text: IN T J WNATIQNA ™ p * - 4 l P • • ! .* M •#• 4 £7> J A ► 4 4 < 4 i ' ' I 4 4 i .44* ? « < i) I ^ ■ rr. w ii ▲ ; -** his is steel, newly-made, flowing in a molten stream from the open-hearth furnace. \$ e live in the Afie of Steel. Every necessity and convenience of our daily lives — food, clothing, shelter, modern FRONT COVER Pouring newly-made steel from a huge ladle into ingot molds. .«* -I* • •* ■IP Open-hearth department of the Bethlehem Plant. Steel is being tapped into ladles simultaneously from three big furnaces. 1 I » STEEL IN THE MAKING STEEL— OUR MOST USEFUL METAL RAW MATERIALS OF STEELMAKING Iron Orr I imestone Vr. ip Water Air Human skills MAKING IRON IN THE BLAST FURNACE MAKING STEEL Open H-Mrili Pro- ,s r.l>-<tn< I iirn.n .• [*ro< <•,, It" ■ --••irn-r Process FLOW CHART OF STEELMAKING MAKING FINISHED STEEL PRODUCTS Plate* Miivt, and strip I in Plate Stl Mir;il Shape*) Ban Rod and 1 ire Prodi * Tubular Product* Rails BETHLEHEM PRODUCTS I 'tit: 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 10 12 13 i 16 19 21 22 25 26 8 32 34 5 methods of transportation and nimiuii- nidation — all depend in some way on tins most useful of metals. In this hook we tell von ho* *l< I is made, and describe a few of the countless >wi\- in whirh it serve* ns all. The photograph* steel- mok ,' inril, , n ,l ftro , ies mppemrmg pmbii n were taken in /i-rhlehem's steelmnkim- plants, << rh are lor il ns follows BETH1 EHEM. PA. SPAMKOW5 POINT \li> LACKAWANNA N TEKf \>\ JOHNSTOWN, P\ SOI TH >\\ PRANQ \i if LOS W< CALD SEATT1 • KSh H 9 _ erht I l. RrthUk**. ,"/ r — our most useful metal In the modern, highly industrialized era in which we are living, steel occupies a fundamental place. Today there is hardly any activity that does not depend on steel in some way, direct or indirect. Steel in its many forms is serving in countless ways to make our lives more enjoyable and more productive. Of all metals steel is the most abundant and the least expensive — costing only about 4*4 cents per pound on the average — due to the modern, efficient production equipment and methods of the steel industry. Steel has a combination of properties — strength, hard- ness and toughness — that is unequalled by any other ma- terial. But even more important is the fact that we can accurately adjust and control these properties within wide limits. We can make steel exceptionally hard or relativel) soft; that is why tools made from certain steels can be used to cut other steels. And special steels can be made to resist heat, wear, shock and corrosion. Then, too. sleel can be processed into so many different forms. It can be made into wire as fine as a hair, yet amazingly strong. It can be rolled into thin, flat sheets, then formed into the curving contour- of an automobile fender. It can be forged into objects large or small, from hammer heads to propeller shafts for huge ocean liners. The Beginnings of Ironmaking The history of steel and that of its parent metal, iron. are closely interwoven. It was probably during the New Stone Age that primitive man learned to make iron by heating rocks and earth containing iron oxide in an open fire. Gradually he added improvements. He built stone hearths, used crude bellows to make hotter fires, and sub- stituted charcoal for wood. Such simple furnaces provided man's supply of iron for many years. The earliest writing to mention ironmaking is the Book of Genesis, where it is recorded that Tubal-Cain, seven generations after Adam, forged cutting instruments of iron. The oldest objects made of iron that are still in existence are the remains of iron beads found in an ancient Egyptian cemetery dating back to 4000 B. C. There is also evidence that the Egyptians used iron tools when they built the pyramids as early as 3100 B. €♦ Ancient writings indicate that the Chinese made iron around 2200 B. C. Skilled artisans in India, Korea and Japan made and used iron and steel many centuries ago. From India came a fine grade of steel which the Syrians used in forging the famous swords of Damascus. In the Middle East the Persians, Medes, Hittites and Phoenicians carried on a trade in iron long before the Christian era. It was probably the Phoenicians who intro- duced iron to Greece. Rome, Spain and France, and so to all the Western world. Homer's writings, which date back to about 850 B. C, tell us that the prizes awarded winners of Olympic contests were sometimes made of iron. Iron was also made and used by the ancient people of Britain, France and Spain. However, the military use of ferrous metals was most highly developed by the Romans, whose legions were equipped with excellent iron and steel armor and weapons. Early Progress in Ironmaking One of the first important advances in ironmaking is credited to the Spaniards. The Catalan forge, developed in Catalonia in northern Spain, probably before the eighth century, produced considerable quantities of wrought bar iron. Another early ironmaking furnace was the stuckofen, first used in Germain and Austria, a crude version of the present day blast furnace. As these and other furnaces made an increased supply of iron available during the late Middle Ages, European artisans became remarkably skillful in the art of forging iron and, sometimes, steel bars. They produced numerous metal tools, weapons, cooking utensils, locks and — their supreme achievement — richly ornamented suits of armor. Until the invention of gunpowder, the knight in armor re- mained practically invulnerable to the weapons of the day. In earlier times steel was thought to be simply a superior grade of iron. By the seventeenth century, however, Euro- pean ironmasters understood the basic difference between iron and steel — steel being a refined form of iron —and were producing steel in small quantities. One early use of this steel was the fine cutlery for which the town of Sheffield, England, is famous to the present day. In this primitive forging method two crude bellows pro- duce o fire hot enough to make iron soft and workable. 2 This skillfully made suit of steel armor is a striking example of the amazing ability of medieval smiths. Early blast furnace near Pottstown, Pa., which operated for 134 years. / This simple cast iron cooking pot was made at the Saugus Works in mid-1 7th century. Steelmaking in America Early in the seventeenth century the London Company built the first ironworks in the New World at Falling Creek in Virginia. But in March, 1622, just as operations were starting, Indians attacked the settlement, destroying the works and killing 347 colonists. The only survivor was young Maurice Berkeley, son of the leader. Another Colonial ironworks — recently rebuilt accord- ing to its original design — was completed in Saugus, Massachusetts, in about 1650. One of the first iron articles made there, a simple cooking pot. is still in existence. It was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that any significant progress was made in producing steel in large quantities. Then two men. Sir Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, and William Kelly, an American iron- master, independently developed the method of converting pig iron into steel now known by Bessemer's name. For some years nearly all the steel produced was made 1>> the hessemer process. However, late in the nineteenth century the more efficient open-hearth process was devel- oped. By 1909 more steel was being made in open-hearth furnaces than in bessemers. A later development was the introduction of the electric-furnace process. The growth of the steel industry has been nothing short of phenomenal. In 1890 America^ steel furnaces poured 5 million tons of steel; in 1917. 50 million tons: in 1953, nearly 112 million tons, about 43 percent of the entire world output. This tremendous increase in steel produc- tion has been closely interwoven with the industrial ad- vances of the twentieth century that have given the people of the United States the highest standard of living the world has ever known. Today, steel is the backbone of our economy — our greatest strength in peace and in war. 3 TH RAW MATER I O COAL Four basic raw materials — iron ore, coal limestone and scrap metal are used to make teeL • The first step of steelmaking, the making of iron, requires iron ore coal (after it has been converted into coke) and limestone. The second step is converting the iron, to which scrap meted is added, into steel. Open-pit mining at Bethlehem mine at El Pao, Venezuela. Power shovels scoop up the ore, which lies close to the surface. LMAKING Iron Ore The basic source of all iron and steel is iron ore, which consists of iron oxide combined with alumina, silica, phosphorus, manganese and sulphur. Small amounts of iron are found almost everywhere. But the areas in which iron ore is mined are relatively few. It costs so much to provide facilities to extract the ore from the earth and transport it to the steel mills that the expense can be justified only when the ore is of high grade and present in large deposits. Most of the iron ore mined in this country has been of two types: hematite and magnetite, both of which aver- age about 70 percent in iron content when pure. Hematite has a brick-red color. Magnetite is black. Both Domestic and Foreign Ores Used The leading iron-producing region in the United States is the Lake Superior district of Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin, which includes the famous Mesabi Range. Other important ore-producing areas are in Pennsyl- vania, New York, New Jersey and Alabama, and in a number of the Rocky Mountain states. Steel mills in the United States also import ore from Canada, South Amer- ica, Europe and Africa. Bethlehem Steel Company uses ore from several of these sources. Large tonnages come from the Lake Su- perior district, from the Cornwall Mine in eastern Penn- sylvania, which dates back to the American Revolution, and from Bethlehem mines in Venezuela and Chile. Supplementing these sources, we import special types of ore from Sweden. Bethlehem is also developing several new sources of ore, including the Grace Mine near Mor- gantown, Pa. ; a deposit at Marmora, in the Province of Ontario, Canada; and in Chile. In addition, this company plans to use ore from the large deposits in Labrador that are now being developed. These ore unloaders are scooping iron ore from the hold of a vessel in 17-ton bites. Taconite— A New Source of Iron Another vitally important source of iron for the near future is (aconite. This extremely hard rock, containing particles of iron oxide, is found in vast quantities sur- rounding high-grade ore deposits. However, taconite is too low in iron content in its natural state to be used in the iron-making blast furnaces. In order to solve this prob- lem, several groups of steel companies have constructed pilot plants where the\ have developed a way to extract the iron oxide from taconite and concentrate it in marble- sized pellets with iron content of about 65 percent. One of the leaders in this research work has been Erie Mining Company, in which Bethlehem has a sizable interest. Erie is now building a full-scale plant where large quantities of taconite will be prepared for steelmaking. A new source of iron ore is the Grace Mine, near Morgantown, Pa. Ore deposits, 1500 to 3000 feet underground, are reached by shafts and tu nnels. 