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The Crusades of Cesar Chavezby Miriam Pawel
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Cesar Chavez founded a labor union, launched a movement, and inspired a generation. He rose from migrant worker to national icon, becoming one of the great charismatic leaders of the 20th century. Two decades after his death, Chavez remains the most significant Latino leader in US history. Yet his life story has been told only in hagiographyuntil now.
Cesar Chavez founded a labor union, launched a movement, and inspired a generation. He rose from migrant worker to national icon, becoming one of the great charismatic leaders of the 20th century. Two decades after his death, Chavez remains the most significant Latino leader in US history. Yet his life story has been told only in hagiographyuntil now.
In the first comprehensive biography of Chavez, Miriam Pawel offers a searching yet empathetic portrayal. Chavez emerges here as a visionary figure with tragic flaws; a brilliant strategist who sometimes stumbled; and a canny, streetwise organizer whose pragmatism was often at odds with his elusive, soaring dreams. He was an experimental thinker with eclectic passionsan avid, self-educated historian and a disciple of Gandhian non-violent protest. Drawing on thousands of documents and scores of interviews, this superbly written life deepens our understanding of one of Chavez's most salient qualities: his profound humanity.
Pawel traces Chavez's remarkable career as he conceived strategies that empowered the poor and vanquished California's powerful agriculture industry, and his later shift from inspirational leadership to a cult of personality, with tragic consequences for the union he had built. The Crusades of Cesar Chavez reveals how this most unlikely American hero ignited one of the great social movements of our time.
Editorial Reviews
In her second book on Chavez, Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Pawel (The Union of Their Dreams) turns away from the United Farm Workers organization to offer a comprehensive portrait of its founder, a "poor, brown, and homeless" child whose career as a "eccentrically charismatic" community organizer saw him join his idol Gandhi in the pantheon of celebrated nonviolent activists. Chavez, often remembered in murals as a solitary hunger striker, receives greater contextualization by examining his long and complex relationships with his associates, many of whom were interviewed for this work. Some relationships are particularly revealing, as when his own lifelong plea that his followers "refrain from violence" is contradicted by a tolerance of violent activism of his "troublemaker cousin." Chavez comes across as a shrewd leader with a "willingness to endure" hardship for la causa, yet was also demanding and increasingly authoritarian and suspicious of his colleagues later in his career. Particularly intriguing is Chavez's little memorialized relationship with the Synanon cult group, from whom he zealously appropriated "authoritarian tactics" of group therapy for his own commune, La Paz, throughout the 1970s. Pawel's clear, accessible prose befits a subject famous for his plain rhetoric, ensuring a broad readership can appreciate this valuable exploration of Chavez's unique legacy. Agent: Gloria Loomis, Watkins/Loomis Agency. (Apr.)
"[An] honest, exhaustively researched biography of Cesar Chavez, the charismatic leader and founder of the United Farm Workers who famously led strikes and boycotts to improve the lot of grape pickers in the 1960s. The Crusades of Cesar Chavez is a biography for readers who find real human beings more compelling than icons and history more relevant than fantasy." Los Angeles Times
"The first comprehensive biography of the spectacular rise and messy decline of the United Farm Workers Union, and the man who struck the sparks that launched an epic American social movement." San Francisco Chronicle
"Engrossing . . . There is so much brilliant political theater in this book that it's easy to see why Chavez is still the most celebrated Latino leader in American history." The New York Times Book Review
"Powerful and captivating, this first comprehensive biography of Latino rights leader Cesar Chavez traces the story of a man from migrant worker to union leader to icon. Though a historical figurehead, this book doesn't shy away from Chavez's moral blemishes, but paints him as a man of deep humanity…The Crusades of Cesar Chavez is an honest, well-rounded look at one of the 20th century's greatest leaders." Los Angeles Magazine
"Pawel, rigorous and captivating, follows her history of Cesar Chavez's crusade to protect farm workers' rights, The Union of Their Dreams, with a zestful, dramatic, and redefining biography of the innovative, daring, and persevering activist…Pawel thoroughly chronicles every aspect of Chavez's battles against California's politically dominant produce growers, from audacious strikes to the now legendary national grape boycott to his penitential fasts. As she insightfully dissects Chavez's troubled relationships with his inner circle and each phase in the rise and fall of his increasingly complex and mismanaged organization, Pawel portrays a visionary civil rights leader whose fame and near-beatification engendered tragic misuses of power, but who improved countless lives and raised global consciousness. Chavez's epic story, told so astutely and passionately by Pawel, is essential to understanding today's struggles for justice and equality." Booklist, starred review
"Pawel paints a complex portrait of Chavez with all his strengths and weaknesses...The author's insightful, painstakingly researched, and thoughtful work makes Chavez all the more dimensional and nuanced by recognizing his failings as well as his successes. This fully rounded portrait could well be the definitive biography of this all too human figure. " Library Journal, starred review
"A comprehensive portrait... Pawel's clear, accessible prose befits a subject famous for his plain rhetoric, ensuring a broad readership can appreciate this valuable exploration of Chavez's unique legacy. " Publishers Weekly
"A warts-and-all biography of an important figure. " Kirkus Reviews
"The most comprehensive and accurate book on the life and work of Cesar Chavez. It is extremely factual, and Pawel lets those facts speak for themselves. She has no agenda or desired outcome in the book. The book highlights the complexity of Cesar Chavez as a person, and does not hesitate to point out all of the virtues and shortcomings of Cesar's work in trying to organize California's farm workers. If you are interested in obtaining one of the best books on Cesar Chavez, this is the one." Cardinal Roger Mahoney
"Miriam Pawel's new biography The Crusades of Cesar Chavez, massively researched and expertly written, is a welcome expansion and enrichment of her earlier study The Union of Their Dreams. Together they represent the definitive story of this charismatic farm worker and controversial visionary leader whose courage and near-genius as an organizer invigorated the stormy history of American labor." Peter Matthiessen, author of Shadow Country and Sal Si Puedes: Cesar Chavez and the New American Revolution
