served on a partiotic Committee in Pittsfield before the Revo- lution. In April, 1775, as a resident of Westford he organized a Com- pany of Minute Men in Pittsfield and led them on the news of the Lex- ington alarm. April 29, 1775, he was engaged as Captain in Colonel John Paterson's Twelfth Regiment, Provincial Army. December 3L I775, he P • 42 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE led a company belonging to Colonel John Paterson's Fifteenth Regiment, Continental Army from Pittsfield toward Boston, thence via New York to Canada. At Crown Point in June, 1776, he was taken with small-pox and died in the following month, having written home a long letter to his wife under date of July 1, 1776. CAPTAIN PETER PORTER of Becket was probably the man of that name who was a resident of Berkley. He was a private in Captain Na- thaniel Blake's Company from April 10th to November 8th, 1755. Travel was allowed him from Albany home. He was Captain of a Company of Minute Men in Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775; service one month, one and one-half days, after which he returned home. May 3, 1776 he was commissioned Captain in Colonel Benjamin Symonds's Second Berkshire County Regi- ment. In December, 1776, he was a Captain in Colonel Samuel Brewer's Regiment. From April 26, to May 20, 1777, he again commanded a Com- pany in Colonel Benjamin Symonds's Second Berkshire County Regi- ment. From July 10th to 25th, 1777, he was a Captain in Colonel John Brown's Third Berkshire County Regiment. From September 22nd to October II, 177, he commanded a company in the same regiment on the Bennington alarm, and this company escorted 169 prisoners to Spring- field. July 1, 1778, he was engaged as Captain in command of a detach- ment from General Fellows's Berkshire County Brigade, serving under Brigadier General Stark at Albany until his discharge, April 31, 1778. CAPTAIN PRATT. This name appears on a list of officers in Colonel Paterson's Regiment, June 13, 1775. CAPTAIN DAVID ROSSITER of Richmond was born about I73 6 - He was a Lieutenant in Captain Elijah Brown's (Richmond) Regiment, in Colonel William Williams's Regiment in July, 1771. He commanded a Company of Minute Men in Colonel John Paterson's Regiment which marched on the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775, and served to May 22, 1775. January 30, 1776 he was chosen by ballot in the House of Repre- sentatives, First Major in Colonel Benjamin Symonds's Second Berkshire County Regiment, receiving his commission February 7, 1776. April 4» 1777, he was chosen by ballot, Lieutenant Colonel of Colonel John Brown's Third Berkshire Regiment. February 5, 1778, upon the resignation of Colonel Brown he was chosen Colonel in his stead. From October 12th to 24th, 1781, he served as Colonel in command of a detachment of militia raised to reinforce the Army under General Stark at Saratoga. He died in Richmond, March 8, 1818, aged 75 years, (a. j6 f Gr. S.) (To be Continued) This is the fifteenth and last instalment of the series on Massachusetts Pioneers to Michigan. MASSACHUSETTS PIONEERS MICHIGAN SERIES. By Charles A. Flagg Besides the abbreviations of book titles, (explained on pages 76, 77. 78 and 79 of April, and page 186 of July. 1908 issues) the following are used: b. for born; d. for died; m. for married; set. for settled in. White, Wilson, b. 1770; set. N. Y. Jack- son Port., 351. Whiting, Berm'ce, m. William Park of N. Y. Saginaw Port., 636. John, set. N. Y., 1815? St. Clair, 684. William, set. N. Y., 1800? Saginaw Port, 636. Whitman, Mahitable, b. 1817? m. Nor- ton Gilbert of O. and Mich. Kent, 614. J. W., b. 1816; set. Mich., 1854. Sag- inaw Port., 646. Joel, b. Conway; set. N. Y., 1785? Lenawee Port., 824. John, 1812 soldier ; set. Vt., 1820? Saginaw Hist., 750. John, of Hancock; set. N. Y." Mecosta, 374. John W., set. Mich., 1850? Osceola, 257- Whitmarsh, Alvah, b. Cummington, Whitney, Jonathan, set. N. Y., 1792; d. 1796; set. N. Y., 1834, 111. Lenawee Port., 1 135. - Horace, of Cummington, set. Mich., 1832? Lenawee Hist. I, 352. Nahum, of Cummington, set. Mich., 1832? Lenawee Hist. I, 352. Samuel P., b. Springfield, 1831; set. N. Y., 1834, HI-, Cal., Mich., 1867. Lenawee Port., 1135. Whitmore, Ada, m. 1845? George Hull of Ind. Osceola, 275. Daniel, set. N. Y., O., 1825? Mass v N. J. Lenawee Hist. II, 251. Whitney, Ami, b. 1781; set. N.' Y., 1792. Hillsdale Port., 192. David, Jr., b. Westford, 1830; set. Mich., 1856 or 1861. Wayne Chron., 444; Wayne Land., appendix, 203. ■ Deborah, b. Goshen, 1794; m. Eph- raim Watkins of N. Y. Hillsdale Port., 446, 589. Edson L., b. Gardner, 1861; set. Mich., 1894. Northern M., 442. ■ Isaac, set. N. Y., 1800? d. 1817. Macomb Hist., 776. ' J.. H" set. Mich., 1870? Washte- naw Hist., 1237. 1794. Hillsdale Port., 192. Mary, m. 1820? Samuel Brinton of Conn, and Mich. Branch Twent., 447. Nathan B., set. 111., 1850? St. Jo- seph, 85. -Richard H., b. 1808; set. Mich.,. 1831. Lenawee Hist. II, 393. Willard S., b. Hancock, 1821; set. N. Y., 1835, Mich., 1868. Mecosta^ 374- William H., set. Mich., 1831. Lena- wee Illus., 468. Whiton, Sophia, b. Montague, 1799; ra 1824, Reuben Nims of Vt. and Mich. Macomb Hist., 833; Macomb Past, 219. Whittaker, Nancy, b. Williamstown^ 1788; m. William W. Johnson of N. Y. Isabella, 401. S. A., of Lawrence; set. Mich., 1835. Hillsdale Hist., 220. Whittemore. Betsey, m. 1825? William Farrar of N. Y. and Mich. Genesee Port., 898. John, b. Salem, 1771; set. Vt., 1790? Lake Huron, 135. John, b. Maiden, 1824; set. N. Y.,. 1826, Mich., 1866. Kent. 1167. 43 44 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Whitwood, Deodatus C, b. VV. Stock- bridge, 181^; set. Mich., 1836. Detroit, 1234- Wight, Buckminster, b. Sturbridge, 1791; set. Mich., 1832. Wayne Chron., i65. Henry A., b. Sturbridge, 1821; set Mich., 1832. Wayne Chron., 170. Stanley G., b. Sturbridge, 1825; set. Mich., 1832. Wayne Chron., 170. Wilber, Laura A., b. Wrentham, 1815; m. Jehial M. Rush of N. Y. Hillsdale Port., 189. Wilbur, John, b. Adams, 1797; set Mich., 1835. Jackson Hist, 154. Smith, b. N. Adams, 1785 or 1789; set N. Y., O., 1834. Branch Port, 318; Hillsdale Port, 824. Wilcox, Charles, set. N. Y., d. 1816. Branch Port., 449. Harry, b. 1799; set. N. Y., Mich. Jackson Hist., 162. Wilcox, Jennie E., b. Stockbridge; m. 1849 George E. Rice. Jackson Port, 727. John, of Plymouth, set. N. Y., 1805. Berrien Port, 419. Oliver, set. N. Y., O.; d. 1827. Ber- rien Port, 419. Orrin, set N. Y., Mich., 1852. Gen- esee Port., 457. Wilde, George E., b. Duxbury, 1850; set. Mich., 1884? Northern P., 206. Wilder, Clark W., set. N. Y., 1810? Kalamazoo Port., 324. Oshea, b. Gardner, 1782 or 1784; set N. Y., Mich., 1831. Calhoun, 134; iHomer, 25, 45. Wilkins Esther, m. 1840? George C. Hayward of N. Y. Newaygo, 228. Wilkinson, James E., b. Essex Co., 1857; set. N. Y., Mich., 1888. Muske- gon Port., 419. Willard, Lucy, b. Dalton or Worcester, 1780; m. 1807? Erastus Day of Cana- da, N. Y., and Mich., Macomb Hist, 695, 791. Luther B., b. Cambridge, 1818; set. N. Y., 1832, Mich., 1835. Wayne Chron., 233. Sallie, m. 1815? Joshua C. Upham of Vt and O. Kalamazoo Port, 221. Samuel, b. Lancaster, 1793; set. N. Y., 1704, Mich., 1837. Cass Hist, 337- Williams, Alfred L., b. Concord, 1808; set. Mich., 1815. St. Clair, 122; Shia- wassee. 159. Alpheus, of Concord, set Mich., 1815. Saginaw Hist., 194, Alpheuls, of Concord, set. Mich., 1815. Saginaw Hist, 194. Alpheus F., b. Concord, 1812; set Mich., Cal. Shiawassee, 159. Benjamin O., b. Concord, 1810; set Mich., 1815. St. Clair, 120; Shiawas- see, 159. Caroline, L., b. Concord, 1806; m. Rufus W. Stevens of Mich. Shia- wassee, 159. Celia, b. Northbridge, 1856; m. ■ Taylor. Isabella, 341. Elisha, set. N. Y., 1820? Mich., 1836. Branch Twent, 469. Elizabeth, m. 1820? William Dewey of Vt. and Mich. Jackson Port., 495- Ephraim, S. (or J.), b. Concord, 1802; set. Mich., 1815. St. Clair, 124; Shia- wassee, 159. Erastus, b. Stockbridge; set. N .Y.; d. 1873. Kalamazoo Port., 217. Gardner D., b. Concord, 1804; set. Mich., 1815. Saginaw Hist., 209; Shia- wassee, 159. Harriet L., b. Concord, 1814; m. George W. Rogers of Mich, and Cal. Shiawassee, 159. Harvey, ib> Concord, 17741 set Mich., 1809. Saginaw Hist., 194. — —Henry, b. Leverett, 1786; set. Vt, 1810? N. Y., 1827. Ionia Port, 215. Jacob A., set. N. Y. Berrien Port, 703. John, set. N. Y., 1838. Clinton Port, 504- ' John D., b. Boston, 1819; set N. Y., 1838; Mich., 1848. Clinton Port, 504- Joseph R., b. Taunton, 1800; gradu- ate of Harvard 183 1; set. Mich., 1839. St. Joseph, 125. MICHIGAN PIONEERS 45 Williams, Lucy, m. J. Hoadley of N. Y. Berrien Port, 520. Mary, m. 1826 Fellows Gates of Canada and Mich. Ionia Port., 434. Mary Ann, b. Concord, 1807; m. Schuyler Hodges of Mich. Shiawas- see, 159 Oliver, b. Roxbury, 1774; set. Mich., 1808 or 1815. Oakland Hist., 300; Shiawassee, 158. Paul W., set. Mich., i860? Isabella, 341- Riley, b. Westfield, 1766; set. Vt. Lenawee Hist. I, 288. Williamson, Britton, set. Mich., 1840? Mecosta, 194. Williard, Julia, b. Berkshire Co., 1815; m. 1st, Stephen L. Gilbert of O.; m. 2d, Marcus Van of Mich. Hillsdale Port, 753- Willis, Lucretia, m. 1830? John Seaman of N. Y. and Mich. Newaygo, 214 Willis, Richard Storrs, b. Boston, 1819; set. Mich. Detroit, 1104; Wayne Land., 858. Wilmarth, Susan, b. Stockbridge; m. 1815? Charles De Land of N. Y. and Mich. Saginaw Port., 625. Wilmer, Nancy, b. Stockbridge, 1795? m. Ethan Brown of N. Y. Mecosta, 528. Wilmouth, Arbelia, b. 1795; m. Ansel Snow of Mass. and Mich. Kalamazoo Hist, 415; Kalamazoo Port., 866. Wilson, Charles S., b. Springfield, 1819; set. Mich., 1838. Allegan Twent, 572- ■ Daniel, b. Berkshire Co., 1810; set. Mich., 1836. Branch Hist., facing 312. David, b. Bellingham, 1766; set. Conn., 1776. Lenawee Hist I, 39& Martin, b. Norwich, 1794; set. Mich., 1838. St. Clair, 122. ■ Rebecca, b. Adams, 1709; m. 1822 _ Asa Hill of Mass., N. Y. and Mich. * Lenawee Hist. II, 317, 375. Reuben, b. Berkshire Co., 1772; set N. Y., Mich., 1835. Branch Hist, facing 312; Branch Port, 188. Samuel, set. Vt, N. Y., Mich., 1838. Genesee Port, 655. William J., b. Boston, 1866; set Mich., 1871. Ionia Port, 564. Winchell, Dennis, m. 1830? William Homes of N. Y. and Mich. Newaygo, 458. Winchester, Lucy, b. Petersham, 1807; m. Levi Babbitt of N. Y. and Mich. Jackson Port., 620. Phebe, b Middlesex Co.; m. 1800? Jesse Stowell of Mass. and N. Y. Jackson Port., 275. Wing, Austin E., b. Conway, 1792; set O., Mich., 1815? Monroe, 151. Benjamin, b. Hardwick, 1774; set. N. Y., 1815? Mich., 1832. Washtenaw Hist, 870. Benjamin, b. Hawley, 1832; set. Mo., 1869, Mich., 1875. Isabelle, 498. Elijah, b. 1775; set N. Y., 1814, Lenawee Hist. II, 265. - Elnathan, set. N. Y., 1810? Clinton Port., 774. Wing, Walden, b. Washington, 1814; set N. Y., 1826; Mich., 1838. Lenawee Hist. II, 265; Lenawee Port., 947. Winship, Nehemiah, b. Lexington; set N. Y., 1700? Genesee Port., 355. Winslow, George W., b. Colerain, 1809; set. Mich., 1835. St. Clair, 119. Sarah, m. 1830? Daniel McLaren of N. Y. and Mich. Washtenaw Hist, 816. Witherell, James, b. Mansfield, 1759; set. Conn., 1783, Vt., 1788, Mich., 1808 or 1810. Detroit, 1132; Wayne Chron., 125, 275; Wayne Land., 287. Withington, William H., b. Dorchester, 1835; set. Mich., 1857. Jackson Hist, 757; Jackson Port., 791. Wixson, Solomon; set. N. Y. 1790? <*• 1812. Branch Port., 295. Wolcott, Axa, m. 1810? Elijah Daniels of N. Y. Ingham Port., 733- Jason B., b. Berkshire Co., 1787; set N. Y., O., Mich. Hillsdale Port., 942. Wonsey, Henry, set Mich., 1825. St Clair, 708. Wood, Abner B., b., 1784; set N. Y., Mich., 1836. Ingham Port, 741. 4 6 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Wood, Andrew, b. Middlebury, 1783; set. N. Y., 1793. Macomb Hist., 765. Charles M., b. W. Brookfield, 1826; set. N. Y., Mich., 1845. Ingham Port., 415. — —Cynthia, b. Cheshire, 1783; m. 1807, Henry Bowen, 2d. of Mass. and N. Y. Lenawee Hist. II, 195. Isaac W., b. Westboro, 1844; set. Mich., 1872. Kent, 1175. Jedediah, set. N. Y., 1803? Hills- dale Port., 404. Joel, set. N. Y., 1S24? O., 1847, Mich., 1882. Clinton Port, between 754 and 774- Jonas B., set. N. Y., 1820? Muske- gon Port, 514. Levi, of Pelham; Revolutionary soldier; set. N. Y., 1803. Hillsdale Port, 404. Louisa, m. t8to? Spencer Marsh of N. Y. Jackson Hist., 834. • Mehitable, m. 1815? Aaron Dun- ham of N. Y. and O. Lenawee Port., 992. Susan B., b. Westfteld, 1814: m. 1834 John Benson of Mich. Saginaw Hist., 940. Timothy, b. Springfield; set. N. Y.? 1830? Saginaw Hist., 940. Woodard, Jonas, b. Dana; set. Mich., 1831. Kalamazoo Hist., 429. Woodbury, Abigail, b. Beverly, 1776; m. Ebenezer Fiske. Branch Port., 341. George B., b. Sutton or Worcester, 1816; set. N. Y., Mich. 1837 or 1840. Grand River. 441; Muskegon Hist., 77; Muskegon Port., 124. Jeremiah P.. b. 1805; set. N. Y., Mich., 1836. Kalamazoo Port., 233. Lydia, b. Salem; m. 1817 Curtis Brigham of Mass. and Mich. Kala- mazoo Port., 361. Woodcock, David F., set. N. Y" Mich. Berrien Port., 509. Woodmansee, George, set. Mich? Gra- tiot, 608. Woodruff, Harriet A., m. Albert C. Noble of N. Y. and Mich. Ingham Port., 859- Woods, David, b. Shutesbury, 1777; set. Vt, 1800? N. Y., 1837. Jackson Port, 380. Woodward, F. E., b. Millbury, 1813; set. Mich., 1839. St. C'air, 122. Woodworth, John, b. 1775; set N. Y. Lenawee Hist. II, 191. Woolcott, Samuel, set O., Mich. Ber.- rien Port., 729. -Warren, set. O., Mich.; d. 1877. Ber- rien Port., 729. Woolson, Asa b. Lunenburg, 1767; set Vt Bay Gansser, 501. Worden, Clark, set. Mich., 1825. St Clair, 725. Worth, Richard, b. Nantucket; set N. Y., 1780? Lenawee Port, 838. Worthington, Henry, b. Agawam Cor- ners, 1814; set. O., Mich., 1840. Ber- rien Twent, 429. Henry, b. Springfield, 1815; set Mich. Cass Twent., 89. Wright B. W., b. Plympton, 1838; set Mich., 1855. Houghton, 286; Northern P., 198; Upper P., 451. -Clarinda, m. 1825? Zebedee Phil- lips of N. Y. Ingham Port., 495. David, b. Northfield; set. N. Y., 1800? Kent, 793. Deodatus E., b. Williamstown, 1812; set N. Y., Mich., 1836 or 1837. Gratiot, 623; Jackson Hist., 1020; Jack- son Port., 593; Northern M., 373. Emma H., of New Marlboro;; m. 1884 James W. Woodworth of Mich. Clinton Port., 884. — — Ermina, m. 1815? Samuel Livermore of Mass. Saginaw Port., 481. Frederick, b. Berkshire Co., 1785; set N. Y., 1814 or 1824; Mich., 1836. Jackson Hist., 1020; Jackson Port., 593; Northern M., 373. Jason K., set. Penn., 1840? North- ern P., 207. Joseph S., set. N. Y., 1835? Mich., 1870. Jackson Hist, 824. Marcia, b. Wilbraham, 1791; m - Obed Edwards of O. Monroe, 476. MICHIGAN PIONEERS 47 Wright, Philander, b. Northampton, 1805; set Wis. Kent, 638. Sarah or Sally, b. Deerfield, 1795 or 1796; m. 1816 Joseph Woodman of N. Y., and Mich. Ionia Port., 352; Kent, 1406; Wayne Chron., 133. Solomon, graduate of Williams col- lege; set. Mich., 1837. Grand River, 165. William, set. N. H., N. Y. f 1815. Genesee Port., 897. Wyllvs, Rufus, b. 1805; set. O., 111., Mich., 1851. Hillsdale Port, 258. Wyman, Jonathan, b. Concord, 1769 or 1774; set N. H., N. Y., 1804. Lena- wee Hist. I, 290; Lenawee Port, 797. Thomas, set N. Y., 1825? Oakland Biog., 165. Yaw, Lydia, b. Berkshire Co., 1836; m. Daniel -Harris of Mich. Berrien Port, 3/6. Yaw, Theodore, b. N. Adams; set Mich., 1852. Berrien Twent, 796. Young, Henry, b. Martha's Vineyard; set N. Y., 1800? Northern P., 439- James H., b. Boston, 1798; set Mich., 1830. Washtenaw Hist., 1411; Washtenaw Port, 468. Young, Joseph, set N. Y., 1815? Shiwas- see, 530. Youngs, Curtis S., b. Lanesboro; set N. Y., 1825? Mich., 1836. Branch Twent., 861. It will be noted that few cross references have been used. Names are spelled in every case exactly as found in the records, with references made from one form of name to another only when both forms seem to be employed by the same individual. It is assumed that the searcher will know the various spellings of a family name; such as Waterman and Watterman, Whitmore and Whittemore, Willis and Wyllys, etc. We know of no better guide to such variations than the Index to vols. 1 — 50 of the New England historical and genealogical register. When this work was undertaken, every effort was made to find and index all the Michigan county histories in existence. Inquiries were made of the large libraries of Michigan and the libraires outside that seemed likely to have any considerable number of these books; and every work of this character possessed or known by these institutions was located and indexed. Still it is not strange that other works have come to our attention (a few of them published since our search). The following have been noted and are listed in the same form as those on pages 1 — 5. It is needless to say they have not been indexed. It may be added that the Library of Congress has made large addi- tions to its collection of Michigan material and now possesses 70 of the works, indexed, lacking only Jackson Port., Lake Huron, and Lansing. Alcona. History of Alcona Co. by Charles P. Reynolds, 1877. (No copy located). Alpena. Centennial history of Alpena County ... By David D. Oliver. Al- pena, Mich, Argus printing hous^, 190^. i86p. (L. C.) Genesee Biog. Biographical history of Genesee County. Indianapolis, B. F. Bowen & Co. [1908?]. 40ip. (L. C.) Grand Traverse. History of Grand Traverse and Leelanaw counties. By Sprague & Smith. B. F. Bowen & Co., 1903. 8o6p. (No copy located) Gratiot Hist. Gratiot County, Mich- igan. Historical, biographical, statis- tical . . .Willard D. Tucker, Saginaw, Mich., Press of Seeman & Peters, 1913. 1353P. (L. C.) Jackson DeLand. DeLand's history ot Jackson County ... by Col. Charles V. DeLand. [Logansport? Ind], B. F. Bowen, 1903. 1123P. (L. C.) Leelanaw County, see Grand Trav- erse. Lenawee Memoirs. Memoirs of Lena- wee County . . . Richard I. Bonner. Madison, Wis., Western historical as- sociation, 1009. 2v. (L. C.) 48 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Manistee Cent. Centennial history of Manistee County, containing addresses by Hon. John C. Blanchard and Hon. B. M. Cutcheon. (No copy located) Manistee Hist. History of Manistee, Mason and Oceana counties. [Chicago, H. R. Page & co., 1S82] 78, 154, 88p. (L. C.) (Each county has special title page.) Mason County, see Manistee. Northern M. Bozven. Northern Mich- igan. Chicago, B. F. Bowen & co. 1905. (No copy located) Northern M. Powers. A history of northern Michigan and its people by Percy F. Powers. Chicago, Lewis publishing company, 1912. 3v. (L. C.) Northern P. Sawyer. History of the Northern peninsula. By Alvah L. Sawyer, 191 1. (No copy located) Oceana County see Manistee. St. Joseph Biog. Biographies of St. Joseph County. Chapman bros., 1889. 6o9p. (No copy located) St. Joseph Cutler. History of St. Jo- seph County . . . H. G. Cutler. Chi- cago and New York. Lewis publish- ing company, 191 1. 2v. (L. C. Wexford. History of Wexford County . . by John H. Wheeler. [Logans- port, Ind.] B. F. Bowen, 1903. 557p. (L. C.) JOHN N. McCLINTOCK Albert W. Dennis. John N. McClintock, one of the editors of the Massachusetts Magazine, died at his home in Dorchester, Mass., August 13, 1914. Mr. McClintock was the son of Capt. John and Mary B. (Shaw) McClintock, born at East Winthrop, Me., May 12, 1846, the family remov- ing to Hallowell, Me., two years later. He belonged to a sea faring fam- ily. His father followed the sea for more than half a century, and his grandfathers, Wm. McClintock and Wm. Shaw, and one of his father's brothers, were sailors. When about ten years of age, the boy John N., accompanied by his mother, made a voyage to London and Liverpool. This voyage was made in the ship "Dash- away," a half clipper of 1000 tons bur- then, built for Capt. McClintock in the Hollowell ship yard. John was a natural sailor. He learned the names of all ropes and dif- ferent parts of the ship and equipment and without fear he would climb to dizzy heights. Although Capt. Mc- Cintock was a thorough seaman he had strong objections to any of his sons following in his footsteps. The father noted the aptitude of the son for nauti- cal things and dreaded the possible outcome. He also noted the boy's de- sire to read and study. After consid- erable thought the father proposed to the son a course at college if he would agree not to go to sea. The son accepted and both stood by the bargain. He was educated in the public schools, the old Hallowell Academy and Bowdoin College, graduating from the latter in 1867, ranking high in Eng- lish and mathematics. Later he received the degree of A. M., from Bow- doin. 49 ' : • -••■. 50 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE After his graduation he received an appointment in the United States Coast Survey and for eight years was engaged in geodetic and topographi- cal surveys from Maine to Texas and on Lake Champlain. Upon leaving the Coast Survey he made his home in Concord, N. H., and engaged in general surveying until 1892 when he removed to Dorchester, Mass., where he was extensively engaged in surveying and laying out land. While living in Concord, Mr. McClintock found ample opportunity to indulge his literary taste by editing and publishing the Granite Monthly in Concord, N. H., the Bay State Magazine in Boston, and writing a history of New Hampshire. Soon after taking up his residence in Dorchester, Mr. McClintock asso- ciated himself with Amasa S. Glover of Brockton, w r ho, a few years before, had discovered a new method of rendering sewage innocuous by a very simple treatment. This method Mr. Giover patented. Mr. McClintock took up the task first of introducing this new discovery and later of estab- lishing the validity of the patent. While Mr. Glover's discovery was in a measure an accident and possibly the scientific cause which led to the destruction of the organic matter in sewage was unknown to him; he had in fact discovered the great modern method of "septic" action, or, stated differently, had found a way to set the bacteria which exist in sewage, to work converting the putrid wastes into their simple elements and ren- dering the once polluted water to a reasonably pure state. This method is now adopted by the leading engineers of the world but Mr. Glover did not live to be rewarded. After Mr. Glover's death, Mr. McClintock became the owner of the Glover patent, and for many weary years undertook to establish his claim for recognition. His enthusiasm and thorough knowledge of the subject enabled him to get the support of some of the ablest lawyers and engin- eers in the country. He also succeeded in bringing men of means to his aid. The case was tried in the different courts until it finally reached the United States Court of Appeals, and Mr. McClintock, at the time he was struck with his fatal illness, was ready to deliver his own brief to the august Court of Appeals. So exhaustive had been his study of this subject that few engineers of the country were so well posted on the subject of sewage treatment. During the progress of this case he was paid the high honor of being permitted to argue his own case before the court and have it reopened when his lawyers thought it was finally settled. Mr. McClintock married Miss Josephine Tilton of Concord, N. H., by whom he is survived. He also leaves a son, John Tilton McClintock, a JOHN N. McCLINTOCK 51 Boston architect, and a daughter, Mrs. Robert B. Bellamy, born Arabella Chandler McClintock, and a grand-daughter, Josephine McClintock Bel- lamy. He also leaves a sister, Mary Elizabeth McClintock of Readfield, Me., and two brothers, who are also well-known civil engineers. One of his brothers, William E. McClintock, was eight years connected with the United States Coast Survey, ten years City Engineer of Chelsea, sixteen years connected with the Highway Commission of Massachusetts, during which time the state highway system was inaugurated. He is often spoken of as the father of good roads. He lectured twelve years on High- way Engineering at Harvard and was Chairman of the Board appointed by the Governor to govern Chelsea after the great conflagration of 1908. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and past presi- dent of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers. The other brother, J. Y. McClintock, was at Bowdoin College one year, on surveys of Northern Pacific Railroad, Chief Engineer of Boston & Maine Railroad for a time. Before that he was on the work of extending their line from Berwick Junction into Portland, Superintendent of United Gas Company of Rochester, N. Y., City Engineer of Rochester, Commis- sioner of Public Works, Rochester, N. Y., County Engineer of Monroe County, N. Y. Mr. McClintock was a devoted husband, a kind father and a loyal friend. His home was more than anything else to him, and those who ever enjoyed his hospitality never tired of coming under its influence again and often. <&ritm^m $c (&$mmmi on goofye? mtb Outlier j&ihjectjs? Here and there, all over Massachusetts and New England, are many individuals whose lives link strangely with the past. At Winthrop lives a man, yet vigorous and active, who will be one hundred years of age in another year. His name is Daniel Hollinger and he has been a resident of this country since 1S36, though born in Bavaria. He is a chemist and a 32nd degree Mason. His father was a soldier in the armies of Napoleon, and fought under him in the fateful battle of Waterloo. There are yet living in Massachusetts scores, perhaps hundreds of men who spoke with Abraham Lincoln and clasped his hand. Judge Francis M. Thompson, of Greenfield, whose interesting reminiscences are running in the Massachusetts Magazine now, relates in earlier chapters, business dealings with the great Emancipator, both before and after his nomination for president. Judge Thompson's description of his first in- terview is interesting. He did not find him to be the uncouth rustic so often charged. But gentlemanly in manner, and pleasing in appearance This leads us to the thought that much written about Lincoln and com- monly accepted as so, is not true. Albert E. Pillsbury, in his "Lincoln and Slavery," says : "All through the web of this life are woven threads of marvel and mystery. People read about Lincoln with a weird sense of the supernaturaj, of something apart from human affairs. They think of another Man of Sorrows, and the journey from the manger to the cross, the crime of Cain, the translation of Elijah. Nothing in human biography stirs the imagination like this. The man of history is already become the man of fable, and in some distant day learned doctors will dispute whether Abraham Lincoln was a real character or a hero of tradi- tion, belonging in limbo with Romulus and King Arthur." New England Genealogists are fortunate in the matter of publications prepared for their especial use. From the first appearance of "Durrie" down to the recent completion of the splendid "Index to persons" from 52 COMMENT AND CRITICISM 53 the first fifty volumes of the "New England Historical and Genealogical Register" there has been no lack of hand books, indexes, guides, biblio- graphies and reference lists making available the wealth of material in print. There remain many things, however, which may yet be done to aid the never ending search. One of the genealogist's greatest perplexities is to follow the New England "Pioneers" who went to the great west in the early half of the last century. With no directories and no vital records to aid, many individuals are lost sight of entirely and the "line" ends with : he went West. Mr. Charles A. Flagg, when in charge of American History at the Library of Congress, in Washington, discovered that in so called county histories, of which the West had a great many printed in the seventies (principally the production of men in Chicago and Philadelphia who published biographies and portraits at so much per head) a great deal of valuable genealogical material was contained, and he conceived the possibility of making complete index to all the names both genealogical and biographical to be found in these county histories. Taking the State of Michigan as a unit he proceeded to compile such a list, covering men from Massachusetts who migrated to that State. With the care and thoroughness characteristic of him in the prepara- tion of his Guide to Massachusetts Local History, published in 1907, he has completed his task in this issue of the Massachusetts Magazine. Indexing over 3,000 surnames of Massachusetts Men who went west, (not only to Michigan, but elsewhere, whenever mentioned in the Michigan books) the list should give many a valuable clue to both pro- fessional and private searchers, and be the means of "restoring many a lost branch to its proper place." Very few of the seventy odd volumes included in this index are avail- able in the great libraries of Massachusetts. The Berkshire Athenaeum of Pittsfield, the Essex Institute of Salem and the Public Library of Worcester had none at all: The State Library at Boston had one volume only and the Public Library and the New England Historic Genealogi- cal Society of Boston, two each. There may be a few more in other col- lections in the State but probably no considerable number. Among other libraries comparatively near are the New York State Library at Albany with 17 volumes and the Lenox branch of the Public Library 54 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE of New York City with 18. Of the total of 73 works listed, the Library of Congress now has all but 3. We are all reading in the newspapers of today a great deal about "Billy Sunday," a revivalist, who is holding wonderful meetings in Phil- adelphia. Nearly two hundred years ago the American colonies were similarly stirred by the eloquence of a revivalist by the name of George Whitefield. It is said that with daring imagery and pathos he moved his hearers at will with every emotion of which human nature is susceptible. The 27th day of December, 191 5, was the 200th anniversary of White- field's birth. He was born in Gloucester, England, became associated with John and Charles Wesley while at college, became bishop and itinerant preacher. Four years after graduating he came to New Eng- land. His death occurred at Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 30, 1770, whence he had driven, after delivering a sermon lasting two hours, at Exeter, N. H., and he lies buried in Newburyport under the church on Federal Street. Benjamin Franklin makes mention of his Philadelphia meetings in his autobiography : "In 1739, arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. White- field, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches ; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denomi- nations that attended his sermons were enormous, and it was a matter of speculation to me, who was one of the number, to observe the extraor- dinary influence of his oratory on his hearers, and how much they admired and respected him, notwithstanding his common abuse of them, by assuring them, they were naturally half beasts and half devils. It was won- derful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk through the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street. . . I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of whicli I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved that he should get nothing from me. I had in my COMMENT AND CRITICISM 55 pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pi'stoles in gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the copper. Another stroke of his oratory made me ashamed of that, and determined me to give the silver ; and he finished so admirably, that I emptied my pocket wholly into the collectors dish, gold and all." Francis Parkman, recognized today by the most competent critics as the best of all our historians, gave Boston five million dollars for her public parks, and gave his residence facing the common, on Beacon Street, as a permanent memorial and home for the Boston park supervisors. Dead less than twenty-two years, the Finance Commission and the Mayor propose to flout his munificence and insult his memory by selling his home, because they can get a good price for it — $70,000! The income from his $5,000,000 gives them annually about $200,000! Ye Gods! At the mid-winter meeting of the Society of Colonial Families, in Jan- uary, the following election of officers resulted: President, Dean George Hodges ; secretary, George A. Smith ; treasurer, Ernest A. Washburn ; historian, Mrs. Anna L. Baily ; national councillors, George B. Gallup, Arthur A. Gray, William A. Randall, John L. Porter, Edward D. Allen, Charles E. MacKusick, Frank E. H. Gary, Miss Susanna Willard, Mrs. Abbie M. Chamberlain, Newton C. Smith, Mrs. Lora A. Underlain, Mrs. Edith L. Wilson, Charles E. Slocum, Frank E. Shedd, Mrs. F. W. Page, Mrs. Myra B. Lord, Mitchell Wing, Miss Georgie M. Marston, Mrs. Ed- win B. Miles, Earl G. Manning, Charles E. Lawrence, William H, Gove, Vernon A. Field, Gilbert W. Chapin, William D. Brigham, Gardner Bates, Charles W. Walker, William H. Foster, Miss Almira E. Simmons and James F. Chase. With a parade, an elaborate program of exercises in Tremont Temple, and a dinner at the American House, the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of General Joe Hooker was celebrated in Boston, November 13th. By the speakers he was referred to as "the most eminent soldier Massachusetts turned out in the civil war." The Worcester Antiquarian Society elected the following officers at their annual meeting in October: President, 'Waldo Lincoln, Worcester; 56 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE vice-presidents, Samuel A. Green, Boston, and Andrew McFarland Davis, Cambridge ; secretary for foreign correspondence, James P. Baxter, Port- land ; secretary for domestic correspondence. Charles Francis Adams, Lin- coln; recording secretary, Dr. Charles L. Nichols, Worcester; treasurer, A. George Bullock, Worcester; librarian, Clarence S. Brigham, Worcester; councillors, Henry W. Cunningham of Boston, Clarence W. Bowen of New York, George P. Winship of Providence, Nathaniel Paine, Samuel S. Green, G. Stanley Hall, Samuel Utley, Arthur P. Rugg, Charles G. Washburn and Francis H. Dewey, all of Worcester. Commenting on the Centennial anniversary of the peace treaty be- tween England and the United States, in a recent sermon, Rev. T. D. Bacon of the North Unitarian church, Salem, said: "It is remarkable that there should have been nearly 4,000 miles of undefended frontier between us and British possessions, unmolested for all that time. It was a happy thought of John Quincy Adams to secure a treaty to that effect, and it has helped to keep relations more peaceful. But if each govern- ment had not had an almost boundless west into which to expand, it is very doubtful whether the result would have been altogether so happy." The editors of the Massachusetts Magazine would like to correspond with persons who could compile an index to other important states, similar to that of Charles A. Flagg's, "Michigan Pioneers," completed in this issue. THE ^e voteD-fo.(tIa5sac{|USctt5«Hist'oru«GcocQlo9il^^ 5 rft Fta Published by the Salem Press Ca Salem, Mass. USA • • *~* .; •■•«■• ', >> «-* • ... h a vr ■ - . ■ .-* -j » I ■ , - • ■ - .... • • ■ - ■ ■ • Wilt |Has0ad|xts^Ifs JJtajjamte. A Quarterly c7VIagazine Devoted to History, Genealogy and Biography -ASSOCIATED AXD ADVISORY EDITORS- George Sheldon, DESF.FSELD, MASS. Charles A. Flagg, WASHIirQTOX, D. C. Dr. Frank A. Gardner, SALEM, MASS. Lucie M.Gardner, SALEM, MASS. Albert W. Dennis, 8ALKM, MASS. Issued in January, April, July and October. Subscription, $2.50 per year, Single copies, 75c vol. vm APRIL, 1915 ho. 2. ©0ttfcitf0 of Hits Jssits. CHURCH TROUBLES IN YE OLDEN TIMES . Rev T. Franklin Waters COLONEL JOHN PATERSONS REGIMENT ' . Frank A. Gardner, M. D. AN EARLY BEE HUNTExl'S ADVENTURES . Francis McGee Thompson NEW ENGLAND AND THE WESTERN RESERVE . . . Karl F. Geiser EDITORIALS 59 75 84 91 105 CORRESPONDENCE of a business nature should be sent to The Massachusetts Magazine, Salem, Mass. BOOKS for revie\r may be sent to the office of publication in Salem. Books should not be sent to individual editors of the Magazine, unless by previous correspondence the editor consents to review the book. SUBSCRIPTIONS should be sent to The Massachusetts Magazine, Salem, Mass. Subscriptions are $2.50 payable in advance, post paid to any address in the United Stat-s or Canada. To foreign countries in the Postal Union, $2.75. Single copies of back numbers, 75 cents each. REMITTANCES may be made in currency or two cent postage stamps; many subscriptions are sent through the mail in this \vav,"and they are seldom lost, but such remittances must be at the risk of the sender. To avoid all danger of loss seud by post-otlice money order, bank check, or express money order. CHANGES OF ADDRESS. When a subscriber makes a change of address, he should notify the publishers, giving both his old and new addresses. The publishers cannot be responsible for lost copies, if they are not notified of such changes. ON SALE. Copies of this maerazine are on sale in Boston, at W. B. Clark's & Co., 20 Tremont Street, Old Corner Book Store, 29 Bromfield Street, Geo. E. Littlefield, 67 Cornhill, Smith & McCance. 38 Bromfield Street; in New York, at John Wanamaker's, Broadway, 4th, 9th and 10th Streets; in Washington, at Brentanos, Entered as second-class matter March 13, 1908, at the post office at Salem, Mass., under the act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Ollice of publication, 30o Essex Street, Salem, Mass. • i p^ iM. CHURCH TROUBLES IN YE OLDEN TIMES By Rey. Thomas Fraklin Waters Tradition has it that one day a stranger in Rowley, meeting the Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, Pastor of the Church, inquired : "Are you the man that serves here?" "No {"answered the minister, "I am the man that rules here." It may be but a bit of olden gossip, but it is a wholly reliable illustration of the recognized place and power of the Puritan minister. He was a man of authority. When the famous Ipswich teacher. Rev. John Norton, summoned his people, old and young, to commit his cate- chism to memory and Thomas Scott was found unprepared, his case was taken at once to the Quarter Sessions Court, March, 1650, and he was bidden, under pain of a fine, to prepare himself for the next inquisi- tion. At September court, "not appearing to make known that he had learned Mr. Norton's catechism," it was ordered that the fine be collected. No tolerance found favor with the ministers. Rev. Nathaniel Ward, the minister of Ipswich, and, because of his legal training, the framer of 'the Body of Liberties," declared himself beyond a shadow of doubt in his "Simple Cobler :" "It is said That men ought to have Liberty of their Conscience and that it is persecution to debarre them of it; I can rather stand amazed *han reply to this; it is an astonishment to think that the braines of men should be parboyl'd in such impious ignorance. Let all the wits under the Heavens lay their heads together and finde an Assertion worse than this (one excepted) I will petition to be chosen the universall Ideot of the world." Church of England man, clinging fondly to his prayer book and ritual, 59 6o MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Anabaptists conscientiously opposed to infant baptism, Mrs. Hutchinson with her philosophical vagaries, the Quaker, fanatical and frenzied in his opposition to the regular way, and every other who dared diverge a finger's breadth from the beaten path of doctrine and practise were Anathema, and they were summoned to the bar of Justice to receive the penalty that was due them. The minister was friend and adviser of the Judges, and in that dark hour when the General Court faced the impending loss of the Charter of the Province, and with it all civil liberty and the whole foundation of civic life, they invited the ministers of Boston and the neighboring towns to meet with them, and having adjourned the session, gave themselves for hours to prayer. In every family, when sickness came, there seems to have been little reliance upon the chirurgeon with his simple nostrums and awful surgery, but there was great reliance upon the minister and his prayers. He knelt by the bedside of the dying infant. He went down to the Valley of Shadows with the men and women given over to his care. Major John Walley. one of the Judges of the Superior Court, was afflicted with severe pain in his foot. Judge Sewall records : "Major Walley has Prayer at his house respecting his Foot; began between 2 and 3 P. M. Mr. Pemberton, first, Mr. Bridge, Mr. Colman, Mr. YVadsworth, Dr. C. Mather. . . . Major Walley was easy all the time of the exercise. Had not one Twinging pain." (Decern. 