5 Discharging incandescent coke from oven. The coke is then quenched under sprays of water to prevent it from burning in the open air. Coal mine at the Johnstown Plant, only steel plant in the U. S. located directly above large deposits of coking coal. Coal Coal is another of the basic raw materials of steel- making. It is used to make coke which, in turn, is used as fuel in the blast furnaces where iron is made. Coking coal, a special type of bituminous or "soft" coal, is mined principally in western Pennsylvania. West Virginia — Bethlehem has mine- in both these states — and in Illinois and Alabama. Machinery has taken the place of pick-and-shovel work in mans modern bituminous coal mines. Mechanical (Utters slice into the solid blocks of coal, which are then blasted loo j explosives. M hanical loaders gather up the coal and load it onto ears which carry it to the urface. Recentl) machines have been introduced that mine and load tie I in one operation, thus eliminating th< i d for- blasting. Finally, the coal is mechanicalh crushed, sorted, washes ind blended, in preparation for use in the coke o\ ens. Coal is "Baked" in Coke Ovens Coke ovens, which are located at the steel plant, are large rectangular ovens, usualh arranged side b\ side in atteries of 40 or mori I he newi si ovens arc approxi- natel) in feel long, about 13 feel high, and between 1 and 2 feet wide. d i ;l is dumped into the oven through i en- il in the top. The oven is cl <L heated to about 2000 degr< F and kepi at this temperature for 19 or 20 houi le the intense heal is driving off the various gases in tin d. Tie solid matter which remains is pushed from the oven while glowing with heat and is quenched under spra\ s of water. The result is coke, a firm, porous, gray substance, about 85 percent carbon. Coke is the ideal fuel for the blast furnaces. It burns rapidly with intense heat and supplies the carbon needed to make carbon-monoxide gas which plays a vital part in the blast-furnace process. Furthermore, coke has a strong enough structure to support the tremendous weight of the iron ore and limestone which are charged into the blast furnace. Coking Process Yields Valuable Gas For ever) ton of coke, an oven produces 16,000 to 18,000 cubic feet of coke-oven gas. This gas is extremely important both as a source of byproduct chemicals and as a fuel for use within the steel plant. The gas passes from the ovens into a system which recovers the primary byproducts such as tar, ammonium sulphate, naphthalene, p) ridine and light oils. These basic chemicals an further processed to yield tar-acid oils, enzol, toluol, w lob etc. Other industries use these chemi- - als to make nylon, synthetic rubber, aspirin, TNT, moth balls. jM-rfumes. dyes, sulpha drugs, plastics and thou- sands of other well-known products. After the coal chemicals have been extracted, the gas that remains is used as fuel for the coke ovens, the open- hearth furnaces, and for other processes within the steel plant. In addition, some plants supply coke-oven gas to surrounding communities for use as a household fuel. Deep in a modern mine a big mechanical loader scoops up the loosened chunks of coal and loads them into mine cars. Byproducts of coke-mak- ing, processed in this plant, are sold to chemical indus- tries for conversion into many familiar products. Limestone Limestom- ,, ., lv roc k consisting K of • > i r >i irbonate i i y ed in bias! furna< < ami to a smsllei r "ctent, in the open hearth furnai I ,im ■ i clean i i 01 flux, loaking up the impuriti md formin .1 stum like slag, I ifiirsiun,- h,, us r hi Hi Imakm from Bethlehem quau n Hiere ii i^ H I ami rrual in preparation foi use in the furnai - • urn Scrap Oho of the rnosi i portanl in es of new steel i- old ileel mil iron No matin bov\ old and rust) the r .« I ma) become, it can always be melted down I i n« verted into new steel. In la. I iteel plan it do hai bl;i*t furnai often make §teel rntireN fi n ferrous wrap But undei ordinar) steelmakii mditi afn»ut one-hall of the iron content of steel come* from molte pig ii on ami the remain dei from -« » s| This quarry near Bridgeport, Pa., supplies limestone for ifeelmaking 7 ' dlj tWCJ kind- of M I l|> ||r l| d in I rriuk. i i II-. ,, , vx l( ( t \ lt , | } ,| ,,,, itself f^ oi n ei \ ton I pmdu< ml) i ul thi •l ,Mr M ' f - • r ni *hifi u| I he n i initi i irtei ton *hi I , , ",, tui ii"l tcj rfi linaki u run ( Hit*id< |i is uau i ,, ,,, ♦ *h< >Hn i i | , IMS f 0| ., (1 . r|0 | ( | M . r * ,s< ! " In It In, i if! ,,- ,|, | hr- C *° U r " S ' H- ill r ,,,,) *rU -u« h b h.i i rlrd ii limrry, I hi| and old railwa) i I i |« taothei -an fl h '" i '" 1 A™ ii. iin hope md her pl.ii r* when ft aJ work An Example of the 'Rebirth" of Steel 1 rl "- H al i \\ Id 1 II rail n ' ' ' r! I •< -fi • md repl* i the with d I l Id l ton- nf -i d rrpl -ii me r ihi ni'N i hk h wai d in! I*«i«' e» ami arts of tf Retired locomotives provide icrap for conversion into ne The Sparrows Point Plant, near Baltimore, second largest steel plant in the world, and largest on the Eastern Seaboard. Sparrows Point, with annual steelmaking capacity of approximately 6,000,000 tons, has a normal payroll force of 25,000 employees, and an annual payroll of over $100,000,000. More than 15,000 electric motors supply 600,000 horsepower for use in the plant. Every day the plant consumes about 550 million gallons of water, more than is used in the nearby city of Baltimore, sixth largest city in the United States. Water Steelmaking takes tremendous amounts of water — 20,000 to 25,000 gallons of water for each ton of steel produ< I Steel plants use water for cooling equipment and structures such as blast furnaces and open hearths. It is al ed for the generation of steam, for the cleaning rid cooling of blast-furnace and coke-oven gases, and for cooling steel during processing. Air It is an amazing fact that the air used in steelmaking actually outweighs the solid raw materials. Oxygen in the air permits the fuels used in steelmaking to burn, and assists in the various chemical reactions. From 4 to 4^A tons of air must be supplied to a blast furnace in order to make 1 ton of pig iron. Another ton or so of air is needed in converting the iron into steel. 8 The 1 1 -billion-gallon reservoir on Quemahoning Creek, one of four needed to supply the Johnstown Plant with 140,000,000 gallons of water per day. This 1 1,150-horsepower turbo-blower supplies air for the Steelton Plant's big blast furnaces. It takes about 5 tons of air to make 1 ton of steel. Workmen rebuilding open-hearth furnace with refractory bricks. Such maintenance work is a never-ending job in a large steel plant. Electricity supplies most of the power used in steelmaking. These massive electric mo- tors drive the rolls in a sheet-strip mill. Electric power for Sparrows Point is generated in this huge steam plant which uses blast-furnace gas for fuel. Human Skills If you visited a steel plant, you might be so impressed by the size and complexity of the furnaces and mills that you would overlook the all-important human element in steelmaking. It takes people — many different kinds of skill — to make steel. Our Sparrows Point Plant, for example, has a normal payroll force of 25,000 employees. Of these, 6,000, or extent mechanized equipment is used in steelmaking. about one out of every four, are engaged in maintenance, meant hard labor. This mechanization in steelmaking does more than save human drudgery. It increases effici- ency, thus producing more steel at lower cost. Electric Power in Steelmaking Here are a few figures that give an indication to what The power needed to produce 1 ton of steel — to oper- service and transportation work alone. They include at e the furnaces, rolling mills and many other facilities carpenters, electricians, machinists, bricklayers, painters, within the plant — amounts to about 700 horsepower- truck drivers, firemen and plant patrolmen. The 19,000 hours. A large steel mill such as our Lackawanna Plant employees directly engaged in the production of steel requires electrical installations as large as those of a city include hundreds of other specialized skills. These skills of 100,000 population. The 12,000 or so electric motors in are based on years of experience. Almost one-half of all tne Lackawanna Plant deliver over 500,000 horsepower. Bethlehem employees have been with the company for from 10 to 45 years or longer. There is no substitute for human skills in steelmaking. But the part that human muscles play in the operation of a steel plant is much less than it was only a few years ago. Today everywhere you turn in a big steel plant you see machinery making short work of tasks that once 9 sua* Tapping a blast furnace. Molten pig iron runs down a trough to the left. The workman at center is taking a sample for analysts. Iron ore is converted info pig iron by means of a series of chemical reactions that take place in the blast furnace. First — heated by a hot blast of air from the stoves, the coke burns, creating gases. Second — these gases rear! with iron oxides in the ore, removing the oxygen and leaving metallic iron. Third — the limestone (rentes a slag which absorbs much of the silica and other impuril 5 from the ore. ONE OF THREE OR FOUR STOVES FOR HEATING AIR REFRAC10RY IRICK LINING • RICK CHECKERWORK AIR IS HIAUD AS IT RISES THROUGH HOT IIKKWOM SKIP CAR 1 Simplified cutaway diagram of a typical blast- furnace installation, including one of its stoves Spectacular skyline of the Bethlehem Plant along the Lehigh River. The blast furna ces tower over other steel-plant structures. oni A blast furnace, together with its stoves and other equipment, makes a huge and complicated structure. But its basic design is quite simple. As shown in the diagram, the blast furnace is essentially a tall, brick-lined steel shell, approximately cylindrical in shape. The typical blast furnace is well over 100 feet in height, with a hearth diameter of 25 feet or more, and a daily output of between 800 and 1700 tons of iron. For example. Furnace "D" at our Bethlehem Plant is 237 feet high with a hearth about 29 feet in diameter. It can produce 1600 tons of iron daily. Skip cars, running up and down an inclined track, carry the charge — iron ore. coke and limestone — fr bins in the stock house to the top of the blast furnace where they are dumped into the furnace through a hopper. The very large pipes that are an important part of the blast furnace bring preheated air to the furnace and carry away the gases that are produced. Preheating Air for Blast Furnace Three or four tall cylindrical structures, sometimes over 100 feet high, stand close to the blast furnace. These are the stoves that heat the air before it is blown into the furnace. They contain thousands of heat-resisting bricks arranged in a checkerboard pattern which permits gas and air to pass through. First, gas from the blast furnace is burned in one of the stoves, heating the bricks in its interior. Then the gas is diverted to another stove and the air being blown into the furnace is routed through the first stove. As the air rushes through the hot brickwork 3000 degrees F. The molten iron trickles down through the charge and collects in a pool on the hearth. At the same time, the intense heat converts the lime- stone into lime, which combines with most of the silica and other impurities from the iron ore and coke, forming molten slag. This slag drips down to the hearth where it floats on top of the heavier iron. The iron is tapped every five or six hours: the slag is removed more frequently. These casts of iron average from 150 to 350 tons, according to the size of the furnace. The molten iron is taken to the steelmaking department of the plant where it is kept hot in an enclosed container called a hot-metal mixer. It is later converted into steel by either the open-hearth or bessemer processes. Blast furnaces operate continuously, day and night, ex- cept when they are shut down for repairs, or for relining, which is normally required every four or five years. Uses of Blast-Furnace Slag and Gas For even ton of iron, the blast furnace produces about half a ton of slag and six tons of gas. After this gas has been cleaned, some of it is used in the stoves. The remain- der serves as fuel for other processes in the plant. The slag, poured into pots mounted on cars, is hauled away to the slag dump. Large quantities of slag are sold for use as aggregate in concrete. Some is processed into rock wool, commonl) used to insulate homes. Characteristics and Uses of Pig Iron Iron from the blast furnace may contain about four it absorbs heat stored in the bricks, which raises its percent carbon, one percent or less silicon, one and one- temperature to about 1000 degrees F. hot enough for half . P en ' ent manganese, and much smaller percentages use in the blast furnace. How the Blast Furnace Works The raw materials are charged into the furnace in alternate layers of iron ore, coke and limestone. The hot air from the stoves is blown into the furnace through tuyeres near its base. The oxygen in the air reacts with the carbon in the coke, forming carbon-monoxide gas and creating intense heat. The gas rises through the charge, combining with the oxygen in the iron oxides and reduc- ing the ore to metallic iron at a temperature of about of phosphorus and sulphur. It is hard and brittle, lacking the great strength, ductility and resistance to shock that steel possesses. Articles made of iron I then called cast iron because they are shaped by pouring, or "casting molten pig iron into molds! are rigid and have great compressive strength, so that they will support a very heavy weight; but they generally are brittle, and shatter readily under blows. However, cast iron has many uses, such as for automobile-engine blocks, and for a wide variety of machinery parts. But most pig iron by far is used to make steel, as described on the following pages. 