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The relationship of domestic endotoxin exposure to allergy and asthma has been widely investigated. However, few studies have evaluated predictors of household endotoxin, and none have done so for multiple locations within homes and on a national scale.
We assayed 2,552 house dust samples in a nationwide study to understand the predictors of household endotoxin in bedroom floors, family room floors, beds, kitchen floors, and family room sofas.
Reservoir house dust from five locations within homes was assayed for endotoxin and demographic and housing information was assessed through questionnaire and onsite evaluation of 2,456 residents of 831 homes selected to represent national demographics. We performed repeated-measures analysis of variance (rANOVA) for 37 candidate variables to identify independent predictors of endotoxin. Meteorologic data were obtained for each primary sampling unit and tested as predictors of indoor endotoxin to determine if wetter or warmer microclimates were associated with higher endotoxin levels.
Weighted geometric mean endotoxin concentration ranged from 18.7 to 80.5 endotoxin units (EU)/mg for the five sampling locations, and endotoxin load ranged from 4,160 to 19,500 EU/m2. Bivariate analyses and rANOVA demonstrated that major predictors of endotoxin concentration were sampling location in the home, census division, educational attainment, presence of children, current dog ownership, resident-described problems with cockroaches, food debris, cockroach stains, and evidence of smoking observed by field staff. Low household income entered the model if educational attainment was removed.
Increased endotoxin in household reservoir dust is principally associated with poverty, people, pets, household cleanliness, and geography.
Household exposure to endotoxin has emerged as an important factor in the development and severity of nonatopic asthma (Michel et al. 1996; Thorne et al. 2005) while apparently reducing the likelihood of allergic sensitization and lessening the chance of developing eosinhilic asthma (Braun-Fahrländer et al. 2002; Ernst and Cormier 2000; Klintberg et al. 2001). However, there is strong evidence that occupational endotoxin exposure is a potent agent for the development and exacerbation of neutrophilic asthma, asthmalike syndrome, and organic dust toxic syndrome (Thorne and Duchaine 2007).
Endotoxin is an amphiphilic outer-cell-wall component of gram-negative bacteria that is a potent inflammatory agent and asthma trigger. As a microorganism-associated molecular pattern (MAMP), endotoxin is recognized by the innate immune system through an evolutionarily conserved pathway. Endotoxin recognition and signal amplification occur through a series of endotoxin–protein and protein–protein interactions leading to activation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), with resulting inflammation (Sigsgaard et al. 2008). Key molecules for the endotoxin recognition pathway include lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, CD14, and MD-2 (Hađina et al. 2008). A number of polymorphisms have been identified that affect expression of key molecules in the inflammatory cascade and that may play a role in responsiveness to endotoxin. Thus, dose, coexposures to other MAMPs and allergens, and genetic susceptibility may be important predictors of response to indoor endotoxin.
Because of the importance of limiting endotoxin exposures, particularly among asthmatic individuals, several studies have evaluated the predictors of endotoxin concentration in house dust or endotoxin loading of surfaces in homes (Bischof et al. 2002; Gehring et al. 2004; Park et al. 2001; Wickens et al. 2003). In general, these studies have been confined to a particular geographic area, demographic group, or type of housing, and most have been limited to either the family room floor dust or bedding. Because of the targeted scope of these studies and the focus on one or two municipalities, some contradictory findings have emerged, raising the question as to the generalizability of the findings.
The National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing (NSLAH) provided the opportunity to investigate the predictors of endotoxin contamination in housing in a nationwide sample designed to represent the U.S. population. For this study, we sampled five locations within each home and assessed a host of characteristics of the homes and occupants, yielding a robust data set. Prior reports from this survey explored the relationships between allergen and endotoxin exposures and the prevalence of adverse health outcomes. Our goal in this study was to determine the factors related to increased levels of endotoxin in homes to guide future health studies and public health interventions designed to reduce exposures.
This study used samples that we collected for the NSLAH. The study design, sampling, and assay methods for endotoxin have been published (Vojta et al. 2002). The associations of endotoxin concentrations with allergy, asthma, and wheezing have also been published (Thorne et al. 2005). We carried out this study in 831 housing units representative of the nation's 96 million homes that allow children. The parent study received institutional review board approval, and study subjects gave written informed consent before their participation.
Two field staff visited each participating household and administered an extensive questionnaire, conducted a home inspection, and collected samples from five locations (bedroom floors, family room floors, beds, kitchen floors, and family room sofas). The questionnaire included information on age, type and conditions of the home, and demographics and health of the residents (Vojta et al. 2002). Dust was vacuum-sampled into an in-line filter using a standardized protocol and then sieved (425 μm), aliquoted into lots of 100 mg, and frozen at −80°C. Samples were then assayed for endotoxin and common allergens (Vojta et al. 2002). A 50-mg subsample of each dust sample was extracted with 1.0 mL pyrogen-free water containing 0.05% Tween-20 and analyzed for endotoxin using the kinetic chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (Thorne 2000). In total, 2,512 endotoxin determinations were linked with complete housing data and were available for statistical analysis. We excluded 43 samples collected from basements from statistical analyses (because of limited power), leaving 2,469 endotoxin values from 790 households.
We obtained meteorologic data for study locations specified by longitude and latitude (to three decimal degrees) from the Oregon Climate Service PRISM data explorer for monthly high-resolution precipitation and temperature climate data (Oregon Climate Service 2008). Annual precipitation and annual maximum and minimum temperatures were obtained for the years in which samples were collected and applied each as indicators of local climatic conditions in the regression modeling as prediction variables.
We performed bivariate analyses and repeated-measures analyses of variance (rANOVAs) to assess the relationship between each housing or occupant characteristic and the level of endotoxin concentration [endotoxin units (EU) per milligram] and endotoxin load (EU per square meter). Endotoxin was evaluated as a continuous variable with logarithmic transformation. In the bivariate analyses, endotoxin levels were summarized using geometric means (GMs) and comparisons were made using ANOVAs.
For the rANOVA, we preliminarily identified 37 possible predictors of log-transformed endotoxin concentrations or loads measured at five different locations for each household, based on knowledge gleaned through previous research and the bivariate analysis results. Set 1 consisted of demographic factors, set 2 consisted of characteristics of the home, set 3 included questionnaire data on pets and vermin, set 4 included field-staff–observed evidence of household characteristics, and set 5 consisted of factors specific to bedrooms. We determined the optimal subset of these predictors using an rANOVA-based model selection process, with sampling locations treated as repeated measures and each household treated as an individual observation. In effect, the rANOVA approach characterizes relationships between predictors and the distribution of multiple related endotoxin measurements in a household.
Estimation and rANOVA model optimization were based on a maximum-likelihood procedure using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) statistic. We implemented a hierarchical model selection procedure in which we partitioned predictor variables of interest into five logical sets and sequentially selected the best subset of predictor variables from each set using an exhaustive search. We repeated the process using all possible orderings of the variable sets to obtain the optimal set of predictors. The best subset of bedroom-specific predictors was obtained by fitting models using only bedroom floor and bedroom bed endotoxin levels. Further details are described in Supplemental Material (available online at http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/11759/suppl.pdf).
We applied sample weights in all analyses to account for housing unit selection probabilities, nonresponse, and poststratification. Taylor series linearization methods were used to obtain variance estimates adjusted for clustering associated with the multistage complex survey design, with the exception of the AIC-based rANOVA. Statistical analyses were conducted in SAS-callable SUDAAN (version 9.0; Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC) and SAS (version 9.1; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).
This study is the first to evaluate domestic endotoxin levels over a wide geographic region and across demographic groups representing urban, suburban, rural; wealthy and poor; African American (black), Hispanic, and white; apartment dwellers and people living in multifamily or single family homes; children and adults; with or without pets; with and without allergy or asthma. This allowed us to develop an understanding of the predictors of domestic endotoxin for the entire United States. Figure 1 shows the GM concentrations of 2,469 surface samples collected from the kitchen floor, family room floor, family room sofa, bedroom floor, and bedding. Endotoxin concentrations in samples from the kitchen and family room floors were about 4-fold higher than concentrations in the bedding, and family room sofa and bedroom floor concentrations were approximately twice those in the bedding. Endotoxin load values demonstrated that bedroom floors were substantially less contaminated than family room floors, sofas, and kitchens but more than twice as contaminated as bedding. Although family room floors and sofas had lower endotoxin concentration than kitchen floors, the amount of dust was higher, so the endotoxin loads were comparable.
Tables 1–3 show potential predictors of endotoxin concentrations assessed in this study for bedroom floor, family room floor, and bedding samples. Table 1 lists household factors and their endotoxin concentrations (GM and p-values) compared with the referent subpopulation (the referent is the sub-population with no p-value listed). A number of household factors showed consistency as predictors of endotoxin across sampling locations. The West census region (illustrated in Figure 2) had higher endotoxin levels than the Northeast, South, or Midwest regions. When we analyzed this further using the nine U.S. census divisions, we found that the Pacific division (California, Oregon, Washington) was the highest for all sampling locations and New England (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont) was the lowest. The Pacific division spans 2,000 km from north to south and represents both warm, dry (e.g., San Diego, CA) and cool, wet climates (e.g., Portland, OR). In Figure 2 we have plotted quartiles of the GM endotoxin concentrations for all households and all household sampling sites within geographic primary sampling units (PSUs) [i.e., metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) or rural counties]. On this map, for example, the orange square over Boulder County, Colorado, represents the unadjusted GM of 52 samples collected in the cities of Boulder and Longmont (population, 225,339; PSU weight, 20.357). The red circle in western Kansas represents 81 samples collected in five adjoining counties (combined population, 23,293; PSU weight, 91.333). Figure 2 illustrates that the high endotoxin values for the Pacific census division were primarily in Southern California. The New England and Middle Atlantic divisions plus Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia had no PSUs in the highest quartile and had 71% in the lowest quartile.
Another household factor relating to endotoxin was living in poverty, for which mean bedroom floor and bedding endotoxin levels were 56% (p = 0.003) and 58% (p = 0.021) higher than in nonimpoverished households, respectively. Households occupying two- or three-story homes including a basement (if present) had significantly lower bedroom floor (p = 0.002) and family room floor (p = 0.006) endotoxin. Homes on a single level or in multilevel apartment buildings had higher endotoxin. Having air conditioning, a stove exhaust fan, or an air filtration system were not significant predictors. Having electric heat as the main heating source was associated with higher bedroom (p = 0.012) and family room floor (p = 0.009) endotoxin than the other/none category. Also, whether the occupants lived in a single or multifamily dwelling or owned their home was not related to endotoxin in the homes.
Metropolitan status demonstrated higher values for MSAs with populations of > 1 million than for those with < 1 million that were significant for bed endotoxin (p = 0.035) and showed a trend for bedroom floor (p = 0.073) and kitchen floor (p = 0.080). Homes built before 1978 had higher endotoxin levels in family room floors (p = 0.040) but not in other locations.
Table 2 shows the GM and p-values for a variety of endotoxin source factors in domestic environments for bedding, bedroom floor, and family room floor endotoxin. Increasing numbers of people living in the household showed a very strong relationship with increasing endotoxin concentration, as did having children residing in the home. For family room floor endotoxin, the GM was 42.7 EU/mg for households with a single resident, 58.1 for two-member households (p = 0.019), between 76.8 and 79.0 for three or four residents (p < 0.005), and 87.0 for households with > four residents (p < 0.001). We also observed this trend for bedroom floor and bedding endotoxin but it was less dramatic. Having a child or children in the home was significantly associated with higher endotoxin for bedroom floors (p < 0.001), family room floors (p = 0.028), and bedding (p< 0.001).
Several other potential source factors were significantly associated with bedroom floor endotoxin. Current pets or pets in the household in the past 6 months and current or past dogs or cats were significant (all p ≤ 0.001; Table 2). Also significant were cockroach problems in the past year (p = 0.026) and, for family room floors, cigarette smoking (p = 0.004). We found no effect on endotoxin of dehumidifier use or season in which we sampled the household.
During household visits, our field staff conducted a walk-through survey noting specific factors relating to characteristics of the home. Table 3 lists staff-observed factors and their relationship with endotoxin concentrations. For both bedroom floors and family room floors, evidence of smoking (p = 0.012; p < 0.001), cockroach stains (p = 0.041; p = 0.009), and food debris (p = 0.044; p < 0.001) were significant predictors of endotoxin. Observed mold or mildew in the room was associated with higher bedroom endotoxin but was rarely observed (21 of 581). Carpeted floor, room air conditioner, and room air cleaning device were not significant predictors. Extreme room temperatures on the day of the survey [i.e., < 18°C (65°F) or > 29°C (84°F)] were associated with higher endotoxin concentration for bedroom floors (p = 0.008) and family room floors (p = 0.033). Relative humidity in the room on the survey day was not a factor for family room floor or bedding endotoxin. However, for bedroom floor endotoxin, relative humidity < 40% was associated with higher endotoxin than the other four humidity ranges from 40% to > 69%. Field staff recorded whether or not the bed in the sampled bedroom was equipped with an impermeable cover for the mattress, box spring, or pillow. Interestingly, all three covers were significantly associated with higher bedroom floor endotoxin concentration (Table 3). Having a stuffed animal (e.g., teddy bear) in the bed also increased bedding endotoxin (p= 0.024).
Table 4 lists data for significant predictors of kitchen floor endotoxin, which show that the kitchen floor had a distinct profile of endotoxin predictors. As with the other household sampling locations, kitchen endotoxin levels were significantly lower for the Northeast census region and the New England census division. Kitchen endotoxin was higher for those living in poverty (130 vs. 75 EU/mg; p = 0.001), with lower household income (p = 0.001), and with lower educational attainment (p = 0.021). Problems with cockroaches, live or dead cockroaches in the kitchen, and cockroach stains were all strong predictors of endotoxin levels (p < 0.001). Households reporting problems with cockroaches in the past 12 months had 2-fold higher endotoxin than did those without cockroaches. Within the subpopulation of those with cockroach problems, households where the residents sighted > 50 cockroaches per day (n = 7) had a mean kitchen floor endotoxin level of 838 EU/mg, 10-fold higher than the overall mean of 80.5 EU/mg. In addition, evidence of rodents (p = 0.002), cigarette smoking (p < 0.001), and mold or mildew (p = 0.02) were highly significant predictors of increased kitchen endotoxin concentration. In contrast to other locations in the homes, people of black race had significantly higher endotoxin in kitchen floor dust samples than did whites or other races (p= 0.005).
Next we sought to identify the optimal set of candidate predictors of household endotoxin using rANOVA with household as subject and the five sampling locations as repeated measures. To streamline the analysis, 37 candidate predictor variables were partitioned into five logical sets (S1–S5) shown in Table 5. After all permutations were explored, the model shown in Table 6 yielded high predictive values with strong statistical significance. Coefficients for sampling locations mirror the data shown in Figure 1, with bedding lowest and kitchen floor highest in endotoxin concentration. With the New England census division as the referent, Mountain, West North Central, and Pacific were 73–91% higher (p < 0.001) in household endotoxin concentration. Higher endotoxin concentration was associated with lower educational attainment (p = 0.014), children in the home (p = 0.035), currently having a dog in the household (p < 0.0001), problems with cockroaches in the past 12 months (p = 0.0022), field-staff–observed food debris (p = 0.029), cockroach stains (p < 0.0001), and evidence of smoking (p = 0.0087). When we ran the analysis for bedroom bedding and included floor endotoxin alone and S5 variables, the only additional variable from S5 that emerged was having an encapsulating mattress case on the sampled bed (p = 0.048). The rANOVA analysis for endotoxin load (Table 6) revealed that sampling location, census division, education, dog in home, problems with cockroaches, food debris, and cigarette smoking were significant predictors (p < 0.0001 for all). Additional predictors for endotoxin load were cat in home (p = 0.0035), mold/mildew observed (p = 0.0012), and lower relative humidity (p < 0.0001). The rank ordering of endotoxin load by census division was somewhat different than for endotoxin concentration, although Mountain, West North Central, and Pacific were the highest for both measures of endotoxin and New England was the lowest or second lowest.
