text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jul 7, 1998
|Filing date
|Sep 28, 1994
|Priority date
|Sep 29, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Laurence Llewellyn, Mark George Graveston, Simon Charles Tristan Benton, Ispran Sharma Kandasamy, Peter George Hale, Peter David Jenkins
|Original Assignee
|Pirelli General Plc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (41), Classifications (8), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the connection of optical fibres and in particular to an assembly provided with a plurality of housings for housing associated optical fibre connections.
Such assemblies are known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,766, and EP 0370819A in each of which such housings are disposed in an aligned bank with each housing being movable out of alignment with the other housings to provide access to the optical fibre connection or connections therein.
The assemblies disclosed in the above-mentioned specifications (i) are inefficient in their use of space, which is a disadvantage when the assembly needs to be accommodated in locations where space is limited, and (ii) have a construction which restricts the number of housings they can incorporate, which is a disadvantage when assemblies with different numbers of housings are required.
An object of the present invention is to enable at least one of the above-mentioned disadvantages to be overcome.
The invention includes an assembly for use in connecting optical fibres to at least one optical device having input and output tails, comprising first housings for housing connections between the optical fibres and tails, a further housing having means for locating therein said at least one optical device, and routing means for guiding said optical fibre tails from said further housing to said first housings, said routing means including a manifold device providing tracks for routing said tails between said further housing and said first housings over predetermined paths, said first housings being arranged in an aligned bank adjacent said manifold device with each first housing being moveable out of such alignment with the others for providing access thereto.
Preferably each of said first housings is mounted to a respective routing member having passage means for routing thereto fibre tails from said manifold device and optical fibres to be connected to said tails in said first housing.
It will be appreciated that since each first housing is mounted to, and supported by, its associated routing member, the number of first housings in the assembly may be varied to suit requirements. Also, since the routing members are connected together such that the first housings are arranged in an aligned bank, the space occupied by the first housings in an assembly may be minimised for the number of first housings in that assembly.
Each first housing may be pivotally mounted to its respective routing member for movement into and out of alignment with the other first housings in said aligned bank, a respective flexible conduit means being provided between each said routing member and associated first housing for routing optical fibres and optical fibre tails therebetween and having a predetermined minimum bend radius during such pivotal movement.
It will be appreciated that by arranging for each flexible conduit means to have a minimum bend radius during pivotal movement of the first housing associated with it, the bend radius of the optical fibres in the flexible conduit can be maintained above a predetermined value.
The pivotal mounting of each first housing to its respective routing member may be by a pivoting device which is connected for movement relative to said routing member and said first housing by first and second connections respectively, at least one of said connections being a pivotal connection, and in the embodiment described hereinafter both connections are pivotal with the axis of the first pivotal connection being parallel to the axis of the second pivotal connection.
The use of these pivoting devices enables access to be gained to each first housing by pivoting through a smaller angle than would be required if each first housing were pivoted to a routing member about a single axis. This is advantageous when space around the assembly is limited and/or when assemblies have to be located next to each other.
The routing members may be rigidly connected one to another such that said first housings are in said aligned bank when in respective stowed positions relative to said routing members.
Means may be provided for selectively restricting the amount of movement of each first housing out of alignment with the other first housing in the aligned bank thereof.
This feature may be used to provide (i) ready access for test purposes to that part of the housing in which the fibre connection or connections and the fibres immediately adjacent thereto are accommodated and (ii) selective access to a part of the housing where excess fibre is stored.
Preferably said further housing is aligned with said bank of housings such that said assembly has an elongate configuration of substantially constant cross-section substantially throughout its length.
Advantageously, each conduit means may define a plurality of passages aligned with respective passages of the passage means of the routing member associated therewith. This feature enables individual fibres to be routed through separate passages to the first housings, which facilitates assembly, particularly when assembly utilises the blown fibre technique in which the fibres are blown through respective passages.
Also, each flexible conduit means may extend into the housing associated therewith and split along at least some of its length within the housing into separated tubes.
In order that the invention may be well understood, the above-mentioned embodiment thereof, which is given by way of example only, will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an assembly for use in connecting optical fibres to at least one optical device having input and output tails and some major parts of the assembly;
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing fibre routing of the assembly of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a perspective, exploded view of a sub-assembly of the assembly shown in FIG. 1 and comprising a housing for housing two optical fibre connections mounted to a routing member by a pivoting device with a flexible conduit extending between the housing and routing member;
FIG. 4 is a perspective, exploded view of another sub-assembly of the assembly shown in FIG. 1 and comprising a housing for housing a passive optical device and a manifold for routing input and output tails of the device.
FIG. 5 is an exploded view of a plurality of the sub-assemblies of FIG. 2 connected together with the housing of one sub-assembly moved out of alignment with the other housings, and with parts of the upper sub-assemblies omitted for illustrative purposes;
FIG. 6 is a perspective; exploded view of parts of the assembly for clamping sub-assemblies shown in FIG. 3 in alignment;
FIG. 7 is a perspective, exploded view of a second manifold for use in the assembly; and
FIG. 8 is a plan view of an alternative housing for the sub-assembly illustrated in FIG. 3.
Referring first to FIG. 1, the assembly 10 therein comprises a plurality of housings 12 for housing optical fibre connections. Each housing 12 is pivotally mounted to, and supported by, a respective rigid routing member 14. The routing members are rigidly connected one to another such that the housings are arranged in an aligned bank--in the illustrated example in a stack or tier rather than a row. Each housing is pivotable for providing access thereto from its illustrated stowed position out of alignment with the other housings. The aligned bank of housings 12 are arranged adjacent a manifold 16 and in alignment with a housing 18 for housing at least one passive optical device.
The assembly enables input and output optical tails of the one or more passive optical devices (for example, a splitter having a single input tail and four output tails) in housing 18 to be connected to respective optical fibres carrying signals to or away from the optical device and the connections housed in the housings 12--one or more in each housing. Housing the connections separately from the optical device and locating them in a plurality of housings facilites both installation and maintenance.
Referring to FIG. 2, the tails of an optical device 20 in housing 18 are routed, as shown in solid line, within that housing, through the manifold 16 to the routing members 14. From each routing member 14 (only one indicated in FIG. 2) the tail or tails routed thereto are routed through a flexible conduit, indicated at 22, to the housing 12 pivoted to the routing member and within that housing. In FIG. 2, the housing 12 illustrated is shown in a position pivoted from its stowed position adjacent the manifold 16. The chain dotted line in FIG. 2 indicates the route of an optical fibre through the routing member 14, flexible conduit 22 and within the housing 12 for connection to an optical tail at location 24.
The tails of the optical device and the optical fibres to be connected to them are guided within the assembly along predetermined paths such that the tails and fibres are not subjected to bending below a predetermined bend radius.
The assembly may be supplied for installation `pre-fibred`, that is having at least one passive optical device housed in housing 18 with the optical fibre tails thereof routed to the housings 12, as described above, in readiness for connection to optical fibres which are routed to the housings via the routing members and flexible conduits by the installer.
