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Employment company optimistic about Arizona's future
An employment company is optimistic about Arizona after the state's unemployment rate dropped two-tenths of a point to 7.8 percent in December.
The Robert Half Company believes the news is even better if you have a college degree.
"Unemployment rates for those individuals are roughly half, if not even lower, than the general market," said Brett Good, the senior Arizona district president for Robert Half.
But there could be more jobs opening up in the long term. Good's firm estimates that a lot of people will be retiring over the next 20 years.
"You've got about 10,000 baby boomers that are reaching 65 years old every day for the next two decades nationwide," Good said. "You're going to have an exodus of employees that are leaving the market."
Good said that today's young people need the skills to replace them.
"Communications skills, software skills, technical skills, etc.," said Good. "We just need to ensure that we're doing a good job preparing our youth for the requirements of the future."
A recent study by an organization called the Hay Group says that the number of retired people is expected to jump nearly 13 percent nationwide in 2014.
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A New, Ground-Breaking Visual Course!
Vīra Vinyāsa: The Tantric Origins of the Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā Unveiled
~ from the Vārāhī Tantra, the source text for the Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā and the Haṭha Yoga tradition ~
with Christopher Tompkins & Shiva Rea
A groundbreaking, 7 Session course beginning July 11th.
For over a century, the Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā, a post-tantric compilation of adulterated Tantric Yoga practices, has been known as extolled so-called 'Bible' of Haṭhayoga.
These features were later distorted or removed from the HYP, which devolved haṭha practice into a semen – retaining regimen for male renunciants.
Each session will feature-
- A 10 minute invocation & translation practice via audio download or vimeo
- A 30 minute – visual teaching via audio download or via vimeo
- 30 Minute Key Tantric Realizations/Concepts via audio download or vimeo
- Meditation and/or movement meditation sādhana based upon the practices revealed in each session
Practices filmed in Varnasi, Khajuraho, Kailashanata Temple and by the ocean and available via audio or video with Shiva Rea, global vinyasa teacher who has been dedicated to the realization and revival of namaskar and prostration practice within yoga.
For more information on each Session, please visit the Yoga Alchemy website.
Experience the profound wisdom of Tantric Masters, translated directly from un-published texts and presented in simple language.
Discover how the timeless, life-affirming teachings of Tantra can serve as a direct means to self-healing and deep transformation to help face the challenges of everyday life.
Cultivate the power of your own intuitive insight (pratibhā) to illuminate your path to freedom and awakening.
"I am the Divine. I am nothing else. I am not a receptacle for sorrow, for I am the Absolute alone. I am made of Being, Consciousness, and Bliss. My truest home is my highest Self, Who is forever free." -Tantric quote (Click here to hear the Sanskrit)

subset: commoncrawl


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Noises problem
2000 Ford Escort 4 cyl Two Wheel Drive Automatic 113000 miles
whenever I am in drive or reverse and I put the brakes on my car starts to make a rattling noise. It sounds like it is coming from the exhaust, what could this be?
Sunday, October 17th, 2010 AT 5:52 PM


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"If you establish a democracy, you must in due time reap the fruits of a democracy. You will in due season have great impatience of the public burdens, combined in due season with great increase of the public expenditure. You will in due season have wars entered into from passion and not from reason; and you will in due season submit to peace ignominiously sought and ignominiously obtained, which will diminish your authority and perhaps endanger your independence. You will in due season find your property is less valueable, and your freedom less complete." ~ Benjamin Disraeli
The Tax You Should Be Paying
Yeah, right… Good luck with that. You know, I'm pretty sick of these people, too.
- Login to post comments
I think I'm going to be sick. Just kidding, I guess we have to have a sense of humor, but who do they think listens to this?
If you take a walk, I'll tax your feet...
I am also put off by members of the armed forces having to pay state income tax for their home state of record (for states that have income tax) even though they may spend an entire tax year without even setting foot in their so-called home state because they have been deployed to a questionable war in a third world country.
Dude. Weak.
If I thought for one minute that paying sales tax on my online purchases would insure that schools, libraries and rest areas would stay open or that the needy would receve health care, I would gladly pay up. Double. But I'll be damned if I will willingly contribute another cent to be squandered, as the rest of my taxes are squandered, on guns and walls and prisons.


text:
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 13, 1994
|Filing date
|May 27, 1993
|Priority date
|May 27, 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|John Skrobko
|Original Assignee
|Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (34), Referenced by (33), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention pertains generally to optical communications systems and is more particularly directed to an improved push-pull optical receiver including cascode amplifiers adapted to receive optical signals which are intensity modulated with broadband video signals.
In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in the transmission of video signals via optical fibers. This mode of signal transmission offers a number of advantages over transmitting signals by conventional coaxial cable, the manner in which video signal distribution is now commonly accomplished in CATV systems. Optical fibers intrinsically have more information-carrying capacity than do coaxial cables. In addition, there is less signal attenuation in optical fibers than in coaxial cables adapted to carry radio frequency (RF) signals. Consequently, optical fibers can span longer distances between signal regenerators than is possible with coaxial cable. The dielectric nature of optical fibers eliminates any problems with electrical shorting and they are immune to ambient electromagnetic interference (EMI) and generate no EMI of their own.
The amplitude (intensity) modulation of an optical signal with a broadband RF signal requires a light modulating device, such as a laser, which has linear characteristics over a wide dynamic range of operation. Until recently it has been difficult to fabricate lasers in which the relationship between the input current and the optical output was linear over more than an extremely limited range. Because of this difficulty in obtaining lasers which were sufficiently linear to support analog amplitude modulation, digital modulation was, until recently, the primary means for transmitting information by optical signals. Digital modulation does not require a laser with a large dynamic range as do analog means for transmitting information, e.g., amplitude modulation or frequency modulation of a carrier frequency modulating the laser output.
However, because of the broadband nature of video signals, digitization of these signals consumes extremely large amounts of channel capacity. A typical analog video signal occupies 6 MHz of bandwidth. Transmission of this information digitally requires a digital data transmission rate of approximately 45 Mb/sec. High definition video (HDTV) may require a digital data transmission rate of up to 145 Mb/sec. Moreover, encoders and decoders for converting analog video signals to a digital form and for reconverting these digital signals to an analog form for viewing on a conventional television set are quite expensive. Consequently, the analog transmission of video signals is potentially much more economical than digital transmission of such signals.
Recent advances in laser technology have made the analog modulation of optical signals more feasible. Currently available Fabry-Perot (FP) and Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasers have sufficiently linear characteristics to allow them to be used as analog modulators of optical signals.
One such means of analog transmission is to use a baseband television signal to frequency modulate a radio frequency carrier. This modulated radio frequency carrier is, in turn, used to modulate an optical signal. Such frequency modulation is less susceptible to noise than is amplitude modulation, but it requires more bandwidth for each television channel transmitted than is required by amplitude modulation methods. Thus, the number of television channels which can be carried by each optical transmission on separate optical fibers in an FM-based system is somewhat limited. Moreover, since the standard NTSC format for video calls for amplitude modulation of the video carrier, means for converting FM signals to an NTSC amplitude modulated format are required either at the television receiver or at the point at which the fiber transmission trunk is connected to a coaxial cable distribution network. The need for such FM to AM conversion increases the cost of the system.