The finding of a geographic trend for higher endotoxin and data suggesting an effect of poor indoor temperature control, low humidity, and type of heating led us to consider if the local temperature range or amount of precipitation during the study year were related to endotoxin concentration in homes. We reasoned that measurement of temperature and humidity on a single day could produce misclassification and be a poor measure of typical local climate or usual indoor conditions. Using spatial coordinates for each of the study households, we queried the Prism data explorer for annual precipitation and maximum–minimum temperatures for the year in which we sampled the home. Linear regression analysis of these factors with endotoxin concentration in each sampling location revealed no relationship of these factors for bedroom or family room floor endotoxin (Table 7). However, precipitation during the study year was a significant predictor of bedding endotoxin (p = 0.033). Temperature maxima and minima were related to kitchen floor endotoxin (p = 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively) but showed no relation with endotoxin for other sampling locations.
NSLAH has provided valuable information on the levels of allergens and endotoxin in the U.S. housing stock and the relationships between exposures to these agents and disease (Arbes et al. 2003, 2004; Cohn et al. 2004, 2006; Elliott et al. 2007; Salo et al. 2005, 2006; Thorne et al. 2005). NSLAH characterized how exposures to indoor allergens vary in U.S. homes. Alternaria, cat, and dog allergens were most often detected and were the allergens found at elevated levels in most homes. Although each allergen appeared to have a distinct set of predictors, levels were strongly associated with regional, ethnic, and socio economic factors.
We previously reported from NSLAH that increasing concentration of endotoxin in homes was a risk factor for increased prevalence of diagnosed asthma, asthma symptoms in the past year, current use of asthma medications, and wheezing (Thorne et al. 2005). The joint effect of exposure to > 19.6 EU/mg bedroom floor and bedding endotoxin on recent symptomatic asthma yielded an adjusted odds ratio of 2.83 compared with exposures below this level. In our previous study, we also demonstrated that there was a relatively weak correlation between endotoxin values across sampling locations within homes, with correlation coefficients between 0.12 and 0.44, demonstrating the importance of sampling multiple locations within homes.
Several previous studies have investigated predictors of endotoxin in residences. Gehring et al. (2004) analyzed bedding dust endotoxin data from a birth cohort study of allergy [the ongoing birth cohort study Influences of Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood (LISA)] conducted in Munich and Leipzig, Germany. In their study, 28% of the households were single-family homes, whereas 85% of U.S. households are single-family homes, reflecting the high degree of home ownership in the United States. Gehring et al. (2004) found that dog, but not cat, ownership was a significant predictor of endotoxin concentration. Endotoxin in bedding dust increased with increasing numbers of household occupants (< 4 vs. ≥ 4). Another study of endotoxin predictors was conducted in Erfurt and Hamburg, Germany (Bischof et al. 2002). This case–control study of adult asthma and allergy was conducted in 405 homes with samples collected from living room floors (95% with carpets). Predictors of higher endotoxin were old buildings, lower-story residence, longer occupancy, infrequent vacuum cleaning, dog and cat ownership, and mouse infestation. No seasonal effect was observed, and no association of endotoxin with indoor temperature or relative humidity was found.
In the LISA study, infants' beds averaged 5.8 EU/mg endotoxin and mothers' beds averaged 3.0 EU/mg, both much lower than the 18.7 EU/mg measured in beds in our study. Bischof et al. (2002) found mean endotoxin levels of 33.0 EU/mg, also considerably less than our value of 63.9 EU/mg for family room floors. Differences in sampling and analysis methodologies could potentially account for some of the increase in U.S. values over those in Germany. Endotoxin analyses for these studies were run somewhat differently than our methodology. Our dust samples were extracted using pyrogen-free water with 0.05% Tween-20, whereas their extraction was in pyrogen-free water alone. They ran duplicate assays at a single dilution, whereas we ran four 2-fold dilutions.
A third study analyzed data from living room carpets in 77 suburban homes in Wellington, New Zealand (Wickens et al. 2003). Important predictors of floor endotoxin concentration in the adjusted model were total occupants (2–4 vs. ≥ 5), maximum relative humidity (> 70.8% vs. < 70.8%), age of vacuum cleaner (older vs. newer than 1 year), and steam cleaning or shampooing the carpet. Factors not related to endotoxin concentration included having a cat, visible dampness or mold, and carpet type. That study was not able to assess differences in geography, housing type, poverty, or race.
Park et al. (2001) studied a cohort of children of parents with allergies or asthma living in the Boston area and evaluated factors associated with recurrent wheezing. Higher endotoxin concentration in family room floor dust was associated with having a dog, whereas being of black race was associated with significantly lower family room floor endotoxin. Family income was not a predictor of endotoxin in their multivariate analysis. Consistent with our study, their mixed-models analysis demonstrated that kitchen floors were higher and bedroom floors lower in endotoxin concentration compared with family room floors (Abraham et al. 2005). This is likely because bedrooms typically are not trafficked by all family members as are family rooms, whereas kitchens have more potential sources of endotoxin. In contrast to our nationwide study, Abraham et al. (2005) found that fall and winter sampling was associated with lower endotoxin. The lack of a seasonal effect in our study likely reflects the wide variation of climate in the United States. Although winter in Boston may produce dryer and colder indoor air, indoor winter conditions may be wetter (more rain) and warmer (air conditioning off) in U.S. population centers of the Southwest.
Consistent with these prior studies, we found that a higher number of occupants and dog ownership were important predictors of higher endotoxin. Age of the building was a significant factor, but only for family room endotoxin. In contrast to these studies, we found that geographic location, children in the home, poverty, cockroach infestation, smoking in the home, and, for some sampling locations, cat ownership were important factors. Several of these factors could not be investigated in the prior studies due to study design limitations (e.g., limited geography, single sampling location within homes, lack of diversity of population or home type, affluent population).
Gram-negative bacteria grow in ecologic niches that provide sufficient water, nutrients, oxygen, and heat. Dead or quiescent bacteria and cell-wall fragments composed of endotoxin can be transported in air or tracked in with dust and soil. Humans and pets harbor these organisms in the gut and on the skin, from which they are shed. Thus, larger families, children in the home, and dog ownership contribute to household endotoxin. Spoiling food and cockroach carcasses and feces are additional sources of endotoxin. Although cigarettes have a small amount of endotoxin, the association in this study with evidence of cigarette smoking is likely related to general home hygiene rather than dissemination of endotoxin through smoking. Lower educational attainment and living in poverty are predictors of endotoxin likely because of their association with poorer-quality housing, introduction of endotoxin via work clothes brought into the home, and a deficiency of home hygiene.
A significant strength of NSLAH is the characterization of predictors of endotoxin over a wide range of geography and population demographics in multiple locations within homes. The bivariate analyses (Tables 1–4) and the rANOVA (Tables 6 and and7)7) showed that the New England census division had the lowest levels of endotoxin for all five sampling locations in the homes and that the Pacific census division had the highest for four of the five. Nationwide, the highest combined endotoxin was measured in St. Louis, and the second and third highest were Los Angeles and Santa Clara counties in California. Figure 2 illustrates that New England, the Middle Atlantic, and the northern states of the South Atlantic census divisions had lower endotoxin. The southwestern United States, including California, Nevada, and Arizona, had higher levels. This is perhaps counterintuitive given the warm and often dry climate of this region. It is commonly assumed that because endotoxin arises from bacteria, and bacteria thrive in water, higher endotoxin will be associated with more humid climates. This has been found to be the case with molds and house dust mites. However, although typical indoor molds require water activities of only 0.8, bacteria require water activities of ≥ 0.97 and therefore grow on damp to wet substrates. Elevated humidity in the absence of wet surfaces or stagnant water in HVAC systems will not achieve water activity levels sufficient to provide an ecologic niche to support the growth of bacteria. Evaporative coolers, or swamp coolers, are a type of air conditioning found mostly in the Southwest that draws dry outside air through wetted pads to lower air temperature by evaporative cooling. This type of air conditioning was used in 14 of the households evaluated and was associated with significantly higher endotoxin in the bedding (p = 0.023) but was not significantly different for other sampling locations.
Main heating source and temperature control were important factors for family room and bedroom floor endotoxin. In bivariate analyses, having temperatures in the family room between 18°C and 23°C or in the bedroom between 24°C and 29°C was associated with lower endotoxin compared with more extreme temperatures (> 29°C or < 18°C). Electric heating was associated with higher endotoxin concentrations compared with the other/none category, and gas heating fell in between. Temperature control and heating systems vary regionally. Homes in areas with cold winters more often rely on gas heating, whereas homes in warmer climates may have only electric space heaters or no heating systems. We retained neither temperature in room nor heating source in the rANOVA models, likely due to their strong correlation with census division (chi-square test of independence for census division and heating source, p< 0.0001).
We performed the rANOVA in an attempt to determine which factors independently best predict endotoxin in the five sampling locations. The resulting model explained 30% and 52% of the variation in the log-transformed endotoxin concentration and load, respectively, beyond that explained by differences among the sampling locations themselves. This suggests the possibility of population sub-sampling and use of modeling to impute values for endotoxin. The rANOVA confirmed differences between sampling locations within homes and the distribution by census divisions. The rANOVA also demonstrated that lower educational attainment and presence of food debris and cockroaches are important predictors of endotoxin in homes. The additional factors of children and dogs in the household suggest that poor housing conditions and high occupancy are important factors leading to higher endotoxin exposures. Indeed, we tested other models and demonstrated that number of people in the household and living in poverty were important factors strongly correlated with children in the home and lower educational attainment, respectively. Pairwise tests of independence demonstrated strong covariance of lower educational attainment with both living in poverty and lower household income (chi-square test, p < 0.0001 for both).
Our study has several limitations regarding prediction of factors associated with endotoxin exposure. First, sampling was performed on a single day for each household. Thus, the dust sample and environmental data collected on that day were assumed to be representative of that household. Second, as is frequently done, we used measurements of reservoir dust endotoxin as a proxy for personal inhaled endotoxin exposure. Repeated measures of breathing zone endotoxin while subjects are awake and sleeping are difficult to obtain in a large study. Reservoir dust sampling likely reflects exposures sustained over a long period of time and has been shown to be associated with a variety of respiratory health outcomes (Thorne et al. 2005). In addition, it is likely a more stable estimate of exposure than a single-time-point air sample. Third, some of the data were based on interviews with the adult household resident. It is possible that responses to potentially sensitive questions such as indoor smoking or cockroach infestation were subject to reporting bias. However, this is partially mitigated by household observation data systematically reported by field staff. This study was strengthened by the fact that the weighted characteristics of the survey sample produced results indicative of the nation as a whole. The national scope of the study allowed us to investigate region and climate for their influence on indoor endotoxin concentrations.
is nationwide study, representative of the U.S. housing stock, demonstrated that the concentration of endotoxin in house dust depends on the location sampled within the home and region of the country. Endotoxin concentrations increased with children or more occupants in the home, dogs present in the home, lower educational attainment, living in poverty, observed food debris, evidence of cockroach infestation, and evidence of cigarette smoking. The presence of stuffed animals in the bed and having an impermeable mattress cover were associated with higher bed endotoxin. In contrast to indoor molds and mite allergens, endotoxin was not associated with having air conditioning, dehumidifier use, or stove fans that exhaust outside. Neither race nor ethnicity emerged as independent predictors of household endotoxin. This study shows that the burden of domestic endotoxin exposure is disproportionately borne by families living with poor home hygiene. Public health interventions to reduce exposure to endotoxin should include improving housing conditions, eliminating cockroach infestations, reducing cigarette smoking indoors, and removing mold and mildew in homes. In addition to lowering endotoxin exposure, these interventions would reduce exposures to allergens and other asthma triggers.
Supplemental Material is available online at http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/11759/suppl.pdf
We thank R. Jaramillo and P. Crockett for statistical analyses and K. Kulhankova for endotoxin assays.
This work was supported by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) grant P30 ES05605, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control, and the Intramural Research Program of the NIEHS, National Institutes of Health.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Shortly after sunrise at the Egyptian Red Sea coast our Earth Day Clean Up started at 6 o'clock in the morning. Marsa Um Tondoba, the beautiful bay only 14 km south of the city of Marsa Alam was the first location for several clean ups today. It was only a beach clean up necessary as Blue Heaven Holidays diving center is always keeping its house reef at Tondoba Bay clean and any rubbish is collected immediately during a dive.
Turn out was down a bit between the Sun Run, people in Mexico and other group activities, but we had fun and when all the money is added up we will have raised well over $1,000 for Project Aware. With other activities this month (Poker Run, Pennies for Project Aware, Easter Egg Hunt and family barbecue) we should be able to help those who can't help themselves - sharks and rays.
If you haven't run a Fin-a-thon - give it a try. It's fun, gets your divers into the water, is open to the whole family - even non-divers and kids, and makes for great fun.
Another day on the water for the crew of Jack's Diving Locker - blue skies, warm water, 100' visibility, sharks in a lava tube, green sea turtle, but there's more. Time to clean up the ocean, too! 100% AWARE means doing what you can to get rid of marine debris.
Much success was had in our Anchor clean up of Crocker Reef. Crocker reef is located just off shore in Islamorada (Florida Keys). Its a very popular fishing spot and anchors get fouled up often in the beautiful corals. So the Islamorada Dive Center along with support from the REEF Foundation in Key Largo, brought up 12 anchors loaded with chain and line, totaling and estimated 600lbs. Numerous other items were cleaned off the reefs as well. Please contact Islamorada Dive Center for or next clean up in May!
Langley Diving's Easter Egg Hunt was a great success. The sun definitely came out to play for Langley's hunters and gatherers who enjoyed the hottest early April for Vancouver in 115 years.
Over 20 divers scoured the underwater bay at Port Moody for Easter eggs while over twenty of their friends and family looked for eggs on the beach.
The divers managed to collect half a dozen bags of garbage from the bay at the same time just for the fun of it.
What a monumental month March has been – on so many levels! We kicked off our 2013 Bangkok school tour at the end of February and over the next 10 days presented at 9 different International schools, targeting over 2,000 children, 50 teachers and 50 parents in 13 full presentations and 10 breakout/discussion/question and answer sessions!
We conducted yet another Dive against Debris and beach clean here on Mabul yesterday with the help of staff, guests and the local community. This one will appear on ASTRO TV as Rohan was interviewed on sharks, waste management and environmental projects. The evening was finished off with a S.E.A.S. Shark presentation for our guests....! Thanks again to all who helped!!
The reef clean-up trip was a huge success this weekend. We had a great turn out and collected a huge amount of trash. The party after was a great way to relax and unwind after a fun afternoon of diving. I am looking forward to setting up more trips like this in the near future. Hope everyone else had as good of a time as I did.
On the morning of the 1st of February the Sairee Cottage dive boat sailed out to Chumpon Pinnacle with a number of students and fun divers, only to find huge areas of the dive site covered by a fishing net. There were a large number of Fusiliers and Groupers caught up in the net, and unfortunately many of them were already dead.
Divers from many different schools across Koh Tao were working hard to cut free those fish that were still alive, and untangle as much as possible. However, you can only do so much when you are leading students and customers.
On Saturday, January 19, 2013, Dive Friends Bonaire @ Yellow Submarine filled up with enthusiastic volunteers ready for the first quarterly clean-up dive of the new year. The crowd primarily consisted of vacationing divers but there were also a large number of local residents, including a group of Junior Rangers from the Bonaire Marine Park. All of the participants collected their free tanks from the dive center and then assembled for the safety briefing.
Make a Donation Today!
Report your Dive Against Debris data here! LEARN MORE
Follow us on Instagram @projectaware
Copyright © 2013 Project AWARE Foundation. All rights reserved.