3: 1711) When he preached the Gospel, he looked down upon the whole com- munity, parents and children, mistress and maid, prudential man, magis- trate, and the man of rudest toil. He determined whether any man was worthy to be admitted to the church and as church membership was the essential condition of being a freeman, he held the civic privilege of every man in the hollow of his hand. No wonder the Puritan minister magnifed his office and was jealous of his prerogatives. No wonder, too, that those who felt his power often spoke disrespectfully of the man and of his office and that unregenerate human nature often rebelled. Scandal ever loves a shining mark. In every community there was resistance, in one fashion or another, to the rule of the Puritan Church. I know of no more accurate and comprehensive medium of informa- tion regarding the nature and extent of this ancient insurgency, than is * CHURCH TROUBLES IN YE OLDEN TIMES 61 afforded by the records and files of the courts of that day. An endless procession passed before the magistrates charged with offenses in infinite variety. Sometime only the name, the offence charged and the penalty decreed appear, but frequently there are lull depositions and minute rec- ords, and such revelation is made of the true life of churches and com- munities, that we hear again the sharp contentions, note the hot and bitter animosities, and discover much of jangling discord, marring the most solemn services and the holiest hours. Rev. Thomas Cobbett, minister at Lynn and then for many years at Ipswich, faced slanderous detraction of hi? preaching. Mr. Walton of Lynn declared he "had as leave to heare a dog bark as to hear Mr. Cob- bet preach," and in Ipswich the notorious Elizabeth Perkins vented her spleen against her husband's parents, brothers and sisters, "wishing they were all tied bak to bak that she might see them carried to the gallos, there to be hung," and then impudently charged Mr. Cobbett with gross immorality; and her husband presumed to say that "Mr Cobit was more fitt to be in a hog sty than in a pulpit." Both suffered for their rash and indecent slander, the woman being sentenced to stand in meeting, with a paper placard fastened upon her: "For reproaching ministers and her husbands natural relations." Edmund Marshall of Manchester was presented in 165 1 for absenting himself from the public ordinances three or four Sabbath days, and for reproaching Mr. Thomas Dunham, in saying that he had preached blas- phemy and was a common liar. Some of the women of the Gloucester church were moved to extraordinary vituperation of Rev. Wm. Perkins. Mrs. Holgrave was presented in 1652, "for reproachful and unbecoming speech against him. . y* if it were not for the Law shee would never come to the meeting the Teacher was so dead, & accordingly she did seldom come & withal persuaded Goodwife Vincent to come to her house on the Sabbath day & reade good books affirming that the Teacher was fitter to be a Ladyes Chamberman than to be in y e pulpit." For this she was sentenced to publish in an audible voice her humble acknowledge- ment that she had done very sinfully. Goodwife Vincent, poisoned it may be by Mrs. Holgrave, outdistanced her teacher a few years later by standing in the doorway of the meeting house, with arms spread, hand on each door post, and telling the teacher if he had come to teach her he had better leave his head behind. For 62 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE this she made apology, explaining that a few days before he had said: "If I come to teach here as long as there is an abler man in the Town, 1 will give you my head from my shoulders," saying what she did "out of the tenderness of her conscience." Elizabeth, wife of John Legg of Marblehead, was very indiscreet in her talk regarding Rev. Mr. Walton in 1654. and the Court ordered that she take her choice between sitting half an hour in the stocks or making acknowledgment publicly, when called by the Constable: "I Elizabeth Legg, do acknowledge that I did evill and sinfull in speaking slitelv and scornfully of Mr. Walton & In perticular In saying I could have a boy from the Colledg that would preach better than Mr. Walton for half y 9 wages." Her repentance was formal and insincere, for she was guilty oi other slighting speeches a few years later, saying that "if the people fol- lowed Mr Walton's Praying or ministrie they would all go to Hell;" and coming from meeting one Sunday, after Mr. Walton had reproved one that slept in meeting, she proclaimed, "Mr. Walton is a catch-pole." Thomas Coomes had his slur against Mr. Walton that he preached noth- ing but lies, and that he was a ''Cheater and a cousener/' Ministers in general were the subject of the rasping charges of the wife of Thomas Oliver of Salem, who affirmed that they were biood-thirsty men, for which she was ordered to "come in the next Lord's day and publicly acknowledge that she had spoken sinfully and that she is sorry for it to satisfaction or else she is to be tyed to the whipping post and there be half an hour with a split stick fastened to her tong." Vexed with these malicious gibes and sneers, which were matter of common talk in the community, the minister found often more serious trouble awaiting him in the meeting house on the Lord's Day. For sev- eral, years there was sharp wrangling in the Lynn church regarding infant baptism. As new born babes generally were baptized on the first Sunday after their birth and as families were large, nearly every Sunday witnesesd this ordinance. As early as 1641, William Winter was presented for holding that "it is no ordinance of God" and that **it is a badge of the whore of Rome"; and for saying that Mr. Cobbett taught lieing against his own conscience. Thomas Patience not only held but fomented this error and "hindered his child from partaking of the ordinance." The Lady Deborah Moody and others held to this heresy and answered to it before the Court. William Gould, for his reproachful and unseemly speeches con- CHURCH TROUBLES IN YE OLDEN TIMES 63 cerning and against the rule of the church, was sentenced to sit in the stocks an hour and be severely whipped on the Lord's day (io mo 1642.) But the trouble grew with years and Mr. Cobbett had many detractors, whose scandalous talk became more vehement. The same William Winter came to Court again in 1645, f° r saying that "they who stayed while a child is baptized doe worship the devil," and "when he was reproved by two brethren, he justified his former speech, and declared that they who stayed took the name of the Father, Son & Holy Ghost in vayne and broke the Sabbath. " It remained, however, for a June Sabbath, in 1646, to witness the most determined outbreak. A child was presented for baptisim, and thereupon a half dozen or more arose and left the meeting house. As they went the Teacher desired the congregation to take notice of such as did withdraw themselves from this ordinance. One man replied that "he desired also that they should take notice that to him this child is no fit subject for the ordinance of baptism." The whole company were sum- moned into court and fined 2s. Jd. apiece. The peace and quiet of worship at Rowley was disturbed by the dis- orderly conduct of one of the most prominent men of the Town, Mr. Henry Sewall, grandfather of the judge. Humphrey Reyner made deposition in Dec, 1650; "Mr. Shewell was walking in the foremost seate in the Meeting House in Rowlye neare the Pulpit and Mr. Rogers being present and ready to step into the pulpit to begin prayer said Mr. Shewell cease your walking, to which Mr. Shewell answered : You should have come sooner with more words to that purpose, but he not ceasing his walking presently our Pastor added these words : Mr. Shewell, remember where you are, this is the house of God. to which Mr. Shewell answered with a louder voice : I know how to behave mvself in the house of God as well as you, with other words. Then our Pastor said, rather then that he disturbe the Congregation putt him out; to which Mr. Shewell replied Lett us see who dare. After this a Brother spake unto Mr. Shewell in a friendly way but Mr. Shewell with a sterne countenance and threatening manner said he would take -a Course with some of us, and in many other words I doe not now remember." This hot tempered man disturbed the meeting again in 165 1, with his contemptuous speeches to the minister and others in public meeting, and in 1654, went so far as to "hustle Mr. Jewet in a very offensive manner in the public assembly on the Lord's day." 64 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Rev. Samuel Phillips succeeded Mr. Rogers in the pastoral office and in due time found himself in conflict with some very belligerent parish- ioners. The teacher. Rev. Jeremiah Shepard, was the immmediate occa- sion of the quarrel, which convulsed the church and the Town. A council of the neighboring churches was called in Nov. 1675 and it advised that Mr. Shepard be retained until the following May, and that he then go elsewhere. But the trouble was not settled. It was carried into Town meeting and eventually into Court. John Piatt brought suit against Rev. Samuel Phillips, Philip Xelson also made complaint against the Pas- tor, and Daniel Wicome, one of the Selectmen, brought suit against John Pickard for saying that the Selectmen had betrayed their trust in safe- guarding the Town's interest. Mr. Nelson's complaint throws much light upon some details of this contention. He declared that he was forced to complain against the Pastor by his threats to deal with him, "whereby I may at last come to be deprived of the communion of God's saints and the sweete and comfortable enjoiment of God in all his holy ordinances." To prevent this, he declares that he has been accused of a breach of the 5th commandment, disobedience to superiors etc. ; of the 8th command- ment, robbing and stealing; and of the 9th commandment, being the prin- cipal cause of unhappy differences. "I therefore humbly present my shat- tered condition to your honorable protection." Notwithstanding his piti- ful condition of spiritual desolation, the Court found, "that notwithstand- ing Mr. Philips hath used too high opposition, yet that in the main, Mr. Nelson hath transgressed the rules and therefore is advised to apply him- self to give due satisfaction to Mr. Philips and to bear the costs and charges of the hearing of the same." Two years later, it is very evident that the Pastor was not leading his flock by the still waters. Some aggrieved parishioners again had resort to the Law. Their complaint recites : "being at Rowley meeting the last Lord's day in the afternoon, after sermon and prayer were ended and the blessing concluded, Mr. Philips stayed the congregation and informed them that sundry persons had made their complaint against him to author- ity, and signified to the congregation that the said persons had borne false witness against him." Apparently he called Ezekiel Northend, Daniel Wicome and others by name. The Court heard the case and found its verdict: "The Court cannot but adjudge the sd Mr. Phillips to have spoken concerning the sd. witnesses unadvisedly and very injuriously, to their CHURCH TROUBLES IN YE OLDEN TIMES 65 great reproach & discouraging of witnesses in cases of like nature, which ought not to be permitted, doc therefore sentence the sd. Mr. Philips for the sd. offence to pay as a fine to the County £5 -and the charge of the complainants and witnesses and fees. And whereas the sd. Mr. Philips by sufficient testimonie is charged with reflecting and reproaching authority, which he notwithstanding doth peremptorily deny & is ready to testifie by witness against all such speeches, the Court having no small regard to his protestation, doe sentence him onlv to be admonished and to pay the cost of ye witnesses and fees." Such bitter discord would be fatal to a pastorate of to-day, but the ancient tenure of the minister was so secure that even the most deter- mined opposition could not unseat him as long as a majority was loyal. Mr. Phillips continued in the pulpit until his death. One episode of later days is on record. John Tod, Senior, a tavernkeeper, was presented for opposition to the keeping of a fast. Daniel Wicome testified that "when Mr. Phillips Red the Order of the President & Councill for keeping the public fast on 14th of instant, John Tod Sen 1 * stood up and made answer & desired that the fast might be put of for . . . they had no great nede of Raine and said it might be as well put of to Thursday come seaven- night." The Fast to pray for rain was held notwithstanding and the tavern keeper's affront may be reflected in the conduct of his son Samuel, who was presented at the same Court, which tried Mr. Tod Senior for opposing the keeping of the Fast, for refusing to go to meeting on the Fast day and going pigeon shooting. In Old Newbury, the pastor, Rev. Thomas Parker, and Mr. Wood- bridge, the teacher, suffered much. John Tillison's scandalous and re- proachful speeches cast upon the elders in a public church meeting upon the Lord's day (Oct. 1650) could be borne with measurable patience, for he was a violent and abusive man who was guilty of abusing his wife on the Sabbath, throwing a bowl of water on her while sick in bed, and chain- ing her leg to the bed post with a plow chain to keep her in doors. (1656.) But the sting of Mr. Edward Woodman's venom must have rankled deep in their hearts. His written petitions to the Court reveal his intellectual keenness and his fine literary gifts, but he was a veritable thorn in the flesh to the reverend elders. He appeared in Court for the first time in March 7: 1669, on complaint of several of the men of the church, to answer to the charge of offensive s.^- 66 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE language in Town meeting against Mr. Woodbridge, saying that he was an "Intruder, brought in by craft and subtilty and kept in notwithstand- ing- he was voated out twice." But against the Pastor, Mr. Parker, he brought the ponderous charge of ecclesiastical heresy: "xA.n apostate, a backslider from the Truth, that he would set up a Prelacy and have more Power than the Pope, for the Pope had his council of Cardinals, that his preaching or acting did not tend to peace or salvation, and that he was the cause of all the contention and miserie." These were the weapons of his assault. This Presbyterian Shibboleth was the theme of gossip in an Ipswich household one day at least when the Worshipful Mr. Richard Saltonstall, first citizen of the Town, dropped in for a little chat about the latest news, and it may have found lodgment in other communities, but so far as the Essex County Court Record shows it was localized in New- bury. Evidently there was a strong minority in, this church, headed by the redoubtable Woodman. John Webster, a lesser light, read a paper on the Lord's day in 1669, bringing charges against the pastor and brethren, and in 1671 Woodman's opposition had become so bitter that Mr. Par- ker's friends carried the matter again into Court. Fifty-one of the original papers presented in that trial are preserved, declarations of the various parties, records of the ecclesiastical council which had been called in a vain endeavor to attain peace, minutes of church meetings, and com- munications which passed between the contending factions. One of the most interesting is the ''Request'' presented by Mr. Woodman and the brethren with him to the council, held on April 9, 1670, and presumably written by him: "We have spent 25 years & more," it declares, "in un- comfortable and unprofitable contention and division whereby God hath been much dishonored, Religion much disadvantaged, our Souls much impoverished and our credit as a church much impared, defaimed through the Country for an unquiet people & irreconcilable by the long continu- ance of our difference & dissention & now of late the cry hereof hath bin more loud in the ears of the churches than in the former times." Mr. Woodman had withdrawn from the church. His factious minority had rent the church in twain. The Court found them all guilty and sen- tenced them all to pay fines, ranging from 20 nobles, Mr. Woodman's fine, to 13s. 4d. During this quarter century of strife over the Presbyterianism of Mr. CHURCH TROUBLES IN YE OLDEN TIMES 67 Parker, some single episodes of most piquant character were interjected. The pews had been built to some extent in the year 1669 and the old variance relative to seating- the meeting took on a new phase, when Goodv Randall, coming into meeting, refused to sit in the seat appointed her. A better one was given but she was still rebellious and persisted in "climbing, ride- mg or striding'' over the pews, being four or five foot high and to force the door upon the proprietors thereof." It was in the same unhappy Newbury, I think, that Goodie Wolfe came in and edged in to the seat where Goodwife Stackhouse sat against a pillar and as Dame Stack- house did not or could not move, Goody Wolfe stood up before her a good while, then knelt down in the seat awhile, rose up again, then sat down on Goodwife Stackhouse's lap a little while, rose up again, and this continued until the persecuted woman's husband was called and helped her out of the meeting house. But excitement reached its highest pitch on a Lord's day, March 31, 1663, when Lydia Wardwell, wife of Eliakim, came naked into the meeting house, as a sign and token of the spiritual nakedness of the time. She was a Quaker and her method was charac- teristic of the Quakers of her day. The amiable mildness of George Fox and William Penn was not affected by Essex County Quakers. They were most numerous in Salem apparently and Rev. John Hig- ginson was assailed by them in virulent fashion. The wife of Nicholas Phelps charged that "he sent abroad his woolves and his bloodhounds amongst the sheep and lambs and that the priests are deceivers of the people." Joseph Gatchell called Mr. Higginson, "one of Halloe's Priests" and said, "he halloed like a hare, that the ministers preached nothing but damnation,, and that which they called the Scripture was not the Scrip- ture but the sayings of men." "A parcel of persecuting dogs," he styled the ministers of New England. "As for himself he was a Singing Quaker." When Mr. Higginson was ordained, John Smith, presumably a Quaker, cried out, "What you are going about to set up Our God is pulling down." Robert Wilson's wife made her protest against the spiritual deadness by "going through Salem without any clothes on." (1662). Jeremiah Rogers, a Salem wheelwright, refused to pay his ministerial rate in 1689, and when he was summoned to make payment by the constable, he broke forth into railing discourse concerning the Bible, that "it was not the word of God, but the word of the ass, the foole and the divell, and further said he would prove it." 68 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE To the church in Topsfield, a singular series of very unusual troubles must have brought despair as well as tribulation. In 1656, a Topsfield man went to Court to answer to the charge of "reviling in reproachful language the ordinance of God and such as are in church fellowship, say- ing when some were together keeping a day of humiliation that they were howling like wolves, and lifting up their paws for their children, saying the gallows were built for members and members children, and if there had been no members of the churches there would have been no need of gaU lows." Zaccheus Gould "in time of singing the Psalm on Sabbath sate down on the end of the table about which y e minister and scribes of the people sit with his hat full on his head and his back toward all the rest who sat about the table and although spoken to by ministers & others altered not his posture." (March 1659.) Rev. Thomas Gilbert's pastorate with the Topsfield church was an unfortunate experience, fraught with the most unusual and inexcusable troubles. Mr. William Perkins appeared in the open Court the 28th of March, 1666-7, an d publicly exhibited a complaint or accusation against him in 27 particulars, "for that in public prayers and sermons, at several times he uttered speeches of an high nature reproachful and scandalous to the king's majesties & his government." He was summoned into Court the next day. "The Court apprehending the case to be extraordin- ary both in its nature and tendency without president in this country and no Laws have provided against such offences," bound him over in £1000 bond to the next General Court.. Shortly after, Mr. Perkins brought two complaints of defamation of character against the minister, one of which was withdrawn, the other decided for the defendant. In May, 1670, the minister's love of wine involved him and his people in severe contention. Sarah Gould testified in Court that one Sacrament day, when the wine had been brought from the meeting house and poured into the golden cup, Mr. Gilbert drank most of it. He was overcome by it. He sank down in his chair, forgot to give thanks, and sang a Psalm with very lisping and unintelligible utterance. He went to the afternoon ser- vice but arrived so late that many went away before his coming. He went to prayer and as Thomas Baker testified, "I perceived that he was distempered in his head, for he did repeat many things many tymes over, in his prayer he lisps and when he had don to prayer, he went to singing & read the Psalm so as it could not be well understood, and when he had CHURCH TROUBLES IN YE OLDEN TIMES 69 done singing he went to prayer again, and when he had done he was going to sing again, but being desired to forbear used these expressions : I bless God I find a great deal of comfort in it. and came out of the pulpit he sd. to the people I give you notis I will preach among you no more/' Stretching their charity to the very utmost, we must believe, the magis- trates did not find against him, but saw cause to counsel and admonish him. His wife then testified that his conduct was due to a distemper that came upon him sometimes when fasting and in rainy weather. In April, 1671, he was before the Court again, charged with many reproachful and reviling speeches against the Court and divers other persons, his auditors, both in his sermons and prayers. The Court adjudged him to be sharply admonished, "to forbeare to vent such his distempers to the scandal of persons & dishonor of God & prophanation of his ordinances. And if he shall find himself unable to demean himself more soberly and Christianly, as became his office, they do think it more convenient for him to surcease from y e exercise of any public employment." Mr. Gilbert refused or was unable, from extreme instability of charac- ter, to profit by this severe but kindly admonition. His long suffering people again appeared in Court on Sept 27th (1671) with a plain statement of very disagreeable facts : "the 23d of April having bin by y* Court censured for sundry miscarriages in which censure Religion yea Reason mite have per- swaded a wise man to have submitted and to have let his infamy have died by degrees yet not content with y* Court sentence he by papers affixed to y e meeting house door deserted his office left y e Congre- gation and church for three Sabbaths destitute refused to com to or to sufer y e church to come to treat with him about his disorderly abdi- cation of the ministry ... he has often upbraided the church in pul- pit, in preaching & prayers affirms his innocence names some by their proper names John Thomas Thomas John. Wherefore we humbly Request y r Humble Worships Justice for y e freeing of us from such an intolerable burden and vexation. John Gould & others." The pastoral relation was sundered but at the same Court, Mr. Gilbert brought three suits against Mr. Gould, one for slander, one for defaming 70 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE him, and a third for threatened assault and battery. In the last, the Court found for the minister. Ensign Gould, in turn, brought suit against Mr. Gilbert for slander in behalf of his wife and won his case. Rev. Jeremiah Hobart succeeded Mr. Gilbert and succeeded as well in walking in his footsteps, so that he became a familiar figure in the Courts, because of non-payment of salary, for cursing and swearing, and for a damaging suit for slander, which he gained, though the witnesses testified in detail to the most discreditable conduct on his part. Even his brethren in the ministry- were forced to upbraid him, and Rev. William Hubbard of Ipswich made complaint against his reproachful and scanda- lous speeches against the elders and churches, who participated in a coun- cil, convened to consider the troubles of his church. The annals of the Court reveal no such deep-rooted and violent up- heavals of the peace of the church in Ipswich. No doctrinal heresy seems to have invaded that illustrious pulpit. No protest against Presbyterian leanings was ever voiced and only a few low mutterings against infant baptism. But singularly enough, there were many disorders of another sort, of trivial weight compared with those which have engaged us, but very annoying to preacher and congregation, and in accordance with the manner of the time, they were settled in Court. That rigid method of seating the meeting was responsible for most of them. To give due honor to the magistrates and people of wealth and standing, these gentle folk and their wives were assigned their places on the seats or benches nearest the pulpit and with strict downward grada- tion of social standing. All the rest of the men and women were seated farther and farther back toward the rear of the meeting house and in the galleries. Inevitably, the young men and boys, loving mischief and al- ways alert for an opportunity, were set together in long rows, one behind another. Women and girls had their seats in the less desirable locations. The service droned slowly along; many in the congregation, obliged by the Law to attend, had no interest in the exercises, and many were in- competent to understand the weighty discourse. Naturally there were acts of disorder. Hot-tempered lads had altercations which led to blows. Young Stephen Cross, who grew to be a quarrelsome and belligerent man, struck another in sermon time on a lecture day and brought blood to his mouth. Edward Cogswell, a lad of some sixteen years, provoked the lad in CHURCH TROUBLES IN YE OLDEN TIMES 7* front of him, pulling his new hat, telling him he was such a pretty fellow he didn't need such adorning and the like, and Thomas Bragg at last landed a blow upon his tormentor's nose with dire effect. The same Cogswell lad, as witness testified, was idle in sermon time, "going from one galerie to another, very idle with a stick in his hand, going from seate to seate, talking and laughing with boys." (1670.) Complaint was made against Thomas Mentor in 1673, "that he carried himself very irreverently and most unchristianly upon the Sabath days in the time of worship, by setting with his hat upon his head in the time of prayer, by taking of maids by the aprons as they came in to the meeting house in the time of worship, by putting his hand in their bosoms and then taking or snatching away their posies or flowers, by laughing and allmost all the time of worship whispering with those that are like himself, and also with very little boys to the ill example of youth, and these the said Mentor has ordinarily done and practised the most of the Sabaths of this year." (bept. 1673.) ■ Richard Pasmore was charged with similar offences. Three young fellows were presented for laughing and spitting in one another's faces, pricking one another in the legs, pulling boys off their seats, and "heav- ing things into the other gallery among y e garls, that sit there & Braking y e glass windows." (May 1674) Elizabeth Hunt, wife of Samuel, made frequent disturbance by her repeated shuffling against' the chair of the daughter of her neighbor, so that the girl could hardly save herself from falling to the floor; and one Sunday Thomas Knowlton, Jr., made a bad matter worse by calling out on the Lord's day in prayer time: "Take notis of Goodwife Hunt, that makes disturbance there." For this, Knowlton was sentenced to stand in the meeting house on the next lecture day with a paper on his breast, written, "for disturbing y € meeting" all the lecture time and pay costs & fees. (Mar. 1674) Every minister was troubled by those who slept in time of worship, and the congregation as well, in all probability, for sleeping leads to snoring, and when the snoring of sleepers was added to the whispering and laughing, shuffling of feet and walking about, the prayer and sermon 1* MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE must have been greatly disturbed. But our sympathy goes out to the sleepers. Cotton Mather entered in his diary on a Thanksgiving day in 1705-6, "for the smile of Heaven on the arms of the allies against France in the year past:" "On this day, as on some other such, my public Addresses to Heaven were carried on with much Fervour and Rapture. For the best part of two hours together, my soul kept soaring and flaming toward Heaven in the wondrous praises of God." What an unutterable paean of thanksgiving went up from many in the "vast assembly" of which he often speaks, when his prayer was done! On Aug. 22 : 1706, he wrote "on the Lord's day, I was engaged in almost continual speech from two o'clock to nine, three hours of it in a vast as- sembly, two hours of it with the young men in the evening." Given an August Sunday, a man weary with his week's work, and three hours of praying and preaching on a stretch, a nap or a sound re- freshing sleep was both a necessary corollary and a welcome deliverance. But the sleeper was not allowed full enjoyment. Sometimes the minister rebuked him as Mr. Walton of Marblehead did, and the minister at Man- chester, and his more wakeful neighbor may have shaken the sleeper and roused him to shamefaced reception of his rebuke. In some congrega- tions, an official appointed to this task or one of the tithing men walked about to discharge his duty. A book entitled "Truth Held Forth and Maintained," published in Salem in 1695 by Thomas Maule, who had been whipped years before for saying Mr. Higginson preaches lies and a doctrine of devils, was sup- pressed by order of Court. Mr. Felt in his Annals of Salem quotes from it: "In the church of Salem the women in time of service have their faces covered with a vail, which practise did not many years continue, and when this practise was laid aside, they had for their more order in their church to keep people from sleeping, a man that wholly tended with a short clubbed stick, having at one end a knop, at the other a fox tail, with which he would strike the women's faces that were drowsy to sleep, and with the other end knock unruly dogs and men that were asleep." Invet- erate sleepers were haled to Court as well and fined. The long Psalm lined by the leader and sung by the Congregation fur- nished occasion for mishap and mirth. Judge Sewall, Precentor of the ■ r .-i\ CHURCH TROUBLES IN YE OLDEN TIMES 73 old South Church in Boston, makes frequent mention of these disturbing episodes. Under Dec. 28: 1705-6, he notes, in his Diary: "Mr. Willard spoke to me to set the tune. I intended Windsor and fell into High Dutch, and then essaying to set another tune, went into a key much too high. So I prayed Mr. White to set it, which he did well, Litch f. Tune. The Lord humble me and instruct me that I should be occasion of any Inter- ruption in the Worship of God." Under July 5: 1713, "At the close apoint i^ staff in the first part 40th Ps. I tryed to set Low Dutch tune and fail'd. Try'd again and fell into the tune of 119th Psalm, so Capt. Williams read the whole first part that he might have Psalm to the Tune." On Feb. 6: 1714-5- "This day I set Windsor tune and the people at the 2 nd going over run into Oxford, do what I could. On Lord's Day, Feb. 23, 1717-18, I set York tune and the Congregation went out of it into St. David's in the very 2 nd going over. They did the same three weeks before. This is the 2 nd sign. I think they began in the last line of the first going over. This seems to me an intimation and call for me to resign the Precentor's Place to a better Voice. I have through the divine Long-suffering and Favour done it lor 24 years and now God by his Providence seems to call me off. my Voice being enfeebled. . . . Mr. Prince said, Do it six years longer. I persisted and said that Mr. White or Mr. Franklin might do it very well. The Return of the Gallery where Mr. Franklin sat was a place very convenient for it." More summary warning that he had reached the end of his public musical career was at hand. On Lord's Day, March 5, 1720-1. "Just as I sat down in my seat one of my Fore-teeth in my under Jaw came out and I put it in my pocket. This old servant and daughter of musick leaving me, does thereby give me warning that I must shortly resign my head. The Lord help me do it cheerfully." The slanderous charge was made against Rev. Seth Fletcher of Wells that on the Sabbath, when he had set the Psalm, while the people were a-singing, he did take tobacco in the public meeting-house, and while he was preaching, the people in turn, took theirs. A singular penchant for libellous documents often roused indignation or mirth, and brought severe penalty upon the offender. Joseph Rowlandson, in later life the minister of Lancaster and victim of the historic Indian assault, which brought such incredible hardship to his wife, while a stu- dent at Harvard, affixed to the door of the Ipswich meeting house a 74 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE lengthy de'iverance in poetry and prose, in which he paid his respect- to the authorities. He was severely disciplined and was obliged to read a humble apology, but the sensation that prevailed preoccupied the minds of every worshipper. A graceless young rhymester of Ipswich availed himself of the comple- tion of a gallery in 1671, in which the women had seats, as the occasion of a scandalous poem of a dozen verses, which was copied and handed about secretly with great gusto, we may believe, by those who take delight in such coarse and malicious horse-play. It was dedicated. "O ye brave undertakers & gallery makers," .and concluded his calumnious rant against the wares of the coopers, the .carpenters, the sailors, the tanner and all the rest with a refrain: "Set aside Mrs. Kindrick, goode Rust Mother Woodward & Ann. Pray find me such three againe if you can." The wonder is not that two aggrieved and indignant husbands in- stantly brought complaint against the two culprits involved, but that so little serious account of such gross libel was made in the Courts. • As we review the many disorders and disturbances that have been noted, and reflect that these were only the most violent, and that an innum- erable series of lesser moment was always happening; as we recall the common adjuncts of the weekly lecture, the exposure of criminals on high stools with the tale of their infamy written upon them, the reading of apologies for many misdeeds, the presence of murderers in chains prior to their execution, to be preached at by the minister, and then delivered over to the hang man to be executed in the presence of the whole community; the common sight, as the worshippers left the meeting house, of misdoers in limbo, sitting in the stocks, tied to the whipping post, or with rope round their neck and thrown over the gallows tree, we must believe that there was less sensitiveness, less sympathy, less annoyance at irreverence, lower standards of good conduct, amid that environment of stern legal- ism, or else that there was constant wounding of delicate sensibilities, and the perpetual recoil of tender hearts from the grossness of word and act with which they were always in painful contact. COLONEL JOHN PATERSONS' REGIMENT Colonel John Paterson's Minute Men's and militia Regiment, April 19. 1775. Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, May-June 1775. Colonel John Paterson's 26th Regiment, Army of the United Colonies, July-December, 1775. By Frank A. Gardner, M D. (Continued from No. i, Vol. VIII) CAPTAIN SAMUEL SLOAN of Williamstown commanded an Inde- pendent Company of Minute Men which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. May 5, 1775, he was engaged as Captain in Colonel John Paterson's Twelfth Regiment, Provincial Army, and he served under Colonel Paterson through the year. During 1776 he was Captain in Colonel John Paterson's Fifteenth Regiment, Continental Army. From October nth to 28th, 1781, he was Captain of a. Company in Colonel Asa Barns's Regiment f roservice under General Stark on the alarm at Sara- toga. "General Samuel Sloane died in Williamstown, April 12, 1813, in his 73rd year." CAPTAIN STRONG was mentioned as belonging to this regiment, June 13, 1775, but as it was full, agreed to join Colonel Henshaw's. CAPTAIN NATHAN W ATKINS of Partridgefield (Peru) was the son of Andrew Watkins, and was born in Hopkinton in 1739. As a resi- dent of "Hopkinton - he served as a private in Captain Benjamin Wood's Company from October 29 to December 13, 1755. From March 12th to November 17th, 1757, he was a centinel in Captain John Burke's Com- pany. From March 31st to May 23rd, 1758, he served in Captain Cox's Company, Colonel Ruggles's Regiment. On the Lexington alarm of April l 9t 1 77S> ne marched as Captain of a Company of Minute Men. May 5, 1775, ne was engaged as Captain in Colonel John Paterson's Twelfth Regiment, Provincial Army, and served through the year under that commander. During 1776, he was Captain in Colonel Edmund Phinney's Eighteenth Regiment, Continental Army. Reported re-engaged Novem- 75 &■;:■:■ 7 6 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE ber 13. 1776, in Colonel Brewer's Regiment. In the muster roll dated Fort George, December S, 1776, he was reported sick in the barracks. From January 1st to September 8th, 1778, he was a Captain in the 12th Regi- ment, Massachusetts Line, under Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Carleton and Ebenezer Sprout On the latter date he was reported a supernumerary officer and deranged, "on account of being absent a prisoner." The rec- ords show that he had been taken prisoner July 7. 1777, and October 24, 1777, he was listed to be exchanged for Captain Bloomiield of Royal Ar- tillery. October 13 to 19, 1780, he served as a private in Captain William Fletcher's Company, Colonel Benamin Symonds's Berkshire County Regi- ment. CAPTAIN THOMAS WILLIAMS of Stockbridge, was the eldest son of Doctor Thomas Williams of Deerfield, and brother of the founder of Williams College. He was born May 5, 1746. He studied law with Colonel Hopkins of Great Barrington, and commenced the practice ot law in Stockbridge with fair prospects of success ; but at the opening of the Revolutionary War he organized a company of Minute Men which marched as a part of Colonel Paterson's Regiment on the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775. May 5, 1775, he was engaged to hold the same rank in Colonel Paterson's Twelfth Regiment, Provincial Army. He served under that command through the year. He was one of those who volunteered to follow Arnold up the Kennebec, and was in Colonel Enos's division. On reaching the Dead River the men of this Division of the invading forces Avere compelled to turn back on account of absolute lack of provisions. January 19, 1776, he was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel of Colonel Elisha Porter's Regiment of Hampshire and Berkshire men, organized to reinforce the army in Canada. He died on his way, at Skenesborough, now Whitehall, July 10, 1776, at the age of thirty. CAPTAIN WILLIAM WYMAN of Roxbury, was probably the man of that name, who in 1760, at the age of twenty-two, residence Boston, enlisted for service in Canada. April 23, 1775, he was engaged as Captain in Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, and served through the year. FIRST LIEUTENANT JOSIAH ARNOLD of West Stockbridge, held that rank in Captain William Thomas's Company, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. He served under this command twenty-five days. May 3, 1776, he was commissioned First Lieutenant in Captain Increase Hewins's Com- COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 77 pany, in Colonel Benjamin Symonds's Second Berkshire County Regi- ment. December 16, 1776, he enlisted in Captain Amos Rathburn's Com- pany in the last named Regiment. May 1. 1777, his company was de- tached from the Berkshire County Militia to reinforce the Continental Army. FIRST LIEUTENANT MOSES ASHLEY of Hartwood, was the son of Moses and Sarah (Taylor) Ashley, and was born in Westfield, June 16, 1748. He graduated from Yale College in 1767, and with his father re- moved to Hartwood (now Washington) in the Spring of 1772. In the "Ashley Genealogy" it is stated that he was appointed an Ensign in the militia soon after his arrival in the last named place, and that he was sent to represent the town of Stockbridge, July 6, 1774. In response to the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775, he marched as First Lieutenant in Captain Peter Porter's Company, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment. May 5, 1775, he enlisted in the same regiment and was commissioned Ensign, May 2~, 1775. During 1776 he was Captain in Colonel John Pater- son's 15th Regiment, Continental Army. January 1, 1777, he became Captain in Colonel Joseph Yose's 1st Regiment, Massachusetts Line. July 28, 1780, he was commissioned Major in Colonel Major Ruftis Putnam's 5th Regiment, Massachusetts Line. January 1, 1783, he was transferred to. Colonel Benjamin Tupper's 6th Regiment, Massachusetts Line, and served to June 12, 1783. He died in Lee, Massachusetts, August 25, 1791. He was a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati. FIRST LIEUTENANT JOHN BACON of Needham was a Sergeant in Captain Aaron Smith's Company, Colonel William Heath's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775, serving five days. April 24, 1775, he enlisted as First Lieutenant in Captain Samuel Kilton's Company, Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment. Provincial Army, and served through the year. FIRST LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BOWDOIN was commissioned May 2J, 1775, Lieutenant in Captain Joseph Morse's Company, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment. FIRST LIEUTENANT SAMUEL CHAPIN of Springfield, was the son of Elisha and Miriam (Ely) Chapin. He is mentioned as holding this rank in Captain William Wyman's Company, Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, May 2"j, 1775, at which time his com- 78 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE mission was ordered to be delivered. He served through the year under the same Colonel. During 1776 he was First Lieutenant in Colonel John Paterson's 15th Regiment, Continental Army. January 1, 1777, he be- came Ensign in Colonel William Shepherd's 4th Regiment, Massachusetts Line, holding that rank ten months, when he was promoted Lieutenant. In 1779 his name appears as First Lieutenant in Captain Simon Learned *s Company, Colonel Shepherd's Regiment. May 20, 1779, he was Lieuten- ant in Colonel Henry Jackson's Regiment. He was a member of Massa- chusetts Society of the Cincinnati. FIRST LIEUTEXAXT WILLIAM CLARK of Gageborough, held that rank in Captain Nathan Watkins's Company of Minute Men, which marched from Gageborough and F'artridgefield, on the Lexington Alarm, April 19, 1775. May 5, 1775, he was engaged to serve under the same Captain in Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, and served until his discharge, September 9, 1775. May 3, 1776, he was com- missioned Captain in Colonel Benjamin Symonds's Second Berkshire County Regiment. He served as Captain in the same Regiment on an alarm in July and August, 1777, an d again in April, 1778, and also in October, 1780. t . FIRST LIEUTENANT JOHN CUMPSTON of Saco (also given Pep- perellborough) was in Theodore Bliss's Company, having enlisted May 3, 1775. He served through the year, and went with the contingent to Quebec. FIRST LIEUTENANT THOMAS NICHOLS held that rank in Cap- tain Asa Barnes's Company, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, on the Lexington alarm, .April 19, 1775. FIRST LIEUTENANT DAVID PIXLEY of Stockbridge, was prob- ably the son of David Pixley. His name appears in the above rank in the list of Captain William Goodrich's Company, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. ^ Ia y 5> I 775» ne was engaged to serve under the same officer in Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, and probably served through the year. In 1777 he was Captain of the Stockbridge Company in Colonel John Brown's 3d Berkshire County Regiment, serving twenty-seven days with the Army of the Northern Department. COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 79 FIRST LIEUTENANT ZEBADIAH SARIN of Williamstown, was the son of Hezekiah and Zerviah (Hosmer) Sabin, and was baptized in Pomfret, Connecticut, January 23, 1736. May 5, 1775, he was engaged as First Lieutenant in Captain Samuel Sloan's Company, Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army. He probably served through the year. FIRST LIEUTENANT EBENEZER SMITH of Richmond, was First Lieutenant in Captain David Rossiter's Company of minute men, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, which marched in response to the Lexington Alarm of April 19, 1775. Permission was granted him in May, 1775, to return home. FIRST LIEUTENANT SIMEON SMITH of Lenox was a private in Captain John Burke's Company in March and April, 1756. From April 14th to January 3, 1758, as a resident of Montague, -he was a private in Colonel William Williams's Regiment. In the following year from April 6th to November 30th he was a private in Captain John Clapp's Company on an expedition to Crown Point. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775, ne marched as First. Lieutenant in Captain Charles Dibble's Com- pany, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment. May 5, 1775, he was engaged to serve in that rank under the same Captain and served throughout the year. July 5, 1776 he became Captain in Colonel Seth Warner's Addi- tional Continental Regiment, and was taken prisoner. July 15, 1779. A petition of his wife, Rachael Smith, for exchange, dated July, 1782, is on record in the Archives. He was placed on the retired list January 1, 1781. He was a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati. FIRST LIEUTENANT ORINGH STODDARD of Stockbridge, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, May 18, 1742, was the son of James and Abigail (Pack) Stoddard. He settled in Stockbridge before the Revolu- tion, and on the Lexington alarm. April 19, 1775, marched as Second Lieutenant in Captain Thomas, Williams's Company of Minute Men. Colonel John Paterson's Regiment. May 5, 1775, he was engaged to serve under the same Captain in Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment. Provincial Army, and his name appears as Lieutenant of said Company in the list dated May 27, 1775. He served through the year. January 1, 1777, he became Captain in Colonel Joseph Vose's 1st Regiment, Massa- chusetts Line, and served until his resignation, November 2, 1780. In the 80 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE "History of the Stoddard Family," it is stated that he became a General of Militia after the Revolution.. In 1778 he settled in the site of the present town of Union, N. Y., later removing to Lisle, Broome County. He died there October 3, 1824, aged 82 years, 4 months, 4 days. FIRST LIEUTENANT JOSEPH WELCH of Richmond held that rank in Captain David Noble's Company of Minute Men and Militia, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775. April 29, 1775. he was engaged to serve under the same officers in the 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, and served under them through the year. He was taken prisoner in Canada in 1776, and his name appears in an exchange list dated June 28, 1777. October 29, 1779, it w r as ordered that clothing be given him, being at the time a pris- oner under parole. By special resolve his wages were made up to March 6, 1781 ; "On account of his having been a prisoner during a portion of the time." FIRST LIEUTENANT JOHN WYMAN. An officer of this name appears as one of the recruiting officers of this regiment, in a document under date of July 15, 1775, but no further reference to him can be found. SECOND LIEUTENANT SILAS CHILDS of Becker, held that rank- in Captain Peter Porter's Company of Minute Men, Colonel Paterson's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. May 5, 1775, he enlisted as Sergeant in Captain Thomas Williams's Com- pany, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, and served through the year. He may have been the Silas "Chile's" who was a private in Lieutenant Thomas Gould's Company, Colonel Benjamin Symond's Second Berk- shire County Regiment in July. 1777. SECOND LIEUTENANT EDWARD CUMPSTON of Saco held that rank in Captain Theodore Blisss Company, Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, and served through the year. During 1776 he was First Lieutenant in Colonel John Paterson's 15th Regiment, Continental Army. January I, 1777, he became Adjutant in Colonel John Greaton's 3rd Regiment, Massachusetts Line. November 11, 1777, he was commissioned Captain in the same Regiment. He resigned March 21, 1780. SECOND LIEUTENANT JACOB LYON of Gageborough, was a COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 8 i Sergeant in Captain Nathan Watkins's Company of Minute Men, which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. May 5, 1775, he en- listed under the same Captain in Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment. Provincial Army. In a list dated November 1, 1775, his name appears as Second Lieutenant in this Regiment, and the receipt for bounty coat was dated November 13, 1775. January I, 1776, he became Second Lieu- tenant in Colonel Edward Phinney's 18th Regiment, Continental Army. He died April 15, 1776. SECOND LIEUTENANT ENOS PARKER of East Hoosac (Adams), marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19. 1775, as Ensign in Captain Samuel Sloan's Company of Minute Men. May 5, 1775, he w r as engaged to serve in the same rank under that Captain in Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army. In a company return, dated probably October, 1775, he was called Second Lieutenant of the same compar- and regiment. He probably served through the year. July 9, 1777, he was engaged as Captain in Colonel Benjamin Symonds's Second Berk- shire County Regiment. He also served in the same rank in that regi- ment on alarm calls in August and September, 1777. His name appears in the list of officers in Colonel Symonds's 7th Essex County (probably mistake in the records) Regiment, his commission as Captain bearing date' of May 3, 1778. July 1, 1778, he was engaged as Captain of Colonel Gerrish's Regiment of Guards, and he served until January 3, 1779. SECOND LIEUTENANT JOHN PENNOYER of Sharon, Connecti- cut, was the son of John and Mary (St. John) Pennoyer of the above' named town. He was born there February 11, 1754. His name appears in the above rank in Captain John McKinstry's Company, Colonel John Paterson's 26th Regiment, Army of the United Colonies, in a return dated probably October, 1775, an d also in a recommendation proclamation dated November 1, 1775. January 1, 1776, he became Second Lieutenant in Colonel John Paterson's 15th Regiment, Continental Army. SECOND LIEUTENANT AMOS PORTER of Lenox held that rank- in Captain Charles Dibble's Company of Minute Men, Colonel John Pater- son's Regiment, which marched in response to the Lexington alarm. April x 9» 1775. ^ a y 5> 1775, he was engaged to serve in Colonel John Pater- son's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, and he served through the year under that officer. 