"Miriam Pawel's magnificent biography of Cesar Chavez has the force and scope of a great American novel. Here is the story of a man, from the humblest beginnings, who became a labor organizer as famous as any; here is a deeply flawed man who yearned to be a saint." Richard Rodriguez, author of Darling: A Spiritual Autobiography and Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez
"Pawel has given us an inspiring book. It introduces us to a formidable leader who drew America's most disadvantaged workers into a powerful movement. And yet every reader will identify with Cesar Chavez' human foibles; every discouraged political visionary will be moved by his story." Alice Kessler-Harris, author of A Difficult Woman: The Challenging Life and Times of Lillian Hellman
"Guau! Miriam Pawel has finally given us the Cesar Chavez we deserve: neither a saint nor a bully but a complex American activist who rose to the occasion with courage, astuteness, and intuition, but was also clumsy, misinformed, and nearsighted. Written in a beautifully nuanced style and displaying enviable depth of knowledge, The Crusades of Cesar Chavez is a masterpiece. Future biographies will be measured against it." Ilan Stavans, Amherst College, author of The United States of Mestizo
"Miriam Pawel has produced the definitive account--a lucid, thoughtful, evocative, deeply reported, bracingly honest account--of the life of one of our most consequential modern agents of change. And what a perfect moment for this book's appearance, as the explosion of the Latino population, the implosion of the union moment, immigration policy gridlock and growing inequality have become defining issues of our American moment." Kurt Andersen, author of True Believers
"This is a remarkable account of the life of Cesar Chavez and of his iconic struggle for justice for America's migrant farmworkers. Miriam Pawel provides a vivid narrative that is unmatched for the authenticity of its behind-the-scenes detail. That rarest of beasts, The Crusades of Cesar Chavez is at once an important historical document, and a compelling read." Jon Lee Anderson, author of The Fall of Baghdad and Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life
Miriam Pawel's new biography The Crusades of Cesar Chavez, massively researched and expertly written, is a welcome expansion and enrichment of her earlier study The Union of Their Dreams. Together they represent the definitive story of this charismatic farm worker and controversial visionary leader whose courage and near-genius as an organizer invigorated the stormy history of American labor.
Miriam Pawel's magnificent biography of Cesar Chavez has the force and scope of a great American novel. Here is the story of a man, from the humblest beginnings, who became a labor organizer as famous as any; here is a deeply flawed man who yearned to be a saint.
This is a remarkable account of the life of Cesar Chavez and of his iconic struggle for justice for America's migrant farmworkers. Miriam Pawel provides a vivid narrative that is unmatched for the authenticity of its behind-the-scenes detail. That rarest of beasts, The Crusades of Cesar Chavez is at once an important historical document, and a compelling read.
Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Pawel (former editor, Los Angeles Times; The Union of Their Dreams) returns to the theme of her earlier work in this comprehensive biography of both Cesar Chavez (1927–93) and the movement he led, cofounding the National Farm Workers Association. Chavez was many things—a brilliant community organizer, a self-effacing man with little education, a Machiavellian intriguer unwilling to share power, and a leader committed to nonviolence and social justice. Pawel paints a complex portrait of Chavez with all his strengths and weaknesses. He wanted to do things his way, was happiest leading a movement rather than simply a bread-and-butter union, and clearly understood his symbolic power. He demanded complete loyalty from his followers. As he rose from unpaid community organizer to inspiring leader of a fledgling farm workers union and finally a mythic hero, Chavez worked harder than anyone else, sacrificed his health and his family to the cause, and deliberately cast aside those who questioned his need to control everything around him. The author's insightful, painstakingly researched, and thoughtful work makes Chavez all the more dimensional and nuanced by recognizing his failings as well as his successes. VERDICT This fully rounded portrait could well be the definitive biography of this all too human figure. It is also a timely complement to the forthcoming Hollywood biopic, Cesar Chavez: An American Hero, due to open in April. [See Prepub Alert, 10/1/13.]—Duncan Stewart, Univ. of Iowa Libs., Iowa City
An exhaustive study of the life and work of iconic labor leader Cesar Chavez (1927–1993). In a follow-up to her previous book about the United Farm Workers (The Union of their Dreams, 2009), former Newsday and Los Angeles Times editor Pawel examines Chavez's transformation from a dedicated advocate for the rights of the poor and exploited to a corrupt leader charged with misappropriating funds and dictatorial rule over the union he founded. The author shows that Chavez was a man of his times. Despite his tarred reputation as a union leader, his legend still inspires young Hispanic workers with his slogan, "Si se pueda"—yes, it can be done. The child of itinerant farm laborers who was forced to drop out of school to work in the fields, Chavez found few opportunities after his return home after service in the military. Eventually, he found work in the lumberyards. In Delano, Calif., his hometown, Mexican-Americans were at the bottom of the social pyramid. Chavez joined the Community Service Organization in Los Angeles and quickly became a leading member. The CSO led a voter registration drive, ran English classes and set up a credit union. Organized by a priest and a local community worker, it was a chapter of the national network of community organizations launched by Saul Alinsky. When their voter registration campaign stalled, Chavez, with Alinsky's backing, founded the UFW and began a campaign to organize grape pickers after the grape growers moved to import undocumented Mexican workers and force down wages. Chavez recruited outside support from the broader liberal community and students and launched nationwide boycotts. As a result, writes Pawel, "Mexican Americans once shut out of power…[have] become the establishment in venues that had once been bastions of Anglo power." A warts-and-all biography of an important figure.
Product Details
- 9781608197101
- Publisher:
- Bloomsbury USA
- Publication date:
- 03/25/2014
- Pages:
- 560
- Product dimensions:
- 6.30(w) x 9.40(h) x 1.90(d)
Read an Excerpt
The Crusades of Cesar Chavez
By Miriam Pawel
BLOOMSBURY PRESSCopyright © 2014 Miriam Pawel
All rights reserved.
Viewed from the air, the North Gila Valley is shaped like a boot, toe pointing west. Along the sole of the boot runs the Gila River, a name seized by the Spanish from an Indian word meaning "river that runs salty." The Gila empties into the Colorado River at the toe of the boot, on the border of California, just outside of Yuma, Arizona.
