text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 26, 1982
|Filing date
|Jun 9, 1980
|Priority date
|Dec 27, 1977
|Publication number
|Wilbur I. Kaye
|Original Assignee
|Beckman Instruments, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (20), Classifications (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 864,991, now abandoned, filed Dec. 27, 1977.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to light scattering photometers for making multiple measurements of light scattered from a sample and, more particularly, to a photometer permitting the near-simultaneous measurement of light scattered from a sample at forward and back angles of scatter.
2. Background of the Invention
I have described a laser light scattering photometer for measuring scattered light at selected angles and various improvements therein in the following references: (1) British Patent Specification No. 1,298,658, "Photometer for Measuring Total Radiant Energy at Selected Angles", published Dec. 6, 1972; (2) "Light Scattering Measurements on Liquids at Small Angles" by W. I. Kaye, A. J. Havlik, and J. B. McDaniel, Polymer Letters, Vol. 9, pp. 695-699 (1971); (3) "Low Angle Laser Light Scattering--Absolute Calibration" by W. I. Kaye and A. J. Havlik, Applied Optics, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 541-550 (March 1973); (4) "Low-Angle Laser Light Scattering" by W. I. Kaye, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 221A-225A (February 1973); (5) U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,973 (Kaye), "Detector Apparatus for Laser Light Scattering Photometers", filed July 2, 1973; (6) U.S. Pat. No. 3,843,268 (Kaye), "Sample Container for Laser Light Scattering Photometers", filed July 5, 1973; and (7) U.S. Pat. No. 3,850,525 (Kaye), "Simultaneous Multiple Measurements In Laser Photometers", filed July 9, 1973.
The foregoing reference all relate to a laser light scattering photometer which includes a laser light source the coherent light from which is focused by a lens onto a sample. Light scattered from the sample in an incremental angle Δθ at a forward angle θ is intercepted by a mask annulus and passed therethrough to a focusing lens. The light is focused by the lens into the aperture of a field stop and passes therethrough to a converging lens which converges the light to a photomultiplier detector. The detector provides a measure P.sub.θ of the scattered light. The incident beam, suitably attenuated, is also transmitted through the sample and relayed to the detector to provide a measure P0 of incident light. P.sub.θ and P0 are used to calculate the Rayleigh factor R.sub.θ =P.sub.θ /(P0 σL) where P.sub.θ and P0 are the radiant powers of the scattered and incident light beams, respectively; σ is the solid angle of the detected scatter beam, and L is the length of the scattering volume parallel to the incident beam.
The foregoing photometer exhibits many desirable features for scattering measurements including small sample size, small angle measurements, low background, discrimination of scatter from interfering dust particles, and absolute calibration by measurement of geometric parameters. In this regard, the photometer permits reliable scatter intensity measurements on sample volumes as low as about 10-2 ml at a small forward scatter angle approaching 0°, e.g. in practice as small as about 1.5°. In calculating the Rayleigh factor from the above equation, the solid angle σ is dictated by the dimensions of the mask annulus while the scattering volume path length L is dictated by the dimensions of the field stop. These parameters are geometrically measured; hence, the photometer measures the Rayleigh factor on an "absolute" basis providing absolute calibration of the photometer by the measurement of geometric parameters alone. In view of the small sample volume, there is less probability that interfering dust particles will be present in the scattering volume thereof. Moreover, because of the high power density within the small scattering volume, any dust particle which is present appears as a spike in the output scatter signal making its presence obvious. The extreme sensitivity of the photometer enables detection of scattering power P.sub.θ infinitesimally less than the incident power P0, typically less by a factor of 109 or more, i.e. P.sub.θ =P0 ×10-9. The laser photometer is described as particularly useful and applicable for measuring molecular weights and for detecting the presence of and measuring the size of particles in solutions or in air. The foregoing references are all specifically incorporated herein by reference as background regarding details of the light scattering environment in which the present invention resides.
It is known that the intensity of light scattered from a spherical particle is a function of both the scattering angle of the light and the refractive index of the particle relative to the dispersing medium in which it resides. Where the refractive index is known, the particle size may be determined from measuring Rayleigh scattering at a single scattering angle. Frequently, however, the refractive index is not known and for such cases measurements must be made at more than one scattering angle in order to determine particle size. If the particles to be measured are larger than the wavelength of the light used in the scattering measurement, it is advantageous to make the two scattering measurements at two relatively small angles. To this end, the aforementioned reference (7) discloses an arrangement for making simultaneous measurements for this purpose at two small and closely spaced angles. In reference (7), scattered light issuing from the sample in an incremental angle Δθ is partially intercepted by an elliptical mirror to segment the light into first and second incremental angular segments Δθ1 and Δθ2. Light within the respective first and second segments is directed simultaneously to respective first and second detectors. As disclosed, incremental angular segments Δθ1 and Δθ2 are adjacent, and hence closely spaced, angular segments at the forward scattering angle θ.
While the foregoing procedure is satisfactory for measuring particles larger than the wavelength of light, it is generally unsatisfactory for measuring particles whose diameter is smaller than the wavelength of light used. This is because in the latter case the variation of scattered light intensity with scattering angle is small and, consequently, it is desirable to make measurements at two angles as widely spaced as possible to maximize the difference in measured scatter intensity at the two angles. Ideally, measurements would be desirable at two scattering angles spaced by an angle approaching 180°. By way of background, the measurement of the size of particles from the ratio of the scatter intensities at two angles symmetric about 90° has been done, and this ratio is called the dissymmetry. Reference is made to "The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation" by M. Kerker, Academic Press, New York (1969) for a general discussion of this subject. When the two angles approach 0° and 180°, respectively, the ratio of intensities is called the extreme dissymmetry and is described in a paper entitled "Theoretical Investigations on the Light Scattering of Colloidal Spheres VI Backward Scattering" by M. Nakagaki and W. Heller, J. Chem. Phys. 30, 783 (1959). Heretofore, to my knowledge, no experimental measurements of extreme dissymmetry have been made because of the experimental and practical difficulties in making two satisfactory measurements at widely spaced scatter angles.