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Book your room at Days Inn Middletown
Get an overview of this hotelMotel in New Hampton with free breakfast and outdoor pool
Situated in New Hampton, this motel is 0.7 mi (1.1 km) from Soons Orchards and 3.1 mi (5 km) from Paramount Theatre. Orange County Fair Speedway and Goshen Historic Track are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Property Features
Along with an outdoor pool, this motel has coffee/tea in a common area and a seasonal outdoor pool. Free continental breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a 24-hour front desk, free newspapers, and RV/bus/truck parking.
Room Amenities
All 44 rooms offer free WiFi, TVs with cable channels, and free local calls.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Days Inn Middletown4939 Route 17 M New Hampton NY 10958
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access. This New Hampton motel also offers an outdoor pool, coffee/tea in a common area, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Outdoor pool
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- RV, bus, truck parking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Total number of rooms - 44
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking, RV, bus, truck parking
Room Amenities
- Access via exterior corridors
- Air conditioning
- Cable TV service
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Desk
- Free local calls
- Free WiFi
- Television
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast each morning.
Start your morning with a free continental breakfast, available each day of your stay.
Nearby Things to Do
- Golfing nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Hotel Name
- Days Inn Middletown
- Days Inn Middletown Motel
- Days Inn Middletown Motel New Hampton
- Days Inn Middletown New Hampton
- Days Inn New Hampton
- New Hampton Days Inn
- Days Inn Middletown/New Hampton Hotel New Hampton
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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I wake up every morning in a house that was built by slaves.
Michelle Obama
Michael Higgs is a Shadow League contributor.
#BTS shooting w/Olympic Gold Medalist, 5x world champion, and record holder @daljbeast! Exciting things coming soon! https://t.co/ymmkpGiaAI
"I believe the children are our future. Teach them well and let them lead the way" #FamousMelaniaTrumpQuotes
Who did this?! 😂 https://t.co/SIP7ql6CYk
TheShadowLeague.com, a site dedicated to presenting journalistically sound sports coverage with a cultural perspective that insightfully informs sports fans worldwide. Founded and developed by media entrepreneur Keith Clinkscales, TSL is owned by Shadow League Digital a multi-platform content creation company.
260 Madison Ave, 11th floor
New York, NY 10016
Phone: (212) 886-9619