The valley on the Arizona side is a patchwork of fields and canals that irrigate this fertile stretch of the Sonora Desert. Cotton, alfalfa, and Bermuda grass tolerate the saline soil and flourish in the year-round sun.
In the foothills of the Laguna Mountains that line the eastern edge, about halfway up the back of the boot, are remnants of a once-sturdy adobe house and storage room built near the start of the twentieth century, when homesteaders first laid claim to the valley.
Three decades later, the household was headed by Librado Chavez, a forty-two-year-old cotton farmer. The family included his elderly mother, Dorotea, his wife, Juana, and their three small children, Rita, Richard, and Cesar.
The home stood on a dirt road alongside a small canal. The compound had no number; everyone just knew it as the house built by Papa Chayo. His eighty-five-year-old widow had inherited the farm, and Librado paid her $4 a month in rent. Like most families nearby, they spoke Spanish. The adults had all been born in Mexico, the children in Arizona.
Those basic facts recorded by a census taker on April 3, 1930, captured the skeletal outlines of the world in which Cesar Estrada Chavez grew up. Behind the dry statistics were the people and places that shaped Cesar's life, the physical and emotional geography of his childhood.
The boy born on March 31, 1927, never knew the grandfather he was named after, Cesario Chavez, better known as Papa Chayo. Cesario had grown up in Hacienda de Carmen, a small village in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. He was born around 1845, the same year as Dorotea Hernandez, who became his wife. Stories passed down through generations offered various accounts of why the family left Mexico and headed north. Papa Chayo ran afoul of landowners who ruled the Hacienda and fled rather than face conscription into the army. Or perhaps he served in the army and deserted. Or most likely he simply saw better prospects across the border. Whatever the circumstances, Cesario and Dorotea crossed into Texas in 1898 with eight small children, including Librado, their youngest son. They first lived in El Paso, moved a few times in search of work, and eventually settled outside Yuma, where Papa Chayo built a thriving business hauling wood. He employed much of his extended family, who transported wood in mule-drawn carriages to power the paddle-wheel steamers that plied the Colorado River.
On New Year's Eve, 1906, Cesario Chavez filed a claim under the federal homestead program and took title to the 120-acre farm in the North Gila Valley. He built his house with extra-thick walls, placing eighteen-inch adobe bricks sideways, to withstand the extreme summer heat. The adobe sparkled with small shells embedded to give the building greater strength. Inside, plaster covered the walls and open wood beams lined the ceiling.
By the time of the 1930 census, Dorotea lived in the main house with her one unmarried daughter, who had come to take care of her elderly mother. The house was connected by a wide breezeway to a large room that Papa Chayo had built to store food and grain. Librado and his family lived in the galera, or storeroom. It had two doors and four small windows, built for ventilation, not view.
The compound stood on a small hill, facing west toward the California border about a mile away. The house fronted on the North Gila Main canal, just a half dozen feet wide. To the south of the main house stood the outhouse. To the north was a small vegetable garden, and past that a large cypress that the children climbed and nicknamed the "umbrella tree." Further north along the canal were the homes of Cesar's aunts and uncles, Tia Carmen and Tia Julia on the same side and Tio Julio across the canal, alongside the Chavez family fields.
Librado and his brother Julio grew cotton, watermelon, alfalfa, and Bermuda grass, for the seeds. The crops were planted on eighty acres that sloped gently down from the west bank of the canal, so that gravity did the work of irrigation, pulling river water into the fields when a series of gates were opened. Small log bridges crisscrossed the canal and a wooden bridge in front of the Chavez homestead led to the corral for the horses that drew the plows.
Directly across the fields from Papa Chayo's homestead were three small buildings that Librado saw each day, a constant reminder of his failure. On November 25, 1925, a short time after their marriage, Librado and Juana had bought the cluster of buildings that housed a store, pool hall, and living quarters. To finance the purchase and stock the store, the couple took out mortgages totaling $2,750. Librado was the postmaster as well as storekeeper. He was a poor businessman and despite the multiple incomes soon fell into debt. Librado's children later blamed the financial problems on his generosity and willingness to extend credit at the store. Other relatives faulted Librado for lazy business practices, absenteeism, and a fondness for gambling. Within a few years Librado was forced to give up the store and pool hall to pay back the mortgages. On April 22, 1929, a few weeks after Cesar's second birthday, they lost the land. Juana was pregnant with her third child, and the family moved across the fields into the galera on the Chavez homestead. They brought with them two remnants from the failed business: a pool table and a three-hundred-pound ice chest.
Cesar grew up in a typical extended Mexican family—patriarchal in name, matriarchal in practice. Dorotea, nearly blind but mentally sharp, was the only literate elder. She had been orphaned at a young age and raised in a convent, where she learned to read and write. In the absence of a nearby church, she supervised her grandchildren's religious education and prepared them for confirmation.
Juana Estrada Chavez was the guiding force in Cesar's nuclear family. A dark-skinned, petite woman with Indian features, Juana was smart, strong-willed, and unusually independent for her time. She was born June 24, 1892, in Ascención in the Mexican state of Chihuahua and crossed the border as a six-month-old with her widowed mother, Placida, an older sister, and her uncle. He supported the family, working in the mines in Lordsburg, New Mexico, and then in a smelting plant in El Paso, Texas. Juana's mother remarried and the family moved to Picacho, California, before settling in Yuma. Juana never attended school. She picked cotton, squash, and tomatoes and made mattresses from corn husks. As a young woman she worked as an assistant to the chancellor in the girls' dormitory at the University of Arizona in Tucson, where she sewed, cleaned, and did laundry for the coeds. The chancellor's wife gave her a recipe for turkey stuffing, which became a family Thanksgiving tradition, passed down through several generations.
