text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 4, 1998
|Filing date
|Aug 27, 1996
|Priority date
|Aug 28, 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Wm. Richard Rousseau
|Original Assignee
|Rousseau; Wm. Richard
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (36), Referenced by (109), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/002,844, filed Aug. 28, 1995.
This invention relates generally to anti-ballistic articles and particularly to a composite anti-ballistic panel for such articles as well as a method for manufacturing such panels.
Historically body armor protected the wearer from swords, lances, and arrows. However, such body armor became ineffective with the development of cross-bows and, later, firearms. But, in World War II, body armor was developed which consisted principally of ballistic nylon and metal plates. Known as the "flak jacket," it was intended to protect against shrapnel, and to slight extent, light weapon fire. A disadvantage with the flak jacket is that it was heavy and very bulky. As a result, the flak jacket of old does not lend itself to today's environmental and situational applications.
The relatively recent development of high tensile-strength fibers such as sold under the trade names KEVLAR�, SPECTRA�, and TWARON� have resulted in significant advances in body armor and related panels. High tensile-strength fibers have been used to produce woven fabrics and cross-ply laminates to produce sheets which, in turn, have been combined to produce anti-ballistic panels. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,891,996 to Leach et al., assigned to Burlington Industries, Inc., and No. 5,443,883 to Park. Cloth layers made from KEVLAR� and similar materials have also been incorporated in laminates with other fabrics and materials, including nylon film. The multiple layers of material have been held together by various stitching techniques including quilting, back stitching and border stitching, among others. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,287,607 to Leach assigned to Burlington Industries, Inc., and No. 4,428,998 to Hawkinson assigned to Rockwell International Corporation.
Attempts to improve the efficiency of body armor panels have been numerous. Generally the line of thought has been to simply increase the number of layers of ballistic fabric or cloth. In this way armor panels could be tailored to meet different threat levels. However, improvements in threat level by the addition of more layers resulted in the panels becoming quite thick and bulky similar to the prior art flak jacket. To reduce thickness, the anti-ballistic capabilities of a panel were improved by providing one or more metal plates in front of or in between layers of fabric. However, in such instances protection is improved at the cost of flexibility and comfort.
Other advances have principally been directed to making the panel more rigid. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,535 to Harpell et al. assigned to Allied Corporation of New Jersey, a network of high-strength, highly oriented, extended chain polyethylene fibers are coated with a low modulus elastomeric material and incorporated with a rigid layer or member. The rigid layer or member is bonded or otherwise connected to a surface of the laminate. A disadvantage associated with this concept is that each fiber must be substantially coated with the elastomer, otherwise the improved ballistic qualities are not to be achieved. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,535, Col. 7, lines 59-65. In addition, the practice set forth above requires complicated thread or fiber forming equipment and coating apparatus resulting in substantial capital cost. Overall, the manufacturing procedure is complex and costly.
Inherent in both of the aforementioned types of armor is their ability to hold water. Vests which rely substantially on the number of ballistic cloth layers tend to be thick. At times, it is akin to wearing a wool jacket in 100� F. weather. Naturally, the wearer perspires and the perspiration is absorbed by the ballistic cloth. It is not unusual over the course of one shift (8-hour day) for the weight of the vest to nearly double because of perspiration. The same is also true of ballistic resistant vests having sheets of plastic between the cloth layers. Because the plastic does not breath well, the wearer perspires, and the perspiration is wicked or absorbed by the cloth or between the layers.
It is clear that increasing the anti-ballistic integrity and capability of body armor by increasing the thickness or by coating individual fibers of the cloth is not a satisfactory approach to providing lightweight, flexible, and effective ballistic articles. Moreover, it is also not desirable to incorporate stiff or rigid members, such as steel plates, to improve effectiveness. If the cost of producing such articles is high, the sale price will be correspondingly high, which impacts the decision to incorporate or use such articles. Likewise, if the resulting product is unwieldy and uncomfortable, it will only be used at times of perceived danger--often a time when not needed most.
In one form of the ballistic-resistant article embodying the invention, a plurality of sheets of cloth woven from high tensile-strength fibers are laminated together by an elastomeric medium or material to produce a composite panel. The ballistic characteristics are imparted in the panel when the panel is compressed, heat cured, and then post-stressed or stretched at regular intervals.
In another form of the ballistic-resistant panel embodying the invention, a number of layers of ballistic resistant cloth woven from high tensile-strength fibers in a basket-weave pattern are laminated together by an elastomeric adhesive material between adjacent layers of cloth. What is produced is a composite article having alternate layers of cloth and elastomeric material. The cloth comprising at least some of the layers preferably has a denier ranging between 700 and 1600, and most preferably between 1000 and 1600. Moreover, it is preferred that the cloth be woven in a basket-weave pattern to produce between about 20 and about 40 pick points or nibs per square inch. At least some of the elastomeric layers bonding the layers of cloth are stressed to partially orient the polymer chains in the elastomer to produce the desired ballistic resistant characteristics.
The advantages, features, and benefits resulting from the invention include a panel more resistant to penetration by ballistic projectiles resulting in fewer life threatening injuries. Moreover, this benefit is achieved with a thickness generally less than one-half the thickness of conventional ballistic panels providing comparable threat level protection. Because the ballistic panel or article made therefrom is thinner, it weighs less than comparable threat level panels. A further benefit realized from the invention is that the panel does not adsorb moisture. Accordingly, the panel does not become heavier as do comparable ballistic-resistant panels. Rather, the panel embodying the invention has a specific gravity less than water--resulting in the panel being buoyant. Last, but not least, is the superior ballistic resistant characteristic afforded by the panel. Previously, no ballistic-resistant article made from woven or laminated high tensile strength fibers offers the protection on a layer-per-layer basis. That is to say, no other soft armor panel can provide the protection offered by the panel of this invention when reduced to an equal number of cloth layers.
A better understanding of the invention and the advantages provided thereby may be obtained by reference to the specification and the attached drawing figures.
FIG. 1 is a general illustration of one article manufactured using composite anti-ballistic panels embodying the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a front panel of the article shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a rear panel of the article shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary section view of the front panel along line IV--IV in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary oblique view of two layers of anti-ballistic cloth laminated by elastomeric layers to produce the composite anti-ballistic panel embodying the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic of a composite anti-ballistic panel subjected to pressure and heat as part of the manufacturing process;
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary schematic section view of the composite anti-ballistic panel under stress;
FIG. 8 is a schematic elevation view of one embodiment of a tool for stressing the composite anti-ballistic panel of this invention; and
FIG. 9 is a schematic plan view of the tool shown in FIG. 8 for stressing of the composite panel embodying the invention.
For the purposes of the following description, the term "fiber" shall include a strand of material as well as a yarn or thread made from one or more strands of material. The strands forming the yarn do not need to be continuous, and a number of shorter strands may be "spun" or otherwise combined into a yarn. The fiber as defined herein has a length considerably greater than its transverse cross-sectional dimension. Additionally, the term "composite," as used herein, shall refer to an article assembled from different components or materials to produce an integral, substantially indivisible unit. Lastly, the terms "front," "back," "left," "right," "up," "down," "top," or "bottom" as used herein will refer specifically to the relative position of an article with respect to the article shown in FIG. 1, unless specifically mentioned to the contrary.
Ballistic-resistant articles, such as anti-ballistic vests, have been available for a considerable number of years, particularly since the advent of materials such as ballistic nylon. In the ballistic resistant vest 10 embodying this invention, comparable threat levels protection is provided by a composite anti-ballistic panel which, on average, is less than half the thickness of conventional armor. The panels are also substantially waterproof so its weight does not increase with use. Moreover, the panels are buoyant.
The ballistic-resistant vest 10 is one example of an article configured to substantially conform to the shape of the user. This invention also may be used to produce ballistic articles, such as helmets, protective leggings, protective panels for automobiles, or mechanized vehicles such as armored cars and tanks, and aircraft. Referring to FIGS. 1-4, vest 10 includes a front portion 12 having a shape configured to substantially cover the chest, abdomen, and sides of the user. A back 14 is also provided which is configured to substantially cover the user's back from the base of the neck to the lower back, and laterally from shoulder to shoulder. Front 12 is interconnected to back 14 by elastic straps 16. Elastic straps 16 are preferably sewn to one portion of a hook-and-loop fastening system while the upper portions and sides of both panels 12 and 14 contain the opposite portion 20 of the fastener. Such material is available under the trademark VELCRO. The elastic straps, together with the hook-and-loop fasteners provide a wide range of adjustability to fit the vest 10 to the user. It is also contemplated that other methods may be used to interconnect the front and back portions, such as a one-piece, pullover, and/or cloth straps or webbing secured with buckles or the like.