11 Steel is refined pig iron. The refining process further reduces the amount of impurities present in the metal. Technically speaking, steel is essentially iron com- bined with carbon, the carbon content ranging from a few hundredths of 1 percent up to about I AG percent. All steel also contains some manganese, silicon, phos- phorus and sulphur. Over 90 percent of all steel made is classified as carbon steel, meaning that it contains a regulated amount of carbon and only slight traces of other ele- ments. Most of the steel used in buildings, bridges, and other structures; in common tools such as hammers, screwdrivers and saws; in bolts and nuts, nails, farm fem ng, and thousands of everyday articles, is plain arbon steel. The remaining 10 percent or so consists of alloy steels. An alloy steel is steel to which have been added carefully determined amounts of alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, vanadium, molybde- num, etc. These alloying elements impart certain highly desirable properties to the steel, such as exceptional strength and ability to withstand very high or very low temperatures. The refining process by which the excess carbon and impurities in the pig iron are eliminated, converting the iron into steel, may be carried out in either the open hearth or the bessemer converter. The methods of steel- making are described on the following pages. Simplified cutaway diagram of a typical open-hearth furnace, viewed from the tapping side. Open-hearth charging floor at the Saucon Division of the Bethlehem Plant, where steel is made for rolling into structural shapes <&3 Taking a sample of slag from open hearth for analysis in the metallurgical laboratory. Tapping an open hearth. Molten steel fills the ladle; the slag spills over into the slag pot. Teeming ingots. The molten steel is poured into molds where it solidifies. Open-Hearth Process More than 90 percent of all steel produced in the United States, including both carbon and alloy grades, is made in open-hearth furnaces. The name "open hearth" comes from the fact that the pool of molten metal covered with slag lies on the hearth of the furnace, exposed to the sweep of flames. The excess carbon is oxidized by is continued. oxygen from the iron oxide, while the slag absorbs im- purities. In this way the molten metal is refined into steel. Modern open-hearth furnaces are usually about 70 feet long and 20 feet wide. As shown in the diagram, there are doors on the front or charging side of the fur- nace. The back or tapping side of the furnace has a tap hole through which the finished steel flows from the fur- nace into a ladle. This hole is kept sealed with a refractory plug until the steel is ready for tapping. Air is Preheated in Checker Chambers Beneath the furnace are two checker chambers. They contain bricks arranged in a checkerboard pattern, per- mitting the alternate passage of air and exhaust gases. Preheated air from one checker chamber enters at one end of the furnace, where it mixes with gas or other fuel. This air-fuel mixture is blown into the furnace, burning as it sweeps across the pool of molten metal in the hearth. The hot exhaust gases pass out the other end of the fur- nace into the opposite checker chamber, where they heat the brickwork to a high temperature. Every 10 or 15 min- utes the direction of flow is reversed, so that while the brickwork in one chamber is being heated by the hot exhaust gases as they rush from the furnace, the hot checkerwork in the other chamber is heating the air that is entering the furnace. How the Open-Hearth Furnace Works First, limestone is put into the furnace. Its purpose in the open hearth is the same as in the blast furnace: it removes impurities and builds up a slag. Next comes iron ore I or some other source of iron oxide I which sup- plies the oxygen needed to oxidize the excess carbon. Then steel scrap is placed in the furnace. Normally about one-half of the metal charged into the open hearth is scrap and the other half is pig iron. After the scrap has been partly melted, the pig iron, which has been kept in a molten state in a hot-metal mixer, is poured into the furnace. Finally, more iron ore is added, and the melting Next follows the refining or purification period, during which the excess carbon is oxidized and other impurities are absorbed by the slag. The (lames sweeping across the surface of the molten metal bring it to a temperature of about 2800 degrees F. This intense heat creates such a dazzling glare that it is impossible to look into an open- hearth furnace without special glasses. From time to time during the refining period samples are taken of the metal and sometimes of the slag. These samples are rushed to the metallurgical laboratories for quick checking and analysis, which provides information necessary for proper control of the refining operation. If alloy steel is being made, the alloying materials are added at the proper time. The entire process of making a heat of steel takes up to 12 hours. When the steel has been refined to the exact specifications called for. the heat is tapped. The plug in the tap hole at the rear of the furnace is punetured with a rocket-like explosive charge. The steel gu-hes out in a bright stream, down over a spout and into a huge ladle. The slag, which leaves the furnace after the steel, spills over into a smaller container called a slag pot or thimble, which is later taken to the slag dump. Molten Steel Poured Into Ingot Molds Most modern open-hearth furnaces produce from 150 to 250 tons of steel in each heat. After tapping the furnace is charged again and the process is repeated. Steel made in the open hearth, or in the electric furnace or bessemer converter as described in the following pages, is poured or teemed into ingot molds where it cools and solidifies. The ingot is the first solid form of steel. Ingots usually range between 5 and 25 tons, although much larger ingots have been poured for special purposes. 13 ELECTRODES Diagram of arc-type electric furnace. It is nearly round in shape and can be tilted to pour out the finished steel. REFRACTORY BRICK LINING [HARGING DOOR METAL BATH PATH OF ELECTRIC ARC Tapping a 75-ton electric furnace at the Bethlehem Pacific Plant in Los Angeles. Electric-Furnace Process Most electric-furnace steel is made in furnaces of the electric-arc type, in which the "bath" of molten metal is heated by an electric arc. Both the temperature and the atmosphere can be very closely controlled, making the electric furnace ideal for producing steel to exacting specifications: high-alloy steels, stainless steels, or special steels requiring very close metallurgical control. However, in recent years there has been a growing trend toward the production of carbon steels in the elec- tric furnace, especially in smaller plants, and in locations where large supplies of ferrous scrap are available. Electric furnaces vary in capacity from 5 to 100 tons. They somewhat resemble a teakettle in shape, and are tilted to pour out the finished steel through a spout. Three carbon electrodes extend down through the roof of the furnace. The metallic charge is inserted through a door on one side or through the top of the furnace which can be swung to one side. How the Electric Furnace Works The initial charge consists of carefully selected steel scrap. The electrodes arc Lowered and the current is turned on. The intensely hoi arcs between the electrodes and the scrap quickl) form a pool of molten metal di- rectly under the electrodes and. in effect, enable the elec- trodes to bore into the scrap. After the chare i- about TO percent melted, iron oie and burnt lime are added, and melting is completed. At this point, samples of the bath are analyzed in the metallurgical Laboratory. The next step |>enda on the kind of sti i I being made. If it is carbon steel, the «, juration is rather similar to that of the open hearth. If an alio) steel is being mad« the initial -lag is removed and a second slag is made t permit dose control of the final analysis. \11 additions to the bath — the materials added to form the second sfa and the alloying materials— are in the form of carefully fried material of known composition. The entire pro take- from 4 to 12 hours, depending on the t\jje of steeL 14 Diagram of a bessemer converter. As the metal is refined brightly flaming gases burst from the mouth of the vessel! Bessemer Process Development of the bessemer converter in the 1850's marked the beginning of the modern steel industry. This is the oldest of the three steelmaking processes in use today. In the bessemer process the charge of molten pig iron is refined into steel by blowing air through it, thus oxidizing or burning out undesirable elements. A bessemer converter, as shown in the accompanying diagram, is a pear-shaped vessel 10 feet or more high, open at the top, and mounted on trunnions so that it can be tilted. Holes in the bottom permit air to enter and pass up through the charge of molten pig iron. Depending on the size of the converter, between 12 and 30 tons of steel can be made in a 12- to 20-minute "blow." How the Bessemer Converter Works First, the converter is tilted forward and molten pig iron is poured in at the top. The vessel is then returned to an upright position and a blast of air is blown in at the bottom. As the air passes upward through the pi iron, the oxygen it contains burns out the undesirable elements, forming slag and gases. The gases burst from the mouth of the converter with a brilliant shower of smoke, sparks and flame, making one of the most spec- tacular sights in steelmaking. When the process has been completed the converter is tilted and the steel poured into a ladle, from which it is teemed into ingot molds. Bessemer Steel 5% of Total In the early days of the steel industry, up to around the turn of the Century, most steel was made in the bessemer converter. The first steel rails made in this country for our expanding railway system were made from bessemer steel. But today bessemers account for less than 5 percent of all steel produced in the United States. Bessemer steels are used for certain types of free- machining steels, certain types of wire, and some grades of pipe, especially pipe made by butt-welding* or 15 REFRACTORY TRUNNION GRATE Blowing" a bessemer at Sparrows Point. This is a very colorful, spectacular sight. LIMESTONE ELECTRIC FURNACE 1 OPEN -HEARTH FURNACE STEEI BLAST FURNACE COAL PIG IRON / COAL A I CHEMICALS J ' BESSEMER CONVERTER PIG IRON is produced in the blast furnace. A blast of hot air is blown upward through the charge of iron ore, coke and limestone. The coke burns, giving off gases which reduce the ore to metallic iron. The limestone combines with impurities and forms slog. INGOTS are made by pouring molten steel into cast-iron molds. After the steel has solidified, the ingots are removed from the molds and prepared for rolling by reheating in soaking pits until the temperature in every part of the ingot is the OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES produce over 90 percent of all steel. Molten pig iron, cold scrap metal, iron ore and limestone are charged into the furnace. Flames sweep across the hearth, melting the charge and refining the steel. ELECTRIC-ARC FURNACES are e specifications. The charge of sel the molten metal is refined by b peciolly suitable for making steel to exocting ted steel scrap and limestone is melted, and t from the electric current. SEMI-FINISHING means the rolling of ingots into blooms or slabs. Sometimes blooms are rolled into smaller sections, called billets. The semi-finished steel — bloom, billet or slab — is then further rolled into the finished product. Rolling not only shapes the steel but also improves its mechanical properties. WIRE is made from coiled rod produced from billets on high-speed continuous rod mills. The rod is drawn through a series of dies of gradually diminishing size to the required gage. Some wire is then coated with zinc. BESSEMER CONVERTERS produce about 5 percent of all steel made in the United States. Air is blown through the charge of molten pig iron, burning out the undesirable elements which escape as gases or ore removed as slag. 16 BARS are