In more detail, the assembly comprises (i) a plurality of sub-assemblies 26 illustrated in FIG. 3, each comprising a housing 12 mounted to a routing member 14 by a pivoting device 28 with a flexible conduit 22 extending between the housing 12 and routing member 14 and (ii) a sub-assembly 30 illustrated in FIG. 4 comprising the housing 18 and manifold 16. The sub-assemblies 26 are connected together in alignment in the manner illustrated in FIG. 5 and clamped by the clamping arrangement illustrated in FIG. 6, and the sub-assembly 30 is attached to the clamped together sub-assemblies 26 in alignment therewith.
It will be understood that the assembly may comprise any suitable number of sub-assemblies 26 and therefore have a range of heights. However, as will be appreciated the assembly has an elongate configuration of substantially constant cross-section substantially throughout its length regardless of the number of sub-assemblies 26.
It is also to be understood that with suitable modification to the manifold 16 the housing 18 may be located above housings 12 or amongst them, and also more than one housing 18 may be provided.
In sub-assembly 26, the housing 12 comprises a tray 32 having a base 34, side wall 36 and an open top. The tray 32 may be provided with a lid, or closure which may be hinged to the side wall 36. Within the tray 32 are disposed fibre routing means comprising a cylindrical mandrel 38 disposed at one end 40 of the tray, a guide member 42 having an arcuate side surface 44 disposed at the other end of the tray and an elongated S shaped guide groove 46 extending between the mandrel 38 and guide member 42. The tray also provides a holder 48 for the connection(s) to be housed therein. The illustrated tray holder 48 is adapted to hold two connections, one above the other. The base 34 of the tray is apertured at 50 to provide access to the fibres from beneath the tray as well as the top when the housing is pivoted from its stowed position allowing the use of an optically non-intrusive system for investigating the optical signal travelling to and from a connection.
Preferably, also the tray is provided with a clamp arrangement for clamping the fibre tails and fibres within the tray to prevent them being pulled from the tray in the event of an external tensile force being applied to them. The clamp arrangement in the embodiment comprises an elastomeric gripper pad 52 which is adapted to be urged against the arcuate side surface 44 of the guide member 42 to clamp the optical fibre tails and optical fibres passing between the guide member 42 and the pad 52.
Optical fibres and fibre tails entering the tray at an entry port 54 in the tray side wall 36 follow either the path indicated by the chain dotted line 56 or the double chain dotted line 58 towards the guide member 42 to which they are clamped with pad 52. Then the fibre tails are wound either anti-clockwise or clockwise around the guide member 42 and mandrel 38 to provide an amount of excess fibre within the tray. The ends of one counterclockwise wound fibre or tail and one clockwise wound tail or fibre are then interconnected, for example, by being spliced together in the region of the holder 48. A protective sleeve fitted over the fibre or tail prior to their connection is then slid over the connection and the connection positively located in the holder 48.
It will be appreciated that the excess fibre and fibre tail housed within the tray enables subsequent re-making of the connection. Unused or spare fibres or fibre tails may also be stored within the casing for future use. These fibres/tails may be stored in windings about the mandrel 38 or the mandrel 38 and guide member 42.
The routing member 14 to which the housing 16 is pivotally mounted by pivoting device 28 is substantially elongate in configuration with respective through bores 60, 62 at each of its opposed ends to enable a plurality of like routing members to be rigidly connected together by respective through ties 64, 66 indicated in FIGS. 5 and 6. The routing member 14 includes a plurality of passages 70 for routing fibres to the tray 32 via the flexible conduit 22 which extends from an outlet side 72 of the routing member 14 to the inlet port 54 of the tray 32 and comprises a plurality of passages aligned with the passages 70 of the routing member. The conduit 22 may comprise a single tube compartmentalised into a plurality of passages or advantageously a plurality of individual tubes, each defining a passage, either bundled together or joined together along their lengths. Although not illustrated, advantageously the flexible conduit 22 may extend into the tray and be split along at least part of its length within the tray into individual tubes providing protection for the fibres within those tubes.
The pivoting device 28 is pivotally connected to the routing member about a first axis 74 which as illustrated may be coaxial with the axis of bore 62. To this end the pivoting device 28 may have a bore 76 for pivotal mounting of the device on tie 66. The device 28 is pivoted to the tray about a second axis 78 which is parallel to axis 74. The pivotal connection about axis 78 comprises a cylindrical boss 80 provided on the device 28 which is received in a corresponding cylindrical recess (not shown) in the tray base 34 which extends into the mandrel 38. The device 28 is provided with a lever 82 by which the device can be pivoted about axis 74 and a web 84 which extends between the bore 76 and boss 80 to provide a support beneath the tray 32.
The flexible conduit 22 is anchored to the outlet side 72 of the routing member 14 and the inlet port 54 of the tray 32 and acts to control the pivoting movement of the tray when the lever 82 is rotated about axis 74 in the direction of arrow 86. As will be appreciated, the pivoting device 28 pivots about axis 74 with respect to the routing member 14 and the tray 32 pivots about axis 78 with respect to the pivoting device. In this way, the tray 32 not only pivots about axis 74 but also moves away from the routing member 14, whereby, substantially complete access to the tray is achieved on a rotation about axis 74 in the region of 90�. This feature allows like assemblies 10 to be located next to each other with closer spacing than would be the case if the tray were pivoted to the routing member about a single axis necessitating rotation through approximately 180� to provide sufficient access to the tray.
The web 84 of the device 28 supports the tray from beneath whilst the tray is in its stowed position and additionally during pivotal movement by the pivoting device and whilst the tray is in its fully pivoted position as shown in FIG. 5. Thus in tray positions pivoted from the stowed position the web 84 acts as support platform for the tray avoiding the need to use separate fittings to support the tray when it is being worked upon.
The conduit 22 allows the optical fibres/fibre tails therewithin to move during the above-mentioned pivotal movement in such a way that they are not bent below a predetermined bend radius. Also, when the tray is in its stowed position the conduit lies against a curved portion 85 of the tray side wall 36 which defines a minimum bend radius of the conduit and thus the optical fibres/fibre tails therewithin. Also, there is substantially no change in the length of the flexible conduit during pivotal movement of the tray which would cause movement of the fibres/fibre tails within the conduit.
The pivoting device includes means (not shown) for selectively restricting the amount of pivotal movement of each tray out of alignment with the other trays. These means may comprise an abutment member moveable from a retracted position to an extended position on the web 84 for engagement within a slot in the base 34 of the tray 32. The abutment member, which may be actuated by means of a key is arranged to allow only limited pivoting of the tray when in its extended position in engagement with the slot. Such limited pivotal movement would provide access only to the connection holder 48 and the apertures 50. In this way, limited access is provided so that testing of the connections may be carried out without exposing the other contents of the tray to accidental damage or disturbance.
Referring now to FIG. 4, in sub-assembly 30 the housing 18 comprises a tray 88 having a base 90 and side wall 92. The tray is provided with a lid (not shown) which is secured to the top of the side wall, for example, by threaded fasteners in threaded bores 94 and 96. The plan view of the tray 88 is substantially the same as the plan view of a tray 32 and the routing member 14 to which it is mounted when the tray 32 is in a stowed position against the routing member.