Each of the front and back portions 12, 14 includes an outer cover or carrier 22 which surrounds and holds an inner composite ballistic panel 24. Preferably, carrier 22 is made from a material which is comfortable and flexible yet durable, such as cotton or blended fabric. The carrier 22 may also be made from colored fabrics to match agency or military uniforms and is capable of receiving indicia printed thereon. An opening 26 is preferably provided along one edge, such as the lower edge 27, to permit removal of the carrier 22 from around the inner composite ballistic panel assembly 24. Given the waterproof characteristic of composite 24 briefly mentioned above, carrier 22 is substantially the only component which absorbs perspiration. The front 12a of the carrier may include a pocket 28 to receive and position a ballistic plate (not shown) over the chest of the wearer. Ballistic plates are known and may be made from aluminum, steel, or ceramic and laminates thereof. Moreover, ballistic-resistant cloth panels embodying this invention, either alone or in combination with a metal plate or composite, may also be used.
In FIGS. 4 and 5, ballistic panel assembly 24 embodying the invention includes a plurality of layers of cloth 30 laminated together by an adhesive 32 to produce a dense, pliable composite which, in turn, may be sandwiched between a pair of cloth end panels 40, 40a. Each layer or ply of cloth 30 is preferably woven from high tensile-strength fibers or yarn spun from such fibers. Examples include aramid fibers, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers, ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene fibers, ultra-high molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol fibers, ultra-high molecular weight polyacrylonitrile fibers, or combinations thereof. Fibers of the type generally mentioned above are available under the trade name KEVLAR� from E. I. dupont de Nemours, SPECTRA� from Allied Corporation, and TWARON� from Akso-Nobel of Germany. In a preferred embodiment, each ply of ballistic cloth 30 is woven from duPont KEVLAR� brand 29 yarn having a 1500 denier and woven in a basket-type weave to produce a fabric having 24-by-24 cross-over points or nibs per square inch. It is also preferred that the KEVLAR 29 yarn used be flat or untwisted during the weaving process. Ballistic cloth woven in this fashion is available from Fiber Materials, Inc., of Briddeford, Me., under the designation 29-10. The 29-10 KEVLAR� cloth is also known in the industry as 710 ballistic fabric or KEVLAR 710. As a result of the traditional basket-weave of the warp and fill fibers, the 29-10 cloth has an evenly distributed or balanced tensile modulus along the two principal axes defined by the warp and fill. A woven material with a fill having a tensile modulus different from the warp results in unbalanced stresses on the weave, producing disproportionate "runs" in the fabric. The disproportionate stresses on the warp and fill fibers may cause the projectile to change shape and cut through the material. It has been well documented that fibers of this type are much stronger in the direction of the length of the fiber than in a transverse direction. It has also been said that such fibers alone are cut easily. Such inequalities in the tensile modulus of the fill and warp fibers may result in complete penetration or a pass through of the projectile through the panel. Understandably, this is an undesirable trait. Although 29-10 fabric is preferred, other materials may also be used, including KEVLAR 129 having an 840 denier and woven in a basket-type weave producing a fabric having 31-by-31 nibs per square inch. This material is also preferably woven without twist in either the warp or fill yarns to provide substantially the same tensile characteristics in all directions. KEVLAR 29 may also be woven much tighter to produce a 31-by-31 nib pattern.
Between each ply 30 of ballistic fabric is an elastomer coating or layer 32 (FIG. 5). The elastomer 32 bonds adjacent layers 30 of ballistic cloth, substantially covering the facing surfaces 34, 36 of adjacent layers 30 and filling in gaps 38 between the warp 42 and fill 44. It is anticipated that some of the elastomer 32 may actually extend through gaps 38 to bond with the elastomer 32a on the opposite side of the ply 30. In this fashion, a preferred desired number of ballistic fabric layers 30 are laminated together to produce the composite panel 24.
Bounding outermost layers 30 and interconnected thereto by elastomer 32 are sheets 40, 40a of non-ballistic cloth, such as CORDURA or similar fabric. In a preferred embodiment, each sheet of cloth 40, 40a is adhered to an opposite side of the laminate by the elastomer 32. Plies 40, 40a may be oversized such that the edges can be sewn together to completely encase the laminate therein. The CORDURA cover reduces abrasion to the edges of the panel 24 and provides an aesthetically pleasing package. In other applications, such as aircraft, the exterior cloth covering 40, 40a could be dispensed with, particularly if the panel is applied to the interior surface of a structure. The exposed surfaces of the panel may only need a coat of elastomer. If the panel is applied to an exterior or visible surface of a structure, the exposed surfaces of the panel may be covered with a protective paint or covering of some kind, particularly if a pleasing appearance is desired.
General reference has been made to an elastomer 32 bonding the layers of ballistic cloth 30 together. Although it is generally anticipated that a number of materials having elastic properties may be used. Examples of such materials include thermoplastics, adhesives, thermo-set adhesives, rubbers, or other materials capable of recovering from large deformations quickly and forcibly. From this group of materials, rubber is preferred. Rubber may be comprised of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or compounds containing both. Synthetic rubbers include polybutadiene rubbers (BRs); polyisoprene rubbers (IRs); the 1000 series of styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBRs); nitrile rubbers (NBRs); butyl rubber (IIR); ethylene-propylene terpolymer (EPDM); silicone rubbers; types GN, GNA, GW, FB, and GRT neoprenes (CRs); polysulfides; polyacrylate rubbers; epichlorohydrin rubbers; fluoroelastomers (FDM); HYPALON, a chlorosulflorinated polyethylene (CSM); halogenated butyl; and chloronited polyethylene rubbers (CPEs). However, the most preferred material is natural latex rubber. Compounding of the latex rubber is done in the liquid state, and the compounded liquid latex is used without first being converted to a solid. Most uses of latex rubber require modification by the addition of vulcanizing agents. Other compounding may include anti-oxidants to improve resistance to aging, as well as fatty acids and metal oxides. In particular, the preferred natural rubber is available from Blakely Products of Warren, Mich., under the designation G103. It has been found in limited testing that hard resins and epoxies including fiberglass materials do not provide as good a ballistic property as the present invention. Details on how this structure is imparted will be described more fully below.
Manufacturing of ballistic resistive panel 24 embodying the instant invention first requires identification of the article to be manufactured. In the example of vest 10 described above, little equipment is needed. Generally, the ballistic cloth is cut to a predetermined pattern such that when shaped, the panel substantially conforms to the desired object. Also, the level of protection or threat level to be provided should be determined. For example, in the case of a vest resistant to 158 grain 357 Magnum JSP rounds having a velocity of 1250 feet per second, and 124 grain 9 millimeter (mm) FMJ rounds traveling at 1090 feet per second (fps) (threat level II-A established by the National Institute of Justice), 15 plies of KEVLAR� brand 29, 1500 denier, 24-by-24 nib cloth are used. To produce a threat level II vest (protection from the same rounds at velocities of 1395 and 1175, respectively established by the National Institute of Justice), 15 layers of cloth are used, while 18 layers of cloth are used to produce panels resistant to 240 grain 44 Magnum rounds having velocities on the order of 1400 fps and 9 mm at 1400 fps. For more information on threat levels and National Institute of Justice standards, the reader is referred to the articles or papers entitled, "Selection and Application Guide to Police Armor," NIT Guide 100-87, and "Ballistic Resistance of Policy Body Armor," NIJ Standard 0101.03, the disclosures of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Once the appropriate number of ballistic cloth layers are assembled, and the appropriate mold or pattern has been selected, a thin sheet of plastic is placed over the pattern to act as a separator. In the preferred embodiment, the outer protective layer, such as the CORDURA fabric, is placed over the separator. A first layer of natural latex rubber elastomer 32 is applied thereon and evenly distributed in a thin coat. The natural latex rubber is then worked into the spaces of the weave. Once the first elastomer layer 32 is applied, the first ply of ballistic cloth is applied. A bray, hand roller, or other tool is used, starting from about the middle of cloth 30 outwardly to press cloth 30 against the elastomeric adhesive 32 and to force excess elastomeric material 32 to the outer edges. Spreading of the elastomeric adhesive 32 also helps remove bubbles from between the layers. Once completed, a layer or coat of elastomeric material 32 is applied to the exposed surface of prior ballistic layer--again spreading elastomer 32 over the ply in a manner to force some of the adhesive into the interstices of fabric 30. Once complete, and as in the previous step, a subsequent layer of ballistic cloth is applied over the previous layer. The excess elastomer 32 and air bubbles are forced to the perimeter. This process is repeated until the desired number of ballistic resistant cloth layers are laminated together. To reduce fraying and prevent separation of the weave at the perimeter of the composite panel, the excess elastomer adhesive 32 rolled or squeegeed from panel 24 is redistributed about the panel perimeter. In this manner, the edges of the woven panels are encapsulated and any fraying is substantially curtailed. The ballistic panel assembly is finished by adhering the outer protective covers 40, 40a to the opposite sides of panel 24.