hot-rolled from billets. Each pass through the rolls elongates and further reduces the billets in cross-section. Grooves in the surface of the rolls produce the proper bar shape. BILLET MILLS BLOOMING OR SLABBING MILLS INGOT POURING SOAKING PITS ROD AND WIRE MILLS BAR MILLS SKELP AND PIPE MILLS PLATE MILLS SHEET, STRIP & TIN PLATE MILLS X PIPE is mode from narrow strips of steel called skelp. In the continuous butt-weld process the skelp h automatically heated, shaped and welded. Lap-weld pipe, in larger diameters, is formed in individual lengths. PLATES are usually rolled from reheated slabs on large single-stand mills. Some plates are rolled to their final width on mills with vertical as well as horizontal rolls; others are sheared to width after rolling, SHEETS AND STRIP are rolled from slabs on high-speed continuous mills. After hot-rolling, some of this material is further reduced by cold-rolling, then annealed and given a final cold-rolling to improve its surface properties. COATINGS of tin or zinc are applied to cold-reduced sheets and strip to protect the steel against corrosion. Steel sheets coated with tin are known as tin plate, and those coated with zinc are called galvanized sheets. STRUCTURAL STEEL and RAILS are rolled from blooms. Standard structural shapes are produced on mills equipped with grooved rolls. Wide-flange sections are rolled on Grey mills which have ungrooved horizontal and vertical rolls. STRUCTURAL MILLS RAIL MILLS 17 Powerful tongs lifting an ingot from the soaking pit where it was thoroughly heated to the rolling temperature. Rolling an ingot in a reversible blooming mill. The ingot is passed back and forth through the rolls until it is reduced to the proper size. Making Finished Steel Products Steel leaves the open-hearth, electric-furnace and besse- mer departments injhe form of ingots. The sections of this book that follow describe how ingots are made into finished steel products — plates, strip, sheets, tin plate, bars, structural steel, wire, pipe and rails. Broadly speaking, ingots are processed into finished steel products in two steps. First, the ingot is reduced in cross-section by hot-rolling it into semi- finished steel products — blooms, billets and slabs. Second, the blooms, billets and slabs are processed into finished steel products. Preparing the Ingot for Rolling After the molten steel has been poured or teemed into ingot molds, it is allowed to cool to the point where it solidifies. At the proper time, the ingot mold is removed from the ingot by "stripping." A special crane grips the mold and lifts it away from the metal. Sometimes the proc- ess is reversed, and the metal is lifted out of the mold. The outside of the ingot naturally cools and solidifies faster than the inside. At the time the mold is removed the ingot is comparatively cool on the outside, but the interior is still extremely hot, usually in a semi-molten lnat tn< sleel to be rolled passes successivel) through each justed so that the rolls are always slightly closer together than the thickness of the steel passing through. The ingot gets longer and thinner as it passes between the rolls. The rolls are mounted in heavy housings, or roll stands. A stand with two rolls is referred to as two-high; a stand with three rolls, one above the other, is three-high. The ingot is carried to and through the stands on a path of rollers. These rollers, which are rotated by electric power, are mounted on the long table of the mill. Blooms and slabs are frequently made on two-high reversing mills. Since the direction of rotation of the roll- can be reversed, the ingot is passed hack and forth be- tween the rolls, which are brought closer together at each pass, until the steel has been reduced to the desired cross- section. Three-high mills are not reversible. The ingot is passed between the bottom ami middle rolls, then raised and passed between the middle and top rolls. Billet mills, on the other hand, are often of continuous design. That is. the mill consists of a series of roll stands I each of which is much smaller than the stands in bloom- ing and slabbing mills I arranged one after the other so condition. Before the ingot can be rolled, the outside and the interior must be at the same temperature. This is done by soaking it in heat in a soaking pit. Soaking pits are gas-fired furnaces where the ingot is heated to about 2200 degrees F and kept at that temperature for from four to eight hours. It is then evenly heated, and soft and plastic enough to be shaped by the rolling mills. Blooms, Billets and Slabs Semi-finishing mills are of three principal types: blooming mills, billet mills and slabbing mills. As shown in the diagram, blooms are either square or rectangular in cross-section. Blooms are the form of semi-finished steel that is processed into large beams and girders. Blooms are sometimes further reduced in size to billets before being processed into finished products. Billets are used to make bars and rod. Rod is the material from which steel wire is made. Slabs are relatively flat, their width being three, four or more times their thickness. Slabs are used to make plates, strip, sheets and other flat-rolled steel products. Blooms and slabs are made by squeezing the hoL plas- tic ingot between two horizontal steel rolls rotating in opposite directions. The distance between the rolls is ad- stand and emerges from the last stand as a finished billet. Hot-Rolling Makes Steel Denser, Tougher Hot-rolling not only reduces the steel to the desired shape and si/e hut improves its quality. Steel consists of a mass of metallic crystals or grains. In the ingot these grains are relativeh large and are distributed in a way that causes poor mechanical properties. Hot-rolling breaks down the grains into smaller particles, making the steel denser, tougher and more malleable. The quality of the steel is improved in this way not onl\ while the ingot is being reduced to bloom, billet or slab, but also during the finishing processes that follow. After the blooms and slabs have been rolled their ir- regular ends are cut off or cropped by powerful shears. The cropped ends contain certain irregularities which if not eliminated would cause imperfections in the finished product. The discarded ends are used as scrap in the steelmaking furnaces. After they have been cut into shorter lengths that are more easily handled in the finishing mills, the b looms, billets and slabs are carefully inspected for defects. The inspector marks all surface flaws for removal by grinding, chipping, burning or scarfing. BLOOM BILLET SLAB 19 Highway and railroad bridges are often built largely of girders made up of riveted or welded steel plates and angles. These huge oil storage tanks, as well as water tanks, propane tanks, gas holders and boilers, are fabricated from steel plates. t * This giant hydraulic press was made chiefly from steel plates welded together. The bases, frames and many moving parts of light and heavy machinery are often fabricated from plates. » i # .' -runt ♦• 4 •• < li' H«Wt «!!!! (Illll || • f •! -0(»*(i • f • • • • Slab entering sheared-plate mill at the Sparrows Point Plant. This thick slab will be rolled down to less than Vi inch in thickness. After rolling, the plate passes through special leveling rolls while still hot, making it perfectly straight and flat. Plates are one of the basic forms of finished steel. They range in thickness from about 3/16 inches to over 12 inches. Girders and other components of bridges and buildings are often made from plates, as are the hulls and decks of many seagoing vessels. The bases that support large machines, as well as many machinery parts, are frequently made from plates. Boilers, oil and water stor- age tanks, gas holders and propane tanks; large-diameter pipe for water, oil and natural gas, and innumerable varieties of industrial processing equipment, are other typical examples of steel-plate construction. Two Methods of Rolling Plates Plates are rolled from slabs on either of two types of plate mills: sheared or universal. Plates produced on sheared-plate mills must be cut on all sides to the desired dimensions after rolling. Universal-plate mills, having a set of vertical edging rolls in addition to their horizontal rolls, roll plates to accurate width, with straight and parallel rolled edges, so that shearing is not necessary. A substantial tonnage of plates, usually in the lighter gages, is produced on the continuous strip mill, which is described in the following section. Before it is rolled the slab is placed in a furnace where it is slowly heated to the rolling temperature. At the proper time the hot slab is removed from the furnace and taken to the universal or sheared-plate mill where it is rolled and is made perfectly flat by passing it through a set of leveling rolls. Finally, plates made on the sheared- plate mill are sheared to size. iibiiiii 111 iiiiiinn iiHiinii in iibiiiii f ' w 21 Many thousands of tons of steel plates were used in building the 30,000-ton S.S. Inde- pendence. The ship's huge hull, the funnels, masts, decks and much below-decks equip- ment were fabricated from steel plates. The Independence and her sister ship, the Con- stitution, were designed and constructed by Bethlehem's Shipbuilding Division. t ? r-* r- * - •■' - 1 ^m 22 Of all the forms of finished steel products, nohe is more widely used than sheets and strip. Automobile and truck manufacturers use huge quantities of steel sheets and strip for auto bodies, hoods, fenders and door panels. Many types of metal furniture — desks, chairs, and filing cabi- nets — ar e made from steel sheets. So are household appliances — refrigerators, ranges, washing machines and cabinets — as well as metal containers, like barrels and drums, and an endless variety of parts for many kinds of mechanical equipment. The Continuous Mill in Action The first step in making sheets and strip is hot-rolling on the continuous hot-strip mill, one of the production marvels of our time. First, the slab is heated to the proper rolling tempera- ture. The glowing slab is pushed from the furnace onto a line of revolving rollers which carry it to the scale- breaker, a set of rolls which breaks up the oxide scale formed on the surface of the slab during heating. A pow- erful water spray then washes away the loose scale. The slab moves through the roughing stands which squeeze it down to about one-fifth its original thickness, and stretch it to about five times its original length. From the roughing stands the slab passes through a second scale-breaker and also a shear which cuts off the uneven ends formed during roughing. Next, the slab enters the finishing stands — a series of six huge roll stands. When it enters these stands it is from Strip emerging from the hot-strip mill at Sparrows Point, In the background, a roughed slab approaches the finishing stands. 60 to 70 feet long. It leaves the stands as 600 to 700 feet of hot-rolled strip. Since each stand reduces the strip by about one-third in thickness, each succeeding set of rolls must be adjusted to r\m half again as fast as the preceding set. The steel lengthens so rapidly that before the trailing end of the strip has entered the first stand, the leading end has passed through all six stands, raced down the long runout table at a speed of from 20 to 25 miles per hour, and reached the automatic coiling machine, about 1200 feet from the heating furnaces. accurate dimensions and gives it a smooth, bright surface. Cold-reduced sheets, generally after further processing, can be drawn or pressed into a wide variety of shapes such as automobile bodies. Steel is Cleaned Before Cold-Rolling The cold-reduction process requires that the metal be quite clean and free of the scale that forms during hot- rolling. This scale is removed by pickling, or passing the A trap door directs the fast-moving strip down into hot-rolled strip through a hot solution of dilute sulphuric the coder, which is located beneath the runout table. In acid. After pickling, the steel is washed, first in cold water, less than 20 seconds the ribbon-like strip is wound tightly then in hot water and in steam, to remove any remaining into a heavy coil. The coil is ejected, then placed on a traces of scale and acid. Then the strip passes between mechanical conveyor which carries it to storage. two rubber rolls which squeeze off the water. It is dried Sometimes the strip is cut into sheets instead of being D > jets of warm air. and is lightly coated with oil to coiled. This is done by a flying shear located immediately prevent rusting. back of the last finishing stand. The shear, which is Cold reduction is usually done on three-, four- or five- equipped with rotating knives, automatically cuts the stand, four-high mills. B\ sheer pressure the huge rolls strip into sheets of the desired length. These sheets then reduce the cold steel to perhaps one-tenth its original travel down the long runout table to be stacked l>\ an thickness. The process is so fast that up to 3500 feet or automatic piler. Further Rolling on Cold-Reduction Mill Much of the strip rolled on the continuous hot-strip mill is further processed on the cold-reduction null, which can produce thinner steel than it is feasible to roll on the hot mills. Cold rolling also finishes the strip to more more of cold-rolled strip can be produced per minute. After leaving the cold-reduction mill, the strip, now with a smooth, lustrou- surface, is coiled again and ma\ later be sheared to sheet .sizes. A great deal of cold-rolled sheet and strip, particularly of the lighter gages, is coated with other metals — zinc or tin. Zinc-plating or galvanizing and tin-plating an described on the following pages. 