Within the tray 88, are disposed fibre routing means comprising a cylindrical mandrel 98 and a linear guide 100 together with means for positively locating a passive optical device, or a plurality of such devices. In the embodiment these locating means comprise two parallel walls 102. The tray 88 may also be provided with clamping means for clamping the tails thereto to prevent them being pulled from the tray. The tray 88 is provided with a region 103 for receiving at least one insert for locating at least one passive optical device and associated optical fibre tails thereof. Such inserts may be configured to match the configuration of the housing of the passive optical device and accordingly a range of inserts for use with passive optical devices with different housing configurations may be provided.
The manifold 16 comprises a plate 104 which provides or supports fibre tracks 106. These tracks 106 may comprise grooves in the surface of the plate 104 or tubes supported on that surface. The tracks 106 are configured to ensure that the optical fibre tails of the optical fibre devices located within tray 88 are routed over predetermined paths to the appropriate routing member 14 and are not subjected to bending below a predetermined bend radius.
A cover plate 108 is provided for preventing access to the fibre tracks 106.
The manifold 16 includes outlet ports 110 which are mechanically connected to respective routing members 14 to ensure that the fibre tracks are aligned with passages 70 of the routing members. As will be appreciated from the above, the fibre tails are routed along predetermined paths within the tray 88 and then through the manifold fibre tracks 106 to the routing members 14.
It will be understood that the height of the manifold and the arrangement of fibre tracks 106 therewithin may vary depending upon the number of trays 32 required in the assembly.
It will be appreciated that the manifold enables individual optical fibre tails to be routed to predetermined trays 32. In this way, advantageously each tray 32 may contain only input tails or only output tails, preferably with trays containing like tails being disposed adjacent each other. It will also be appreciated that the use of the manifold enables the routing of the optical fibre tails to be physically separated from the routing of the optical fibres to be connected to those tails thereby allowing routing of the latter to the trays 32 without causing disturbance to the previously routed optical fibre tails in an assembly which is supplied "pre-fibred".
A plurality of sub-assemblies 26 are clamped together between two end plates 112, 114 shown in FIG. 6 using the ties 64, 66. As will be appreciated from the foregoing description, the ties 64 and 66 pass through the bores 60, 62 of the routing members. In the illustrated embodiment the ties 64, 66 have threaded bores at each of their ends which are engaged by threaded fasteners 116 which pass through apertures 118 in the end plates. The sub-assembly 30 is then attached to the end plates 112, 114 by releasable fixings (not shown) such that the tray 88 is in alignment with the trays 32 and the ports 110 of the manifold are mechanically connected to the routing members 14. This arrangement is particularly useful as it enables the sub-assembly 30 to be readily detached from the clamped together sub-assemblies 26 without disturbing the clamping arrangement and also facilitates pre-fibring of the assembly since the sub-assembly 30 may be pre-fibred before its attachment to the sub-assemblies 26.
It will be appreciated that when supplied in a "pre-fibred" condition, the assembly greatly facilitates the connection of optical fibres to the optical fibre tails of passive optical devices in that the assembly organises the tails so that they are available for connection in respective trays 32, which trays are selectively accessible for making connections to optical fibres which are routed by the installer through the appropriate routing member 14 and the flexible conduit 22 connected thereto. It will, however, also be appreciated that the assembly can be used to facilitate the interconnection of two fibres in a so-called point-to-point link. In this case the two fibres to be interconnected are routed via a routing member 14 and the flexible conduit 22 connected thereto into a tray 32, wound respectively anti-clockwise and clockwise around the guide member 42 and mandrel 38 to provide excess fibre within the tray and connected end-to-end. The thus made connection is then positively located in the holder 48.
A manifold 120 shown in FIG. 7 may be used in conjunction with the rigid routing members 14 when the assembly is to provide for point-to-point fibre connections. The manifold 120 is located in alignment with the manifold 16. The manifold 120 comprises a plate 122 provided with grooves 124 for routing the optical fibres from their cables to respective rigid routing members 14.
As illustrated, the grooves 124 comprise two inlet groove portions 126 and four outlet groove portions 128.
As will be appreciated, the manifold 120 is suitable for use when two cables each comprising four optical fibres are to be connected end-to-end. In this case, the optical fibres of each cable are routed through a respective inlet groove portion 126 and then one fibre from each cable is routed through a respective outlet groove portion 128 to the routing member 14 connected thereto. A cover plate 130 allows access to the grooves 124 to enable the optical fibres to be suitably routed therein, but once secured to the plate 122 prevents such access.
A gripper 132 associated with each inlet groove portion 126 and insertable therein is provided to secure the end of a bend limiting conduit containing the optical fibres at a location within the inlet groove portion 126.
It will be appreciated that point-to-point connections can be made without the use of a manifold such as manifold 120 and instead the optical fibres to be connected may be routed directly into the routing members 14.
Also it will be appreciated that an optical fibre may be routed from one tray 32 to another tray 32 by using a routing element such as a conduit, which may but need not be flexible, extending between respective passages 70 of routing members associated with the trays and having a bend radius above a predetermined value.
Referring now to FIG. 8, parts of the housing 140 shown therein which are similar to the housing 12 shown in FIG. 3 have been given like reference numerals, and will not be further described. The housing 140 comprises a tray 142 provided with a lid, or closure, 144. As illustrated the lid is hinged to the tray sidewall 36, and is shown in an open position allowing access to the whole of the interior of the tray. The lid 144 is provided with storage means shown as a cylindrical compartment 146 for storing unused fibre in a wound configuration. The compartment locates within space in the tray 142 between the mandrel 38 and guide member 42 when the lid is in a closed position, in which position the lid still allows access to the part of the tray in which the connection holder 48 and apertures 50 are located by virtue of the presence of a cut-out 148.
As illustrated in FIG. 8 two optical fibres or tails which are to be connected to two other fibres or tails after entering the tray 142 through inlet port 54 are guided along respective guide grooves 150 across apertures 50a to guide member 42 to which they are clamped using pad 52. Locators 152 to each side of the apertures 50a locate the fibres or tails over those apertures. These fibres or tails are then wound anti-clockwise around guide member 42 and mandrel 38 to provide an amount of excess fibre. The two other fibres or tails to which the above-mentioned fibres or tails are to be connected within tray 142 after entering tray 142 through inlet port 54 are guided around mandrel 38 and by guide groove 46 to guide member 42 to which they are also clamped using pad 52. They are then led to respective guide grooves 154 in which they are guided across apertures 50b to mandrel 38. Locators 156 to each side of apertures 50b locate the fibres or tails over those apertures. These fibres or tails are then wound clockwise around guide member 42 and mandrel 38 to provide an amount of excess fibre. The free end of each clockwise wound fibre/tail is connected to the free end of a respective anticlockwise fibre and the connection located in holder 48. Any optical fibre not required to be connected to another fibre or a tail after entering the tray at inlet port 54 is guided around mandrel 38 and by guide groove 46 to guide member 42 to which it is clamped using pad 52. Thereafter it follows the path indicated by arrow D into the storage compartment 146 where it is stored in a wound configuration having a bend radius above a predetermined value.