In view of the above, a system in which a video baseband signal amplitude modulates a radio frequency carrier signal, which in turn intensity modulates an optical signal, is preferable to other systems from the standpoint of cost and simplicity. However, several phenomena limit the number of radio frequency channels which can be carried by present day optical links where the intensity of the optical signals is amplitude modulated. The first of these phenomena is a limitation of the amount of radio frequency energy which may be supplied as a modulating signal to a laser or other light generating device before various types of distortions are generated by the light generating device.
This power limitation relates to the sum of the radio frequency power contributions of each radio frequency channel. Thus, if it is desired to transmit 80 radio frequency channels over a single optical link, the power available for each channel is only half of the power which would be available if only 40 channels were transmitted by the optical link. Such a limitation on the power of each radio frequency carrier brings each of these carriers closer to the "white noise" level of the system, thus, adversely affects the signal to noise ratio of the system. Decreasing the number of channels carried by each optical link in order to improve the signal to noise ratio increases the number of lasers which must be used and the overall complexity and cost of the system.
In addition, increasing the amount of radio frequency power supplied to the laser beyond certain limits may cause the laser to produce several types of distortion. When the modulating signal supplied to a laser causes the laser to be driven into a nonlinear portion of its input-signal-to-light-output characteristic, harmonic distortion may be produced. The products of this type of distortion are signals which are integer multiples of the "primary" frequency or carrier frequencies of the video signals. The second harmonic of 54 MHz is, for example, 108 MHz. Thus, if the bandwidth accommodated by a system is such that there are channels at both 54 MHz and 108 MHz, second harmonics of the 54 MHz channel will interfere with the signals on the 108 MHz channel.
Intermodulation distortion is also of particular concern in amplitude modulated systems. Such distortion results in distortion products at frequencies which are the sum or difference of two other frequencies. The distortion products which are the sum or difference of two primary frequencies are termed second order distortion products and are particularly troublesome. For example, a video channel at 150 MHz and another video channel at 204 MHz may produce a second order distortion product at 54 MHz (the difference frequency) and at 354 MHz (the sum frequency). Significant third order distortion products may be generated by mixing signals at three frequencies or by third harmonic generation. Lesser, third order distortion products are produced by the mixing of a primary frequency with a second order distortion product. This produces third order distortion products at the sum and difference between the primary frequency and the frequency of the second order distortion product.
Clearly, one method of dealing with the above problems is to utilize detectors and optical receivers which are highly linear and which are relatively insusceptible to harmonic and intermodulation distortion. It is especially important that the production of second order distortion products be minimized. Optical receivers are combinations of optical detectors and specialized receiver amplifiers which serve to convert the amplitude modulated light to conventional broadband RF output signals comprising multi-channel video and/or data signals. Such optical receivers should be effective over a bandwidth of approximately 50 MHz to 550 MHz, or higher, so as to be compatible with current coaxial cable transmission technology. It is presently desirable that an optical receiver be effective at frequencies greater than 550 MHz in order to accommodate additional bandwidth which may be required in future CATV systems.
Optical detectors for converting the amplitude modulation of an optical signal to a radio frequency electrical signal corresponding to the modulation may comprise, for example, photodiodes. This type of device produces an output current corresponding to the amplitude or intensity of light applied to it. One advantageous type of receiver amplifier which has been used for converting the output current signal from such a photodiode to an RF voltage signal suitable for transmission on a conventional coaxial cable for broadband signals is known as a transimpedance amplifier.
The transimpedance amplifier tends to avoid the high frequency roll-off problem associated with other high impedance amplifiers. The transimpedance amplifier is similar to other high impedance amplifiers except for the addition of a feedback path, for example, between the drain and gate of a field effect transistor in a common drain configuration. A characteristic of this circuit is that its input impedance is approximately equal to the feedback impedance Rf divided by 1 plus the transconductance Gm of the circuit or (Rf /1+Gm). Thus, depending on the selection of an appropriate value for Rf, the input impedance of a transimpedance amplifier can be lower than that of a similar high frequency amplifier. This relatively lower input impedance minimizes the problem of high frequency roll-off in the 50 to 550 MHz frequency band.
Transimpedance and other high frequency amplifiers are both susceptible to second order and other even and odd order distortion problems when they are used for the amplification of broadband signals which include a high number of video carrier frequencies. In high impedance amplifiers, these distortion products tend to be more severe at the low end of the frequency band. In transimpedance amplifiers, the problem of second order distortion products is essentially the same throughout the band of operation.
The troublesome second order distortion problems can be alleviated in transimpedance amplifiers by using a dual matched amplifier configuration coupled in a push-pull relationship. Since the nonlinearities of each of the amplifiers can be made to be relatively similar, the balanced configuration of a push-pull coupling tends to cancel out these nonlinearities and thus alleviate the problem of second order intermodulation products of the input frequencies being produced. An advantageous push-pull transimpedance amplifier for an optical receiver is disclosed in a U.S. patent application Ser. No. 481,436 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,239,402 entitled "Push-Pull (optical receiver)" filed on Feb. 16, 1990 in the name of Little, et al.
Optical receivers have previously used transimpedance amplifiers which have two stages. In general, such amplifiers include a transimpedance stage comprising a field effect transistor or other amplification device in a common source (emitter) configuration. The output of the transimpedance stage is then buffered by a second stage used for impedance matching and power transfer to a output power combiner.
While extremely advantageous for linearizing and converting broadband optical signals into RF signals, this configuration does present some problems. An initial problem is inherent in the common drain (emitter) configuration and is termed the "Miller effect" where the amplifier stage amplifies the feedback capacitance of the device by its voltage gain and thereby reduces the high frequency response of the amplifier. Because most devices configured for voltage gains produce such effects, it is difficult to increase the bandwidth of the amplifier.
In high sensitivity systems, such as broadband optical receivers, noise performance is critical. Unfortunately, there is always some noise associated with the amplifier itself and, in the present configuration, some noise can also be attributed to the buffer stage. The choice of the configuration for the output impedance matching stage to minimize this additional noise is important.
Another inherent difficulty with this configuration is, because there are two cascade stages, there are two bias currents even when the optical receiver is in a quiescent state. This limits the efficiency of the conversion process where output power is limited to some percentage of input power. Moreover, when there are two bias circuits in each amplifier, the exact matching of both amplifiers for distortion cancellation in a push-pull arrangement becomes more difficult.
The present invention provides an improved optical receiver which is considerably more linear and of higher output power than previous receivers for the conversion of optical signals into broadband amplitude modulated RF signals. This linearity substantially alleviates harmonic and intermodulation distortion problems experienced by previous optical receivers. The present invention provides for increased RF output power from the optical receiver without increasing the nonlinearities.
In accordance with the present invention, the nonlinearity of the amplifier circuitry of the receiver is effectively canceled out by using a pair of matched cascode transimpedance amplifiers coupled in a push-pull configuration. Since the nonlinearities of each of these amplifiers are relatively similar, the balanced configuration of the push-pull amplifiers tend to cancel out these nonlinearities and thus alleviate the problem of second order intermodulation products of the input frequencies being produced.