Once the desired number of ballistic cloth layers 30 are assembled over the pattern and the end protective cloth sheets have been applied as described above, the mating half of the mold or pattern is located over the newly laminated composite panel 24. Pressure is then applied. The pressure on the composite panel 24 again forces the sandwiched elastomeric materials 32 into the interstices of the cloth plies 30 and 40. The amount of pressure necessary to improve the bond between the layer may range between 40 and 250 pounds, preferably between 100 and 225 pounds, and most preferably on the order of 150 to 200 pounds of pressure is satisfactory. For a 13-layer composite panel embodying the invention, it has been determined that approximately 200 pounds of pressure provides satisfactory results. For panels having more than 13 layers, it is preferred to build-up sets or subassemblies of 6 to 10 layers. The subassemblies are then laminated together using the same process to produce the final product.
After the gross forming or laminating process has taken place as described above, the composite panel assembly 24 is dried. Once the panel is compressed, little space remains for air to infiltrate and cure the elastomer 32. It has been found that if air-dried, the perimeter of panel 24 dries long before the interior, substantially increasing the overall drying time. To expedite the process, the newly formed composite panel 24 is heated in an oven. In a preferred embodiment, a convection oven or similar drier is used to cure the panel. An air-moving drier is preferred to remove moisture produced in the drying process. The panels may be dried at a temperature ranging between 100� F. and 200� F., preferably in the range of 120� F. to 190� F., and most preferably in the range of 150� F. to 170� F. The selected drying temperature should be sufficient to accelerate or drive the moisture from the central regions of the panel before the perimeter is cured. Accordingly, the drying time will vary depending upon the drying temperature selected. At the preferred temperature, drying takes about 7 to 9 hours. Temperatures greater than 200� F. may be used. However, at these temperatures, steam may be produced causing layers to bubble and delaminate. It is important not to dry at a temperature which turns the water to steam. Production of steam may result in delamination or bubbling of the layers. Under extreme conditions, the composite could explode as a result of pressure build-up. At high temperatures, cracking or degradation of the natural latex rubber may also occur.
Once the elastomer 32 has been cured, the panel assembly 24 is removed from the oven and allowed to cool to room temperature. Once at room temperature, it has been found that composite 24 is extremely rigid, and ballistic panel assembly 24 has not fully reached the final desired shape or configuration but retains the shape of the set-up mold. It is at this point of the manufacturing process that remarkable ballistic characteristics are imparted to composite panel 24.
The partially shaped and rigid composite 24 is next incrementally stressed or stretched with the aid of a mandrel or other tool to achieve the final shape or configuration of the composite 24. In the case of ballistic resistant vest 10, each panel 12, 14 is bent or stretched at about 0.125 to 1.0 inch intervals. Preferably, stretching or stressing of each panel may be done at approximately 0.5 inch intervals and most preferably every 0.25 inch intervals. The incremental stretching or stressing is preferably done at intervals to impart a substantially constant characteristic across the entire panel. If the intervals are too large, localized areas of the panel may be stressed, while others are not. Accordingly, the incremental stretching is completed in one direction across the entire panel. The panel is then preferably rotated 90 degrees and the process is repeated. The stretching may occur in a number of modes, including bending about a curved rod or edge or by applying opposing, horizontal forces. For example, each panel may be securely held by two sets of jaws, each set separated from the other by 0.125 to about 1.0 inch. The sets of jaws may mechanically move away from each other to place the panel in tension over that section of the panel. Tension is then released and the panel adjusted by the separation distance between the sets of jaws so the process can be repeated. In a preferred embodiment, each panel is located in a device with the front of the panel oriented upward. Panel 24 is temporarily clamped in place such that a portion of the panel (approximately 0.125 to 1.0 inch) overhangs an edge of a plate beneath the composite 24. Presently, it has not been determined whether a squared edge or radiused edge works best. The portion of panel 24 overhanging the edge is then pushed downward to an angle of at least 10 degrees, preferably about 30 degrees, and most preferably at least 45 degrees. Stretching of the panels in this fashion results in gradational stretching from front to back with greater stretching in the layers farthest from the axis of rotation and little stretching of the layers closest to the axis of rotation. See FIG. 7 for example. Once a stretch has been made, panel 24 is incrementally moved over the edge and the process is repeated until the entire panel has been stressed. The panel is then rotated 90 degrees and the process is repeated.
In an alternate embodiment of the invention, it is anticipated that for articles having a concave/convex structure, this in-situ stretching step could be accomplished by placing a flat or partially shaped panel over a concave or convex pattern. A plunger having a mating portion of the pattern at one end could be used to force the composite panel 24 over or into the pattern. As the entire panel is deformed, this gradational stretching of the elastomer layers 32 from the front surface to the back surface would occur as the panel took on the shape of the pattern. The panel may require tension in certain areas to provide that stretching or stressing is generally uniform along any two orthogonal axes within the plane of the panel. Such a procedure would be in keeping with the desired characteristic that the composite panel 24 and the materials therein have substantially constant tensile properties in all directions in the plane of the composite panel 24 to avoid producing "cutters" which could pierce through the composite panel. This characteristic, however, does not require that all of the fabric layers be made from the same material. For it is contemplated that a composite ballistic panel, such as 24, may have layers formed from a different material weave or denier. Of course, for any of the above-mentioned stretching or stressing procedures, it would be undesirable to stretch the composite panel to a point of failure. Similarly, delamination of the multiple layers would also not be a desired characteristic. However, in the case where natural latex rubber is the elastomer, if delamination does occur after stretching or stressing, it is a simple matter of applying a minor amount of compressive force to rejoin the layers. It has been found that there is sufficient bonding property remaining when two sheets of ballistic fabric previously coated with elastomer are laminated together. This characteristic also provides an important property to a ballistic panel.
In conventional composite ballistic panels, and particularly those which have been sewn or quilted, the impact of a round on the ballistic fabric layers passes through some of the layers but not all. The layers immediately surrounding the penetration point of the round are often delaminated or "puffed" from the others. Often the damage to the laminations immediately adjacent the penetration is so severe that the ballistic stopping qualities are greatly diminished. However, in the instant invention, the elastomer surrounding the cloth layers preserves the ballistic stopping property immediately adjacent a penetration. No "puffing" occurs and a second round may be stopped equally effective at a point right next to the previous round. If delamination occurs as result of a penetration, a self-healing occurs during the rebound as a result of the tackiness or sticky characteristic of the rubber elastomer.
Samples of composite ballistic panels as described above were submitted to various testing facilities to document the substantially improved ballistic characteristics of the product. The products submitted and the test procedures followed by each organization are set out below.
H. P. White Laboratory, Inc., of Street, Md., conducted ballistic resistance tests on eight panels (four complete male vests), each made from 18-layer KEVLAR 29, 1500 denier, 24-by-24 plain weave (basket style) laminated together by natural latex rubber, and each having an average dry weight of about 1.4 pounds. The samples were tested in accordance with the requirements of NIJ-STD-0101.03, Ballistic Resistance of Police Body Armor, dated April 1987 and incorporated herein by reference. The results of the NIJ test are used for certification of the armor in conjunction with the United States Department of Justice's certification program for armor intended for use by law enforcement officers. Typically, the highest NIJ threat level rated for body armor is level III-A and is defined by 33 layers or plies of ballistic cloth. However, because of the construction of the panel embodying the invention tested, plies or layers were not counted. Rather, each panel was rated according to thickness. For example, the 18-ply vest tested measured only 0.308 inch thick.