In this way spare, unused fibre is stored separately from, and causes no disturbance to, any fibre which is connected to another fibre or tail within the tray.
As will be understood, any such spare fibre may be subsequently used to make a connection within the tray. Also such a spare fibre may be routed, using a flexible conduit to another tray in the same or an adjacent assembly without disturbing the connections already made. The use of the lid is advantageous, not only because it provides extra fibre storage but also because it protects the contents of the tray from mechanical damage when the tray is moved out of alignment with the other trays and also because it provides shielding of light from the cut ends of any fibres stored within the tray.
It is to be understood that whilst reference has been made to housing 18 in the illustrated assembly housing at least one passive optical device, the assembly could be modified so that the housing 18 housed one or more active optical devices such as an optical fibre amplifier.
It will be appreciated that an important advantage of the assembly described herein is that further sub-assemblies 26 may be added to existing sub-assemblies in the assembly, in alignment therewith, to expand the capacity of the assembly and/or the sub-assemblies 26 already in the assembly may be re-arranged to suit requirements.
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|U.S. Classification
|385/135, 385/137
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 28, 1996
Owner name: PIRELLI GENERAL PLC, ENGLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LLEWELLYN, LAURENCE;GRAVESTON, MARK GEORGE;BENTON, SIMON CHARLES TRISTAN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:007960/0792;SIGNING DATES FROM 19960223 TO 19960311
|Mar 26, 1997
Owner name: PIRELLI GENERAL PLC, ENGLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LLEWELLYN, LAURENCE;GRAVESTON, MARK;BENTON, SIMON;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:008429/0278;SIGNING DATES FROM 19970305 TO 19970312
|Jan 4, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 30, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 9, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 2, 2007
Owner name: PRYSMIAN CABLES & SYSTEMS LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOM
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:PIRELLI GENERAL PLC;REEL/FRAME:019501/0838
Effective date: 20051003
|Nov 6, 2007
Owner name: PRYSMIAN CABLES & SYSTEMS LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOM
Free format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNEE S ADDRESS PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 019501 FRAME 0838;ASSIGNOR:PIRELLI GENERAL PLC;REEL/FRAME:020072/0139
Effective date: 20051003
|Jan 7, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Helmut Lang
Suede Top
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Suede cowl neck cross front sleeveless top. Available in Graphite. Suede. Dry clean. Style # 501756025
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subset: commoncrawl


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OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) — A federal judge Tuesday ordered an Oklahoma teen charged with sexually abusing children at a Kenyan orphanage to remain in custody while prosecutors appeal an order granting his release on bond.
U.S. District Judge David Russell issued the order in the case of Matthew Lane Durham, 19, who was set to be released to confinement in his family's Edmond home. A U.S. magistrate granted bond Monday.
Durham is accused of engaging in sex acts with as many as 10 children between the ages of 4 to 10 while volunteering at Upendo Children's Home near Nairobi from April to June 2014. Prosecutors allege Durham is a danger to the community and could flee if released on bond.
"The defendant in this matter by his own detailed admission both orally and in writing has brutally raped and molested young girls and boys in an orphanage in Kenya," the appeal filed in U.S. District Court alleges.
"He has confessed his crimes in writing, on video, and has admitted to a life-long struggle of desires to touch children and 'child predation,'" it says.
An affidavit filed in federal court said Durham, who has volunteered with the children' home since June 2012, wrote and signed a statement acknowledging the sexual misconduct. An Upendo official provided the statement to the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, the affidavit says.
But Durham's defense attorney, Stephen Jones, has challenged Durham's statements about the allegations and claims they were coerced by orphanage officials in Kenya who kept him in isolation and confiscated his passport.
Jones urged Russell to reject the government's appeal and allow Durham to be released to his family while the case is litigated, which Jones indicated could take months.
"This litigation, with witnesses and alleged victims in Kenya, will likely endure many months," Jones said in a written objection to the government's appeal.
"Further incarceration would violate Mr. Durham's due process right, as he is presumed innocent and will be detained for a prolonged amount of time," Jones said.
Russell has not indicated when he might hand down a ruling on the bond issue.
Durham faces up to life in prison if convicted of engaging in illegal sexual conduct in foreign places and other charges.
The magistrate ordered Durham's release after a hearing during which his parents testified that they do not believe the allegations against their son. The order rejected requests from prosecutors that Durham be detained pending a grand jury investigation.
The release order sets bond at $10,000 and names Durham's father, Oklahoma City Fire Department Maj. Kyle Durham, as his son's custodian. Kyle Durham testified that he has taken administrative leave from his job to care for his son.
It also requires that Matthew Durham surrender his passport, refrain from using cellphones and computers and avoid contact with children and any witnesses and alleged victims in the case.


text:
Hart Hearing Center - Greece
2384 Ridgeway Ave Rochester, NY 14626
Clinic staff
Melissa Cushman
Dr. Cushman has been serving Hart Hearing Centers as an audiologist for over 20 years and has extensive experience helping people hear better. She earned her doctorate of audiology and is a fellow of the American Academy of Audiology. She has provided consulting services for various area otolaryngologists.
Clinic reviews
Read 12 verified patient reviews for Hart Hearing Center - Greece! Their average review score is 4.58 () from 12 reviews.
"This review is for Dr. Cushman in the Greece Hart Hearing Office. Our experience with her was beyond unprofessional. She was rude and refused to answer most of my mother's questions regarding purchasing her first hearing aid. Most of the time her response to a question we asked was to shrug her shoulders. I've never seen anything like this from a health care provider. We selected another hearing center and are receiving wonderful care there."
Official Response from Hart Hearing Center - Greece:"It is unfortunate that you perceived my demeanor as unprofessional. My primary concern, as always, was to maximize your mother's benefit from the technology we provided. Glad to hear she is doing better, even if elsewhere."
"Everything went well."
"They were very accommodating & helpful in the situation that we had."
"They were great. Very thorough, gentle, very patient, all around good."
"Very personable and nice. Explained everything. "
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About this clinic
Hart Hearing Centers have been providing comprehensive, state of the art hearing care with a personal touch for over 35 years. Each one of our six conveniently located offices is staffed by a Doctor of Audiology, with extensive experience and training in fitting and dispensing today's advanced hearing technology. Today's hearing aids are discreet, comfortable and natural sounding.
At Hart Hearing Centers, our mission is to provide the best possible hearing and balance solution for every patient, with follow-up to ensure continued benefit and satisfaction with the instruments and our services.
We look forward to meeting you at one of our six easy to find locations:
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Rochester, NY 14617
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Brockport, NY 14420
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Rochester, NY 14623
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Fairport, NY 14450
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Rochester, NY 14626
20255 State Route 3 (Outer Arsenal St.)
Suite 102
Watertown, NY 13601
Call us today to get started hearing better!
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Hart Hearing Centers carry the world's most reputable brands of digital hearing aids from the top manufacturers with state-of-the-art technology. Every hearing aid we dispense carries a 45-day risk free trial period.