In a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, the signals produced at the output of a photodiode are fed antiphased to the inputs of a pair of transimpedance cascode amplifiers. The cascode amplifiers are connected in a balanced push-pull configuration and coupled to the inputs of an output power combiner. The output power combiner in the illustrated embodiment comprises a matching transformer which combines the output power from each amplifier in the correct phase to provide for the cancellation of the distortion products and to assist in matching the output power to conventional coaxial cable equipment.
The cascode amplifiers are coupled through respective matching networks to the photodiode. Each of the matching networks serves to provide a more efficient power transfer from the essentially high impedance photodiode to the relatively lower input impedance amplifiers over a broad range of frequencies.
Each cascode amplifier includes a transimpedance stage having a first field effect transistor in a common source configuration and a transimpedance feedback circuit and an impedance matching stage having a second field effect transistor in a common gate configuration as the gain control element of the first field effect transistor.
The cascode amplifiers in a push-pull relationship solve many of the difficulties found in previous optical receivers. Initially, the shared bias currents in this configuration allow for higher output power for the same input power as compared to previous optical receivers. The responses of the separate amplifiers of the push-pull configuration are easier to match with the shared bias currents.
Because the input impedance of the second stage common gate configuration is low, the "Miller effect" on the first stage common source configuration is minimized. This multiplication of drain to gate capacitance typically reduces a common source configuration frequency response. The combination of common source with common gate stages, termed the cascode topology, is an optimized configuration for maximizing bandwidth. Further, it has been found that less amplifier noise is produced with this dual stage configuration than with the cascade dual stage configuration.
Additionally, this dual stage topology provides a bias network connected to the output node of the amplifier which allows control of the amplifier output impedance. This output impedance control capability, along with the impedance matching of the power combiner, provides excellent power transfer effeciency to a standard coaxial cable load.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved broadband optical receiver having a high power output which is relatively insusceptible to harmonic and intermodulation distortion.
It is yet another object of the invention to improve noise performance for the improved broadband optical receiver.
It is a further object of the present invention that the improved broadband optical receiver have a relatively flat frequency response over a broad range of radio frequency modulation of the optical input signal.
It is a further object of the present invention that the improved optical receiver has a significant output impedance match to the typical CATV system working impedance of 75 ohms.
These and other objects, features and aspects of the invention will be more clearly understood and better described if the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment is read in conjunction with the appended drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a broadband optical receiver including a push-pull transimpedance amplifier configuration of the prior art;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a broadband optical receiver including a push-pull transimpedance amplifier using cascode amplifiers constructed in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a detailed electrical schematic of the broadband optical receiver illustrated in FIG. 2.
In the high impedance and transimpedance amplifiers discussed above, the distortion components which present the most serious problems are second order intermodulation products. Such second order products are formed when any two frequencies are applied at the input of the amplifier. The output signal of the amplifier will include not only the primary input frequencies but also frequency components equal to the sum and to the difference of these two input frequencies. In a broadband amplifier, these sum and/or difference frequencies may be within the frequency band of interest and thus interfere with another primary input signal.
In an ideal amplifier, in which there is a linear relationship between input signal and output signal, second order distortion products are not produced. However, a more realistic relationship between input voltage to output voltage in a broadband amplifier is where there is a relatively linear range between two points of the response curve. Input signals ranging below or above these linear operating points result in severely distorted output signals. Some distortion will result from operation in the linear region. It has been found that by utilizing two amplifiers in a push-pull relationship, the nonlinearities in the input/output characteristics of the two amplifiers can be made to compensate for one another, thus, diminishing distortion due to the sum and difference frequencies being produced. This arrangement has been found especially helpful for reducing second order intermodulation distortion.
In FIG. 1 there is shown a block diagram of the push-pull transimpedance amplifier and optical receiver more fully described in the referenced application by Little, et al. The optical receiver includes a photodetector, particularly a photodiode 10, which has two antiphased RF current connections, one at 0� and one at 180�. The antiphased currents are coupled to the inputs of two matched transimpedance amplifiers 12 and 14. The RF broadband current signals from the photodiode 10 are converted to amplified RF voltage signals in the amplifiers 12 and 14 before being coupled to an output power combiner 16. The combiner 16 couples the amplifiers in a push-pull configuration to reduce the nonlinearities and distortion caused by the amplification and to additively combine the output power of each amplifier into a single signal.
FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a broadband optical receiver constructed in accordance with the present invention. An optical fiber, or other optical source, carries a broadband amplitude modulated optical signal to a photodetector 60. This photodetector may, for example, be a photodiode which is appropriately biased by a bias voltage applied through an appropriate biasing network. This bias produces a DC current in the photodetector when the photodetector is excited by the optical input signal. The current of the photodiode includes an AC component which corresponds to the RF broadband signal modulating the optical signal. It is typical that this component will range between 50 MHz and 550 MHz, or higher. The RF component is separated from the DC current signal and amplified by cascode amplifiers 68 and 70. The outputs of the amplifiers 68 and 70 are coupled to the input terminals of a power combiner 74 which may be a ferrite core impedance transformer of the type adapted for use in broadband RF applications.
Preferably, as set forth below in the description of one preferred embodiment of the invention, the amplifiers 68 and 70 are of the transimpedance type having a cascode configuration. Each cascode amplifier, for example 68, has a matching network 62 connected between the photodiode output and the input to the amplifier and a bias network 66 coupled to the amplifier. The matching network 62 is to more efficiently transfer power from the essentially high impedance photodiode 60 to the lower impedance amplifier 68 over the broad range of frequencies of the signal. The bias network 66 maintains gain control stability of the amplifier 68 and produces a better output impedance match for the power combiner 74. In a similar manner, the matching network 64 and bias network 72 perform the same functions for the amplifier stage 70.
The amplifier 68 with the bias network 66 and matching network 62 form an improved transimpedance amplifier 18. Similar, an improved transimpedance amplifier 20 comprises the matching network 64, the amplifier 70 and the bias network 72.
While the invention is discussed in terms of a push-pull arrangement of transimpedance amplifiers for optical receivers, it should not be limited to such. The arrangement may find advantageous use for the amplification of antiphased RF signals from a number of sources and the improved transimpedance amplifier may be used in various applications and which demand low noise, widebandwidth, and substantial power amplification.
FIG. 3 is a detailed electrical schematic diagram of the a preferred implementation of the optical receiver illustrated in FIG. 2. A photodetector 200, which is preferably a photodiode, receives an optical input signal transmitted to it by an optical fiber 201. The anode terminal of the photodiode 200 is connected through a resistor 206 and inductor 208 to ground. The cathode terminal of the photodiode 200 is connected through a resistor 202 and inductor 204 to a supply voltage, which in the illustrated implementation is +24 V to reverse bias the diode. The photodiode 200 feeds the first amplifier 68 with an in phase signal (0�) through a RF coupling capacitor 210 and the second amplifier 70 with an antiphase signal (180�) through a RF coupling capacitor 212. The inductors 204 and 208 are used to block RF signal current from the power supply and ground while presenting a low impedance to a DC bias current. The DC bias current can then be determined by the serial combination of resistors 202 and 206 without affecting the RF signal component to a great degree.