82 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE SECOND LIEUTENANT NAHUM POWERS of Greenwich, may have been the man of that name, who, as a resident of Greenwich, at the age of eighteen, enlisted, July 6, 1759, in Colonel Israel Williams's Regi- ment, having had record of service in an expedition to Canada the pre- vious year. He was a private in Captain Joseph Hooker's Company of Minute Men, Colonel Ruggles Woodbridge's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington Alarm, April 19, 1775. October 24th he enlisted as Second Lieutenant in Captain Samuel Kelton's Company, Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, and he served through the year, being called Ensign in some lists, and Second Lieutenant in others. April 1, 1776, he was commissioned Second Lieutenant in Captain Isaac Powers's Company, Colonel Elisha Porter's Hampshire and Berkshire County Regi- ment. In August, 1776, he was in Colonel B. R. Woodbridge's Militia Regiment. SECOND LIEUTENANT JEDEDIAH SANGER of Sherborn, was the son of Richard and Deborah (Rider) Sanger. He was born in Sher- born February 17, 1 750-1. He was a private in Captain Benamin Bul- lard's Company of Minute Men, Colonel Abijah Pierce's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm April 19, 1775. April 24, 1775, he en- listed as Second Lieutenant in Captain Joseph Morse's Company, Colonel John 'Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army. He continued to serve under those officers through the year. In 1776, he held the same rank in Colonel William Prescott's 7th Regiment, Continental Army, and his later military record will be found in the history of Colonel William Phescott's Regiment. (See Massachusetts Magazine, Vol. 1, Page 256). Judge Jedediah Sanger died in 1820. SECOND LIEUTENANT WILLIAM W ATKINS of Partridgefield (Peru), held that rank in Captain Nathan Watkins Company of Minute Men, which marched on the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775- May 5, 1778, he was engaged to serve in that rank under the same Captain in Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army, and served through the year. May 3, 1776 his commission as Captain in Colonel Ben- jamin Symonds's Second Berkshire County Regiment was ordered in 'Council. In a muster roll, dated Ticonderoga, February 25, 1777, his name appears as Captain of the 7th Company in Colonel Benjamin Sy- monds's detachment of Berkshire County Militia. A note stating that he entered service December 16, 1776, is also found in the archives. COLONEL JOHN PATERSON'S REGIMENT 83 SECOND LIEUTENANT PETER WHITE of Uxbridge, was en- gaged April 23, 1775, as Ensign in Captain William Wyman's Company, Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Provincial Army. He served through the year under these officers, and in a Company return, dated October, 1775, he is called Second Lieutenant. During 1776 he was First Lieutenant in Colonel John Paterson's 15th Regiment, Continental Army. SECOND LIEUTENANT JOSIAH WRIGHT of Pittsfield, served as Sergeant in Captain Israel Williams's Regiment in 1757-8. He was Second Lieutenant in Captain David Noble's Company of Minute Men and Militia, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment, which marched in response to the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. We was engaged to serve in the same rank on April 29, 1775, and served through the year. He be- came a prominent citizen of Pittsfield, and was Deacon of the [Methodist church. He served as Moderator at the Town Meeting, and held other offices of trust. ENSIGN FRANCIS CABOT was credited with that rank in Captain Theodore Bliss's Company, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment in a list preserved in the Massachusetts Archives 127, Page 201. He may have been the man of that name who served as a private in Captain William Clark's Company, Colonel Benamjin Symond's 2nd Berkshire County Regiment; service three days, marching from Gageborough to Benington August 17, 1777, by order of General Stark on an alarm. ENSIGN CALEB SMITH of Lanesboro, held that rank in Captain Asa Barnes's Company, Colonel John Paterson's Regiment on the Lex- ington alarm of April 19, 1775. April 20. 1775, he was engaged as Lieu- tenant in Captain Asa Barnes's Company, Colonel Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge's 22nd Regiment, Provincial Army, and he served through the year under that officer. His full biographical sketch has been given in the Massachusetts Magazine, Volume 4, Page 89. ENSIGN SAMUEL WILCOX of Partridgefield (Peru) marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1777, as Sergeant in Captain Nathan Watkins's Company of Minute Men. May 27, 1775, the Provincial Con- gress ordered that his commission be delivered as Ensign in Captain Na- than Watkins's Company, Colonel John Paterson's 12th Regiment, Pro- vincial Army. AN EARLY BEE HUNTER'S ADVENTURES A TRUE STORY. By Francis McGee Thompson. The first settlement made by the English upon, the "Long" river of the Indians, the "Fresh" river of the Dutch, now called the Connecticut, was made by William Holmes of Plymouth, who sailed into its mouth, in Oc- tober, 1633, an d unloaded from his vessel, at a point just below the mouth of Windsor river, the already prepared frame of his house. When he re- turned to Plymouth he took with him some of the sachems of that re- gion, whom the Peqnots had driven out. The Dutch from Manhattan had traded on the "Long river," with the natives since 1614, and, intending to forestall the English, they had early in 1633 erected a small fort where Hartford now stands, which they named "Good Hope." The Dutch trained the two small guns in their fort on Holmes's ship, and ordered him to stop, but he told them that he had commission from the Governor of Ply- mouth to go up the river, "and if they did shoote, they must obey their order and proceede." So he 'proceeded' to his destination. Within two years, churches at Dorchester, Watertown and New Town, with their pastors, had removed bodily to the Connecticut, and settled at Windsor, Weathersfield and Hartford. Among the earliest to remove from Dorches-. ter to Windsor, was Jonathan Gillett. or as more frequently spelled in early times, Gillit. He subsequently removed to Simsbury, and raised a family of ten children. His third son, Joseph, (baptized July 25, 164 1,) was one of the early settlers of Deerfield, later the frontier town of the Connecticut valley, and was killed by King Philip's Indians at the massacre of Lolhrop and his men at Bloody Brook, Sept. 18, 1875. Samuel, younger brother of Joseph, was slain on the retreat of Capt. Wm. Turner after the fig'rt at Turners Falls, May 19, 1676. The next year the widow of Samuel married Stephen Jennings of Hatfield, and that same year she with two of her children, were taken prisoners to Canada. While a prisoner, she became the mother of a babe whom she named Captivity Jennings. These prisoners were 84 AN EARLY BEE HUNTER AND HIS TROUBLES 85 rescued in 1678. Joseph Gillett was the father of seven children, and his son John, born June 10, 1671, was the hero of this story. When, in 1651, the apostle Eliot made selection of the place where he proposed to build his town for the gathering in of his "praying- Indians/ he, and the General Court, supposed that the 2000 acres granted for that purpose, lay within the boundaries of Xatick; but when it proved to be within the lines of Dedham, the proprietors of that town made the dis- covery, the basis of a claim upon the General Court for a grant in remu- neration, and for twelve years they badgered the General Court for re- dress. Wearied at last, the legislature in 1663 appointed a committee who reported ; "For a final issue of the case between Dedham and Natick, the Court judgeth meete to graunte Dedham eight thousand acres of land in any convenient place or places, not exceeding two, where it can be found free from former graunts ; provided Dedham accepts this offer." Dedham accepted the offer, and in order to make the most of their bargain, sent out spies, as Moses sent men to spy out Jaazer. to find the best location. The committee pitched upon the Pocumtuck (Deerfield) valley, and in 1665 the grant was laid out, including within its lines the rich bottom lands on both sides of the winding Pocumtuck. A sizeable stream rises in southeastern Vermont and flowing southerly enters the Pocumtuck or Deerfield a mile north of the old village. This was called by the Indians, "Picomegan," and by the English, Green river. On its banks lie the rich acres known as Greenfield meadows, and near by is the beautiful village of Greenfield. Here, Sept. 16, 1696, John Gillett aged 25, and John Smead 23 years old, of Deerfield, were engaged in "hunting bees." Undoubtedly they were soldiers sent out on a scout, and the "tracking Bees," was merely an in- cident of the occasion. Judd, in his history of Hadley says, "The early seN tiers of Connecticut transported bees from the towns about Boston, and there were hives or skeps of bees at Northampton and Hadley in early days." "Swarms of bees sometimes flew into the woods, and the racket made by beating pans and kettles did not check them. Bees have inhabited hollow trees in the woods of Hadley and other forests from time immemorial, and many persons have hunted for bee trees. Those found were marked, and afterwards cut down and the honev taken out." Rev. 86 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Mr. Judd of Southampton made this entry in his diary, Oct. 20, 1746, — "went to hunt bees." There were many methods of hunting bees in practice. I have seen an ancient bee hunting box," arranged with a sliding cover, made in two sec- tions, in one of which was placed a little honey, and the other was for the detention of a few bees poked into it from the flowers. When the bee hunter discovered numerous bees, at a long distance from any known colo- nies, he carefully secured a few in his cage, and when they had in a meas- ure recovered from their fright, -he would permit a bee to feast upon the honey, and when liberated the bee would rise in the air, and after a mo- ment take a direct course for his home station. As bee after bee was lib- erated, if they all took the same course, the hunter was assured that they were all from the same colony. The course of flight was fixed by the bee hunter by natural objects, and the place of observation was marked so as to be easily found, and then the bee hunter would move on at a right angle to the course of flight and repeat the process with a new collection of bees. When the new course of flight had been fixed, then one of the bee hunters would start from each station, and marching in the line fixed by the flight of bees, when they came together they were pretty sure to find a big hovlow tree, and after critical examination discover some knot-hole or crack, through which the colony made ingress and egress. The tree being marked with the bee hunter's initials, a day was fixed for the cutting of the tree, the smoking and smothering of the bees, and the securing of the honey; in which sweet labor the lucky finder enjoyed the company of many friends. While busily engaged in "tracking'' his bees, Gillett, before he was aware of their presence, was nearly surrounded by nineteen French Mo- hawk Indians. Smead, being more distant, took flight and made his es- cape. It has always been thought by those best capable of judging, that some of this party of Indians were well acquainted with the people at Deerfield, and it is recorded that Capt. Partridge wrote about this time, "the Deerfield people are fearful concerning the pretended friendly Indians proving enemies, being worse than open enemies." Gillett may have rec- ognized some iriendly" in the party, and perhaps made no effort to es- " i AN EARLY BEE HUNTER AND HIS TROUBLES 87 cape; at all events he was made a prisoner, and the party fearing that Smead would alarm the settlers at Deerfield. four or five miles away, they left three men to guard him while the other sixteen men pushed on to make a raid upon the settlement. It was "lecture day" at Deerfield, and nearly all the adult population were gathered in the little new meeting house to hear Rev. John Williams, v\-ho had for ten years been the pastor of this frontier flock in the wilder- ness. The Indians, entering the settlement at the north end of the village street, meeting no resistance, came to the house of Air. Daniel Belding, whom they had seen driving into his yard, a cart loaded with corn, from the meadow. Mr. Belding, being somewhat belated, left his oxen in the yard, and hastened into the house to make ready to attend the lecture. His house stood where now is located the residence of Hon. George Sheldon, the venerated historian of the town, and was within gun shot of the north gate of the palisade which surrounded the meeting house, and other houses of the settlers. Immediately the Indians rushed in and took Mr. Belding, his son Nathaniel, (22) his daughter Esther, (13) prisoners, and killed Airs. Belding, and their sons Daniel, (16) John, (3) and their daughter Thankful, (10) months. Samuel, their boy aged nine years, was .on the load of corn, and when an Indian took him from the cart, "he kickd and scratchd and bit" the savage, who became vexed and set him down, and struck his hatchet into his head, and twitched twice or thrice to pull it out, and left him for dead." The boy soon recovered his senses and saw. the savages running from the place. He started for the fort, but was so weak that when he came to the little bridge over the swamp, he fell off, but was rescued and taken to the ministers house. For a long time his life was dispaired of. but he recovered and lived until 1750. Abigail Belding (6) while running for the fort was wounded in the arm, (as was thought by a bullet fired from the fort;) but both sides were firing, and Zebediah Williams was wounded as he opened the palisade gate to let in the frightened settlers. Sarah, another daughter, (14) hid herself among some tobacco hanging in a chamber, and thus escaped. One of the Indians being wounded "in the fleshy part of the thigh," and the people having become thoroughly alarmed, the Indians withdrew, 88 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE but were followed into the meadows "by some Brisk young men," and many shots were exchanged "without damage on either side." The Indians killed some cattle which were feeding in the meadow, but the boy who had them in charge, was quick witted enough to hide himself and escape cap- ture. John Smead came safely into town soon after the enemy had retired with their prisoners. After picking up their companions and Gillett, at Green river, the In- dians camped the first night near Xorthfield street, in a round hole near Connecticut river. They took the route to Canada by the way of Otter river, and on their journey came upon a trail which, they announced, was made by Albany Indians on their way to Canada, "where they were wont to go a-scalping." The Mohawk war party sent out scouts who discovered the "smoak" of the hostile Albany party, and reporting, the Indians immediately made preparations to attack their enemies. They threw off their packs, and smeared themselves with paint, tied their English prisoners to trees, and left two of their party as guards. Dividing into two companies, they made their attack, killing two, and two escaped. One of the attacking party was wounded in y e fleshy part of the thigh, as one had been before at DTd." One of the prisoners taken in the skirmish, was a Scatacook, and one was a young Albany Mohawk. When the Indians and their captives were well on their journey, Mr. Belding asked the Scatacook what he thought the enemy would do with them. He told them that they would not kill the English prisoners, but would give some of them to the French.' and keep some of them for slaves. He said that they would probably burn him, at least he expected that would be his fate. When they reached the lake, that night, it was raining very hard, and the Indians built no fire. Some of the Indians took the Scatacook under a canoe, and in some man- ner he worked himself free from his bonds and escaped. They made great search for the missing prisoner, but were forced to march without him. The Albany Mohawk, being of the same nation as the captors, was not in danger of being burned, the Canada Indians being Mohawks, but living in Canada, that they might enjoy the Catholic religion. When the party reached the Oso fort, the captive men were forced to - : 5%f%-V-/ AN EARLY BEE HUNTER AND HIS TROUBLES 89 run the gauntlet. Mr. Belding. being very nimble, escaped without much injury; but the others suffered much by being beaten with clubs and fire- brands. It was the 9th of October, when they reached Canada, and the prophecy of the Scatacook proved true. Mr. Belding and his daughter were kept by the Indians, John Gillett and Nathaniel Belding were given to the French. The French placed Gillett as a servant with the Nuns, on their farm, and Nathaniel worked for the Holy Sisters. In July, Mr. Belding was sold to the Jesuits, and his duties were to cut wood, tend fires, and work in the garden at the Seminary. They thought themselves well used. Early in the following winter, Col. Abraham Schuyler arrived from Albany, and brought with him a copy of the articles of peace between Eng- land and France, and took home with him to Albany, some Dutch captives. The following April, Col. Schuyler returned with his brother Col. Peter Schuyler, the Dutch Dominie at Albany, and others, and after negotiation, the governor of New France gave liberty to all captives, Dutch or Eng- lish, to return home, and ordered that all captives under sixteen years of age might be compelled to return, while those above that age might be at liberty to go or stay. On June 8th, the Schuyler party, having gathered up all the captives they could, both Dutch and English, started for Albany by way of Lake Champlain. In this party were Mr. Belding and his chil- dren, Martin Smith, and about twenty other English. They reached Al- bany about fifteen days after leaving Canada, and were very kindly enter- tained by the Dutch. Mr. Belding and his children went down the river to New York, thence sailed to Stamford, Conn., and from there went to Nonvalk, to meet his brother, who had furnished him means for payment of his large expenses. He reached his home at Deerfield, and in 1699 married for his second wife, Hepzibah. widow of Lt. Thomas Wells. She was taken prisoner at the destruction of Deerfield, Feb. 29, 1704, and killed on the march to Canada. Our bee hunter, John Gillett reached Deerfield a short time previous to the return of the Belding family, by the round about way of France and England. Upon Gillett's arrival home, and the story of his hardships be- coming known, the representative to the General Court from Hatfield, presented the following petition for his relief. "Whereas John Gillett who hath been a very active and Willing Sould 1 " within the County of Hampshire & Being On the 16th day of Sep tr 1696 out upon Service & togeather w th some others was that day taken by the enemy & suffering hardship was carried to Cannadie Captive & there Remayn d till Sep tr Last & then Sent from thence Prison 1 * into old ffrance, & thence (by the late Articles of Peace) he sd. Gilit together with other go MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Captives was Released & carried into England ; Since his Arrival there hath Lived & obtained pay for his Passage by Charitie of Some English March ts there & now being Arrived here destitute of Money or Cloaths for his present Reliefe Humbly propose it to y e Honor ble Co r te to allow him something w 1 this Co r te judge meet for his p r sent Reliefe. SAMLL PARTRIGC— Province Laws — Chap. 17, 1698. "Resolved there be allowed and paid out of the public treasury the sum of six pounds to John Gillett, for his present relief, having been imployed as a souldier in his majesties service within the province, and taken pris- oner by the enemy and carried into Canada, and from thence to old France, and now returned heme. Approved June 17, 1698. John Smead, who escaped capture while "tracking bees," was living at Deerfield, when the hamlet was sacked by the French and Indians, Feb. 29. 1703-4, with his wife and child, and all escaped capture or death. Mr. Smead joined in the attempt made that day to rescue the captives, called the "Meadow fight" and received a bullet in his thigh which he carried to his grave in 1720. His son, John, made application to the General Court for some recognition of his father's service and suffering, and was granted two hundred acres of land. To the application the following certificate was attached. "I was in the Deerfield Meadow fight & see the said Smead kill an Indian. Some of the soldiers took off the Indian's scalp & secured it & I see the said John Smead shoot another Indian which he gave a mortal wound & the Indian died in a short time at the place where he received the wound or very near the place. Ebenezer Warner." This son, John, was a soldier at Fort Massachusetts when it was cap- tured by the French and Indians, Aug. 20, 1746, and himself, wife, and five children were among the captives taken to Canada. On the second day's march toward Canada, the wife became the mother of a girl baby, whom they named "Captivity" and it was baptized by Rev. John Norton, the English chaplain, also a prisoner. A litter was made of poles support- ing a bear-skin, and the mother and child were carefully carried by the Indians to the end of their journey. Mrs. Smead died the following March, and Mr. Smead and the three youngest children were redeemed and reached Boston in August, 1747, but Mr. Smead was killed by Indians at a place on the Connecticut near the mouth of Miller's river, just three weeks after his return from captivity. T;v 9/ NEW ENGLAND AND THE WESTERN RESERVE Karl F. Geiser, Professor of Political Science in Oberlin College. From the organization of Congress in 1789 down to the Civil War, the debates of that body show r a divided sentiment toward the pioneer of the West. John Randolph pronounced the western country a land "where any man may get beastly drunk for three pence sterling." He ridiculed the pioneers as ''men in hunting shirts, with deer-skin leggings and moc- casins on their feet — men with rifles on their shoulders and long knives in their belts, seeking in the forests to lay in their next Winter's supply of bear meat." This rebuke, delivered in Congress in 1824, was not al- lowed to pass unchallenged, however, for a few days later Robert P. Letcher of Kentucky, on the floor of the House, replied: "Sir, with the utmost frankness, I admit their external appearance is not the most fashionable and elegant kind ; they are not decorated in all the style, the gaiety and the taste of a dandy of the first water. Their means are too limited and their discretion is too great, I trust, for the indulgence of such foppery and extravagance — Sir, these are the very citizens of whom the nation ought to be proud. They constitute the bone, and sinew, and strength, of your Government. In the hour of peril and danger they are always ready to rally around the standard of their country. Call upon them to maintain the honor of the nation, to defend her rights, they set up no Constitutional scruples, in answer to your call about crossing boundary lines I" 1 These two opinions are suggestive, if not typical, of the attitude of members of Congress toward the pioneers of the West and towards the problem of the disposal of the public lands from the time of the organiza- tion of the North-West Territory until the establishment by Congress of a definite policy not only in regard to public lands and pio neers in the 1 As quoted by Kenneth W. Colgrove in Iowa Journal of History and Politics. Vol. VIII. No. 1, pp. 3-5. 91 ve;-'. : 92 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE West, but also in regard to the policy of frontier protection and internal improvements — if indeed, it may be said that Congress ever established a definite policy. Whatever may be the facts concerning this point, opin- ions, in and out of Congress, were divided upon the question of the effect and value of the Western settlements upon the national life and govern- ment during the period mentioned. The recorded opinions of that time have become interesting annals of our history from which we may now know the true prophets of that generation ; for later history has placed its sober and final verdict decidedly in favor of the worth and value of the pioneer in the West to American political and social institutions. So uni- versally indeed is this now conceded that the mere mention of it may seem a superogatory statement ; and yet it is well to be reminded that competent minds were not always of the same opinion upon this now patent fact and that a study of western civilization in its relation to the East — which in this case is New England — is in its broadest sense a study of relations and adjustments preparatory to a higher development of na- tional life and that the resultant principles are applicable with equal force to modern conditions. The pioneer of reform is but the western pioneer in modern life. •American political institutions have usually developed either from forces within the old institution and growing out of it, or from independ- ent forces operating from without and modifying its development. The social and political institutions of Western Reserve developed from a com- bination of these two conditions. Here we have New England Puritanism transferring or projecting itself into a new environment, preserving in a large measure — at least in the first half century — its New England quali- ties, yet hampered by no customs or traditions in its further development, and acted upon by forces springing from a new soil and new environments. Western Reserve is the last home of colonized Puritanism, for it was in a great degree — especially on its social and religious side — a New England Colony. W T hile individuals and families have carried Puritanism beyond the Mississippi, even to the Pacific slope, in no other place west does its united organizing quality appear to such an extent, in no other place has its social and religious flavor permeated and dominated the thought and life of so large a community. We can best understand to what an extent NEW ENGLAND AND THE WESTERN RESERVE. 93 New England was a factor in the life and thought, and in the development of the social, religious and political institutions upon the Western Re- serve by turning to its history, for New England gave it its birth and her influence constitutes the main thread in the tissue of its life. When Connecticut ceded her western territory to the general govern- ment, September 14, 1786, she reserved a tract lying along the south shore of Lake Erie, north of the 41st parallel and extending one hundred and twenty miles west from the western boundary of Pennsylvania. In New England this tract was generally called "New Connecticut," while in the west it was usually called "the Western Reserve of Connecticut." It was about the size of old Connecticut and has since been organized into twelve counties. 1 Of this tract the Connecticut legislature granted, September 5, 1792, to those of her citizens who had suffered from fire and other spoliation by British troops during the Revolutionary war, a halt million acres from the west end of the Reserve called "The Fire Lands." 2 Three years later, September 5, 1795, tne State executed a deed to John Caldwell, Jonathan Brace and John Morgan, trustees of the Connecticut Land Company, for 3,000,000 acres which included all that remained to the state and comprehended practically all of the Reserve except the Fire Lands. The state had issued to this company a quit claim deed conveying only such title as it possessed and leaving to the purchasers the duty of extinguishing the Indian titles to the land. Early in 1796 a party of fifty- two citizens of Connecticut, headed by Moses Cleveland, set out for the Reserve, reaching Buffalo on the 17th of June, where they met the princi- pal chiefs of the Six Nations, completed a contract for the purchase of the Indian rights to the Reserve "for five hundred pounds of New York Currency to be paid in goods to the Western Indians, and two beef cattle and 100 gallons of whiskey to the Eastern Indians, besides gifts and pro- visions to them all." They arrived at the confines of New Connecticut, July 4, 1796, and proceeded to Conneaut where they pitched their tents, erected a cabin, began the surveys to their newly acquired lands, and opened the Reserve to settlers. But the political status of the early settlers was for a time undecided 1 The Western Reserve Counties are: Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie. Geauga, Huron, Lake, Lorain, Mahoning. Medina, Portage. Summit and Trumbull. Erie and Huron counties constitute the "Fire Lands." 2 The number of citizens receiving lands from these grants was 1,870 ' 94 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE since Connecticut did not assume civil jurisdiction over the land she had sold. Governor St. Clair had organized Washington County in 1788 in the eastern part of the territory and this included a part of the Reserve, but the settlers did not feel that the government thus established was suited to their needs and most of them doubted its legality. Eight counties had been erected in the Northwest territory by 1800 but none of them were in the Reserve. No magistrate had been appointed for that portion of the country and no civil process was established: there was no mode of mak- ing legal conveyances, no authority to enforce contracts. 1 But in 1800 Connecticut transferred to the national government all claims to civil jur- isdiction and Congress assumed political control. In pursuance of this authority Governor St. Clair established by proclamation Trumbull County which included the entire area of the Reserve, "The Fire Lands' 5 and the adjacent islands. The first election was held at Warren, its county seat, on the second Tuesday of October, 1800. Forty-two votes were cast and Edward Paine, of Connecticut birth and founder of Painesville, received thirty-eight votes and was thus elected as the first representative to the territorial legislature. By a treaty between the land company and the Indians all lands in the Reserve west of the Cuyahoga river belonging to the Indians were ceded to the Company, thus giving them a full title to their complete purchase. Counties were now organized. Geauga county was organized in 1805 ; Portage in 1807, Cuyahoga in 1810, and Ashtabula in 1812. Many of the Indians remained on the Reserve till the breaking out of the war of 1812, when a portion of them joined with their Canadian brethren in taking up arms against the United States. At the close of the war occasional bands wandered back to their old hunting grounds on the Cuyahoga and Mahoning rivers, but the settlers soon made them under- stand that they were unwelcome visitors after the part they had taken against them in the war, and they soon disappeared. Thus, in 181 2 the Reserve was practically cleared of the Indians and the first step in the conquest of the Western Reserve was complete. It is thus to be noted that whatever beginnings existed on the Reserve up to 1800 were of purely New England origin. The original surveys were made by New Englanders ; the Company owning the entire Reserve 1 Western Historical Society Tracts. Vol. 1, No. 30. NEW ENGLAND AND THE WESTERN RESERVE. 95 was a Connecticut company and, since there was no general civil author- ity over the tract between 1795 and 1800, the institutions established, originated entirely from voluntary action of the local inhabitants, prac- tically all of whom were Xew Englanders. In 1798 there were fifteen fami- nes on the Reserve. In 1800 the entire population on the Reserve was 1,302 and at the close of the year these were groupd into thirty-two settle- ments, nearly all being from Connecticut: though Massachusetts, Vermont, and other New England states now also began to contribute their quota; and, although as yet no organized government was established, "the pion- eers were a people who had been trained in the principles and practices of civil order and these were transferred to their new homes.*' 1 There was but little lawlessness which so often characterizes the people of a new country. After 1800 the population increased rapidly; townships were organized, ministers appointed, schools established after the manner of Xew England, and thus were planted the beginnings of institutions of New England origin, centuries old, in the "far west." General Garfield, one of the most distinguished sons of the Reserve, in an address delivered in 1873. said : "There are tow r nships on this Western Reserve which are more thoroughly New r England in character and spirit than most of the towns of the New England of today. Cut off as they were from the metropolitan life that had gradually been molding and changing the spirit of New England, they preserved here in the wilderness the characteristics of New England as it was when they left it at the beginning of the century. This has given the people of the Western Reserve those strongly marked qual- ities which have always distinguished them." 2 The township was thus the first political institution established. It was the primary unit of civil government and the plan of survey — five miles square — readily lent itself to the adoption of the New England sys- tem of local government. There were, however, some important differ- ences between the settlements here and the first settlements in New Eng- land. The townships were not drafted on the pattern of New England with the highways converging to the center of the town where the meeting house was located, with one exception — T almadge township in Summit 1 Address bv James A. Garfield in W. R. Hist. Soc. Tracts. Vol. 1. Tract No. 20. p. 27. 2 Ibid. p. 28. 96 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE County. Neither did they come here as they came to New England, be- cause of religious dissatisfaction ; nor was there any need to fortify them- selves against the Indians, because they were generally friendly and mingled freely with the new settlers ; tillable land being abundant there was no common ownership in the New England sense and, hence, the social instinct was less developed ; neither were the settlements always made in church groups as in early New England. A settlement often be- gan with a family; sometimes a single individual who purchased a whole township left his family in New England, visited his purchase, built a cabin and returned the following year to bring his family and a few neces- sary household utensils, such as could be conveyed in a wagon drawn by a team of horses or oxen. The journey from New England — about 600 miles from Connecticut — was beset with hardships and dangers and was, therefore, often made by the early settlers in groups numbering from ten to forty. Many of the letters of these early settlers have been preserved and from them w r e may review the life, thoughts, habits, and institutions of these sturdy pioneers. 1 I give extracts from one which is typical : "I was born at Middlefield, Hampshire Countv, Massachusetts, September I, 1800. In the Spring of 1.807 my father, Samuel Taylor, determined to re- move to Ohio, and on the eighth of May our family, with those of Jere- miah Root, Benjamin Eggleston and Joseph Eggleston, numbering in all thirty-six persons, took leave of our relatives and neighbors and started on our journey. . . .we were four days on the road from Warren to Aurora, a distance of less than thirty miles, where our journey of forty-five days ter- minated June 22, 1807, When we built our first log cabin the nearest neighbor on the north was $o miles away ; on the west, 60 miles, on the east about eight miles and on the south of Aurora, about ten to eleven miles to a house in Franklin township. "At that time Ohio was a vast wilderness with but few inhabitants, ex- cept the Indians, who outnumbered the whites, 2 or 3 to 1 ; but the forests were filled with deer, bear, wolves, elks, raccoon, wildcats, turkeys, and various other kinds of wild animals.... During the night-time we had serenades from the hooting owls, the growling of bears or the more enliv- 1 Sf«> Annals of the Early Settlers' Association of Cuyahoga Co.; also Western Reserve Hist. Soc. Tract. 3 Vols. NEW ENGLAND AND THE WESTERN RESERVE. 97 ening howl of the wolf, the recollection of which enables me to, appreciate a certain kind of operatic music which we now hear in some of our public assemblies A few days after our arrival I was sent to a school kept in a log school house, by Miss Polly Cannon, who received her education in Massachusetts Our teachers of that day were men and women who had been educated at the East and were generally of a high order of talent." 1 From another letter describing events from 1803 to 1806 I quote: "I attended a celebration on the fourth at Joel Paines ; they fired guns, gave toasts and drank whiskey, made for the occasion over at Thompson's still, at the mouth of the Tiber. He also had a grist mill for grinding corn ; he could put in a bushel of corn at night and the morning it was corn meal. The mill stones came from near Willoughby (then called Chagrin) ; two men brought them on their shoulders with a hand spike through the eye — one at a time. The still was brought from Pittsburg on a one-horse dray. The dray was made by fastening two long poles to the harness — one each side of the horse — the other ends dragged on the ground; pins fastened the poles together a little behind the horse, and the load is fastened to the pins Indians were all about us. . . .they were perfectly friendly In the fall of 1803 my father and Capt. Skinner laid out a town and called it New Market It w r as situated between Skinner's and Gen. Paine's farms along the river." 2 The above extracts suggest, and a careful perusal of the numerous letters, published recollections, and annals, lead one to conclude, that though the early settlers of the Reserve w r ere of Puritan stock, there were strong influences that tended to degrade the moral and religious elements of Puritanism; at least such is the opinion of Joseph Badger, the first mission- ary sent to the Reserve by the Connecticut Missionary Society. In 1802 he records in his Memoirs: "Infidelity and profaning the Sabbath are gen- eral in this new place (Xewburg) and bid fair to grow into a hardened, corrupt society." 3 A fourth of July celebration at Hudson, 1801, where about thirty had assembled, it is noted as follows : "After an ap- propriate prayer, the oration was delivered, interlarded wit h many grossly 1 Annals of Early Settlers' Association of Cuyahoga Co. Col. II, p. 143. 2 Ibid. p. 132 f. 3 Rev. Joseph Badger, Memoirs, Edited by Henry N. Day, 1851. p. 46. 9 8 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE illiberal remarks against Christians and Christianity." 1 It would thus appear that if the Bible was the chief work of literature read by the early settlers on the Reserve, as is so often stated by the histo- rian, it was by no means the only literature. In this scattered population of wide areas, of small communities and families, isolated by forests, free- dom of thought accompanied freedom of action, and there is reason to believe that it often preceded it : that many left their New England homes who were not dominated by the Westminster standards and who were out of sympathy with the New England creed. Volney and many other "in- fidel" writers were read, according to Badger, and no small part of that noble missionary's work was directed against the irreligious ideas current among the earlier settlers. He frequently appealed to the Connecticut Missionary Society for literature to counteract these influences. Mr. Bad- ger's work, however, seems to have been very successful and there were periods of great religious fervor. On one occasion, in 1803, he "preached to about 3,000 people collected for a sacramental sermon." 2 As to the character of the preaching, he says : "There, was nothing in the preaching calculated to move the passions otherwise than what is contained in the doctrine of total depravity, repentance, and faith as preached by all Cal- vinistic men." 3 Watt's Psalms and hymns which had not been used in any church, excepting one, west of the Alleghanies prior to 1801, were now, for the first time introduced. The old Scotch version had every- where been used with strong prejudices in its favor, and Mr. Badger seemed very much surprised that reading the "Hartford Hymns created no disturbance." In passing it should be said that Mr. Badger was more than a mere preacher of sectarianism. He preached the Gospel in the broadest sense, but his work was also that of an instructor in other educational lines. A graduate of Yale, endowed with intellectual powers that would have won fame at home, he left with his family of six children for the wilderness of the West at a salary of seven dollars a week. His work took him away from his family for months at a time, visiting the sick, making friends of the Indians, supplying books, establishing schools, social libra- ries, and in every way aiding the cause of humanity. When the war of 1 Ibid. p. 27. 2 Ibid. p. 50. 3 Ibid. p. 52. NEW ENGLAND AND THE WESTERN RESERVE. 99 1812 broke out he worked among- the Indians, persuading them to fight for the United States against England. General Harrison appointed him chaplain and postmaster of the army sent to guard the frontier, and in this position he also rendered valuable aid as scout and guide. He was, in fact, a heroic character who did much — perhaps as much as any single in- dividual, — to carry Puritan ideas into Western Reserve. Perhaps in no other field did New England exert a greater influence in Western Reserve than in the religious activities of the pioneer missionaries sent out by the missionary societies of the East. The work of such men as Joseph Badger, Thomas Robbins, David Bacon, John Seward. Harvey Coe, Simeon Woodruff, William Hanford, and Caleb Pitkin has left a permanent impress. These men labored under the auspices of the Connec- ticut Missionary Society and fifteen churches were organized as early as 1823 j 1 and since Congregationalism in Ohio is essentially a New England contribution, we may form a general estimate of its influence in the Re- serve compared with other parts of Ohio by the distribution of the church members of that denomination in the state. The Congregational Year Book of 1856, the earliest one giving adequate statistics, gives the total number of members in Ohio at that time as 12,822 and of these 9,330 were on the Reserve. The early missionaries of the Western Reserve were also the pioneers in the educational system of the new West. In October, 1786, the General Assembly of Connecticut, passed an Act for a survey of the Reserve with the Proviso that 500 acres in every township should be reserved for the support of the ministry and the same amount for the support of the public schools within the township, but only 24.000 acres were sold when the Act was repealed. When the land was finally sold, the funds accruing from these sales were applied to the schools of the state. Thus, while at first proposing to make a generous endowment for education in the Reserve the. state abandoned the idea "at the same time that her children were go- ing by thousands into 'New Connecticut' where they were left to provide themselves with schools as best they could.'' 2 The enabling act of 1802 for the admission of the state to the Union gave the inhabitants of 1 Ohio Church Hist.. Society Papers. Vol. VIII. p. 62 f. 2 B. A. Hinsdale, The History of Popular Education on the Western Reserve in Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications. Vol. VI. p. 37. ioo MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE every congressional township in Ohio section 36 for educational purposes ; another act vested the title of the lands in the state legislature ; but these acts did not apply to the Western Reserve, the Virginia Military District nor the United States Military Bounty Lands, amounting in all to about one-third of the whole area of the state. Connecticut appropriated to her own use the whole of the reservation ; so did Virginia, leaving the people of these. sections at a disadvantage. But Congress came to their aid and put them on the same footing as the rest of the state. Neither did the framers of the state constitution of 1802 contemplate a school system supported by the state. Article VIII of that act merely provides that "schools and the means of instruction shall for ever be en- couraged by legislative provisions" and that "no law shall be passed to prevent the poor in the several counties and townships within the state" from equal privileges in educational institutions supported in whole or in part from donations made by the United States. Section 27 of the same article gives associations the right to apply for charters of incorporation and the right to hold real and personal property for school purposes. In other words, there was no more contemplated by the framers of the first constitution in regard to schools than the granting of corporate powers and protecting the rights of persons and property. All laws relative to schools down to 182 1 dealt only with school lands and all education prior to that time was purely voluntary. 1 It was the early missionaries who first called attention to the educational needs. Mr. Badger writes, April 8, 1810, "By preaching in different settlements and visiting small schools, now beginning to be set up, I learned the great want of school books ; and by family visits, I also learned the want of suitable books in the family. 2 He himself then undertook the business of supplying the books and wrote to "several gentlemen dealing largely in books both in Boston and Hart- ford" but did not succeed very well financially, "although schools were supplied with books, and some social libraries furnished. Book dealers for- warded many unsalable books. The war coming on, increased the ex- pense of transportation, and books soon fell below their former price." 3 He therefore sold all he could and gave the rest to poor people. As early 1 Ibid. p. 39. 2 J. Badger, Memoirs, p. 126. 3 Ibid. ' • NEW ENGLAND AND THE WESTERN RESERVE. 