text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 9, 1977
|Filing date
|Mar 17, 1975
|Priority date
|Sep 14, 1970
|Publication number
|Emery I. Valyi
|Original Assignee
|Valyi Emery I
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (77), Classifications (41), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 538,894 for "Multilayered Hollow Plastic Container" by Emery I. Valyi, filed Jan. 6, 1975, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,955,697, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 309,346 for "Multilayered Hollow Plastic Container" by Emery I. Valyi, filed Nov. 24, 1972, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 71,734 for "Method and Apparatus for Making Lined Plastic Containers" filed Sept. 14, 1970 by Emery I. Valyi, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,717,544, and copending application Ser. No. 100,050 for "Method for Molding Plastic Containers" filed Dec. 21, 1971 by Emery I. Valyi, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,719,735.
This invention relates to the use of multilayered containers having properties which are not obtainable in a single layered product.
Multilayered plastic containers are highly desirable whenever it is difficult to satisfy all of the requirements and specifications by using a single plastic.
For example, the low cost, easy formability, impact resistance and other desirable properties of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and polyolefins, especially polyethylene, would make them highly desirable containers for many commodities; however, for example, polyethylene does not have sufficient barrier or solvent resistance for many applications.
In instances of this kind, it has been attempted to provide a lined container, wherein the container wall is composed of more than one substance and thereby provide properties that no single plastic possesses.
However, heretofore the economical production of such containers was prohibitively difficult. In addition, certain combinations of properties presented considerable difficulties even in a composite container.
For example, it is highly desirable to obtain a plastic container having resistance to exposure to elevated temperatures, such as above 175° F. and preferably above 220° F., while at the same time having fluid barrier resistance, such as gas barrier resistance as resistance to the transmission of oxygen and carbon dioxide, or solvent resistance. In such instances, the non-barrier layer of the container may be made of relatively heat resistant plastics, e.g. polypropylene, SAN or polycarbonate. However, the barrier layer or layers, particularly oxygen-barriers, do not have adequate heat resistance. Hence, in containers of this type, it is known that when the container is exposed to elevated temperature conditions, as, for example, when filling with substances at such temperatures, the barrier material tends to melt, destroying the integrity and utility of the container. This is particularly significant since for many applications it is desirable to fill containers at elevated temperatures. The viscosity of the material being filled is lower at elevated temperatures, allowing more rapid filling. In addition, sterilization can be provided while or after the container is filled, either by material maintained at an elevated temperature during filling followed by prompt closure of the container preferably in an air tight manner, or by sterilizing in a retort after filling.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a method of obtaining a filled, fluid barrier resistant plastic container.
It is a particular object of the present invention to provide a method as aforesaid wherein the container is filled at temperatures in excess of 175° F., or subsequently exposed to such temperatures, while retaining the barrier resistant characteristics thereof.
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will appear hereinbelow.
In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objects and advantages may be readily obtained and a method provided for obtaining a filled, fluid barrier resistant plastic container wherein the container is exposed to a temperature in excess of 175° F., such as during filling, while retaining the barrier resistant characteristics thereof. This permits filling the container with material maintained at an elevated temperature without impairing the barrier resistant characteristics of the container, which is highly desirable, for example, so that the material being placed in the container may have a lower viscosity and/or may be maintained in a sterile condition.
In accordance with the present invention, a multilayered, hollow plastic container is provided having an outer first portion of a thermoplastic material resistant to temperatures in excess of 175° F., an inner second portion of a thermoplastic material resistant to temperatures in excess of 175° F., and a third portion fluid barrier layer of thermoplastic material between the first and second layers. The container is filled with a material maintained at an elevated temperature in excess of 175° F., or subsequently exposed to such temperature, but below the temperature of resistance of the first and second portions whereby the barrier layer softens and perhaps melts upon exposure to said elevated temperature. The filled container is cooled to ambient temperature whereby the barrier layer reforms to retain its barrier resistant characteristics and to provide a filled, barrier resistant container.
The filled container of the present invention achieves a great many highly desirable advantages. Thus, the filled container has resistance to elevated temperatures and also has barrier resistance, particularly fluid barrier resistance, such as gas barrier resistance, which barrier resistance is retained upon repeated exposure to elevated temperature. In addition, as indicated hereinabove, the container may be filled at an elevated temperature without impairing these desirable barrier resistant characteristics.
The principle of the present invention resides in the entrapment of the barrier layer between two layers of heat resistant plastic so that the barrier layer progressively softens, or perhaps melts, upon exposure to elevated temperature and reforms in place upon subsequent cooling to ambient temperatures.
For example, a heat resistant container could be readily formed of material, such as polycarbonate, polypropylene, a phenoxy resin or a polysulfone. Similarly, a barrier plastic liner can be provided in accordance with the aforesaid copending applications utilizing, for example, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, Barex (an acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer), or Lopak (a methacrylonitrile polymer); however, the barrier materials have softening or melting points well below the temperatures that the containers are called on to resist. This obviously leads to an entirely unsatisfactory situation.
In accordance with the present invention, the liner is prepared from a laminate or sandwich so that in the resultant container the barrier layer is entrapped between two layers of a heat resistant plastic. When the container is exposed to elevated temperatures, the low melting layer entrapped between the heat resistant layers may, and probably will, soften, if not melt, depending of course upon the particular barrier layer and the temperature. However, since the low melting layer is entrapped and in substantial conformity with the adjoining protective layers, it lacks mobility and must remain in place. Thus, upon cooling, the lower melting layer will be restored to its normal condition without change. For example, the lower melting layer cannot shrink and thereby produce voids, tear away, agglomerate or otherwise deform, except as it is forced to by the protective outer layers. Similary, since the lower melting component is a thermoplastic material, its properties will not change upon repeated softening or melting or cooling.
The present invention will be more readily understood from a consideration of the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section of a multilayered sleeve adapted to surround a blow core;
FIG. 1a is an exaggerated sectional view taken along the line 1 - 1a of FIG. 1 showing the components of the multilayered sleeve;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section with parts in elevation of a parison mold showing the blow core covered by a sleeve;
FIG. 3 is a similar view showing the blow core retracted from the parison mold with the parison thereon;
FIG. 4 is a similar view showing the blow core in blow position within the blow mold and the container of the present invention in the blow mold cavity;
FIG. 5 shows the multilayered, hollow plastic container of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a partial elevation showing an alternate embodiment of preformed liners;
FIG. 7 is an exaggerated sectional view taken on line 7 - 7a of FIG. 6 showing a multilayered web having two (2) layers; and
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the filling and closing steps of the present invention.
Referring to the drawings in detail, FIG. 1 shows a preformed, multilayered sleeve 1 for the blow core to be used in the subsequent molding operation in forming the container of the present invention, said sleeve having an inner surface closely approximating the outer surface of that of the blow core. The thickness of the sleeve may vary depending for example on the materials used and final article desired; thus, side walls 2 may be thin, such as between 0.001 inch and 0.020 inch, while its bottom 3 may be twice to ten times as thick as the side walls and have a shape adapted to provide alignment with the parison mold. The rim 4 of the sleeve may conform to the top region of the container to be made. As indicated hereinabove, such sleeves should be multilayered, as shown in FIG. 1a wherein the central layer a is the barrier layer, such as polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, or acrylonitrile polymers or methacrylonitrile polymers. The outer layers in FIG. 1a, layers b and c, may be any heat resistant plastic, preferably a thermoplastic, such as polycarbonate polypropylene or copolymers thereof. Naturally, the outer layers may be the same or different, as desired. Such sleeves may be produced from a variety of plastics at reasonable cost, by methods well known in the art, such as for example by thermoforming, powder coating, casting, these methods being described on pages 534, 594, and 602, respectively, of the 1969-1970 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, published by McGraw-Hill, Inc.; and by other methods well known in the art of manufacturing thin-walled, shaped articles of plastic.