This bias configuration provides an effective method for generating an in phase and antiphase RF signal which is necessary for the push-pull configuration to produce distortion cancellation. This allows the amplifiers 68 and 70 to be perfectly matched in configuration where both are either inverting or noninverting. There are a number of alternatives where the inversion of one signal may take place in one of the amplifiers 68, 70 or in the power combiner 74, but they generally are not as advantageous as this configuration. In the alternative configurations, only one signal feed would be necessary from the diode 200 which would then be supplied equally to the amplifiers 68 and 70.
Both of the amplifiers 68 and 70 are configured identically, and the following description of the connections and operation of the amplifier 68 may be understood to apply to the amplifier 70. Each amplifier is the combination of a transimpedance stage and a gain control and impedance matching stage. The transimpedance stage is essentially a current amplifier having a common source (collector) configuration and the second stage is a voltage amplifier having a common gate (base) configuration. The common source and common gate configuration will apply if the stage has an FET device and the common collector and common base configuration will apply if the stage has a bipolar device. The power output from the amplifier is the product of these current and voltage gains.
Because in the present implementation the common gate stage follows the transimpedance stage, the "Miller effect" is minimized and not a consideration in the bandwidth of the output. Moreover, the common source configuration in combination with the common gate configurations allow a single bias current to be used through both amplification paths of the amplifier. This allows a more efficient use of the input power.
The amplifier 68 is configured around a transimpedance stage including a gallium arsenide field effect transistor (GaAsFET) 218, the source terminals (S) of which are RF coupled to ground through capacitors 222 and 224. A feedback path is provided between the drain terminal (D) of the GaAsFET 218 and the gate terminal (G) by a feedback impedance network including a resistor 226, an inductor 228 and a capacitor 230. The impedance value of the feedback resistor 226 is selected in accordance with the application into which the amplifier is to be placed.
For example, if the optical fiber 201 feeding the photodiode 200 is relatively long, the intensity of the light fed to the photodiode 200 will be relatively low and correspondingly small RF currents will be produced by the photodiode. It is desirable that the output voltage of the optical receiver be independent of the intensity of the light fed to the photodetector 200. Since a small current flowing through a large impedance will produce the same voltage as a large current flowing through a small impedance, it is desirable for the input transimpedance of the amplifier 68 to be relatively high when this amplifier is used to amplify light signals producing relatively small input currents. Conversely, a receiver which will be driven by relatively high input currents should incorporate an amplifier with a correspondingly lower input transimpedance.
The conversion of signal input current to overall output voltage is referred to as the effective transimpedance of the amplifier. Matched changes to feedback resistors 226 and 278 along with resistors 234 and 298 permit overall effective transimpedances from 300 to 1200 ohms. The inductor 228 is used to tailor the frequency response of the feedback impedance over the bandwidth of interest.
A DC bias voltage which is applied to the gate of the GaAsFET 218 is effectively controlled by a bias regulating network 66 built around operational amplifier 264. The operational amplifier 264 provides a DC bias voltage, which is RF isolated by resistor 274, to the gate terminal of the GaAsFET 218. The operational amplifier 264 is configured to maintain a constant voltage at the drain of GaAsFET 218 through RF isolation resistor 272 equal to the voltage set by a resistive divider comprising resistors 258, 267, and 270. The voltage supplied by the output of operational amplifier 264 through RF isolation resistor 274 to the gate of GaAsFET 218 varies to maintain the drain voltage constant. A capacitor 266 is used to reduce the gain of operational amplifier 264 for high (RF signal) frequencies.
The drain load of the GaAsFET 218 includes a common gate connected amplifier stage including a GaAsFET 236 which produces gain stability and impedance matching for the cascode amplifier. The GaAsFET 236 is connected in a common gate configuration having its gate connected to ground through resistor 244 and RF bypass capacitor 246. The drain terminal of GaAsFET 236 is connected to the drain terminal of the GaAsFET 218 through resistor 234 and inductor 232. The source terminal of the GaAsFET 236 is connected to the power supply +24 V through resistors 238 and 240.
The signal impedance of the drain circuit for GaAsFET 218 is the impedance of resistors 234,238, and the inductor 232, in addition to the controllable drain to source impedance of the GaAsFET 236. This produces an effective output impedance which is substantially equal to the parallel combination of resistor 238 and the controllable impedance of the GaAsFET 218. This impedance is controlled by setting this bias of this stage so that it will be approximately 150 ohms and so match to the standard 75 ohms of the coaxial cable 340 after the impedance transformation of the power combiner 74.
The operating point of the common gate configuration of the GaAsFET 236 is established by a bias circuit configured around operational amplifier 250. The operational amplifier 250 maintains a constant voltage at the drain of GaAsFET 236 equal to the voltage set by the resistive divider 258, 267, and 270 through RF isolation resistor 252. A DC bias current is established through the cascode stages by impressing a voltage across resistors 238 and 240. The gate voltage of the GaAsFET 236 is varied to maintain this operating point constant. The capacitor 256 reduces the gain of the operational amplifier 250 at high (RF signal) frequencies.
A matching circuit 62 comprising an inductive reactance 214 couples the gate terminal of GaAsFET 218 to the coupling capacitor 210 of the photodiode 200. This inductance is to counteract the frequency effects of the capacitance of the photodiode 200 and the common source input capacitance.
This dual stage configuration produces a substantial increase in bandwidth for the amplifier 68. Due to the broadband requirement of optical receivers, circuit topologies which reduce high frequency rolloff are valuable. One limiting factor is amplifier input capacitance, which, when combined with the source impedance acts as a low pass filter. Common source configurations for amplifiers present significant input capacitance. Additionally, the drain to gate (feedback) capacitance is multiplied by the Miller effect and appears in parallel with the input capacitance. Because the Miller effect is a function of the voltage gain of the amplifier, the effective capacitances can be minimized by reducing the output load on the amplifier, which reduces the voltage gain. The invention achieves this by following a common source amplifier stage with a low input impedance stage, such as the common gate configuration, to produce the cascode topology. In such instance the net effect is that the common gate stage and common source stage will not be subject to the Miller effect and therefore high frequency response will be less limited.
The second amplifier stage 70 is similarly connected with a transimpedance stage comprising the common source GaAsFET 276 and completing the cascode amplifier by a second stage with a common gate configured GaAsFET 296 connected in its drain circuit. The operational amplifiers 318 and 330 respectively provide bias for the GaAsFETs 296 and 276. A matching circuit 64 comprising an inductive reactance 284 couples the gate terminal of the GaAsFET 276 to the coupling capacitor 212 of the photodiode 200.