101 as 1S01 Mr. Badger suggested the idea of obtaining a charter from the legislature authorizing the establishment of a college. In 1803 a charter was granted incorporating the "Erie Literary So- ciety." Joseph Hudson being the first-named incorporator and Rev. Jos- eph Badger the last. Private donations of land furnished the means of putting up a building in 1806, two stories high, the first being used for common school purposes and the second for an academy and for religious worship on Sunday. This was the beginning of Burton Academy in which Seabury Ford was fitted for Yale College where he graduated in 1825 and was afterwards elected Governor of Ohio. Peter Hitchcock, the first teacher, was afterward elevated to the Supreme Bench of the State, and David Tod, the eminent War Governor of Ohio, was educated here. A theological department was later added under the influence of the Presby- terian and Congregational churches. But the introduction of sectarianism reduced its patronage to such a hopeless extent that the institution was removed to Hudson, when it was called "Western Reserve College," and where it achieved a wide reputation. In 1882 it was removed to Cleveland where it was called ''Adelbert College of Western Reserve University." 1 Thus the first institution of higher education began with the primitive settlers who brought with them little else than their Puritan faith — a faith in themselves, in schools, churches and a belief in the efficacy of moral virtues. In the history of the development of the common school system of Ohio, New England influence was likewise strong. In the constitutional convention of 185 1 the members from the Reserve, many of them of Xew England birth, wielded a dominating influence. The school laws made in accordance with that constitution were largely the work of Harvey Rice, born in Massachusetts in 1800, and John W. Willey, one of the early set- tlers of Cleveland and a descendant of a Massachusetts family. Thus far the influence of Xew England in Western Reserve has been considered primarily with reference to church and religious life, and educa- tion. A word should also be said of those distinguished political leaders and jurists who on Reserve rose to fame and many of whose names are na- tional. 1 Harvey Rice, Sketches of Western Life. p. 97. 102 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Joshua R. Giddings, though born in Pennsylvania, was a product of the Western Reserve. Rufus P. Ranney, whom Rhodes 1 has called the best lawyer and soundest judge in Ohio, was born in Massachusetts, as was also Benjamin Wade. During the first half century of statehood the Reserve gave six judges to the Supreme court of Ohio four of whom were born in Connecticut, one in Vermont and one in Massachusetts ; and the decisions of some of these judges were important, since the earlier decisions upon questions of law incident to a new country formed precedents which established a system of western common law which has since become a standard authority. One of these judges was Calvin Pease whose deci- sions, contained in the first four volumes of "Hammond's Reports," were the first law reports published by the state. The decisions of these judges were by no means always popular and it is interesting to note that in 1808 the legislature impeached Judges Tod, Sprigg and Huntington for declar- ing a law of the legislature unconstitutional. They escaped by only one vote but in 1809 the legislature passed an act declaring their office vacant. The case arose on appeal from a justice in Western Reserve and feeling on this subject is shown in a letter to Judge Tod, also from the Reserve, written by a member of the legislature and one of the framers of the con- stitution of 1802. Judged from its contents it might have been written during the campaign of 1912: "Hon. George Tod — Sir: If the judges have a right to set aside laws because they seem to them unconstitutional, the people have no security, except the infallibility of the judges. "If the judges have a right to set aside laws because they are uncon- stitutional, they cannot be removed from office, because it would be hard indeed to remove a judge for error in judgment. If the judges have a right to set laws aside, then the people have no power left them, except choosing their representatives, for the representatives may enact laws, the judges set them aside, and thus Government would be at an end If the people allow the judges to set aside laws, does it not make the judi- ciary a complete aristocratic branch by setting the judges over the heads of the legislature? "Nothing, I think, could have originated the idea, except it is the script- 1 Hist, of U. S. Vol. 1. p. 299. AN EARLY BEE HUNTER AND HIS TROUBLES 103 ure account of God and the devil — one to create, the other to destroy." 1 But, besides the distinguished leaders in religious thought, in educa- tion, politics and law, who achieved national distinction, one is impressed in tracing out the history of the local communities on the Reserve, to find so many names of men and women leaders in their local community, who rendered service to their city, county, state and even nation, — names fal- ling a little below the range of the national historian, — yet representing services upon which great national issues have turned and have been decid- ed for the right. The majority of these persons were named in Xew Eng- land for they were of New England birth. Their ideas were carried forward by the generations which followed them and their ideals were generally accepted as a standard of civic and moral conduct. And the intelligent ob- server living in the Reserve today has constant evidence that neither time nor change has erased the early Furitan impress upon this section of the state. An analysis of the vote upon the constitutional amendments proposed in 1912 still shows the Reserve counties united in sentiment and purpose on the moral questions involved. 2 To briefly summarize, this may be said in conclusion : That the early settlers of the Reserve were almost wholly of New England stock; that the first settlements were made by families or in groups scattered through- out the occupied territory and from which a local leadership was developed which shaped the social, religious and political life on the Reserve. This leadership, remained in the hands of the New Englanders long after the original Puritan was outnumbered by the native-born and the immigrant who came from outside of New England — for in 1840 only about one- fourth of those living on the Reserve came from New England ; that one of the chief elements of Puritanism — reverence for religion — tended to dis- appear when the scattered settlements passed from under the influence of an organized church community but was reestablished or revived by the work of the missionaries ; that the common school system and higher edu- cation were of New England Origin ; that the two chief lines of New Eng- land influence were religious and educational ; that the connection between New England and the Reserve was personal, not polit ical, and that out of 1 Western Reserve Historical Society Tracts. No. 2 p. 3. f. 2 R. E. Cushman, "Voting Organic Laws" in Political Science Quarterly, XXVII, p. 220. io 4 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE it all developed the western Puritan. The total result of these begin- nings belong to a later period which may properly form a separate chap- ter, but this much is already apparent ; that it what Ranke says is true in principle, that no community ever rose to important consequences in which the religious motive was not dominant,* it may find its verification in the history of the Western Reserve. *L. v. Ranke, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeibalter der Reformation, Vol. I. Intro- duction. ' (Srttm^ro $c ($0mmntt on poofy* anb <$tljer 5uhject^ It is reported that Secretary of the Navy Daniels is searching New England for a descendant of Commodore Samuel Tucker, born in Marble- head, November I, i/4/, to christen the largest and fleetest destroyer of the United States Navy at the Fore River yards soon, which is to be named in honor of the Marblehead naval officer, who was one of the Massachusetts privateersmen, in the Revolutionary War, and the War of 1812. The house in which he lived prior to the Revolution is still standing in Marblehead. He settled on a farm near Bristol, Me., after the war. Though he was thanked especially by Congress for his brilliant services in capturing the enemies' ships, the government never properly compen- sated him for those services, and the poor old hero passed his last years in comparative poverty. •The following communication from Librarian Clarence S. Brigham, of the American Antiquarian Society, will be of great interest to genealogi- cal searchers, who are interested in tracing emigrants from Massachusetts to Michigan and other parts of the West: "My dear Sirs : — "I noticed that in your last issue, received today, the fact is recorded that very few volumes of western county histories — the case of Michigan being in point — are to be found in New England libraries. You note that none of the Boston libraries contain more than two of the Michigan county histories. The Library of the American /\ntiquarian Society has about 200 titles relating to Michigan, including about 20 local histories. I notice one title which is not included in Mr. Flagg's list, the "History and Directory of Kent County," compiled by Dillenback & Leavitt, Grand Rapids, 1870, pp. 319. This is the earliest county history of Michigan and contains considerable relating to early pioneers. "The Library of the American Antiquarian Society has always made 105 106 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE local histories of the United States one of its specialties. Of about 1500 town and county histories of New England, I know of only four titles missing in the collection. The collection of New York local histories contains about 250 volumes, that of Pennsylvania 200 volumes, that of Ohio nearly 100 volumes, and a fair proportion of the county histories ot all the Western States. I am writing this letter, not to exploit the value of the Library in this direction, but to call to the attention of researchers throughout New England that such a collection can be consulted at this Library." ~ J! " ill We are glad to know that so many of these are available in Massa- chusetts, and hope that Mr. Brigham will furnish us with a list of the county history titles which he has, for publication in our next issue. This reminds us of the value of articles on Massachuestts historical libraries, such as those on the "Massachusetts Historical Society,"' and the "Boston Public Library,*' already published in the Massachusetts Magazine, to inform students and searchers of distinctive departments in which the great historical libraries of Massachusetts excel. Mr. Charles A. Flagg, compiler of the Michigan Pioneer series, consulted several of the best in- formed librarians in tjie state — yet none were aware of this special collection of the American Antiquarian Society. W r e shall print an ar- ticle describing the rich treasures in the library of the American Anti- quarian Society in a future number. The distinguished head of the famous Adams family, Charles Francis Adams, died on March 20, 19 15, nearly 80 years of age. Trained to the law, he was distinguished as soldier, public official, railroad presi- dent, lecturer and historian. Since 1895 ne nas been President of the Massachusetts Historical Society and has been the recognized leader in reforming that venerable society of One Hundred from the narrow self- centred spirit into which it had fallen, previous to his direction of its affairs. COMMENT AND CRITICISM 107 We have to correct an error of identity in our last issue. It was not Mr. Francis Parkman, the historian, who presented $5,000,000 to Boston, but George F. Parkman. Foimer Governor Curtis Guild, died April 6, 1915, in his fifty-third year, after a very brief sickness, contracted at Salem, where he went to deliver an address, something he was constantly requested to do, on all manner of pub- lic occasions. It was the strain put upon him by these constant efforts to please his friends that was responsible, in a large degree, for his death. We recall with regret his letter printed in our last issue which in full, read as foliows: — Boston, Mass., Feb. 19, 1915. My dear Mr. Dennis: You have doubtless noticed from the newspapers that I have been confined to my bed for nearly three weeks with a very serious illness, the result of a com- plete break-down from trying to oblige too many who wish me in the general public interest to do extra outside work. This is the first opportunity I have had to answer your letter of January 28th. It is now, of course, too late for me to prepare the article you desire. I can only express my regrets that illness, and illness alone, prevented my undertaking the task. Faithfully yours, CURTIS GUILD. His big, generous-hearted nature would not allow him to say no to anyone who asked for his time and energy. This was the key to his great popularity, so manifest by the public and the press in his funeral ob- sequies. We gave a biography of his life in the Massachusetts Magazine for October, 1908. . Among the many new anecdotes and stories told on the occasion of his death, we would record this one, from one of his poli- tical adversaries, illustrative of his broad and kindly sympathy for others: "When I was being fiercely attacked he called my house on the tele- phone and told my wife not to be alarmed by stories in the newspapers. *It : s all politics and damnable politics at that,' he said. 'Thinking people have confidence in him and he'll come out right in the end. I am looking 108 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE forward to the day myself wnen I will be relieved of public office because I do not know the hour when some State officer, whom I cannot possibly know about, will commit some act that will disgrace the State and I will be held responsible.' It can well be imagined how much this meant to my famiy and how much it was appreciated, but it was just like Curtis Guild." Though the ter-centenary anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth is yet five years in the future, it was considered none too soon to make plans for a fitting celebration of the event, and several bills have been presented to the General Court since the first of the year, looking to the appointment of a commission to make plans and prepara- tions for the event. A commission of seven was appointed by Governor Walsh, in March, consisting of the following: Ex-Governor Curtis Guild, Sherman L. Whip- ple, lawyer, of Brookline ; Rev. Albert E. Dunning, editor of the Congre- gationalist ; Ralph A. Cram, architect; Denis A. McCarthy, poet; James Logan, ex-mayor of Worcester; Arthur Lord, president of the Pilgrim So- ciety and treasurer of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The Governor's selection is considered an excellent one, and the com- mission will report to the next legislature. Various plans have been suggested, among others a world's fair in or near Boston, a great pageant at Plymouth, the erection of an imposing monument at Plymouth, etc. Which ever form is undertaken there is no doubt that the year 1920 will be one of great rejoicing not merely in Massachusetts, but throughout the entire countrv, for the arrival of the Pilgrims was one of the most im- portant events in the history of America. rsffii-^'cs^-'^^ *':.' V. 1 ' - .- - I £ ■■ ■ ■ ,-C^ Samuel Bowles c If ¥■-■-• .,v#:, ®lj? fRassarijitspiis iHagaztn? A Quarterly Magazine Devoted to History, Genealogy and Biography ASSOCIATE AND ADVISORY EDITORS GEORGE SHELDON, Deorfield, Mass. DR. FRANK GARDNER Salem, Mass. LUCIE M. GARDNER, Salem, Mass. CHARLES A. FLAGG, Bangor, Me. ALBERT W. DENNIS, Salem, Mass. Issued in January, April, July and October. Subscription, $2.50 per year, Single copies, 75c. vol. vm JULY, 1915 NO. 3 (Cmttotts nf this Ssaur The Springfieed Republican and the Bowles Family Charles W. Dennes . 109 General Artemas Ward's and Colonel Jonathan Ward's Regiments . Frank A.Gardner, M.D. . 123 Criticism and Comment 153 CORRESPONDENCE of a business nature should be sent to The Massachusetts Magazine, Salem, Mass. CORRESPONDENCE in regard to contributions to the Magazine may be sent to the office of publication in Salem. BOOKS for review may be sent to the office of publication in Salem. Books should not be sent to individual editors of the Magazine, unless by previous correspondence the editor consents to review the book. SUBSCRIPTIONS should be sent to The Massachusetts Magazine, Salem, Mass. Subscriptions are $2.50, payable in advance, post-paid, to any address in the United States or Canada. To foreign countries in the Postal Union, $2.7-5. Single copies of back numbers, 75 cents, each. REMITTANCES may be made in currency or two cent postage stamps; many subscriptions are sent through the mail in this way, and they are seldom lost, but such remittance must be at the risk of the sender. To avoid all danger of loss, send by post-office money order, bank check, or express money order. CHANGES OF ADDRESS. When a subscriber make3 a change of address, he should notify the publishers, giving both his old and new addresses. The publishers cannot be responsible for lost copies, if they are not notified of such changes. ON SALE. Copies of this Magazine are on sale, in Boston, at W. B. Clark & Co.'s. 26 Tremont Street, Old Corner Book Store, 29 Bromfield Street, Smith & McCance, Park Street: in New York, at John Wannamaker's, Broadway, 4th, 9th and 10th Street.; in Washington, at Brentano's, F & 13th Streets. Entered as second-class matter, M \rch 13, 1998, at the post-office, at Salem, Mass., under the Act of Congress, of March 3. 1879. Office of publication, 300 Essex Street, Salem, Mass. I cf THE SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN AND THE BOWLES FAMILY By Albert W. Dennis The death of Samuel Bowles, at Springfield, on March 14, called the attention of New England and the entire country to that unique and power- fully influential newspaper the Springfield Republican; and the family which has always been identified with it. Springfield, Mass., is a city of just over 100,000 population, yet it has a newspaper known, respected and quoted as widely throughout the country as any metropolitan daily of whatever circulation in the United States. The remarkable achievement of developing such a newspaper in so small a city is due to one family — father, son, and grandson: Samuel Bowles who started the paper as a weekly in 1824; Samuel Bowles, who at 18 years of age induced his father to convert the weekly into a daily, immediately as- sumed the responsibility of management and became one of the great edi- tors of American journalism, the peer of Greeley, Raymond and Dana; and Samuel Bowles (just deceased) who assumed sole control of the Republican upon his father's death in 1878, and maintained the high character and pres- tige of the publication through the past thirty-seven years. Every son of an illustrious father finds public opinion disinclined to bestow credit for what he achieves in life; and the son just deceased has been no exception to this rule. But the unanimously expressed opinion iio MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE of the press of the nation since his death, is that he has done all that human genius could do within the limitations of such a circumscribed population as Springfield and the Connecticut valley; and that the influence and power of the Springfield Republican is as great today as ever. None of the newspapers of the country more freely or generously admitted this than the editors of the great newspapers in New York City: New York Evening Post said: "The Republican has continued to hold both its local constituency and its place in the nation, without any de- parture from its standards of good taste and good sense. In doing so it has rendered a service to our civilization the value of which it would be difficult to over-estimate." New York Times said: "While keeping the Springfield Republican abreast with the times year by year, he never lowered its standards. He was alive to new ideas and new issues, but he was careful to preserve al- ways the dignity, honesty and cleanliness of his newspaper and its good in- fluence was recognized in his day as it was in his father's, all over the coun- try." " New York World said: "The third Samuel Bowles conserved and strengthened the work of his father and grandfather. . . .more than this he could not hope to do in a comparatively small city and under limita- tions which increasingly tie down the daily newspaper circulation to the neighboring audience. . . ." The following are a few opinions from the far west: Topeka (Kansas) Daily Capital: "We have regarded the Springfield Republican, considering that it is printed in a town of less than 100.000 pop- ulation, as one of the most remarkable newspapers in the world, for it is with- out a superior, even if it actually has a rival in its influence over the best thought of the whole American continent." Des Moines Register and Leader said: "The Springfield Republican has been through two generations, partly because of tradition, partly be- cause of a unique old-fashionedness, but mainly because of real power, the best known and most widely-quoted newspaper in the country in a city less than 100,000 people." THE SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN AND THE BOWLES FAMILY in St. Paul Pioneer Press says: "With the passing of Samuel Bowles a towering monument of American journalism has been removed. The idea of the modern newspaper is more or less commercial. It strives to meet a legitimate demand, the demand of its readers. By securing circulation it is enabled to maintain an expensive popular service of news, features and advertising. It is edited from the people as well as to the people. "The character of the Springfield Republican is different. It embodies, simon-pure and without compromise, the personal ideals of an idealistic editor. It maintains a literary and journalistic tradition which is unsullied by popular clamor. It scorns headlines, features and display of any des- cription. Instead of a newspaper in the modern sense, it falls little short of being a symposium of current historical treatises. " Its circulation, therefore, is such as a big modern daily could gain or lose almost any day and feel no change. But the editors of the big modern dailies read the Republican with wholesome respect. They know its word is law and they admire its ideals. Thus the Republican has been a master influence upon the public opinion of the L T nited States." North and South, East and West, from nearly every journal of promin- ence in the country came editorial utterances of similar import. The New Republic said: "In many respects the Springfield Republican stands as the highest achievement of American Journalism. . < To him the publication of a newspaper was not a business. It was an art." The Bowles Family. These opinions and this occasion give renewed interest to the remark- able family behind the Springfield Republican. It struck its roots into New England soil two and three-quarter centuries ago, but did not take up ink and paper as a vocation until its sixth generation — about 100 years ago. The eight generations w r ere: 1st John Bowles, the original founder of the family, came to New England in 1640; was one of the prominent men of Roxbury, Mass; was an elder in the first church; one of the founders of the Roxbury free school; and a member of the Artillery Co. Hi MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE 2nd John Bowles (born 1653, died 1691) was baptised by the Apostle Eliot, and married Eliot's grand daughter; was a graduate of Harvard in 1671; was elder in the church; was representative to the General Court, and elected speaker of the House. 3rd John Bowles (born 16S5, died 1737) graduated from Harvard in 1703; was prominent in managing town affairs of Roxbury; was major in the militia; was representative in the General Court for ten successive years. 4th Joshua Bowles (born 1722, died 1794) was furniture carver in Boston, a very benevolent and pious man, prayed aloud while . walking the street, mingled scriptural language with his speech in business. 5th Samuel Bowles (born 1762, died 1813) was thirteen years old when the Revolutionary war broke out; his two brothers served in the war as sergeant and captain; he was not a graduate of Harvard; got scanty schooling; learned the pewterers trade; on account of poor business removed to Hartford and kept a grocery store, at which he seems to have made little more than a living; but was described as "a man of quick wit, good sense and strict honesty;" not a member of any church, but always x governed by a sense of religious duty. 6th Samuel Bowles (born 1797; died 1851). It will readily be ob- served that thiis far the Bowles family is on the decline — that - Joshua the 4th and Samuel the 5th were not the equals in ability and capacity of the 1st John, 2nd John and 3rd John, who preceded them. From men of affairs and leadership among their fellows, in the first three generations, the men have de- scended to "furniture worker" and small grocer. So we look with interest to see what abilities are displayed by this the 7th generation, in our line of descent. It must be admitted that there is not manifest much improvement — such power as there was was still pursuing its subterranean course — as it often does THE SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN AND THE BOWLES FAMILY 113 in families. He is described as a prim sober man, slow in his mental action, cautious and canny; respected and trusted, but laughed at a little some times for his stiffness and odd ways. He received a common school education, worked for his father a little, but later apprenticed to the printing business. He was not through with his apprenticeship until after he was of age, and then struggled on for several years with "dubious success." At the age of 27, being married, with one child, becoming dis- satisfied with his prospects in Connecticut, he decided on re- moving with a small printing plant he had, to Springfield, where he had some relatives who helped him financially. He moved up the river on a flat boat in 1824 and in September of that year started the Springfield Republican. Mr. Bowles was him- self editor, reporter, compositor and pressman. But Springfield was the largest and most prosperous town in western Massa- chusetts, and the paper started with a subscribers list of 250 at $2 per year; and it is evident that the paper satisfied its readers, for it slowly and steadily prospered and yielded a living for the proprietor and his family, which eventually consisted of five children, as follows: Albert, born Jan. 17, 1823; died Aug. 16, 1823. Julia, born Feb. 21, 1824: married Adonijah Foot June 20, 1848; died Aug. 29, 1851. . Samuel, born Feb. 9, 1826; married Mary S. Dwight Schermerhorn Sept, 6, 1848; died Jan. 16, 1878. Amelia Peabody, born Feb. 18, 1818; married Hen- ry Alexander Nov. 8, 1847; died 1896. Benj. Franklin, born Apr. 19, 1833; married Mary E. Bailey; died in Paris, May 4, 1876. Samuel it will be seen was born about two years after the starting of the Republican. So he practically grew up with the paper. He was not a boy who liked manual labor, or who went in strong for sports such as skat- U4 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE ing or base ball. But was marked by fate with a fondness for reading books, magazines and newspapers, especially the latter. He left school at 17 and entered the printing office to help his father. He had never shown any aptitude for the mechanical end of the business, but readily took to reporting: developed ambitions for the paper, and in less than a year surprised his father by proposing to make the Republican a daily. His father, near fifty and satisfied with his moderate success, was not favorable to the idea at first, but finally yielded to his son's persistence and argument, on condition that the son shoulder the responsibility of "pushing it.'" So the Daily Re- publican was started March 27, 1844, when young Sam Bowles was 18 years of age. On this young man's shoulders fell the responsibilities of initiative and the larger part of the brain work. He showed keen observation, cultivated a simple clear style, and acquired the art of boiling down for the Republi- can the gist of news. But it is said that at the outset he was a slow writer and a slow thinker. Even his news reports were written patiently and laboriously. . Born at a time when the parental fires of ambition and exertion burned with their reddest glow, he inherited a genius for concise, brief, and pun- gent composition, and an ability to perceive with keen precision what was good in the work of others, which made him one of the ablest of managing editors. So he drew to himself such excellent assistants as Dr. J. G. Holland, Samuel H. Davis, J. E. Hood, Solomon B. Griffin, Charles G. Whiting, Wilmot L. Warren and correspondents like D. W. Bartlett ("Van"), Wm. S. Robinson ("Warrington.") and gradually built up a staff under his inspiration and leadership, who made the Republican interesting in every line of every column. To understand how Mr. Bowles established and made the daily Spring- field Republican one of the great newspapers of the country, one needs to view the condition of provincial journalism as it existed in the preceding age. Of which Mr. Bowles has written as follows: "News had grown old when it was published. The paper did the work of the chronicler or annalist merely, and was the historian of the past rather THE SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN AND THE BOWLES FAMILY 115 than a spectator and actor in the present. It was not upon the printed column that the events of the day struck the heart of the living age, and drew from it its spark of fire. In those times that place of contact was found in the personal intercourse of men. News ran then along the street, from mouth to mouth; the gossiping neighbor carried it; the post-rider brought it into the groups gathered at the village store. By and by came the heavy gazette, not to make its impression but to record the fact. The journalism was yet to be created that should stand firmly in the possession of power of its own; that should perfectly reflect its age, and yet should be itself no mere reflection; that should control what it seemed only to transcribe and narrate; that should teach without assuming the manners of an instructor, and should command the coming times with a voice that had still no sound but its echo of the present." An editorial on "The Newspaper," which appeared in the Republican January 4, 1851. six years after the daily was started, gives an idea of the wonderful new journalism wrought by the telegraphic dispatches, and is an excellent specimen of the powerful editorials that were making the Re- publican sl national reputation: "Nothing can be more evident to the public, and nothing certainly is more evident to publishers of newspapers, than that there is a great deal more news nowadays than there used to be . . . Publishers of country week- lies used to fish with considerable anxiety in a shallow sea, for matter suffi- cient to fill their sheets, while dailies only dreamed of an existence in the larger cities. . .Now all is changed. The increase of facilities for the trans- mission of news brought in a new era. The railroad car, the steamboat, and the magnetic telegraph have made neighborhood among widely dissevered states, and the Eastern Continent is but a few days journey away. These active and almost miraculous agencies have brought the whole civilized world in contact. The editor sits in his sanctum and his obedient messengers are the lightning and the fire. He knows a fire has raged in London before the wind could waft its smoke to him; the lightning tells him of an explo- sion in New Orleans before they have counted the dead and wounded; the debates of Congress are in his hands, though hundreds and thousands of miles from the Capitol, before the members who participated in them have eaten their dinner; a speech is under his eyes before the hurrahs it awakened have died away; and there he sits day after day, as if he were the center of the Ii6 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE world to whom all men and things are accountable, and all actions returnable. These events are chronicled and explained, and then they are given to his messengers, the rushing engines, which carry them to thousands of greedy eyes, waiting to see, in one brief transcript, tht record of the world's great struggle the previous day. The appetite for news is one of those appetites that grows by what it feeds on. The mind accustomed to the gossip of nations cannot content itself with the gossip of families. The tendency of this new state of things has as yet hardly claimed a moment's consideration from the moralist and the philosopher. Nations and indi- viduals now stand immediately responsible to the world's opinion, and the world, interesting itself in the grand events transpiring in its various parts, and among its various parties, has become, and still is becoming, liberalized in feeling; and being called away from its exclusive home-fields has forgotten in its universal interests, the petty interests, feuds, gossips and strifes of fam- ilies and neighborhoods. This wonderful extension of the field of vision, this compression of the human race, into one great family, must tend to identify its interests, sympathies, and motives. The press is destined. more than any other agency, to melt and mould the jarring and contending nations of the world into that one great brotherhood which through long centuries has been the ideal of the Christian and the philanthropist. Its mission has but just commenced. A few years more and a great thought uttered within sight of the Atlantic will rise with the morrow's sun and shine upon millions of minds within the sight of the Pacific. The murmer of Asia's multitudes will be heard at our doors; and laden with the fruit of all human thought and action, the newspaper will be in every abode, the daily nourishment of every mind." The strength of the daily Republican from the first lay largely in its political discussions. While its news service was inferior to that of journals in the large centres of population, it handled the political questions of the day with a breadth, intelligence and vigor which few journals then or afterward surpassed. In its very first issue as a daily it had an editorial in opposition to the annexation of Texas. It supported the whig party and later opposed it; opposed Charles Sumner's first election to the United States Senate; opposed abolition; attacked the U. S. Supreme Court for its decision in the Dred Scott case; declared President Buchanan's policy of forcing slavery upon Kansas, apt to lead to civil war; supported Stephen A. Douglas THE SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN AND THE BOWLES FAMILY 117 and later opposed him as a demagogue; considered John Brown a fanatic, but a hero, and protested against his execution; was so strong in its opposi- tion to the South that it was excluded from the Southern mails; at the close of the war urged liberal treatment of the South. We get this pen picture of the man "on the job," from an out-side friend who once accompanied him to the office: "As we entered the office, hastily pointing me to a chair, he fell into con- versation with a person who was writing at the table, and asked rapid ques- tions: "Did you do this? and this? Have you sent that letter? Did Chapin come in? Did he agree? Right down mad? — well I can explain it all." Send Mifflin to me [names of course fictitious]. Mifflin came. "Have you looked up the matter of the railroads?" "Yes?" "What I believed was right?" "Y r es, and more besides." "Then put it all into an article three quarters of a column long — not a word longer — clear, decided, as if you felt the ground under your feet. That's all. Will you send Chapman?" "Good evening, Mr. Chapman — now I want to settle the business about the compromise once for all — no compromise in the way we do it. You need not be unjust, but hit 'em hard. Your last was longer than I told you to have it — don't be word}-; keep within the exact limit of a quarter "of a column. Is Endicott within?" "Endicott glad to see you. Have you worked up the school business? Don't be afraid because some of the men are ministers. We'll prove that we are God Almighty's gentlemen ourselves. These wrongs ought to be righted and if we must we will shame them out of their indifference, clergyman and all. A column and a half you may take — I need not tell you not to be long — shorter, if you choose, but say it strong." After Mr. Bowles death, Dr. Holland, his editorial associate, wrote of him as follows: "As I think of my old associate, and the earnest exhausting work he was doing when I was with him, he seems to me like a great golden vessel, rich in color and roughly embossed, filled with the elixir of life, which he poured out without the slightest stint for the consumption of this people. This vessel was only full at the first and it was never replenished. It was filled for an expenditure of fifty or sixty years, but he kept the stream so large that the precious contents were all decanted at thirty. The sparkle, the Xi8 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE vivacity, the drive, the power of the Republican, as I know it in the early days, the fresh and ever eager interest with which it was every morning received by the people of Springfield and the Connecticut Valley, the super- iority of the paper to other papers of its class, its ever widening influence — all these cost life. We did not know when we tasted it and found it so charged with zest that we were tasting heart's blood, but that was the priceless element that commended it to our appetites. A pale man, weary and ner- vous, crept home at midnight, or at one, two, or three o'clock in the morning and while all nature was fresh and the birds were singing, and thousands of eyes were bending eagerly over the results of his nights labor, he was tossing and trying to sleep. Yet this work, so terrible in its exactions and its consequences was the joy of this man's life — it was this man's life; and was the best exponent of the kind of devotion to an idea and a life-work I have ever known. I give its memory most affectionate reverence. "His love of thoroughness was united with a firm personal belief that no one could do his work as well as he could do it himself. His strong con- viction that his way was always the best way led him to fret and worry over the work of others, and to do all that he could with his own hands. I have known him in the early part of his career to sit up at night for hours that he might read a little batch of unimportant proof, which was measurably sure in the foreman's hands to come out right in the morning, — little fancying that he was selling his life at that petty price. Mr. Bowles died of over- work and overwatching, and proved that the man who, in a large admin- istrative place, undertakes, in any considerable degree, to execute his own plans in their unimportant details, must suffer the penalty of death." Of Mr. Bowles, Mr. Bryan wrote in the Paper World some time after his death: "Labor was his relaxation, toil his daily meat and drink, perseverance his amusement, and achievement his recompense. Once placed on the high road to fame and fortune, the Republican made rapid strides in the way of achievement and success, but Mr. Bowles never slackened his hold on the reins of government and management, or eased his shoulders from the heavy burden of labor which he assumed at the outset. He was omnipresent. He knew everything, saw everything, dictated everything and his dictation dictated every time." -• ¥ ^ ■ftflwiy w , t** > ^5i f *y i' ig ' y l A)'f T , i ,i ■.u,.*» f gpEp tiAi i.-«*. ,^«*su«« I—*, ^^*^*^***u3l^~~xxz^- -.-v-JiV* -rtrfteia«frai^ * Samuel Bowles 1851-1915 The portrait shown on the front cover is that of his father. ! THE SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN AND THE BOWLES FAMILY 119 He married Mary S. Dwight Schermerhorn, daughter of Henry V. R Schermerhorn of Geneva, N Y., and granddaughter of James S. Dwight, Springfield merchant, and had ten children, as follows: Sarah Augusta Bow t les, born June 6, 1850; married June 30, 1874, Thomas Hooker, of New Haven, Conn. Died March, 1909. Children: , Aurelia Dwight. born, May 2, 1875; died, 1899. Richard, born, 1878; married in 1910, Winifred Newberry of Cleveland, O. Was Washington correspondent for the Republican for several years, and later joined the editorial staff. Since the death of Samuel Bowles in March, he has been editor and publisher. Thomas, Jr., born, July 26, 18S2, married in September, 1915, Emily Morgan, of New Haven, Conn., where he is practising law. Samuel Bowles, born October 15, 1851; married June 12, 1884, Eliza- beth Hoar of Concord, Mass. Died, March 14, 1915. Children: Samuel, born, July 31, 18S5; now on the reportorial staff of the Boston Journal. Sherman Hoar, born April 24, 1890; was connected with the Philadelphia Public Ledger; later associate manager of the Springfield Daily News, an evening paper at Springfield, Mass., which publication was this month (August), purchased by the Springfield Republican. Mr. Bowles is now treasurer of the Springfield Republican Company. Mary Dwight Bowles, born January 10, 1854; married April 3, 1875, W. H. King, son of John L. King of Springfield; now resides in Winnetka, 111. Children: William Harding, Jr., born, 1878: died, 1904. Samuel Bowles, born 1882 or 1883. Mary Schermerhorn, born September, 1886. John Lord, born, 1891. (Then came, at intervals of two years, three children who died at or soon after birth, who were not named). Charles Allen Bow t les, born December 19, 1861; married October, 1885, Nellie Harris, of Rutland, Vt.; now of the firm of Dexter & Bowles, Springfield, dealers in paper makers' supplies. Children: Dorothy, born January, 29, 1887. Charles Allen, Jr., born September, 20, 1889. Chester Bliss, born April 5, 1901. X20 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Dwight Whitney Bowles, born, November 15, 1863; married in 1891, Josephine Porter of Chicago; engaged in newspaper work in New York and Chicago. Child: Whitney, born 1894. Ruth Standish Bowles, born December 5, 1865; married, October 30, 1889, to William H. Baldwin, Jr., president of the Long Island Railroad, who died January 3, 1905. (See volume entitled "An American Citizen." a life of Mr. Baldwin by John Graham Brooks). Mrs. Baldwin now resides at Washington, Conn. Children: Ruth Standish, born August 8, 1890; married September 26, 1914 to John F. Folinsbee, landscape artist. William H. Baldwin, 3rd, born September 17, 1891, and now connected with the New York Evening Post. Mary Chaffee, born February 19, 1896; died, March, 1897. Elizabeth Lee Bowles, born December 3, 1867, married December 24, 1891, Frederick Mitchell Munroe, editor of Brooklyn Life for nineteen years, also editor of Town and Country Magazine. She died at Huntington, L. I., April 26, 1911. Children: Donald Mitchell, born December 11, 1892; now on the ad- vertizing staff of the Republican. Elizabeth Bowles, born October 9, 1894. Ruth Schermerhorn, born October 23, 1897. Samuel Bowles, 1851-1915. Samuel Bowles, who has just died, began his work on the Springfield Re- publican in 1873, about five years before his father died. He was born in Springfield, Oct. 15, 1851, attended public and private schools, travelled and studied two and a half years in Europe, took special courses at Yale, in 1871-3 and a term at the University of Berlin. He jour- neyed in the west so as to know his own country before settling clown to his life work. He spent two years as assistant in the editorial department be- fore his father placed him in charge of the business department in 1875. Under his management the Republican has been developed and expanded, to promptly meet the ever changing conditions of newspaper publication; it has been managed safely, sanely, and kept on a sound financial basis, THE SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN AND THE BOWLES FAMILY 121 and held firmly to its great ideals of independent editorial policy.