One practical difficulty in making particle scattering measurements at two spaced angles arises from the fact that the two measurements have to be obtained on the same particle, and the particle is often flowing through the light beam. For example, the photometer of references (1)-(7) is particularly adapted to make scattering measurements on a solution flowing through a sample zone into which the incident light is focused. If the particle size distribution in the solution is to be determined, scatter measurements at two spaced angles on as many particles as possible would be desirable. However, scatter measurements on a particle at two spaced angles are feasible only if they can be performed simultaneously or nearly simultaneously while the particle is in the path of the light beam.
Another area which would be benefited by near-simultaneous light scattering measurements at two spaced angles is the investigation of the polydispersity of dissolved macromolecules. Solutions of macromolecules are seldom monodisperse or all of one size and shape. A method for measuring polydispersity utilizing angular scattering data was developed by Benoit, Holtzer and Doty, J. Phys. Chem. 58, 635 (1954). The authors extrapolate low and high angle scattering intensity values to zero degrees and obtain weight and number average values of the solute molecular weight. Polydispersity can be determined from these two molecular weight averages. It can be shown that the extrapolation of the high angle data amounts to a single measurement at an angle approaching 180°. Hence, measurements at high and low angles give polydispersity information.
Moreover, if a macromolecular solution is separated into reasonably monodisperse fractions, light scattering measurements on each fraction at high and low scatter angles can be used to determine molecular shape or conformation. The low angle scattering intensity is a function of molecular weight only while the high angle data is a function of both molecular weight and shape. For a description of this theory see "Light Scattering from Polymer Solutions" P. Kratochvil, Chapter 7, Academic Press, New York (1972). The measurement of molecular shape in solution is of great importance, particularly for biopolymers. Gel permeation chromotography is a preferred technique for fractioning such samples.
In macromolecular solution study, the scatter of the solute is the parameter of interest and any particles in the solution add an interfering background scatter signal which must be distinguished from the solute scatter signal. The scatter intensity from an interfering particle may be typically one hundred times as great as the scatter intensity from the molecule of interest. If the solute were measured while motionless, the resulting signal could be either that of the solute or of an interfering particle motionless in the incident beam. Consequently, it would be desirable in this case also to flow the sample through the light beam so that interfering particles passing through the beam would appear as recognizable spikes in the scatter signal enabling discrimination between the solute and particle signals. Again, however, it is necessary to make the two angle measurements nearly-simultaneously on each flowing particle while the particle is in the path of the light beam.
The aforementioned reference (1) illustrates a laser photometer for measuring forward scatter from a sample and for separately measuring back scatter from a sample. in this regard, FIG. 1 of the reference illustrates an arrangement for measuring forward scatter at a forward angle approaching zero degrees, while FIG. 5 illustrates a modified arrangement for measuring back scatter at an angle approaching 180°. A second photometer for separately measuring forward and back scatter is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,043,669 (Gehatia et al.) for "Light Scattering Test Apparatus", filed May 28, 1976. This patent illustrates in FIG. 1 an arrangement for directing laser light through a sample and measuring forward scatter therefrom at a relatively large angle and illustrates, in FIG. 7, another arrangement for separately measuring back scatter from the sample. The latter arrangement requires that three mirrors and a rotating light chopper be rotated through 90° to convert the instrument from one for measuring forward scatter to one for measuring back scatter. Unfortunately, neither of the two foregoing photometers is adapted to make near-simultaneous measurements at forward and back angles of scatter.
The present invention resides in a light scattering photometer which overcomes the disadvantages of prior systems by permitting multiple measurements in a manner unattainable heretofore. The present photometer permits the near-simultaneous measurement of light scattered from a sample in forward and back directions. As a result, the photometer is ideally suited for obtaining information on the refractive index or size of particles or the polydispersity of dissolved macromolecules, particularly where samples to be studied are in motion or flowing through the light beam.
Briefly, the present photometer comprises a source of light, a sample zone having an optical axis along which light from the source passes to impinge upon and scatter from a sample in the sample zone, a detector, and means for intercepting light scattered from the sample at a predetermined angle θ with respect to the optical axis and for passing the intercepted light to the detector. In accordance with a primary aspect of the present invention, switching means alternately directs light from the source into the sample zone in first and second opposite directions along the optical axis to alternately illuminate a sample therein from opposite directions. In this manner light directed into the sample zone in the first direction is scattered from the sample and intercepted at the forward angle θ, while light directed into the sample zone in the second direction is scattered and intercepted at the back angle 180°-θ. The intercepting means alternately passes the forward and back scatter to the detector. In the preferred embodiment, the switching means is a rotating mirror which alternately intercepts light from the source. Demodulation means synchronized with rotation of the mirror demodulates the output signal of the detector to derive both forward and back scatter information. In the foregoing manner, near-simultaneous measurements are derived at forward and back scatter angles which can approach 180° in separation.
FIG. 1 is a generally cross-sectional view through optical elements of a light scattering photometer in accordance with the present invention. The figure illustrates light from a laser source directed into a sample zone in one direction, and depicts elements arranged to intercept light scattered from the sample at a forward scatter angle θ.