Long before she married into the clan, Juana knew the extended Chavez family, connected through work and marriage. Juana's family operated boardinghouses in Yuma that housed workers employed by Papa Chayo's wood-hauling business. In 1906, Juana's older sister, Maria, married Julio, Librado's older brother. A half sister, Francisca, later married Papa Chayo's nephew. Papa Chayo often joked that Juana, too, would marry into the family one day, after he was no longer around. He died in 1921, and several years later his prophecy came true. Librado was thirty-seven and Juana was thirty-two, an unusually late marriage. Their first child, Rita, was born on August 21, 1925, and their first son, Cesar, almost two years later. Both times Juana returned to her mother's house in the city of Yuma to give birth.
While Cesar was still an infant, his grandmother began to suffer from dementia. After Mama Placida died in 1930, Juana said she never cried again, and she never wore black. Years later she would admonish her children not to wear black to her funeral.
Juana and Librado Chavez made a striking couple: Librado a husky man, about five feet eleven inches and 225 pounds, with poor eyesight and large Coke-bottle glasses; Juana a tiny woman, just four feet ten inches, slender with long black hair. The diminutive wife and mother made decisions for the family, and Librado went along. She ran a strict household in accordance with clear beliefs. She favored herbal remedies: Cesar did not see a doctor until he was almost twenty. As a child, his nickname was "Manzi," because of his fondness for the manzanilla tea his mother made to cure colic and other ailments.
Her children considered Juana to be more superstitious than religious, a person of great faith. Like many Mexicans, she believed in saints as advocates and lobbyists. She worshipped Santa Eduviges, an obscure Bavarian from the early thirteenth century known as the patron saint of brides, difficult marriages, and victims of jealousy. A duchess by birth and again by marriage, Eduviges (also known as Hedwig) renounced her worldly possessions when she was widowed and joined a convent. She practiced abstinence, fasted, and meditated on the supernatural. She ministered to the poor and earned sainthood for her generosity to the sick and feeble. Every year on October 16, St. Eduviges's feast day, Juana dispatched her older children to find homeless men and invite them to the house for dinner.
Juana instilled in her children the importance of helping others and the need for personal sacrifice. She raised her children with firm rules and consejos (advice) that underscored those beliefs: Never lend money to your relatives; if they need money, give it to them. When an uncle asks for an errand, perform the task without question. Favors, she told them, are just that; when the children did favors for neighbors, they were not allowed to take a nickel in return. She quoted dichos, or sayings, about not fighting and told them to just walk away from conflict. She insisted they share everything. She cut food in equal portions for the children; if someone complained they got the small piece, she took the food away from all. She told the children parables about good kids and bad kids: the disobedient son who was taken away by the devil; the drunk son who was about to hit his mother when the rock froze in his hand.
Mostly, life for Librado and Juana's children in the Gila Valley was carefree. They were not well-off, but they were comfortable, well clothed, and never hungry. Juana grew tomatoes, cucumbers, and hot chiles in the garden, turned sweet berries from the mesquite trees into drinks, and made fresh cheese from the milk of their cow. Even in 1932, in the depth of the Depression, when Librado could not sell his cotton and corn and had to trash his crops, the family had plenty of chicken. When Librado earned a few dollars, Juana used the money to buy salt to give the chicken flavor.
The children enjoyed the security of an extended family scattered across the tranquil Arizona valley. Two of Cesar's aunts lived in small houses on Papa Chayo's land. One of Papa Chayo's brothers had emigrated to America with him from Hacienda de Carmen, and over time the Chavezes intermarried with four families in the Gila Valley. Their surnames mingled—Arias, Rico, Quintero, and Arviso—and many ended up related to each other through multiple ties, whether cousins, in-laws, or double cousins. In the three-room schoolhouse that the children attended, Rita and Cesar were related in some way to almost every student.
The Chavez home had no electricity, and they stored food in the ice chest. They used water from the canal for drinking, cooking, and bathing. They heated water inside and washed in a big tub outside. As the eldest girl, Rita did much of the cooking, cleaning, and washing. She heated irons on the wood stove, attaching a cool handle each time the one she worked with became too hot. Juana was clear on gender roles: girls should not do men's work, and boys should not do women's work.
Cesar's chores included chopping wood, exercising the horses, harvesting watermelons, and feeding the animals. They had a cow, horses, and so many chickens that they couldn't give eggs away fast enough. During the Depression, Juana sent Cesar and Richard to trade eggs for goat's milk, flour, or freshly butchered meat. They hunted quail and rabbit and caught catfish in the irrigation ditches. When gophers became a problem for the canal and interfered with pipes, the irrigation district paid Cesar and Richard to catch the animals, a penny per tail.
Two years after Richard was born, Juana gave birth to a daughter. Helena was only about eleven months old when she fell ill, suffered severe diarrhea, and died. Juana was pregnant, and a few months later she gave birth to another daughter, whom she named after her patron saint, Eduviges. The youngest child was Librado, known as Lenny, born in the summer of 1934. By then the roof on the storeroom had begun to leak, and the family moved into a two-room cottage built next to the main house. The two adults and five children slept on three double beds.
The children viewed the outdoors as their playground. They rode horses, and in the summer the canal became their backyard swimming pool. Cesar and Richard shot pool on the table salvaged from the failed business. At night they gathered around fires and listened to the grownups tell stories. They measured time by when a horse gave birth, or how soon the first watermelon would ripen.
To get to school, the children crossed their fields, then turned right and walked about a half mile north to the Laguna Dam School, whose high steeple marked the skyline. The T-shaped building housed three classrooms—first through third grade in the let-hand room, fourth through sixth grade on the right, and seventh and eighth in front. Children were not allowed to speak Spanish, and when he entered school, Cesario became Cesar. Rita was an excellent student, but her brother chafed at the rules and discipline. His first few days in school, he insisted on sitting next to his older sister, rather than with his own grade at his assigned desk.