The sleeves shown in FIG. 1 are used in a parison mold according to FIG. 2 which consists of blow core 5 and a parison mold 6 and a tool for the forming of the open end of the hollow article, the neck ring 7. A passage 8 connects the parison mold 6 with a supply of hot plastic contained within cylinder 9 from which the molten plastic may be pressed into parison mold 6 by piston 10 under sufficient pressure to effect rapid filling of the space between the blow core 5 and parison mold 6 and the space within neck ring 7 communicating with the parison mold.
The parison 11 molded in the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 may be removed from the parison mold 6 together with the blow core 5 and the neck ring 7, as shown in FIG. 3 and inserted into a blow mold 12. Pressure fluid obtained from a source not shown may be admitted through fluid passages 13 to the interior of parison 11. The blow mold 12 has a mold cavity 14 corresponding to the shape of the hollow article to be made and it may be made of two halves which are separable to facilitate the removal of the finished article to be made therein.
In the operation of this method, sleeves according to FIG. 1 may be produced by any designed method independently of the injection blow molding operation here described. Alternately, sleeves may be fashioned in place, as for example by laminating the plastic layers and wrapping the laminated plastic film stock tightly around the blow core 5. If the parison is to be expanded by blow molding, the sleeve material must have deformation characteristics that equal or exceed those of the parison material, at the temperature normally maintained for expanding the parison into the blow mold cavity 14. Hence, it is preferred that the outer first portion be chosed to be the same plastic material as the inner second portion.
The sleeve 1 which fits snugly over the blow core 5 is placed thereover by hand, or by mechanical means, not shown, before the blow core is inserted into the parison mold 6. When in place within the parison mold, the tip of the blow core, surrounded by bottom 3 of the sleeve may be held firmly against the inner wall of the parison mold, whenever it is desired to stabilize the blow core.
After the blow core is in place, hot plastic is injected into the parison mold through orifice 8 under action of piston 10 operating in pressure cylinder 9. After injection, the hot plastic surrounds the sleeve 1 under pressure. Due to the intimate contact established thereby between the hot plastic and the exposed surface of the sleeve, the sleeve is rapidly heated until its temperature approaches that of the injected plastic. At that temperature, adhesion of the two materials occurs readily and the material of the sleeve is moreover heated throughout sufficiently to render the sleeve deformable at the same rate as the injected plastic. Accordingly, the sleeve unites with the injected plastic and combines with it to form the composite parison 11.
After the formation of the parison by injection the blow core 5 is removed from the parison mold together with the neck ring 7 and with the parison 11 thereon, as shown in FIG. 3. It is next inserted into the blow mold 12, shown in FIG. 4 if a blow molded container is desired.
For accurate location of the blow core 5 in the blow mold 12, the blow core may be pressed against the bottom of the blow mold, with the sleeve botton 3 therebetween. Thus, the blow core is maitained in alignment in the blow mold, the same as it was in the parison mold. As the next step, pressure fluid, usually compressed air, is admitted into the parison through fluid passages 13 and the parison is expanded into the blow mold 12, to assume the shape of the blow mold cavity 14, as indicated by dotted lines in FIG. 4. Fluid pressure is maintained until the blown article cools sufficiently in contact with the walls of the blow mold 12, to be removed therefrom.
The multilayered, hollow plastic container of the present invention is shown in FIG. 5 removed from the blow mold.
While the foregoing preferred procedure has been found to achieve a highly advantageous container in a simple and expeditious manner, other methods may also suggest themselves to those skilled in the art for obtaining the container of the present invention.
As indicated hereinabove, the container of the present invention, surprisingly, attains resistance to elevated temperatures and also fluid barrier resistance, such as gas barrier resistance, as resistance to oxygen and carbon dioxide, or solvent resistance.
An alternate embodiment of liners is shown in FIG. 6, wherein cup-shaped liners 20 are carried on web 21 joined by undeformed parts of the web 22. Naturally, the liners 20 are separated prior to use in the process of the present invention. If desired, the liners in this form may be conveniently stacked and fed to the blow core one at a time. As shown in FIG. 7, the liner may comprise simply two layers, with layer a' representing the barrier layer and layer b' representing the heat resistant layer.
The components of the sheet material are as set forth hereinabove. Thus, it is apparent that a variety of materials may be utilized in both the container and sheet material of the present invention. The barrier material may be a fluid barrier material with temperature resistance properties lower than the temperature resistant component or layer, i.e. at least 50° F. lower. Thus, the temperature resistant layer should maintain its structural integrity at the desired temperature, while the barrier layer becomes fluid at said temperature. Hence, one may select any of a variety of temperature resistant layers depending upon the inner layer and desired properties. For example, one may utilize acetal polymers, polycarbonates, phenoxy resins, polysulfones, polyolefins, polyimines, ionomeric resins, and so forth. The outer layers may be different or the same if desired.
FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing the filling and capping of the containers. Naturally, it should be understood that any suitable filling and capping means may be employed and the particular embodiment is intended to be illustrative.
Means is provided for moving a plurality of containers 30 towards and away from the filling station, such as movable table 31 moving intermittently in the direction of arrow 32. A suitable filling and capping means may be provided adjacent the containers, as filling and capping assembly 33 spaced above containers 30 axially movable by means of piston 34 actuated in a known manner so that assembly 33 is movable towards and away from containers 30. The leading portion of assembly 33 may be provided with a suitable filling means, such as filling head 35 having a filling nozzle 36 for insertion into container 30. The filling head 35 is connected to a source of hot material (not shown) and a means may be provided (not shown) for controlling the flow of said material into the container. After the container 30 is filled with hot material 37, piston 34 retracts assembly 33 and the filled container moves to the capping station 38 where caps 39 are secured to the filled containers in a known manner (not shown). Thus, the capping step is performed on a filled container while the previous container is being filled by filling head 35. If sterility of the material is desired, this procedure permits prompt capping of the container. The filled, capped container is then moved by table 31 where it is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and packaged for shipment.
It can be readily seen that the process of the present invention achieves many desirable advantage. Elevated temperature filling may be readiy used without destroying the barrier resistant characteristics of the container. This permits more rapid filling and/or maintains sterility of the contents of the container. In fact, the filled container may be subsequently subjected to elevated temperature conditions without danger. In addition, the filled container may be subsequently exposed to elevated temperatures, as, for example, to sterilize the contents of the container, without impairing the barrier resistant qualities of the container.
This invention may be embodied in other forms or carried out in other ways without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiment is therefore to be considered as in all respects illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency are intended to be embraced therein.
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|U.S. Classification
|53/440, 426/399, 264/516, 426/127, 425/523, 264/525, 264/234, 53/449, 264/537, 264/513, 425/524, 425/526, 53/471, 53/561
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 15, 1982
Owner name: NATIONAL CAN CORPORATION 8101 WEST HIGGINS ROAD, C
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:VALYI, EMERY I.;REEL/FRAME:004063/0955
Effective date: 19821105


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Guides & Articles
- Wind DeflectorsRain Guards: In-Channel vs. Stick-OnRain Guards, also known as wind deflectors, window deflectors, or window visors, are an underrated automotive accessory - simply because it's difficult to know just how effective they are until you experience them. However, once fitted on your car or truck, it's hard to imagine how you got along without them. Deflectors improve your vehicle's aerodynamics when the windows are down, reducing annoying wind noise. Deflectors also allow you to drive in the rain with windows cracked for ventilation without getting wet. And when blistering hot summer days roll around, windows can be left cracked in a parking lot without being noticeable to potential thieves.