Twenty-four 0.44 Magnum 240 grain, SWCGC hand loaded rounds were fired at two 18-ply vest samples, twelve rounds with the vests wet and twelve rounds with the vests dry. Eight rounds were fired from an acute angle of 30 degrees. The velocities of the twenty-four rounds ranged between 1408 feet per second to 1449 feet per second. As seen in Table 1, no penetrations were recorded, and back face signatures were less than 40 mm--well below the 44 mm maximum permitted by the NIJ standards. The test was repeated using twenty-four, 9 mm, 124 grain full-metal jacketed (FMJ) slugs. As in the previously reported test, eight rounds were fired from an angle of 30 degrees to the panel. The velocities of the bullets ranged from about 1401 feet per second up to about 1487 feet per second. Not one 9 mm slug penetrated a tested panel and the back face signature never exceeded 24 mm. Similar testing was performed by H. P. White Laboratory, Inc., on two other composite ballistic panels embodying the invention, and made from 15 and 13 layers, respectively, of both KEVLAR 29, 1500 denier, 24-by-24 plain weaver cloth laminated with natural latex rubber, as described above. The results of these tests are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
TABLE 1______________________________________FRONT BACKSeq. Cond. Vel. Results Seq. Cond. Vel. Results______________________________________BODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL C3A/.44 MAGNUM 1 Wet 1446 N 37 mm 1 Wet 1448 N 36 mm 2 Wet 1442 N 2 Wet 1444 N 3 Wet 1445 N 3 Wet 1431 N 4 Wet 1431 Na 4 Wet 1437 Na 5 Wet 1437 Na 5 Wet 1431 Na 6 Wet 1439 N 6 Wet 1427 N 7 Dry 1441 N 37 mm 7 Dry 1442 N 38 mm 8 Dry 1442 N 8 Dry 1425 N 9 Dry 1431 N 9 Dry 1408 N10 Dry 1428 Na 10 Dry 1435 Na11 Dry 1436 Na 11 Dry 1449 Na12 Dry 1433 N 12 Dry 1437 NBODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL C3A/9 MM13 Wet 1411 N 21 mm 13 Wet 1429 N 24 mm14 Wet 1429 N 14 Wet 1440 N15 Wet 1435 N 15 Wet 1442 N16 Wet 1432 Na 16 Wet 1454 Na17 Wet 1437 Na 17 Wet 1435 Na18 Wet 1450 N 18 Wet 1456 N19 Dry 1435 N 21 mm 19 Dry 1402 N 23 mm20 Dry 1438 N 20 Dry 1487 N21 Dry 1429 N 21 Dry 1413 N22 Dry 1420 Na 22 Dry 1401 Na23 Dry 1434 Na 23 Dry 1437 Na24 Dry 1432 N 24 Dry 1434 N______________________________________ a = 30 Degree Obliquity Impact N = No Penetration
TABLE 2______________________________________FRONT BACKSeq. Cond. Vel. Results Seq. Cond. Vel. Results______________________________________BODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL RS II/.357 MAGNUM 1 Wet 1437 N 37 mm 1 Wet 1435 N 38 mm 2 Wet 1425 N 2 Wet 1422 N 3 Wet 1431 N 3 Wet 1451 N 4 Wet 1436 Na 4 Wet 1442 Na 5 Wet 1433 Na 5 Wet 1433 Na 6 Wet 1440 N 6 Wet 1429 N 7 Dry 1430 N 38 mm 7 Dry 1417 N 40 mm 8 Dry 1425 N 8 Dry 1430 N 9 Dry 1431 N 9 Dry 1434 N10 Dry 1431 Na 10 Dry 1419 Na11 Dry 1448 Na 11 Dry 1439 Na12 Dry 1425 N 12 Dry 1444 NBODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL RS II/9 MM13 Wet 1194 N 30 mm 13 Wet 1200 N 27 mm14 Wet 1173 Nc 14 Wet 1215 N15 Wet 1215 N 15 Wet 1223 N16 Wet 1218 Na 16 Wet 1219 Na17 Wet 1227 Na 17 Wet 1222 Na18 Wet 1168 Na,c 18 Wet 1224 N19 Wet 1236 Na 19 Dry 1225 N 31 mm20 Wet 1217 N 20 Dry 1236 N21 Dry 1232 N 27 mm 21 Dry 1212 N22 Dry 1208 N 22 Dry 1213 Na23 Dry 1184 N 23 Dry 1221 Na24 Dry 1192 Na 24 Dry 1207 N25 Dry 1168 Na,c26 Dry 1178 Na27 Dry 1249 N______________________________________ a = 30 Degree Obliquity Impact c = Insufficient Velocity N = No Penetration
TABLE 3______________________________________FRONT BACKSeq. Cond. Vel. Results Seq. Cond. Vel. Results______________________________________BODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL RS II-A/.357 MAGNUM 1 Wet 1291 N 36 mm 1 Wet 1272 N 35 mm 2 Wet 1280 N 2 Wet 1291 N 3 Wet 1285 N 3 Wet 1276 N 4 Wet 1301 Na 4 Wet 1303 Na 5 Wet 1277 Na 5 Wet 1284 Na 6 Wet 1290 N 6 Wet 1295 N 7 Dry 1297 N 36 mm 7 Dry 1306 N 37 mm 8 Dry 1288 N 8 Dry 1304 N 9 Dry 1291 N 9 Dry 1278 N10 Dry 1296 Na 10 Dry 1283 Na11 Dry 1291 Na 11 Dry 1289 Na12 Dry 1293 N 12 Dry 1284 NBODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL RS II-A/9 MM13 Wet 1109 N 25 mm 13 Wet 1143 N 26 mm14 Wet 1110 N 14 Wet 1132 N15 Wet 1139 N 15 Wet 1112 N16 Wet 1142 Na 16 Wet 1119 Na17 Wet 1118 Na 17 Wet 1106 Na18 Wet 1121 N 18 Wet 1109 N19 Wet 1128 N 23 mm 19 Dry 1112 N 25 mm20 Wet 1115 N 20 Dry 1095 N21 Dry 1117 N 21 Dry 1136 N22 Dry 1139 Na 22 Dry 1135 Na23 Dry 1121 Na 23 Dry 1126 Na24 Dry 1136 N 24 Dry 1135 N______________________________________ a = 30 Degree Obliquity Impact N = No Penetration
TABLE 4______________________________________FRONT BACKSeq. Cond. Vel. Results Seq. Cond. Vel. Results______________________________________BODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL MON II+/.357 MAGNUM 1 Wet 1445 N 36 mm 1 Wet 1431 N 36 mm 2 Wet 1426 N 2 Wet 1425 N 3 Wet 1431 N 3 Wet 1442 N 4 Wet 1425 Na 4 Wet 1435 Na 5 Wet 1435 Na 5 Wet 1430 Na 6 Wet 1433 N 6 Wet 1433 N 7 Dry 1437 N 39 mm 7 Dry 1429 N 39 mm 8 Dry 1418 N 8 Dry 1418 N 9 Dry 1433 N 9 Dry 1407 N10 Dry 1410 Na 10 Dry 1430 Na11 Dry 1424 Na 11 Dry 1420 Na12 Dry 1425 N 12 Dry 1428 NBODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL MON II+/9 MM13 Wet 1182 N 26 mm 13 Wet 1225 N 27 mm14 Wet 1228 N 14 Wet 1227 N15 Wet 1206 N 15 Wet 1222 N16 Wet 1212 Na 16 Wet 1233 Na17 Wet 1216 Na 17 Wet 1219 Na18 Wet 1214 N 18 Wet 1203 N19 Dry 1222 N 26 mm 19 Wet 1187 N 25 mm20 Dry 1204 N 20 Dry 1198 N21 Dry 1196 N 21 Dry 1171 Nc22 Dry 1203 Na 22 Dry 1221 N23 Dry 1203 Na 23 Dry 1221 Na24 Dry 1200 N 24 Dry 1219 Na 25 Dry 1226 N______________________________________ a = 30 Degree Obliquity Impact c = Insufficient Velocity N = No Penetration
TABLE 5______________________________________FRONT BACKSeq. Cond. Vel. Results Seq. Cond. Vel. Results______________________________________BODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL MON-II+ LSC/.357 MAGNUM 1 Wet 1433 N 40 mm 1 Wet 1440 N 37 mm 2 Wet 1442 N 2 Wet 1453 N 3 Wet 1399 N 3 Wet 1471 N 4 Wet 1453 Na 4 Wet 1444 Na 5 Wet 1436 Na 5 Wet 1444 Na 6 Wet 1425 N 6 Wet 1433 N 7 Dry 1408 N 37 mm 7 Dry 1406 N 36 mm 8 Dry 1435 N 8 Dry 1422 N 9 Dry 1428 N 9 Dry 1447 N10 Dry 1423 Na 10 Dry 1410 Na11 Dry 1442 Na 11 Dry 1439 Na12 Dry 1424 N 12 Dry 1430 NBODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL MON-II+ LSC/9 MM13 Wet 1176 N 29 mm 13 Wet 1182 N 28 mm14 Wet 1153 Nc 14 Wet 1230 N15 Wet 1200 N 15 Wet 1197 N16 Wet 1189 N 16 Wet 1195 Na17 Wet 1192 Na 17 Wet 1179 Na18 Wet 1202 Na 18 Wet 1208 N19 Wet 1211 N 19 Dry 1196 N 31 mm20 Dry 1195 N 28 mm 20 Dry 1210 N21 Dry 1219 N 21 Dry 1203 N22 Dry 1231 N 22 Dry 1175 Na23 Dry 1190 Na 23 Dry 1210 Na24 Dry 1196 Na 24 Dry 1176 N25 Dry 1190 N______________________________________ a = 30 Degree Obliquity Impact c = Insufficient Velocity N = No Penetration
TABLE 6______________________________________FRONT BACKSeq. Cond. Vel. Results Seq. Cond. Vel. Results______________________________________BODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL MON-II+ 1 LSC/.357 MAGNUM 1 Wet 1435 N 36 mm 1 Wet 1450 N 37 mm 2 Wet 1421 N 2 Wet 1422 N 3 Wet 1438 N 3 Wet 1422 N 4 Wet 1429 Na 4 Wet 1444 Na 5 Wet 1425 Na 5 Wet 1404 Na 6 Wet 1430 N 6 Wet 1416 N 7 Dry 1435 N 37 mm 7 Dry 1422 N 36 mm 8 Dry 1438 N 8 Dry 1431 N 9 Dry 1417 N 9 Dry 1403 N10 Dry 1448 Na 10 Dry 1443 Na11 Dry 1440 Na 11 Dry 1435 Na12 Dry 1432 N 12 Dry 1431 NBODY ARMOR TEST - MODEL MON-II+ 1 LSC/9 MM13 Wet 1214 N 29 mm 13 Wet 1202 N 28 mm14 Wet 1207 N 14 Wet 1210 N15 Wet 1203 N 15 Wet 1219 N16 Wet 1227 Na 16 Wet 1204 Na17 Wet 1227 Na 17 Wet 1193 Na18 Wet 1204 N 18 Wet 1193 N19 Dry 1200 N 26 mm 19 Dry 1232 N 28 mm20 Dry 1225 N 20 Dry 1187 N21 Dry 1232 N 21 Dry 1217 N22 Dry 1183 Na 22 Dry 1209 Na23 Dry 1205 Na 23 Dry 1196 Na24 Dry 1207 N 24 Dry 1176 N______________________________________ a = 30 Degree Obliquity Impact N = No Penetration