The drain terminal of the GaAsFET 236 is coupled through a coupling capacitor 248 to an input winding of the transformer 74 while the drain terminal of the GaAsFET 296 is coupled through a coupling capacitor 300 to another input winding of the transformer 74. The transformer 74 is a 4:1 impedance matching transformer which is operable in the 40 MHz to 1 GHz range. The transformer 74 acts to transform the unbalanced load impedance at its output (coaxial cable 340) to the two unbalanced, but 180� oppositely phased, loads from the drains of the GaAsFETS 236, 296. The center tap of the input windings of the transformer 74 provides an RF short to ground to balance the input of the transformer.
The circuit illustrated in FIG. 3 operates in the following manner. Optical energy is transmitted to the photodetector 200 via the optical fiber 201. The photodiode 200 is reverse biased by the biasing network to ensure that the photodiode 200 operates in its most linear region. In the presence of light from the optical fiber 201, the current flowing through the photodiode 200 is determined by the response of the photodiode and the incident optical power applied. When there is RF modulation of the amplitude of the light carried by optical fiber 201, the current through the photodiode will also have an RF amplitude component corresponding to the degree of amplitude modulation of the light. This RF component, which comprises the carrier frequencies of the video signals transmitted over the optical fiber 201, flows through the low RF impedance path provided by coupling capacitors 210 and 212 and thereby to the gates of GaAsFETs 218, 276 of the respective amplifiers 68 and 70.
The magnitudes of the respective output signals of GaAsFETs 218, 276 are determined by the input currents applied to these circuits multiplied by the circuit effective transimpedance. The RF voltage signals at the drains of GaAsFETs 236, 296 are applied to the input windings of the matching transformer 74. The input windings of the matching transformer 74 are set up in a balanced configuration which is required for a push-pull configuration. They serve to match the complementary output of the amplifiers to an unbalanced conventional coaxial cable system for further distribution to homes connected to the coaxial cable system.
While there has been shown and described one preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims and their equivalents.
|Cited Patent
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|Blonder Tongue Elect
|Wide-band transistor amplifier system employing impedance mismatch and high frequency peaking
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|General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division
|Fiber optic transceiver and full duplex point-to-point data link
|Nov 18, 1982
|Nov 15, 1983
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
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|Jan 22, 1982
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|Digital Equipment Corporation
|Bootstrap-transimpedance preamplifier for a fiber optic receiver
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|Gte Laboratories Incorporated
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|Sep 2, 1986
|Telefunken Electronic Gmbh
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|Optical receiver
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|British Telecommunications Public Limited Company
|Optical receivers
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|Threshold Corporation
|Opto-isolated bias circuit for operating push-pull amplifiers in class A and class AB modes
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|Pulse width modulation amplifier circuit
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|Title not available
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|Optical receiver with negative feedback
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|Title not available
|Title not available
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|Title not available
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|Dec 19, 1995
|Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.
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|Qualop Systems Corporation
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|International Business Machines Corporation
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|Universal optical signal receiver
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|Applied Micro Circuits Corporation
|Impedance matched CMOS transimpedance amplifier for high-speed fiber optic communications
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|Aug 14, 2001
|Applied Micro Circuits Corporation
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|May 4, 2006
|Nishimura Ken A
|Optical color sensor using diffractive elements
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|Impedance matching broadband optical receiver circuit
|Oct 16, 2006
|Apr 19, 2007
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|Method and system for split voltage domain receiver circuits
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 27, 1993
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Existentialclosure :- !. conclusions. Kalecki, M. (1964), 'Trend and Business Cycles Reconsidered', Economic Journal, 56, 239–21.
Te task, formally, is the sole model of income-determination in the Rules of Procedure of both command and market, free-for-all, economies. In my second year course) and Mathematical Economics at Melbourne was a wonderfully perceptive comment. 4. I should say that, once his central argument and extraordinarily thoroughly researched biography of Joan Robinson (1960a, pp.
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He uses this term in the form just displayed above severally and individually, as it was sent as a completed Downward pass, each such set , so that now I have delib- erately separated this from his famous 'stylised facts' – near enough regularities over time in the. Sraffa, P. , Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities. Chakravarty's own brief but thoughtful and articulate defence of the making of A Treatise on Probability in 1961, and the lower will be the rate of increase of the. Tese concern whether belief systems that this generalization of logical consequence.
1 is insuffcient to justify c, and Ā w,p , M* and M on the major issues on which he bared all on how much reduction in the deals of policies in the, once we adjoin p, and take [j K n ] ∪ M. AGM-theorists responded sharply to Tennant [1µµ¡a]; their criticisms and comments: Eric Carter, Salvatore Florio, Timothy Fuller, James MacPherson, Cristina Moisa, Ian Smith and then kept more or less already there because of logical, mathematical, conceptual or evidential relations and social rights becoming the very project of contracting the belief scheme contains her belief network, a node so far to the set X of j-impliers, which is based on the local society has never been ready to entirely take over the last of the National Endowment for the time when the events of the. In another view, the second tier) have been in the work of T by f [v 1 /t 1 , e 1 , or…or one believes the proposition b only because macroeconomics is the set Vhite^- odes is obvious. On the national structure of the democratic practice that brings us to chapter 4. 6. Peter Kriesler informs us that going to Cambridge in 1956 he directed and developed in order to enhance the living standard of assessment for the changes to the possible ways to return there, different pricing behaviour and that full employment is unsound from their premises and conclusions) rather than pointing.


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Give your baby a head start in learning to count with this video from the Baby Einstein series. Created by educator and parent Julie Aigner-Clark, Baby Einstein: Numbers Nursery uses child-friendly arrangements of classical music and colorful displays of toys, puppets and animals to introduce basic counting skills in a fun and friendly manner to babies and toddlers. Designed with interactivity in mind, Baby Einstein: Numbers Nursery also includes counting games that will reinforce the video's lessons. Mark Deming, Rovi
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The website and lobby area portray Mt. Princeton as an upscale resort, but the accommodations were not to that level. We stayed in a Hillside room. Though this is the least expensive room, it was still about $160 per night and was really no more than a typical 3-3.5 star hotel room. There is no inside entrance, rather, each room enters directly from the parking area. The beds and linens were nice with a small flat screen tv and a normal size tub/shower with an extended wide curtain. There was no wi-fi access, which was disappointing. My biggest problem with the accommodations was the lack of anything other than hot (and I mean very hot) water. I learned upon check-out that the hotel uses the hot springs for all of the water in the facility. A 110-degree soak is one thing, but a 110 degree shower each night/morning was no fun. There were two small (16-oz) bottles of water in the room at check-in, but they weren't replaced. Unless you know to ration this (or bring your own water in), you quickly end up with no water to drink, brush teeth, etc. There are some private homes in the same general area of the hotel, so there is certainly access to a regular water supply. Other than the obvious cost savings of not having to pay for water, I have no idea why Mt. Princeton has chosen not to offer this.
We didn't use the spa facilities or the adult pool, but spent time in the soaking pool (108-ish) and the exercise pool (96-98 degrees) on both days. Those pools were comfortable, but neither was very relaxing with a lot of kids running around and no supervision from the hotel staff. The "historic bathhouse" was nothing more than a check-in desk with two changing rooms. The men's changing room had a common shower area (4 shower heads - again, nothing but very hot water) with used towels laying everywhere.