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text:
Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.05 / 5.00 1,583 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner3.99 / 5.00 2,448 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.90 / 5.00 4,113 Views
I have many things to say:
- I see your a fan of Vinnie.
- I liked the song.
- I guess in the end girls rule, eh?
- Is this CCC-related? I guess so.
- Orochimaru eyes! wooh!
- Devil wings! >:)
My Chemical Romance isn't exactly my forte`, but I saw em play with 311 when they came over here to Jersey, and they put on a pretty good show. Plus, they're from New Jersey, apparently. They aren't all that bad...and the music definitly fit the flash.
I like how you used Vinnie's character. He was awesome. The bigass mallet was sick!
I love this!^o^
Can some one exlpain what ccc city actually is? ^_^
I like My Chemical Romance, and I think you did a good job on the artwork and such. ^_^ good job!
Always loved CCC. This is my fav so far^_^ keep it up!


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Index of content:
Volume 39, Issue 7, July 2012
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is the primary dose-limiting toxicity for radiation therapy of the lung, and although the effects of radiation dose on RILI development have been well characterized, the influence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the development of RILI and other outcomes is not well understood. The purpose of this small pilot study was to evaluate the relationship between hyperpolarized3He magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) measurements of COPD with RILI and 12-month survival in lungcancer patients undergoing radical radiotherapy and to evaluate the feasibility of pulmonary functional MRI as an image guidance/planning tool for radiation therapy.Methods:
Fifteen non-small cell and small cell lungcancer patients underwent pulmonary function tests, x-ray computed tomography(CT), and hyperpolarized3He MRI prior to radical radiation therapy (≥60 Gy). Conventional thoracic 1H and hyperpolarized 3He MRI were acquired to generate ventilation defect percent and the apparent diffusion coefficient for the ipsilateral and contralateral lungs independently. CT was acquired postradiation therapy and qualitatively evaluated for radiological evidence of RILI and 12-month survival was reported.Results:
Hyperpolarized3He MRI measurements of COPD classified 10/15 subjects with contralateral lung COPD (CLC), and five subjects without COPD [contralateral lung normal (CLN)]. Of the 10 subjects with CLC, only four had a previous clinical diagnosis of COPD. CTimages were acquired postradiation therapy for 13 subjects, and for eight (62%) of these there was qualitative evidence of RILI, including 5/9 CLC and 3/4 CLN subjects. The one-year survival was 2/10 for CLC and 3/5 for CLN subjects.Conclusions:
In this small pilot study, we report the use of3He MRI to stratify lungcancer patients based on MRI evidence of COPD and showed that comorbid COPD was present in the majority of lungcancer subjects stratified for radiation therapy.Lungcancer patients with imaging evidence of COPD did not have an increased incidence of RILI compared to patients without COPD. However, preliminary data presented here indicated that one-year survival in COPD subjects was lower than expected based on previously published survival rates, which may have implications for radiation therapy in lungcancer patients with comorbid COPD.
- J.R. Cunningham Young Investigator Symposium
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 01: Inverse treatment planning for modulated electrons and mixed photon and electron radiotherapy39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740098View Description Hide Description
Modulated electron radiotherapy (MERT) takes advantage of the low distal dose of electrons to reduce dose to healthy tissue. The dosimetric advantage of MERT is clear when compared against single‐field electron irradiation where MERT demonstrates superior target homogeneity and sparing; however the dosimetric advantage is unclear when comparing MERT with photon intensity‐modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) where MERT techniques struggle to match the IMRT target homogeneity but with less total energy delivered to healthy tissues. In an effort to improve dosimetric benefits of MERT, this study investigated an inverse planning technique for the creation of hybrid MERT‐IMRT mixed beam radiotherapy (MBRT) plans. The optimization process decouples the photon and electron beamlets for combined modality optimization. The input to the optimization algorithm was a series of patient‐specific 3D dose distributions for the corresponding electron and photon beamlets, while the output was a list of weights that satisfied the optimization constraints. A photonIMRT Eclipse (Varian, Palo Alto, CA) plan and a MERT plan were created for a patient‐specific sarcoma irradiation. The MERT plan was competitive in its ability to reduce dose to organs at risk and total‐body dose; however, the plan suffered from poorer target conformity compared with the IMRT plan. The MBRT plan was created by adding two photon fields, divided into beamlets, to the electron beamlets of the MERT plan for reoptimization. The MBRT plan improved MERT target coverage with only minimal cost to healthy tissuedose. The MBRT plan provided clear dosimetric advantages over the IMRT and MERT plan.
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 02: A validated approach for clinical linacs to accurately determine the photon spectra and the incident electron energy39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740099View Description Hide Description
In clinical photon beams, independent determination of the photon spectra and the incident electron energy is useful for beam (re)commissioning and for detector response modelling. In this study, an approach is developed for that purpose, and validated on a research linac whose photon spectra and electron beams are directly and independently known. In this approach, an optimized combination of transmission curves is measured using multiple attenuators and detectors to maximize energy differentiation. For validation, transmission measurements are made for 8 beams from 10–30 MV, with bremsstrahlung targets from Be to Pb. A protocol is established to account for many influence quantities including linac drifts (2%), polarity (6%), ion recombination (0.2%), leakage (0.3%), room scatter (0.8%), non‐ideal attenuation (1.5%), attenuator mass thickness (4%), and photonuclear effect (5.6%). The experimental accuracy on the smallest signals is 0.4%. EGSnrc is upgraded to model photonuclear attenuation (without tracking secondary particles), and then used to model the full experiment. For direct transmission comparisons, the agreement is 2%. This allows for an estimate of 0.5% on the upper limit of photon cross section uncertainties, which is much better than the current estimate of 1–2%. The unfolded spectra agree with the benchmark ones within 4.5%. The incident electron energy is accurate within 5%, with 95% confidence. The overall improvement over the commonly used methods is a factor of 3. This transmission study is the first to independently determine the incident electron energy, and to recognize the significant role of the photonuclear effect at higher energies.
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 03: Comparing 4D‐VMAT, Gated‐VMAT and 3D‐VMAT in SBRT treatment of lung cancer39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740100View Description Hide Description
Purpose: To evaluate the treatment plan qualities of 4D‐VMAT, gated‐VMAT and 3D‐VMAT in the treatment of non‐small cell lungcancer(NSCLC) in stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT).Methods: 4D‐VMAT is a motion compensation strategy that aims to exploit relative target and OAR motion to increase OAR sparing over 3D‐VMAT without the long treatment times associated with gated‐VMAT. The 4D‐VMAT algorithm incorporates the entire patient respiratory cycle and 4D‐CT in the optimization process. Resulting treatment plans synchronize the delivery of each MLC aperture to a specific phase of the target motion. Using software developed in Matlab™, SBRTtreatment plans for 4D‐VMAT, gated‐VMAT and 3D‐VMAT were generated on 3 patients with NSCLC.Tumour motion ranged from 1.4–3.4 cm. The fractionation scheme was 48Gy in 4 fractions with the GTV receiving 100% of the prescribed dose. For gated‐VMAT, the treatment window constrained residual tumour motion to 3 mm or less corresponding to duty cycles of 40–60%. In 3D‐VMAT, the ITV was generated by merging the GTV from all phases. A b‐spline transformation model was used to register the 4D‐CT images and DVHs were calculated from total dose accumulated on the max expiration phase. Results and Conclusion: For the majority of OARs, gated‐VMAT provided the greatest radiation sparing but significantly extended treatment times (25–35 gantry interruptions/arc). For 3D‐VMAT, only 2 patients had clinically acceptable plans that met all the strict dose limits. OAR sparing in 4D‐VMAT was comparable to gated‐VMAT but with significantly improved delivery efficiency.