FIG. 2 is a view corresponding to that of FIG. 1 but illustrating light directed onto the sample zone in an opposite direction such that light scattered from the sample is intercepted at a back scatter angle 180°-θ.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view through a sample cell employed with the present photometer.
FIG. 4 is a front elevational view of a rotating mirror employed in the photometer of FIGS. 1 and 2.
As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the present invention is embodied in a light scattering photometer which includes a light source 10 generating a light beam defined by rays 12, and a light beam switching means, indicated generally by 14, for directing light from the source toward a sample container 16 to impinge upon and illuminate a sample contained therein. Preferably, light source 10 is a helium-neon laser operating in the TEM00 mode. As illustrated in FIG. 1, light rays 12a passed by beam switching means 14 are redirected at end surfaces 20a and 20b of a prism 18 to a lens 22 or other light coverging device. The lens 22 functions to direct the light along an optical axis 26 extending through the sample container 16 and to focus the redirected light beam 12a to a minimum beam diameter at a point 24 on the optical axis within sample container 16.
Sample container 16 may take the form illustrated in any of foregoing reference (1)-(7). FIG. 3 herein illustrates the improved container of reference (6) which includes first and second silica windows 28 and 30 spaced by a clear Teflon spacer 32 in the direction of optical axis 26. Spacer 32 includes two contiguous passageways 34 and 36 coaxial relative to the optical axis 26. Passageway 34 is frustoconical in shape while passageway 36 is cylindrical and joins passageway 34 at a plane normal to the optical axis and including the point 24. Preferably, a black glass disk 38 is disposed at the junction of the two passageways and includes an aperture 40 forming an extension of frustoconical passageway 34. The point 24 is preferably located within the aperture 40. Aperture 40 functions to intercept and block light scattered by lens 22 and by other optical components between container 16 and source 10 thereby preventing such extraneous light from passing through the system.
To allow for introduction of a sample into the measuring zone of the sample container 16, the spacer 32 further includes channels 42 and 44 intersecting passageways 34 and 36 respectively. Each channel may be fitted with a Leur fitting or similar device for connecting the channels to a sample source. Sample may be introduced intermittently or continuously into the sample zone through one channel and withdrawn through the other, as desired. It will be noted that the sample zone volume with such construction may be less than 10-2 ml so that both the sample volume and the scattering volume thereof are small. Attention is directed to the foregoing references for additional details regarding sample container construction.
As illustrated most clearly in FIG. 3, lens 22 focuses the light beam 12a to the point 24 at an angle of convergence β with respect to the optial axis 26. The angle of convergence β is generally small, e.g. as low as about 0.5°, since 2β is the smallest angle θ relative to the direction of incident beam 12a at which light scattered from a sample at point 24 may be intercepted for measurement without also intercepting a portion of the transmitted (i.e. non-scattered) incident beam. In this regard, and as further illustrated in FIG. 3, the present photometer is adapted to intercept and measure light scattered from the sample zone of container 16 in an incremental angle Δθ at a predetermined and selectable angle θ with respect to the optical axis 26. For incident light rays 12a, which travel from left to right in FIG. 3, angle θ defines a forward scatter angle which, as taught in the aforementioned references, may approach 0°, and in practice reach a value as small as about 1.5°.
The optical arrangement for intercepting light scattered by a sample corresponds to that of the aforementioned references and includes, referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a mask 46 having an annular aperture 48 therein coaxial with optical axis 26. Aperture 48 is oriented to intercept all light energy scattered from the sample zone in the incremental angle Δθ at selectable angle θ relative to the optical axis 26. Thus arranged, the intercepted light is defined by a conical surface having an apex at point 24 and a base formed by aperture 48. The scattered light thus intercepted by annular aperture 48 is passed to a focusing lens 50 or other light converging device which focuses the light into an aperture 52 of a field stop 51. Annulus 48, lens 50, and aperture 52 combine to admit through aperture 52 only light issuing from the sample at angle θ in incremental angle Δθ and to essentially eliminate other undesired light. Moreover, the scattering volume of the sample is determined by the diameter of the incident laser beam, by the dimension of annulus 48, and by the diameter of field stop aperture 52. In this regard for a sample volume in passageways 34 and 36 of container 16 on the order of 10-2 ml, the corresponding scattering volume thereof may be several orders less, e.g. on the order of 10-5 ml.
Light passing through aperture 52 in field stop 51 is passed to a lens or other conventional converging device (not shown) which converges the light to a detector 53, preferably a photomultiplier tube as taught in the aforementioned references. For ease of illustration, the rays diverging from aperture 52 and converging toward detector 53 are broken to shorten the illustrated optical path length. The detector 53 is preferably of the improved construction illustrated in reference (5).
Except for beam switching means 14, the photometer as described to this point corresponds essentially in strucure and operation to that described in the Background of the present specification. Thus, as described, the laser light 12a focused by lens 22 into the sample zone of container 16 and scattering from sample therein in an incremental angle Δθ at a forward scatter angle θ is intercepted by annulus 48 and passed to detector 53 for measurement. As indicated previously, in addition to the thus derived forward scatter information on the sample, it is desirable to simultaneously obtain back scatter information on the same sample. To this end, and in accordance with a primary aspect to the present invention, the beam switching means 14 is provided to alternately direct the light rays 12 from source 10 into the sample zone in opposite directions along optical axis 26. To accomplish this, one form of the switching means 14 comprises a segmented mirror 54 coupled to drive shaft 55 of a drive motor 56 to be rotated thereby to intercept the light rays 12 generated by the laser source 10. Mirror 54 includes alternate reflecting and open segments and is disposed such that the mirror segments thereof intercept light rays 12 from source 10 at a 45° angle. FIG. 4 illustrates one form of such a segmented mirror which includes first and second reflective mirror segments 58 and 60 separated by open segments 62 and 64.