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Warner Pacific College's Videos
Cedric Jennings speaks at Warner Pacific College, Oct. 12, 201042:08
Cedric Jennings - whose personal journey from being a determined honor student at an urban high school in Washington D. C. to Brown University was captured in Ron Suskind's 1998 book "A…+ More details
Black United Fund of Oregon's Path to Scholarship-Writing Seminar at Warner Pacific College03:13
On September 18, 2010, Warner Pacific College, the Black United Fund of Oregon, and the Portland Leadership Foundation hosted a scholarship-writing seminar for approximately 100 high school juniors…+ More details
Warner Pacific College Theatre Department presents "Antigone"02:14
The Warner Pacific College Theatre Department presents the intense drama "Antigone" by Bertolt Brecht in the McGuire Theater on the colleges' Mt. Tabor campus at 2219 SE 68th and Division…+ More details
Browse VideosVideos
Here are all of the videos that Warner Pacific College has uploaded to Vimeo. Appearances are videos that Warner Pacific College has been credited in by others.


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Watch Melissa McCarthy, Jodie Foster, Adam Sandler Ruin Their Han Solo Auditions on 'CONAN'
- 01:49 PM, Jul 25
Simon (Kacey Mottet Klein) lives with his older sister (Lea Seydoux) in a housing complex below a luxury Swiss ski resort. With his sister drifting in and out of jobs and relationships, twelve-year-old Simon takes on the responsibility of providing for the two of them. Every day, he takes the lift up to the opulent ski world above, stealing equipment from rich tourists to resell to the local kids down in the valley. He is able to keep their little family afloat with his small-time hustles and his sister is thankful for the money he brings in. But, when Simon partners with a crooked British seasonal worker, he begins to lose his boundaries, affecting his relationship with his sister and plummeting him into dangerous territory.