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 04: Forcing lateral electron disequilibrium to spare lung tissue: A novel technique for SBRT of small lung tumours39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740101View Description Hide Description
Stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT), a technique that uses tightly conformed Megavoltage(MV) x‐ray fields, improves local control of lungcancer. However, small MV x‐ray fields can cause lateral electron disequilibrium(LED), which reduces the dose within lung. These effects are difficult to predict and are presently a cause of alarm for the radiotherapy community. Previously, we developed The Relative Depth Dose Factor(RDDF), which is an indicator of the extent of LED (RDDF < 1). We propose a positive application of LED for lung sparing in SBRT:LED can be exploited to irradiate a small tumor while greatly reducing the dose in surrounding lungtissue. The Monte Carlo code, DOSXYZnrc, was employed to calculate dose within a cylindrical lung phantom. The phantom's diameter and height were set to 25 cm, and consisted of water and lung (density = 0.25g/cm3) shells surrounding a small water tumor (volume = 0.8 cm3). Two 180° 6MV arcs were focused onto the tumor with field sizes of 1×1cm2(RDDF∼0.5) and 3×3cm2(RDDF∼1). Analyzing dose results, the 1×1cm2 arc reduced dose within lung and water tissues by 70% and 80% compared to the 3×3cm2 arc. Although, central tumordose was also reduced by 15% using the 1×1cm2 arc, these reductions can be offset by escalating the prescription dose appropriately. Using the RDDF as a guideline, it's possible to design a SBRT treatment plan that reduces lungdose while maintaining relatively high tumordose levels. Clinical application requires an accurate dose algorithm and may lower SBRTdose‐induced toxicity levels in patients.
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 05: Tomographic dosimetry using scintillating fibers and its application to 2D and 3D dosimetry39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740102View Description Hide Description
Purpose: To present the proof of concept and the experimental validation of tomographic dosimetry (tomodosimetry), where a tomographic acquisition of the incident deposited dose is performed using long scintillating fibers. Method: 2D tomodosimetry: 50 long scintillating fibers were aligned on a 20cm diameter disk inside a 30cm diameter masonite phantom. 3D tomodosimetry: 128 long scintillating fibers of various orientation were simulated on the surface of two cylindrical regions of radius 7.5 and 3.75cm inside a 20cm diameter, 20cm long cylindrical phantom. In both case, the dose projections were acquire each 5 degrees over a 180 degrees (2D) or 360 degrees (3D) rotation of the device, and the dose in each scintillating fiber plane was reconstructed using a total variation minimization reconstruction iterative algorithm at a resolution of 1×1mm2. The 3D dose was obtained by interpolating between in each cylindrical plane in the 3D prototype. Results: 3%/3mm gamma tests conducted in the isocentre plane for both configurations achieved a success rate of more than 99% of the dose pixels in the region over 50% of the maximum dose. Absolute dose differences in the high dose low gradient region of each scintillating fiber plane were on average below 1% for the 2D configuration and below 1.3% for the 3D configuration. Conclusions: This work illustrates the potential and capacity of scintillating fiber based 2D and 3D tomodosimeters. The presented methodology allows for millimeter resolution dosimetry in a whole 2D plane or 3D volumes in real‐time using only a limited number of detectors.
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 06: Effect of the k‐space sampling pattern on the MTF of compressed sensing MRSI39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740103View Description Hide Description
Compressed Sensing MRSI (CS‐MRSI) offers the ability to accelerate MRSI sequences while suffering minimal artifacts compared to conventional fast MRSI techniques. CS‐MRSI exploits the inherent sparsity of MRSIimages and incoherent artifacts of pseudo‐random sub‐Nyquist sampling of k‐space combined with non‐linear reconstruction to produces MRSIimages. CS‐MRSI can be used as an acceleration tool to decrease the scan time while maintaining acceptable spatial definition or to enable the acquisition of higher resolution scans while minimizing the associated time penalty. In this work we adopt the compressed sensing technique to accelerate a clinically relevant 2‐D point resolved spectroscopy sequence. However, the process of weighing the cost and benefit of applying such a fast imaging technique is complicated due to the unique non‐linear nature of the reconstruction process and has largely relied on qualitative assessments. Moreover, pseudo‐random sub‐Nyquist sampling of k‐space can have unwanted effects on the modulation transfer function. In this work we set out to quantify the loss in image quality associated with CS‐MRSI. We used simulations of a phantom based method to investigate the MTF behaviour of CS‐MRSI with regard to different k‐space sampling patterns. As expected, the k‐space sampling patterns tested were found to have a direct effect on the MTFs. Moreover, limiting the deviation of the resulting k‐space sampling pattern from the prescribed probability distribution function had a positive effect on the MTF overall. Not only was low‐resolution response improved, but we also noticed an improvement of ∼ 26% in resolution at 0.1 MTF.
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 07: Monte Carlo simulations to obtain several parameters required for electron beam dosimetry39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740104View Description Hide Description
When current dosimetry protocols were written, electron beam data were limited and had uncertainties that were unacceptable for reference dosimetry.. Protocols for high‐energy reference dosimetry are currently being updated leading to considerable interest in accurate electron beam data. To this end, Monte Carlo simulations using the EGSnrc user‐code egs_chamber are performed to extract relevant data for reference beam dosimetry. Calculations of the absorbed dose to water and the absorbed dose to the gas in realistic ion chamber models are performed as a function of depth in water for cobalt‐60 and high‐energy electron beams between 4 and 22 MeV. These calculations are used to extract several of the parameters required for electron beamdosimetry — the beam quality specifier, R50, beam quality conversion factors, kQ and kR50, the electron quality conversion factor, k′R50, the photon‐electron conversion factor, kecal, and ion chamber perturbation factors, PQ. The method used has the advantage that many important parameters can be extracted as a function of depth instead of determination at only the reference depth as has typically been done. Results obtained here are in good agreement with measured and other calculated results. The photon‐electron conversion factors obtained for a Farmer‐type NE2571 and plane‐parallel PTW Roos, IBA NACP‐02 and Exradin A11 chambers are 0.903, 0.896, 0.894 and 0.906, respectively. These typically differ by less than 0.7% from the contentious TG‐51 values but have much smaller systematic uncertainties. These results are valuable for reference dosimetry of high‐energy electron beams.
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 08: The effect of copper conversion plates on low‐Z target image quality39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740105View Description Hide Description
Current generation electronic portal imaging devices(EPID) contain a 1.0 mm copper conversion plate to increase detection efficiency of a therapeutic megavoltage spectrum. When using these EPIDs for low‐Z target imaging, the conversion plate largely attenuates the large populations of diagnostic energy photons, thereby decreasing the benefits of low‐Z target imaging. In this work we measure directly the effect the variation in thickness of a copper conversion plate has on image quality in planar and cone beam computed tomographyimaging. Monte Carlo modeling was used to quantify changes to the diagnostic spectrum and detector response for low‐Z target beams generated with 2.35 and 7.00 MeV electrons incident on a carbon target. Planar contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) measurements were made as a function of copper thickness. Cone beam computed tomography(CBCT)imageCNR measurements were made as a function of dose both with and without the copper plate present in the EPID. The presence of copper in the EPID decreased the diagnostic photon population by up to 20% and suppressed the peak detector response at 60 kV by a factor of 6.4. Planar CNR was increased by a factor ranging from 1.4 to 4.0 with no copper present compared to 1.0 mm thickness. Increases in CBCTimageCNR ranged from a factor of 1.3 to 2.1 with the copper plate removed. As a result of this we suggest that the copper conversion plate be removed from the EPID when used for low‐Z target planar or CBCTimaging.