By the time Cesar began school in 1933, his family faced more financial difficulties. Librado had fallen several years in arrears on property taxes for the homestead. In December 1930, the state had put the family on notice: the Chavezes had seven years to pay several thousand dollars in back taxes or lose title to the land. Librado made another short-lived attempt to make a go of the store and pool hall in rented space, hoping to capitalize on traffic generated by the building of the nearby Imperial Dam. The store again ended in failure. On March 14, 1936, perhaps as a sign that she lacked faith in Librado's financial responsibility, Dorotea deeded the farm to her youngest son, Felipe, although he lived in California.
Dorotea died in her home on July 11, 1937. Three months later, Yuma County auctioned of the Chavez farm for back taxes and penalties of $4,080.60. On December 6, 1937, Felipe Chavez filed suit against the county board of supervisors, charging they had improperly seized his mother's land because, as a widow, she should have been exempt from paying taxes. The legal action bought the family some time.
Librado had health problems in addition to his financial difficulties. He had suffered bouts of sunstroke since he was a young man. Doctors had warned him to move to a cooler climate or risk severe consequences. Librado had resisted leaving the Gila Valley while his mother was alive. After she died, he made a solo trip to California to scout out work. Then, in the summer of 1938, the family left the triple-degree heat of the Arizona desert and traveled to the temperate clime of Oxnard, California, where one of Cesar's aunts lived. Librado, Juana, and the five children all crowded into Tia Carmen's home, an hour north of Los Angeles. The older children attended Our Lady of Guadalupe school for five weeks, then the family returned to Yuma for the winter growing season. They moved back into the family homestead, now embroiled in legal foreclosure proceedings. Rita and Cesar finished another year at the Laguna Dam School, completing seventh and fifth grades, respectively.
Excerpted from The Crusades of Cesar Chavez by Miriam Pawel. Copyright © 2014 Miriam Pawel. Excerpted by permission of BLOOMSBURY PRESS.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Meet the Author
Miriam Pawel is the author of The Union of Their Dreams, widely acclaimed as the most nuanced history of Cesar Chavez's movement. She is a Pulitzer-winning editor who spent twenty-five years working for Newsday and the Los Angeles Times. She was recently awarded a National Endowment for the Humanities fellowship, and lives in Southern California.
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Here I have to vote for the Capture the Flag mod for Quake II. Am I that old?
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Haha that was an epic game.
However, I'm gonna have to go with CounterStrike before condition zero ruined it for me.
So...CS v1.4~v1.5 ish hehe.
But I am going to admit that the later Left4Dead multiplayer was the most fun I've ever had with friends 4 on 4.
It's a lot less fun with random people.
I can't think of a game that beats 8 friends playing 4v4 L4D at a LAN party.
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I'm going to have to say that Battlefield 3 is the best FPS I've ever played and I've been playing for a while. Hopefully Battlefield 4 is even better.
BF3 was really fun in single but as a multiplayer?
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Crysis 3 is one of the best multiplayer games i have played in a while.. second only to bf3.
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Edited by Accoun - 8/15/13 at 11:29am
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Zoid killed Quake 3 CTF unfortunately. CTF was the most fun mod for Quake II in my opinion and the guy stripped out the grapple because he couldn't rail us cats who knew how to use it

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Dear Benjamin School Parents,
I am sitting at my laptop on January 1 thinking of our collective return to school on Tuesday, the 5th. Although you will not receive this letter from me until after that time, I am continuing my tradition of writing on the 1st to wish each of you a very Healthy and Happy New Year, much success to you personally, and the very best to your children--our students. With your continued support and partnership, we are emerging from an enormously productive and exciting first half of school year 2015-2016!
At a school like Benjamin, it is clearly impossible to describe in a single letter the depth and breadth of our programs or the multitude of ways in which our students succeed as a result of such an enriched independent school experience. The best I can do in a communication such as this one is to pluck from a seemingly infinite geyser of examples some that represent the competitive achievements of your children.
So far this academic year, the following colleges and universities have offered athletic commitments to 13 seniors, 1 junior and 2 sophomores.
In this enumeration, 11 senior student-athletes will have signed Division 1 athletic scholarships by the second national signing week of February. This marks a record for TBS! Also, many of our athletic teams so far this year won district championships, advanced to or won FHSAA regional tournaments, made appearances at state playoffs, were listed in the Palm Beach Post Top 10 (as high as #2), and had individual athletes selected for special teams for football (1st Team SFC, Honorable Mention, and All-American Team). Winter teams also are projected to do extremely well at these levels.
Since the college admission season has just begun, please understand that certain schools, such as the University of Miami and the University of Florida, for example, are yet to announce their freshman acceptance list. The following are among the many colleges and universities already offering admission to our Senior Class.
I am thrilled to announce that Dr. Kristen Sheehan has accepted our offer as the permanent Head of Lower School! Those of you with children in that division are well aware of the expertise, intelligence and clarity of judgment that she has brought us since assuming her new leadership responsibilities. Language arts, math, science and Mandarin have adopted innovative changes to their already stellar programs. Dr. Sheehan has been invited to serve on the Executive Committee of the NCTE (National Council of Teachers of English), a very prestigious honor for her and TBS.
Our MIddle School Head, Chuck Hagy, continues to work with the ADL to eliminate bullying and bias in those grades. A No Place for Hate designation was recently bestowed on that division at a very moving assembly. Channel 5 News has aired details on our anti-bullying programs. The Middle School has partnered with the Palm Beach Symphony in offering Masters classes to students in that division's Strings Program. Mr. Hagy's focus on the arts as a medium for other subject area acquisition continues to tie us to the Center for Creative Education in West Palm Beach in increasingly innovative ways.
The Upper School student newspaper, The Pharcyde, has been recognized ten times this year, the most we have ever achieved, by the Columbia Scholastic Press Association, the most rigorous and highly regarded of the nation's awards programs. This same organization awarded 1st Place for Portfolio Illustration to the Upper School Geodes Literary Magazine. Our Upper School engineering certificate program continues to expand in both the computer and maker arenas. The Benjineers Club, already having won last year in regional and national competitions, continues this year to compete successfully online and will travel again for regional and national events. Our national search for a new Upper School Head is moving steadily forward with excellent candidates visiting our school this month.