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The Score "Adam Eaton, the Chicago White Sox right fielder quickly emerging as one of baseball's most unappreciated studs, doesn't spend his time away from the ballpark perusing Fangraphs. If he did, Eaton would know off-hand that only five outfielders have compiled more WAR than he has over the last..." June 02
Chicago Tribune "It wasn't over till after it was over late Friday for Adam Eaton. Last call for the White Sox right fielder came courtesy of plate umpire Hunter Wendelstedt. But Eaton wasn't ready to go home. Or leave home. The umpire struck back when he called out Eaton on strikes to conclude a 4-1 loss..." May 22
ESPN "The Chicago White Sox placed outfielder Adam Eaton on the paternity list Sunday and recalled right-handed pitcher Michael Ynoa from Triple-A Birmingham. The White Sox announced earlier Sunday that Eaton's wife, Katie, gave birth to the couple's first child -- a boy, Brayden, who weighed 7..." April 10
CBS Sports "The Adam LaRoche situation just keeps getting weirder and more outrageous for the White Sox. Friday morning, staff ace Chris Sale hung LaRoche jerseys in the clubhouse and tore into team president Kenny Williams, calling him a "bold-faced liar." Now other White Sox players do not feel..." March 19
Chicago Tribune "hite Sox center fielder Adam Eaton apologized Monday for a tweet that sparked controversy during the Oscars telecast Sunday night. As Oscars host Chris Rock opened the show with a monologue addressing the lack of racial diversity among Academy Awards nominees, Eaton tweeted a message he said..." March 01
CSN Chicago "Other than additional work to play catch up, Adam Eaton said he has recovered nicely from his October shoulder surgery. The White Sox leadoff man said he has participated in a normal work schedule this offseason and doesn't think his left shoulder would be an issue when spring training starts..." January 30