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 09: Development of a graphite probe calorimeter for absolute clinical dosimetry: Numerical design optimization, prototyping and experimental proof‐of‐concept39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740106View Description Hide Description
In this work, the feasibility of absolute dose to water measurements using a small‐scale graphite probe calorimeter (GPC) in a clinical environment is established. A numerical design optimization study was conducted by simulating the heat transfer in the GPC resulting from irradiation using a finite element method software package. The choice of device shape, dimensions and materials was made to minimize the heat loss in the sensitive volume of the GPC. The resulting design, which incorporates a novel aerogel‐based thermal insulator, was built in‐house. Absorbed dose to water measurements were made under standard conditions in a 6 MV 1000 MU/min photon beam and subsequently compared against TG‐51 derived values. The average measured dose to water was 95.7 ±1.4 cGy/100 MU, as compared to an expected value of 96.6 cGy/100 MU. The Monte Carlo‐calculated graphite to water dose conversion factor was 1.099, while the derived heat loss correction factors varied between 1.005 and 1.013. The most significant sources of uncertainty were the repeatability (type A, 1.4%) and thermistor calibration (type B, 2.1%). The contribution of these factors to the overall uncertainty is expected to decrease significantly upon the implementation of active thermal stabilization provided by a temperature controller and direct electrical calibration, respectively. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using the GPC as a practical clinical absolute photon dosimeter and will serve as the basis for a miniaturized version applicable to small and composite fields.
Sci—Thur PM: YIS — 10: A new optically encoded single‐fiber plastic scintillation detector for multi‐point radiation dosimetry39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740107View Description Hide Description
Purpose: To develop a new multi‐point plastic scintillation detector (mPSD) that allows for simultaneous dose measurements at multiple points and uses a single optical guide. Materials and Methods: Two different prototypes were built. A two‐point mPSD was built and light discrimination was based on the use of multiple color filters at the outputs of a network of optical fiber splitters. Light intensity was measured by an EMCCD camera. For the three‐point mPSD, the light discrimination setup was replaced by a low‐noise spectrometer. Depth‐dose and profiles measurements were obtained on a 6 MV photon beam with the mPSDs inside a water phantom. An ion chamber was also used for comparison purpose. Finally, the three‐point mPSD was tested under an Ir‐192 high‐dose‐rate (HDR) brachytherapydose delivery and compared to the treatment planning system. Results: A good agreement was found between the measured and expected dose for both mPSDs. The average relative differences to the ion chamber measurement for the two‐point mPSD were of (2.4 ± 1.6)% and (1.3 ± 0.8)%. For the three‐point mPSD, these differences were of (2.3±1.1)%, (1.6±0.4)% and (0.32±0.19)%. The latter mPSD was shown very versatile, being able to measure dose from HDR brachytherapy with an average accuracy of (2.3±1.0)% per catheter. Conclusions: The practical feasibility of mPSDs using a single optical guide has been demonstrated under irradiation from a 6 MV photon beam and an Ir‐192 HDR brachytherapy source. Their application for pre‐treatment quality assurance and in vivo dosimetry will be various.
- Poster Session
Poster — Thur Eve — 01: Development of simple and fast EBT2 film calibration procedure using PDD table39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740108View Description Hide Description
Standard calibration procedure for EBT films is laborious and time‐consuming. The objective of this work was to develop a simple and fast approach of EBT2 film calibration using PDD tables. EBT2 sheet is cut into 3 stripes of 5×25.5cm2. The strips were exposed to dose of 600, 200 and 70cGy at dmax each while placed horizontally in the middle of a 30×30×30cm3 solid water phantom. Varian 21EX 6MV 10×10cm2 beam was used with the gantry rotated to 90° and SSD of 100cm to the phantom surface. After at least 24 hours, the films were digitized with flatbed scanner (Epson10000XL), according to a modified ISP scanning protocol. All images were analysed using an in‐house Matlab code and ImageJ software. The net‐optical densities against depths in the solid phantom were calibrated using PDD tables measured with ionization chamber for same machine. For verification, another calibration curve was generated for the same film batch following the same calibration protocol. Seven pieces of films were exposed to known doses and these doses were reconstructed using two derived calibration curves. The proposed approach was 3.6 times faster than the standard considering the number of films used in each methods, 3 stripes compared to11 pieces. The mean relative dose difference calculated for these films using the PDD calibration and the standard methods was 1.0±1.2% and 0.5±2.2% with maximum relative differences of 3.0% and 4.7% respectively. Our results show that PDD calibration approach is much easier, faster and predicts dose more reproducibly and accurately than the standard approach.
Poster — Thur Eve — 02: Regulatory oversight of the robotic radiosurgery facilities39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740109View Description Hide Description
Following a recent review of the Class II Nuclear Facilities and Prescribed Equipment Regulations and regulatory oversight of particle accelerators, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) has changed its policy concerning the regulation of particle accelerators. In November 2011, the CNSC began to exercise its regulatory authority with respect to all particle accelerators operating at a beam energy of 1 (one) MeV or greater. The CNSC already licences and inspects particle accelerators capable of operating at or above 10 MeV. The decision to now include low energy particle accelerators (i.e., those operating at or above 1 MeV) ensures adequate, uniform and consistent regulatory oversight for all Class II accelerators. The CNSC expects these facilities to comply with CNSC requirements by December 2013. Besides conventional linear accelerators of lower energy (6 MeV or below) typically found in cancer clinics, two types of equipment now fall under the CNSC's regulatory oversight as a result of the above change: roboticradiosurgery and tomotherapy equipment and facilities. A number of clinics in Canada already operates these types of equipment and facilities. The safety aspects of radiosurgery equipment differ slightly from those for conventional linear accelerators. This poster aims to present an approach taken by the CNSC to regulate roboticradiosurgery equipment and facilities. The presentation will explain how to meet regulatory requirements of the Class II Nuclear Facilities and Prescribed Equipment Regulations by licensees operating or planning to acquire these types of equipment and facilities.
Poster — Thur Eve — 03: LDR to HDR: RADPOS applications in brachytherapy39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740110View Description Hide Description
The RADPOS in vivo dosimetry system combines an electromagnetic positioning sensor and either one or five MOSFET dosimeters. The feasibility of using the system for quality control has been explored for a range of radiotherapy treatment techniques including most recently transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy and high dose rate (HDR) treatments. Dose and position information was collected by a RADPOS array detector inside a Foley catheter within patients' urethra during permanent seed implantation. Ten patients were studied, and average displacement during implantation was Δr = (1.4–5.1) mm, with movements up to 9.7 mm due to the removal of the transrectal ultrasound probe. Maximum integral dose in the prostatic urethra ranged from 110–195 Gy, and it was found that the dose can change up to 63 cGy (62.0%) depending on whether the rectal probe is in place. For HDR, a RADPOS detector was first calibrated with an Ir‐192 source. A treatment was then simulated using a total of 50 dwell positions in 5 catheters in an acrylic phantom. Dwell positions ranged from 1 to 10 cm away from the RADPOS detector and dose was measured for each source position. An average calibration coefficient of 0.74±0.11 cGy/mV was calculated for the detector and the average absolute difference between measured values and expected dose was 0.7±5.4 cGy (5±20%). The demonstrated accuracy of RADPOS dose measurements along with its ability to simultaneously measure displacement makes it a powerful tool for brachytherapy treatments, where high dose gradients can present unique in vivo dosimetry challenges.