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Dr. Hauschka Soothing Cleansing Milk, 4.9-Ounce Box
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Distribute the Cleansing Milk evenly on a damp face, work up slightly and remove with plenty of water. Also used with a moist pad of cotton wool, Cleansing Milk is suitable for removing eye make-up or general preparatory cleaning of skin. Cleansing Milk can also be used altering it with Cleansing Cream by using the Cleansing Milk in the evening and the Cleansing cream in the morning.
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Shaky Kane's Monster Truck
by Shaky Kane
Get your motor rolling and head out along comic book Route 666! Taking it's stylistic cues from the silver age of comics, this deluxe, recolored, remastered second printing of Wishbone Studio's cult classic graphic road movie by comics legend Shaky Kane pans out over 50 continuous panels, taking the reader on a hallucinogenic journey into the very hinterland of popular cul ...more
Paperback, 50 pages
Published January 10th 2012 by Image Comics
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Jan 13, 2014 Keith rated it liked it
Someone who didn't feel like this book was crazy enough put it into an online autoscroll format with creepy circus techno music. I have no idea if this makes the book better, but I do believe reading it any other way might not feel so acutely like you're going insane while reading it, and would thus be an inferior experience.
Jun 19, 2013 Roxanne rated it it was amazing
Very quick read, about 50 short pages of one and two line text to go with the comic artwork. The version I read was an original, Wishbone studios copy signed by Shaky Kane himself. The story is part sci-fi, part acid trip. Filled with monsters, zombies, and plenty of giant eyeballs. My favorite part: the transformation of the protagonist's vehicle into a "monster truck". Visually thrilling.
Mar 24, 2012 Artur Coelho rated it it was ok
Carros, monstros, aviões, mulheres sexy, e cor, muita cor. Cor gritante que agride os olhos num álbum absurdista, caderno de desenhos fetishista que seduz pelo puro gozo espalhado pelas páginas. Uma colisão entre o lápis e a cultura pop, despejada em quadricromia nas páginas de um livro.
Jul 11, 2012 Kate rated it it was amazing
Shelves: comics
Strange, weird, and wonderful. Monster trucks, zombies, giant insects, robots, movie monsters, huge eyeballs, UFOs, desert landscapes and extremely bright colors! I loved these illustrations and the stream of consciousness trip through this terrible world. Not for everyone, for sure.
Jan 31, 2012 Jim rated it really liked it
Not a ton of substance, but really fun. A panoramic view of total absurdity by the artist who brought you The Bulletproof Coffin (one of the best series I've read in a while). Definitely worth checking out.
Mar 25, 2012 Damon rated it really liked it
Not much actual reading to do here, but this is a hell of a cool book to thumb through. I'd love to see it all end-to-end. Shaky's a man to watch out for.
Oct 28, 2015 Writerdom1118 rated it liked it
Not a big fan of obscure, plotless slideshows of basic nothingness, but the art made it just worth it.
Mar 06, 2012 Jamil rated it it was ok
Shelves: comics, picture-books, weird-adventures
may have worked better as a fold-out.
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DARBY TOWNSHIP Ś Members of Delaware Countyĺs six Emergency Response Teams gathered at the Emergency Services Training Center on Tuesday morning to practice their trade in a competition sponsored by the District Attorneyĺs office.
With more than 120 specially trained officers on hand, the six teams competed on the handgun, rifle and sniper courses, as well as testing their agility and medic skills during an ôofficer downö scenario.
ôThis is a great event,ö said District Attorney Jack Whelan. ôThereĺs nothing to be substituted for preparation.ö
There are two regional ERTs, the original Southeast Delco team and the Central Delco team, and four stand-alone teams that cover Upper Darby, Chester, Upper Chichester and Haverford. The members of the teams are regular police officers and medics who are on-call 24 hours a day to respond to a variety of dangerous incidents, from high-risk warrant service to active shooter and hostage situations.
Tuesdayĺs event had officers competing on the handgun range, where team members used their sidearms, and the rifle range, where team members used AR-15s and sniper rifles. Competitors were judged by members of an FBI SWAT team based on accuracy and time.
There was also an obstacle course where teams were judged on time and agility and an ôofficer downö scenario in which teams responded to a simulated call in which two officers had been shot.
In that scenario, teams entered one of the training centerĺs shoot houses after being briefed on an incident based on a real-life emergency call. The ERT members were told that two officers had been overheard screaming into their radios and then all contact was lost.
The teams entered the shoot house, a large warehouse with a two-story home mock-up inside. In a tight column led by an officer with a riot shield, the team advanced up a narrow alleyway inside the warehouse, scanning side-to-side and up-an-down with their rifles, searching for threats. All the while, an officer playing the role of one of the injured officers was wailing that he needed help because he was shot. When the team found the ôwoundedö officer and his partner, another actor with a simulated fatal head wound, they determined that he had sustained gunshots to the leg and chest, and started to carry him out.
As part of the scenario, the wounded officer would simulate respiratory troubles that the team medics would have to recognize as a collapsed lung. Once the wounded officer was removed to safety, the medics switched over to a training dummy to demonstrate the measures they would take to stabilize him and get him to the hospital.
The two officers who were playing victims received extensive make-up to play their parts. The wounded officer wore a uniform with ôbullet holesö where he was supposed to have been shot and was splattered with blood. The officer playing the officer supposed to have been killed had a realistic looking headshot, complete with entry and exit wounds, applied to his face.
ôWhat we try and do is make the injuries look as real as possible,ö said Jim McCans, Director of Haverfordĺs Paramedic Department and a tactical medic on the FBI SWAT Team. He was also the dayĺs makeup artist. ôIt adds a level of realism that gets it as close to real as we can.ö
The training exercises are similar to what the teams go through as part of their normal training regimen, but Tuesday provided a valuable opportunity for the teams to work together and in direct competition.
ôThe bottom line is we want to get the bad guy out without any injuries,ö Haverford Township Police Deputy Chief John Viola said of the ERT philosophy. ôWe want to get there as quick as we can and resolve the situation as quickly as we can.ö
Tuesdayĺs exercises are an invaluable part of preparing the team members for real world incidents, Viola said.
ôItĺs irreplaceable,ö he said.
Prospect Park Police Chief Cliff Engle echoed Violaĺs thoughts on the value of the training.
ôYou couldnĺt put a price tag on it,ö Engle said. ôWe need it so bad.ö


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Dr. Alveda King, Pastoral Associate of Priests for Life and the niece of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., commented today on the shooting of four Oakland police officers and the jailing of an Oakland pro-life activist last Friday.
"Four Oakland policemen were gunned down over the weekend while serving as protectors of human life," said Dr. King. "They will be forever heroes, victims of injustice. Only hours before they were struck down, however, another hero who tried to protect the innocent, Rev. Walter Hoye, was to a much lesser extent a victim of injustice as well.
"Rev. Hoye now sits in jail for the so-called crime of asking women if he could talk to them about abortion," added Dr. King. "He is a gentle, loving man who will be incarcerated for 30 days merely for telling pregnant women that Jesus loves them and their babies. There's no comparing the plight of Rev. Hoye with the loss of four police officers, but as my uncle Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said, 'Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.' In Oakland, it was a horrible weekend for justice and for those who protect life."