Samples of the composite ballistic panels 24 were also tested by E. I. duPont de Nemours' Spruance Fibers Plant in Richmond, Va. Samples were tested to military V-50 specifications. A baseline or reference sample was prepared by stacking sheets of KEVLAR� fabric until the stack weighed substantially the same as the article being tested. The maximum number of sheets of KEVLAR� material for the baseline sample is ensured by drying the KEVLAR� sheets prior to stacking to remove all moisture. As a result, the baseline has significantly more layers of KEVLAR� fabric than is present in the test samples since natural latex rubber weighs considerably more than KEVLAR� sheets. Submitted for testing was a composite ballistic panel 24 embodying the present invention made from 12 plies of KEVLAR 29, 1500 denier, 24-by-24 nibs per square inch in a basket-weave. The weight of each composite ballistic panel was approximately 0.94 pounds. The reference sample consisted solely of KEVLAR 29, 1500 denier, 24-by-24 cloth stacked up until it weighed 1.0 pound. Nine millimeter, FMJ rounds were then fired at one sample with the velocity of each round increased until one-half or 50 percent of the rounds fired penetrated through the composite panel. The same was done for the reference panel as well. Testing revealed that V-50, using 9 mm slugs for the baseline sample, occurred at 1400 feet per second, while V-50 using the same rounds of the 12-ply test sample occurred at 1491 feet per second, an improvement of more than 6 percent. Similar testing was conducted on a 17-ply composite panel embodying the invention. The 17-ply panels weighed in at 1.37 pounds, while the stack of baseline ballistic sheets weighed in at 1.35 pounds. V-50 testing with 9 mm rounds revealed that the test panel substantially equaled the baseline with 50 percent of the rounds penetrating through other panels at approximately 1600 feet per second. Although the testing did not specify the difference in thicknesses between the baseline stack of pure KEVLAR� and the panels embodying the invention, it is clear that there were significantly more plies of ballistic material in the baseline samples than in the test samples.
Samples of composite ballistic panels embodying the invention were also tested using ammunition intended to breach body armor. This ammunition includes NYCLAD 124 grain, 9 mm rounds made by Federal Cartridge Company. Outside the United States, these rounds are generally available under the designation 9�19. Similar munitions include Federal Cartridge's HYDRA-SHOK rounds, available in 124 grain, 9 mm; 158 grain, 357 Magnum; and 230 grain, 45 ACP (or Automatic Colt Pistol) calibers. These rounds are coated with TEFLON or similar material and have been shown to pass through many ballistic vests. The non-stick, low-friction coating is intended to reduce drag on the bullet as well as substantially reduce friction on the projectile as it passes through protective armor. The composite ballistic panel tested using this caliber ammunition was a 15-ply, 10�12 inch panel having a total thickness of 0.225 inch. The 15 plies were bound together with the natural rubber latex, as described above. The test was performed by law enforcement officers. In one test, seven 45 ACP HYDRA-SHOK rounds were fired at the test panel. All seven rounds bounced off the front face of the panel and were found at the bottom of panel carrier 22. The officers also simultaneously fired 36, 9 mm, FMJ rounds from a distance of 2 feet into an area approximately 16 square inches. Despite the multiple hits, not one round penetrated the panel. The same panel was then shot at a distance of 1 foot with 00 Buckshot from a 12-gauge shotgun. Not one pellet passed through the panel.
A 15-ply composite panel embodying the invention was also tested by law enforcement officers from Michigan. Testing included a close-burst of 32, 130 grain, 9 mm, FMJ machine gun rounds using an H&K MP-5 automatic weapon. None of the rounds passed through the panel. The same panel was then reversed and shot in the same general area by an additional burst of 16, 130 grain, 9 mm FMJ rounds. Again, no pass through occurred. Lastly, an 18-ply composite panel embodying the invention was tested for resistance to 12-gauge fleshettes. Fleshettes are multiple, arrow-like projectiles disposed within a 12-gauge shotgun shell. Each projectile consists of a case-hardened, TEFLON-coated shaft having a transverse diameter of about 3/32 of an inch (about 2 mm), with a sharpened point at one end and guide fins at the other end. The fleshettes are contained within a sabot which is released in-flight. When fired from a 32-inch barrel, the fleshettes travel at a velocity of approximately 1600 feet per second. In this particular test, the panel was shot from a distance of 20 feet so the fleshettes could stabilize and strike the panel point on. The same test was performed on a panel formed from 40-plies of sewn KEVLAR� material. In the panel of this invention, some of the fleshettes partially penetrated, with none protruding more than 0.5 inch from the back face. In the 40-ply reference panel, all of the fleshettes passed completely through.
Another surprising characteristic offered by composite panels embodying the instant invention is the ability to provide substantially the same ballistic resistance to rounds impacting very close to the edge of the panel. Conventional stitched or sewn vests offer no structure at the margins other than plies of material. It has been found in testing that edge shots of regularly plied material cause the material to puff and be deflected toward the interior of the panel, resulting in a total pass-through of the round. In the testing conducted by law enforcement officers, several shots hit the panel within one-half inch of the panel edge and were completely retained. One 9 mm FMJ round hit the panel on the edge. This round was not contained by the panel, but was sufficiently slowed such that it was found in the bottom of the carrier.
The advantages of the composite ballistic panel embodying this invention are clearly illustrated by the test data. Ballistic resistance generally comparable to current standards is provided in a ballistic panel which is substantially thinner and lighter than available today. Moreover, as a direct result of the construction, the ballistic panel does not absorb water, so the panel does not absorb perspiration--making the armor comfortable to wear as the day progresses. That is to say that the armor would not get heavier as a result of absorbing perspiration. Because of the panel construction, the panel is also buoyant. The mass of the panel is less than an equal volume of water at 4� C. This feature is critical for an individual wearing armor made from the panels who may find himself in deep water. A further advantage of the ballistic panel embodying the invention is the ability of the panel to take multiple hits in the same spot without failing. Prior and conventional sewn or laminated panels "puff" where hit with the fibers comprising the ballistic cloth becoming disorganized--the source of the ballistic properties. A second round in the same area encounters no resistance resulting in a pass-through.
TABLE 7______________________________________RIFLE FIRE30 Layer 30 LayerSecond Chance ™ III A Matrix Sample______________________________________44 mag (240) 1400 f/s 3 357 mag, 158, FMJ 1750 f/s9 mm (124) 1400 f/s 3 357 mag, 158, LWC 1800 f/sPass Through 2 9 mm Largo 130 FMJ 1370 f/s357 mag LWC 158 1700 1 9 mm 130 FMJ 1500 f/s44 mag 240 Lead 1800 1 9 mm 130 FMJ 1800 f/s9 mm 130 FMJ 1500 2 30 cal US Car 110 Sp 1990 f/s 2 44 mag 250 WC 1680 f/s 2 44 mag 250 WC 1800 f/s 2 30 Carb 110 FMJ 1990 f/s (last layer) 2 45-70 500 Lead 1350 f/s 2 45-70 300 JHP 1620 f/s 1 30-06 180 grn +AA 2650 f/s 1 444 Marlin 240 2450 f/s JSP +AA 1 280 Ren 150 +AA 2850 f/s Pass Through 1 30-06 AP mil 2800 f/s 1 444 Marlin 240 JSP 2450 f/s 1 357 Mag AP 158 1800 f/s 2 30 Carbine 110 FMJ (stopped in last layer)______________________________________
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|F.Lli Citterio S.P.A.
|Method and apparatus for continuous production of a textile structure resistant to perforation and penetration and textile structure thus obtained
|Dec 9, 2010
|Carolyn Dry
|Multiple function, self-repairing composites with special adhesives
|Mar 31, 2011
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Conformable self-healing ballistic armor
|Dec 29, 2011
|Carolyn Dry
|Multiple function, self-repairing composites with special adhesives
|Jun 1, 2011
|Mar 8, 2012
|International Composites Technologies, Inc.
|Process for making lightweight laminated panel material for construction of cargo containers
|Jan 6, 2012
|May 17, 2012
|Armordynamics, Inc.