If you have stayed with me until this point, congratulations and thank you! As I intimated earlier on, our program runs deep and wide, not to be forged in a single effort. However, I always appreciate the opportunity to have you skim along the top with me, to have you look back and forward as we travel together through these invigorating times of your children's education at The Benjamin School. The ride of 2015-2016 is only half-over, and I look very much forward to exploring the rest of it with you as the horizon keeps coming into view before us.
Again, this is a journey we take together. Neither you, nor your children nor their teachers can arrive without the other. Independent school parents, by definition, commit to this partnership for the greatest benefit to their children. As faculty and administration here at Benjamin, we pledge our support in every way as you invite us to participate in this most critical expedition of preparing your children for their future.
With every good wish to all of you for 2016, I look forward to seeing you often as we navigate this adventure together.
Robert S. GoldbergHead of School
The Benjamin School
Lower/Middle School & Mailing Address11000 Ellison Wilson Road North Palm Beach, FL 33408 Ph: 561.626.3747
Upper School & Benjamin Hall 4875 Grandiflora Road Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33418 Ph: 561.472.5998
Privacy Policy © Copyright 2016 The Benjamin School


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Creative DIY Project Turns Coffee Pot into Adorable Terrarium I know, you must be thinking how can a coffee pot can turn into a terrarium. Don't worry! It's not a mystery. In this creative DIY project, a simple coffee pot that contributes an incredible lovely morning to millions of people has been repurposed to give a beautiful life to plants. You can transform your spare coffee pot into an adorable terrarium. It will not only give a life to plants but can also be placed on your table as a piece of interior decoration. The first creator of this creative DIY project of the coffee pot is Enid. The creator said that plants and coffee are linked in her mind since her childhood. In her infancy, her mother and grandmother used to fertilize overgrown devil's vines, by adding some coffee grounds. This creative DIY coffee pot project was created by Enid to give up a tribute to her grandmother. Enid's grandmother was a great lover … [Read more...]
Home Fries: Homemade for breakfast
Hey Guys! Last night I was thinking of what I could make for breakfast and I realized that I had a bag of potatoes in my pantry that were being neglected. So I decided to make some home fries with them. The perfect addition to any breakfast. I started with three russet potatoes I rinsed and peeled them and then cut them into small cubes that look like this: While I was cutting my potatoes I had a pot of water boiling so it would be ready for my potatoes once I was done. I dropped all my cut potatoes into the pot of water and let them cook for 4 minutes. You don't want to cook the potatoes all the way through, you just want them to be half way cooked. While my potatoes were boiling I started a skillet with canola oil on medium to high heat. After the 4 minutes were up, I drained my potatoes and then dried them in a paper towel a bit just to soak up the excess water and so the potatoes wouldn't be soaking wet when I put them in the pain of oil. While the … [Read more...]
Knot Genie Magic Hair Band Review & Giveaway!!
Hey Guys! Disclaimer: I was sent this knot genie magic hair band for the purpose of this review, however as always all thoughts and opinions remain my own. I was recently sent a Magic Hair Band from Knot Genie. The hair band is designed to fit your individual ponytail size. The band makes your ponytail fit nice and snug but not too tight like most hair bands tend to do. With the adjustable pull ties you are able to control how tight or how loose the hair band will fit. We have textured curly hair in my household and this hair band worked perfectly for us in securing ponytails and half up and half down styles. I personally wouldn't use it to do active or high intensity work outs as it doesn't seem to stay tight enough to me. The hair bands come in 7 different styles in various colors to choose from! These hair bands definitely add a little pizazz to your hair! Would you like to try out the Knot Genie Magic Hair Band for yourself or loved one! Then enter … [Read more...]
Two Buns: Hairstyle on Natural Hair
Hey Guys! I tried to get my creative juices flowing when I sat down to do Jordyn's hair. I wanted something quick and easy but also a style that would last for a few days. I came up with this! I started off by sectioning her hair in half horizontally from ear to ear. Next I started working on the back half of her head. I made three more horizontal parts and connected each of the ponytails together going upwards. When I got to the crown area of her head I split the hair from the last ponytail in half. Now it's time to work on the front section. I created a zig zag part going vertically to make two sections of hair. Then I made the two buns in front of her head with the two sections of hair. I also added the remaining hair from the back ponytail that I split in half. I just twisted each section and connected them to their respective buns. Here's another shot That's it, all done! Total Style Time: 20-30 minutes Products: Cantu Coconut Curl Cream and … [Read more...]
Crochet Braids on Natural Hair: Protective Style
Hey Guys! I am back with a new post. Today's post is about a new style I tried on Jordyn, crochet braids. My sis-n-law introduced them to me and I did a little youtube research and watched a ton of videos on them. I went to Wal Mart and purchased this latch hook for just under $2.00. I found it in the craft section where the yarn and crochet needles are. Next I went to my local beauty supply and purchased 2 packs of FreeTress Synthetic hair in Water Wave. I cut the hair in half and only ended up using about 1 1/2 packs. I started the style on freshly washed and deep conditioned stretched hair. Here is the braid pattern I used I connected all the braids together so I would only have one braid left. I tucked this braid in between the cornrows. To better secure it you can use a little weave thread and secure it that way, it will be a better hold. I also would recommend making your cornrows smaller than mine. After I finished I realized that I should … [Read more...]
COVERGIRL's #GirlsCan: Do Whatever You Put Your Mind To + $25 Wal Mart gift card GIVEAWAY!
Disclaimer: This post is brought to you by CoverGirl, as always all thoughts and opinions remain my own. Hey Girls! Being a mom of a tween girl means that I have someone looking up to me and I take that role very seriously. I want to show my daughter that she can achieve her goals and make her dreams come true. COVERGIRL knows that #GirlsCan reach their goals and live out their dreams and they want to make sure we look fabulous while doing so :) For a limited time, look for specially marked products by COVERGIRL including their Flamed Out Mascara and their Professional All-In-One Mascara. You can find the #GirlsCan display at your local Wal Mart. This November, COVERGIRL is donating $50,000 to Dress for Success®, an international not-for-profit organization that promotes the economic independence of disadvantaged women by providing professional attire, a network of support, and the career development tools to help women thrive in work and life. My … [Read more...]