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What's New
New! MCC Board Holds Two Public Meetings on FY 2018 Budget
New! MCC Annual Planning Session for 2016-2017 Board Term
New! Thomas and Weston Are 2016 "Friends in Deed"
Executive Director's Annual Report
MCC Performance Dashboard FY 15
FY16 First Half All Program Report
FY16 1st Half-Finance Presentation


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Ex-ASU Student Found Dead in Tempe Town Lake
Yet again, a body has been pulled from Tempe Town Lake.
Gerrick Begay, a 21-year-old Tempe resident and former student at the nearby Arizona State University, was found floating in the lake around 5:30 a.m. yesterday.
See also:
-ASU Freshman Jack Culolias' Death Plays Out Very Similar to 2011 Death
-Body Found Near Tempe Marketplace Identified as ASU Freshman Jack Culolias
-Body Found in Tempe Town Lake Identified as Willie Jigba
Begay, a Monument Valley High School graduate who took classes at ASU -- although the school directory shows he wasn't recently enrolled in the school -- was found floating between the railroad bridge and the Mill Avenue bridge, according to police.
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Tempe police spokeswoman Molly Enright says detectives are investigating Begay's death, but don't believe at this point that his death is suspicious. That means Begay probably either got in on purpose, or fell in on accident.
Begay's the third current or former ASU student to be found dead in the lake in as many years, including freshman Jack Culolias, who was found in November -- and was actually found in the nearby river bed -- and former student Willie Jigba, who was found dead in the lake in early 2011.
Two other people, without immediate ties to ASU, have also been found dead in the lake in the last year.
A City of Tempe employee apparently fell off a boat in the middle of the lake and drowned last month, and an apparently drunk man drowned in the lake while swimming in it late at night in October.
Send feedback and tips to the author.
Follow Matthew Hendley on Twitter at @MatthewHendley.
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European stocks eked out gains on Friday amid a decline in oil prices. » Read More
Some of the names on the move ahead of the open.
Philips, the lighting, consumer and healthcare products company, said its second-quarter net profit rose to $301.6 million.
Using 95% less water and half the fertilizer of traditional farming, vertical farms bring sustainable produce to cities.
European equities closed lower on Tuesday, as investors took a breather from a stellar rally in the previous session and looked ahead to a meeting of the U.S. Federal Reserve.
Philips, the lighting, consumer and healthcare products company, said its comparable sales rose 2 percent to 5.3 billion euros ($5.76 billion).
Some of the names on the move ahead of the open.
Philips said on Tuesday it has agreed to sell an 80.1 percent stake in its lighting components division for $2.8 billion to Go Scale Capital.
Without a central theme to rally around, brands focus their South by Southwest efforts on marketing gimmicks that get people buzzing.
European markets closed down on Tuesday, after a number of Wall Street's biggest firms missed earnings expectations.
European shares closed lower on Monday with investors reacting to corporate earnings and acquisition deals rather than the positive trend set in Asian markets.
In its first earnings update since revealing plans to spin off its lighting business in September, Dutch electronics giant reports net loss.
The CEO of Philips told CNBC on Tuesday that that splitting the company into two separate divisions would create growth opportunities.
Some of the names on the move ahead of the open.
European shares closed lower on Monday as sentiment remained subdued due to the ongoing tensions in Gaza and Ukraine.
Electrical goods producer Philips reported a drop in second-quarter earnings but expects to see an improvement in the second half of the year.
European shares closed flat on Monday, at the start of a week packed with important economic data.
Philips Electronics said on Friday it had won a patent infringement cases against Nintendo in the United Kingdom.
Sony chief executive said the company would complete a stepped-up restructuring drive and forecast a tripling in operating profit.
Some of the biggest names in European business have further complicated the dilemma currently facing Mario Draghi.


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Formed in early 2001 in Pereira, Colombia, South America. HEADCRUSHER's blend of thrash, death metal and hardcore climbed them to the top of the growing Colombian and South American metal scene.
HEADCRUSHER has played many successful shows in their homeland including the prestigious Rock Al Parqu...See Full Bio
"SignMeTo Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner Records premiere A&R demo and musical discovery portal, Full Metal Texas winner HeadCrusher is tearing up the stage right now at SXSW! Hundreds of artists, from varying genre's, competed to obtain a slot to play this exclusive showcase.. After a tough decision,the Columbians natives who moved to Texas to further their career, took the grand prize."


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Creek Crossing Cabin
Awesome 1100 square foot Log Cabin nine overlooking a bubbling meandering stream. Smoke-free Cabin is fully appointed with most everything you will need for that relaxing get-a-way! Close to the Mississippi River where you can watch the Eagles soar or rest on a sandbar. Downhill skiing is 30 minutes North in LaCrosse and the famous Outfitter Cabella's store is a short drive South in Prairie Du Chien. The Rush Creek State Natural area (2500 acres) is only moments from your door. A private hot tub will soak your troubles away as you listen to the whippoorwill outside in the gazebo that is the hot tub area. 3 night minimum required for Holiday weekends. Ask about our Guided Caving and/or Rock Climbing trips to add some Adventure to your get-a-way stay!
Number of Bedrooms
- 2 Bedrooms
Events: Near Creek Crossing Cabin
Vernon County Fair
9/14/2016-9/18/2016 - Viroqua - 14.86 miles away
Ferryville Fall Fest & Market in the Park
9/17/2016 - Ferryville - 7.28 miles away