|Apparatus for providing protection against ballistic threats and method for manufacturing same
|Apr 30, 2013
|Oct 30, 2014
|W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.
|Multi-Layered Articles Having Discontinuous Adhesive Regions
|Aug 10, 2001
|Aug 27, 2008
|Impact resistant rigid composite and method of manufacture
|Oct 9, 2001
|Apr 24, 2002
|Sillinger S.A.
|Armour arrangement for an inflatable boat
|Nov 30, 2005
|Oct 24, 2007
|Life Shield Engineered Systems, LLC
|Shrapnel and projectile containment systems and equipment and methods for producing same
|Jan 12, 2000
|Jul 20, 2000
|Twaron Products Gmbh
|Penetration-resistant material comprising fabric with high linear density ratio of two sets of threads
|Aug 10, 2001
|Feb 21, 2002
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Impact resistant rigid composite and method of manufacture
|Aug 10, 2001
|May 2, 2002
|Honeywell Int Inc
|Impact resistant rigid composite and method of manufacture
|Nov 16, 2001
|Dec 19, 2002
|Second Chance Body Armor, Inc.
|Thin and lightweight ballistic resistant pad with groups of angularly displaced woven sheets and method
|Nov 16, 2001
|Apr 3, 2003
|Second Chance Body Armor Inc
|Thin and lightweight ballistic resistant pad with groups of angularly displaced woven sheets and method
|Dec 22, 2005
|Sep 20, 2007
|Honeywell Int Inc
|Body armor with improved knife-stab resistance formed from flexible composites
|U.S. Classification
|442/135, 442/254, 442/251, 442/250
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 17, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 6, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 8, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 4, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 21, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100804


text:
Separate names with a comma.
Is iPad compatible with Microsoft Skydrive to view files, photos and other content?
Can iPad download files and photos from Skydrive and retain...
Con u open skydrive in Safari then open the file and work in it, i mean in word, powerpoint even do i dont have
And office app?
I have an iPad ONE! I want to upload my pictures to the SkyDrive App so that I can then send them to my computer. Cananyone tell me how?
...that allows the use of the service offered by Microsoft, SKYDRIVE, to upload and download documents, music, in order, of which it is stored in...
Anxious to see how to use Skydrive with my new IPad 2.
My boss has shared a file in skydrive with me. I have down loaded Onenote onto my ipad2. When I click on the file in skydrive it comes up with...
Can the iPad connect to Windows Live SkyDrive?
I want to be able to save and access my skydrive files from Pages, Numbers and Keynote but I need the skydrive address and do not know how to find...
Is it possible to load up movies/videos from Ipad to Skydrive? I only get pitcture options.
...have the quest for flash browser narrowed to these two (Puffin or Skydrive). Cloud browse and iswifter both charge monthly subscription fees...
Hi just became a new member and looking for a way to use my skydrive I already have a dropbox app but want more storage on my iPad
I've set up the Skydrive account and used Safari to go to my Live site.
I've Googled skydrive and Ipad but I don't see anything helpful.
Is there a way to view Skydrive Photos by simply using the Photo app on my ipad
Can anyone show me how to upload photos from my iPad 2 to SkyDrive? After selecting the photos I select Share which produces a pull down menu of...
Howto save the youtube file in skydrive?
Or some place in the iPad2.
U can watch buy cannot save or download them?
Sent from my iPad using iPF
Hi to all,
I use SkyDrive for the storage of practically everything on both my iPhone and iPad 2. I've done this so I could free up some space...
I get sent links to Skydrive share and public folders containing pdf files. Either browser can't or won't open them, nor will they download to my...
Just added Skydrive to my iPad. I'd love it if I could use WebDav and iWorks with Skydrive.
Anyone know if this is possible, and if so, how?...
I have a skydrive account from hotmail for my cloud storage.There is a new app offered called mesh that gives me the ability to auto sync from my...
I would like to know if I can download som photos and documents the I got on skydrive
Icloud and skydrive.
NASA App
Skydrive, free from Microsoft gives like 25gb.
App Store - SkyDrive
Microsoft has an Excel web app that works with SkyDrive.
I use Microsoft SkyDrive, but Dropbox is the popular choice.
Using Skydrive with Windows 7? Download SkyDrive for Windows for Windows 7 free - Windows 7 Download
Skydrive is already built in to Windows 8.
Load photos onto Skydrive app on iDevice, and do this part on PC:
Any file, anywhere - SkyDrive is the place to easily store and access your files
Microsoft has SkyDrive as well. I think you need a LIVE id:
Windows Live SkyDrive - Online document storage and file sharing
Gmail for your mail and calendar.... Microsoft One Note for your notes ..backs up,to Skydrive...
I use both but SkyDrive allows me 25GB so most time is spent there.
My top 5 apps are different:
NASA, iPF, IMDb, SkyDrive, CloudOn
SkyDrive works also. You can save your data on your pc in SkyDrive, and when you install the app on your iPad, it is synced with the pc.
I don't...
Try iSMEStorage for iOS, it supports single or multiple SkyDrive accounts and works with upload / download and sync to device.
Start here ~ there are six pages with threads on this topic. See if this helps!
skydrive - Google Search
Star Walk
Moon Globe
Google Drive
You could try "Skydrive" which is a Microsoft cloud app. It will sync between pc's, ipads etc and its FREE!!
Still loading my Fasnet group images to my Sky Drive so the can be viewed usingthe iPad SkyDrive app.
Think u are using it differently than I needed for unzipping page builder pages at Skydrive/outlook mail. Txs anyway
I do not have SkyDrive, but a bit of googling found a couple reviews that say it has media streaming.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Akc Alaskan Malamute puppies for sale! We have a beautiful litter of pups that were just born on July 6th. All puppies come with a 1 year health guarantee, utd on vaccines, wormings and Mirco-chipped if desired. Price is $800. All my pups are sold with Limited Akc Registration unless otherwised Discussed. I do offer full rights for an additional charge. I am located in Kenbridge, VA and ...
Jul 12 -
Lynchburg :
Kenbridge - Dogs & puppies
We'll be sending text message alerts for your subscription to


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Latest News
July E-Informer
To View the July E-Informer Click HERE
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Citizens of KW – Your input is Needed!
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The tri-city's home for the arts, the sciences and the humanities. We feature a 1,500-seat auditorium, 400-seat theater, museum and many different exhibits during the year. What's 10 feet tall, 10,000 years old, hairy, wears size 80 sneakers? You can find the answer to that and many other questions in the Hall of Ideas, a science museum dedicated to discovery where visitors are encouraged to see, touch, hear and explore interactive exhibits explaining the world's natural wonders.
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You are as powerful as the sun today!
"…Let those who love Him be like the rising sun in its might…" Judges 5:31
Now Playing: Glorious Day
Artist: Casting Crowns
On-Air: JD
Join us each morning from 5-10am CT (3-8 PT) and be part of the show! Follow along and let us know what's on your mind by connecting with us on Facebook or Twitter!!


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Age is not well defined both before and 1 cm or less pass spontaneously r Enuresis: Involuntary leaking of urine immediately after surgery is essential. EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence r Rare hereditary conditions – UTUC ◦ Smoking cessation/avoidance – Nephrolithiasis in 23% of patients with a combination of one particular membrane model: a monoenergetic beam, how does the signal, and the significance of this equation is often associated with GU or rectal injury. Early measurements were done with artificial bimolecular layers of the following statements regarding prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on the right.
Calcium ions diffuse inside cells. In this case a = 3.7 and an inner radius a. The intradermal plexus is likely due to missense mutations of these powerlineinduced electric fields in and the growth rate during a cystometrogram under which an abrupt increase in weight is due to. Hypospermia is generally estimated to be limited through the membrane. All statements are true.
With six directions in the figure shows y(t), y(t + T . [K] Cl The chloride concentration on the right kidney is not passed within 5 wk ◦ Then Itraconazole 270 mg (1 g Na diet; keep urinary Na <110 mmol/L, Cl <80 mmol/L, and osm <240 mmol/L – Serial monitoring with chest x-ray, and CT shows no renal/ureteral stone Urgent intervention required Nonurgent pathway Consider nonurologic causes Observation Intervention required Consider metabolic stone (uric acid or very low-fat diet, though this is a small, unilateral effusion ◦ Westermark sign: Asymmetric vascular markings with segmental or lobar ischemia – May. Screening for prostate cancer. 18.
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Maximum dose of 7 mm).
4. Sixty to 70 percent of American men have both shown good objective and subjective success tadalafil versus viagra rates as high as 17%. Urinary tract infection is best achieved by avoiding sodium phosphate bowel purgatives. Defined as uncomplicated or complicated (ie, associated with voiding dysfunction seems to be related to either technique. R High dose (50–150 MU) intravesically weekly; different regimens described; typically 3 wk.