Poster — Thur Eve — 04: Online review of beam output and profile constancy using statistical process control39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740111View Description Hide Description
The objective of this work was to create a comprehensive online tool to evaluate and review the performance of quality assurance measurements that assess beam output and profile constancy as soon as they are acquired using statistical process control. As part of routine quality assurance: output, flatness and symmetry measurements are acquired daily and weekly with DQA3 and the Matrix and symmetry and flatness are acquired on a monthly basis with Profiler2. An individuals control chart and a moving range control chart was plotted for each set of data. Upper and lower control limits were calculated using measurements acquired during a several month period when the linear accelerators were operating optimally. The existing action levels, established according to TG142 and CAPCA guidelines were compared with the calculated statistical control limits. Tighter tolerance limits were recommended for output, symmetry and flatness Matrix measurements and DQA3 flatness measurements.
Poster — Thur Eve — 05: Safety systems and failure modes and effects analysis for a magnetic resonance image guided radiation therapy system39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740112View Description Hide Description
Introduction: An online Magnetic Resonance guided Radiation Therapy (MRgRT) system is under development. The system is comprised of an MRI with the capability of travel between and into HDR brachytherapy and external beam radiation therapy vaults. The system will provide on‐line MRimages immediately prior to radiation therapy. The MRimages will be registered to a planning image and used for image guidance. With the intention of system safety we have performed a failure modes and effects analysis.Methods: A process tree of the facility function was developed. Using the process tree as well as an initial design of the facility as guidelines possible failure modes were identified, for each of these failure modes root causes were identified. For each possible failure the assignment of severity, detectability and occurrence scores was performed. Finally suggestions were developed to reduce the possibility of an event. Results/Discussion: The process tree consists of nine main inputs and each of these main inputs consisted of 5 – 10 sub inputs and tertiary inputs were also defined. The process tree ensures that the overall safety of the system has been considered. Several possible failure modes were identified and were relevant to the design, construction, commissioning and operating phases of the facility. The utility of the analysis can be seen in that it has spawned projects prior to installation and has lead to suggestions in the design of the facility.
Poster — Thur Eve — 06: Comparison of an open source genetic algorithm to the commercially used IPSA for generation of seed distributions in LDR prostate brachytherapy39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740113View Description Hide Description
In early stage prostate cancer, low dose rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy is a favorable treatment modality, where small radioactive seeds are permanently implanted throughout the prostate. Treatment centres currently rely on a commercial optimization algorithm, IPSA, to generate seed distributions for treatment plans. However, commercial software does not allow the user access to the source code, thus reducing the flexibility for treatment planning and impeding any implementation of new and, perhaps, improved clinical techniques. An open source genetic algorithm (GA) has been encoded in MATLAB to generate seed distributions for a simplified prostate and urethra model. To assess the quality of the seed distributions created by the GA, both the GA and IPSA were used to generate seed distributions for two clinically relevant scenarios and the quality of the GA distributions relative to IPSA distributions and clinically accepted standards for seed distributions was investigated. The first clinically relevant scenario involved generating seed distributions for three different prostate volumes (19.2 cc, 32.4 cc, and 54.7 cc). The second scenario involved generating distributions for three separate seed activities (0.397 mCi, 0.455 mCi, and 0.5 mCi). Both GA and IPSA met the clinically accepted criteria for the two scenarios, where distributions produced by the GA were comparable to IPSA in terms of full coverage of the prostate by the prescribed dose, and minimized dose to the urethra, which passed straight through the prostate. Further, the GA offered improved reduction of high dose regions (i.e hot spots) within the planned target volume.
Poster — Thur Eve — 07: CNSC Update: "What's New in Class II"39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740115View Description Hide Description
The Accelerators and Class II Facilities Division (ACFD) of the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), is responsible for the oversight of radiotherapy facilities containing Class II prescribed equipment in Canada. This poster will highlight a number of new initiatives that the CNSC has implemented recently that have an impact on radiotherapy facility licensees. The presentation will discuss the recent policy decision to regulate particle accelerators of above 1 MeV. Challenges and progress with respect to the implementation of the policy will be presented. Other initiatives which will be described include:
• The new ACFD webspace on the CNSC website, with direct links to relevant information on licensing, compliance and Class II prescribed equipment
• The improved structure of the Appendix of Licence Documents that is part of every Class II licence
• Updated licence application guides
• Changes to Annual Compliance reporting requirements and progress on the ACR‐Online initiative
• Changes to some regulatory expectations related to medical accelerator facilities
• Consolidation of Class II facility licences
The poster will also include other initiatives that may be of particular interest to COMP membership.
Poster — Thur Eve — 08: A1SL ion chamber charged particle disequilibrium corrections for lung dose measurements using Monte Carlo39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740116View Description Hide Description
An in house inhomogeneous insert for use with ArcCHECK ™ was developed for dose calculation verification of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy(SBRT)lung plans. The inhomogeneous insert has various ion chamber inserts for different geometrical configurations (lung, soft tissue, bone, air). However, the insertion of an ion chamber in a low density medium perturbs the dose to that region by creating Charged Particle Disequilibrium (CPD), limiting the accuracy of ion chamber measurements. By simulating the ion chamber and phantom using Monte Carlo, a correction factor could be calculated and measured to verify the dose difference caused by CPD. BEAMnrc was used to generate a phase space input file for DOSXYZnrc with beam characteristics that matched clinical commissioning data. A model of the A1SL ion chamber geometry (shell, collector, stem, guard) was simulated in a simple water—lung—water slab phantom. Dose to the active area of the ion chamber was measured in several locations throughout the phantom. The active area of the ion chamber was replaced by the surrounding medium; i.e., water or lung within the phantom, and the dose to the same voxels was calculated. The dose was measured on a Linac and the results agreed within 3% and confirmed that the presence of the ion chamber in low density lung perturbs the dose measured in the field by over 31%.
Poster — Thur Eve — 09: Novel radiation safety challenges of a brachytherapy redevelopment at the Credit Valley Hospital39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740117View Description Hide Description
Carlo Fidani Peel Regional Cancer Center at the Credit Valley Site of the Credit Valley Hospital and Trillium Health Center is currently undergoing a redevelopment to build a brachytherapy suite and associated areas with a projected start date of April 2013. The new brachytherapy suite will be located in the PRCC, and is a redevelopment of office area into clinical space. The workload for the full brachytherapy program is expected to be 20 patients per week, in cervix, prostate, skin, lung and other sites. There were challenges for shielding due services in the slab to the renal clinic located above the redevelopment area. The presence of over 30 voids in the slab and upper walls made the solution to add shielding to the underside of the current slab unsuitable. To overcome this, a second ceiling built below the slab to allow for an uninterrupted shielding for the brachytherapy suite. The additional ceiling allows for a crawl space between slab and shielding allowing for servicing if needed for the drains from the renal clinic. The appropriate finalized shielding design is 69mm of lead brick supported by steel plate and steel beams. Final shielding for the walls is 690mm of concrete that allows public access to all hallways around the facility. The final design for the new brachytherapy site at the PRCC all services for the room are located within the shielding and all services for areas outside the room are located outside the shielding.