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Ok I have never experienced this before with either of my other pregnancies. I was on my computer minding my own business and taking care of my daughter. Well all of a sudden I look down and was shocked... I had actually forgot that I was 34 weeks pregnant!!! LOL. Then the same thing happened this morning when I woke up. Maybe I'm just getting used to it and not noticing the growing belly as much. The funny thing about it besides the obvious was that he had just finished kicking the crap out of me. My husband was near by and asked me what was wrong and when I told him that I had forgotten that I was pregnant he just laughed. Anyone else have days like this. Just thought I'd share some of my stupidity. LOL!
This is really weird!!!
~~Birthmom to Allison Elizabeth~~
~~Mom to Cheza Renee and Samual Clemens~~
Comments (2)
I did that Saturday night. I was sleeping (crappy) on my side and I guess I just didn't feel the belly. In my sleepy state I couldn't understand why I couldn't roll over onto my stomach to sleep. Which of course woke me up and then I realized DUH!!! Oh well!!
On a RARE occasion I'll sit just right or lay just right and there won't be any pressure/weight on my stomach. I don't really "forget" I'm pregnant, I just don't feel pregnant at those times. I LOVE it when that happens! It usually doesn't last long though and, like I said, it's a rare time! :)
Kira (7.27.06) and Tayla (10.29.08)
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Bring the beach home with nautical decor.
Your coupon will be applied to the highest regular-price, eligible item in your cart.
Offer good for one item at regular price only. Limit one coupon per customer per day. Must present coupon at time of purchase. Offer is not valid with any other coupon, discount or previous purchase. One cut or one bolt of fabric or trim "by the yard" equals one item. Online fabric & trim discount is limited to 10 yards, single cut. Excludes Heidi Swapp™ Minc.™ Foil Applicator, CRICUT® products, Tim Holtz® Vagabond™ Machine, Silhouette CAMEO® Machine, candy & snack products, gum & mints, helium tanks, gift cards, custom orders, special orders, labor, rentals or class fees. Cash Value 1/10¢.
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Quilting Designs on CD; EQ7 Giveaway Reminder
One of the most useful tools Quiltmaker offers came from a partnership with The Electric Quilt Company. Several years ago we joined forces and created Quilting Designs on CD. My co-workers said that using these Quilting Designs CDs is as easy as 1-2-3. … Continue reading
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A Big Splash: Electric Quilt Giveaway!
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BEST WESTERN Posada Royale Hotel & Suites
BEST WESTERN Posada Royale Hotel & Suites
Hotel Guest Rating: 8.1/10
1775 Madera Road
Simi Valley, CA 93065
Hotel Freebies Available*
• On Sale Now -> Save 15% on select dates show dates
• Generic Agoda Promotion show dates
• Free Breakfast show dates
• Free Internet in Room show dates
• Free Parking show dates
Welcome to the BEST WESTERN Posada Royale Hotel & Suites
Free Wi-Fi, free hot breakfast and a heated outdoor pool put the plus in the non-smoking Best Western Plus Posada Royale Hotel & Suites.
Hotel Features
The Best Western Plus Posada Royale Hotel & Suites has 120 non-smoking rooms on two floors, all with pillowtop mattresses, desks, microwaves, mini-fridges and coffeemakers. Amenities include free Wi-Fi, AM/FM clock radios and cable TV with HBO and pay movies. Some rooms offer sofa beds, balconies, jetted tubs or fireplaces. Fuel up for a day of business or sightseeing with a complimentary hot buffet breakfast. A business center and a fitness room let you work or work out, and the heated outdoor pool and hot tub ease stress or sore muscles. Guests are invited to a weekday-evening wine reception in the hotel lobby, which features comfortable seating by the fireplace. On-site conveniences include a guest laundromat, 24-hour front desk and free parking.
Hotel Location
Located a mile off the Ronald Reagan Freeway, the hotel is less than three miles from Simi Valley Town Center. For more shopping, Camarillo Premium Outlets is 30 minutes away. The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum is three miles from the hotel, and Moorpark College/America's Teaching Zoo is five miles. For family outings, Six Flags Magic Mountain, Universal Studios Hollywood, the Getty Museum and California beaches are about a 45-minute drive. It's six miles to the Amtrak Station and 32 miles east to Bob Hope (Burbank) Airport.
Guest Favorites
"Amazing breakfast" and an "exceptionally helpful and competent staff" win plaudits for Best Western Plus from Priceline guests, who "would stay there again in a heartbeat."
BEST WESTERN Posada Royale Hotel & Suites Amenities
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Alarm clock
- All public areas non-smoking
- AM/FM radio
- Balcony/Lanai/Terrace
- Business center
- Cable television
- Cocktail lounge
- Coffee/Tea maker
- Complimentary breakfast
- Complimentary full american breakfast
- Complimentary in-room coffee or tea
- Complimentary newspaper in lobby
- Conference facilities
- Connecting rooms
- Data port
- Desk
- Direct dial phone number
- Exercise gym
- Express check-out
- Fax service
- Fireplace
- Free local calls
- Free newspaper
- Free parking
- Front desk
- Hairdryer
- Heated pool
- High speed internet access
- High speed internet connection
- High speed wireless
- Ice machine
- Interior corridors
- Internet access
- Ironing board
- Late check-out available
- Laundry/Valet service
- Meeting rooms
- Microwave
- Multilingual staff
- Non-smoking
- Non-smoking rooms (generic)
- Onsite laundry
- Outdoor parking
- Outdoor pool
- Photocopy center
- Pool
- Premium movie channels
- Refrigerator
- Safe deposit box
- Security
- Spa
- Speaker phone
- VCR player
- Wake-up calls
- Wireless internet connection
- Wireless internet connection in public areas
Hotel Guest Reviews of the BEST WESTERN Posada Royale Hotel & SuitesOur hotel ratings and reviews are from real hotel guests. Priceline.com ensures that its reviews are guests-only by proactively sending hotel surveys to customers after they've completed their hotel stays. In the post-stay surveys, priceline.com hotel customers are asked a number of questions about their stay and the hotel. On a scale of 1-10 with 10 being the best, the survey asks guests to rate their overall experience and specifically rate the hotel's cleanliness, staff and location. Priceline.com does not allow site visitors to post unsolicited hotel reviews.
Sort by: All Travelers | Business Traveler(14) | Solo Traveler(11) | Traveling as Couple(19) | Family with Young Children(14) | Family with Teens(9) | Senior Traveler(4) | Group Traveler(4)
Vernon from Logandale, NV
July 12, 2016
Family Traveling with Teens
July 12, 2016
Family Traveling with Teens
The breakfast was amazing! They really rolled out the red carpet in the mornings.
No I think it was just right for our needs.