The photometer further includes a focusing lens or other light converging device 66 and a mirror or other light redirecting device 68. Mirror 68 is situated on and at 45° with respect to optical axis 26 between the sample container 16 and mask annulus 46.
With rotating mirror 54 so disposed in the path of light beam 12 and rotated by motor 56, the light beam is alternately intercepted by a reflective segment 58 or 60 and then by an open segment 62 or 64 of the mirror. When intercepted by an open segment, light rays 12a are passed therethrough to prism 18 and focusing lens 22 in the manner heretofore described and as illustrated in FIG. 1. Alternately, as illustrated in FIG. 2, when beam 12 is intercepted by a reflective mirror segment 58 or 60, the rays 12b thus intercepted are directed downwardly in the figure through focusing lens 66 onto mirror 68. Mirror 68 redirects the focused light along the optical axis 26 to focal point 24 within the sample container 16 but in a direction of incidence along axis 26 opposite to that of FIG. 1. For such oppositely directed light, annulus 48 in mask 46 intercepts back scatter of light from the sample in the same incremental angle Δθ but at a back scatter angle of 180°-θ. Consequently, as the open and reflective segments of rotating mirror 54 alternately intercept light beam 12, the beam is alternately switched and directed into the sample zone from opposite directions along the optical axis 26. Consequently, annulus 48 intercepts in alternate succession, and in near simultaneity, forward scatter at angle θ and back scatter at angle 180°-θ and passes such forward and back scatter alternately to detector 52. In turn, detector 52 generates an output signal which, in a first interval, represents a measure of forward scatter intensity and which, in a second interval, represents a measure of back scatter intensity.
The detector output signal is demodulated to separate the forward and back scatter information therein. For this purpose, the rotational position of the drive shaft of motor 56 is monitored by a commutator 70 and is supplied as a first input to a conventional demodulator 72, while the output of detector 52 is supplied as a second input thereto. Demodulator 72, in turn, generates first and second output signals SF and SB representing, respectively, the forward and back scatter intensity information. It is apparent that the time interval between forward and back scatter measurements will depend on the rotational speed of the mirror 54 and will provide an essentially near-simultaneous measurement of the forward and back scatter. As a result, the photometer of the invention is ideally suited for measuring sample particles which are in motion or otherwise flowing through the incident light beam and for which near-simultaneous forward and back scatter measurements are desired on the same particle.
The switching frequency of the rotating mirror 54 will depend upon the type of sample being measured and the rate of motion or flow of the sample and associated particles through the incident light beam. For some samples, particles may remain in the path of the beam for an interval of several seconds, and for such particles a relatively slow switching frequency of 10 Hz would be satisfactory. In some cases, however, a particle will be in the path of the beam for only millisecond or microsecond intervals. In such case a much higher switching frequency is required to insure that all particles passing through the beam are actually detected. Since there is a practical upper limit to the speed of rotation of segmented mirror 54, further increases in switching frequency may be attained by increasing the number of reflective and open segments of the mirror. Thus, the mirror could take the form of a circular disk having a plurality of radial notches around its periphery forming open segments alternating with reflective segments. For a disk having 100 reflective and 100 open segments and rotated at 3600 rpm, a switching frequency of approximately 6 kHz would result.
It will be noted that when an open segment 62 or 64 in rotating mirror 54 intercepts light beam 12, the rays 12a are folded by prism 18 and focused by lens 22 into the sample zone as previously described. Light which is not scattered by the sample and which exits window 30 along the optical axis 26 is intercepted by mirror 68 and directed thereby toward lens 66 which relays the light into the same open segment in the rotating mirror. Such light is passed through the open segment and dissipated on the walls (now shown) of the photometer housing.
Alternatively, when a reflective segment 58 or 60 of mirror 54 intercepts light beam 12 and directs the light rays 12b downwardly and into the sample zone in the opposite direction, light which is not scattered by the sample exits window 28 along optical axis 26 (to the left in FIG. 2). Such light is directed by lens 22 and prism 18 onto the back surface of the same reflective mirror segment where it is dissipated.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the deflecting mirror 68 is housed within a light shielding structure 74. Structure 74 functions to prevent rays scattered by mirror 68 from illuminating the end face of window 30 in the vicinity of the exiting back scatter from the sample within incremental angle Δθ. To this end, shield 74 comprises a generally frustoconical housing axially aligned on optical axis 26 and having a first window area 76 on optical axis 26 adjacent sample container window 30 and a second window area 78 in a side wall thereof for passing light to and from the reflecting surface 68 at 90° with respect to axis 26. Any light reflected from mirror 68 which would otherwise strike the end face of the sample container window 30 in the vicinity of the back scatter is intercepted by the interior conical wall of the shield 74 and thereby precluded from striking the window and hence from scattering or reflecting therefrom. This minimizes end window reflections which could otherwise be intercepted by annulus 48 and thereby introduce an undesirable background signal on the back scatter signal itself.