Braided Twisted Updo on Natural Hair
Hey Guys! I'm back with another updo style. I started this style on stretched hair and I used the following products: Shea Moisture's Curl Enhancing Smoothie and I also used Creme of Nature's Argan Oil Perfect Edges for Jordyn's edges. I started the style by making a middle part (horizontally) from ear to ear. I tied the top section off and started work on the bottom half of her head. I made a zig zag part going down the middle of her head and then made two cornrows going up toward the top of her head. I criss crossed the two cornrows and added them to the top section of hair and created a bun For the front section I sectioned off just a small section of hair and made one big fluffy twist and brought it to one side of her hair and pinned it down underneath the bun The total time for styling was around 20 minutes and this style lasted us for a week. At night I tied her hair down with a satin … [Read more...]
Individual Braids with Extensions (Synthetic Hair)
Hey Guys, Long time no hair talk, huh? Sorry about that but there is a reason for that. Well if you follow me on instagram (and if you don't, you totally should because I post cool pics) then you'll know that I put some individual braids into Jordyn's hair back at the end of June 2014. Prep: To prep the hair for braiding I pre-pooed her hair by saturating it with coconut oil overnight, next I washed her hair twice using Alba Botanica Shampoo Next I deep conditioned with Aussie Moist 3 Minute Miracle Conditioner for an hour. Then after rinsing I applied my Cantu Shea Butter Leave-In Conditioning Creme. I banded her hair and let it air dry overnight. While braiding I used my homemade Shea Butter mix to seal in all the moisture I put in. Hair Used for Braiding I used the Batik hair which costs $9.99 a pack but it's the best synthetic hair that so close to human hair. It was well worth the price, and you should be able to find it at any local beauty supply store. I bought two packs but … [Read more...]


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Digitimes Research: Top-5 vendors, top-3 ODMs see sequential drops in July notebook shipments
Joanne Chien, DIGITIMES Research, Taipei [Friday 8 August 2014]
The five largest notebook vendors' combined shipments in July decreased 25% on month while the three largest ODMs' combined shipments also slipped 17%, according to Digitimes Research.
Hewlett-Packard (HP) and Lenovo saw over 30% declines while Acer and Asustek Computer saw roughly 20%. Dell, however, saw an increase in shipments.
In terms of ODMs, Compal saw a 20% decline while Wistron saw an 11% decline.Despite the declines for notebook vendors and ODMs, their shipments from January-July 2014 have overall increased over the same period in 2013.
Chromebooks meanwhile reached 1.5 million in shipments during the second quarter of 2014 to hold a 3.7% share in overall notebook shipments, up from 2.4% in the previous quarter. Samsung Electronics and Acer are the main suppliers of the technology, currently holding a 80-85% share in the market, added Digitimes Research.
This article is an excerpt from a Digitimes Research Quarterly Data Report (Taiwan notebooks – 2Q 2014). Visit our latest Data reports.
Feel free to write a comment. All comments will be screened before posting. Please avoid writing profanities, personal insults and spam. Comments that require too much editing are unlikely to be posted.Sincerely,The DIGITIMES Team
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Free Software and its Makers
Free software covers such a diverse range of applications that it can be hard to find the perfect tool. We pick the best of the bunch. Our topics this month include elegant presentations, Code Browser, the Debian Installer, and Debian's Alioth service.
Although the SCO Group had a few advocates at the start of its litigation marathon, things have gone quiet in the SCO corner recently. And this comes as no surprise – the course that SCO has taken has proved to be an expensive path due to skyrocketing legal costs. SCO's recent petitions have not been very impressive, and some observers expect the court to comply with IBM's petition and close the proceedings for good. Kudos to the hard-working reporters from Groklaw.net [1] who have published the minutiae of the proceedings for all to read.
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Mirantis to Refactor OpenStack Fuel for Kubernetes
The company is collaborating with Google and Intel to use Kubernetes as an engine for Fuel
Canonical Joins Document Foundation Advisory Board
The upcoming release of LibreOffice will be available as a snap package
SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.
ownCloud Forked
Founder of ownCloud launches the Nextcloud project.
HP Enterprise Unveils a Futuristic Computer
Will The Machine change the way future programmers think about memory?
CoreOS Announces Distributed Storage System
The new Torus distributed storage system is available under an open source license on GitHub
Google Beats Oracle in the Android Lawsuit
Juries decides Google's use of Java APIs Was Fair Use


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Monty Python fans will applaud the efforts of fellow fans Cogan and Massey who introduce the surreal comedy group to the uninitiated by exploring the historical, political, literary, artistic, and even religious contexts for many of the troupe's sketches. When the first episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus premiered in 1969, it resembled no other TV show at the time, mystifying its audiences as well as the BBC. The Pythoners succeeded so wildly, in the words of the members, because they were a "unique combination of individuals working together in a context and time period where challenging authority was possible and supervision was minimal." After traversing the territories of theory, art, and sports, among other topics, the authors share some of the lessons they've learned from Monty Python, such as "most of the things that you see in other people that look ridiculous or sound silly reflect how ridiculous and how silly you are," as well as "how to defend myself if anyone attacks me with a piece of fresh fruit." In the end, the narrative is often too cheeky, and their examination of Monty Python is thin compared to the show itself. (Mar.)
Everything I Ever Needed to Know About _____* I Learned from Monty Python: *History, Art, Poetry, Communism, Philosophy, the Media, Birth, Death, Religion, Literature, Latin, Transvestites, Botany, the French, Class Systems, Mythology, Fish Slapping, andby Brian Cogan, Jeff Massey
View All Available Formats & Editions
A comprehensive and hilarious guide to understanding the many Monty Python jokes and allusions
Throughout their five seasons on British television (and well into the troop's movie sequels and assorted solo projects), Monty Python became a worldwide symbol not only for taking serious subjects and making them silly, but also for treating silly/b>/b>
A comprehensive and hilarious guide to understanding the many Monty Python jokes and allusions
Throughout their five seasons on British television (and well into the troop's movie sequels and assorted solo projects), Monty Python became a worldwide symbol not only for taking serious subjects and making them silly, but also for treating silly subjects seriously.