Diagnostic Audiologic Evaluation (Hearing Tests)
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Happy Friday! We're seeking speakers for the 2017 edition of the O'Reilly Design Conference and cordially invite you to submit proposals that address critical topics at the intersection of business, technology, and design. The proposal deadline is September 7 (feel free to submit more than one) and the conference takes place March 20-22 in San Francisco. Pass it on!
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1,162 of 1,230 people found the following review helpful
Great PQ, but HORRIBLE (delayed) brightness fluctuations,
Verified Purchase(What's this?)
This review is from: Panasonic VIERA TC-P50ST30 50-Inch 1080p 3D Plasma HDTV (2011 Model) (Electronics)
To preface this I have had 2 P50ST30s (one replacement because of the problems I will talk about below) and Amazon was awesome with the whole return and replacement. One of the best companies I have dealt with. This is a very long review as I would like you to understand what you are buying beforehand.
ALL VERSIONS OF PANASONIC 2011 TVs ARE EXHIBITING THIS PROBLEM.
I was excited when I first set up my TV and took the time to age the phosphors in the TV for 150 hours by running slides (a step that can be skipped but the phosphors degrade in the first 100 hours faster than the rest of it's life). I set up the blu-ray player and after dialing in the settings it looked awesome. Then the brightness fluctuations happened.
The best way I can explain brightness fluctuations ( Fluctuating Brightness or FBr) is will be a leap in lighting. When you have a dark scene the whole picture will darken some to give more detail to a shadowed area. It is necessary to give great picture quality in any plasma. Normally what will happen is that it will gradually fade into darker or lighter, this TV does it all in one step. A drastic comparison would be a pitch black room where you turn a light on vs turning a dimmer light on gradually. What you see on the screen is picture that will switch from dark to lighter. It is most noticeable when you have 2 scenes switching back and forth (think dialogue between 2 characters where it switches between ones face to the other) and one scene is darker than the other. You can easily see this in the movie Hereafter around minute 40.
This problem is exacerbated by a delay in the video processing of the switch between darker scenes and lighter scenes. In almost all video they will have scenes cut and pasted together. When this happens the lighting usually will change for various reasons. When the scenes cut from one to another this TV will take about 0.5-1 second to process the lighting difference to adjust to give more detail to shadowed areas. Given that it does it in one leap as mentioned above, it severely distracts you from watching the movie and enjoying it.
Darker Movies will usually bring out these symptoms to it's max. When I went to watch Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1, I came to the point where I started counting the fluctuations instead of watching the movie. I counted 56 total in one watching. My wife didn't watch HP with me but she commented on it while watching Castle a few times, then more and more on other shows.
The reviews are definitely favorable as it has a great picture quality without doubt. Most professional reviewers mention fluctuating brightness problem, but gloss over it. Why they did I am not sure. It seems that some sets show this dramatically, while others don't. My first one (the one I counted 56 fluctuations on for HP) I would say was very bad compared to a slightly less worse one that I got the second time around. I re watched HP on the second one to see if I could just enjoy the movie, got to the point I started counting again and only counter 32 which were more tame but still easy to spot without even looking for them. To make sure it just wasn't me seeing things because I knew when they were, I made (yes she wasn't to happy about it) her watch Tron with me. We first started Tron in 2d and she saw it some; then I popped in the 3d disc and she was pointing it out in every other scene.
I placed a complaint with US Panasonic as this was unacceptable, trying to explain it the best as I am now. I was walked through changing multiple settings (CATS off, trying all modes, changing contrast and all other settings, using 3 different HDMI cables along with composite and component cables) with nothing relieving the issue. Their response was that this is a feature of the TV and that it was working properly. Some of their exact words in the email I later received were " the picture dimming (fluctuating brightness) is negligible and should be considered within the TV's design specification."
In Spain a gentleman Documented this for Panasonic to prove that something was wrong. If you would like to see how bad this is; there has been a video posted by a member of a great forum for high def junkies that shows this instance (Google " VT30 hereafter " and it will show in the youtube vids) if you would like to see exactly what I am talking about. The TV here was the VT series which is Panasonic's flagship model and cost well over $1,200 of this TV.
Since the posting of the above video Spain got a firmware update to 1.520. The same person posted the exact same scene with the same setup which you can also view by clicking on his name or clicking on it on the right hand side. It eliminates this problem, since then Europe Panasonic have acknowledged that there is something that they are looking into (circumventing saying there is a problem). But US Panasonic calls this a feature that is working as intended. Unlike US Panasonic which I have opened 2 cases with them about this problem, one for both TVs, and just receive it's a feature of the TV which is working properly...
I am hoping that this is heeded as a warning to many as I feel terrible about Amazon being outstanding in it's Customer Service trying to rectify what is obviously not their fault. I am a man that researches any large purchase to the T to try to avoid these problems. I weighed my options and since the professional reviewers either made no mention of this problem or said it was a minor problem; I decided to buy this Panasonic. I post this in hopes that those that do their research won't feel gypped as I do.
If you would like to read more comments a Facebook page was created in hope that it would have an effect as it did with Sony. It is on facebook under "My 2011 Panasonic TV is Defective".
UPDATE 7/26 : Various Panasonic emails have said that there will be an announcement this Wednesday 7/27. Also a A reliable higher up in Panasonic NA has said that there is a FW that will be aimed at fixing "panel dimming" very soon (this term has a different meaning then Fluctuating Brightness, but all other FW fixes in Europe that fixed the FBr were released to fix another problem). This could or could not be a fix to the above problems, but hopefully putting 2 and 2 together means we will be getting a FW fix this Wednesday. Whether this is a fix to the above problems or not remains to be seen. Since I published this report it has been confirmed that all European models are now shipped with the Firmware that fixes FBr, while here in NA it hasn't been addressed. Here is to hoping for a statement Wednesday.
*UPDATE* 8/6/11 : First there has been no true announcement from Panasonic NA as of yet. But after getting all the data collected and sent forward to the engineers (yes many people that owned the TV put in this work), the engineers were able to replicate the problem. Since then there is now a patch. This is not a Firmware update, instead it changes other "software" in the TV like the EEPROM. Since it is not strictly a Firmware update they cannot simply have your tv download it from the internet like normal. It REQUIRES, at least as of right now, a tech to come out to install it on your TV.
Note that this fix has been confirmed to be loaded on TVs coming from the factory now. When this change occurred I cannot tell you neither can anyone that you can talk to, so please do not hound amazon, Panasonic or any other retailer. I assume the earliest we will see TVs with this update will be very late July produced TVs if not August. If you decide to buy a TV from Amazon please just allow them to come out and patch the TV instead of sending it back. If you send it back Amazon has to eat the shipping and this is one company that tries it's hardest to help the customer. So please do not make them eat the cost or else they WILL eventually have to change the policies they have. It may take a few weeks to get the rep out, butit is worth it to allow amazon to keep its very lax and customer happiness driven CS.