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- Miss Florida 2017 stripped of crown days after win - US Weekly
- Lindsay Lohan steps out amid relationship drama - TMZ
- Was Taylor Swift snubbed by the VMAs? - Gossip Cop
- Rachel Platten sings "Fight Song" with lots of stars - Just Jared Jr
- Farrah Abraham sizzles in a revealing bikini - Radar
- New pics from the Clooneys' Italian summer - Lainey Gossip
- Fox News snubs major DNC moment - The Hollywood Reporter
06 June 2014 at 5:31 PM
Mindy Kaling Joins Her 'Mindy Project' Cast for a Special Screening!
About this photo set: Mindy Kaling is a multi-colored beauty at the Awardsline/Deadline screening of The Mindy Project held at Landmark Theatre on Thursday (June 5) in Los Angeles. … Read More Here
Photo #: 3129614
Posted to Adam Pally, Beth Grant, Dominic Patten, Ed Weeks, Ike Barinholtz, Mindy Kaling, Xosha Roquemore
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MORRISTOWN, NJ-Avison Young has boosted its New Jersey team with the hiring of several more office and industrial brokers including former Super Bowl player Bart Oates, GlobeSt.com has exclusively learned.
Jeffrey L. Heller, principal and managing director of AY in the state, says the company continues to aggressively recruit "top talent with varied skill sets."
Bart Oates and Thomas Semler joined the Morristown office as senior vice-Presidents, and Matthew Turse and Brian Cass were hired as vice-presidents. Heller sats the four professionals bring more than 80 years of collective experience to his company, which opened its first New Jersey office in fall of 2012.
Oates – famous as a three-time Super Bowl Champion – will handle client development, tenant and landlord representation, transactions and execution, as well as recruitment for AY. He most recently served as counsel to the firm of Koski & Associates, focusing on real estate tax appeals. He has also been a partner in the title insurance company, All Pro Title.
Oates played Super Bowl football twice with the New York Giants and once with the San Francisco 49ers. Oates' previous positions also include having served as a real estate broker for Gale and Wentworth and Cohen Real Estate. He earned his law degree from Seton Hall Law School and is chairman of the Hall of Fame of New Jersey, chapter president of the NFL Alumni Association, and a board member of the Super Bowl Host Committee, the Colleen Giblin Foundation and the Boy Scouts of America.
"As an evolving firm with a very clear vision for its expansion in this key market, Avison Young is poised for even greater growth as it adds to and strengthens its presence, and I'm excited to be a part of the New Jersey office's future," Oates says about joining the team. "I'm looking forward to leveraging my network to continue the ongoing momentum Avison Young has created throughout the state."
In addition to Oates, Semler has joined Avison Young to focus on the representation of clients in the acquisition and disposition of corporate facilities, as well as agency representation and lease negotiations.
Semler most recently served as a principal at Cresa, and before that he was a senior director of Cushman & Wakefield. During his career, he has handled leases and sales totaling in excess of four million square feet. Semler is a member of the Morris County Economic Development Corporation, Homeless Solutions Inc, and is Board Member and Treasurer of the Morris County Park Alliance.
"The entrepreneurial spirit of Avison Young is very appealing to me," says Semler. "No other firm has experienced the level of growth that Avison Young has forged, which is a testament to the power of its unwavering focus on putting the needs of the client first and building tailored strategies around those needs."
Turse's focus at the firm will include lease negotiations for tenants and landlords, client development and industrial talent recruitment. He was previously with Cassidy Turley, where he negotiated more than 6.5 million square feet of sales and leases exceeding $277 million.
Cass, who was most recently with Jones Lang LaSalle, will handle leasing for office and industrial real estate.
Canada-based Avison Young opened its first New Jersey office last October, shortly after opening its first office in New York City, with Arthur J. Mirante, II as principal and Tri-State president. Avison Young then acquired The Walsh Company, the prominent project management firm.


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Join FREE | Login
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Herbed Steak
Grilled Steak and Potato Kabobs
Grilled Flank Steaks with Rosemary-Balsamic Glaze
Peppered Lemon-Thyme Flank Steak
Basil-Tuna Steaks and Vegetables
Garlic and Thyme Grilled Sirloin
This dry Mediterranean herb rub gives loads of flavor to a lean cut of steak.
* Crush fennel seed with a mortar and pestle, or by placing seeds on cutting board and rubbing with flat side of chef's knife until crushed.
To broil steak, place on broiler pan; broil 4 to 6 inches from heat using times above as a guide.
© 2016 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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Shrimp Cacciatore
|Fresh shrimp
|2 Pound, peeled and deveined
|Olive oil
|1 Tablespoon
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs), minced
|Green bell pepper
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs), minced
|2 Clove (10 gm), minced
|Canned tomatoes
|20 Ounce (1 Can)
|Canned tomato sauce
|8 Ounce (2 Cans)
|Red wine
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Fresh thyme/1/4 teaspoon dried thyme
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Black pepper
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Bay leaf
|1 , crumbled
|Cayenne pepper
|1 Dash
In a large saucepan combine shrimp and boiling water to cover.
Simmer for 3 minutes or until shrimp turn pink; drain.
In a skillet heat olive oil over medium heat.
Add onion, green pepper and garlic.
Saute until onion is tender.
Add tomatoes, tomato sauce, wine, salt, allspice, thyme, black pepper, bay leaf and cayenne pepper; mix well.
Simmer for 20 minutes.
Add shrimp.
Heat to serving temperature.
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 1513 Calories from Fat 297
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 33 g51.3%
Saturated Fat 5.5 g27.7%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 1378.9 mg459.6%
Sodium 4258.7 mg177.4%
Total Carbohydrates 84 g28.1%
Dietary Fiber 18.5 g73.9%
Sugars 14.8 g
Protein 199 g398.6%
Vitamin A 143.3% Vitamin C 260.8%
Calcium 77.9% Iron 186.9%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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Hilton Garden Inn El Paso Airport6650 Gateway Blvd East, El Paso, Texas, 79915, USA TEL: +1-915-772-4722 FAX: +1-915-772-4720
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Maps & Directions
Route Results
Directions from the Hotel Staff
From the West: Travel I-10 East, exit Geronimo. Stay on the access road approximately 1/2 miles and the hotel is on the right hand side.
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How to Get Here
From the Airport
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- Runtime:
- 2:08
- Views:
- 93940
- Date:
- 4 years ago
- Rating:
- (360 votes) 98%
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text:
MANILA, Philippines (AP) — Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte called off a 5-day-old cease-fire after communist guerrillas killed a government militiaman and failed to declare their own truce by a Saturday deadline, in an early setback to his efforts to end one of Asia's longest-raging rebellions.
One of the gunmen locked in a protracted stand-off in a police station in the Armenian capital Yerevan shot an officer dead on Saturday, a police spokesman said. "A sniper opened fire from inside the police station and killed a police officer ... who was sitting in a car parked 350-400 metres (yards) away," Ashot Aharonyan wrote on Facebook. It comes after Armenia's security services issued an ultimatum to the gunmen, in a bid to resolve the lengthy hostage crisis after dozens were hurt in overnight clashes.
Belgian authorities charged a man on Saturday with attempting to commit "terrorist murder" after police uncovered an alleged plot to launch an attack in Belgium. An investigating judge charged Nourredine H., 33, with attempting to commit terrorist murder and taking part in the activities of a terrorist group, the federal prosecutor's office said. The prosecutor's office said there was for now no connection with the bombings on March 22 at Brussels airport and a metro station near the European Union headquarters that left 32 people dead.