* He erected in 1888 the present building at the corner of Main street and Harrison avenue, in 1910 adding two more stories, making editorial quarters equalled by few other newspaper buildings in the country. He spared no expense or effort to give the Republican every new improvement that meant better service to the public, and a cleaner more attractive paper. He has always regarded the Republican from the editor's point of view rather than the publisher's — as an agency for public service; and is said to have been as consistent in this attitude as it is possible for any human being to be consistent. The Sunday issue of the Republican was started in 1878, the same year that he assumed the management. Mr. Bowles married on June 12, 1884, Elizabeth Hoar of Concord, daugh- ter of Judge Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, brother of the late Senator George Frisbie Hoar. They had two sons, Samuel, born July 31, 1885, who is con- nected with the Boston Journal, and Sherman Hoar, born April 24, 1890, who was associated with the Philadelphia Public Ledger for a few years; was manager of an opposition newspaper in Springfield, which has very *This policy, declared editorially in February, 1855, is worth referring to here, because it has been more consistently and faithfully followed for a greater length of time than that of any other great daily in New England: "With the dawn of a new national growth upon the press of America, at the period of which we speak, came also a more perfect intellectual freedom from the shackles of party. The independent press of the country is fast supplanting the merely partisan press. Parties are taking their form and substance from the press and pulpit, rather, than the press and pulpit echoing merely the voice of the party. A merely party organ is now a thing despised and contemned, and can never take rank as a first class public journal. The London Times, the great journal of the world, is a creator, not the creature, of parties. There is not in New York, where journalism in this country has reached its highest material and intellec- tual perfection, a single party organ in existence. All are emancipated. None conceal facts lest they injure their party. None fear to speak the truth lest they utter treason against merely partisan power. The true purpose of the press is understood and practiced upon. They are the mirrors of the word of fact and of thought. Upon that fact do they comment with freedom, and to that thought do they add its freshest and most earned cumulations. "Such in its sphere, does the Republican aim to be. Whatever it has been in the past, no more shall its distinction be that of a partisan organ, blindly following the will of party and stupidly obeying its behests. It has its principles and purposes. But these are above mere party success. To these it will devote itself. Whenever and wherever the success of men or of parties can advance those principles and purposes, the Republican will boldly ad- vocate such success. Whenever men and parties are a stumbling block to the triumph of those principles, they will be as boldly opposed and denounced." A 122 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE recently been taken over by the Republican; and he is now treasurer of the Republican Company. Which, with Richard Hooker at the head of the editorial staff and McDonald M. Munroe on the advertising staff (as al- ready stated), leaves the Springfield Republican still under control of the family that has always guided its destinies. Mr. Bowles was interested in the work of the Connecticut Valley His- torical Society and a member of the organization. He was a member of Country Club, the Nayasset club, the Colony club, the Economic club, the Literary club, and the Twentieth Century Limited Club. He was much interested in matters educational, literary, civic, social and charitable. Mr. Bowles was very active in the Board of Trade of his home city, and was responsible for the initiative taken by Springfield in the "safe and sane" Fourth of July movement that has swept the country in the past few years. Influenced by a letter which Prof. Charles Eliot Norton of Harvard Un- iversity, wrote to the Republican, pleading for a rational form of celebration, he urged the president of the board of trade, William W. McClench to lead a movement for the reform. The result of this was an Independence Day Association, with Mr. Bowles on the executive committee, which inaug- urated the movement which has since been followed by numberless mu- nicipalities. He was given the honorary degree of A. M. by Amherst College, and the degree of L. H. D. by Olivet College in Michigan. He was one of the directors of the Associated Press. a. 3 GENERAL ARTEMAS WARD'S AND COLONEL JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS General Artemas Ward's Regiment, Lexington Alarm, April 19, 1775 — General Artemas Ward's 1st Rregiment, Provincial Army, May-June, 1775 — Colonel Jonathan Ward's 32nd Reg- iment, Army of the United Colonies, July-December, 1775. By Frank A. Gardner, M. D. This regiment, composed largely of Worcester County men, also con- tained many from Middlesex and Hampshire Counties. Colonel Artemas Ward was elected to command it in the autumn of 1774. The following letter refers to the regiment a few months later; "Shrewsbury, February 27, 1775. Sir. At the desire of Mr. Pigeon I am now to advise you that I cannot Pro- vide a company as yet in my Regiment for the train by reason of a person on whom I had dependence failing me but shall provide one with all possi- ble expedition. Captain Job Cushing of Shrewsbury will receive the cannon In the preparation of this article the author is pleased to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Mr. Artemas Ward, of New York, a lineal descendant of Gen. Artemas Ward, and his biographer. 124 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE & take proper care of them. An Instructor I cannot procure. There is a person in this town who understands the Exercise but has of late discovered such Sentiments in Political matters that I dare not trust him. I am with Esteem Your humble servant, Artemas Ward. March 17th The Cannon above mentioned are to be sent to Mr. Timo Bigelow. To David Cheever Esq." Geneial Ward's Regiment which responded to the Lexington alarm contained eleven companies, officered as followes; Captains Luke Drury Edmund Brigham Aaron Kimball Samuel Wood Job Cushing Timothy Bigelow Seth Morse Ross W} T man Cyprian How William Brigham Seth Washburn First Lieutenants Nathl Sherman James Whipple Timo. Brigham Asa Rice Jonas Hubbard Hananiah Parker (Artillery Company) Amasa Granson Silas Gates William Watson Second Lieutenants Moses Herrington. Thos. Davison Seth Rice Abner Miles John Smith James Bowman Ens. Uriah Eager Ithamar Brigham Nathaniel Harwood The regiment marched on the alarm in two separate battalions under the command respectively of Lieut. Colonel Joseph Henshaw and Lieut. Colonel Jonathan Ward. The headings of the original minute rolls in the Massachusetts Archives would indicate that as least the last four of the above named companies were under the immediate command of Lieut. Coionel Jonathan Ward. This division of the regiment is explained in a letter dated May 23d, 1775, and quoted in full under that date. The field and staff officers of the regiment which answered the call of April 19th, were as follows; GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 125 General Artemas Ward, Colonel Jonathan Ward, Lieut. Colonel Joseph Henshaw, Lieut. Colonel William Boyd, Quartermaster Edward Flint, Surgeon William Dexter, Surgeon's Mate." The date of entering service is shown to have been April 19, 1775, in the cases of Lieut. Colonel Jonathan Ward, Quartermaster William Boyd, Surgeon Edward Flint and Surgeon's Mate William Dexter, as that date is given in the pay roll of Colonel Jonathan Ward's Regiment, dated August 1st, 1775. The following bill shows Lieut. Colonel Joseph Henshaw's offi- cial connection with the regiment: "Jos. Henshaw Lieut. Col. in Genl Ward's Regt. To Travel & Service in Consequence of the alarm on the 19th April, 1775, bill £ 14:6:0." c J "c u .2, .s c g +3 0D -J a 03 O 2 s 03 Sh t2 53 _ 43 h3 "3? 0. < &4 (3 C3 -^ J4 > ^ <« 1 1 1 Capt. Barnes 1 2 1 4 1 52 47 2 3 61 Capt. Fay . 1 1 1 29 26 3 34 Capt. dishing 1 1 2 1 48 45 3 2 55 Capt. Mcllen 1 3 1 31 29 1 1 36 Capt. Drury 3 1 1 35 33 3 1 41 Capt. Washburn 1 1 1 29 32 1 33 Major Bigelow 1 1 2 1 X 2 33 41 1 1 43 Capt. Wood 1 1 1 1 1 1 36 41 1 5 47 Capt. Wheelock 1 1 1 30 29 1 1 34 1 1 1 6 11 1 1 16 6 5 373 323 15 17 384 Cambridge, May 15, 1775 A report of General Ward's Regiment by Moses Wheelock, Adjut." xa6 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE "To the Honble, the Committee of Safety. Gentlemen We the Subscribers, beg leive to inform your Honors who those Gentle- men are that Would be agreeable for us to Serve under as field Officers viz. Jonathan Ward of Southboro, Colonel Edward Barns of Marlboro, Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Bigelow of Worcester, Major We are, Gentlemen, with the Greatest Esteem your friends & Humble Servants. Job Cushing Samuel Wood Josiah Fay Thos. Boyd in behalf of Daniel Barnes Captain Wheelock Luke Drury James Mellen Camp at Cambridge, Maye 20, 1775." A list of the field officers and Captains, May 23, 1775 is preserved in the archives as follows: "General Artemas Ward, Colonel Lt. Col. Joseph Henshaw Major Timothy Bigelow Captains Josiah Fay Washburn Job Cushing Wheelock Danl Barnes Daniel Hubard Luke Drury Millens" Wood A list of Field and Staff officers preserved in Colonel Henshaw's Orderly book, and dated May 23, 1775, is as follows: "Hon. Artemas Ward, Esq. Reg't ' Lt. Col. Jonathan Ward 1st Major Edward Barns 2nd Major Timothy Bigelow Adj't James Hart Qm't William Boyd Surgeon ." The total number of officers and privates given at this date was 440. GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 127 "In Committee of Safety, Camb'ge May 23d 1775. To the Honble Provincial Congress at Watertown. Gentlemen; There appears to be some considerable difficulty in the ad- justment of Genl Ward's Regiment so far as it respects the first that may have the Command under him in his Regiment, the circumstances we beg leave to lay before your Honours. Colo Joseph Henshaw came down Lieut, Colo, of a Minute Regiment under Genl. Ward & still expects to hold his command under Genl. Ward in sd Regiment upon the present Establishment as he was early applied to by this Committee for yt purpose. Col. Jonathan Ward came down Lieut. Col. under Genl. Ward of the standing Militia and likewise expects to hold his Command under Gen. Ward in the present Establishment, hav- ing given out inlisting orders to the Capts in sd Regiment & Seven Cap- tains in sd Regiment desire that Colo Ward may be appointed as appears by a Certificate under their hands. This Committee have applied to Gen- eral Ward to determine which of sd Colls should have the Command, but he declines to act in the affair. We therefor thot it proper to make this short representation to your Honours that you might in your wisdom put a speedy end to sd Controversy." The question was evidently settled in favor of Lieut. Colonel Jonathan Ward, as the following and all later returns prove. "A return of the Officers' Names and Number of Men under the Command of General Ward, their Chief Colonel Jonathan Ward of Southboro, Lieut, Col. Edward Barns of Marlborough, 1st Major Timothy Bigelow of Worcester, 2nd Major Capt. Josiah Fay of Southboro 1st Lieut 2nd Lieut No. of Men 31 128 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Capt. Seth Washburn of Scituate 1 1st Lieut Joseph Livermore* 2nd " Lowring Lincoln* No. of Men 33 Capt. Job Cushing of Shrewsbury 1 1st Lieut, Ezra Beaman Do 1 2nd " Asa Rice Do 1 No. of Men 57 Capt. Daniel Barnes of Marlboro . 1 1st Lieut. William Morse Do 1 2nd " Paul Brigham Do 1 No. of Men 49 Capt. James Millen of Hopkinton 1 1st Lieut. Abel Perry of Natick 1 2nd " Aaron Abby of Hopkinton 1 No. of Men 51 s 1 Capt. Luke Drury of Grafton 1st Lieut. Asaph Sherman Do 2nd )> Jonas Brown Do No. of Men 1 42 Capt. Jonas Hubbard of Worcester . 1 1st Lieut John Smith Do 1 2nd " William Gates Do 1 No. of Men 50 'Names written in. GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 129 Capt. Sam'l Wood of Northborough 1 1st Lieut. Timothy Brigham 1 2nd Lieut. Thomas Sever 1 No. of Men 42 Capt. Moses Wheelock of Westborough 1 1st Lieut. Thomas Bond 1 2nd " Obediah Man* 1 No. of Men 41 James Hart, Adjutant 1 William Boyd, Quarter Master 1 Total number of men Including Non Commissioned Officers 417 Total of Commissioned and field officers 23 Total in the Whole 440 Pr. James Hart, Adjutant May ye 24: 1115." (Written in the back) " Smith, Cap. Moses Kellog. Lieut. Elisha Liman, Ens. In Provincial Congress, Watertown, May 25, 1775 "Resolved that commissions be given out to General Ward's Regiment agreeable to the within list: Sam. Freeman, Secy Pr. Moses Kellog, L. Elisha Liman, E. Lowring Lincoln, E. Obidah Man, E. Gen. (Col. Jona.) Ward's list." *Names written in. no MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE "In Provincial Congress Watertown May 25 1775 "Resolved as the opinion of this Congress that Coll. Ward is best intitled to receive the Commission as Lieut. Col. of the regiment which was des- puted by Lieut. Col. Henshaw. Sam Freeman, Secy P. T." "A return of General Ward's Regiment. Capt. Josiah Fay 32 Capt. Washbourne 34 Capt. Gushing 60 Capt. Barnes 52 Capt. Miller 59 Capt. Drury 45 Capt. Hubbard 61 Capt. Ward 45 Capt. Wheelock 49." May 27, 1775 The following account of the work of this regiment in the Battle of Bun- ker Hill is given by Frothingham in his "History of the Seige of Boston." "This regiment was not ordered to Charlestown until late in the after- noon, and halted on its way; but a detachment from it pushed on and arrived in season to take part in the action. Lieutenant Colonel Ward, with a few troops, reached the rail fence; and Captains Cushing and Washburn, and an- other company fired upon the British after the retreat commenced from the redoubt. The remainder of the regiment, under Major Barnes, retreated before it got near enough to engage the enemy." On page 151 of the same work Frothingham gives the name of the other company above referred to as "Smith's" (commanded by Captain Eliakim Smith). Nathan Craige, of Captain Washburn's company, Jonathan Ward's regiment, — a man with "a clear and unimpaired memory and a character for honesty and integrity which was never impeached, gave to his state- ment the force of truth," made the following statement: GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 131 "Before they arrived at the Neck, they were met by a man on horse- "back (said to be Dr. Church) who told the commander to halt his men; "that orders had been sent, that no more troops should go into the action. "Major Barnes, who was then in command, gave the order to halt. Where- "upon Capt. Washburn, stepping out of the column, addressing his men, "exclaimed in a loud voice, 'Those are Tory orders: I shan't obey them. "Who will follow me?' Even- man of his company at once left the column, "and passed on towards the hill. Capt. Wood of Northborough, with his "company, and, as appears by Mr. Frothingham's narrative, Capt. Cush- "ing also, left the regiment, and came into the action about the same time "that Capt. Washburn did." (See Washburn's "History of Leicester, pp. 303-4.) "Col. Ward, with his regiment, having nearly reached Charlestown "Neck, there met a gentleman (said to have been Dr. Benjamin Church, "one of the Committee of Safety, and who afterwards, proved himself a "traitor) coming from Charlestown on horseback, who inquired of Col. "Ward to what point he was marching his regiment. 'To the hill,' was the "answer. 'Have you not had counter orders?' 'I have not.' 'You will 'have soon. Halt here.' The regiment advanced no further. Some few "found means to leave it and cross the neck, but soon met the Provincials "retreating." (Ward's "History of Shrewsbury, p. 55.) According to the statement given in Force 4 — II, 1628, one man in this regiment was killed and six wounded. The following note appears in the records of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, December 15, 1775 • "Leave was given to Colonel Ward to withdraw his Return of those men in General Ward's Regiment who lost their clothes in the battle of the 17th of June last." During May and June this regiment was known as General Artemas Ward's First Regiment in the Provincial Army, and when the army was re- organized in the early part of July, 1775, it became Colonel Jonathan Ward's . 32nd Regiment, in the Army of the United Colonies. The names of the Captains in this new regiment with the towns most largely represented appear in the following table: 132 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE "Col. Jonathan Ward's Reg't. Captains Samuel Wood, Northboro, Bolton, etc. James Mellen, Hopkinton, Natick. James Hubbard, Worcester. Moses Wheelock, Westboro, etc. Wrentham. Josiah Fay, Southboro, Worcester, Etc. Job Cushing, Shrewsbury, etc. Moses Kellogg, Hadley, Northfield, Amherst, etc. Seth Washburn, Leicester, Spencer, Oakham, etc. Daniel Barnes, Marlboro, Sudbury, etc. Luke Drury, Grafton, etc. "A Petition of Recruiting Officers in General Ward's Regiment pray- ing this Court to order payment to them of 4 pounds each, agreeable to a Resolve of the late Congress was read and committed to Deacon Rawson, Captain Dicks and Mr. Crane." Major Timothy Bigelow of this regiment was one of the staff officers under Arnold in the Quebec Expedition in September 1775, and one of the Companies in this Expedition was commanded by a Captain of this regi- ment, Captain Jonas Hubbard of Worcester. In the first plan of organization of that expedition, Major Timothy Bige- low was assigned to the second battalion, under Lieutenant Colonel Chris- topher Green, with Captain Hubbard's Company, one of five companies, under them. When the expedition was redivided at Fort Weston these line officers were in the second division and Captain Hubbard's Company was one of the three under them. Both of these officers were taken pris- oners at Quebec, and January 1, 1776, Captain Hubbard died of wounds re- ceived there. The remainder of the regiment was on duty at Dorchester through the latter part of the year. December 4, 1775, a company of men from Marlborough, Southborough, and Northborough enlisted in this regi- ment. Officers of this company were as follows: Captain Silas Gates and Lieutenants Elijah Bellows and Joel Rice. These officers were not commis- sioned until January 29, 1776. GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 133 The officers of this regiment attained rank as follows, during the war: major general 1, colonel 5, lieut. colonel commandant 2, lieut. colonel 2, major 1, captain 25. first lieutenant 9, second lieutenant 9, surgeon 1, sur- geon's mate 1, chaplain 1 and adjutant (rank not given) 1 The regiment was stationed at Dorchester nearly all of the time during the service of 1775. Forty-five of the commissioned officers of this regiment had seen service in the French and Indian War, one of whom has held the rank of Colonel, one Captain, one Lieutenant, five Ensigns, one Chaplain and one Sur- geon's Mate. General Artemas Ward's Regiment. The following table shows the strength of the regiment during the differ- ent months of the year: — Com. Off. Staff Non. Com Rank & File Total June 9, 1775 28 32 492* 552 July 23, 1775 5 55 1 453 513 August 18, 1775 28 3 57 452 540 September 23, 1775 22 5 56 454 537 October 17, 1775 28 5 56 450 539 November 18, 1775 23 5 57 437 522 December 30, 1775 26 4 56 426 512 including corporals, fifers, drummers and privates. "("Including drummers and fifers. MAJOR-GENERAL ARTEMAS WARD was born in Shrewsbury Nov. 26, 1727. He was the son of Col. Nahum & Martha (Howe) Ward. He graduated from Harvard in 1748. On Jan. 28, 1755, he was commissioned Captain of the First Company of militia of Shrewsbury and Major in the "3rd regiment of militia in the county of Middlesex and Worcester. . . whereof Abraham Williams, Esq. is Colonel." 134 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Early in 1758 he was commissioned Major in the regiment of Col. Wm. Williams, raised "for the general invasion of Canada," and took part in Abercrombie's Ticonderoga campaign, being promoted to Lieut. Col. on July 3, 1758. On July 1, 1762 he became Colonel of the Third Regiment of militia of Middlesex and Worcester counties, continuing in its command until 1766, The episode of his removal is part of the political history of Massachusetts. It followed close upon his alignment against the prerogative party, in the political unrest fomented by the Stamp Act — and it was a summary action, put into effect without notice by the following communication delivered by a special mounted messenger: "Boston, June 30, 1766. To Artemas Ward, Esq. Sir— I am ordered by the Governor to signify to you, that he has thought fit to supersede your commisison of Colonel in the Regiment of Militia, lying in part in the County of Worcester and in part in the County of Middle- sex, and your commission is superseded accordingly. I am, Sir, your most Ob't and Humble Sv't Jno. Cotton, Dep,ty Sec,y." In return, Colonel Ward sent his compliments to the Governor as follows : "Tell him that I consider myself twice honored, but more in being super- ceded than in being commissioned, and that I thank him for this"(hold- "ing up the letter to the messenger) "since the motive that dictated it, is "evidence that I am, what he is not, a friend to my country. 17 Gen. Ward did not again hold military command until the fall of 1774 when his old regiment, throwing aside the crown commissions, elected him colonel — this action preceding by 24 days his election as General Officer by the Provincial Congress. GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 135 Gen. Ward was early prominent in the civil life of his community. He became a Justice of the Peace at the age of 23 and held at various times many town offices — town and church "moderator," selectman, town clerk, assessor and treasurer. In 1757 he was elected representative to the Gen- eral Court — the first of 16 terms in that capacity. In 1762 he was appoint- ed Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Worcester Co. In 1768 the House elected him to the Council — the outcome of a sen- sational contest with the supporters of Lieut. -Gov. Hutchinson- but his appointment was vetoed by Gov. Barnard. He was again elected to the Council in 1769 and again negatived He was elected for the third time. in 1770, finally being permitted to take his seat at the Board. He was con- tinuously re-elected thereafter until the days of the "mandamus" coun- cillors, immediately preceding the Revolution. He was a prominent member of the first and second Provincial Con- gresses (1774 & 1775), both of which appointed him second General Officer of the military forces of the province. Gen. Ward was in Shrewsbury at the time of the Lexington-Concord fight. Though ill and in bed, he lost no time in getting to Cambridge, arriving there, nearly 40 miles away, on the day following. Gen. Preble the First General Officer, being incapacitated, he immediately took the supreme military command. Gen. Ward was the responsible central figure of the hastily gathered, undisciplined, fluctuating army of militiamen which, then and there, commen- ced the siege of Boston — but he was without authority to enlist the men, pay them or hold them, except by the strength of the common-cause spirit and the force of his own personality and that of other military and civil- ian leaders. This was a very uncertain tenure — the men were ready to fight, but not inclined to sit down and wait for possible encounters, while their farm and other home duties called for attention. On April 23, Gen. Ward wrote to the Provincial Congress, imploring immediate action on the measures necessary for the organization of an army: 136 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE "Headquarters April 23, 1775 Gentlemen: My situation is such that if I have not enlisting orders immediate- ly I shall be left all alone. It is impossible to keep the men here, except- ing something be done. I therefore pray that the plan may be completed and handed to me this morning, that you, gentlemen of the Congress, is- sue orders for enlisting men, I am gentlemen, yours, etc. Artemas Ward To the Hon. Delegates of the Provincial Congress." On the same day, the Provincial Congress — "Resolved, unanimously, that it is necessary for the defence of the "colony that an army of 30,000 men be immediately raised and established." Resolved, "That 13,000 men be raised immediately by this province." Resolved, "That the Committee of Safety be a committee to bring in "a plan for the establishment of the officers and soldiers necessary for the "men to be immediately raised, and that they sit immediately." Gen. Ward's commission as Commander-in-Chief, as follows, was finally prepared on May 18, amended on ~M&y 19 and delivered on May 20. "The Congress of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay To the Hon. Artemas Ward, Esq., Greeting: We, reposing especial trust and confidence in your courage and good "conduct, do, by these presents, constitute and appoint you, the said Arte- "raas Ward, to be General and Commander-in-chief of all the forces raised "by the Congress aforesaid, for the defence of this and the other American "Colonies. You are, therefore, carefully and diligently to discharge the duties "of a General, in leading, ordering and exercising the said Forces in Arms," "both inferior officers and soldiers; and to keep them in good order and ''discipline, and they are hereby commanded to obey you as their General; "and you are yourself to observe and follow such orders and instructions I GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 137 "as you shall, from time to time, receive from this, or any future congress "or house of representatives of this colony, or the Committee of Safety," "so far as said committee is empowered by their commission, to order and "instruct you, for the defence of this and the other colonies; and to demean "yourself according to the military rules and discipline established by said "Congress, in pursuance of the trust reposed on you/ Despite the initial difficulties, and the lack of clothing, tents and am- munition, the siege was successfully maintained and the lines taken by Gen. Ward and his officers during those first weeks were, to a large extent, those held throughout the campaign. Gen. Washington, after his arrival and inspection in July, paid a tribute to the great amount of labor which the works represented and reported that "considering the great extent of lines "and the nature of the ground," the American lines were "as well secured "as could be expected in so short a time and with the disadvantages we "labour under." The history of Gen. Ward's command from April 20 to the coming of Washington is that of the Siege of Boston as related by many writers. So one may pass that intensely interesting period without comment except- ing for some reference to the battle of "Bunker Hill." It was on the 15th of June that the committee of Safety resolved that the position on "Bunker's Hill" in Charlestown be securely kept and de- fended, and also some hill or hills on Dorchester Neck be likewise secured, and made these and other recommendations to the Council of War. Gen- eral Ward proceeded to carry out these orders. The advisibility of occupying Bunker Hill was doubted by several of the leading officers of the Patriot Arm}-, including Generals Ward and Warren, chiefly because the army was not in condition in regard to cannon and pow- der "to maintain so exposed a post; and because it might bring on a general engagement which it was neither politic nor safe to risk." The active op- erations which General Gage had planned however, made it necessary to act quicker than they had desired. General Gage had fixed upon June 18th as the date on which he expected to take possession of Dorchester Heights and the American Commander learned of this on June 13th. This I 138 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE brought about the order of the 15th to take possession of these posts. The occupation of Breed's Hill on the night of June 16\th and the battle of Bun- ker Hill on the day following was carried on under order given by General Artemas Ward as Commander-in-Chief of the Provincial Army from his headquarters at Cambridge. A detailed account of this battle has been given in connection with the history of the Regiment of Colonel William Prescott (See Massachusetts Magazine, Volume 1, Page 150 to 167). It is therefore unnecessary to repeat this story in detail in this connection. The wisdom of General Ward in remaining at his headquarters at Cam- bridge and directing the battle from there was clearly shown in the resulting movements of the days following the battle. While the patriots did not fully realize it at the time it was most fortunate that they withdrew from the Charlestown peninsula when they did, as the plans of Clinton would have undoubtedly been carried out on the 18th and the Patriots caught in a trap in the Charlestown peninsula. On that same day of the Bunker Hill battle, Gen. Ward was appointed First Major-General of the Continental Army. The dearth of supplies and the lack of discipline were not the only diffi- culties of Gen. Ward's position. He also had to contend with a jealous fear lurking in civilian breasts that the military power might grow beyond their control. On June 26, the Provincial Congress had "Resolved, that all the small arms that are or may be procured by the above order, be delivered to the Committee of Safety, at Cambridge, they to give receipts for the same to the person from whom they receive them; that the same be delivered out to such officers as shall produce orders there- for from the Hon. General Ward, they giving receipts for the same to the said Committee of Safety, to be returned in good condition, unless long in the service of the Colony." Accordingly, on June 28, Gen. Ward issued the following order: "Headquarters, Cambridge, June 28, 1775. The General orders that the commanding officer of each regiment make application to the Committee of Safety for so many fire-arms as their respective regiment stand in need to GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 139 of; each commanding officer to give his receipt for the fire-arms he may re- ceive, and the Committee of Safety are hereby ordered to deliver out arms to such commanding officers as make application to them for the same." The sentence, the "Committee of Safety are hereby ordered" acted like the proverbial red rag on the members of the committee and they imme- diately sent a hot protest to the Provincial Congress which embodied the Committee's "apprehension" "that it is of vast importance that no orders are issued by the Military or obeyed by the Civil powers, but only such as are directed by the Honble. Representative body of this People, from whom all Military & Civil power originates. And tho' this Comtee are satisfied that Genl. Ward has mis- understood said Resolve, & does not mean or intend to set up the military power above the Civil, yet, lest this order of the General's should be adduced as a precedent in future, we think it our indispensible duty to protest against the General's said order; notwithstanding which protest we also think it our indispensible duty to deliver said arms agreeable to the Spirit of said Resolve, & as the exigency of the public requires, & submit our conduct to the Honble. Congress." General Ward had the reputation of showing great concern for the com- fort and welfare of his men. This idea is well borne out in the following letter — which also shows his appreciation of the great danger to the Patriot cause from the exposed conditions of his men. "Cambridge, June 24, 1775. Gentlemen: If it is expected our lines be maintained & defended, it is absolutely necessary the men be covered, there are many men that are ordered to the line, which have nothing to cover them but the heavens. Men cannot be comfortable when they are both day and night without covering. I must begg & pray that some covering may be this day provided for them. If not the men will get their deaths & there will be a universal uneasiness in the camp, such uneasiness as I shall not be able to lay. I am, Gentlemen, Your humble servant, Artemas Ward. 140 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE P. S. If our men must be in the rain without covering <fc we should be attacked immediately after ye rain is over pray what are we to Expect? Destruction." When the Army was reorganized in July 1775 General Ward was placed in command of the first division, stationed "at Roxbury and its southern dependencies," consisting of two brigades, under Brigadier General Thomas and Brigadier General Spencer. To his division was entrusted the forti- fication of Dorchester Heights on the night of March 4 which resulted in the evacuation of Boston by the English. When the British left Boston on March 17, 1776, General Ward, with 5000 of the troops at Roxbury, made a triumphal entry through the gates of Boston Neck. After the British fleet had sailed away from Nantasket, General Wash- ington ordered his whole army to the South with the exception of five regi- ments which he left in and about Boston under command of General Ward. Two of these regiments were iu Boston, one at Dorchester Heights, one at Charlestown and one at Beverly. General Ward employed the troops in his command in throwing up works on Fort Hill in Boston, Charlestown Point, Castle Island, Noodle's Island and other places under the immediate supervision of Colonel Gridley. On March 22, 1776, Gen. Ward on account of continued ill health had tendered his resignation, but at the request of Washington and the repeated requests of the Continental Congress he remained in charge of the Eastern Department until March 20, 1777. In the meantime, he had been appointed Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Worcester Co. (which post he filled for 22 years) and elected to the Executive Council of Massachusetts. After the resignation of his Continental command, Gen. Ward was during a considerable part of the time President of the Executive Council. In 1779 he was elected to the Continental Congress and reelected in the following year. He attended its sessions from June 14, 1780 to the same GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 141 date of the following year, serving on the Board of War during his entire stay, as well as on a number of committees, including the "Grand Committee" to consider the plan to invest the United States with power to carry out the Articles of Confederation. He was again reelected to the Continental Congress, but declined be- cause of ill health. His constituents thereupon returned him as Representative to the Mass- achusetts House and the House elected him State Senator, but he refused the latter appointment. In 1786 he was made Speaker of the House and in the same year he fig- ured prominently in the support of the government during the disturbances of Shays's rebellion. On Sept. 5 occured one of the most picturesque inci- dents of his career when he harangued the rebels from the steps of the Wor- cester Court House, defying Shays's men to silence him though their bay- onets w r ere thrust through his clothes. In 1790 he was elected Representative to the second United States Con- gress and in 1792 was reelected to the third Congress. He died on Oct 28, 1800, aged 73 years. A contemporary, Dr. Belknap, described him as a "cool calm thoughtful man" and Frothingham truly remarks that he was a "true patriot, had many private virtues, and was prudent and highly esteemed." The following inscription appears on the family monument in the Shrews- bury cemetary: "Firmness of mind and integrity of purpose w r ere characteristic of his "whole life — so that he was never swayed by the applause or the censure of "man, but ever acted under the deep sense of duty to his country and ac- countability to his God. Long will his memory be precious among the "friends of Liberty and Religion." The "Ward Homestead" at Shrewsbury, Mass.— in which General Ward lived for nearly half a century and in which he died — is maintained as a memorial to him by his great-grandson, Mr. Artemas Ward of New York. It is open from May 15 to October 30 (except Sundays). Visitors, either ' x 4 2 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE as individuals or as delegates of patriotic societies, are always welcome. Its collections well repay a visit. There is no admission charge. Among recent additions to the Homestead is a full-size photo-print fac- simile of General Ward's Orderly Book — a tone of 350 large pages. Students of that all-important period of our national life will find its perusal of ab- sorbing interest. COLONEL JONATHAN WARD of Southborough was the son of Hez- ikiah and Abigail (Perry) Ward. He was a member of Colonel Timothy Brigham's (Southborough) Company, April 29, 1757, his name appearing on the alarm list. Later he was Captain of a Southborough Company in Colonel Artemas W r ard's Regiment in which Regiment Ezra Taylor was appointed Colonel in 1766. As Lieutentant-Colonel, he commanded the regular militia of General Artemas Ward which marched on the Lexington Alarm of April 19, 1775 as shown in the beginning of the historical section of this article. Lieutenant Colonel Ward was appointed field officer of the day, May 12, 1775. From May 25th to June 15, 1775 he was Lieut- enant Colonel in General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment in the Provincial Army, and on the latter date was appointed Colonel. When the Army was reorganized in July he became Colonel of the 32nd Regiment, Army of the United Colonies and served through the year. During 1776 he was com- mander of the 21st Regiment, Continental Army. He was for many years a magistrate and died at Southborough July 7, 1791 aged 64 years. He is characterized in the "Ward Family" as "a valiant officer and efficient in discipline." LIEUTENANT COLONEL EDWARD BARNS (BARNES) of Marlbourough, was the son of Edward and Grace Barnes and was born in that town March 2, 1743-4. He graduated from Harvard College in 1764. He was a member of the Middlesex County Convention in August 1774, and was a member of the First Provincial Congress from Marlborough in October 1774. He served on various committees in this Congress including one with Colonels Heath, Gerrish, Gardner, Thomas and others "to take into consideration a plan of military exercises proposed ,,:-• GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL, JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 143 by Capt. Timothy Pickering." He was commissioned May 25, 1775 as First Major of General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army, and when Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Ward was promoted to the rank of Colonel, in command of the Regiment, Major Barnes became Lieutenant Colonel and served through the year in this organization. May 10, 1776 he was chosen Lieutenant Colonel of Colonel Ezekial How's 4th Middlesex Regiment, but he declined to serve and on June 26, 1776 Lieutenant Colonel Cyprian How was appointed in his stead. He died in Marlborough Nov- ember 16, 1803, aged 59 years. LIEUTENANT COLONEL JOSEPH HENSHAW of Leicester was the son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Bass) Henshaw, and was born in 1727. He served as Lieutenant Colonel of General Artemas Ward's Regiment of minute men on the Lexington Alarm, April 19, 1775, as shown by the affidavit printed in the historical section of this article. The "minute men" being absorbed, he claimed the post of Lieut. -Colonel in the Gen. Artemas Ward Regiment opposing the claim of Jonathan Ward, who had commanded the regular or "standing" militia regiment under Gen. Ward. The foll- owing Act of Congress explains itself: "Resolved that the opinion of this Congress that Collo. Ward is first entitled to receive the commission as Lieut. Col. of the Regiment which right was desputed by Lieut. Col. Henshaw." He removed from Liecester to Shrewsbury about 1781, and died in the latter place March 19, 1794, aged 67 years. MAJOR TIMOTHY BIGELOW of Worcester was the son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Whitney) Bigelow. He was born in Worcester, August 12, 1739. He was a blacksmith by trade. April 15, 1760 he enlisted for service in Canada in Captain Jonathan Butterfield's .Company. At that time he was twenty-one years old and a resident of Shrewsbury. He was one of the most active in the local committee of correspondence in Wor- cester and various secret meetings of patriotic bodies were held at his house. He was a member of the Provincial Congress 1774-5. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched in command of a Company of Minute i 4 4 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Men from Worcester in General Artemas Ward's Regiment. His name appears in the rank of Major in the list of officers of the Maine Guards dated May 8, 1775. On the 25th of that month he was commissioned Second Major in General Artemas Ward's First Regiment, Provincial Army. He continued to serve through the year under General Artemas Ward and Col- onel Jonathan Ward. He accompanied Arnold on his expedition up the Kennebec to Quebec. He was captured in the attack on Quebec and was held a prisoner until May 1776, when he joined Colonel Jonathan Ward's 21st Regiment, Con- tinental Army to which office he had been appointed the first of the year. Januar}- 1, 1777 he was appointed Colonel in command of the 15th Reg- iment, Massachusetts Line, and he did excellent service with this regiment until he retired January 1, 1781. His mansion house in Worcester was on Main Street opposite the Worcester County Court House, near Lincoln Square. He died March 31, 1790. A fitting monument was erected over his grave on the old Worcester Common in 1861 by his great grandson, Colonel Tim- othy Lawrence Bigelow. ADJUTANT JAMES HART of Northborough was engaged April 26, 1775 to serve in that rank in General Artemas Ward's Regiment and he served through the year in that office, and during 1776 was Second Lieut- enant and Adjutant in Colonel Jonathan Ward's 21st Regiment, Contin- ental Army. On the Bennington Alarm in August 1777 he served as Ad-' jutant in Colonel Abijah Steam's 8th Worcester County Regiment com- manded by Major Ebenezer Bridge. QUARTERMASTER WILLIAM BOYD of Marlborough was the son of John and Ann (Glenn) Boyd, and was born in 1735. He came to Marl- borough when he was twelve years of age, and was adopted by a Mr. Stratton, later inheriting his estate. From April 3rd to November 8, 1758 he was a private in Captain Stephen Maynard's Company, Colonel William Will- iams's Regiment. The following year at the age of 23 he enlisted under the same Captain in Colonel Abraham William's Regiment. On the Lex- ington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as a private in Captain Daniel - GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 145 Barnes's Company, and May 25, 1775 was commissioned Quartermaster in General Artemas Ward's Regiment, serving through the year, under Gen- eral Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. During 1776 he was First Lieut- enant and Quatermaster in Colonel Jonathan Ward's 21st Regiment, Con- tinental Army. He died August 5, 1817, aged 82 years. CHAPLAIN EBENEZER CLEAVELAND was the son of Josiah and Abigail (Paine) Cleaveland. He was born in Canterbury, Ct., December 25, 1725, and graduated from Yale College in the class of 1748. He com- menced to preach at Sandy Bay (Rockport) in 1751. It is stated in the Cleaveland Genealogy that he served as Chaplain of a Massachusetts Reg- iment in the French and Indian War and that he was at Ticonderoga the following year. In 1768 his parish granted him a six month's leave of ab- sence on a tour to the Mohawks. He was appointed, with Ralph Wheelock to wait on Governor John Wentworth of New Hampshire "to know what encouragement they will give to accomplish the Indian school established by Mr. Wheelock." This finally resulted in the establishment of Dart- mouth College. May 19, 1775 he was engaged as Chaplain of Colonel Ward's Regiment. "June 11, 1775 the church halted after the blessing and voted that their pastor have the liberty to serve the army as Chaplain," and he was absent in the army most of the time during the W"ar. With Colonel Jonathan Ward he signed a spirited memorial at Dorchester, September 27, 1775 "against secret enemies and Tories." He died at what is now Rock- port, July 4, 1805. The inscription on his monument states that "He was a sincere friend to his country, a firm supporter of the doctrine of free grace, and even declared in his last moments that they were the ground of his hope of immortal glory." SURGEON EDW^ARD FLINT was evidently the man who served as Surgeon's Mate in Colonel Timothy Ruggles's Regiment from March 27th to December 17, 1755, April 19. 1775 he was engaged as Surgeon in Gen- eral Artemas Ward's Regiment and he served at least until August 1st and probably through the year. His place of residence is not given in any of the above records of service. ; ■ , 146 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE SURGEON MATE'S WILLIAM DEXTER of Shrewsbury was en- gaged to serve in that rank in General Artemas Ward's Regiment April 19, 1775 and he served through the year under General Artemas Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. He died December 4, 1785. CAPTAIN DANIEL BARNES of Marlborough was the son of Daniel and Zeruiah (Eager) Barnes. He was born July 19, 1736. From April 6th to November 30, 1759 he was a private in Captain Stephen Maynard's Company and in the following year served as Ensign under Captain Will- iam Williams from June 10th to December 2nd. April 19, 1775 he marched as Captain of a Company from Marlborough on the Lexington alarm, and on the 26th of that month enlisted as Captain in General Ward's Regiment, serving through the year. From January 1, 1777 to May 6, 1779 he was in Colonel Timothy Bigelow's 15th Regiment, Massachusetts Line. CAPTAIN EDMUND BRIGHAM of Westborough (also given Graf- ton) was evidently the man whose name appeared without date during the French and Indian War, as one of the soldiers of Southborough. On the Lex- ington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as Captain of a Company of Minute Men in General Ward's Regiment. He served twenty-two and a half days. April 5, 1776 he was commissioned Captain of the 3d Com- pany in Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment, and in August 1777 marched as Captain of a company of this same Regiment, under Colonel Job Cushing to reinforce the Northern Army. The company was ordered "to be mounted if possible." February 10, 1779 he sent a petit- ion as Captain of the 3d Company, 6th Worcester County Regiment "ask- ing to be allowed to resign on account of injuries received by a kick from a horse; granted in Council February 11, 1779." He was selectman of Marl- borough in 1779, 1787, 1788, 1791-3. CAPTAIN WILLIAM BRIGHAM of Marlborough was probably the son of Joel and Mary (Church) Brigham who was born in Marlborough March 20, 1742. His name appears in the list of men in Colonel Timothy Brigham's Southborough Company, April 29, 1757. On the Lexington GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S EEGIMENTS 147 alarm of April 19, 1775, he marched as Captain of a Company in General Artemas Ward's Regiment, serving 17 days. CAPTAIN JOB CUSHING of Shrewsbury was the son of the Rev- erend Job and Mary Cushing. He was born in Shrewsbury, January 1, 1727-8. He was a private in Captain Artemas Ward's 1st Company of Militia of Shrewsbury in March, 1757. At a meeting of the Worcester County Convention, January 26, 1774, Cap- tain Job Cushing was a member of a committee "to take into consideration a plan for this county to adopt respecting the non-consumptive covenant of the Continental Provincial Congress and report thereon." On the Lex- ington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as Captain of a Company of Minute Men in General Artemas Ward's Regiment. April 28, 1775 he was engaged to serve in the same rank in General Artemas Ward's 1st. Reg- iment, Provincial Army, and served under General Ward through the year. January 12, 1776 he was appointed 1st Major of Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment, receiving his commission March 23, 1776, From another record in the archives, not dated, it appears that he also served for a time as Major in Colonel Nathan Sparhawk's 7th Worcester County Regiment. June 16, 1777 he was commissioned Colonel of the 6th Worcester County Regiment, and July 25, 1777 was engaged as Colonel to serve with his regiment in Colonel Warner's Brigade on the Bennington Alarm, serving until October 12, of that year. He died in Shrewsbury on April 16, 1808. aged 80 years. CAPTAIN LUKE DRURY of Grafton was the son of Captain Thomas and Sarah (Clarke) Drury. He was born in Grafton, March 11, 1737. March 25 x 1757 his name appears on the alarm list in Captain Samuel War- ren's Grafton Company. At the Worcester Convention, August 30, 1774, he was appointed with Captain Joseph Henshaw, Mr. Timothy Bigelow and others on a committe of nine "to take into consideration the state of public affairs, etc." and he served on other committees in the same conven- tion. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he was Captain of a Com- pany of Minute Men in General Ward's Regiment, and four days later was 148 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE engaged to serve under that officer in the Provincial Army. He served under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward through the year. May 28, 1775 the Committee of Safety presented a number of guns to Captain Drury for the use of his Company. A number of men belonging to his Company were given permission, June 14, 1775, to join "such regiment as shall appear of major part of that company are in favor of when called upon for that purpose." From July 18th to December 4, 1781 he was Lieutenant Col- onel Commandant of a regiment detached for service at West Toint. He officiated in his town as constable, deputy sheriff, collector, assessor, select- man, representative and moderator. He died in Marlborough, April 1, 1811 at 74. "He was possessed of good natural abilities with strong power of mind, little improved by education," according to Pierce in his History of Grafton. CAPTAIN JOSIAH FAY of Southborough was born in W T estborough about 1732. As a resident of Southborough he served as centinel in Captain William Flint's Company, Colonel Winslow's Regiment from May 31st. to September 15, 1754. This service was "in defense of the Eastern Front- tier." From April 14th to December 13, 1755 he was a Sergeant in Cap- tain John Taplin's Company on the Crown Point Expedition and in the following year he served as Lieutenant under the same officer, also in an expedition to Crown Point. August 31, 1756 he was at Fort William Henry as Lieutenant in Captain John Taplin's Company, Colonel Jonathan Bag- ley's Regiment. April 29, 1757 he was Lieutenant in Colonel Timothy Brig- ham's Southborough Company. He was a member of the Worcester County Convention in January 1774 and served on a committee "to take into con- sideration, the conduct of certain persons inimical to their country." Feb- ruary 1, 1775 he was a member from Southborough of the Second Provincial Congress. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he commanded a com- pany of Minute Men, and April 24, was engaged as Captain in General Ward's First Regiment Provincial Army, and he served under General Ward, and Colonel Jonathan Ward through the year. During 1776 he was Captain in Colonel Jonathan Ward's 21st Regiment Continental Army, and served GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARDS REGIMENTS 149 until his death, on the 8th of August of that year. In the vital records of Southborough he is called Major. CAPTAIN SILAS GATES of Marlborough was the son of Simon and Sarah (Woods) Gates. He was born in that town February 3, 1727. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as First Lieutenant in Captain William Brigham's Company, General Artemas Ward's Regiment and served 12 days. December 4, 1775, he was engaged Captain of a com- pany of men from Marlborough, Southborough and Xorthborough, which joined Colonel Jonathan Ward's Regiment and served during that month and until the last of January. January 29, 1776, he was commissioned Captain in Colonel Jonathan Ward's 21st Regiment, Continental Army. Josiah Stone one of the committee from Middlesex County, in a letter to the county, dated September 5, 1776, stated that he had raised 45 men from the town of Framingham, who had marched July 29, 1776 under com- mand of Colonel Jonathan Reed (6th Worcester County Militia). He re- ceived his commission in this service July 25, 1776 and he served until Nov- ember 30th of that year. He died August 25, 1793. CAPTAIN CYPRIAN HOW of Marlborough was the son of John and Thankful (Bigelow) How. He was born in Marlborough, March 29, 1726. He kept a public house in that town. He was Captain of a Company of Minute Men which marched to Cambridge on the Lexington alarm, ser- ving until his company was dismissed May 4, 1775. February 15, 1776, he was commissioned Second Major in Colonel Henry Gardner's 4th Middle- sex County Regiment but declined to serve, and June 26, 1776 was com- missioned Lieutenant Colonel in the same Regiment. In a return dated December 5, 1776, his name appears in a list of officers in the 1st Middle- sex County Regiment, commanded by Colonel Samuel Thatcher. February 26, 1779 he was commissioned Colonel of the 4th Middlesex County Regi- ment, and he held that rank until his discharge, October 31, 1780. The regiment was stationed during the time in Rhode Island. CAPTAIN JONAS HUBBARD of Worcester was the son of Daniel and Dorothy Hubbard, and was born May 21, 1739. He, with Mr. Edward 150 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Crafts, were a committee appointed to convey complaint of the selectmen of the town of Worcester against Samuel Paine and William Campbell, May 10, 1775. He served as First Lieutenant in Captain Timothy Bigelow's Company of Minute Men of Militia in Colonel Artemas Ward's Regiment which marched in the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775. April 24, 1775 he was engaged as Captain in General Artemas Ward's regiment, and he served through the year under General Artemas Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. He commanded a company in Arnold's expedition against Quebec, said company being assigned to the 2nd Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Green, and in the 2nd Division under Lieutenant Colonel Green after the reorganization at Fort Weston in storming Quebec. December 31. 1775 he "received a severe wound beneath the ramparts of the lower town; refusing to be removed he perished in the snow storm which raged with unusual violence." CAPTAIN MOSES KELLOGG of Hadley was the son of Lieutenant Nathaniel and Sarah (Preston) Kellogg. He was born in Hadley in 1733. He was probably the man of that name who served as a private in Cap- tain Ezra Clapp's Westfield Company of the South Hampshire County Regiment on the Fort William Henry alarm of 1757. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as Lieutenant in Captain Eliakim Smith's Company, and April 27th enlisted as First Lieutenant under the same Cap- tain in General Artemas Ward's Regiment. In a company return (pro- bably October 1775) his name appears as Captain in Colonel Jonathan Ward's Regiment. In August 1776 his commission was ordered as First Lieutenant in Captain Oliver Lyman's Company, Colonel Nicholas Dike's Regiment, formed for the defence of Boston. From September 23rd to October 18, 1777 he was Captain in Colonel Elisha Porter's 4th Hampshire County Regi- ment. He served as one of the selectmen of Hadley in 1775 & 1777. He died in Hadley May 28, 1815, aged 82 years. CAPTAIN AARON KIMBALL of Grafton was the son of Richard and Sarah (Burley) Kimball. He was born in Norwich, Connecticut, February 18, 1729-30. His name appears on the training band list of Graf- ton, March 23, 1757. In August of that year he was a private in Lieutenant * GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 151 James Whipple's Company, Colonel Artemas Ward's Regiment, which marched on the Fort William Henry alarm, from Grafton to Westfield. He commanded a company of militia in General Artemas Ward's Regiment, which marched on the alarm of April 19, 1775. April 17, 1776 his com- mission was ordered as Captain of the 1st (Grafton) Company in Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment. Later he was Captain of a company from Grafton in the Regiment under Colonel Nathan Spar- hawk, and marched to New York to assist General George Clinton. The muster roll of the regiment is in the archives of New York State and shows service in New Jersey in January 1777. He died in Grafton, November 20, 1807 in his 78th year. CAPTAIN JAMES MELLEN was the son of Thomas and Elizabeth Mellen and was born in Hopkinton, June 10, 1739. He served in Captain Tyler's Company; Colonel William William's Regiment in 1758. In the Massachusetts Archives, Volume 97, page 152A, Ensign James Mellen appears as "Cominshears in Conll Jones Regiment," under General Amherst From March 31st to November 30, 1759 he was an Ensign in Captain Leonard Whiting's Company, Brigadier General Ruggles's Regiment, in an expe- dition to Crown Point. He was a member of the First Provincial Congress from Hopkinton in October 1774. April 25, 1775 he was engaged as Cap- tain in General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army, and he served under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward through the year. January 1, 1776 he became Captain in Colonel Jonathan Ward's 21st Regi- ment, Continental Army, and on the 15th of August, 1776, was promoted to Major of that Regiment. November 1, 1776 he was commissioned to Lieutenant Colonel in Colonel James Wesson's 9th Regiment, Massachusetts Line. January 1, 1781 he was transferred in the same rank to Colonel William Shepherd's 4th Regiment, Massachusetts Line, and in 1782, served for a time at least as Lieutenant Colonel Commandant of Colonel Shepherd's Regiment. January 7, 1783 he was appointed Lieutenant Colonel Comman- dant of the 3rd Regiment, Massachusetts Line, and he served to June 3, 1783. In the "History of Milford" it is stated that he "returned home from the war worn out in health, poor in property and cheered only by wordy honors, and promises of compensation never to be fulfilled. All this finally 152 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE broke down his spirits. He became sore under the sense of his wrongs and the sickness of 'hope deferred/ His last days were virtually those of an insane man, breaking out into occasional wild freaks, which his friends could only lament and mitigate, but not prevent." He died in Mendon, September 27, 1812, aged 73 years, and his grave in the old Cemetery in that town is marked with a stone and the S. A. R. marker. CAPTAIN SETH MORSE of Westborough was the son of Seth Morse. From August 19, to December 13, 1755, as a resident of Hopkinton he was a private in Captain Benjamin Wood's Company on an expedition against Crown Point. Later his name appeared in the list of men in Captain John Jones's (Hopkinton West) Company, on the alarm list. On the Lexing- ton alarm of April 19, 1775, he marched as Captain of a Company of Mil- itia in General Artemas Ward's Regiment. His name appears in a "list of officers of the Massachusetts Militia which reinforced the army who joined Col. J. Ward." He was commissioned January 29, 1776. His commission as Captain in the 6th (Marlboro) Company in Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment of Militia was ordered in Council in 1776. .CAPTAIN ELIAKIM SMITH of Hadley was born about 1735 or 6. He served from September 15th to December 10, 1755 in Captain Nathaniel Dwight's Company, Colonel Seth Pomeroy's Regiment. November 21st of that year he was reported as sick in camp at Lake George. From September 13th to November 30, 1756, he was in Capt. -Lieutenant John Burk's Company on a Crown Point Expedition. From April 10th to May 30, 1758 he served as Corporal in Captain Elisha Pomeroy's Company, Col- onel William Williams's Regiment. In the following year from April 25th to October 30th, he was a private in Captain Elijah Smith's Company, Col- onel Israel Williams's Regiment. His age was given as 23 years, and his residence as Hadley. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as Captain of a company from Hadley. April 27, 1775 he was engaged as Captain in General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army, and he served under that officer and his successor Colonel Jonathan Ward, until his death which occurred at Watertown, August 27, 1775, age 40 {To be continued.*) J S3 Ridiculing as absurd the statement of Secretary Bryan that: "If this country needed a million men. and needed them in a day, the call would go out at sunrise and the sun would go down on a million men in arms;" and also the statement of Andrew Carnegie that: "Our nation is unique in an important respect. . Most Americans own guns and when they shoot can hit the thing at which they shoot," — the editor of the The New Republic goes on to declare that this idea that Americans have a natu- ral genius for shooting and can lick any thing on earth is due to the fact that our political thought and mass-thinking has been influenced by sheer mythology; a flattering tradition has usurped the place of fact: "We have all been taught in our school histories that the minute-men of Lexington and Concord performed prodigies of valor. We have been taught to revere their statues and to recall them as we ascended the Bunker Hill Monument. We have come to love the thought of the embattled far- mer rising up over night to throw off the hated yoke of British tyranny. We played our boyish war games in that belief, just as we still built upon it our lackadaisical militia. Emotionally we are convinced that all an Ameri- can citizen need do is to take down his gun and shoot the presumptuous invader of our shores. "Let us examine the historical truth that underlies this myth. What, as a matter of fact,"- were the minute-men of the Revolution? They were citizens-at-large whom the Provincial congresses and the Committees of Safety of 1774 instructed to keep their powder-horns filled and hold them- 154 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE selves in readiness to shoot Britishers. They had had no military drill, and no practice except in shooting Indians and small game. They went down to defeat after defeat, they were chronically under-supplied with am- munition, they were hardly more than an armed rabble, until men like La- fayette and DeKalb took them in hand and until untold and unnecessary hardships turned them into seasoned troops. They came well within the modern definition of snipers and franctireurs. A modern army of invasion would give short shrift to such road-side amateurs. All that has been for- gotten. "Will the myth of the minute-men ever be shaken? It probably did not become firmly intrenched in the American imagination until the war of 1812. At that time many veterans of the Revolutionary War were still alive who must have had the personal confidence that they could take on any dozen Britishers single-handed. How disastrous the myth was then has never been appreciated by us. It has conquered most of our historians. It is almost impossible to pick up any school history and get a realistic sense of the defeats we sustained, of the ignominious burning of Washington, of our utter demoralization. We think only of a series of brilliant naval victories, and of Jackson's comfortable victory at New Orleans over half- hearted British troops, just as we assume that it was we who won the battle of Bunker Hill. And who now remember the bloody rabble of Bull Run or the more recent shame of Tampa 9 That is the nether side of the myth It has become an arch concealer of facts, has inured us to what is really a monstrous callousness." ■ The New Republic has made such a good case against over-confidence and unpreparedness that we would not criticise one lone point of mis-state- ment — which may at worst be only a species of hyperbole; a slightly ex- aggerated figure of speech. But this subject is so close to the especial in- terests of the Massachusetts Magazine, that we would like to call attention to the abundant testimony that exists to show that the militia of Wash- ington's army and especially the minutemen of Bunker Hill were not wholly without training in the art and science of war. From the very earliest time the " training bands" were an important part of the life of every large town. Almost every town history speaks of them and their work of repelling Indian attacks. ' CRITICISM AND COMMENT 155 In the decades immediately preceding the Revolutionary conflict, hun- dreds of Massachusetts men saw service in the French and Indian wars. Dr. Frank A. Gardner has called especial attention to the French and Indian wars as a trinaing school for the patriots. On page 46, Vol. Ill of the Massachusetts Magazine he said: "Careful study of the regimental histories which have been presented in these pages during the past two years will make clear some very interest- ing lessons. Some of these like the state of preparedness of the Patriots on the Lexington alarm, have already been emphasized in special articles. The value of the French war as a training school for the Patriots must have been apparent to very many readers of the biographical sketches of the regi- mental officers in Colonel Bridge's Regiment, whose story is told in this number. At least twenty-two out of a total number of forty-five officers saw service in the campaigns against the French and Indians. It is impossible for us to overestimate the value of this training to our American soldiery. Warfare of any kind would have given them valuable experience, but they were not taught how to fight on general principles alone but were given specific instruction in British methods b}- many of England's ablest officers. English tenacity to accepted methods of warfare is proverbial and accord- ingly the American officers were repeatedly called upon to oppose the identical methods and movements which they had been taught thoroughly but a few years previously. "When we consider that the Americans in addition to possessing this know- ledge of British military methods were superior marksmen, as many of them had been hunters through life, we can readily understand why the Patriots were successful in so many engagements. The importance of the breast- work has already been dwelt upon in these columns and it is probably quite true that the Patriots went into battle in close order by columns much less frequently than their opponents. The present method of advancing in open order has been found far superior to the old formation. In the regiments to be taken up during the coming year it will be seen that the percentage of French war veterans among the officers will be even larger than in the case of those above cited." When one-half of the officers of a regiment were men who had seen active service under British army officers, it is preposterous to think of their or- 156 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE ganization as "hardly more than an armed rabble. " The other regiments also show a good representation of veterans. And, while admitting the ignominy of our unpreparedness in the war of 1812, let us remember that it was the raw troops of the militia, and not the established army of that day, who won the laurels in the war of 1812. The most disgraceful defeats were borne by the regular troops; and, not only Jackson's "comfortable victory" at New Orleans, but all the achievements on the American side, in that war, were made by raw militiamen — such as the editor of the New Republic classifies as "roadside amateurs." A bronze statue of Wendell Phillips, by Daniel Chester French, was unveiled in the Boston Public Garden, July 6th. The ceremony of unveil- ing and dedication was accompanied by exercises arranged by the Wendell Phillips Memorial Association, the speakers being William Dexter Brigham, Acting-mayor George W. Coleman, Frank B. Sanborn, William Monroe Trotter and Michael J. Jordan. Three descendants of William Lloyd Garri- son were present — Francis J. Garrison his only surviving son, William Lloyd Garrison, his great grandson, and John T. Phillips, Jr., the abolitionists great- great nephew, who "lifted" the veil. \si THE Published bythe Salem Press Co. Salem, Mass. US A - - \s\ 5ty? iflassarljusptts i$tan.astm> A Quarterly Magazine Devoted to History, Genealogy and Biography ASSOCIATE AND ADVISORY EDITORS GEORGE SHELDON, Deerfield, Mass. DR. FRANK GARDNER Salem, Mass. LUCIE M. GARDNER, Salem, Mass. CHARLES A. FLAGG. Bangor, Me. ALBERT W. DENNIS, Salem, Mass. Issued in January, April, July and October. Subscription, $2.50 per year, Single copies, 75c. VOL. VIII OCTOBER, 1915 NO. 4 (fimttnttfi of this SJssu? Governor David I. Walsh .... George F. Babbitt . 159 Two Popular Governors: Long and Guild . . .A. H. L. . 167 An Old Boston Bookseller . . . .Frank Jones Wilder . 177 General Artemas Ward's and Colonel Jonathan Ward's Regiments . . Frank A.Gardner, M.D. . 185 Criticism and Comment . . 201 CORRESPONDENCE of a business nature should be sent to The Massachusetts Magazine, Salem, Mass. CORRESPONDENCE in regard to contributions to the Magazine may be sent to the office of publication in Salem. BOOKS for review may be sent to the office of publication in Salem. Books should not be sent to individual editors of the Magazine, unless by previous correspondence the editor consents to review the book. SUBSCRIPTIONS should be sent to The Massachusetts Magazine, Salem, Mass. Subscriptions are $2.50, payable in advance, post-paid, to any address in the United States or Canada. To foreign countries in the Postal Union, $2.7o. Single copies of back numbers, 7.3 cents, each. REMITTANCES may be made in currency or two cent postage stamps; many subscriptions are sent through the mail in this way, and they are seldom lost, but such remittance muse be at the risk of the sender. To avoid all danger of loss, send by post-office money order, bank check, or express money order. CHANGES OF ADDRESS. When a subscriber makes a change of address, he should notify the publishers, giving both his old and new addresses. The publishers cannot be responsible for lost copies, if they are not notified of such changes. ON SALE. Copies of this Magazine are on sale, in Boston, at W. B. Clark & Co.'s, 26 Tremont Street, Old Corner Book Store, 29 Bromfield Street, Smith & McCance, Park Street: in New York, at John Wannamaker's, Broadway, 4th, 9th and 10th Street.; in Washington, at Brentano's, F & 13th Streets. Entered as second-class matter, March 13, 1908, at the post-office, at Salem, Mass., under the Act of Congress, of March 3, 1879. Office of publication, 300 Essex Street, Salem, Mass. • ' I i \*tj% to, • J k s>.. \ GOVERNOR DAVID I. WALSH By George F. Babbitt The office of Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, using the full title given it by our constitution, possesses a distinction of its own, in the estimation of our people. Other commonwealths and states hold their chief executive magistrates in high esteem, as their merits warrant, but the honor attaching to the position in this state seems to possess some- thing of a transcendent lustre. This local pride is to be accounted for, not by any real or assumed preeminence of Massachusetts over the other forty- seven states of the union, but for more obvious reasons — chiefly sentimental. These have their origin and inspiration in the fine traditions of the office and in the famous men who, in their turn, have discharged its functions since the establishment of the Commonwealth under the constitution, nearly a century and a half ago. The roll contains many illustrious names, famous in history, beginning with John Hancock, James Bowdoin and Samuel Adams, and continuing with those of other worthy persons, including Christopher Gore, Elbridge Gerry, Edward Everett and John A. Andrew, not to men- tion later occupants of the office. The good fame of these former Gov- ernors is not confined to Massachusetts or to New England. It is as wide as the nation itself, and in some instances may be said to be world wide. It is sometimes said that our later governors are not the preeminently distinguished men such as formerly graced the office. This criticism may . r. 160 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE be true, or may be popularly believed to be true, in a certain sense. People are ever prone to be laudators of times past at the expense of times present, as well as of old-time functionaries, when compared with their own con- temporaries. They refuse to look at the new moon out of reverence for that ancient institution, the old one. Making due allowance for this habit of magnifying things at a distance, it can still be truly said that in the long list of our Massachusetts Governors there are very few whose possessors have not contributed to the welfare and renown of the state, and who have not helped to maintain the high traditions attaching to the office. There may have been occasional lapses from this high standard, due chiefly to fitful and capricious conditions in the body politic, but these aberrations have been only sporadic and transitory and have been spontaneously correct- ed at the earliest opportunity. Our people, as a whole, prefer that only honorable and high-grade men shall occupy the gubernatorial office. . To David Ignatius Walsh, our present Governor, son of James and Bridget Walsh, belongs the unique distinction of being the first and only Irish-American and Roman Catholic occupant of that high office in Massachusetts. Time was in the history of the state when such a selection would have been reckoned practically impossible notwithstanding the article • in our constitution which provides that no citizen of this commonwealth shall be discriminated against on account of the religion he professes, so long as he worships God according to the dictates of his own conscience. The letter and spirit of this constitutional provision have not always been observed by our people in choosing their high official representatives. It was but little more than half a century ago that a governor of Massachusetts was elected on a Know-Nothing platform to the essential planks of which he earnestly and vociferously subscribed. It is creditable to the good sense and good will of the people of the state that they very soon came to regret this action and they corrected their mistake in the next ensuing election. Times and conditions have changed in Massachusetts and elsewhere since Governor Gardners' day. Not only is there greater and wider tolera- tion as to religious creeds and less observance of racial distinctions among people of the protestant faith, but our Roman Catholic population has grown GOVERNOR DAVID I, WALSH X 6 X tremendously meanwhile, particularly here in Massachusetts. The change of popular sentiment in the aggregate is due chiefly to the growth of re- ligious tolerance, and it is largely by reason of this growth that Governor Walsh has been twice elected to the office he now holds and is a likely can- didate for a third term. It may be safely affirmed that Governor Walsh does not owe his nomination or his election to the fact that he is a Roman Catholic. It would be more accurate to say that he was nominated for the office and twice elected to it despite this assumed objection to his can- didature. It may reasonably be said, furthermore, that during his two years incumbency of the office he has discharged its difficult, delicate and responsible duties in a manner to disarm and wholly remove any fears or un- easiness that may for a time have been entertained by those who formerly objected to his candidature on account of his religious creed. It is the testimony of those who are in any way competent to speak on the subject that the fact that Governor Walsh is a Roman Catholic has had a no more controlling or directing influence under his administration than the circumstance that his predecessors have been Protestants con- trolled or directed their official course. There is no lack of concrete evi- dence to establish the correctness of this statement. It has not been left to be inferred. It has been specifically and authoritatively demonstrated in the executive office. On one notable occasion when the selection of a suitable man for appointment to an important place, at Governor Walsh's disposal, was under consideration, a friend of one of the candidates for the place called upon the Governor and urged the selection of this candidate for several reasons, among which was the particularly mentioned fact that this candidate belonged to "our church." Thereupon, the Governor brought his fist down upon his desk and emphatically rebuked this super-servicable friend who was informed that such a recommendation was entirely out of place and would receive no consideration in this case or in any other of like character. That the Governor meant what he said in this instance was de- monstrated by the fact that the candidate thus urged did not receive the appointment. i62 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE This has been the rule adhered to by Governor Walsh, not only in the making of his appointments, but in the discharge of all the varied func- tions of his office. Considerations of creed or race do not influence his action. In his last inaugural address he devoted a special paragraph to the propriety and importance of making adequate and proper arrangements for the approaching Pilgrim celebration, and his recommendations on this subject have been followed. It cannot be affirmed that his appointments or his policies as set forth in his recommendations to the Legislature and to other bodies have been wholly free from politically partisan bias. Under present political conditions here in Massachusetts and elsewhere a strictly non- partisan course of conduct can hardly be demanded or expected of a Gov- ernor elected by a political party on a party platform. Having been elected as a Democrat, Governor Walsh has apparently felt it his duty, as well as his privilege, to appoint representative Democrats to office and to give pre- ference to them, other considerations being equal. He has generally follow- ed the same course in other matters where political questions have been involved. It cannot truthfully be said, however, that he has wilfully or deliberately placed partisan considerations before those of the public wel- fare. Governor Walsh may have made mistakes in some of his appoint- ments as well as in some of his policies. Like all public officials of what- ever political persuasion or stripe he is human and his shortcomings have probably not been any more frequent or flagrant than those of his prede- cessors. People not of Governor Walsh's political faith may fairly and properly object to him. Such opposition is legitimate. It is one thing to object to a public official on account of his politics. It is quite another thing to object to him on account of his religious creed, his race or other similar cause. Governor Walsh came to his present office by the route or stepping- stones which have come to be reckoned as familiar in Massachusetts politics. Having served acceptably as Lieutenant-Governor he succeeded to the higher office by what may be termed the right of political inheritance, as many former Governors of Massachusetts had done before him. It is not re- corded that he was a particularly pushful or insistent candidate for promo- GOVERNOR DAVID I. WALSH 163 tion. He appears to have been the spontaneous and practically unanimous choice of his party in each and all of the campaigns in which he has been a candidate. Previous to his election to the Lieutenant-Governorship he had served the state in the lower branch of the Legislature where he won the favor of his associates not so much by any exceptional efficiency as a legis- lator as by his practical common sense and his generally agreeable manners and even temperament. Among his associates general!}' he was credited with having a level head on his shoulders. Possessing in addition a fine pres- ence, a genial nature and a marked talent for good fellowship as well as a deserved reputation for thorough honesty and clean methods he has enjoy- ed the respect and friendship of his associates without distinction of party. Previous to his service in the Legislature he had been a successful lawyer in his home town of Clinton and in Fitchburg, having been admitted to the bar in 1897, after being graduated at Holy Cross College and at the Boston University law school. He served as city solicitor of Fitchburg while he was in his twenties, showing thus early in his career a marked ap- titude for his profession and for dealing with public affairs that is not uncommon among young men of his blood. It is a notable fact that Governor Walsh ranks among the youngest in years of the Governors of Massachusetts, having been inaugurated for his first term when he was 40. With the exceptions of George S. Boutwell, who became Governor when he was but 32, and William E. Russell who first assumed the office at 33, the present Governor is the youngest of them all. Governor Banks and Governor Long were first inaugurated at 41. All our other governors have been further along in their forties or fifties. In summing up the comparative merits of the Walsh administration, it will be pertinent and informing for the inquiring citizen to compare its political appointments and its general political policies with those of admin- istrations of the opposing party. Have the Walsh appointments and general policies been any more partisan than those of the other side, or has there been manifested any greater disposition to cater to religious or racial pre- judices? The record is an open book and the question may be easily ans- wered in the light of its data. Generally speaking, Governor Walsh is to 164 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE be credited with having suggested and brought about many salutary reforms in the public interest. He has shown a deep and intelligent interest in legis- lation looking to Tax reform. He has brought about a reorganization of the state department of health and has secured the services of a distinguished health expert to put the new law into practical operation. The state board of insanity has been reorganized, putting 16,000 unfortunate charges of the state under the supervision of three men whose entire time must be devoted to their welfare. The workingman's compensation act has been amended at his suggestion so as to provide for a substantial increase in the amount of money paid to workingmen and women without any increase in the rates charged to the employer. He has successfully favored labor legislation in accordance with the prevailing sentiment of the times. He has pro- cured the enactment of a law providing for rural credits to help the farmers and without being parsimonious he has been able to keep the State Tax down to $8,750,000, an amount over S2, 000, 000, less than was anticipated at the beginning of the last legislative session. The cause of popular education has found in Governor Walsh an earnest friend and promoter. He has urged that the state provide some means of -giving a free education to the industrious boys and girls who leave school early in life to go to work in the factories and workshops. To this end the Governor has urged the establishment of free state correspondence schools where correspondence courses of study can be given to those who desire them. As showing the need and demand for such courses it has been found that a single one of these correspondence schools outside the state, which charges a fee for the courses, has had 90,000 Massachusetts people on its rolls during the last twenty-five years. One of the most important achieve- ments in which the Governor has taken a leading part has been the settle- ment of the railroad situation, so far as Massachusetts is concerned, parti- cularly with reference to the New Haven system and the Boston and Maine. He has cordially co-operated with the Federal authorities in their efforts to correct bad conditions in this respect and the results of his and their labors should be salutary and beneficial alike to the railroads and to the public they serve. These are but a few of the Governor's achievements and under- GOVERNOR DAVID I. WALSH 165 takings in the line of promoting the welfare of the state and of its people. They serve to illustrate his practical good sense, his intelligent compre- hension of public problems and his aptitude for solving them. All prac- tical schemes for the promotion of social welfare have had his encouragement. However widely people may differ in opinion as to the manner in which Governor Walsh has discharged the sterner duties of his office there is a very general agreement among those who have come in contact with him in one way or another that he is an exceptionally agreeable Governor per- sonally, and that in the performance of his perfunctory and ornamental duties he compares quite favorably with the most graceful, dignified and socially accomplished of his predecessors, maintaining all the fine traditions ot his office in this respect. He is courtly and gracious on all occasions, always approachable, a respectful listener to all comers and firmly insistent on the observance of the proprieties where he is officially present. He is an el- oquent and pleasing speaker, both on formal and informal occasions, on the platform or at the banquet board and this accomplishment, added to his handsome and impressive presence, is a source of proper pride to that vast constituency which likes to see a Governor who fills the eye and the ear as well as the other senses. At the recent convention of Governors held in Boston where the chief executives of a large number of the states assem- bled to confer with each other on affairs relating to their duties and func- tions, Governor Walsh, acting as the chief host of the occasion, performed his part with rare tact, grace and felicity, calling forth expressions of admir- ation and gratitude from the assembled governors, some of whom came here curious to see 'what manner of man our Roman Catholic Governor might be. They went away quite reconciled to the innovation. Another of Governor Walsh's pleasing characteristics is that he is al- ways ready to listen to counsel and advice regarding the affairs of his office and the best way of dealing with them. He is amenable to reason and ap- propriate suggestion, but he refuses to be bossed. He has no kitchen cab- inet and he is his own final referee. Some of his political opponents have called him an amiable gentleman, intimating that his qualifications for his position are limited to the one implied by this title. This circumscribed 166 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE compliment may reasonably be interpreted as leaving no question as to the Governor's possession of at least some of the pleasing qualifications of a chief executive, even in the estimation of his more critical adversaries. On this score the verdict may be said to be cordially unanimous in his favor. It remains to be said that Governor Walsh is a batchelor, a quite ex- ceptional circumstance in his high office. His condition in this respect is not irreparable however. He is not an old bachelor, and has ample time to repent. Having but just entered middle life, possessing an attractive presence and having the promise of a continued successful and brilliant future before him he may still be said to be on the eminently eligible list, matrimonially and otherwise. 167 TWO POPULAR GOVERNORS IMPRESSIONS OF JOHN DAVIS LOxNG AND CURTIS GUILD The passing of John Davis Long, taken together with that of Curtis Guild but a short time before, removed two ex-Governors of Massachusetts who enjoyed a remarkable degree of personal popularity among their fellow citizens. It is undoubtedly speaking within bounds to say that none of our other Ex-Governors, in recent years at least, surpassed these two in this respect. They enjoyed the warm affection, as well as the high esteem of all classes and conditions, irrespective of party affiliations. Without undertaking to institute a comparison of their respective merits on this score, it may be said that Governor Long's strong hold upon the affectionate regard of the people was based rather more distinctly on his personality than was the case with Governor Guild. Both were exceptionally strong and pleasing in this particular, but somehow the heart and the hand of the average citizen went out rather more freely and spontaneously to the former than to the latter. Governor Long's geniality seemed to have been born within him and to have increased with his years. There was not the faint- est trace of pretense or artificiality in his manner of carrying himself any- where. He fairly bubbled over with a good nature that was as genuine as it was free and unrestrained. Having in mind the wide range of his personal friendships and the large number of people who cherished a fondness for him, it has been said that the sorrow occasioned by Governor Long's death was deeper and more wide- spread than could have been caused by the taking off of almost any other em- inent citizen of Massachusetts. There may have been quite as able, perhaps abler, governors of the Commonwealth than he, but none had a stronger hold on the hearts of the people. He prided himself more on his sound commonsense and his average qualities than upon any exceptional ability 168 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE or attainments, notwithstanding the weil-recognized fact that he was not lacking in scholarly and statesmanlike equipment. He was never a poser. He wore his heart upon his sleeve throughout all his public career and he let his characteristics, as well as his acts, speak for themselves. What a fine career he had from his early manhood until his death at the ripe old age of 76! He can hardly be said to have shown any unusual degree of precocity in his earlier years. He came from the little town of Buckfield, down in Maine, where he was born of good Yankee stock. There was nothing of the patrician in his antecedents, so far as blood or breeding were concerned. When he entered Harvard college, at the age of 15, he was a plain country boy with little but his native talents to rely upon for what- ever success he might be destined to achieve. After his graduation from col- lege and his admission to the bar he practised law, first in his native town and subsequently in Boston. It was not until more than a dozen years later. when he was 37 years old, that his public career began with his member- ship in the lower branch of the Massachusetts Legislature. From that time onward his public career was steadily and rapidly upward. He had served but a sinlge term in the Legislature when he was chosen Speaker of the House, serving three successive terms in this capacity. The following year he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, and the next year he was in- augurated Governor, serving three successive terms. He subsequently served three terms in Congress, and was a member of the cabinets of Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt. All these honors came to him within a period of less than a score of years. Meanwhile he was called to numerous places of honor and responsibility of a non-political char- acter. These were in religious, educational, and social lines, in all of which he achieved something of the same success and distinction that marked his political career. In all these varied activities he evinced the tactful, grace- ful, sympathetic and winning qualities that seemed to be an essential part of his nature. The only wonder of it all is that even higher honors and distinctions did not come to him. In order to appreciate the traits and characteristics that marked Gov- ernor Long's brilliant career let us note some of the incidents of it and the TWO POPULAR GOVERNORS: LONG AND GUILD 169 anecdotes told of him by those who were closely associated with him, or who watched him from a distance. Next to his abounding good nature and geniality his most marked and pleasing accomplishment was his talent or aptitude as a public speaker. He was not a great orator. His power and influence, in this respect, were due rather to the facility, grace, tact, and wit or good humor which marked all his utterances on the platform, in the fo- rum or at the dinner table. He captured his audiences by these qualities rather than by those of Demosthenes, a Cicero, a Burke, a Webster or a Wendell Phillips. His appeal was to the hearts of his hearers and to their sense of humor and the decent fitness of things rather than to their pro- founder understanding. This was especially true of his political campaign speaking. It has been recalled how on one occasion during an exciting presidential campaign he met the editorial attack of a Democratic news- paper on the presidential candidate of the Republicans: "Now, my fellow citizens," said Governor Long, holding the editorial extract aloft, "do you know who wrote that denunciatory article? Did you ever visit an editorial office and get a chance to see the editor? In order to see an editor you must climb several flights of dirty, dingy stairs, smeared with filth and tobacco juice. After reaching one of the top floors you in- quire for the editor and are permitted to enter a seven-by-nine room which for some inscrutable reason, is called a sanctum-sanctorum. Here you see a fellow seated on a three-legged stool, with his feet on the table, an old hat perched on the back of his head, and probably a corn-cob pipe in his mouth. You tell him your business and he proceeds to get rid of you as soon as possible. Perhaps you are fortunate enough to get some satisfac- tion from your interview, and perhaps not — usually not. Now, my fellow citizens, that is the kind of man that writes such newspaper editorials as this one which I have read to you, and his appearance and environment are such as I have described. If you should chance to meet that sort of a man, with such an appearance, on the street, or anywhere else than in the editorial office of a newspaper, you would give no heed to his opinions on public men or public affairs, and they would never disturb you." i 7 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE This was all Governor Long had to say concerning the Democratic ed- itorial he was holding up to scorn, but he had said enough. The editor had been shown up and his editorial demolished by the speaker's keen rid- icule; of course, it is to