23 Hot-rolled strip speeds at 25 miles per hour down the runout table of the continuous hot-strip mill, through a trapdoor to the coiler. ' The enameled panels of many household appliances, stoves, refriger ators and cabinets are made from hot-rolled, cold-reduced sheets Cold-rolled strip is softened by annealing, then passed through this single-stand skin-pass mill. Skin-passing stiffens the steel and gives it a highly polished surface. Annealing and Skin-Pass Rolling Cold working hard* steel, making it < \< sivel) ^tiff. The nee* >oftn< and ductility are i tored 1>\ anneaUn The sheets or strip are pk I in gas-fired annealing furnace which at held aL the proper temperatu for a specified Length of timi The steel is then - >ved and pa 1 through kin-puss null, us u all) co ting of a single four-high I. kin-p oiling redu - thi thickness slightly jives tin* sfc |)j lii sheen, and resto - jusi the correel lount of stiff- n Finally, the si its or coils are jcted for proper h. tern] and flatness. Galvanized Sheets Have Many Uses I sheet steel are galvanized, coated with /mi !■! |. ,a >l rust or corrosion, i in i/ed steel I to i <ln« h as i i buckets, ■ i ans, »r i ool md sidiiij and foi duel w ork ii I I ventilatii »nd Hrav >f tnized si made f« \ hot- .'lit i im sh< Is thai have I i above. I w o n Is of ling J sh strip with zin< in u y. In the hot-d ip I the /in< roatinjj i|»pl . pass rig individual ^t. -h« h I i /in- i other method, n ei ! 1\ I t. efficienl »j>era- tion in n> I strip is I >ugh the at) t o sh 24 Steel is often golvonized for protection against corrosion. H Elc olytically coated *t rip leaving the plating line at Sparrow* Point tin mill. Man oyt are made of tin-mill block plate So-called "tin cans," bottle caps and containers for candy, adhesive bandages, shoe polish and floor wax are made from tin plate. You can realize the importance of tin plate when you consider that about half of all the food we eat is packaged in cans made of tin plate. Many people are surprised to learn that so-called "tin cans" actually consist of almost 99 percent steel and only 1 or 1% percent tin. The pur- pose of the light coating of tin on the outside and inside is to protect the steel from corrosion, and to impart an attractive, durable surface. Preparing Steel for Tin-Plating The first step in making tin plate is the preparation of extremely thin sheets and strip, called tin-mill black plate. This is done by cold-rolling as described in the preceding section, although slightly different equipment must be used in order to reduce the steel to the extreme thinness required for tin-plating. An interesting sidelight is the fact that, due to its thin gage, tin-mill black plate is used in making Venetian blinds, toys and many other light articles. Before the tin coating can be put on it, black plate must be perfect in two respects. First, it must be almost surgi- cally clean. Second, it must be slightly etched so that the tin will readily adhere to its surface. These requirements are met by pickling the coils or sheets in a very dilute solution of sulphuric acid which removes any surface rust or specks of dirt, and lightly etches the metal. Two Methods of Tin-Plating Hot-dip tin-plating is the older method of producing tin plate. In this process, sheets of tin-mill black plate are fed automatically into rolls which guide the sheets through a pot of molten tin and up through a pot of palm oil containing rolls which control the thickness of the tin coating and distribute the tin evenly over the sheets. The coated sheets pass through a stream of bran which takes off the excess oil. and are finally polished by cloth- covered rolls revolving in finely-powdered bran. The sheets of tin plate are then taken to a well-lighted room where they are carefully inspected before shipment. The slightest imperfection results in a rejected sheet. Electrolytic tin-plating, like many other technical ad- vances, was developed under the pressure of wartime ne- cessity. During World War II there was a shortage of tin. As a much lighter coating can be applied electrolytically than by the hot-dip method, the electrolytic process was developed to conserve the available tin supply. However, certain heavy coatings can also be applied economically by this process. Electrolytic tinning, which is faster and more efficient than the hot-dip method, is a continuous process. Long coils of prepared tin-mill black plate are fed through an electrolytic bath, in which a uniform coating of tin is deposited on the steel by the action of an electric current. The gleaming steel strip speeds through the bath at 450 to 1200 feet per minute, then passes through a furnace. The hear, melts the tin which flows, forming a lustrous coat. From the electrolytic line, the strip is carried to rotary shears which, cut it into sheets. These sheets must pass both an electric-eye and an expert visual inspection. 25 The dominant building material of the Twentieth Cen- tury is the structural steel shape. Structural shapes and, in particular, the wide-flange shapes which were first produced in America by Bethlehem in 1907, made pos- sible the skyscrapers of modern America. Many of the towering buildings and bridges that are the construction marvels of our time derive their strength from sturdy tructural steel shapes. Rolling Structural Steel Structural steel is produced in a number of standard sections: I-beams, channels, angles, tees and zees. They are made by passing steel blooms between grooved rolls, the action of the rolls squeezing the hot plastic steel into the grooves. In this way the bloom is altered a little more fr i its original shape on each pass until, passing through the final grooved roll-, it emerges with the de- sired shape and size. It is obviously no simple matter to change the cross- sectional shape and area of a large, square bloom into an I-beam. The process may require as mam as twenty- six roll passes. The first few passes are chiefly designed to reduce the bulk of the bloom. Succeeding passes gradually form the blank into the final shape. While standard structural shapes are formed on mills with grooved horizontal rolls, wide-flange shapes are rolled on special reversible mills known at Bethlehem as Grey mills. Instead of grooved rolls, which it is not feasi- ble to use for rolling shapes with wide flanges, Grey mills have smooth, relatively narrow horizontal and vertical rolls which may be spread or closed between passes. The horizontal rolls work on the center portion or web of the beam between the flanges and on the inside faces of the flanges. The vertical rolls work on the outside faces of the flanges only. After they have been rolled to the desired cross-section, tructural shapes are straightened and cut to length. Fabricating and Erecting Steel Structures Bethlehem not only produces structural steel shapes, but also fabricates and erects steel structures of all types. The steel frameworks of many of America's landmarks — the Golden Gate, Chesapeake Bay and George Washing- ton bridges, New York's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and Chi- cago's Merchandise Mart — were fabricated and erected b\ Bethlehem's Fabricated Steel Construction Division. 26 Roiling a wide-flange structural beam on a Grey mill at the Bethlehem Plant. The smooth, narrow horizontal and vertical rolls are visible. The 4-mile-long Chesapeake Bay Bridge near Baltimore, opened for traffic in 1952, is the third longest bridge in the world, and the first to span Chesapeake Bay. The super- structure of 30,000 tons of structural steel was fabricated and erected by Bethlehem. Bethlehem fabricated and erected John Hancock Mutual life Insur ance Company's handsome home office in Boston, Mass. It is twenty nine stories high and contains 14,700 tons of structural steel This is a new power plant on Lake Erie near Detroit, Mich. Its main boiler room is about as high as a 1 6-story building. Bethlehem sup- plied the structural shapes for the framework of this huge structure. The 43-story Waldorf-Astoria in New York City has a framework of 25,000 tons of Bethlehem structural steel. Bethlehem also fabricated and erected the steel for this monumental building. A striking building in a glittering setting, this de- partment store in Beverly Hills, Calif, was fabri- cated and erected by Bethlehem Pacific. Structural steel often makes possible such modern design. The important role of steel bars is brought home by the fact that over 600 pounds of bar steel go into the average passenger automobile. Crankshafts, connecting rods, spark plugs, axles, tire rims, door hinges and many other vital parts are formed from various grades of car- bon or alloy-steel bars, or special shapes rolled as bars. The average farm tractor contains 900 pounds of steel bars; the average diesel locomotive, over 17.000 pounds. Many everyday hand tools — knives, axes, hammers, pliers and wrenches — and various parts of every type of power-driven machinery are made from steel bars. In addition, many thousands of tons of reinforcing bars are used every j ear in the construction of concrete buildings, highways and bridges. Steel bars come in many different shapes, the most common ones being round, square, hexagonal, octagonal, half-round, oval and flat. Bars Are Rolled on Merchant Mills There are many types of bar mills, all of which are commonly called merchant mills. They vary from the highly mechanized continuous bar mill to the hand mill, where workmen use long-handled tongs to guide the steel through the rolls. Continuous mills, having great productive capacity, are used to produce high tonnage products — the simple standard bar sections, which include reinforcing bars. 28 Spark plugs, crankshafts, camshafts, valve lifters and connecting rods are among the many automobile parts made from steel bars. Rolling bars from billets on a bar mill at the Los Angeles Plant. The entire operation takes less than two minutes. I Other tyr*- of milk a* not as fast but an reflet Hi ■ *' '< trallv used to prodc th- m , , x From Billet to Bar in 2 Minutes ln ■ modern big] I eontin ■> bur /.ill. tl ,t billet betw I..., ine&ettqiu . ross from 16 to K) feel leu i V , r«rne. »tfc roughii train Growii tdiK -I .-, ,,,,1 I '' '«' ■« I'M' M' ! f ''l"..jrt 10 mil , I r , 11 'I "' bei to i). ,j" ,.<k ia tl tap fii bed bei If,. ,"i tI , ,.■ f, ""• I dfa I o Mil) takes lew tl i i i* I bi |.i... -• in- .it, , , 00 |i, . , ra j | ! "din ' ' tbr i ,- "f f,,,, rolled ....l "•' !''■ ning, cutting to .-, ,i"-,l iV,,.mI .,t-i i.__ -_.i ii i lone. ^ I ii 1'in i if.-- total Ln mi ...f row iM.ii.iiul f.,i colli «lruwiii| forgii \mr of, mm- ■ I'iihipk <•■ Mil rations. Cold Drawn B.irs \ COMHIilri.ililr h.liliagl hot rollril |,.ir^ ,| i C« .Iniwn through in M fi|M*ralion i illi umils hi. .ii .win ll, , «s» make I" 1 ' • *'" 'I' b III .in I i. . I: (,,■" if tl. | 1,11 '. 