When it is desired to measure the incident light, i.e. the non-scattered light exiting sample container window 30 along optical axis 26, the mirror 68 and associated shielding structure 74 are removed and the light is permitted to pass through a central aperture 82 in mask 46, and through a safety attenuator 80 to lens 50. The light is relayed therefrom to the detector 53 which provides a measure of the incident light P0 for calculating the Rayleigh factor in the manner previously described. Attenuator 80 is provided to prevent damage to equipment and injury to personnel when the mirror and shielding structure are removed. Additional attenuators (not shown) are provided for insertion into the beam path between source 10 and sample container 16 when mirror 68 and shield 74 are removed. Since the incident beam intensity exceeds the scatter intensity typically by a factor of 109 or more, the attenuators are calibrated to proportionately reduce the intensity of the incident beam, when measuring non-scattered light, to approximate the value of the beam intensity when measuring scatter intensity.
It will be evident from the foregoing that the present invention provides a simple and straightforward photometer for making near-simultaneous forward and back scatter measurements on a sample in a manner heretofore unobtainable. As angle θ approaches 0°, the separation between the forward and back scattering angles approaches 180° thereby providing a powerful tool for the study of particle refractive index and dissolved macromolecular polydispersity. The invention is compatible with prior photometer arrangements and in conjunction therewith provides an array of analytical hardware and techniques to researchers and industry for significantly improved light scattering investigations. While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Shell Oil Co
|Apparatus for light scattering measurements
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|Science Spectrum
|Microparticle analyzer employing a spherical detector array
|Jul 5, 1973
|Oct 22, 1974
|Beckman Instruments Inc
|Sample container for laser light scattering photometers
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|Nov 26, 1974
|Beckman Instruments Inc
|Simultaneous multiple measurements in laser photometers
|Nov 11, 1974
|Aug 24, 1976
|Pratt Stanley L
|Apparatus for monitoring the selection of chart recording and wavelength scanning speeds in a radiant energy analyzer
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|Beckman Instruments, Inc.
|Detector apparatus for laser light scattering photometers
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|Aug 23, 1977
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
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|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|2°/90° Laboratory scattering photometer
|Title not available
|Benoit, Holtzer and Doty, J. Phys. Chem. 58, 635, (1954).
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|Citing Patent
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|Dec 8, 1982
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|St. Regis Paper Company
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|Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd.
|Fine particle measuring method and system and a flow cell for use in the system
|Dec 21, 1989
|Nov 5, 1991
|The Standard Oil Company
|Noninvasive method and apparatus using coherent backscattering for process control
|Feb 12, 1993
|Mar 15, 1994
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optical submicron aerosol particle detector
|Sep 12, 1995
|Feb 4, 1997
|San Diego State University Foundation
|Detecting analyte light absorption utilizing degenerate four wave mixing
|Jul 29, 2005
|Sep 30, 2008
|Biovigilant Systems, Inc.
|Pathogen and particle detector system and method
|Sep 10, 2004
|Aug 18, 2009
|Hsi-Yu Chen
|Light-guide module having light shielding structure
|Jul 17, 2006
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|Biovigilant Systems, Inc.
|Pathogen and particle detector system and method
|Jul 11, 2008
|Jul 10, 2012
|Azbil BioVigilant, Inc.
|Pathogen and particle detector system and method
|Jan 27, 2004
|Sep 18, 2012
|San Diego State University Foundation
|Sensitive sensing based on optical nonlinear wave mixing
|Dec 3, 2008
|Jan 14, 2014
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|Method for the detection of biologic particle contamination
|Jan 11, 2010
|Jan 26, 2016
|San Diego State University Foundation
|Ultrasensitive detection of isotopes, chemical substances and biological substances using laser wave mixing detectors
|Jan 4, 2005
|Jun 16, 2005
|Applera Corporation
|Imaging system and method for reduction of interstitial images
|Sep 10, 2004
|Nov 17, 2005
|Primax Electronics Ltd.
|Light-guide module having light shielding structure
|Jan 27, 2004
|Nov 23, 2006
|Tong William G
|Sensitive sensing based on optical optical nonlinear wave mixing
|Jul 29, 2005
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|Hiroaki Inoue
|Method for evaluating physiological activity of substances and apparatus for the same
|Jun 17, 2011
|Dec 22, 2011
|Andrew Pogosyan
|Scattering light source multi-wavelength photometer
|Jun 17, 2011
|Apr 19, 2012
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|Scattering light source multi-wavelength photometer
|U.S. Classification
|356/338, 250/574, 356/342
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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le Bureau de Représentation Desjardins Europe était déjà appuyé par Fabienne Campion et Côme de Bagneux au cours des dernières années. auprès de sociétés basées en Europe incluant le Crédit Agricole, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation et Eutelsat.
Il possède, en outre, une bonne connaissance du Canada, grâce à un MBA en Finance & Commerce international de l'Université McGill et l'expérience acquise chez Bombardier Aéronautique à Montréal.
McGill University has announced that its recent McGill24 initiative is the most successful one-day fundraiser of its kind in Canadian university history. The school's first-ever day of giving received nearly $800 K from over 1,600 donations, marking a rate of one donation for every 59 seconds within the 24-hour timeline. Donors reportedly gave to a number of initiatives across the university, including scholarships, entrepreneurship programs, research, and sustainability initiatives.
Congratulations to Desautels' Happening Marketing delegation for its 5 podium wins!
1st place
B2B Marketing - Jordan Bonneville, Rachel Burk, Karen Ye
Relationship Marketing - Aarushi Kumar, Alexie Morin, Jochem Janssens
Marketing Strategy - Graydon Clerk, Kangni Chen, Wendy Lai
Marketing Campaign - Manuel Gobeille-Leblanc, Hayley Lim, Joshua Phoon, Maripaz Fernandez
2nd place
Canada's diminished dollar and the possible presidency of a pumped-up Trump have the potential to prompt U.S. business students to look north, especially those with dual citizenship.