be understood that this attack on the personality of a newspaper editor was not meant to be taken seriously. It was Gov- ernor Long's way of putting his audiences in good humor and of spiking the guns of the opposition editors. The editors, thus denounced, never thought of denouncing the Governor in turn. They all knew him and they usually appreciated the fact that the speaker was having a little fun at their ex- pense for political campaign purposes. They also appreciated that prob- ably within the next few days the cheery Governor would drop into their sanctums to have a laugh with them on the way he had shown them up for the edification of a Faneuil Hall audience, eager to see the wicked Dem- ocratic editors flayed. Few men in public life were more cordially wel- comed in the editorial offices than was Governor Long. His visits were frequent, and of mutual benefit and enlightenment. Among all the asper- ities that mark the newspaper discussions of public questions during ex- citing political campaigns it would be difficult to find anything approach- ing a bitter personal attack on Governor Long. He enjoyed the friendship and respect of editors and reporters alike and they treated him accordingly. His sarcasm at the expense of the editors contrasted in a marked manner with the politeness and distinguished consideration he uniformly showed the newspaper reporters. He jollied them, occasionally, and they were fond of calling him "Johnny" among themselves. They liked him and always gave him the full benefit of their facilities for promoting favorable publicity. The story is told that once upon a time the Governor wrote a highly com- plimentary letter to a stenographer who had made a very full and hand- some reproduction of one of the Governor's speeches. In this letter the recipient was characterized as the most accomplished stenographer the Governor had ever known. This letter was warmly cherished by the steno- grapher until he chanced to discover by accident that the Governor had written numerous other letters to other stenographers, paying them the same handsome compliment in almost the same words. However, the short- TWO POPULAR GOVERNORS: LONG AND GUILD 171 hand fraternity never thought any the less of the genial Governor. In some public men it would have looked like duplicity. In the case of Gov- ernor Long it was reckoned only another illustration of his habit of say- ing nice things to those who came in contact with him in one way or another. That Governor Long might have become President of the United States but for a peculiar combination of circumstances which the fates de- creed, is an interesting circumstance in the story of his career. It was on account of President McKinley's firm insistance that Long was selected for the McKinley cabinet and made Secretary of the Navy. This preference of President McKinley's was based largely on personal considerations, the two men having previously been on terms of intimate acquaintance in Wash- ington. Each had a fondness for the other and each admired the other's genial qualities, as well as their respective views and treatment of public questions. President McKinley's nearest friend, Mark Hanna, used to say in his facetious way that Governor Long was the only man in public life in Washington of whom he had good reason to be jealous. "I seldom sit down for a chat with the President that he doesn't have something to say about that fellow. Johnny Long. He sometimes appears to be be- witched of him." That this fondness was something more than a passing fancy was further demonstrated later on when the question arose as to who should be nominated for Vice President on the ticket with McKinley for the latter's second term. The President made no concealment of his per- sonal preference for his Secretary of the Xavy, and his preference would probably have been respected but for the awkward situation then existing in New York, which made it seem necessary or prudent to nominate Gover- nor Theodore Roosevelt in order to pacify Mr. Piatt, who wanted to get rid of Roosevelt whom he rated a disturbing factor in New York politics. But for this complication Governor Long would probably have received the vice-presidential nomination, with such ultimate results as fell to the lot- of Roosevelt when President McKinley was assassinated at the very be- ginning of his second term. Of all the offices held by Governor Long during his public life that of Governor of Massachusetts was the one which was most to his liking. He 172 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE filled it with exceptional ability, dignity and grace and won for himself fresh laurels as a fine administrator and chief executive magistrate. His policies, his appointments and his performance of the ornamental duties of the office were equally creditable to him and to the state. He found his subsequent three terms of service in Congress agreeable, but irksome, — its chief duties being facetiously likened by him to those of an errand boy. From a national point of view the position of Secretary of the Navy was his most important office, but its duties and responsibilities never afforded him much real enjoyment or satisfaction. Its most agreeable feature was that it brought him in intimate association with President McKinley whom he was glad to serve. The thorn in Secretary Long's flesh was Assistant Secretary Roosevelt whose insubordination was equalled or surpassed only by his impudence, in the Secretary's estimation. The embarrassment oc- casioned by his relations with his assistant, however, did not interfere with the Secretary's work in promoting the welfare and efficiency of the naval service. Many useful and salutary reforms in the service were brought about through his influence. One of the reforms he earnestly sought to effect was the improvement of the naval chaplain's corps which was then in a bad way, sad to say. While there were some excellent chaplains in the navy the average of them was such to make it, in proportion to its numbers, the most disreputable corps in the navy for a time, according to com- petent official opinion. Secretary Long dismissed one chaplain for drunk- ness and obscenity. One other was twice arrested and convicted in a Boston police court for immorality. Two or three more were dismissed for even more serious offences. There were others guilty of no specific crime, but they were found to be wholly inefficient and worthless. Some of the ap- plicants for these chaplaincies which were chiefly political appointments, were of equally bad character. One of them brought a letter to the Secre- tary purporting to be signed by Phillips Brooks. It was torn and discolored and it was dated two or three days before the latter's death. The Secre- tary was familiar with the famous bishop's signature and he questioned the genuineness of that on this letter. Communication with the bishop's brother established the fact that the letter was a forgery. But for Secre- TWO POPULAR GOVERNORS: LONG AND GUILD 173 tary Long's persistent activity in uncovering this fraud there is testimony to show that this applicant would probably have been appointed to a naval chaplaincy, so strong were the political influences exerted in his favor. In this direction, as in others, Secretary Long corrected many glaring abuses in the department during his four years' service at its head. The naval portfolio was the last of the public offices held by Governor Long. The remaining years of his life were devoted to his private affairs and to such activities as engage the attention of a patriotic and useful citi- zen interested in the welfare and progress of his country and the better- ment of moral, educational and social conditions among its people. All these interests received his earnest and sympathetic attention. He indulged his literary aptitude and tastes by frequent contributions to literature, historical, biographical, political and poetical, and he was an influential and valued member of scientific, historical, literary and social organiza- tions. During his long service as an overseer of Harvard University be was invariably chosen to preside over that learned body. Althougb he was not a prohibitionist in the political sense he was a firm and consistent supporter of temperance, and for a long time he presided over The ^Massa- chusetts Total Abstinence Society. His was a useful and happy life throughout, and his fine temperament enabled him to get genuine enjoyment out of it in full measure. Reply- ing to a letter of congratulation on the attainment of his 75th birthday, when it was proposed that some public notice be taken of the anniversary, he wrote this letter in his free and happy way: "It is certainly not modesty that prompts my reluctance to have any notice taken of my 75th birthday, for I don't know any better fellow at 75 than I am. The best reason I can give for my unwillingness to join in such a celebration is that I do not want it. I couldn't stand a public occas- ion, at so many of which I have been an attendant, and where I should feel like a fool when the words, however kind, that are always spoken at such anniversaries, fell on my ears. I have no wish to conceal my age. On the contrary, I rather like it, and I think I can say that it is the happiest time of a very happy life. If it were not for the calendar and the geneai- 174 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE ogical record I would not be conscious of being a day older than long ago when you and I were first acquaint." Very much resembling Governor Long in many respects, particularly as to the element of personal popularity, Governor Guild was different in others. Both of them were highly successful governors. Both were tact- ful, graceful and scholarly men, gifted with the traits and characteristics that go to make wide popularity, but each seemed to have acquired these accomplishments by different methods. From his early boyhood Governor Guild seemed to be swayed or actuated by an ambition to achieve the many distinctions that came to him. As a schoolboy he was particularly strong on declamation. He could "speak a piece" almost as eloquently when he was in his 'teens as later on when he swayed audiences by speeches of his own composition. He took the first prize for oratory at Harvard College and his classmates used to point to him as one of their number who was surely destined to achieve distinction in public life. The same may be said of his taste and aptitude for military affairs. He was an officer in his school regiment and had won the title of Major long before he had received his first school diploma. Possessing a fine presence, a soldierly bearing and a talent for strict discipline it was as easy to forsee that he was destined to became a more or less distinguished general as it was to anticipate his fine career in civil life. It will thus be noted that while Governor Long did not begin to show either the promise or the inclination toward a distinguished public career until he was well along in his early manhood, Governor Guild had hitched his wagon to the stars while he was yet a beardless youth. It has beeji given to few men so fully to achieve the definite ambitions of their boyhood dreams as was the case with Curtis Guild. The schoolboy orator came step by step to be an exceptionally eloquent public speaker and chiefly by the exercise of this accomplishment he became remarkably successful in public life, achieving one promotion after another until he reached the highest political office in the gift of the people of his state not to mention the subsequent honors won by him as a diplomat. In like manner this young major of a school battalion subsequently became a cap- tain and a colonel in the state militia and subsequently a general in the X TWO POPULAR GOVERNORS: LONG AND GUILD 175 Spanish war. No skilful mariner, with chart and compass, ever set sail for a given port and reached it more surely and safely than was the case with Curtis Guild in making his life's voyage. That he did not achieve even higher honors and greater distinction is probably due to the fact that, unlike Governor Long who lived to be more than three score and ten. he was cut off in the very prime of his manhood when there was even- reason to expect that there were other prizes in store for him. As illustrating his earlier promise it is said that when his name was proposed for membership in the famous Hasty Pudding Club at Harvard college there was some op- position to his election on account of some personal pique. "Oh, let Guild in!" was the shout. "He's going to be a big man some day and the Pudding can point with pride to his name on its membership roll." He was promptly elected and the prophecy was fulfilled. It is a notable circumstance, by the way, that Harvard college, which was Governor Guild's alma mater, and from which he was graduated with a summa cum lavde, omitted to bes- stow any of its honorary degrees on him, notwithstanding all the prece- dents and the practise that favored such a bestowal. Governors and di- plomats without number and of less distinguished and scholarly attainments than Governor and Ambassador Guild had been thus honored from time immemorial but it was left to other high institutions of learning in this country and abroad instead of to his own alma mater to pay him this homage. Williams college, Holy Cross college, and the University of Geneva in Switzerland conferred their highest degrees on him. This apparent slight of Harvard's was resented by many of Governor Guild's admirers and that it did not pass unnoticed by him is denoted by the fact that he remembered all three of the above named institutions by testamentary gifts while Harvard was not mentioned in his will. Among Governor Guild's conspicuous attainments was his linguistic faculty. He was familiar with seven languages and he could converse fluently in five. He learned to speak the Russian language in a very short space of time after his appointment as ambassador to St. Petersburg, and he acquired proficiency in Spanish with equal facility when he was sent as a special embassador to Mexico. In this respect he was almost the peer i 7 6 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE of Rufus Choate who was known in his day as the most accomplished poly- glot in public life in this country. Professionally Governor Guild called himself a journalist . He had the natural and acquired ability, as well as the training and experience to fit him for that calling, but his political ac- tivities during the greater part of his career engaged his attention to such an extent as to prevent his achieving the eminence in his nominal profession which might easily have come to him had he devoted a larger share of his energies to editorial work. At the time of his death he was the active edi- tor and proprietor of the Commercial-Bulletin as his father had been be- fore him. He may be said to have been one of the few editors who never became enslaved by his calling which is the welcome fate of most success- ful journalists. Although Governor Guild died before his time he lived long enough to achieve a wide and enduring fame, not only as one of our great Governors, but as an eminent and useful citizen. A handsome fund for a monument to his memory has already been subscribed by his appreciative fellow-citi- zens who have thus manifested a desire not only to pay a substantial tribute to the memory of a distinguished citizen of the Commonwealth, but also to furnish a visible reminder of a career in every way worthy of imitation and emulation by coming generations. m AN OLD BOSTON BOOKSELLER GEORGE E. LITTLEFIELD AS I KNEW HIM By Frank Jones Wilder The death of Air. George Emery Littlefield, the well known Cornhill bookseller, on Satuiady, September 4th, marked the passing away of a char- acter unique in the history of Boston, and of the book selling trade in America. The writer's acquaintance with Air. Littlefield began in 1908. At that time I was living in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., and dabbling some in old books. A call came in one day for a certain Massachusetts town history, and not having it in stock, I advertised for it among the old book dealers, and was offered a copy by Air. Littlefield for nine dollars. Two or three days later, another dealer, also a Massachusetts man, offered me two copies for three dollars each. Having no use at that time for more than a single copy, I wrote and offered the other to Air. Littlefield for five dollars, at the same time, stating in vigorous terms, with the conceit born of ingorance, my opinion of his price. I promptly received a check for the book with the statement, "I'll get ten dollars for that book." Later on, when I decided to move my business to a larger field, I came to Boston, and met Air. Littlefield for the first time. I was particularly impressed with two things: first, his plain direct way of speaking; secondly, his marvellous knowledge of books of the class in which he specialized. Before we parted that day, he referred to the transaction just narrated and said, "I got ten dollars for that book, just as I told you I would." As I grew to know him better, and saw his wonderful knowledge of books, and his unfailing judgment as to prices and values, I realized that I had met x 7 8 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE the best posted man in America, on books of a historical or genealogical nature. In searching out the cause of his wonderful knowledge, I found that he had a natural aptitude and love for the old book business. I also found, that during the last half century almost, that he was in business, he had seen the number of town histories published in New England, double sev- eral times; and the number of genealogies increased from five hundred in 1868, to over ten thousand at the beginning of the present year, and had acted as agent for the selling of the greater part of them. He thus acquired little by little, valuable information regarding size of editions, who had them, how many had been sold, and changes which came from year to year, both in the value of the books and in the supply. I once asked him how it was that his price for Barry's History of Hanover, Mass,, was five dollars, while some other dealers asked three times that price. The answer was, "the book's gone to seed. It brought repeatedly, and was worth from twelve dollars to twenty dollars, until a new history of the town came out in two volumes which was sold for less than five dol- lars, fully as complete and brought down to date, and of which there were enough printed to last for some years yet to come." Close critics have sometimes said of him that he was not at all times as diplomatic as he might have been. To him, the waiting upon a customer who desired to procure an old novel for a quarter, or a last year's number of Harper's Bazaar, aroused little enthusiasm, and seldom called forth any extended preliminary conversation from the party of the First Part. His long experience had eminently fitted him to advise both authors and readers as to wisdom in book buying, selling and writing. Seldom did a week pass that he was not consulted by people producing historical or genealogical books. Never have I known him to refuse aid to people of this class. Often have I known him to have been imposed upon by tight fisted people who wanted something for nothing, and who expected the old book man to supply as a gift, information in this line, for which a very ordinary law- yer in his own line, would charge from ten to fifty dollars. AN OLD BOSTON BOOKSELLER I79 The following story was told me by Mr. Littlefield himself, only a few weeks before his death. One day, some years ago, there came into his shop a man who took book after book from the shelves, and copied at length from them upon a pad which he took from his pocket. After some time, Mr Littlefield came for- ward from his desk in the rear of the store and said, "we don't allow that here." The man looked at him, and he looked at the man. Continuing the conversation, Mr Littlefield said, "that's what I call stealing. I get my living by selling books which contain information people want. You are taking it without leave or license. I cannot allow that." The man put back the books, returned the pad to his pocket, and de- parted. Later it came out that the man was a professor at Yale. When Mr. Littlefield heard of this a day or two later, he remarked, "all the more reason why the man should have known better." Mr. Littlefield told me another story which I here repeat. A man came to his store one day and asked for a certain book which Mr. L. priced to him at seventy-five cents. The man demurred at the price and said, "they sell that book for fifty cents on Bromfield Street/* to which Mr. Littlefield replied, "the price is very reasonable." "But," said the man, "they have- n't got any now." The answer he got was, "when I don't have any, I might sell them for ten cents." The customer departed only to show up the following day, and again haggle over the price. Upon asking if there w T as any different price from the preceding day, he was told that the book was then worth one dollar. He again departed to return the following day, and ask the price w T hich had now risen to a dollar and a quarter. Twice more did he reappear only to find that the book w r as advancing twenty-five cents per day. He finally took the book at a dollar and seventy-five cents, which he hurriedly paid to forestall any further advance. Another story which it pleased Mr. Littlefield to relate, w T as regarding a certain trustee of a well known institution not a thousand miles from Boston, who came to him just prior to a celebrated auction sale, and handed him 180 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE a list of books desired by the Library he represented, which he instructed Mr. Littlefield to buy, giving no prices on any of the items nor authorizing discretionary bids. The day after the sale, Mr. Littlefield's client met him on the street and said,"I suppose you bought those books for us," to which Mr. Littlefield replied, "I got some of them for you.'' In a tone of reproof, the trustee said somewhat testily, "I thought I told you to buy them all. Why didn't you do it?" The answer was, "because I'm not a blamed fool." The writer is not quite sure that the descriptive adjective used by the Corn hill Sage was "blamed." I do know that the word had six letters in it, and ended with a "d?" Possibly it began with the same letter. Continuing the conversation, Mr. Littlefield said, "don't you get mj T catalogs?" to which the man replied, "I suppose so." "Well, don't you ever read them?" "I suppose our people look them over more or less." "Don't you know that one of the books you wanted me to pay six dollars for has been in my catalog the last two or three years at two dollars and fifty cents?" The man said, "no." Mr. Littlefield said, ''it is a fact." He continued, "I am often glad to sell books for much less than some seem- ingly well posted people are willing to pay for them if they see them going to someone else at auction." Catalog number one, was issued by Mr. Littlefield in February, 1878, and consisted of sixteen pages. The title page is here shown. This catalog, like all of those compiled by Mr. Littlefield, is remarkable for its accurate, concise descriptions. It is said that quite a number of tight-fisted Yankees "used his catalogs at Libbie's auctions, and made a rule of bidding from one half to two thirds of the price at which the books were therein valued. Well was it said of him by one of our leading Librarians, that he had forgotten more in his line of business than all the rest of us ever knew. I hate to disagree with so good an authority, but I never knew Mr. Little- field to forget anything. Nor did I ever see him stumped fur want of a book he knew r he had and couldn't find. I really believe that on the darkest night of any Friday, the thirteenth, trffTrr t moins warn, m*?.** » »*» «*«.*— — . lilillt flfl.il /H#fjfef^ Si ■irtl George E. Littlefield AN OLD BOSTON BOOKSELLER x8i of the month, he could go to the store at midnight, and without aid of any light, find the particular book he wanted. The confidence reposed in Mr. Littlefield's judgment, both by private collectors and large institutions, made him a busy man on auction days CATALOGUE B&ria! CckEons, Tom Histories and MisceHaneoy. Beaks, Early History of C-sr Cooatry, . B. LITTLEFIELD. «7 Conjjjill St.. Boston. ■AMTTRICAX HISTORY A SPECIALTY. TERMS CASH WITH C»OE». HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS-. Georgia HutoncaJ <M«t Collection*, t TOb- 9r», doth, pp. 3)8-315. Mrio- •Eh. 184J-I2 t.5.00 hUioa. Cofiectioaj of the Mune His- tortc&l Society. * *oU- Complete, (roro- the coca Beacea-nt io 18 (ruin:.). fVI <*W. .Ver i*i p'i+e «. . . «20.00 and Seriee, $ vc'j. bomb- Th:rd Se- ■K*. Vols. J. 1, 5. 6. 7, 8, boinls. Fourth Seiies, Vols, t, 3, 1, 5. 6, 8. 9, 10. cloth. Fifth. Series, Vobu I . i, 3, cloth. 33 vols. Barton. 1798-1*77. MO.OO ( N«» Ui-Tij-aire HLitonca! Soc.cty Col- Sakxu. . Vol * t». ardi. rjp. 3 .'. «vo. Owcord. 18*7.- M.SO New Jtrsej Hiswncil Society Collec- Hoos. VoLt, ««>. c loth, pp. 1 Xer Tort, 1817-1 v* 81.30 Nf» Jersey H;s;.,r. ilS.-c-.ety. !V>ceel- ta^of. VoL VI. 1*1 piprr. pp.*l£ .Newark. I< SI. 00 ■AM*yr««ii Wilotk, */ Soc/erj -W r-oi'ra. VoLS.Iiutorvofth K«n«di!wn Portdu<.fae«te.(a 17'. Edwsrd UrsoXork. H Wo, doth. Phil*. I" »! '«) Vots, CooLnb;':oo ii Hn- lory; TV SodefiJ of the Cl Whiskey Insorreitxi F.J'l-.; Cm of Msjor Aad.-c , fcc 8ro tlitb. OL 7. Kec jrd of the Coart i feansylrsals, I676-1CM, m. ' ;<nr;ii kepi by Mii. E. Der Huto.-.-jI M»p of Petlivlrsaiv shc«- 13? 13! It! 13 nin.-iorvr.rsju. V'il!ir-». £c. : To? 3.te» of Old Kortj is I iljt-.le- rjeldj; P-jr.-hsjes frjai the iod.iaj. 6a. 8vo, doth. pp. 2G, and lira foldm.: aup Phils. 1*75. It.io « York HutorictU Society Collecaoo. onavolume. 8»o.0oiri*. .. l.'8-n)i. Nt» York. 1811-18 jl. ti in San? — Publication Fund Sories for 18*8 d 1870. 8 r o.cijth.aaait. Eich t!M Venaoti Historical Society Culiectwne, VoU I, 70-18 pelier. 1<71. Wisconsin rTutoncslSocietyColIe. 6 coi*. *vo. cloth sod piper. iLi I8.1.S-72. ProtesUat Episcopal fli-Stonci! S Co!;ect.on-». 8vo, cioth, pp. 30S. IrvlA. Ne> York. I«l. Episojpai Church in MirrUud. by *'. U Hi»k.. D. D. 8vo. boirdi, pp. irtx Ne» Yorx. I8J9." II if. llisUTt^ii CoUcctijas of the Amcnf at Libbie's sales. There he was a most familiar figure. He usually sat on the front row, or close to it. Seldom did he make an oral bid; often during sales have I noticed a peculiar muscular contraction in and around the left eye, vulgarly termed a wink, but far more pronounced than any wink, tak- ing in as it did, practically the whole side of the face. This silent bid of his was sometimes hard to locate if the room was well filled, but it was al- ways visible to the man on the block. All that the rest of us saw was the back of a bald head, with a fringe of black hair at the base, slightly tinged with gray. 182 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Many a time when I was wondering whether the auctioneer was simply flirting with me, or really had the bid he claimed, have I seen some choice literary nugget struck down to one 'Field, who sat on the front seat, almost under the auctioneer's nose. As an author, Mr. Littlefield showed the same hard common sense which was a marked characteristic of him in his business. He never attempted to carry more sail than his ballast would warrant. In fact, he could have expanded his business very materially with perfect propriety, and yet have retained his characteristic modesty. In his writings, he confined himself strictly to subjects upon which he was deeply and thoroughly informed. His first book, "Early Boston Booksellers," was published in 1900, by the Club of Odd Volumes, of which he was a member, the members paying five dollars each per copy. To such an extent had it increased in value within four years, that the Library of Congress paid fifty-two dollars at auction for the copy they now own. • This was followed three years later by his "Early Boston Schools," which also commands a large premium over the published price. In 1907, he brought out in two volumes, "The Early Massachusetts Press." His last literary production, was a catalog prepared by him in 1908 for the Massachusetts Exhibition of Colonial Books, at the Jamestown Expo- sition. It is said that the exhibition was secured entirely through his influence. It was written in a careful and concise manner, and was so ap- preciated, that it secured the highest award there given; a gold medal, the title of the catalog reading, "1607-1907. A Descriptive Catalog of the Massachusetts Exhibit of Colonial Books at the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. Privately printed in Boston, 1907." Mr. Littlefield was a member of several genealogical and. historical societies, and as such, was of material value to these institutions. AN OLD BOSTON BOOKSELLER ^3 I remember one time of his telling me of the vast difference in the book business of today, and that of fifty years ago. When he began, such a thing as a fiat was practically unknown. People lived in their own houses, with many rooms, and had large libraries, and bought books to place in them. He once told me that it was no uncommon thing thirty years ago, for him to sell a hundred dollars a day of cheap fiction outside his door. With the coming of the department store, later the cheap magazine, and more recently the movies, the trade of the old-time bookseller has radi- cally changed. He was a native of Boston, born in 1844, on Milton Street, West End, a graduate from the Latin School in '59, and from Harvard in '66. In '08, he associated himself with C. F. Sprague" & Company on Brattle Street in what is now the rear store of Frost & Adams, 37 Cornhill, and began deal- ing in old books, in which he had shown a great deal of interest for several years. He later moved to 6" Cornhill where he remained until within about three weeks of the time of his death. Jlis store was small, with rather a dingy and unpossessing front. It extended through from Cornhill to Brattle Street, a distance of some thirty or forty feet, with a basement entrance on Brattle Street. Some twenty feet back from the front was a raised half decked floor. On the left hand corner of this, close up to the Brattle Street window, stood Mr. Little- field's desk, and here he was wont to hold Communion with kindred spirits of the book hunting and book loving fraternity. To the visitor, the store and its fittings were in perfect harmony, and carried one back many years. The sanctity of the place was never invaded by the electric light, nor profaned by the click of a typewriter, or the tinkle of a telephone bell; neither did he employ any of the twentieth century methods of card filing, to aid him to supply information on topics about which he might be consulted. He didn't have to; he had it all in his head. Mr. Littiefield's death came suddenly. It is a striking illustration of the uncertainty of human life, that within thirty days of the time Mr. Little- ig4 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE field buried his wife, his house had been sold, his books dispensed from the store, and he was dead and buried. His remains lie in Mount Auburn, in Cambridge, but a little way from his old home on Chester street. In his death, both the public library and the private collector, have lost a conscientious and valued friend, and the bookselling fraternity of the city, will long miss a man of whom we were all proud, and whose reputation will live for many years to come. Its GENERAL ARTEMAS WARD'S AND COLONEL JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS General Artemas Ward's Regiment, Lexington Alarm, April 19. 1775 — General Artemas Ward's 1st Rregiment, Provincial Army, May-June, 1775 — Colonel Jonathan Ward's 32nd Reg- iment, Army of the United Colonies, July-December, 1775. Continued from No. 3, Vol. VIII. CAPTAIN SETH WASHBURN of Leicester, was born in Bridge- water in 1723, the son of Joseph Washburn. He was a blacksmith by trade and in 1756, an inn-keeper. The statement is made in the "History of Leicester" that he had been a soldier in one of the expeditions against the Indians in 1749, but the author has failed to confirm it by the records in the archives. He served as selectman in 1758 and was head of the body of selectmen in 1773. In the above mentioned "His- tory of Leicester" it is also stated that he was Lieutenant in the Company of Captain Henshaw's Company of volunteers in 1773 and in April 1774, Lieutenant in Samuel Denny's 2nd Company of Foot of Leicester. He was Captain of a company in Colonel Ward's Regiment on the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775, and April 24, 1775 was engaged as Captain in General Artemas Ward's First Regiment, Provincial Army, and served through the year under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan W T ard. February 13, 1776 he was commissioned Captain in Colonel Josiah Whitney's 2nd Worcester County Regiment. February 6, 1778 he was commissioned Second Major in Colonel Samuel Denny's 1st Worcester County Regiment. In 1779 he was Muster Master of recruits. In a return dated June 12, 1781 he stated that he had sent forward 483 men from Worcester to serve in the Continental Army. He was a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1779 and a member of the State Senate in 1780, 1783, 1784-87. He was Justice of the Peace in 1781. In the above mentioned "History of Leicester" it is stated that he had "a ready command of language; was a fluent and forcible speaker of fearless courage and great firmness." He has been described as having a light complexion; high forehead and blue eyes; about 5 feet 10 inches in height, thin, active and muscular. He died February 12, 1794, aged 71 years. i86 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE In the above history he is also characterized as "an honest man, a true pat- riot, a kind husband, an indulgent parent, an obliging neighbor and a friend of mankind." CAPTAIN .MOSES WHEELOCK of Worcester was born about 173S. He was a private in Captain William Arbuthnot's Company from March 21 to October 25, 1775. April 2, 1759, at the age of 21, residence Wrentham, he enlisted in Colonel Samuel Miller's Regiment, having a record of pre- vious service in 1757 in Lake George. From April 2, 1759 to May 13, 17G0 he was a Corporal in Captain Moses Curtis's Company, Colonel Frye's Regi- ment at Nova Scotia. He was selectman of Marlboro in 1771 and town clerk in 1771 and 1772. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as Second Lieutenant in Captain Brigham's Company of Minute Men, General Artemas Ward's Regiment. April 24, 1775 he was engaged as Captain in General Artemas Ward's First Regiment in the Provincial Army, and he served through the year under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan W r ard. January 12, 1776 his name was proposed by the Legislature as Second Major in Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment, and he received his commission on the 23rd of March. June 24, 1776 he was commissioned Major in Colonel Jonathan Smith's Regiment, raised for service in Quebec and New York. In one record (year not given) he is credited with eight month's service at Dorchester and four months at New York. June 16. 1777 he was chosen Lieutenant Colonel in Colonel Job Cushing's 6th Worcester County Regiment. July 8th, 1780 he was Lieutenant Colonel in Colonel John Rand's 8th Regiment, Worcester County Militia and served until his discharge, October 11, 1780. He again served as Selectman of West borough from 1778 to 1782 and from 1786 to 1795. The historian of W^estborough states that "he was a man of fine force." He died in 1801. CAPTAIN SAMUEL WOOD of Northborough was the son of Samuel and Mary Wood. He was born in Upton, May 16, 1739. September 24, 1755 he was a member of Captain John Fay's Company, Colonel Josiah Brown's Regiment. In a list dated March 23, 1757 his name appears as GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARDS REGIMENTS 187 alarm. May 2, 1758 he enlisted in Captain William Tyler, Junior's Com- pany, Colonel William Williams's Regiment. He died in Upton May 20, 1830, aged 92 years. He was Captain of a Men's Minute Company in General Ward's Regiment, on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. May 25, 1775, he was commissioned Captain in General Ward's Regiment in the Provincial Army and he served under that officer and Colonel Jona- than Ward, through the year. He was reported as having been drafted September 16, 1777, but he "refused to march himself, to hire a man in his room, or pay a fine." CAPTAIN ROSS WYMAN of Shrewsbury, was the son of Seth and Sarah (Ross) Wyman. He was born in Woburn, August 16, 1717, and later removed to Shrewsbury. He was Corporal March 28, 1757, in a troop of horse, commanded by Captain Benjamin Eager in the 3rd Regiment of Middlesex and Worcester Counties and in August 1757, marched as Cor- poral in Lieutenant Stephen Maynard's Company from Marlborough to Westfield on the Fort William Henry alarm. He was a blacksmith by trade, and made a gun for Artemas Ward before the Revolution. In Ward's "His- tory -of Shrewsbury'' it is stated that "he was a stout athletic man, and prev- ious to the Revolution, while in Boston, and in his market, came near being seized and carried off by the press gang from a British Man-of-War." He drove them off by beating them with fish which he had in the wagon. He was Captain of a Shrewsbury Artillery Company in General Artemas Ward's Regiment which marched on the Lexington alarm on April 19, 1775, and served thirty days. FIRST LIEUTENANT EZRA BEAMAN of Shrewsbury was the son of Captain Jabez Beaman. April 7, 1757 Ezra's name appears in the list of members of the 2nd Militia Company of Shrewsbury, commanded by his father, Captain Jabez. In the billeting act dated 1758, food was pro- vided for Ezra Beaman on his way home from Lake George. He served as Lieutenant in Captain Robert Andrews's Company which marched from Shrewsbury to Cambridge on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. April 28, 1775 he enlisted as First Lieutenant in Captain Job Cushing's Com- 9 member of Captain Jonathan Wood's Company. In August 1757 as a i88 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE pany, General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment. Provincial Army, and he served through the year in Captain Job Cushing's Company, under Gen- eral Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. His commission for this service signed by Joseph Warren is preserved in the archives, Volume 146, Page 79. April 17, 1776 he was commissioned Captain of the 7th Company in Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment. FIRST LIEUTENANT ELIJAH BELLOWS of Southborough was the son of Eleazer and Sarah Bellows. He was born in Southborough, Oc- tober 29, 1728. In a training band list dated April 29, 1757 his name appears as a member of Colonel Timothy Brigham's (Southborough) Company. He enlisted December 4, 1775, as Lieutenant in Captain Silas Gates Com- pany, and received his commission, January 29, 1776. FIRST LIEUTENANT THOMAS BOND of Westborough was the son of Jonathan and Mary (Harrington) Bond of Waltham, and was born in that town January 30, 1739-40. He removed to Westborough, April 1, 1757. Was a private in a training band of Westborough in a company commanded by Captain Benjamin Fay. In August of that year he marched in this company under the command of Lieutenant Jonas Brigham (serving as Captain) in Colonel Abraham Williams's Regiment, for the re- lief of Fort William Henry. In the returns it is stated that his father's name is Jonathan. He served as First Lieutenant in Captain Edmund Brigham's Company of Minute Men, General Artemas Ward's Regiment on the Lex- ington alarm of April 19, 1775. April 24, 1775 he enlisted as First Lieuten- ant in Captain Moses Wheelock's Company, General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army. He served through the year under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. April 5, 1776 he was commissioned Lieutenant in Captain Seth Morse's Company, Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment. In August 1777 he marched in Captain Ed- mund Brigham's Company, Colonel Job Cushing's 6th Worcester County Regiment, to reinforce the Northern army on the Bennington alarm. He later moved to North Brookfield and finally to Brookfield. member of Lieutenant James r Whipple's Company, Colonel Artemas Ward's Regiment, he marched from Upton to Westfield on the Fort William Henry GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARDS REGIMENTS 189 FIRST LIEUTENANT TIMOTHY BRIGHAM, of Worcester, may have been the man of that name, son of Jesse and Bethiah Brigham, who was born in Westborough in 1735-6, March 21, 1757, he was a member of the 2nd Westborough Company, commanded by Captain Bezeleal Eager. From April, 7th to May 23, 175S, he was in Captain Stephen Maynard's Company, Colonel William Williams's Regiment. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as First Lieutenant in Captain Samuel Wood's Company of Minute Men in General Ward's Regiment. April 2G, 1775, he enlisted under the same Captain in General Ward's 1st Regiment, Pro- vincial Army and served through the year under General Ward, and Colonel Jonathan Ward. April 17, 177G he was commissioned Captain of the Second Northborough Company, in Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment. July 2, 1777, his name appears in a list of officers in Colonel Job Cushing's 6th Worcester County Regiment, for service on the Benning- ton alarm, and he served until October 29, 1777. His name also appeared in a list of officers endorsed January 1, 1778. He died in Northborough October 5, 1828, aged 92 years, 7 months, 7 days. FIRST LIEUTENANT AMASA GRANSON was First Lieutenant in Captain Cyprian How's Company, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. No further record of him has been found. FIRST LIEUTENANT JOSEPH LIYERMORE of Spencer was the son of Lieu Tnant Josiah and Thankful (Harrington) Livermore. He was born in Weston July 11, 1740 and settled m Spencer in 1752. March 19, 1759, at the age of 19, residence Weston, he enlisted in Colonel Elisha Jones's Regiment for service under General Amherst in Canada. From November 2d to June 7, 1759-60, he was a private in Captain Daniel Fletcher's Company, Colonel Frye's Regiment, at Annapolis. From January 1st to June 7, 1760 he was a private in Captain Daniel Fletcher's Company, Colonel Frye's Reg- iment. From January 24th to November 17, 1761, as a resident of Weston he was a private in Captain Silas Brown's Company, and from November 18, 1761, to June 17 ? 1762, he was a private in Captain John Nixin's Com- xqo MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE pany. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775, he marched, as Ensign, in Captain Ebenezer Mason's Company, Colonel Jonathan Warner's Regiment. May 12, 1775, he enlisted as First Lieutenant in Captain Seth Washburn's Company, General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army. He served through the year under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. February 13, 1776 he was commissioned Second Leiutenant in Captain Seth Washburn's Company, Colonel Josiah Whitney's 2nd Worcester County Regiment. April 28, 1778, he was commissioned Captain of Colonel Samuel Denney's 1st Worcester County Regiment. From July 1, 1779 to October 4, 1779 he served as Captain in this regiment, with the guards at Rutland Barracks. On December 8, 1779, he wrote a letter resigning his commission on account of bodily infirmity occasioned by "previous ser- vice for his country," and the resignation was accepted December 27, 1779. He later removed to East Sudbury. FIRST LIEUTENANT WILLIAM MORSE, of Middleborough, was the son of Jonas and Lucy (Eager) Morse. He was born in Marlborough, Feb- ruary 26, 1738. He was a member of Captain J. Weeks's 2nd Company of Marlborough training band, August 7, 1757. He was First Lieutenant in Captain Daniel Barnes's Company which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. April 26, 1775, he was engaged to serve as First Lieutenant under the same Captain in General Artemas Ward's 1st Regi- ment, Provincial Army, and served under General Ward and Colonel Jona- than Ward through the year. July 5, 1776 he was commissioned Captain in Colonel Ezekial How's 4th Middlesex County Regiment. August 20, 1777, he marched with nine men drafted from the above regiment to re- inforce the Continental Army at the Northward. From October 2nd to November 8, 1777, he was Captain of a company of Marlborough Volun- teers in Colonel Jonathan Reed's 6th Middlesex County Regiment, to assist General Gates at the Northward. March 26, 1780 he resigned his commission as Captain in Colonel Cyprian How's 4th Middlesex County Regiment, and it was accepted April 7, 1780. He died in Marlborough, June 26, 1802, aged 69 years. GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 191 FIRST LIEUTENANT HANNANIAH PARKER of Westborough. He may have been the Hannaniah, son of John and Experience (Clayes) Parker, who was born in Shrewsbury, September 21, 1735 (called "Annan- ias" in Ward's "History of Shrewsbury"). He was a member of a South- borough Company, April 29, 1757, commanded by Colonel Timothy Brig- ham. April 19, 1775 he served on the Lexington alarm as Lieutenant in Captain Seth Morse's Company of Militia, General Artemas Ward's Regi- ment. August 9, 17S1 he marched as Lieutenant in Captain Nathaniel Wright's Company, Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Luke Drury's detach- ed Regiment at West Point, and remained in service until his discharge, November 18, 1781. FIRST LIEUTENANT ABEL PERRY of Natick, was the son of Sam- uel and Ruth Perry. He was born in Natick, September 16, 1736. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he served as Leiutenant in Captain Joseph Morse's Company, Colonel Samuel Bullard's Regiment. May 25, 1775 he was commissioned First Lieutenant in Captain James Mellen's Company, General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army, having been en- gaged for service on the 25th of April. He served through the year under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. "Lieut. Abel Perry' ' died in Natick, April 13, 180S, aged 72 years. FIRST LIEUTENANT ASA RICE of Shrewsbury was the son of Hezekiah and Mary (Taylor) Rice. He was born in Shrewsbury, March 12, 1742. April 3, 1759, at the age of 17 years he enlisted in Captain Ste- phen Maynard's Company, Colonel Abraham Williams's Regiment, and served in Canada, under General Amherst, until November 30th of that year. He was First Lieutenant in Captain Job Cushing's Company of Minute Men and Militia in General Artemas Ward's Regiment on the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775. April 28, 1775 he was engaged as Second Lieutenant in Captain Job Cushing's Company, General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army, and he served through the year, under Gen- eral Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. April 17, 1776 his commission was ordered as Captain of the 3rd Shrewsbury Company in Colonel John 192 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment. From July 27th to August 29, 1777 he marched as Captain of a company on the Bennington alarm in Colonel Job Cushing's 6th Worcester County Regiment. September 12, 1777 he was commissioned Captain of the Second Company in the above named regiment, and his name appears on the list of officers of that regiment, endorsed January 1, 1778. He lived on the old homestead in Shrewsbury, and held many important positions. He died August 4, 1823 aged 81J/£ years. FIRST LIEUTENANT ASAPH SHERMAN of Grafton, was the son of Colonel Nathaniel and Mary (Livermore) Sherman, and was born in Grafton, March 6, 1741. He was a private in Captain William Paige's Company from March 25th to December 1, 1760. His commission was ordered in the Provincial Congress at Watertown, May 25, 1775, as First Lieutenant in Captain Luke Drury's Company, General Arternas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army. FIRST LIEUTENANT NATHANIEL SHERMAN of Grafton was prob- ably the Nathaniel, brother of Lieutenant Asaph Sherman. He was born in Grafton, March 4, 1732. He marched from Grafton to Westfield in August 1757, on the Fort William Henry alarm, as Sergeant in Lieutenant James Whipple's Company, Colonel Arternas Ward's Regiment. From March 13th to November 8, 1758 he was an Ensign in Captain Stephen Maynard's Company, Colonel William Williams's Regiment. In response to the Lex- ington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as First Lieutenant in Captain Luke Drury's Company, Colonel Arternas Ward's Regiment, and his name also appeared in the same Captain's Company in General Arternas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army, the list bearing date of May 24, 1775. April 17, 1776 his commissionw as ordered as Captain of the 10th (Groton) Company, in Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment. FIRST LIEUTENANT JOHN SMITH of Worcester may have been the man of that name who was born in Marlboro, and as a resident of that town served under Captain Timothy Houghton in Colonel Jonathan Bag- GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 193 ley's Regiment from March 23rd to October 9, 1756, on an expedition to Crown Point. In 1773 he was elected a member of the Committee of Correspondence in Worcester. On the 19th of April, 1775, he marched as Second Lieutenant in Captain Timothy Bigelow's Company, General Arte- mas Ward's Regiment. April 24, 1775 he was engaged as First Lieutenant in Captain Jonas Hubbard's Company, Colonel Jonathan Ward's Regiment, and he served through the year under that Captain in the regiment command- ed by General Ward and Colonel Jonathan AVard. FIRST LIEUTENANT WILLIAM WATSON of Leicester and Spen- cer, was the son of John and Mary (Blair) Watson. He was born in Lei- cester, January 1, 1750. He was an Ensign in 1771, in the 1st Leicester Company, Colonel John Chandler's 1st Worcester County Regiment. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775, he marched as First Lieutenant in Captain Seth Washburn's Company, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, serving 16 days. August 4, 1776, his commission was ordered as Second Lieutenant in Captain Samuel Green's Company (South Company in Lei- cester), Colonel Samuel Denny's First Worcester County Regiment. From September 27th to October 18, 1777, he was in Major Asa Baldwin's divis- ion in Colonel Samuel Denny's First Worcester County Regiment; the com- pany marching to reinforce the Northern Army. In February 1778 he was one of the Lieutenants in the company raised in Leicester, and served in the Continental Army. March 5, 1779, he was commissioned Captain of the 5th Company in Colonel Denny's 1st Worcester County Regiment. He died in Leicester, April 13, 1828, aged 84 years. FIRST LIEUTENANT JAMES WHIPPLE of Grafton, was the son of Lieutenant James and Sarah (Evans) Whipple. He was born in Graf- ton, November 23, 1737. He was Lieutenant in Captain Aaron Kimball's Company of Militia, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm, and he served until May 18, 1775. April 15, 1776 he was chosen First Lieutenant in Captain Nathaniel Sherman's 10th Graf- ton Company, in Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment. He died in Grafton, July 28, 1808. 194 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE SECOND LIEUTENANT AARON ABBE (OR ABBY) of Hop- kinton, served as Lieutenant in Captain John Homes's Company, Colonel Samuel Bullard's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. He enlisted as Second Lieutenant in Captain James Mellen's Company, General Artemas Ward's Regiment in the Provincial Army, and he served through the year under General Ward, and Colonel Jonathan Ward. SECOND LIEUTENANT JAMES- BOWMAN of Westborough, was the son of James and Thankful (Forbush) Bowman. He was born in Westborough, December 25, 1738. April 1, 1757 he was a private in Captain Benjamin Fay's Company (train band) of Westborough. He was Second Lieu- tenant in Captain Seth Morse's Company, General Artemas Ward's Regi- ment, which marched on the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775, serving 14 days. April 5, 1776 he was commissioned Second Lieutenant in Captain Seth Morse's 6th (Westborough) Company, Colonel John Golden's 6th Worcester County Regiment. SECOND LIEUTENANT ITHAMAR BRIGHAM of Marlborough, was the son of Thomas and Mary (Stratton) Brigham. He was born in Marlborough, October 6, 1729. He served as corporal in the 1st Marl- borough Company, in Colonel Abraham Williams's Regiment, August 26, 1757. July 1, 1762 he was Ensign in Captain Jesse Rice's (2nd Marlborough) Company in Colonel Artemas Ward's Regiment. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as Lieutenant in Captain William Brigham's Company, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, serving 17 days. He may have been, and probably was, the man of that name who enlisted October 2, 1777 as a private in Captain William Morse's Company, Colonel Jonathan Reed's 6th Middlesex County Regiment, to reinforce the army under General Gates. He was discharged November 8, 1777. He was a selectman for ten years. He died in 1784. SECOND LIEUTENANT PAUL BRIGHAM of Marlborough was the son of Thomas and Sarah (Stratton) Brigham. He was born in Marl- borough, March 26, 1737. April 26, 1757 he was a private in Colonel Abra- GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 195 ham Williams's 1st Marlborough Company. On the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775 he marched as Second Lieutenant in Captain Daniel Barnes's Company. April 26, 1775 he enlisted under the same Captain in General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army, and he served through the year, under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. July 5, 1776 he was commissioned Captain on the Second Marlborough Company, in Colonel Ezekiel How's 1th Middlesex County Regiment. His name appears in a list of captains "from whose companies men were drafted and marched August 20, 1777 to reinforce the army at the Northward." He had died June 4, 1777. SECOND LIEUTENANT JONAS BROWN of Grafton was the son of Deliverance and Elizabeth Brown of Stow. He was born in the last named town, March 10, 1731. August 10, 1759, at the age of 28, as a resident of Stow he served in Colonel William Lawrence's Regiment under General Amherst in Canada. From April 2nd to December 2, 1759, as a resident of Stow, he served in Captain Leonard Whitney's Company, Brigadier Gen- eral Ruggles's Regiment on an expedition to Crown Point. April 19, 1775 he marched as private in Captain Luke Drury's Company of Minute Men, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, and four days later enlisted as Second Lieutenant under the same officers, serving through the year under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. SECOND LIEUTENANT THOMAS DAVISON (OR DAVIDSON) of Grafton was born in Stow about 1738. April 2, 1759, as a resident of the last named town, age 21, he enlisted in Colonel William Lawrence's Regiment for service in an expedition to Lake George. September 28, 1774 he was chosen by the town authorities "to command a field-piece." He served as Second Lieutenant in Captain Aaron Kimball's Company of Minute Men, in General Artemas Ward's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington Alarm of April 19, 1775. Discharged May 18, 1775. According to a list of officers of the Massachusetts Militia commissioned in "1776," he was Second Lieutenant in Captain Nathan How's Company, Colonel Josiah Whitney's Second Worcester County Regiment. He may have been the Thomas "Davidson" who was Second Lieutenant in Captain Jonathan 196 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Caril's Company in April 1776, and who was reported a supernumary officer, April 9, 1779. This last named Thomas "Davidson" also served as First Lieutenant in Captain Thomas Barns's Company, Colonel Timothy Bige- low's 15th Regiment, Massachusetts Line, receiving his appointment Janu- ary 1, 1777. The date of the last muster roll in which his name appears was in April 1779, dated Providence, at which time he was reported a super- numerary. Heitman in his "Historical Register of the Officers of the Con- tinental Army" states that he was "omitted July 1779." SECOND LIEUTENANT WILLIAM GATES of Worcester was born about 1735. He was a centinel in Captain Benjamin Flagg's Company, Colonel Chandler's Regiment from September 24th to October 14, 1756. From April 9th to May 21, 1758 he was in Captain John Frye's Company, Colonel Timothy Ruggles's Regiment, and from August 10th to 18th, 1758 he was in Captain James Goodwin's Company, Colonel John Chandler, Jun- ior's Regiment, and marched from Worcester to Sheffield. April 2, 1759, at the age of twenty-four, residence Worcester, he enlisted in Colonel John Chandler's Regiment to serve in Canada under General x\mherst. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as Sergeant in Captain Tim- othy Bigelow's Company of Minute Men, General Artemas Ward's Regiment. April 24, 1775 he was engaged as Second Lieutenant in Captain Jonas Hub- bard's Company, General Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment, Provincial Army. He served through the year under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. February 13, 1776 he was commissioned First Lieutenant in Cap- tain Seth Washburn's Company which joined Colonel Josiah Whitney's additional Regiment. April 5, 1776 he was commissioned Captain in Col- onel Samuel Denny's 1st Worcester County Regiment, and July 17, 1776 with his company of 85 men he marched to New York under command of Colonel Jonathan Holman, to reinforce the Continental Army. In a reg- imental return endorsed "Chelsea Camp, Sept. 16, 1776:" his name ap- pears as Captain in Colonel Jonathan Holman's regiment. From January 1, 1777 to the date of his resignation, November 25, 1778 he was a Captain in Colonel Timothy Bigelow's 15th Regiment ; Continental Army. Mass- GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENTS 197 achusetts Archives Continental xArmy Books, Vol. 18 Page 301. Heitnian states that he was "omitted July 1778." SECOND LIEUTENANT MOSES HARRINGTON of Grafton was, in all probability, the man of that name who was a member of the "Weston train band in Captain Elisha Jones' list" April 18, 1757. He was Second Lieutenant in Captain Luke Drury's Company of Minute Men, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. April 17, 1776 his commission was ordered in the Coun- cil as Second Lieutenant in Captain Aaron Kimball's 1st Grafton Com- pany in the 6th Worcester County Regiment. In a return made by Brig- adier General Jonathan Warner, we find that he was a First Lieutenant in Captain Manassa Sawyer's Company, Colonel Nicholas Dike's ''Reg- iment for the defense of Boston," July 27, 1776. December 1, 1776 he was engaged as Captain in Colonel Nicholas Dike's Regiment, said Regiment being raised to serve until March 1, 1777. Captain Moses Harrington died in Grafton, September 8, 1784. SECOND LIEUTENANT NATHANIEL HARWOOD of Leicester was the son of Captain Nathaniel and Hannah Harwood, and was born in Lunenberg, May 7, 1737. His father removed to Leicester. He was a private in Captain John Brown's Company, Colonel John Chandler's Reg- iment, serving from August 10th to 18th, 1757. He marched in this ser-. vice from Leicester to Sheffield. He was a Second Lieutenant in Captain Seth Washburn's Company, Colonel Jonathan Ward's Regiment on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775, serving twelve days. In the "History of Leicester" it is stated that "he was a respectable farmer and seems to have been a man of considerable influence in the town." SECOND LIEUTENANT LORING LINCOLN of Leicester was the son -of Luke and Lydia (Loring) Lincoln. He was born in 1746. When the Lexington alarm sounded April 19, 1775 he marched as Sergeant in Captain Thomas Newhall's Company of Militia, and his name also appears as an Ensign in Captain Seth Warner's Company, General Artemas Ward's 198 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Regiment. (Year not given, undoubtedly 1775). May 4, 1775 he was en- gaged as Second Lieutenant in Captain Seth Washburn's Company, Gen- eral Artemas Ward's 1st Regiment of the Provincial Army, and he served through the year under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward. April 5, 1776 he was commissioned First Lieutenant in Captain Benjamin Rich- ardson's North Company in Leicester, Colonel Samuel Denny's 1st Wor- cester County Regiment of Militia. In a regimental return dated "Chelsea Camp, Sept. 6th, 1776:" he was called Captain in Colonel J. Holman's Reg- iment. April 15, 1777 he was commissioned Captain of the First Com- pany in Colonel Denney's 1st Worcester County Regiment of Militia. Later in 1777 he was a Captain of a Company which marched under Lieutenant Colonel Flagg on the alarm at Bennington, serving five days. SECOND LIEUTENANT ELIHU (also called ELISHA) LYMAN of Northfield was the son of Aaron and Eunice (Dwight) Lyman. He was born December 25, 1741. April 27, 1775 he was engaged as Second Lieu- tenant in Captain Eliakim Smith's Company, Colonel Jonathan Ward's Reg- iment. In another list dated May 25, 1775 he was called Ensign in this Regiment. In a return of Captain Moses Kellogg's Company, Colonel Jonathan Ward's Regiment, made probably in October 1775 he was reported as "on command to Quebec." January 1, 1777 he was appointed First Lieutenant in Captain Job Alvord's Company, Colonel William Shepherd's 4th Regiment, Massachusetts Line. In a muster roll of the officers of this regiment, made in 1779, he was reported "retired as a supernumerary officer" April 1st of that year. July 20, 1779 he was engaged as Captain in Colonel Elisha Porter's 4th Hampshire County Regiment, serving until August 3, 1779, on an expedition to New London, Conn. He died in Greenfield September 12, 1823. SECOND LIEUTENANT OBADIAH MANN of Wrentham was the son of Elijah and Jemima (Skinner) Mann. He was born in that town, March 4, 1737-8. As a resident of Wrentham he was a private in Captain '"Cock's" Company, Colonel Ruggles's Regiment in 1758. From June 13th to November 17, 1761, he was a Sergeant in Captain Silas Brown's GEN. ARTEMAS AND COL. JONATHAN WARD'S REGIMENT 199 Company. He served as a private in Captain Lemuel "Kollock's" Company, Colonel John Smith's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington Alarm, April 19, 1775. April 24, 1775 he was engaged as Second Lieutenant in Captain Moses Wheelock's Company, General Artemas Ward's Regiment in the Provincial Army, and he served under General Ward and Colonel Jonathan Ward through the year. During 1776 he was Second Lieutenant in Colonel Jonathan Ward's 21st Regiment, Continental Army. He died February 4, 1825. SECOND LIEUTENANT ABNER MILES of Shrewsbury was the son of Joseph and Jemima Miles. He was born in that town January 12, 1745. On the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as Second Lieutenant in Captain Job Cushing's Company of Minute Men and Militia, in General Artemas Ward's Regiment, serving 23 days. He removed to Putney, Vt., about 1778 and was a resident of that town in 1790. SECOND LIEUTENANT JOEL RICE of Northborough was the son of Josiah and Thankful Rice. He was born in Westborough, May 3, 1733. March 21, 1757 he was a member of the 2nd Company of Militia for West- borough commanded by Captain Bezealeal Eager. He was a private in Captain Samuel Wood's Company of Minute Men, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, and marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. De- cember 4, 1775 he was engaged as Second Lieutenant in Captain Silas Gates's Company, Colonel Jonathan Ward's Regiment, and was commissioned to hold that rank under the same officers, January 29, 1776. SECOND LIEUTENANT SETH RICE of Northborough was the son of Seth and Dorothy (Robinson) Rice. He was born in Marlborough, December 22, 1727. March 21, 1757 he was a member of Captain Bez- ealeal Eager's 2nd Militia Company of Marlborough. April 19, 1775 he marched as Second Lieutenant in Captain Samuel Wood's Company of Minute Men, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, serving 28 days. April 17, 1776 his commission was ordered as First Lieutenant in Captain Timo- thy Brigham's 2nd Northborough Company, Colonel John Golden's 6th ioo MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Worcester County Regiment. August 21, 1777 he was engaged as First Lieutenant in the same regiment, at the time under command of Colonel Job Cushing. From June 19th to July 13, 1778 he was First Lieutenant in Captain Aphraim Lyons's Company in Colonel Nathaniel Wade's Regi- ment for service at Rhode Island. September 3, 1779 he was appointed Lieutenant in Captain David Moore's Company, Colonel John Jacobs's (Light Infantry) Regiment, serving at Rhode Island until his discharge, November 18, 1779. In another list, year not given, his name appears as First Lieutenant in Captain Aaron Kimball's Company, which was drafted from Colonel John Golden's Regiment to join Colonel Josiah Whitney's or Colonel Nathan Sparhawk's Regiments. SECOND LIEUTENANT THOMAS SEVER of Northborough was a Sergeant in Captain Samuel Wood's Company of Minute Men, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, which marched on the Lexington alarm of April 19, 1775. April 26, 1775 he was engaged under the same officers as Second Lieutenant and he served through the year under General Ward and Col- onel Jonathan Ward. ENSIGN URIAH EAGER, JUNIOR, of Marlborough was the son of Uriah and Sarah (Brigham) Eager. He was born February 5, 1740. As Uriah Eager, Junior, he was a member of the 2nd Militia Company of Marl- borough commanded by Captain J. Weeks, April 7, 1757. On the Lex T ington alarm of April 19, 1775 he marched as Ensign in Captian Cyprian How's Company, General Artemas Ward's Regiment, serving until May 4, 1775. He died in Marlborough, September 30, 1813, aged 73 years. &o| on goofy* anb <$tl]et ^ubject^ 'T^HE Ipswich Historical Society has held its twenty-fifth anniversary. "*■ The anniversaries of all historical societies are interesting, but the one at Ipswich has a peculiar charm and value. No one can pass through Ipswich — not even the traveller on the train — without seeing the quaint Whipple House with its sloping roof and gray brown clapboards. It is so strikingly picturesque, so entirely different from all houses of modern times and yet, so perfectly typical of many houses of the period in which it was built, that it catches the eye and holds the interest of even the most casual. It is in this vine clad cottage that the Ipswich Historical Society has found a permanent home and the docu- ments and furniture of colonial times which have been donated or pur- chased, are here safely and appropriately preserved. But although the Society is now so fittingly housed, it began its existence in no such delightful quarters. That which connects the society of today with the one of twenty-five years ago is its spirit of reverence for the past, and its eagerness to maintain mementoes of that past for the future. It was on the evening of April 14, 1890, that the society was organized at the home of Reverend T. Frank Waters, who subsequently became the president, and who has ever since thrown his personal effort into the society, so tirelessly and so faithfully that it has grown steadily. Mr. John H. Cogswell was the first secretary, Mr. Charles A. Sayward, Mr. J. Increase Horton, and Mr. Cogswell, the executive committee. For the first five years, the life of the society was maintained by meet- ings in which papers were read and the interest regarding this early colonial 202 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE town was constantly encouraged. Then, the membership growing and the members becoming more ambitious, the society established itself in the Odd Fellows building where the postoffice had formerly been. Then it was that the appreciation of the historical value of Ipswich be- came even keener. The society placed bronze tablets at various points throughout the town to guide sight seers on pilgrimages that became more and more frequent. In 1897 the attention of the society was called to the ancient and de- caying Whipple House on Saltonstall Street. That it was an unique ex- ample of the finest colonial architecture was obvious, but that it was in a state of delapidation was equally clear. However, after an examination of its possibilities the society determined to take it and to remodel it in such a way that it would keep its old fashioned silhouette, and yet accomodate the rapidly growing collection of furniture, brie a brae and books relating to the Ipswich of two centuries ago. The purchase was made: the house was ready by October 1898, and ever since then the society has had the satisfaction of knowing that it might occupy and call its own one of the finest bits of old colonial architecture in New England. The society has grown. At the celebration of the 25th anniversary — held from August 6 to August 18 of this year — there were 16 life members, 149 resident, 127 non-resident and 23 honorary members. It is commend- able that a town so important in the history of the old Massachusetts Bay Colony, so beautiful and so rich in historic interest, should have a society to preserve and maintain its ancient legends and possessions. /^VN August 9 the John Boyle O'Reilly Club gathered in Boston in formal ^-"^ and yet intimate meeting. It was the 25th anniversary of the death of that poet, journalist and adventurer whose breadth and liberality of mind, and whose sweetness and warmth of spirit have lastingly endeared him to CRITICISM AND COMMENT 203 those who knew him personally and those who knew him only through his work. It is a very remarkable thing that after a quarter of a century — when even the names on most tomb stones are becoming blurred — that a club which was founded on affection for a single individual should still be strong and unified. And it is a significant tribute that in this day of strong racial feeling that distinguished citizens like A. Shuman — a Hebrew — and Sam- uel J. Elder — a New Englander — should have been proud to testify to their fondness and respect to an Irishman, who was also the most loyal of Ameri- cans. The John Boyle O'Reilly Club grew, originally, out of a committee of those of his friends and co-workers who, on his death organized with the purpose ol erecting a suitable memorial to him. This memorial has now been finished and stands at the Boylston Street entrance to the Fenway — one of Daniel C. French's best pieces of work. At this memorable meeting of a memorable club, Captain Henry C. Hathaway — he who took the exiled poet aboard his vessel, — the New Bed- ford Whaler the Gazelle — hoisted the American flag over him and ianded him on American soil, was present. So also were Governor Walsh, Mayor Curley, Judge Charles A. DeCourcey of the Supreme Court and George F. Babbitt. It was such a meeting as this most lovable of democrats would have appreciated: many creeds and many racial and political affilia- tions: varying grades of social and intellectual attainment — a character istic group to pay honor to one whose spacious nature understand all types of humanity. Perhaps those who are too young to remember one whose genial spirit has so endeared him to the land of his adoptioD, may best understand him by his own lines: He lost no friend; Who loved him once, loved on to the end. He mourned all selfish and shrewd endeavor; But he never injured a weak one — never. When censure was passed, he was kindly dumb; He was never so wise but a fault would come; 204 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE He was never so old that he failed to enjoy The games and the dreams he had loved when a boy. He erred and was sorry; but never drew A trusting heart from the pure and true. When friends look back from the years to be, God grant they may say the same of me. That this prayer was answered is touchingly attested by the Club which bears his name and gladly perpetuates his memory. "VTOTHING vitalizes a cause like a magnetic personality in its leader: *** and few things enhance a personality like allegiance to a striking cause. Rev. Dr. Antoinette Brown Blackwell, who at the age of ninety is still preaching, is an excellent example of both a cause and a personality. Born in Henrietta, New York, in a log cabin ninety years ago, Antoin- ette Brown came from the same family, on her mother's side, as did S. F. B. Morse, inventor of the electric telegraph, and has all her life been associated with brilliant and progressive people. She has been witness to all the changes produced by steam power and electric power as well as to an almost completely changed social order. At sixteen, Antoinette Brown was teaching school earning enough money to get through an academy. When she finished the academy she earned enough money to get through Oberlin College, where she met Lucy Stone, the pioneer advocate of women's rights. Later the two friends married the Blackwell brothers. But although Lucy Stone was even then ardent in the cause of suffrage for women, Antoinette Brown was seeking to a-ccomplish the same end by different means. She determined to become an ordained minister of the gospel. She took the theological course at Oberlin — there was no rule against that — but she was not permitted a degree or ordination. And so, for the time being, she turned her attention to women's rights. At the first Woman's Suffrage Convention in Worcester, Mass., in 1850, she made an impassioned address. She is the only living survivor of that convention. She then started out on a campaign of lecturing still cherishing the hope of securing her ordination some day. No church would defy the popular sentiment against woman preachers. CRITICISM AND COMMENT 205 At the time of the world's first temperance convention she was invited to address the congregation. She had already proved her oratorical ability in lecturing for the suffrage cause and against slavery and she was now ready to take up temperance with equal ardor. But the convention was chiefly composed of ministers who did not like the idea of having a woman address them from the platform. They protested for three solid hours, while she stood waiting for a chance to speak. The next day the same scene was enacted. But the very conspicuousness into which she was thrust by this proceeding, reacted to her advantage. Horace Greeley and Charles A. Dana offered her a church in New York city with a salary of SI 000 a year, and at the same time a smaller church in South Butler, New York, offered her their pulpit. It was in South Butler that she was ordained and took up her work. At the end of a year she resigned her pastorate because her ideas were changing and she was drifting from Congregationalism to Uni- tarianism. She became a sort of itinerant preacher and lecturer on aboli- tion and woman's rights and temperance. Then in 1856, she married, had six children and wrote nine books. Today she is still active and ardent. Although her associates are gone — Wendell Phillips and William Lloyd Garrison, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Julia Ward Howe, she still holds fast to her convictions, to her memories and to her hopes, and still occasionally addresses a congregation in her capa- city of the first woman to be ordained to the ministry in the United States. NOT only Harvard and Cambridge, but Massachusetts and the whole United States are incalculably richer since the great gift of the Widener Memorial Library, the gift of the mother of Harry Elkins Widener, in memory of her son who was a lover of books and a graduate of Harvard and one of the victims of the Titanic disaster. This superb building — as beautiful as any Greek temple in its majestic and dignified proportions — is the largest and finest university library in the world, and only three others in this country can rank with it in size or number of vol- umes, these three being the Congressional Library at Washington, and the Public Libraries of New York and Boston. 206 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE But it is not merely the vast capacity of the Memorial — it will hold about 2,500,000 volumes, — that distinguishes it. It is one of the most scholarly collections of books in existence. The Congressional Library at Washington is obliged to give room to two copies of every copyrighted pamphlet and book; the British Museum must accept every printed thing that the presses offer. But the Widener Library compiles only two kinds of books — the literature of knowledge and the literature of the imagination. Beside the books from the old Harvard library, and the special collec- tion which Mr. Widener himself took such joy in finding and purchasing, the famous theatrical memorabilia which Robert Gould Shaw has spent years in collecting, has been presented. Mr. Shaw, who graduated from Har- vard in 1869, spent years collecting in England, France, and Germany and his gift included 100,000 prints, and equal number of photographs; 250,- 000 playbills and 10,000 autograph letters. The Library was formally presented to the College last June at the time of the Commencement exercises, and it is impossible to estimate its value to all scholars in this country, for all time to come. WHEN last August a thousand suffragists journeyed to West Brookfield to unveil a tablet placed upon the birthplace of Lucy Stone, an inter- esting personality on the history of New England was recalled. The bronze tablet bears the inscription: THIS HOUSE WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF LUCY STONE PIONEER ADVOCATE OF EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN BORN AUGUST 13, 1818 MARRIED MAY 1, 1855 DIED OCTOBER 18. 1893 IN GRATEFUL MEMORY MASSACHUSETTS SUFFRAGISTS PLACED THIS TABLET AUGUST 13, 1915 This does, briefly, tell the significance of the tablet, but those whose memories go back half a century will realize more fully what it means. When Lucy Stone started out in her campaign of working for woman's suff- CRITICISM AND COMMENT 207 rage it was indeed a pioneer task and she was a most conspicuous figure. Her marriage into the Blackwell family did not impede her career any more than did Antoinette Brown's marriage into the same family impede hers. They both labored tirelessly for the object nearest their hearts, and had the satisfaction of seeing their labors bear fruit— at least iri the western part of the country. On the day of the unveiling of the memorial tablet, almost a hundred years after her birth, the house was decked with yellow and white bunting — the suffrage colors — and so also were the automobiles that came from many nearby cities and towns. Prominent speakers in the suffrage cause addressed the gathering who represented many states in the Union. Alice Stone Blackwell, daughter of Lucy Stone, turned the first sod for the planting of the campaign ever- green tree, and unveiled the tablet. QENTIMENT and reminiscence were both stirred last summer by the dis- ^ mantling and destruction of the once famous sloop-of-war Portsmouth. Launched at the Portsmouth navy yard in 1843, and towed back there in 1915, she was sold for her junk for a few thousand dollars, and was then burned. The Portsmouth began her romantic career seventy years ago bv taking possession of San Francisco Bay during the war with Mexico; by going with Commodore Perry to Japan ; by reducing the barrier forts at Canton, and assisting Farragut at New Orleans. Then gradually she was superceded by the modern armored war ship. She became a coast survey vessel, a training ship and finally a hospital boat. But in spite of her historic career no historical society could be found which was willing to maintain and preserve her, although many individuals and newspapers protested against her violent end, and for a while it was rumored that either San Francisco, or Portsmouth, New Hampshire, would take her. But no one coming forward, she was stripped of her metal, set fire to, the photographers and moving picture men her most faithful atten- dants at this final and spectacular ceremony. 2o8 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE T? D I TORS of the Massachusetts Magazine: ■" I have read in the New York Times an editorial which very much meets my approval regarding the manner in which Massachusetts should not cele- brate in 1920 the 300th anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth. It would be a tragic pity to let this time and opportunity be lost forever, to build an adequate memorial to those heroic figures who exerted through their posterity so great an influence on American history. This great "melting pot" of ours is getting so full and bubbling so hard, there may not be enough of the original stock left to influence any special interest in the quadricentennial celebration a hundred years hence. There is so much new literature today such as "The Conquering Jew," by John Foster Fraser, "The Scotch Irish in America" by Henry Jones Ford (with their large claims for what the Jews and the Scotch Irish have clone for America) and "The Other Side of the Revolution" by James H. Stark; so much criti- cism of our national hymns; and such frequent demand from the immi- grant-American for revision and deletion of our school text books, that per- chance the accepted historians of today may be entirely superceded by the year 2020. It is not difficult to imagine that traditions accepted today may become totally discredited on the safe assertion that there is "no evidence to substantiate it," and the accepted version may be a new "true story" of the Pilgrims; in fact, the American people of that age may not care to observe the 400th anniversary at all — may in fact, decide to forget it! Therefore, I say, Messrs. editors, let the State of Massachusetts estab- lish some noble heroic memorial to these men that will be a beacon of re- membrance and education to not only our own offspring, but to the new Americans whom it is our duty to assimilate, and inspire as best we may with some of our own reverence for the men who settled Plymouth Colony. I do not think such a memorial should be at Plymouth or at Boston. I think it should be planted in Massachusetts Bay, where it would, in col- ossal proportions, proclaim its message to every incoming ship, and afar to every coast wise vessel passing up and down the New England Coast — of which there are said to be 70,000 every year. It should be large enough CRITICISM AND COMMENT 209 to be seen from every eminence in each village and town on the bay, from Provincetown to Rockport. Build of concrete and steel, and build in such enormous magnitude that it will be likened to the Colossus' of Rhodes, the Olympian Jupiter at Athens, or the eternal Pyramids in Egypt. Perhaps a Puritan, somewhat after St. Gaudens statue at Springfield, would be the best selection for such a titanic figure. ^1>' iftf\ But I. can think of no more original and suitable subject for such a me- morial than the Mayflower itself — the most important ship that ever float- ed on the bosom of the Atlantic, judged in the light of the history that has been made in its wake. There are several inspiring models of the little ship which might be used. I take the liberty of enclosing two herewith, which I hope you may find of enough interest to publish with this letter. There are several small unimportant islands in Boston harbor which could be taken for this monument, just as an island was taken for Bar- 210 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE tholdi's Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. If built on a low foundation and built as high as the Woolworth tower in New York (750 feet) either of these designs would at a distance have the appearance of a ship lying naturally at anchor. I am not sure but that the sculptor's genious could plan a walled eleva- tion which would allow spaces for mammoth pictures in bas relief, (or possi- bly in colored glass) depicting such scenes as Weir's admirable painting in the rotunda of the Capital at Washington, showing the humble group on their knees in prayer, before the final departure from Holland; the sign- ing of the compact ; the landing, etc. The outlines of the ship could be lighted by electric lights at night and possibly the scenes in stained glass could be illuminated from within. These could be such works of art that one of the features of "doing Boston" would be a twenty-five cent trip down the harbor on special motor boats to see these pictures; and every excursion steamer would go out of its course to pass near, day or night. The educational potentialities of this plan would be almost without limit because the interior of the enormous hull could be developed into one .of the most interesting museums in the world. To begin with a statue in right proportions of every man, woman and child of the 101 passengers could be put aboard; Standish, Brewster, Bradford, Carver, Winslow, being among the first. Every Mayflower family organization in the country being in- vited to contribute what it conceived to be a composite family likeness of each of the other passengers. In a gallery arranged for the purpose could be a series of oil paintings or mural decorations, portraying a part of the Pilgrims story not so familiar to the public as Weir's painting, and later incidents of the Pilgrim movement; i.e: (a) An imaginative picture of the manor house at Scrooby, in North Nottinghamshire, where gathered the first dissenters. (6) Another, of the ruins visitors to the spot see today. (c) An imaginative picture of the deposed Clifton and John Robinson as preachers, and Bradford and Brewster among the attendants at a meeting in the parlor of the former's home. : CRITICISM AND COMMENT 211 (d) Several pictures to show the determination of the "fool king" to harry them out of the country — spying on their houses; arresting; im- prisoning. (e) The attempt to leave for Holland to rid themselves of the perse- cution — the arrest in the night of the whole company, after their goods were on the ship. (f) The later flight in the Dutchman's vessel, when they had to leave half their number on shore to escape the King's officers. (g) Pictures of their peaceful life at Amsterdam and Ley den — the University — Brewster the printer — the new adherents to their cause; Car- ver and his bride, Winslow and his bride, and Standish the soldier. (h) Their departure from Delft Haven in the Speedwell. Then a still more dramatic and expressive means of impressing the minds of school children (who doubtless would pilgrimage to such a place in bodies every week of the school year) and the dimmest intelligences of even those who could not speak our language, would be to arrange tableaux in plaster or in wax figures, showing mam' of the thrilling scenes of hardship and adventure, which the Pilgrims passed through after they had settled on New England' 's shores; such as building the first houses; the welcome of the Indian Samoset ; the trip up the shore of Miles Standish and party in a shallop ; the brush with the frightened Indians in ambush; finding of the dismantled summer camp and the buried corn, some of the sad scenes that attended the sickness of all but six of the party, and the death of one-half their number during that first winter. In a word: Such a series of life-sized figure-pictures as will show the dull and the indifferent that this free country as it stands cost something in sacri- fice and endeavor. The first exclamation at this proposal will be its cost. But I doubt not that the bare statue itself could be built at less than two-thirds what would eventually be expended on a great industrial exposition, which seems to have been the most talked of suggestion heretofore. The bas relief, mural decorations, stained glass, tableaux and entire interior, could be the work of years hence. It is well known that many of the world's memorials, mausoleums, and cathedrals have been the work of scores of years, before final completion. Hoping that the stout-hearted will not take too seriously the pessi- mism I allowed myself to resort to in the beginning of this letter, I beg i'h 212 MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE to subscribe myself to this sentiment of Roger Walcott: "May God in His mercy, grant that the moral impulse which founded this nation may never cease to control its destiny/' Henry W. White Boston, Oct. 13, 1915. THE editorial referred to, in the New York Times was as follows: "There is still a strong disposition in Massachusetts to celebrate in 1920 the 300th anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers by holding at Plymouth a world's industrial exhibition on a very large scale. Plans for the erection of certain permanent structures to house the exhibits and the machinery are now under consideration. The American imagination, as far as celebrations are concerned, seems unable to get beyond the exposi- tion idea. Yet we know that the minds of many of the foremost New Eng- enders are already at work on the scheme for the celebration of this anni- versary, second to none in interest. It seems that a better idea may yet be hit upon. There have been too many world's fairs already and the world has grown tired of them. The memory of the Founders of New England is not chiefly associated with material progress. A world's fair represents little more. It seems that music and the fine arts and pageantry combined might be used to better purpose in celebrating the landing of those stern men who sought a distant home in the unknown wilds for freedom to wor- ship God in their own way. "Yet whether or not the New Englanders are able to conceive and put in execution a better plan for their celebration than an industrial exhibition, it is not to be doubted that the whole country will be stirred by the event. Since 1876 we have had no national anniversary to celebrate the appeal of which is so strong and so general. Descendants of the Pilgrims carried their traits and their zeal all over the country. They blazed the great trails. The anniversary will have much more than sectional significance. All the more reason why the celebration should be worthy of the occasion. There are four more years for preparation, and we shall continue to hope that the exhibition idea will give way to a less conventional and more appropriate plan." INDEX OF AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS FOR VOLUME VIII, MASSACHUSETTS MAGAZINE Prepared by Charles A. Flagg Authors' names italicized Adams, Gen. Charles Francis, 106. Babbitt, George F., Governor David I. Walsh, 159. Beehunter's troubles, An early, 84. Blackwell, Dr. Antoinette Brown, 204. Bookseller, An old Boston — George E. Littlefield, 177. Bowles family, 109. Brackett, Hon. John Q. A., 4. Century of Peace, 3. Church troubles in ye olden times, 59. Criticism and comment department, 52, 105, 153, 201. Dennis, Albert IF., John N. McClintock, 49. The Springfield Republican and the Bowles family, 109. Edwards, Agnes, Mrs. James T. Fields, 9. Everts, Truman C, 22. Fields, Mrs. James T., 9. Flagg, Charles A., Massachusetts Pio- neers in Michigan, 43. Gardner, Frank A., M. D., Col. John Pat- erson's regiment, 27, 75. General Artemus Ward's and Col- onel Jonathan Ward's regiments, 123, 184. Geiser, Prof. Karl F., New England and the Western Reserve, 91. Ghent, Treaty of, 3. Governors of Massachusetts, two popu- lar, 167. Grant, John F., 18. Guild, Hon. Curtis, 107, 167. Hauser, Samuel T., 17. Wiggins, Charles Arthur, LL. M., A Cen- tury of Peace, 3. Mary Harrod Northend, 23. Ipswich Historical Society, 201. John Boyle O'Reilly Club, 202. Langford, Nathaniel Pitt. 16. Littlefield, George E., An old Boston Bookseller, ±77. Long, Hon John Davis, 3, 167. Massachusetts Pioneers in Michigan, 43. Massachusetts, Two popular Governors of 167. McClintock, John N., 49. Michigan, Massachusetts Pioneers in, 43. Montana, First school, 21. first newspaper, 22. New England and the Western Reserve, 91. Northend. Mary Harrod, 23. Paterson's regiment, 1775, 27, 75. Pea^e. A Centurv of. 3. Phillips, Wendell. 156. Preparedness, Military, in the American Revolution, 155. Reminiscences of Four-Score Years, 15. Springfield Republican, the, and the Bowles family, 109. Stone. Lucy, 206. Thompson, Judge Franics McGee, An early bee hunter's troubles, 84. -Reminiscences of Four-Score Years, 15. Walsh, Governor David I., 159. Ward's regiment, 1775, 123, 184. Waters, Rev. Thomas Franklin, Church troubles in ye olden times, 59. Western Reserve, New England and the 91. Widener Memorial Library, 205. Wilder, Frank Jones. An old Boston bookseller, George E. Littlefield, as I knew him, 177. ■'■ "■pi - 2 py o o -