Now onto the results :
I have had this patch on my TVs for 2 days now. I compiled a list of FBr material that was bad during the data collection phase before we passed this on to the Panasonic Engineers so I had a list prepared to test this afterward to see if it was fixed or not. Running through 20 of the worst scenes over 6 movies (Harry Potter Deathly Hallows 1, Tron, Casino Royale, Hereafter, Battlefield LA). In these movies I saw not 1 noticeable FBr ( I say noticeable because FBr is in the driving mechanism of this TV). I noticed only 1 instance of a small FBr in the movie The Rite, but it was under extreme circumstances (dark background to near white background with a shadowed face in a scene change). Besides that I also watched some streamed video (Master Chef, True Blood, Band of Brothers etc) and got the same results of no FBr. Gaming (Fallout 3, Dragon Age Origins and Gears of War 2) was also the same, no FBr.
Overall it fixed the problem almost completely, if not completely. This patch surpassed my expectations and Panasonic owned up and fixed a glaring problem. There have been 3 forum users that have this fix and posted about it. They all report the same thing.
If you have purchased this TV or any other Panasonic NA ST30, GT30 or VT30 and have the problems mentioned above please call 1-800-973-4390. This is Panasonic Concierge and this is the number that was requested to call by the engineers. Tell them you have Fluctuating Brightness. Low end techs have been sent a memo regarding this. Many are now receiving emails to set up appointments.
Because of this fix I have amended my score of the TV. For this price this TV is amazing. I reserved 5 stars for the Pioneer Kuro (the gold standard), 4 1/2 stars for the VT series and dk8000. This TV 4 stars is an undervaluation, but it is all I can do on here. Honestly it would be 4.25 taking into account the above TVs superiority. I cannot express how happy I am with this TV now that it is fixed.
They have a limited amount of panasonic qualified techs that can install the update via SD card and will NOT give out the SD card for local non-panasonic techs to install as it has proprietary software on it. To alleviate the problem they send a new a-board to local techs that has the patch preloaded. The tech can then come out and install the new a-board under warranty claim (all free to you).
It is a simple procedure and only takes 15 minutes. This a-board replacement doesn't void any warranty as it is done by Panasonic under Panasonic's warranty by a qualified tech.
*WARNING* the a-board swap AND the SD patch will wipe your calibration and the ISF day/night mode (ISF day/night is only available if you have the TV calibrated and the tech turns it on in the Service menu), if you had one done. If you decide to do either of the fixes I would suggest buying a backup program (like controlcal) to save your settings. You can then reload them after the patch. It has been noted by calibrators that after either of the fixes that you will get close to the same results with the old calibration, but they say you will need a touchup to gray scale and colors to be as accurate as possible.
From good sources it has been said that any August build TVs should have the fix pre-installed. Unfortunately the build date isn't on the outside of the box in the US. There is another way to check if it has been factory installed though. The 3-6 numbers in the serial number designate whether it has been fixed or not. These 4 numbers need to be 1215 or higher for the fix to be pre-installed. It will look like : xx1215xxxxxx .
Again if you order from Amazon, or any other online type store, they have no direct control on what comes out of the warehouse and you CANNOT request that it is an August build as they have no control on what goes out. If you want to be sure of what you get, you should buy local and specifically state you will only buy it if it meets those criteria.
The fix is easy enough to get that you should feel comfortable ordering this product. Don't order this product and expect a 1215. Instead order this product expecting to have the tech come out. You may get a set pre 1215 that has no FBr as about 50% of the people report that they have no problem without the patch or you may get a 1215 build, but you should go into it expecting what you will most likely get. Then anything else is a bonus. If you don't feel good about buying the TV and possibly getting a FBr one then I suggest not buying from online stores.
To those outside of the US. Panasonic divisions are completely separate as they use different components, different firmware etc so this fix is for US only. The US division is sharing this info with EU, Canada, Australia etc to try to get this problem fixed with those TVs also. The other countries are still in the beginning stages so don't expect them to be exactly where the US is as the other countries have to test, document, confirm, create a fix (using different components/software mean they just can't copy/paste the US fix to theirs) and then test the fix. I cannot give you an update on outside of US, but I would suggest that you make your voice heard by opening tickets and speaking out about the problem.
Lastly for those that do have the TV or those that are willing to buy the TV and get the fix after. Call up Panasonic Concierge at 1-800-973-4390 . Allow them to walk you through the steps they have and try them as it is possible that it could fix your problem. If they walk you through that and you still see the FBr they should have received info on how to push it to the next level. To make sure here is the Document that they can look up regarding this issue :
Service Hint ('A' Board replacement to fix the 'brightness fluctuation" in the ST30/GT30/VT30).
A majority of this info is me simply condensing what many others have done to get this in place. Thanks go to the great people of highdefjunkies.com especially 3 in particular, D-Nice for his initial findings and universal knowledge; AVjunkie and Gotchaa who helped consolidate/voice our problems to the techs.
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Initial post: Jul 30, 2011 7:05:10 PM PDT
Last edited by the author on Jul 30, 2011 7:05:57 PM PDT
J. Moffitt says:
@jimmienoman, I'm looking to purchase the TV. Did anything ever happen with the firmware upgrade on 7/27? I am interested to see if they fixed the problem before I get the TV.
In reply to an earlier post on Aug 5, 2011 9:42:58 AM PDT
[Deleted by the author on Aug 5, 2011 9:43:26 AM PDT]
Posted on Aug 5, 2011 9:43:55 AM PDT
The Source says:
Really good review. You made your case clearly. Thank you.
In reply to an earlier post on Aug 6, 2011 9:18:03 AM PDT
Last edited by the author on Aug 6, 2011 9:23:01 AM PDT
Sorry I took a while to update it as I was working with Panasonic and I have now updated it to this point. To answer your question directly, no. No official press release or Firmware release has been made, but there was behind the scene action on 7/27. To view what has been done please scroll to the end of my post and you will see another update.
I just updated it on 8/6 so hopefully it will be posted soon
In reply to an earlier post on Aug 8, 2011 11:57:12 AM PDT
Bryan says:
Thank you so much for your updates. I've been researching the ST30 series for a while as a second HDTV for my man cave, we have a KURO in living room, and the fluctuating brightness issue has been a constant worry for me. Good to see Panasonic concierge service providing repairs. Appreciate your diligent updates.
Posted on Aug 9, 2011 8:01:31 AM PDT
I have tried to change my score due to the reasons posted in the update. For some reason the score isn't updated but my post is. To reiterate, This TV is now a solid 4.25 stars. I would give the VT and samsung 59+dk7/dk8 series a 4.6 and the KURO a 5 star. This TV is obviously not top of the line so I think 5 stars as over rating it. But if you are strictly talking about this range of TVs (middle ground TVs that aren't too expensive) this TV would be 5 stars.
I believe this TV is the most bang for the buck you can get this year by a long shot. It would be a closer race if the Samsung 51" TVs didn't have much higher blacks then their 59"/64" counterparts.
Posted on Aug 19, 2011 9:04:50 AM PDT
t says:
Another review from different customer says to cover the photo eye on front. That maybe this sensor is deffective and tv cant tell whether it is light or dark in your room.
In reply to an earlier post on Aug 19, 2011 10:32:45 AM PDT
No. He is talking about the CATS sensor. This is a function that changes the lighting of the tv in accordance with ambient lighting in the room. They semi fixed a problem with the CATS sensor malfunctioning in firmware 2.070.