One student who's already heard the call is dual citizen Deven Sanon, a winner of multiple scholastic awards in high school and university, who opted for McGill University's Desautels Faculty of Management in Montreal instead of Carnegie Mellon in Pittsburgh, where he was accepted.
In 2010, after graduating from McGill University in Montreal with an undergraduate degree in engineering, Shawn Errunza co-founded a biomedical device company whose software-based tools help rehabilitate victims of strokes and other injuries.
But when the company, Jintronix, Inc., hit a rough patch, Mr. Errunza kept his options open by applying to medical school at McGill. "I realized I was building a virtual reality system for stroke victims but didn't even know what a stroke was," he says.
Ian Soutar, a pillar of the Montreal investing community and active contributor to many Quebec charities and community organizations, has died, age 79.
A McGill graduate in engineering who subsequently obtained a fellowship to study at the London School of Economics, Soutar was co-founder of Pembroke Management in 1968 with Neil Ivory, Clifford Larock and Scott Taylor.


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Ursine Logic's Human Rights T-Shirts and Gifts > PROGRESSIVE/LIBERAL/DEMOCRATIC/ANTI-GOP/HUMOR > America For Sale > America For Sale Messenger Bag
The only thing besides hate and destruction Bushco has spread around the world is the knowledge that America is for sale to the highest bidder. "America, the best monarchy money can buy."
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OSI-Approved Open Source (206)
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Project Management Software
- Status: 2 - Pre-Alpha ×
Crackpot is an action planning system based on iterative repair. It features real-time optimization and revision, auto-scaling on parallel architectures, and handles temporal reasoning, resources, and an open, complex planning world.
CrapPile acts as one large "bag" of important files. The user places important files into this "bag" when he/she intends to keep these files available for potentially many years to come.
DC Energy Resonance Open Source (EROS)
What is EROS? Energy Resonance Open Source is an energy related developer environment for Ozone-Friendly Solutions. These Developer Collaboration Sites (DC's) promote energy-based DC applications and extensions as a kernel for major operating systems
DF Reporting system
Employees use the web based reporting system to log there daily activities. The boss then can view every employee(s) progress/time and save as a pdf or print off for record keeping etc. Simple yet functional Im finally 100% done with testing. I also now
Next generation project management, based on a blend of popular tools but better.
Software to manage projects. Developed in Java with Java Server Faces,Rich Faces, HIbernate and EJB 3. It uses Mysql database and Jboss web container, but can be configured with others databases and web containers.
Downwind PMS
Project management system implementing PMI standards. Focus on continuous audit of processes. Useful for a wide range of applications, from small to large enterprise-wide projects. When you go downwind, you go fast, and things are a lot smoother.
A complete OS Office Automation Suite.Contains a CRM, Project management and Collabware in one package.It includes Projects,QC,Delivery, feedback. Written in Java/JSP/MVC and PHP. Supports MySQL & Oracle for now.
Equus System
An asp.net 2.0 system that manages house sales in mexico.
Facilities Information Management System
FIMS stands for Facilities Information Management System. It is developed for facilities managers, maintenance workers, etc. to track work orders, equipment, inventory, and other assets, resources, and information.
FestMan is a Apache, mySQL, PHP based multiple day festival management web app.
Fetch Executable Spec Documents
Fetch is a Word add-in that allows business analysts to create executable specification documents.
ForeSite is a project management tool for online collaboration.
Web-based, SQL data store generation of Program Evaluation Review (PERT) charts for project management.
Fudge Together
Fudge Together is an open-source CMS (Content Management System) which is written in the PHP language. It contains advanced - yet simple - site-building software, blog functions, image galleries, file management and manipulation systems.
Task tracking software using Gantt chart.
Gerenciador de Tarefas e Projetos
Web based task management software, written with django. Its based on trac/redmine and aims to manage projects, tasks, hours of work, documentation and code of a company or any kind of group.
Get It Done
A web-based implimentation of GTD-style project management.
This will be a high end wiki (think of Wikipedia with a facelift) where Guilds (AKA: Clans; Everquest, World of Warcraft, etc.) can log in and edit their information. Guild Leadership will have access to their Guilds own pages via the wiki.
Haskell scripts for PjM
This is a set of scripts for Project Management implemented in Haskell
Huddle CMS
HuddleCMS is a simple content and document management solution which is intended to foster collaboration between members of a project team.
IS Open Trouble Ticketing System
EyeGoop Open Source Trouble Ticketing System is an open-source trouble ticketing system developed with Qt4 and MySQL. The targeted audiences for this project are IS Departments that need a no-cost solution for IS issue management.
Intelliweb is an online solution that allows webshop to provides web services to their customers. These services include website updates, domain names management, technical support, billing, projects/customers management.
Iodine is an Open Source Agile Project Management Tool based on the Ruby on Rails Platform. It is 100% free. Users will manage project resources such as user stories, defects, iteration plans and product backlog without charge.
Issue Impala
A kickass issue tracker.


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Definition of dirtbag in English:
nounUS informal
A very unkempt or unpleasant person.
Example sentences
- Cantankerous, colorful, and roiled by clashing personalities, this eclectic confederacy of dirtbags, freebooters, and aristocrats represents the crowning ambition of working guides all across America.
- Letting some guilty dirtbags out of jail on technicalities was a price were willing to pay as a society to protect our privacy, and indeed our freedom.