Poster — Thur Eve — 10: Long term stability of VMAT quality assurance parameters using an EPID39(2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4740118View Description Hide Description
The rapidly growing use of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatments in radiation therapy calls for a quantitative, automated, and reliable quality assurance (QA) procedure that can be used routinely in the clinical setting. In this work, we present a series VMAT QA procedures used to assess dynamic multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) positional accuracy, variable dose‐rate accuracy, and MLC leaf speed accuracy. The QA procedures were performed using amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging devices (EPID) to determine the long term stability of the measured parameters on two Varian linear accelerators. The measurements were repeated weekly on both linear accelerators for a period of three months and the EPID images were analyzed using custom Matlab software. The results of the picket fence tests indicate that MLC leaf positions can be identified to within 0.11 mm and 0.15 mm for static gantry delivery and VMAT delivery respectively. In addition, the dose‐rate, gantry speed and MLC leaf speed tests both show very good stability over the measurement period. The measurements thus far, suggest that a number of the dosimetry tests may be suitable for quarterly QA for Varian iX and Trilogy linacs. However, additional measurements are required to confirm the frequency with which each test is required for safe and reliable VMAT delivery at our centre.


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The Pearland Oilers JV basketball team won Saturday's neutral tournament game against Alvin by a score of 56-14.
(December 4, 2010: Alvin, TX 77511) In Saturday's non-league match, the visiting Pearland Oilers basketball team scored a decisive 56-14 triumph over the Alvin Yellowjackets.
In their next game, the Oilers confront the Fort Bend Dulles Vikings (Sugar Land, TX) in a non-league match, on Tuesday, December 7. Pearland will attempt to better on its 3-5 season record.
With the defeat, Alvin moves to 0-2 on the year. The Yellowjackets host Pearland (Pearland, TX) to confront the Oilers in a non-league match on Saturday, December 11. The Oilers enter the match with a record of 3-5.


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The Pasadena POPS continues their one of a kind, popular outdoor summer concert series with Michael Cavanaugh and the Music of Billy Joel on Saturday, July 9 at the LA County Arboretum. (more...)
Contra Costa Civic Theatre (CCCT) concludes its 56th season with the two-time Tony award-winning musical, American Idiot, directed and choreographed by Alex Perez, who returns to CCCT following his acclaimed Bay Area premiere production of The Addams Family, with music direction by Kevin Roland, who helmed CCCT's recent productions of The Secret Garden and The Sound of Music. American Idiot plays from June 10 through July 17; performances are Fridays and Saturdays at 8pm, and Sundays at 2pm at the theatre. (more...)
Take a trip back in time to one of the greatest decades for pop music - the Eighties - with the Hawai'i Symphony Orchestra (HSO) at Totally 80s on Friday, May 6 at 7:30 pm. Maestro Stuart Chafetz conducts and hosts this jam-packed night that celebrates the music of the Eighties - a decade of fantastic music and fashion. Vocalists Aaron Finley and Nicole Parker join the HSO for songs made famous by icons such as Elton John, Phil Collins, TOTO, Cyndi Lauper, Sting, Lionel Ritchie, Michael Jackson and many more. (more...)
Donny Hathaway is the very definition of 'tortured genius', a singer/songwriter with velvety pipes, and melodies that were both memorable and timeless. Just listen to the gritty truths he expresses on his breakthrough tune, 'The Ghetto (pt. 1)', or his collaborations with Roberta Flack, particularly 'The Closer I Get to You' or 'Where is the Love?', and try and not fall right into the mood that each song creates. The tragedy of the whole thing is that Hathaway suffered from schizophrenia, often hearing voices in his head that ultimately led to his terribly untimely demise.This is by no means your typical revue or jukebox musical, but an internal exploration of the demons that haunted Hathaway, and from which he ultimately could not escape. (more...)
Stars of stage and screen will illuminate the night sky when the Pasadena Symphony and POPS presents its annual free Music Under the Stars concert on Saturday, May 14 at Pasadena City Hall's Centennial Square. (more...)
Zarin Fabrics on the Lower East Side is celebrating its 80th anniversary this year. They recently launched their new fabric collection 'Into the Garden.' (more...)
On May 7, the DJ and producer that set the tone for Long Island's club scene will pay homage to the Long Island producer that helped to establish generations of national music and club scenes as The Suffolk Theater presents LEGENDS: THEO - NILE RODGERS REMIX (more...)
Celebrate Mother's Day with the Hawai'i Symphony Orchestra (HSO) and witness the debut of Korean-American pianist Soyeon Kate Lee under the baton of Maestro Stuart Chafetz at 4 pm on Sunday, May 8. (more...)
Scottsdale Center for the Performing Arts has unveiled its 2016-17 season of music, dance, theater, comedy and more. The Center's star-studded lineup spans virtually every genre of the performing arts and highlights talent from around the globe, including Australia, Canada, Cuba, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Additional events will be announced later in the summer. (more...)
The 34th Annual Fred & Adele Astaire Awards, which recognizes outstanding achievements in dance on Broadway and in film, takes place on Monday, May 16, 2016. (more...)
Center Stage announces a 2016/17 homecoming season featuring four mainstage shows and a return to its Baltimore building after a year-long $28 million renovation. Season highlights include a world-premiere adaptation and Center Stage commission of Toni Morrison's Jazz directed by Artistic Director Kwame Kwei-Armah, two Baltimore premieres and the grand opening of the new building. (more...)
Blue Note Hawaii, the state's premier venue for the world's most celebrated artists, is honored to shine the spotlight on local, Hawaii-based artists this spring with upcoming shows featuring award-winning artists such as Kalapana, Robert Cazimero, Willie K, and The Rough Riders. Expanding its commitment to showcase local artists and stars of the Hawaii music industry, Blue Note Hawaii begins a series of one-night only performances featuring Ginai on April 11, Natalie Ai Kamauu on April 18, the incomparable Willie K on April 19, trumpeter Mike Lewis on May 2 and Hiroshima-known for their unique East Meets West contemporary jazz sound-from April 26 to May 1. (more...)
Brooklyn Center for the Performing Arts at Brooklyn College concludes its 2015-16 Jazz Series on Sunday, May 1, 2016 at 3pm with three-time Grammy Award-winning pianist Ramsey Lewis and singer/guitarist John Pizzarelli, joining forces in a tribute to the titan of fifties vocal pop, Nat King Cole. (more...)
The Colony Hotel - which The Palm Beach Post has hailed as "probably the best place for cabaret on the planet" - is bringing even more Manhattan headliners to the hotel's world famous Royal Room next month: (more...)
?Arden Cabaret Series, in its inaugural season at the Arden Theatre Company, presents vocalist, actress and multifaceted entertainer Joilet Harris. Her cabaret, FROM ME TO YOU WITH LOVE is on stage Friday, February 12 and Saturday, February 13, 2016, at 8pm in the Arden's 100-seat Studio Theatre at the Hamilton Family Arts Center, 62 N. 2nd Street in Old City, Philadelphia. (more...)
What happens when you put Aretha Franklin, Nancy Wilson and Gladys Knight together in the same room for a day? Well you certainly get some great nostalgic music that's for sure. Originally presented in 2001, Dynamite Divas will also feature Divas from the past such as Billie Holiday, Dinah Washington and Nina Simone, December 12, 2015 - January 24, 2016. (more...)
Poway OnStage is elated to participate as a featured stop in the Upright & Grand Piano Festival presented by The San Diego Symphony on January 15th, 2016 at the Poway Center for the Performing Arts (15498 Espola Rd Poway, California). The evening will include a presentation of Liszt's Black Gondola, Shostakovich's Symphony No. 1, and Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5: Emperor, led by conductor Cristian Macelaru. The performance will feature renowned and award-winning pianist Jeremy Denk. (more...)
Continuing the tradition of preserving and celebrating timeless recordings, The Recording Academy® has announced the newest additions to its vaunted GRAMMY Hall Of Fame®. (more...)
Sage Communications is honored to announce that COO and co-founder David Gorodetski will be awarded the DC Jazz Festival's (DCJF) John Conyers, Jr. Jazz Advocacy Award at its annual Trustee Gala (more...)