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Richard Blair, President
Lorraine Beach, Vice President
Robert Hutchinson, Vice President
Diane McCarthy, Treasurer
Vivien Wherry, Secretary
Di Beckett, Assistant Secretary
Committee members:
Carole Adams
Colin Hesse
Sonia Laverty
Scott MacArthur
Sue Miller
Ian Phillips
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text: Share It MainStoriesVideo of Students at O.B. Gates Spreading the Word to End the Word... Video of Students at O.B. Gates Spreading the Word to End the Word... Nicole Boone | Mar 05, 2013 | North America: Virginia Recently, Cynthia Kirby submitted a few words describing the wonderful things that O.B. Gates Elementary School in Chesterfield, VA, has done to support inclusive practices amongst students and staff. Attached is a link demonstrating just one of those great moments. Students in the video are dancing and rapping a song titled "Spread the Word to End the Word", written by Cynthia Kirby and produced and composed by J. Plunky Branch. Please share this. Thanks. About Me:I am a teacher of students with disabilities. Video:Watch the video on You Tube Read More Stories Making a Difference in India and NepalDavid HircockThank You, Special Olympics LouisianaJude and Paula BernardAgreement in Italy Will Boost Inclusion and RespectMaureen RabbittBelgium Athlete Addresses Experts at European ForumMartha Jo BraycichMy Coaches Were There For MeCarla SimonBond Between Student and Coach Transforms Life of Special Olympics Swimmer at YMCACarolyn GessnerIn Malta, a Proud Mother Shares Her StoryNatasha MicallefAn "Awesome" Secret: The Universal Power of Unified SportsDavid EvangelistaA Unified Gathering Like No OtherNoha Gaballa"We all need to work together and respect each other to be successful"Maureen RabbittMore Schools in the UK want to Play UnifiedMaureen RabbittDo You Have A Story to Share?Share Your Story More Stories


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North Central News
5308 N 12th St Ste 402,
Phoenix, AZ 85014
(602) 277-2742
Business Details
in Business
- Hours:
Regular Hours
- General Info:
- North Central News is a monthly publication that provides information on various community issues. It offers a range of health care tips, as well as art and entertainment news. The publication provides information on various dining styles, churches and schools. North Central News offers a range of advertising opportunities. It also provides information related to procedures of several organizations, such as the Bartlett Estates Neighborhood Association, Arizona Biltmore Estates Village Association, Murphy Trail Estates Neighborhood Association, Pierson Place Association and Squaw Peak Heights Neighborhood Association. The publication additionally offers online information on editorial submission. North Central News circulates more than 23,000 copies directly to homes and businesses.
- Extra Phones:
Phone: (602) 277-6689
Fax Number: (602) 277-6689
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- Camelback East
North Central News Inc
- Other Link:
- Other Email:
- Categories:
- Newspapers, News Stands
- Other Information:
Parking: Lot


text:
Awesome!! This Girl can belt out some blues!! And the cats in the band can sure jam!
Hi Dee thanks for becoming a fan I am listening to your songs now great Voice and great backing there Mary x
great musics, great arrangement & superb voice...!!!
Hii..thanks dee, cheers from Indonesia
Great work! Super voice! I'm listening right now:) Really glad to find you on reverbnation. Mark C. Hanson (Guitarist)
Can't stop lovin it!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
All the heart.. great energy! Warm wishes from India.
What a wonderful voice!! congratulations i loved it!!! Hugs from Chile =D
Glad I stopped by to visit! You're a great singer Dee!
Hot voice !!! wow !!! You blew me away :) Great songs :) not to mention the awesome band :) Thanks so much for fanning Dee..Been a real pleasure listening :)
Much love and all the best from Down Under..
Jen xox


text:
2015 Terrorism Threat Outlook
Diplomats, political experts, and military advisers talked about the terrorism threat outlook for 2015. terrorist threats and best practices in countering terrorism. They also…291 views
Diplomats, political experts, and military advisers talked about the terrorism threat outlook for 2015. terrorist threats and best practices in countering terrorism. They also…291 views
Michael Pillsbury, director of the Center on Chinese Strategy at the Hudson Institute, talked about his book, The Hundred-Year Marathon: China's Secret Strategy to Replace America as…1,334 views
Panelists talked about the rise of Islamic political parties in Pakistan, and U.S.-Pakistan relations. In their opening remarks they outlined their research, and analyzed the positives…711 views
Ambassador Husain Haqqani, who has often been at the center of the diplomatic struggles between the U.S. and Pakistan, talked about his book, Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United…436 views
Retired General Stanley McChrystal, former commander of U.S. and international forces in Afghanistan, and former Ambassador Hussain Haqqani talked about the future of Pakistan. Among…268 views
Pakistan's Ambassador to the United States Husain Haqqani spoke about the current relationship between the U.S. and his country. He also responded to questions from the audience.157 views
Husain Haqqani and others talked about recent flooding in Pakistan, the country's needs and requirements, relief and reconstruction efforts made thus far by the Pakistani government,…134 views
Pakistani Ambassador Husain Haqqani talked about recent events in his country including the recent election of President Asif Zadari, U.S.-Pakistan relations, and efforts to confront the…133 views
Pakistani Ambassador to the United States Husain Haqqani and Ashley Tellis talked about the future of U.S.-Pakistan relations during the next U.S. administration, especially in light of the…148 views
A conversation was held on Pakistan's political environment in the wake of President Musharraf's resignation. Pakistani Ambassador Haqqani Husain talked about the current…206 views
Washington Journal: Newspaper Articles/Phones71 views
Ambassador Haqqani spoke about relations with the U.S., regional security issues, and opportunities and challenges for Pakistani foreign policy. It was his first public address after…395 views


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|Reviews for Sins of the Sires
| kay chapter 1 . 2/12/2014
love this story
| raintree85 chapter 6 . 5/11/2013
I really think this story deserves more reviews and attention! In my humble opinion the quality of your writing has made the last few chapters a pleasure to read and makes me glad you choose to write in this fandom. looking forward to updates to come! Rain x
| psychicspyarrowangel chapter 6 . 4/28/2013
I love this story so much it's so awesome pleaz update soon keep up with the bangel goodness XD
| Lia chapter 4 . 4/15/2013
Hi, I really like how this story is developing! And even if I'm a B/A shipper, I'm glad you are not bashing to either C/A or B/S. In some ways, nobody knew o loved Buffy more than Spike...
Eagerly waiting for next chapter!
Good luck!
I apologize for any spelling error, english is not my first language...
| southernbangel chapter 3 . 4/13/2013
I am really enjoying this story. Although I am a die-hard B/A fan, I appreciate that you are being respectful and honest towards the C/A and B/S relationships. I'm very eager to see how this story progresses.
| raintree85 chapter 3 . 4/13/2013
what a treat 2 newchapters in as many days. The episodes this story is rooted in are some of my favourites. All these years later I still think they were some of the best moments in the whole cannon, so right away Im liking you bring to life these episodes with a different spin. I really like the conversations buffy and spike had in ch2 and i thought how you tackled the cordy / angel status was sympathetic, im not a fan of character bashing but at the same time never really bought that they would click as a couple... anyway im babbling. looking forward to the next chapter!
| raintree85 chapter 1 . 4/11/2013
i enjoyed this first chapter, you have me very intrigued about the story you are going to tell, i and look forward to reading chapter 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ... lol plus many more :-P