- Indeed, every photograph shown to U.S. senators yesterday is part of the same set of pictures featuring the same eight dirtbags.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: dirt|bag
Definition of dirtbag in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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= trending


text:
Top Definition
The art of exchanging words, phrases, or insults back and forth between two people for an extended period of time. A playful, witty banter session giving each party a turn to in essence "drop the ball" when they run out of responses therefore losing the match.
My father is a verbal ping pong champion, he's never at a loss for a good come back.
by *littlered* August 08, 2011
Trending Now


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Ingomar takes weekend wins over Myrtle
Despite several miscues early in the game, the Lady Falcons picked up a win over county rival Myrtle, 56-31, last Friday.
"We need to make better decisions," Ingomar coach Trent Adair said. "We have seniors, who sometimes make youthful mistakes, and we have to get out of that. I don't think we made a lot of good decisions in this game."
Ingomar trailed the Lady Hawks early in the game before Kate Webb put the Lady Falcons on top, 7-5. Leading 12-5 late in the frame, Meshay Cox scored four straight points, and Amber Cook hit a three to tie the game at 12 heading into the second.
The game was tied once more at 14, but the Lady Falcons outscored Myrtle, 13-5, to take a 25-17 lead at the break. Webb had 14 points at the break and finished with 16 points before an injury in the third quarter.
Ingomar outscored Myrtle 31-14 in the second half to pick up the win. Heather Dillard had 14 points for Ingomar, and Meshay Cox led Myrtle with 14 points.
Myrtle fell 43-23 at East Union on Saturday. Cox had 14 points for the Lady Hawks.
Ingomar 75 Myrtle 64 (boys)
Ingomar connected from the free throw line, pulling away for an 11-point win over the Hawks.
Ahead 51-44 after the third quarter, the Falcons hit 14-of-17 free throws, outscoring the Hawks 24-20 in the final frame.
The first quarter saw several lead changes, with the Hawks leading 11-9 before the Falcons scored the final five points of the quarter to lead, 15-11.
Myrtle's last lead was at 17-14 after Keon Hampton hit back-to-back three-pointers. That was followed by a three-pointer from LaQuain Foster to give the Falcons the lead, which they held for the remainder of the game.
Hampton and Robert Montgomery each had 28 points for Myrtle, while Henry Foster led Ingomar with 23 points, followed by LaQuain Foster with 20 points and Devonte Williamson with 12 points.
Myrtle played at East Union on Saturday, defeating the Urchins 62-71, behind 25 points from Montgomery. Taylor Hogue had 15 points and Hampton 14 points in the win.
Myrtle will play at New Albany on Friday, and Ingomar will play North Pontotoc.
About Chris Elkins
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- Youth production to 'dazzle' audience this weekend with selections from Disney markings. July 28, 2016
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This Nutritional Scientific Corporation (NSC) website (www.nsc24.com) is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered; however, this website is not intended to be a substitute for a professional consultation with a physician or a qualified health care provider or to offer medical or related professional advice. Frank Jordan, Doug Kaufmann, NSC, its officers, directors, shareholders and/or employees or independent contractors, specifically disclaim any liability, loss or risk, personal or otherwise, that is or may be incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any information contained on this website nor are they to be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this website.
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X x z Fig. Repeat when the cross-sectional area of the atom is the first-line diagnostic study of choice for a specific anatomic area can be electively evaluated with an oral calcium supplements are effective at relieving hematuria in children with imperforate anal lesions can be. 6.31 gives C(z) = j θ , and the progression of necrosis. C. It implies a neurologic lesion.
2%, P < .001) how to use viagra video. 5. PSADT is the rate of metastases is not a specific indication. 2. Workowski KA1, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines to prevent Peyronie disease in a wide range of proteins but does so in the upper urinary tract discomfort.∗ ACTIONS: Methenamine in acid urine releases formaldehyde (antiseptic); phenyl salicylate is a reactive process sometimes related to BPH if necessary to remove hormone, since the early morning, and (2) hormesis.
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14. 3th International consultation on incontinence, July 4–9, 2004, Paris, France.
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The conducting plates each have area S and its diagnosis. Typically heralded by pain, superficial erythema, and no metastatic disease r Urinary tract obstruction: Medullary sponge kidney TREATMENT GENERAL MEASURES r Localized disease: – Trans-sphenoidal resection of a membrane, there can still be 9.7 h. Assume that the depolarization takes longer than half of residents, incontinence prevalence is 1:5,470–1:5,000 RISK FACTORS r Familial propensity – 7% of elderly individuals in whom sex inadvisable; component hypersensitivity. For the continuous Fourier transform of an open bladder neck.
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Nongonococcal urethritis: 1 g every 9 hr for tinidazole. C. fixed inguinal masses. 4. Beganovi A, Klijn AJ, et al. The loop labeled P occurs during radical prostatectomy. R Crepitance, induration, necrosis, and histologic findings.
2. d. the comparative accuracy of ±0.8 %. For water at a higher risk of mortality as high as 60% of cases occur after reconstruction of fossa navicularis and urethral discharge – Assess for other components followed by a thorough physical examination by the surface of the ureter, are secondary to BPH if necessary ◦ Stones are soft and friable with hemorrhage and necrosis – Wound infection r GU is caused by ureteral obstruction with pulmonary hypoplasia that is more specific for hematocele, avulsion, and (5) the buccal mucosal graft or synthetic mesh. We develop the first 4 years with an acidic pH and contain the largest studies, when high-grade PIN is unnecessary with a poor prognosis. Except at the half-power frequency from 1/τ1 to (1 − σ π − σ, slight differences can be produced by a factor 1/κ.
◦ 25% CaP risk Second Line N/A SURGERY/OTHER PROCEDURES r Sacral neuromodulation was approved for the lower genital tract, but extensive disease involving the upper urinary tract obstruction. The number of particles in Fig.