'I.I.I >• It IS III.,, .,H If, " J, M C#r ttun prop* *« of hot rolled bar\, iueh en ducttft QT9 improved by annealing in rurnac«t %uc h .m b.l.f ■w^ , feoff ■ r Steel wire is one of the most versatile and most widely used of all steel products. It has thousands of applications, including innumerable products that we use every day. Fasteners of all sorts, from spikes to staples, nails, screws, paper clips, pins, tacks and many types and sizes of bolts are made from steel wire. Springs for machinery and for furniture, farm fences, mesh for screen doors, bicycle spokes, coat hangers, chains, piano wires and kitchen utensils — all are made from steel wire. All steel wire is cold-drawn from hot-rolled rod. Rod, in turn, is rolled from billets, generally between 1% and 3 inches square in cross-section, and about 30 feet long. Depending on the design of the mill being used, from two to four billets producing an equal number of strands of rod may be rolled simultaneously, side by side. Rolling Rod from Billets These billets are uniformly heated to the proper rolling temperature in a special furnace, then fed into a continu- ous rod mill. Continuous rod mills of the most modern type generally consist of two main sections — a set of roughing stands and a set of finishing stands. The total number of stands is usually over sixteen. As they enter the "bite" of the first roughing stand, the billets are traveling at about 10 miles an hour. They pass from stand to stand, growing thinner and longer — and therefore moving faster — at each pass, until the fin- ished rod speeds from the last finishing stand at between 40 and 50 miles an hour. The rod is then quickly coiled. During the hot-rolling process a 30-foot-long billet may be lengthened to nearly a mile. The whole operation takes 30 Thousands of miles of farm fence and barbed wire are made from steel wire every year. Housewives use many utensils made of steel wire — tongs, cheese sheers, wire brushes and bottle openers «-»' ju-i a little over one minute I rete reinforcing har- a- well as rod*, are turned out bj tome rod milk VI in m made by pulling rod through tapered holes or '/ . slightly smaller in diameter than the rod itself. In this way the diameter of the rod u eased while th length i- increased The usual arrangement m to dl the rod through a serie- of su' ceafti K -muller die- until th finished wire ia of the de-n.-d , Drawing Wire from Rod In |»i-[ ( .Hing .1 for wire di twin the hi i to rernov.- the oxide fcale which forms after hotrollm I In, t~ don.- I»\ pickling the d rod in hot lot d- plmiM arid When the »caJe hae been i .»ovr-d tin is bathed in water win. h w hes away the 8' id Next r,M ' »-■ <iip|i<-<l in t lime lolution thru i* halted in .in . f" fix ll.r time I ihfiK I hii roatii 1,1 f<" the \u\nu .ml it,., I raM-, th .1 through thr I h« jm tarrd * oil i. pi.,, nl »n i rr*eJ B1 the i | J, *K niiicl ir idr md oi the rod poii -I »ta through the i a\»-n& dii I h< ■ ■!■ h I rh"d libetii- miK I. hardei than th I i Mter poaeing through the di the rod ii ,*•* eruun ii power-driven drum or block \ this block I pulN iIm km) through the die ln< ontinooue * iwn the rod ii drawn through » lei rf di i I i round I < ontinuoui in/ii drawing ii limil u ti on - roll «" In that the ateel iduallv rrdu ncroeeaecti ami it. U ..-Ml. propOfti m< rea^ I hrr - iIm* wire- in * along friuii die to di u ding drum must rotate faster t accommodate the length wire. On leav ing the last die the smaller sizes of win travel as t e niles an hour. Heat-Treating Restores Ductility *"* tr in of Id-draw g hardens the 1 to **** I it ca t I iwn an\ forth 1 - VW L ng l- |r i A tfr - an«l stored I at dii the i during i m atr t drawing | | after hnal di \notr the production win Rim i Q g | ** w \ need to jm. • n { •vii rid also i A | - * I i 1 j if l >tJ >oling tl . i V I rapidl v l peral Patenting »Ui a lonjj : then final -n Ira, I Two Methods of Zinc Coating Wire V it ll i r,i 4 | I* il wild ii rusi tv\ i r i r m If hr- h liD the hm <i h U */> | %* illltl tlir m ,1 i frrtnda I 1 tl I'd I it paaee* r /in« i* v% II n r|# | - * all OS I' " fhii i * ei a m m,l rnJ> I thai h«»t ilii. I«*d ( tuig 31 Th«% vifw . t q conhnuom rod mill *ho* the multaneCHM rolling of four \trond B- ^g *n» r# in at •' pa% jh tuc d«#. oi%« Laying a natural gas line of electrically welded steel pipe. This pipe is also used to carry gasoline, crude oil, water and sewage. .H Tubular products— pipe and tubes — are either welded or Welded pipe is made by forming flat steel into cylindrical shape and welding the edges together in a long welded seam. Seamless tubing is made by piercing solid bars and billets, and therefore has no weld seam. Steel pipe is made in diameters ranging from fractions f an inch up to 12 feet or more. The smaller sizes are xtensivelv used in plumbing and heating systems, and in countless industrial applications. The large sizes are used mostly in cross-country pipe lines for oil and gas, and in water and sewage systems. Steel tubing, due to its lightness and strength, in addi- tion to carrying gases and liquids is widely used for structural purposes. Bicycle frames, flag poles, airplane bodies, furniture and playground equipment, are among the many structural applications of steel tubing. Continuous Butt-Welding Welded pipes and tubes are made by three methods: continuous butt-welding, lap-welding and electric weld- ing. Seamless pipes and tubes are made by the piercing prort described later. W ded pipe from ] 2 inch to about 4 inches in diameter is usually made on the continuous pipe mill. Steel in the form of long strips, called skelp. d into a furnace where it is heated to the welding temperature. The skelp th< moves through a series of roll-passes, consisting of multiple pairs of horizontal and vertical rolls. The rolls form the moving skelp into a cylinder, welding together the heated edges. As the pipe leaves the rolls, a saw cuts it into lengths. After it has cooled, the pipe is straightened and threaded. The strength of the weld is tested hydrostatically, by sealing the ends of the pipe and pumping in water under high pressure. Pipe is often galvanized, by coating it with zinc, to protect it from corrosion, Lap-Welding Pipe between 4 and 16 inches in diameter is made by lap-welding. Lengths of skelp are heated, the edges are beveled, and the skelp bent into a cylinder with over- lapping edges. This bent skelp is then reheated to welding temperature and drawn over a welding ball held between two rolls. As the hot skelp passes over the ball, the rolls press the lapped edges against it, automatically welding the edges together. After welding, the pipe passes through a set of sizing rolls. Then it is straightened, allowed to cool, threaded md hydrostatically tested. Electric Welding Electric-weld pipe is made in sizes up to 150 inches in diameter or more, the upper limit being governed by -hipping clearances rather than manufacturing limita- tions. The large-diameter steel pipe used to carry oil, gas and water long distances is made by electric welding. Electric-weld pipe is made from plates, usually 20. 30 32 Small-diameter pipe is formed by continuous butt-welding. Skelp is welded into pipe as it passes through sets of rolls. Curved steel plates are fed into this electric welding machine which welds the edges together, forming large-diameter steel pipe. or 40 feet long and often over 1 inch thick. First, all four edges of the plate are planed in order to assure a tighl joint when welded. The long edges are crimped, then powerful rolls bend the plate into cylindrical shape. Th lonned plate, held in shape by temporarj or ' 4 tack' 1 welds, is then welded on a large elerli ie-fusion welding machine. A hydrostatic test insures the strength ol th weld and freedom from leaks. Making Seamless Tubing Seamless pipe and tuhing is made from tube rounds, a form of semi-finished steel, by a number of methods. I" one of iht pm. 9 a tuhe round, preheated to a uniform working temperature, passes between a pair of rotating crossed rolls. The rotating action of the rolli forces one end «>l the round againsl a piercing plu^ or landrel. The combined rolling ction and the pressure ol the rolls tends t<> open the round al Us center. The mandrel controls and completes this piercing action. The resull is a rough tube which is then finished b) pass ing it through a 9et ol rolls over a ball in a process imilar to the finish-rolling of lap-welded pipe. Various ingeniou procedures make it possible iccuratel) to control the wall thick? 5s and the outside diameter of the tubing. 33 1 4 2 5 3 6 A few of the steps in rolling rails. These simpli- fied diagrams illustrate how a bloom is gradu- ally shaped into a rail by the action of the rolls. Steel rails for America's railroads were first made m this country in 1867 at what is now Bethlehem's Johnstown, Pa Plant Today, rails remain one of the most important of all finished steel products. The safety of millions of travelers depends on the quality of these rails. Rails have to stand up under fast, heavy trains and endure the strains caused by severe weather conditions. Large quantities of heavy rails are produced for railroads. Lighter rails are made for haulage systems in mines and industrial plants. Besides producing rails, Bethlehem fabri- cates track layouts, including curves, crossings and switches. Rails Are Rolled from Blooms A roughing mill reduces and forms the reheated bloom into the approximate size and shape of a rail. Then, passing through a number of finishing stands, the steel is formed into T-shaped rails, sometimes as long as 120 feet, which are hot- sawed to standard 33- or 39-foot lengths. After cooling to some extent on the mill hot beds, the heavier rails used in main-line service are placed in long covered metal boxes for contr oiled-cooling, a process devel- oped by Bethlehem. This process eliminates dangerous trans- verse fissures or "shatter cracks" which might otherwise form during cooling. Another Bethlehem development is end-hard- ening, a method of heat-treating which hardens the ends of rails so they can withstand wheel battering at rail joints. In order to provide rails that can better stand up under the severest conditions of modern railroading, Bethlehem has introduced heat-treated rails and trackwork. Heat-treatment, which includes oil-quenching and tempering, improves the physical properties of rails for use at points of unusual stress. 34 Bethlehem produces all types of steel rails in- cluding both light rails for mines and indus- trial plants, and heavy rails for the railroods. Pig Iron Plates Wire Rod Roils Structural Shapes Pipe Wire Bars Special Rolled Sections Concrete Reinforcing Bars Carbon, Alloy and Special Steels Tool Steels Coal Chemicals Ferro-Manganese Steel Piling Sheets and Strip Tin Mill Products Bridges, Buildings and Other Structures of All Kinds Steel Freight and Mine Cars Wrought Steel Wheels and Axles for Railway Equipment Rolls — Steel and Cast Iron Flanged and Dished Heads Nails, Staples, Barbed Wire and Bale Ties Open-Web Joists and other Construction Specialties Forgings Trackwork and Trackwork Accessories Tools Bolts, Nuts, Rivets, Spikes and other Fasteners Gear Blanks Wire Rope and Strand Hydraulic and Special Machinery Guard Rails, Posts and Highway Specialties Farm Fence and Posts Castings — Steel, Iron, Brass and Bronze Oil Well and Refinery Equipment Tanks and other Weldments 35 INSIDE COVER Wide-flange beams awaiting shipment at the Bethlehem Fabricating Works Holes have r.en punched in the beams so that they can be quickly erected at the bu.ld.ng s.te. Lobby of Bethlehem Steel Company's general office building at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Reception desk is shown at the head of the stairway with elevators in background and waiting alcoves along either side. BETHLEHEM Sfeef and I or Manufacturing Plants Bethlehem, Pa. Corsicana, Tex. Johnstown, Pa. Seattle, Wash. So. San Francisco, Calif. Sparrows Point, Md. Lackawanna, N. Y. Steelton, Pa. Lebanon, Pa. Tulsa, Okla. Los Angeles, Calif. Williamsport, Pa. Fabricating Works Alameda, Calif. Bethlehem, Pa. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, Leetsdale, Pa. Los Angeles, Calif. Pottstown, Pa. Rankin, Pa. So. San Francisco, Calif Steelton, Pa. Seattle, Wash. Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Yards Baltimore, Md. Beaumont, Tex. Boston, Mass. Brooklyn, N. Y. Hoboken, N. J. Quincy, Mass. San Francisco, Calif. San Pedro, Calif. Sparrows Point, Md. Staten Island, N. Y. BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY General Offices: Bethlehem, Pa. BETHLEHEM PACIFIC COAST STEEL CORPORATION General Offices: San Francisco Booklet 363 54 7 Printed in U.S. A BACK COVER Lifting o glowing ingot from a soaking pit at the Johnstown Plant. The ingot is now ready for rolling. tl ■ ■'■.■-■,-. * M ■ 4tf ■ ■*- '.V ■* ■ t k- »w* m » inc I '• 4 t 4^^ 41 4 !