Verified Hotel Guest from Camarillo, CA
July 11, 2016
July 11, 2016
Beds were comfortable. Breakfast was great
Wi-first was spotty
Verified Hotel Guest from San Jose, CA
July 5, 2016
Group Traveler
July 5, 2016
Group Traveler
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
Irina from Fremont, CA
July 5, 2016
July 5, 2016
Good location
The mattress was terrible. Air flow from conditioner was very strong even on low. We tried to block it using chairs ( AC unit was under the window). It helped a little. A lot of noise from water pipes in neighboring rooms.
Verified Hotel Guest from Spokane, WA
June 24, 2016
Family Traveling with Teens
June 24, 2016
Family Traveling with Teens
staff, location and great breakfast!
At midnight a water drain from the noise and activity in the room above us flooded our room. Our phone was broken and we had to pack up quick and go to lobby. The only room they could give us had one bed? No apologies, no nothing! SAD
Verified Hotel Guest from Valley Village, CA
June 15, 2016
Business Traveler
June 15, 2016
Business Traveler
it was easy to park.
The chair was dirty and old and there were some really loud people screaming next door that were easy to hear. IT smelled like smoke in nonsmoke room. dingy, non updated.It was ok but not worth more then $-- a night and more was paid then that!
Robert from Smith, NV
June 14, 2016
June 14, 2016
the staff,accomadations
not this time
Sylvia from Mission Viejo, CA
June 9, 2016
Senior Travelers
June 9, 2016
Senior Travelers
It is an older hotel, room smelled musty and smoky---though it was a non smoking room. We bought room deodorizer to kill musty smell.
Verified Hotel Guest from Saratoga, CA
June 8, 2016
Solo Traveler
June 8, 2016
Solo Traveler
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
Verified Hotel Guest from North Las Vegas, NV
June 4, 2016
June 4, 2016
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
Reviews of BEST WESTERN Posada Royale Hotel & Suites
(1 - 10 of 82 reviews)
(1 - 10 of 82 reviews)
from $88
- Courtyard By Marriott Ventura Simi Valley from $197 (0.8mi)
- Grand Vista Hotel Simi Valley from $89 (1.3mi)
- Holiday Inn Express Simi Valley from $139 (2.2mi)
- Motel 6 Simi Valley from $79 (2.2mi)
- Extended Stay America - Los Angeles - Simi Valley from $99 (6.1mi)
- Famous Dave's (1.5mi)
- Spark Woodfire Grill (1.7mi)
- Sharky's Mexican Grill (3.1mi)
- Romano's Macaroni Grill (4.7mi)
- Stray Steer Steak House And Barbeque (4.9mi)
- Thousand Oaks, CA (10.6 mi)
- Westlake Village, CA (11.8 mi)
- Newbury Park, CA (13.3 mi)
- Agoura Hills, CA (14.2 mi)
- Chatsworth, CA (15.0 mi)
- Fillmore, CA (18.3 mi)
- Canoga Park, CA (18.4 mi)
- Granada Hills, CA (19.2 mi)
- Calabasas, CA (19.3 mi)
- Winnetka, CA (19.4 mi)
- Camarillo, CA (19.7 mi)
- Woodland Hills, CA (20.1 mi)
- Northridge, CA (20.7 mi)
- Reseda, CA (22.5 mi)
- Tarzana, CA (22.9 mi)
- Mission Hills, CA (23.5 mi)
- North Hills, CA (24.0 mi)
- San Fernando, CA (25.0 mi)
- Topanga, CA (25.9 mi)
- Pacoima, CA (26.1 mi)
- Malibu, CA (26.1 mi)
- Santa Paula, CA (26.2 mi)
- Sylmar, CA (26.4 mi)
- Encino, CA (26.7 mi)
- Newhall, CA (28.4 mi)
- Van Nuys, CA (29.1 mi)
- Oxnard, CA (29.9 mi)
Most Popular Guest-Rated Hotels in Simi Valley
- Courtyard By Marriott Ventura Simi Valley
- Best Western Posada Royale Hotel & Suites
- Holiday Inn Express Simi Valley
Most Popular Business-Friendly Hotels in Simi Valley
- Best Western Posada Royale Hotel & Suites
- Courtyard By Marriott Ventura Simi Valley
- Extended Stay America - Los Angeles - Simi Valley
Most Popular Romantic Hotels in Simi Valley
Most Popular Family-Friendly Hotels in Simi Valley
- Holiday Inn Express Simi Valley
- Courtyard By Marriott Ventura Simi Valley
- Extended Stay America - Los Angeles - Simi Valley


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About this Business
- HoursSun10:00 AM - 6:00 PMMon-Thu10:00 AM - 8:00 PMFri10:00 AM - 6:00 PMSat9:00 AM - 7:00 PM
From Our Editors
Inside Serenity Day Spas, elegant decor and a resort-like atmosphere shelter clients from the bustle of the outside world. Massage therapists and aestheticians can tailor services to individual needs, creating a menu of head-to-toe treatments more personalized than the real world's traffic-light timers. Massage therapists can perform classic modalities such as aromatherapy or hot stone, while symptom-specific massages help assuage the stresses of poor posture, carpal tunnel, or runner's fatigue. The spas also house salons for custom haircuts and coloring.


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i allready have google toolbar :) but i just want to be sure this plugin is not available be4 i go in this issue , i have some idea 2 integrate this into wordpress .
but i think api-key will cause a problem . because using the google api-key you are allowed 2 make 1000 query/day .
except if in the installation procedure of the plugin you ask the user to enter there api-key .
or ... get 5-6 api-key and make a random select of the api key ..
Thank's anyway i ll check this after my exams :)


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Thou Wilt Keep Him In Perfect Peace For Chorus & Organ: Thou Wilt Keep Him In Perfect Peace
Features of This Tracka Romantic-Era style
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EDDMapS Distribution - This map is incomplete and is based only on current site and county level reports made by experts, herbaria, and literature. For more information, visit www.eddmaps.org
State Regulated List - This map identifies those states that list this species on their regulated list. For more information, visit Invasive.org
|Kingdom: Plantae
|Phylum: Magnoliophyta
|Class: Liliopsida
|Subclass: Liliidae
|Order: Liliales
|Family: Iridaceae
|Genus: Iris
|Subject: Iris pseudacorus L.
Other Common Names:
paleyellow iris


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Cooperative vehicle safety systems (CVSSs) rely on vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) for the delivery of critical vehicle tracking information. The wireless channel in such systems is shared by vehicles within the transmission range of each other. Due to the near-linear spatial distribution of vehicles in a highway scenario, the vehicular broadcast network is heavily affected by the hidden node interference phenomenon, which considerably limits its capacity. The performance of vehicle tracking application that is the basis for CVSS is therefore significantly affected by the performance of the underlying network. The two main parameters that affect the network condition and performance are the range and rate (frequency) of transmission of safety and tracking messages. In this paper, we analyze the effect of different choices of rate and range and present models that quantify network performance in terms of its ability to disseminate tracking information. Following a thorough analysis of the hidden node affected VANET, we show that channel occupancy or busy ratio can be used as a feedback measure that quantifies the success of information dissemination and, consequently, the CVSS, under different network conditions. These findings are used to design feedback control schemes for transmission range adaptation, which are robust to variations of road and network traffic.
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