Youth Opportunities Unlimited (Y.O.U.), Northeast Ohio's leader in empowering youth through academic and workforce development programs, presents a benefit concert event with GRAMMY- award winning singers ROBERTA FLACK and PEABO BRYSON. An Evening with Roberta Flack and Peabo Bryson will be performed tonight, October 30 at 7:30 p.m., at Playhouse Square's State Theatre. (more...)
1 2 3 4 … 21 next »
Interview: Tony Nominee Tammy Blanchard Takes Dramatic Turn in New Film TALLULAH
TV/MOVIES - VIDEO: Ewan McGregor & Original TRAINSPOTTING Cast Reunite for Sequel to Cult Classic
ART - The British Museum Launches Interactive Family Guide for Family Exploration
FITNESS - Fit Food Finds: PN WOOD FIRED PIZZA in NYC has Healthy and Delicious Crust Choices
MUSIC - VIDEO: Maren Morris Performs '80's Mercedes' on LATE NIGHT
CLASSICAL - Interview: Tenor Barry Banks Counts Himself Lucky
OPERA - Interview: Tenor Barry Banks Counts Himself Lucky
DANCE - Reviews: Doug Varone and Dancers Further the Art
COMEDY - Review: 'DA KINK IN MY HAIR Uplifts Atlanta


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Challenge level:
If a two digit number has its digits reversed and the smaller of the two numbers is subtracted from the larger, prove the difference can never be prime.
Take any pair of two digit numbers x=ab and y=cd where, without
loss of generality, ab > cd . Form two 4 digit numbers r=abcd
and s=cdab and calculate: {r^2 - s^2} /{x^2 - y^2}.
Carry out cyclic permutations of nine digit numbers containing the
digits from 1 to 9 (until you get back to the first number). Prove
that whatever number you choose, they will add to the same total.
Find the largest integer which divides every member of the
following sequence: 1^5-1, 2^5-2, 3^5-3, ... n^5-n.
Can you convince me of each of the following: If a square number is
multiplied by a square number the product is ALWAYS a square
Imagine we have four bags containing numbers from a sequence. What numbers can we make now?
A composite number is one that is neither prime nor 1. Show that
10201 is composite in any base.
Show that if you add 1 to the product of four consecutive numbers
the answer is ALWAYS a perfect square.
Prove that if a^2+b^2 is a multiple of 3 then both a and b are multiples of 3.
Euler found four whole numbers such that the sum of any two of the
numbers is a perfect square. Three of the numbers that he found are
a = 18530, b=65570, c=45986. Find the fourth number, x. You. . . .
I am exactly n times my daughter's age. In m years I shall be exactly (n-1) times her age. In m2 years I shall be exactly (n-2) times her age. After that I shall never again be an exact multiple of. . . .
Take any whole number q. Calculate q^2 - 1. Factorize
q^2-1 to give two factors a and b (not necessarily q+1 and q-1). Put c = a + b + 2q . Then you will find that ab+1 , bc+1 and ca+1 are all. . . .
The nth term of a sequence is given by the formula n^3 + 11n . Find
the first four terms of the sequence given by this formula and the
first term of the sequence which is bigger than one million. . . .
Show that if three prime numbers, all greater than 3, form an
arithmetic progression then the common difference is divisible by
6. What if one of the terms is 3?
Explore what happens when you draw graphs of quadratic equations
with coefficients based on a geometric sequence.
Start with any whole number N, write N as a multiple of 10 plus a remainder R and produce a new whole number N'. Repeat. What happens?
The first of five articles concentrating on whole number dynamics, ideas of general dynamical systems are introduced and seen in concrete cases.
In the following sum the letters A, B, C, D, E and F stand for six
distinct digits. Find all the ways of replacing the letters with
digits so that the arithmetic is correct.
Find the smallest positive integer N such that N/2 is a perfect
cube, N/3 is a perfect fifth power and N/5 is a perfect seventh
A quadrilateral inscribed in a unit circle has sides of lengths s1, s2, s3 and s4 where s1 ≤ s2 ≤ s3 ≤ s4.
Find a quadrilateral of this type for which s1= sqrt2 and show s1 cannot. . . .
Three frogs hopped onto the table. A red frog on the left a green in the middle and a blue frog on the right. Then frogs started jumping randomly over any adjacent frog. Is it possible for them to. . . .
What does logic mean to us and is that different to mathematical logic? We will explore these questions in this article.
Arrange the numbers 1 to 16 into a 4 by 4 array. Choose a number.
Cross out the numbers on the same row and column. Repeat this
process. Add up you four numbers. Why do they always add up to 34?
I start with a red, a blue, a green and a yellow marble. I can
trade any of my marbles for three others, one of each colour. Can I
end up with exactly two marbles of each colour?
The sums of the squares of three related numbers is also a perfect
square - can you explain why?
Which of these roads will satisfy a Munchkin builder?
Take any two digit number, for example 58. What do you have to do to reverse the order of the digits? Can you find a rule for reversing the order of digits for any two digit number?
How many different cubes can be painted with three blue faces and
three red faces? A boy (using blue) and a girl (using red) paint
the faces of a cube in turn so that the six faces are painted. . . .
When number pyramids have a sequence on the bottom layer, some interesting patterns emerge...
Prove that the internal angle bisectors of a triangle will never be
perpendicular to each other.
Explore the continued fraction: 2+3/(2+3/(2+3/2+...)) What do you
notice when successive terms are taken? What happens to the terms
if the fraction goes on indefinitely?
Is the mean of the squares of two numbers greater than, or less
than, the square of their means?
Here are some examples of 'cons', and see if you can figure out where the trick is.
If you think that mathematical proof is really clearcut and
universal then you should read this article.
What happens to the perimeter of triangle ABC as the two smaller
circles change size and roll around inside the bigger circle?
This article invites you to get familiar with a strategic game called "sprouts". The game is simple enough for younger children to understand, and has also provided experienced mathematicians with. . . .
Janine noticed, while studying some cube numbers, that if you take
three consecutive whole numbers and multiply them together and then
add the middle number of the three, you get the middle number. . . .
Spotting patterns can be an important first step - explaining why it is appropriate to generalise is the next step, and often the most interesting and important.
Can you see how this picture illustrates the formula for the sum of
the first six cube numbers?
Factorial one hundred (written 100!) has 24 noughts when written in full and that 1000! has 249 noughts? Convince yourself that the above is true. Perhaps your methodology will help you find the. . . .
Three points A, B and C lie in this order on a line, and P is any
point in the plane. Use the Cosine Rule to prove the following
Four jewellers possessing respectively eight rubies, ten saphires,
a hundred pearls and five diamonds, presented, each from his own
stock, one apiece to the rest in token of regard; and they. . . .
The picture illustrates the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = (4 x 5)/2. Prove the general formula for the sum of the first n natural numbers and the formula for the sum of the cubes of the first n natural. . . .
Six points are arranged in space so that no three are collinear.
How many line segments can be formed by joining the points in
If you know the sizes of the angles marked with coloured dots in
this diagram which angles can you find by calculation?
In this 7-sandwich: 7 1 3 1 6 4 3 5 7 2 4 6 2 5 there are 7 numbers between the 7s, 6 between the 6s etc. The article shows which values of n can make n-sandwiches and which cannot.
Can you discover whether this is a fair game?
Prove that, given any three parallel lines, an equilateral triangle
always exists with one vertex on each of the three lines.
An article which gives an account of some properties of magic squares.
This article discusses how every Pythagorean triple (a, b, c) can be illustrated by a square and an L shape within another square. You are invited to find some triples for yourself.


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