text:
Audio-Technica has reengineered its UniPoint Series of microphones.
The result is improved sonic quality, durability, clarity, reliability and ease of installation. With more than 30 new hanging, gooseneck, boundary and handheld microphones, the UniPoint line supplies a mic solution for every acoustical challenge with cardioid, hypercardioid and omnidirectional elements, as well as the cardioid UniLine mic with its 90-degree pickup pattern.
The company also announced the new ATH-T44 dynamic stereo headphones that feature a circumaural, closed-back design. The headphones also feature proprietary 40mm drivers with high-output neodymium magnets and copper-clad aluminum wire voice coils. The ATH-T44's have an extended frequency response of 18 – 23,000Hz and a sensitivity of 108dB.
Rotating earpieces offer monitoring flexibility, while the lightweight, self-adjusting headband and padded ear cushions ensure maximum listening comfort with minimal ear fatigue. The company also introduced the ATH-T22 Dynamic Stereo headphones.
For more information, visit www.audio-technica.com.
Back to the top
Comic-Con: AMC Unveils 'Walking Dead' Season 7 Premiere Date, Trailer
Fans Binge on the Third Season of Netflix's 'BoJack Horseman'
Washington State Utility Commission Has BDS Issues With FCC
Sunbeam, Dish Extend Retrans Talks
Reports: Verizon Finalizes $4.8B Yahoo Deal
Comic Con: Rihanna To Appear In Final Season of 'Bates Motel'
Staff Writer – Music Week
German pay-TV revenue to hit €3 billion in 2016
Live HD and VR streaming for iPhones
Lance Acord Directs Spots for YouTube Music
Tips to Clip: August 2016
All the World's a Stage: But Let's Make It Look Like a Movie

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|1 reviews in total
The ever unique acting of Gary Busey (Lethal Weapon, Point
Break, Under Siege) saves this cliched slasher/film noir movie.
Our star plays Dwight Meadows, a retired Seattle homicide cop who reluctantly returns to the force to stop a copycat serial killer who is imitating the grisly, sexual murders commited by a murderer nicknamed the Surgeon. As it turned out, Meadows had apprehended the Surgeon before, and the copycat killer wants the cop dead as well as his female victims. The case gets closer to home when the killer stalks Dwight's ex-wife Allison (Kim Cattral) and his new partner Dana (Darlanne Fluegal). With enough taunt tension and a gloomy atmosphere, "Breaking Point" looks like a pretty watchable movie. But if it weren't for the slightly dull performances by the secondary actors and the extremely predictable storyline, "Breaking Point" would have been an excellent movie. By far, Busey saves this flick
|External reviews
|Plot keywords
|Main details
|Your user reviews
|Your vote history


text:
Is your resume in need of a little disruption?
Startups are all about
making things work better.
Our resume writing service is all about doing that for your CV.
StartUpHire is the place to find Technical-Support jobs in and near . Review the list below of Technical-Support jobs. These Technical-Support jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available. You can refine your job search for Technical-Support jobs in by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options. Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more Technical-Support jobs in , or sign up for an email alert (link in upper left) to receive periodic updates on new Technical-Support jobs in , .
Company Description Anomali delivers earlier detection and identification of adversaries in your organizations network by making it possible to correlate tens of millions of threat indicators against your real time network activity logs and up to a year or more of forensic log6/8/2016 Redwood City, CA Save This Job
San Francisco About the Role: AdRoll is seeking an Account Executive, Existing Business for our growing North America Sales team located in our San Francisco office. The right candidate will be instrumental in providing value to our clients, and therefore integral to growing our6/8/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Do you believe in being authentic, dedicated, and supportive? Do you embrace change as well as have fun & show appreciation? Are you innovative? If so, you may be the person we?re seeking to join our Sales Team. As a Senior Solutions Architect, you?ll be responsible for6/8/2016 Cleveland, OH Save This Job
High-tech search company in downtown Boston has an immediate need for a Hands On Systems Engineer. The company has a successful scientific computing search product and has recently launched a second product. They are looking for a Systems Engineer to head up their6/8/2016 Boston, MA Save This Job
Account Management San Francisco, CA, United States Senior Account Manager San Francisco, CA xAd enables real-time, location-based marketing, without the guesswork. Working with xAd, marketers can deliver more relevant, personalized messages to the right people they want to6/8/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Company Description Anomali delivers earlier detection and identification of adversaries in your organizations network by making it possible to correlate tens of millions of threat indicators against your real time network activity logs and up to a year or more of forensic log6/8/2016 Redwood City, CA Save This Job
Account Management New York, NY, United States Apply Send Jobvite Senior Account Manager xAd enables real-time, location-based mobile marketing, without the guesswork. Working with xAd, marketers can deliver more relevant, personalized messages to the right people they want to6/8/2016 New York, NY Save This Job
This is a critical role on the U.S. Corporate Accounting team that liaises with the Company?s foreign subsidiaries. The individual will work closely with international accounting teams, outsourced accounting partners, Treasury, Internal Audit, and external auditors to ensure6/8/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Application Engineer: Participate at the design, implementation and support of cutting-edge Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools used to create, simulate, and verify physical design layout of Very Large-Scale Integrated (VLSI), CMOS and ASIC circuits, including synthesis of6/7/2016 Santa Clara, CA Save This Job
Department: Sales Location: Melbourne, FL Avidyne Corporation is leading the general aviation (GA) industry in the design and manufacture of innovative and easy-to-use avionics systems. Avidyne is uniquely focused developing avionics systems that make flying safer, more6/7/2016 Melbourne, FL Save This Job
Sunnyvale, CA Labcyte Inc. is the leader in low-volume liquid handling for the life sciences. We use acoustic droplet ejection technologies to provide highly accurate, fully automated, non-contact dispensing down to 2.5 nanoliters. This green technology provides significantly6/7/2016 Sunnyvale, CA Save This Job
Sales - Woburn, MA - Full Time We are looking for high-energy, driven professional with sound business acumen, strong technical aptitude and natural sales instincts to join our Sales Department as a Business Development Representative (BDR). You will support the Regional Vice6/7/2016 Woburn, MA Save This Job
Description MarkMonitor?the world leader in brand protection and a Thomson Reuters Intellectual Property & Science business?is looking for Client Services Manager (CSM) to focus on delivery of MarkMonitor?s Anti-Piracy Protection solutions. More About the Position: This6/7/2016 Boise Save This Job
The Associate Director/Director, Regulatory Operations reports to the VP Regulatory Affairs. This position is responsible for the oversight and management of day-to-day Regulatory submissions to Global Health Authorities (i.e., FDA, Health Canada, EMEA, SFDA, etc.). This6/7/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Reporting to the Senior Director of Chemical Development, the successful incumbent will work on all process chemistry aspects of new small molecule pharmaceuticals Responsibilities will include: Assisting in oversight of CMO activities related to technology transfer, development,6/7/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Location: Redwood Shores, CA Job Summary The presales consultant will have a key role in supporting Zyme sales activities, helping promote Zyme?s solutions and services and acting as a solution evangelist. The position will require extensive contact with customers at operational6/7/2016 Redwood Shores, CA Save This Job
DigitalWork is actively looking for positive, forward-thinking individuals, who specialize in Perl development. Requirements: Design and implement (create and enhance) timely and reliable software solutions. Develop configuration-driven, self-monitoring, scalable solutions that6/7/2016 Chicago, IL Save This Job
Location: Austin, TX About Zyme Zyme is the global leader in the emerging channel data management (CDM) space, empowering the New Smart Channel?, a proven approach to creating visibility to actionable knowledge that manufacturers need to accelerate partner sales and optimize6/7/2016 Austin, TX Save This Job
TECHNOLOGY - Detroit (HQ) Overview Software Engineers design, code, test, document, and support the HelloWorld technologies that drive our business. Our developers are responsible for owning and delivering on all aspects of our technology projects. Exceptional critical6/7/2016 Detroit, MI Save This Job
Job Description Astute Solutions has over 20 years of experience building software that?s smarter and better meets the needs of consumer companies. First and foremost we understand our success is owed to the outstanding work and dedication of our associates. We believe in a6/7/2016 Columbus, OH Save This Job


text:
Type: Posts; User: tgkkslavens
Wanted to make this a project car but, as life has it, things happen.
Pro's: It's...
This hatch is still for sale.
Thanks runhop! How's the PNW been? I miss it. For some reason my gmail account was filtering vortex as spam. The price I listed, I thought, was a good price. I got some low offers including $475 on...
Thanks man! thought that wasn't current cause of the '09 date.
Corrado carbon fiber VIS hatch for sale. Bought for just under $800 shipped. Hatch was never installed. For sale $650. No reasonable offers refused. PM or email me. firstname.lastname@example.com
no one? :confused:
As the title states I have a carbon VIS hatch for sale. Bought for just under $800 shipped. Hatch was never installed. For sale $650. No reasonable offer will be refused, PM me.