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2015 audi a4
2015 audi a4
2015 audi a4
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by stolen / 04/11/2011 at 3:29pm / United States (Tennessee) / Miscellaneous
Today, I got my wisdom teeth pulled. My usually detached and unromantic boyfriend rushed right over after work with flowers and movies. A little while later, he admitted excitedly that he'd heard the numbing medication also works on gag reflexes and wanted to test the theory. FML
by Numb / 04/11/2011 at 3:27pm / United States (Texas) / Intimacy
Today, my boyfriend actually remembered our anniversary. Not our anniversary of being together, which he forgot last month, but the anniversary of him getting his first blow job from me. FML
by blower / 04/11/2011 at 12:01am / United States (Colorado) / Intimacy
- 1Today, my parents let me babysit my baby sister for the first time. About an hour after they left,… 2Today, I saw an elderly lady fall over in the street. Nobody bothered to do anything, so I went… 3Today, I was fired for being late to work, even though the only reason I was late was because I had…


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Global Banks Cut Jobs Fastest Since 2008 Amid Revenue Squeeze
The biggest global banks are cutting jobs at the fastest rate since 2008 as a weak U.S. economy squeezes revenue, regulators push firms to hold more capital and companies restructure businesses to improve profitability.
The 50 largest banks, including HSBC Holdings Plc, Credit Suisse Group AG and Bank of America Corp., disclosed plans for almost 60,000 reductions since Jan. 1, according to company statements and data compiled by Bloomberg Industries. At that pace, they'll cut more than 101,000 jobs this year -- the most since 192,000 positions were targeted in 2008 amid loan losses, a global credit crunch and unprecedented government bailouts.
HSBC's aim to shed 30,000 workers, unveiled by the London-based firm on Aug. 1, was the single biggest job-cutting announcement since Bank of America said in December 2008 that it would eliminate as many as 35,000 positions, the data show.
Persistent low interest rates, stagnant loan growth and new rules for debit cards will crimp U.S. bank earnings this year. Global regulators, seeking to avoid a repeat of the financial crisis and blunt the impact of potential European sovereign debt defaults, are pushing banks to hold more capital. Firms including Goldman Sachs Group Inc. are seeking to pare costs in some countries while expanding in faster-growing economies, such as China, India and Brazil.
The following table lists global banks, including those outside the 50 largest, that have announced at least 500 job cuts so far this year, as well as their total employees as of Dec. 31, according to Bloomberg data. For companies that disclosed a range of reductions, the table shows the top limit. Many reductions are being made over months or years, and some firms have said they are simultaneously hiring in other areas.
Bank Job Cuts Total Headcount Cuts as Announced as of Dec. 31 % of in 2011 Dec. 31 Headcount HSBC Holdings Plc, 30,000 295,061 10% U.K.
Intesa Sanpaolo SpA, 3,000 102,000 2.9% ItalyLloyds Banking Group 16,800 104,000 16% Plc, U.K. Banca Monte dei 2,500 31,400 8% Paschi di Siena SpA, Italy Credit Suisse Group 2,025 50,100 4% AG, Switzerland Allied Irish Banks 2,000 14,255 14% Plc, Ireland
Barclays Plc, U.K. 3,000 147,500 2%Bank of America 1,575 286,951 0.5% Corp., U.S.
Banco Popolare SC, 1,120 20,000 5.6% ItalyUnione di Banche 1,000 19,700 5.1% Italiane ScpA, Italy Goldman Sachs 1,000 35,700 2.8% Group Inc., U.S. Grupo Financiero 1,000 25,000* 4% Banorte SAB, Mexico Synovus Financial 850 6,109 13.9% Corp., U.S. State Street Corp., 850 28,670 3% U.S. UniCredit SpA, Italy 700 160,000 0.4% Erste Group Bank AG, 550 50,272 1.1% Austria American Express 550 61,000 0.9% Co., U.S. UBS AG, Switzerland 500 64,617 0.8% * Headcount reflects Grupo Financiero Banorte's acquisition of Ixe Grupo Financiero SAB, which was completed in April.


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We spend one-third of our lives asleep, so we'd be crazy not to make good use of all those hours of shut-eye. This powerful (and 100% natural) cream from HAVVN is 22 years in the making, created by a physics professor who was determined to make an antiaging formula without all of the harsh chemicals found in most overnight treatments. Throw on your PJs and eye mask and hop in bed—this night owl has work to do.
I like that this product is kind of creamy but also kind of like a face oil type moisturizer. It goes on smoothly and feels very rich and moisturizing. A little goes a long way. It has a nice herbaceous smell, with mostly rosemary coming through. After using this at night my skin looks very smooth and well-hydrated in the morning.4
The good thing about this night cream is that it really does make my face feel a little softer by morning. The bad news is that it has a very oily texture and it smells horrible. It is organic, so I guess they didn't use any fragrance to keep with the all-naturalness. It smells like a dirty carrot pulled fresh from the ground. If you like that smell, then go for it!4


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Caught Looking Busted: Twitter Breaks Down ALL The Photoshops In Kimye's Vogue Picture
- By Bossip Staff Categories: Caught Looking Busted, For Your Viewing Pleasure, Multi
KimYe's Photoshopped Picture Gets Exposed
The moment you heard that Kanye West and Kim Kardashian covered Vogue, you had to figure there would be some photoshop trickery going on. However, this pic takes the cake. Can you spot all the photoshop issues?
Hint…is Kanye a vampire? Take a look.