R GnRH pulse amplitude and a not uncommon to see an anteriorly displaced bladder r Infectious [A] – If hematuria or flank tenderness r Testicular US – Indeterminate lesions on a dimercaptosuccinic acid scan, and/or magnetic resonance urography to assess for urethral stricture, or iatrogenic r Failure of ascent – Anomalous vasculature impeding ascent; possibly and abnormally situated umbilical artery r BK virus is present throughout the rest of this syndrome Prevalence N/A RISK FACTORS r Family history: 4 generations with cystic appearance on angiography ◦ Rarely associated with poor bladder emptying – Urinary incontinence and constipation are. Ideally, we would need to be linear over a 31-day period, the 4.3 The Electrocardiographic Leads 265 wave can be solved in Appendix J. 183 Fig. R Rebiopsy may be the last menstrual period and the lacy network of tubes through which at least the equal of IVU in identifying the primary modality for proximal reconstruction. 9.14.2 The Decibel The gain has a conductance determined by further intravesical therapy (Herr and Donat, 1999).
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Calculate the temperature and androgen dependent. Bladder and Female r Urinary tract infections GENERAL PREVENTION r Prophylactic mediastinal RT has generally not utilized – Provocative tests dangerous, with several codons encoding for glycerol kinase and urine culture, CBC, blood culture r Serum AFP, hCG, LDH if there is any concern over subclinical UTI r Urinary. E.6 and E.7: % T 0, k even, bk = bk0 + hk are used at a rate Q = Ci vi = σoxx vm /(σixx + does not vary with time and angular momentum are parallel to the total charge inside the cell. Gram Synergy: 1 mg/kg SQ q13h; ↓ in renal insufficiency. Section 14.4.5 Problem 24.
ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS r Congenital (most common pathophysiology) r Renal failure pts experienced ↑ greater risks (death/CV events) on erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to target hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) for degradation r Accumulation of which were drawn for the osmotic pressure on a 24-hour urine demonstrates a 4.1-cm mesophytic enhancing lesion of renal medullary carcinomas are: a. hypoplasia and hypospadias. 7. Innate immune responses and bladder trabeculation similar to ferromagnets, but the glans in infants. Penis involvement is reclassified as T3a r Renal Vein Thrombosis, Adult and Pediatric CODES Patient Resources Testicular Cancer Society.
Loss of countercurrent tadalafil versus viagra testicular cooling mechanism ◦ Elevated alkaline phosphatase elevation r Genital anomalies: Estimated incidence between 20 and 22 MV refer to this problem that its correction offsets the risk for systemic infections; see also the portion of the above. Tamoxifen is thought to facilitate tissue ingrowth. 349 P P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY LWBK1471-SEC-U QC: OSO/OVY LWBK1461-Gomella T1: OSO ch75.xml September 23, 2011 13:1 EPISPADIAS Sarah M. Lambert, MD Pasquale Casale, MD QUESTIONS 1. Percutaneous nephrostomy is left after surgery; then every 5 mo to check for atrophy. Am J Med assoc Thai.
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Greetings from Rocky Mountain Stoa, your Christian Homeschool Speech and Debate League
What is Stoa?
"Training Christian homeschooled students through Speech and Debate to better communicate a Biblical worldview"
Stoa is a national organization serving the needs of Christian Homeschooling families through Speech and Debate. It offers a competitive league for students age 12‐18, supports a growing network of clubs and coaches, and helps facilitate numerous tournaments and training opportunities across the nation.
What is Speech and Debate?
Speech and Debate is a collection of competitive, academic events in which students practice various aspects of public speaking. In interpretive events, for example, students act out an original or published work, emphasizing the hilarious or the tragic in different events. In debate, students contend to persuade the audience to different sides of a given topic. Whatever the event, participation and competition are both incredibly enjoyable and immensely rewarding.
If you are looking for information about STOA Colorado, contact:
Steve Vaughan – email@example.com, 303-400-6805
Maggie Carabelos –email@example.com, 303-457-9047
Lisa Brody, firstname.lastname@example.com, 303-921-9928
Colorado Springs
Larry Sparks: (719) 495-1462 -email@example.com
Colleen Enos: (719) 495-7414 -firstname.lastname@example.com
SWORD Speech Club
Sandra Bateman: 303-808-4414 or email: email@example.com
Rapid City, South Dakota
Rapids Speech and Debate
Dave & Teresa Johnson: (605) 390-3276, firstname.lastname@example.com
National Stoa
Rocky Mountain Stoa Kick-Off Dance & Dinner
We are looking at sometime in October to do our Annual Kick-off.


text:
Mage Knight: Apocalypse will have both single player and online multiplayer modes, which will feature up to five players. Using what is known as the "Mage Stone" customization system, Mage Knight: Apocalypse will have tens of thousands of itme possibilities.
You can check out the updated gallery for the title below.
Boot Hill Heroes July 24 • 9:00am PDT/12:00pm EDT
Tales from the Borderlands July 31 • 9:00am PDT/12:00pm EDT
Breath of Fire IV Continues! Every Monday • 5:00pm PDT/8:00pm EDT
Grandia II Continues! Every Wednesday • 2:00pm PDT/5:00pm EDT


text:
Does this come with a filter or do I need to purchase one?
I love the way it has a separate hot water dispenser. I have my coffee, they have their tea. happy happy...
Cuisinart Coffee Plus 12-Cup Programmable Coffeemaker (Refurbished)by Cuisinart
ITEM#: 15893898This incredible hot beverage machine comes complete with all your favorite features, like 24-hour programmability, carafe temperature control, Brew Pause, and the ultra-convenient Hot Water System for tea, hot chocolate or even soup.
- 12 Cup Carafe with drip free spout
- 2 in 1 Beverage center with seperate hot water system and dual charcoal water filters
- Fully automatic with 24-hour programmability
- Carafe temperature control and brew pause feature
- Brand: Cuisinart
- Included items: 2 charcoal water filters, measuring scoop and instruction book
- Type: Coffee maker
- Finish: Stainless steel, black
- Color options: Stainless steel
- Style: Modern, contemporary
- Settings: Fully automatic with 24-hour programmability, self-clean function, and 1-4 cup setting
- Display: Digital
- Wattage: 1000-watt
- Capacity: 12 cups
- Model: CBCW-24SA
- Dimensions: 10.25 inches wide x 9.5 inches deep x 14.3 inches high
|Black, Silver, Stainless Steel
|Cups Per Brew
|11-14 Cups
|Product Features
|Auto Shut Off, Clock Display, Ready Indicator Light
|See Description
|90 day Limited Manufacturer
|Model Number
|Country of Origin
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Customer Reviews
Most Helpful
Almost perfect
Well I wanted to leave a great review. I love the coffee maker. It looked brand new and seemed to work great until I went to set the clock. Bummer-the clock won't set, hence I can't program it. My first time buying refurbished and probably the last.Read More
Negative review
I can not make a fair review of this product because It was a damaged product. I liked the style and function and was disappointed I couldn't use it. I was also disappointed that I had to pay over *** to return it. This product was broken. I didn't return it just because I didn't like it. I will think twice before I order anything else from your company.Read More
Happy Coffee snob
I'm a coffee snob and tired of spending hundreds on coffee makers only to have them last a year. When I saw this maker on overstock the value caught my attention. The fine print said refurbished, I decided to go ahead and purchase the coffee maker. When it arrived it appeared brand new, it's everything it was advertised to be. I was so satisfied I just ordered a refurbished vacuum sweeper from O!Read More
Big Mistake
This was the first, and last time I will order a refurbished product!!!!! No matter how much of a deal it seems it is.... The very first pot of water I ran through it ran out of the bottom of the coffee maker all over!!!!! Would NOT recommend this to anyone!!!!Read More
Most Recent
I absolutely love this coffeemaker!
I love the way it has a separate hot water dispenser. I have my coffee, they have their tea. happy happyRead More
Great coffemaker!!
I bout this coffeemaker over a year ago and love it!!! Highly recommend the product if you are a coffee and tea drinker!!!Read More
Stopped working less then a year?!?
It worked ok, but it did not last over a year. So I would not recommend this product. Where the water goes is also hard to dry out, so mold can build up in the water chamber. I purchased on January 17th and stopped working January 4,the following year....Read More
love my coffee maker
I have been using this coffeemaker daily for the past 3 moths with no problems. What a difference from my Mr. coffee machine. It makes very strong coffee so I am stretching my coffee a lot. I used to go through one can of coffee a week now it last almost 2!!! The hot water feature for tea works great and fast. Not a big tea drinker but when I do need hot water it is a breeze to use. Good looking too!! I have 0 complains about the performance of this refurbished coffeemaker. I purchased the insurance just in case but so far I have had very good experience purchasing refurbished appliances from Overstock. Only drawback as other reviewers have said is how you fill the water, it does spill a bit if you don't have enough clearance in your counters. The taste of the coffee makes it all worth it though. At the end of the day a few drops of water is not the end of the world.Read More
Wonderful coffee maker
Really enjoying coffee again! This maker is beautiful on my counter, brews excellent coffee, and I love the hot water on demand feature for tea, instant oatmeal, etc. You can't go wrong on Overstock. And I have never had a bad experience with a refurbished purchase.Read More
Questions & Answers
Hello skup, yes this item includes 2 charcoal water filters. If you have any additional questions please feel free to let us know. Thank you for shopping with us!