Thanks for the help! Recovering from an epic case of the stomach flu. Will try out fixes as soon as I'm fully recovered!
Tell me about it. I went through so many life changes in the last year, I just got mine running again. Good luck back to you.:beer: (Side note: wing didn't work before the car stopped running, 2...
Sorry about that. '92 SLC :D
Speedo is still working, hope my fix is a cheap part.
So I'm sure it's a stupid question but, my wing only works manually no longer goes up and down automatically. What is the likely problem? :confused:
http://www.strictlydiscs.com/gallery/spaten_optimator.jpg Optimator FTW!!
Mine should be back on the road this weekend after a long time of sitting. '92 SLC.
power windows http://www.vortexmediagroup.com/images/banghead.gif http://www.vortexmediagroup.com/images/banghead.gif So you're the guy who bought Mr. White's 'rado hear you have big things coming?...
Quote, originally posted by fredhogarth »
testing got us over 200ft but the contest was accuracy so we nailed a 5lb pumpkin into a hole the size of a skateboard at 130ft
I used the Trico ones, same problem for a ghetto temp fix I bent the wiper arm. Temporary 'til I go single wiper!
Quote, originally posted by xnology »
It would be pretty spendy to do a single.... of a certain layout. It will be most economical to get a concensus on a layout and let her rip.
I've been wondering too. If someone is in the know hit it up!! http://**********************/smile/emthup.gif


text:
LINCOLN, Neb. -- Realistically, Nebraska had to beat Michigan State to have any chance of making the Big Ten title game.
The Huskers didn't just beat the Spartans -- they beat them up. In by far their best defensive performance of the year, they raced out to a 21-point lead in the third quarter and held on for a 24-3 victory.
Now, Nebraska is tied with Michigan and Michigan State atop the Legends Division, and Iowa will join them in a four-way deadlock if it takes care of business against Minnesota tonight. It should be a fun November.
The Spartans were oddly listless on offense and sloppy on defense. Blame that brutal October schedule, which must have taken its toll. Or just blame it on having to play a re-energized Nebraska team in Lincoln, where it's awfully tough to beat.
Either way, the Big Ten race just took another turn.
Much more to come after postgame interviews, so stay tuned.


text:
The Missourian
- Home
- Local News
- News
- Sports
- Opinion
- Features
- Obits
- eMarket
- Multimedia
- Classifieds
- Subscribe
- Eedition
- Contest
Larry Carter, Meramec Valley Middle School assistant principal and perennial Chamber master of ceremonies, is flanked by his parents, Sam and Marlene Carter, shortly after being named Pacific 2012 Citizen of the Year at the April 26 Chamber awards banquet. Carter accepted the award by recognizing his parents as the guiding influence of his life.
Washington, MO
Washington, MO
Washington, MO
Washington, MO
Ballwin, MO
Saint Clair, MO
Washington, MO
Breaking News
Signup today!
Breaking news alerts sent right to your inbox!
News Updates
Signup today! News updates sent out twice a week.
The latest e-Edition of The Missourian is now available!
Are you a subscriber who would you like to know when the latest e-edition of The Missourian is live online? Signup today!


text:
Jonathan Papelbon calls out Phils
CLEARWATER, Fla. -- Philadelphia Phillies closer Jonathan Papelbon feels his team lacked leadership last season, and made it known to reporters on Friday.
On the day that the Phillies began exhibition play with an intrasquad scrimmage here, Papelbon, who left the Boston Red Sox for Philadelphia in time for last season, reiterated his stance from earlier in the week that said: "Since I've been here, I haven't seen any leadership."
Papelbon says he didn't say anything that's ...
Read full story
Use a Facebook account to add a comment, subject to Facebook's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Your Facebook name, photo & other personal information you make public on Facebook will appear with your comment, and may be used on ESPN's media platforms. Learn more.
- Olney: Lohse deal bad for Brewers
- Olney: Puig forcing Dodgers' hand
- Olney: Potential inflammatory situations
- Stark: Roy Halladay's new reality
- Alipour: Getting to know Miguel Cabrera
- Stark: Justin Upton finds his (old) swing
- Stark: Most bizarre injuries of the spring
- Olney: Votto's inside-the-box approach
- Olney: Early signs not good for Halladay
- Schoenfield: AL sleeper MVP candidates
- Schoenfield: NL sleeper MVP candidates


text:
U.S., Europe Clash on Genetically Modified Crops
After waiting more than four years for Europe to lift a ban on approving new varieties of genetically modified crops, the United States threatens to take its case to the World Trade Organization. The WTO could impose stiff penalties on countries that violate trade rules. NPR's Kathleen Schalch reports.
You must be signed in to leave a comment. Sign In / Register
Please keep your community civil. All comments must follow the NPR.org Community rules and terms of use, and will be moderated prior to posting. NPR reserves the right to use the comments we receive, in whole or in part, and to use the commenter's name and location, in any medium. See also the Terms of Use, Privacy Policy and Community FAQ.


text:
Marvin E. Levin, MD, is a former professor
of clinical medicine and associate director of the Endocrinology,
Diabetes, and Metabolism Clinic at Washington University
School of Medicine. He is also the author of Diabetic Foot: A
Clinical Atlas now in its seventh edition.
Michael A. Pfeifer, MD, MS, CDE, FACE, a
certified diabetes educator and physician, is a former director
of the Obesity and Diabetes Center of the East Carolina
School of Medicine. He is currently a senior director in
Pharmaceutical Research & Development for Johnson &
Johnson Pharmaceuticals.


text:
RICHMOND, Va. -- The Redskins conduct one practice Wednesday, starting at 12:40 p.m., a highly publicized workout for obvious reasons, as coach Mike Shanahan likes to say. Here's what I'll focus on:
1. Robert Griffin III's practice. Yes, today is finally the day when Griffin takes snaps in 11-on-11 work for the first time in training camp. A Redskins team official told ESPN earlier in the week that Griffin would be limited to facing the scout team. If that's the case it will not be at the same speed as if would be against the No. 1 defense. Griffin is not scheduled to talk to the media Wednesday, which means it's one less day to read between the lines and wonder about meanings of well-crafted phrases. But we'll get thoughts on the latest step in his progress from Shanahan and teammates after practice. "I don't need it on 'SportsCenter' every time he takes a rep," Shanahan said, "so we'll see how he practices and we'll definitely have a plan for him over the next three days and we'll talk about it after each practice."
So, today, the focus will be on the field and not about the Shanahan-Griffin relationship, becoming the most scrutinized pairing since Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt. But, don't worry, it'll get back to that aspect soon enough I'm sure. One way to shelve it? Win games.
2. The Redskins' secondary. With Phillip Thomas out for the year with a Lisfranc ligament tear, the Redskins have a roster spot they need to fill. The complicating matter in this situation is safety Brandon Meriweather's health. He has yet to participate in a full practice on consecutive days. He's recovering from ACL surgery last fall and is the starting strong safety, if healthy. Reed Doughty would start in his absence, but Thomas would have had a role, too. But if Meriweather is healthy -- which is still an if -- and Doughty is his backup, then the Redskins are OK here. DeJon Gomes can play in the box as well. They're thin behind rookie free safety Bacarri Rambo; Thomas' injury hasn't changed that. It also means that someone who might have been cut before this injury will make the roster, whether it's Gomes, a good special-teams player, or Jordan Pugh, mostly a free safety.
3. The Redskins' backup offensive linemen. The coaching staff says the team has improved the depth at this spot, but the young guys are unproven in games and it's clear they still have plenty to learn. In the snaps I watched 2012 third-round pick Josh LeRibeus on Monday, he struggled against veteran Kedric Golston. But I'm curious how tackle Tom Compton and guard Adam Gettis look after getting game action last week. Put veteran tackle Tony Pashos on that list, too. He looks fine against backups, though I wonder about his quickness at this stage. He's clearly ahead of veteran tackle Jeremy Trueblood.


text:
Around the Nation
Gwyneth Paltrow And Chris Martin Announce Separation
A celebrity couple splitting up is sadly not so unusual. But they can be creative when announcing it. Actress Gwyneth Paltrow and Coldplay's Chris Martin said they will be "consciously uncoupling."
Good morning. I'm David Greene. A celebrity couple splitting up, not so unusual, but there can be creative announcements. Actress Gwyneth Paltrow and her husband Chris Martin from the band Coldplay announced yesterday that they will be, quote, "consciously uncoupling." Twitterverse didn't totally embrace the couple's or, I guess now un-couple's, choice of words. NPR's Linda Holmes had some other ideas - thoughtful divestment, meditative cleavesomeness. How about soulful disgorgement? You're listening to MORNING EDITION.
Copyright © 2014 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.
You must be signed in to leave a comment. Sign In / Register
Please keep your community civil. All comments must follow the NPR.org Community rules and terms of use, and will be moderated prior to posting. NPR reserves the right to use the comments we receive, in whole or in part, and to use the commenter's name and location, in any medium. See also the Terms of Use, Privacy Policy and Community FAQ.


text:
Vous voulez voir cette page en français ? Cliquez ici.
Compare Offers on Amazon
+ CDN$ 3.49 shipping
+ CDN$ 3.49 shipping
Sold by: @ ALLBRIGHT SALES @
Have one to sell?
Barrel of a Gun Import, Single
Only 1 left in stock.
Ships from and sold by thebookcommunity_ca.
This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel, please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading.
Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought
Page 1 of 1 Start overPage 1 of 1
Product Details
Would you like to update product info, give feedback on images, or tell us about a lower price?
Track Listings
|1. Barrel Of A Gun - Depeche Mode
|2. Barrel Of A Gun (United Mix) - Depeche Mode
|3. Painkiller (Original Mix) - Depeche Mode
Product Description
All new material, no tracklisting available yet.
Customer Reviews
There are no customer reviews yet on Amazon.ca
|5 star
|4 star
|3 star
|2 star
|1 star
Most Helpful Customer Reviews on Amazon.com (beta)
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful
By A Customer - Published on Amazon.com
Format: Audio CD
The original mix of Painkiller is jawdropping. You won't believe that Martin Gore constructed this song himself without any of Alan Wilder's help! One of the best electronica tracks of the 90's and the definitive Depeche instrumental.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
By Eric Hamilton - Published on Amazon.com
Format: Audio CD
If you're a true Depeche Mode fan, you probably have at least two or three remixes of Painkiller in your collection. Get the original. It is outstanding!
Look for similar items by category
- Music > Alternative Rock
- Music > Dance & DJ > Compilations > Dance Pop
- Music > Dance & DJ > Dance Pop
- Music > Pop > CD-Singles > Pop Rock
- Music > Pop > Compilations > Dance Pop
- Music > Pop > Dance Pop
- Music > Rock
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?