Even before this firmware came out you could easily rule out the CATS malfunction by simply turning it off in the user menu (which I stated I had done).
For those that kept the CATS on the workaround beforethe fix was to tape off about 80% of the sensor. But I think the cats sensor isn't well conceived so I don't use mine at all.
Also panasonic has acknowledged this problem with FBr completely separate from the CATS sensor malfunctioning.
I have one more update to add but right now I am on my iPhone and would be a pain to type out on it. So look for another update in the next few days. Btw my set is still amazing and FBr free (will go in depth later).
Posted on Aug 20, 2011 10:24:03 AM PDT
Ernie Mink says:
So I want to buy this tv with ALL the fixes and patches applied FIRST. Can I do that and what is the updated model number?
Posted on Aug 22, 2011 8:30:54 AM PDT
Amazon Customer says:
Excellent review and your follow-ups are truly appreciated. If anyone knows how to determine the manufacture date - before purchase - it would be great if they could add that info in a reply to this review.
Review Details
Top Reviewer Ranking: 11,506,017


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American Girl® Ultimate Visual Guide will be a treasured addition to every American Girl fan's bookshelf. With gorgeous images of every BeForever™ and Girl of the Year™ doll, an expanded section on the TrulyMe™ dolls, a detailed timeline…read more
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Each reader can imagine herself as the main character of this interactive story set in the world of Innerstar University!, She thinks Zoé, the new girl, is brave for coming all the way from her home in France. She wants to get to know Zoé, but she also feels a…read more
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Caroline has an important package to deliver for her father in the big city of Albany. That means a three-day stagecoach trip with her friend Rhonda! The other travelers, including a charming magician and a beautiful young woman with a sad past, fascinate the…read more
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Military Animals showcases the most heroic animal stories throughout history where real animals saved the day! The military is not only man's territory; meet some heroic canine and animal friends who join our soldiers in arms and make their home with them on the…read more
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Just right for sporty girls! Readers can imagine themselves as the main character of this interactive story, a girl who loves to play soccer. When her team hits a losing streak, she's torn between giving her friend Shelby a chance to shine and trying her hardest…read more
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The second exciting book in the series about boys swept up in the historical fight for freedom Twelve-year-old Will wants to be a drummer in the Union army, but he's stuck far from the fighting in his sleepy hometown of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Then the Union…read more
Blast off into space and get to know Mae Jemison—the first African-American woman to ever go to space—with this fascinating, nonfiction Level 3 Ready-to-Read, part of a new series of biographies about people "you should meet." Meet Mae…read more
When the Nazis invade Paris, Michael, a thirteen-year- old French-American, wants to be a part of the Resistance. Starting small, vandalizing Nazi propaganda and refusing to hail Hitler, Michael works his way into the full-blown Resistance, escorting American…read more
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Triomf Paperback – Sep 7 2000
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Afrikaans author Marlene Van Niekerk lived for a time in Triomf, the white working class suburb of western Johannesburg built on the bulldozed rubble of Sophiatown, once one of black South Africa's cultural heartlands. Whilst gardening she kept digging up its remnants, just like one of the characters in her novel Triomf, which excavates the lives of the impoverished poor white culture that superseded it. Sophiatown boasted names like Masekela and Mandela amongst its cultural riches but the Benades family inhabit a far from triumphant world of cheap brandy and coke, kaput cars, irreparable fridges and broken political promises.
Mol, Treppie, Pop and Lambert Benades inhabit a crumbling government house that is all they own apart from each other. Mol, abused and ageing, is comforted only by her beloved mongrels, her numbed resilience as forlorn as her buttonless housecoat. Alienated, articulate Treppie, "a devil with a twist, a twisted devil", furiously turns his frustrated intellectual abilities against his family. Pop, shuffling bemusedly between sleep and waking, tries to remember his lies as he slips towards death. All of them protect the doltish, violent, voyeuristic Lambert, the epileptic progeny of parents who constantly reinvent fantasy stories, disguising a family secret that is a narrative time bomb waiting to explode into the heart of the novel. "We have each other and nothing else", is their refrain, a catchphrase for the survival of a demoralised family adrift from the tide of change, where incest has become a metaphor for the crooked logic of obsessive racial purity, just as the topographical layering of Triomf over Sophiatown becomes a guiding metaphor for the social architecture of apartheid.
Triomf depicts apartheid racism with an uncompromising exactness that has sometimes been lost in white South African writing in English slanted towards a middle class perspective. As the Benades veer between aggressive passivity and directionless activity terrorising each other and their neighbours, Van Niekerk invites the reader to despise the narrowly ignorant sensibilities evoked by their racist vernacular, whose idiom is skilfully echoed in poet Leon de Kock's meticulous translation.
Whilst the novel makes no pretences about the ugliness of racism, its radical success lies in the way it starkly realises the hard reality that the Benades' position as whites gives them few privileges. Van Niekerk tells their story in a bleakly hilarious mode of comic degradation that captures strikingly the unexalted expectations of a forgotten class. Theirs is the desperation of those who have nothing to lose, of an underclass who have only the vaguest recollection of self-respect and just treatment for others and themselves. For the armblankes (poor whites), she shows, notions of superiority were built on nothing but the detritus of another culture and the promises of betterment peddled in the weak Romanticism of blood-and-soil nationalism byoudentlik (proper, middle class) Afrikaners, empty illusions described by Treppie as, "the fine print of fuck-all."
Although Triomf is a startlingly comic yet salutary reminder of the sustenance racism gives to class inequalities, it stops short of representing the social rehabilitation of South Africa's poor whites. In what is possibly the first truly post-apartheid novel by a white writer deserving the description, Van Niekerk opts wisely to leave the hopes of reconciliation beyond the boundaries of her fictional excavation of the suburbs of truth.--Rachel Holmes
From Booklist
In the 1950s, at the height of apartheid, the government bulldozed the multiracial community of Sophiatown in Johannesburg, renamed it Triomf (Afrikaans for Triumph), and resettled it with whites only. This story is about one poor Afrikaans family living there in a house built on the rubble in 1993, on the eve of the democratic election. Ignorant, desperate, inbred for generations, they take care of each other, or try to. Lambert is epileptic. He wants a woman for his fortieth birthday, and Mom, Pop, and his older brother help him. The book is much too long, but the humor is dark, the mixed metaphors are hilarious, and the translation from the Afrikaans is spot-on, capturing the voice of the "white trash" family in all its coarseness and humanity. Everything stays the same. Only worse. You think you guess the family secrets, but they are beyond even that. Bones are broken. Everyone is crippled. But it's the enduring tenderness that tears you apart. Hazel Rochman
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When someone chooses a book in order to visit another place I don't imagine this is the "where" many are after. The author - and translator - have managed a perfect journey, not very pretty, into the world of a South African version of poor white trash. The characters' lives are like the town they live in - built on destruction with God know what lying rotting under the surface. As I read I was almost desperate to find something, anything, to like about the characters. The few moments when that happened were rain in the desert. Sweet, relieving, and over very quickly.
This book is a slice of life written well enough to make it quite real. The question here is if you want to go where Marlene van Niekerk takes you.