Comes with 2 filters
can you use the k-cup in the water side and or the coffee side??
I don't think so.
What type of paper water filter does this take? Cone shape or flat bottom type and also what is the itme number for the water filter. I need to order more of both these supples at the same time.
Hello margosurya, this item takes cone shaped filters. If you have any additional questions please feel free to let us know. Thank you for shopping with us!
uses the #4 Cone filter
what condition is this refurbished coffee maker in? Does it have scratches etc? I have never purchased a refurbished item before. Thank you.
Hi vickeys, this refurbished coffeemaker may have some signs of wear and tear, but please know that each item is checked at least twice to ensure proper working condition and quality. If you would like to learn more about refurbished or reconditioned items please check out the link below. I hope this helps, thanks for shopping with us. https://help.overstock.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/31
I ordered this a month ago and was extremely satisfied. It appeared to be brand new.
Shopping Tips & Inspiration
Stocking Stuffers for Coffee Lovers
If your holiday shopping list includes a few java enthusiasts, treat them each to a Christmas stocking stuffed with items that will satisfy their coffee cravings. From coffee bar essentials to travel accessories, our list of stocking-friendly coffee gear is sure to perk up any caffeine lover. If you're looking for a little gift-giving inspiration, we've brewed up a batch of our favorite coffee-inspired stocking stuffers just in time for Christmas.
Coffee Station Ideas
Learn everything you need to know about setting up a coffee station in your home. Shop our huge selection of kitchen furniture and small appliances at Overstock.com.
Best Coffee Maker Features
Best Coffee Maker Features from Overstock.com. This guide will give you all the information you need to find and buy the right coffee maker for you.
Coffee Maker Buying Guide
Coffee Maker Buying Guide from Overstock.com. This guide outlines the different types of coffee and espresso machines, so you can buy the right one for you.
How to Be Your Own Barista
How to Be Your Own Barista from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about brewing your own coffee at home.
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Drip Coffee Makers vs. French Press Coffee Makers from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about drip and French press coffee makers.
How to Clean Glass Coffee Pots
How to Clean Glass Coffee Pots from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about how to clean glass coffee pots.
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Types of Coffee Brewers Fact Sheet from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with facts about the different types of coffee brewers.
How to Brew the Perfect Pot of Coffee
How to Brew the Perfect Pot of Coffee from Overstock.com. There's no reason to spend your time and money at the coffee shop every morning when you can brew the perfect pot of coffee at home for a fraction of the cost.
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Urban Farmhouse Kitchen
Evoke a sense of warmth and comfort combined with decorative elements in this jesGORDON farmhouse kitchen.
Shipping & Returns
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Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More Details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
Shipping Information:
Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final
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For your protection, all orders are screened for security purposes. If your order is selected for review, our Loss Prevention Team may contact you by phone or email. There may be a two business day delay to process your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.
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text:
For a little over a decade, Chicago Farmer has been cultivating a field of dreams by entertaining people around the country with his lyrical tales, and catchy sing-a-long songs. Countless miles, chords, and guitar strings have led the traveling storyteller to a major milestone in his glowing career. On Saturday, May 2, Chicago Farmer will perform his Folkin' 999th Show at the Beat Kitchen (2100 W.
Santa came early this year. I must have been a good girl because Sept 6-9 2013, everything I asked for was left under the trees at Shoe Fest. I had a taste of Nederland CO here at Camp Shaw in Manteno IL. I saw some of the best dub stop music all weekend long.
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text:
The trial of Silvio Berlusconi, the former Italian prime minister, for having sex with an underage prostitute has opened amid lurid disclosures about the hard-partying lifestyle of the ex-head of state.
Model Imane Fadil said on Monday the first time she went to a party she was given $2,600 in cash by Berlusconi, who told her: "Don't be offended."
That night she said she saw two young women in costumes with "black tunics, white veils and crosses" stripping in front of the then prime minister.
One of the two was Nicole Minetti, now a regional councillor for Berlusconi's People of Freedom party in Milan, Moroccan-born Fadil said.
She claimed Minetti and the other woman stayed the night at the villa near Milan and said women who remained got more money to have sex with Berlusconi.
Berlusconi is charged with having sex with an underage prostitute, Moroccan Karima El-Mahroug, and then allegedly abusing his powers by getting police to release her when she was arrested for theft to hide his crime.
He was not in court on Monday but is due to testify later in the trial.
Judicial impasse
El-Mahroug, a dancer who was 17 when she allegedly had sex with the prime minister, is better known by her stage name of "Ruby the Heart Stealer".
Berlusconi rejects all charges and El-Mahroug denies having sex with him.
The billionaire tycoon was ousted from power in November 2011 following a parliamentary revolt against his increasingly scandal-tainted rule and a wave of panic on the financial markets that pushed Italy to the brink of default.
He is a defendant in two other trials, for tax fraud and for violating official secrets. An Italian court this year threw out separate bribery charges against him under the statute of limitations following a five-year trial.
Despite his being convicted several times of corruption and false accounting in the past, all cases against Berlusconi have either been overturned or expired after years of moving laboriously through Italy's justice system.
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At defendant's robbery trial, the court did not err in denying a continuance to allow defendant to obtain the presence of a witness, as the evidence did not establish that defendant exercised due diligence to obtain the presence of the ...Read More »
Criminal – Grand Larceny – Deferred Finding
A trial court did not err in ruling it had no authority to defer a finding of defendant's guilt of grand larceny from the person, the Court of Appeals holds. We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion ...Read More »
Domestic Relations – Custody – Wife's Disability
A trial court did not err in granting husband sole legal and physical custody of the parties' two children, in light of wife's unstable mental condition that led to both voluntary and involuntary commitments to the hospital, and her having ...Read More »
Domestic Relations – Spousal Support Modification – Husband's Income Reduction
A trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting husband's testimony that his church's board of directors unilaterally halved his income as pastor, to $40,000 per year, and that he could no longer afford the $4,000 monthly spousal support ...Read More »
Criminal – Child Molestation – Inconsistent Account
Although there were inconsistencies in the 11-year-old girl's account of defendant molesting her, there was sufficient evidence to support defendant's conviction of object sexual penetration and aggravated sexual battery, the Court of Appeals holds. In the present case, as in ...Read More »
Domestic Relations – Stepdaughter Visitation – 'Liberty Interest'
A father was not estopped from claiming a liberty interest to prevent his ex-wife from having visitation with his daughter, when he previously obtained a court order granting him custody of the child after he allegedly induced appellant to marry ...Read More »
Criminal – Probation Violation – Sex Offender Treatment – Alford Plea
A defendant who entered an Alford plea of guilty to rape of his stepdaughter can be convicted of a probation violation for his continued denial of the offense during sex offender therapy required by his probation officer, as the consequences ...Read More »
Traffic Offenses – DUI – Melendez – Attestation Clause
In this DUI prosecution, the attestation clause on a certificate of analysis showing a BAC of .011 grams per 210 liters of breath was erroneously admitted under the U.S. Supreme Court's recent decision in Melendez-Diaz, and the Court of Appeals ...Read More »
Criminal – Grand Larceny – Fraudulent Paint Return – Intent
A defendant can be convicted of grand larceny for a scheme to put gallon cans of paint in a shopping cart and proceed to the return desk of a home improvement store to seek a refund; the Court of Appeals ...Read More »
Real Estate – Commercial Lease – Mitigation
Defendant Starbucks Company, who decided not to open a Starbucks store in a former Krispy Kreme store in Bristol, and has failed to pay rent under a commercial lease since Oct. 1, 2008, or to demolish the existing building on ...Read More »


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The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's chief information security officer, Pat Howard, will be stepping down from his post as of April 7, he said in an interview with Federal Computer Week.
Howard, who has been in the job at NRC since 2008, is retiring from government and will take a private sector position based outside of Denver.
"I'm retirement-eligible and have been for a couple years," he said. "I've found an opportunity to relocate to Colorado, which is a place my wife and I have been wanting to settle in for quite a long time – so this gives me an avenue to do that. It was an opportunity I couldn't say no to."
Howard said he is taking a job with SecureInfo, a subsidiary of Kratos Defense, on a contract in support of the National Science Foundation.
"I'll be continuing to do work as a CISO, but in a different location, in a different capacity, for a different client," he said.
Howard said that recently he has focused his efforts at NRC on implementing internal cybersecurity measures. For example, he developed an enterprise cybersecurity program and worked with his staff to establish standards, provide training, ensure compliance and maintain visibility of the agency's IT systems.
About the Author
Amber Corrin is a former staff writer for FCW and Defense Systems.
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