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Late Spring is always difficult. It's the end of the academic year, so that brings with it the Revenge of the Rubber Chicken Circuit -- a cascading series of evening events calculated specifically to defeat family time. Each event is worthwhile in its own right, of course, but the sheer number of them becomes wearing.
Dean Dad
From Confessions of a Community College Dean, in which a veteran of cultural studies seminars in the 1990's moves into academic administration and finds himself a married suburban father of two. Foucault, plus lawn care.
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Certificate IV in Frontline Management (12)
TP3 Pty Ltd
Certificate IV
|Mid Year Intake?
|Study Mode
|Entry Requirements
|Full-time internal
Certificate III in Business, Frontline Management or equivalent; or relevant vocational experience
|Sydney CBD
|Full-time internal
Course Description
This qualification is part of the Business Services Training Package. It reflects the role of individuals who take the first line of management in a wide range of organisational and industry contexts. They may have existing qualifications and technical skills in any given vocation or profession, yet require skills or recognition in supervisory functions. Typically they would report to a manager. At this level frontline managers provide leadership and guidance to others and take responsibility for the effective functioning and performance of the team and its work outcomes.
Subjects you can Study
Core: Show leadership in the workplace; Implement operational plan; Implement and monitor WHS policies, procedures and programs to meet legislative requirements; Promote team effectiveness. Electives: Coordinate implementation of customer service strategies; Address customer needs; Implement customer service standards; Report on financial activity; Implement workplace information system; Promote innovation in a team environment; Make a presentation; Develop teams and individuals; Lead and facilitate off-site staff; Build client relationships and business networks; Analyse and present research information; plus more.
About TP3 Pty LtdEstablished in 1983, TP3 Pty Ltd is a Registered Training Organisation that designs, develops and delivers learning and information solutions. RTO code: 1429
Certificate IVCourse code: BSB40812
- Full-time internal = 8 days
Sydney CBD
- Full-time internal = 8 days
10 units: 4 core; 6 elective
Entry Requirements
Certificate III in Business, Frontline Management or equivalent; or relevant vocational experience
Study Pathways
Diploma of Management
Life after Study
Related Careers
Office Administrator
Office administrators undertake a range of functions to make sure the administration activities within an organisation run smoothly. They may be responsible for the management of human resources, budgets, accommodation and property facilities and records. These functions can be performed at various levels ranging from junior through to upper management.


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From Our Editors
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This is a photomicrograph of a male pubic louse. The condition known as "crabs" is so named because of the resemblance of a pubic louse to a crab. The bodies of pubic lice are shorter and rounder than those of head lice.
© 2016
Mercy Medical Center North Iowa | 1000 4th Street SW Mason City, IA 50401 | 641-428-7000


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- Amazing Vitamin D - Slideshow
- Quiz: Your Baby's First Year!
- Parents' Guide To Crying And Colic - Slideshow
- Patient Comments: Rickets - Experience
- Patient Comments: Rickets - Causes
- Patient Comments: Rickets - Symptoms
- Patient Comments: Rickets - Prevention
- Find a local Pediatrician in your town
- Rickets facts
- What is rickets?
- What is the history of rickets?
- What causes rickets?
- What are rickets symptoms and signs?
- How do health-care professionals diagnose rickets?
- What is the treatment for rickets?
- Who are the specialists who treat rickets?
- What is the prognosis for rickets?
- Is it possible to prevent rickets?
Quick GuideNutritional Health Pictures Slideshow: Amazing Vitamin D, Nutrition's Newest Star
What is the treatment for rickets?
The treatment for rickets depends upon the cause as mentioned above in the discussion of hypophosphatemic rickets and renal rickets. In cases of nutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency, treatment is simple. The first step is to prevent the complications of calcium and phosphate deficiency by correcting any abnormal levels with supplemental calcium or phosphate as well as the activated vitamin D (calcitriol). Once the diagnosis of rickets is confirmed, initiation of vitamin D supplementation is recommended, as well as a diet rich in calcium. This is especially important for children on vegan diets. The treatment for some of the bony abnormalities depends on the severity of the cases and may require referral to an orthopedic provider for evaluation.
Who are the specialists who treat rickets?
Pediatricians and family practitioners usually care for children with nutritional rickets without consulting specialists. Kidney specialists (nephrologists) generally help manage renal rickets as well as hypophosphatemic rickets and sometimes a pediatric endocrinologist (specializes in hormones) may get involved.
What is the prognosis for rickets?
Outcomes for children with nutritional rickets are excellent, especially if diagnosed early. Appropriate supplementation with calcium and vitamin D will lead to healing of the bony defects within days to months. Severe bowing, seen in longer-standing cases of rickets, may also resolve over a number years without requiring surgical intervention. In patients with very advanced disease, however, the bony changes may be permanent.
Is it possible to prevent rickets?
Pediatricians, family practitioners, and obstetricians are responsible for educating parents (and expecting parents) about measures to prevent rickets. For the expecting mother, this includes recommending prenatal vitamins and appropriate nutritional counseling. For the new mother, it is important for her to be advised about vitamin D supplementation for exclusively breastfed babies and, as the child gets older and begins to wean, appropriate nutritional counseling, and reasonable sun exposure for the child.
Vitamin D insufficiency is increasingly being recognized as an under-detected health risk for people of all ages in the United States. Up to 30% of U.S. children are vitamin D deficient to some degree and worldwide this is a much higher percentage. In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published a technical report titled "UV Radiation: A Hazard to Children and Adolescents" that concluded that all "infants, children, and adolescents receive vitamin D supplementation and avoid overexposure to sunlight and artificial sources due to the health risks (cancer, etc)." Currently, studies are unclear about how much vitamin D is enough in certain populations, but the current recommendation is for at least 400 IU daily.
Given the fact that vitamin D supplementation may not be readily available worldwide, more research needs to be performed to determine the "safe" amount of sunlight exposure for infants and children if we are going to successfully prevent rickets throughout the world.
Medically reviewed by Aimee V. HachigianGould, MD; American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery
Balk, S.J. "UV Radiation: A Hazard to Children and Adolescents." Pediatrics 127.3 Mar. 2011: e791-e817.
Holick, M.F. "Vitamin D Deficiency; Review Article-Medical Progress." N Engl J Med 357 (2007): 266-281.
Holick, M.F. and T.C. Chen. "Vitamin D Deficiency: A Worldwide Problem With Health Consequences." Am J Clin Nutr 87 (2008): 1080S-1086S.
Joiner, T., et al. "The Many Faces of Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets." Pediatrics in Review 21 (2000): 296.
Misra, M., et al. "Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Its Management: Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations." Pediatrics 122.2 Aug. 2008: 398-417.
Mughal, M.Z. "Rickets." Current Osteoporosis Report. 9.4 Dec. 2011: 291-299.
Rajakumar, Kumaravel. "Vitamin D, Cod-Liver Oil, Sunlight, and Rickets: A Historical Perspective." Pediatrics 112.2 Aug. 2003, e132-e135. <http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/112/2/e132>.
Wagner, C., and F. Greer. "Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D deficiency in Infants, Children and Adolescents." Pediatrics 122 Nov. 2008: 1142-1152.