Monty Python provided a treasure trove of erudite "in" jokes, offering sly allusions to subjects as diverse as T.S. Elliot's "Murder in the Cathedral" (as part of a commercial for a weight loss product) and how to conjugate Latin properly (as explained by a Roman centurion to a Jewish zealot painting anti-Roman graffiti on a wall). It was this combination of the uniquely highbrow but silly humor that inspired countless followers (Saturday Night Live, to name one). This hilarious and helpful guide puts Python's myriad references into context for the legion of fans, scholars, and pop culture aficionados that still strive to "get" Monty Python.
Editorial Reviews
Monty Python fans will applaud the efforts of fellow fans Cogan and Massey who introduce the surreal comedy group to the uninitiated by exploring the historical, political, literary, artistic, and even religious contexts for many of the troupe's sketches. When the first episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus premiered in 1969, it resembled no other TV show at the time, mystifying its audiences as well as the BBC. The Pythoners succeeded so wildly, in the words of the members, because they were a "unique combination of individuals working together in a context and time period where challenging authority was possible and supervision was minimal." After traversing the territories of theory, art, and sports, among other topics, the authors share some of the lessons they've learned from Monty Python, such as "most of the things that you see in other people that look ridiculous or sound silly reflect how ridiculous and how silly you are," as well as "how to defend myself if anyone attacks me with a piece of fresh fruit." In the end, the narrative is often too cheeky, and their examination of Monty Python is thin compared to the show itself. (Mar.)
"The authors clearly know their Python, and they also know how much the Pythons themselves knew about virtually everything, up to and including the Spanish Inquisition." The New York Times
"The authors get the jokes as well as the anger behind many of them...With helpful books like this one, readers may be more alert to the persistent absurdities of modern life and to the bracing anarchy preached by Monty Python." The Washington Post
"Excellent...The focus on the important bits, the ones that really break the wall down, is where this work really shines." San Francisco Book Review
"A clever concept…[and] an interesting take on the Pythons." Kirkus Reviews
"Here devoted Python fans Cogan and Massey suggest that what made the show unique was its many in-jokes and references to history, philosophy, politics, pop culture, the arts, the sciences, and . . . well, pretty much everything[...]Their argument is undeniably persuasive: as anyone who's spent the best years of his or her life becoming a word-perfect reciter of Python sketches will tell you, there's a lot to be learned, if you just pay attention." Booklist
"Monty Python fans will applaud the efforts of fellow fans Cogan and Massey who introduce the surreal comedy group to the uninitiated by exploring the historical, political, literary, artistic, and even religious contexts for many of the troupe's sketches." Publishers Weekly
"As a lifelong Python fanatic, I've read just about everything ever written about them. How refreshing to see a new take on the phenomenon –the educational value of Monty Python! Everything I Needed to Know About __I learned from Monty Python proves something that I always suspected –Monty Python is good for you. Well written, thoroughly researched and often very funny, I couldn't put this book down. (Note to authors: please make the paperback version less sticky)" Jason Lamb. cohost The Morning Zone, The Zone 91-3, Victoria, BC, Canada
And now for something completely different about something completely different. Consisting of John Cleese, Eric Idle, Michael Palin, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones and Graham Chapman, England's Monty Python is arguably the only contemporary comedic entity that has transcended generations. (Laurel and Hardy, the Marx Brothers and the Three Stooges are among those that have transcended all generations, but the fact that Monty Python is deservedly mentioned alongside those icons demonstrates their importance to filmed, scripted comedy.) Their fans are passionate to the point that more people than you suspect can quote large chunks of sketches from the long-running TV show Monty Python's Flying Circus or their classic film Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Here, Cogan (Communication/Molloy Coll.; Encyclopedia of Punk Music and Culture, 2006) and Massey (English Language and Literature/Molloy Coll.; co-editor: Heads Will Roll: Decapitation in the Medieval and Early Modern Imagination, 2012) pose the question, "How can we put this useless (albeit hilarious) knowledge to good use?" The authors decided that Python—with their dead parrots, French taunters and reverence for Spam—can be used as a teaching tool, and believe it or not, they're right. Similar in tone and intent to Blackwell's "…and Philosophy" series, Cogan and Massey apply Python's lessons (such as they are) to history, sport, art, theory and "everything else." For example, in the history chapter, the authors deliver a lengthy discussion about Python's iconic Spanish Inquisition sketch and how it utilizes and relates to the real Spanish Inquisition. The book is exhaustive—the authors touch on nearly every decent Python moment—and while it's a clever concept, it's a tough beginning-to-end read and is best attacked in bite-sized chunks. An interesting take on the Pythons, but it might have trouble finding an audience, as it doesn't offer anything truly new to hard-core Pythonites, and newbies may gravitate toward one of the many quality Python bios.
The comedy of the British troupe Monty Python is rich and fertile ground for interpretation, analysis, and examination of cultural, philosophical, and historical influences. Coauthors Cogan (chair, communication, Molloy Coll.; The Encyclopedia of Punk) and Massey (English, Molloy Coll.; coeditor, Heads Will Roll!) bring erudition, exuberant fandom, and wit to this study in contextualizing the television, film, and live performances of the group. With sections exploring Python's references to and commentary on history, literature, language, philosophy, sports, music, art, and television itself, the book serves as a guide to the many diverse influences that the company members used and reflected on in their work. Using texts on the specialties examined as well as the words of the actors from previous books and interviews, Cogan and Massey present a central theme: that Monty Python exposed the silliness and absurdity of reality and, more important, that the band mocked the very idea of authority with wit. VERDICT With its detail, wide range of topics covered, and the authors' own humor, this book will appeal to devoted fans with knowledge of the troupe's work, as well as those interested in pop culture studies.—James Collins, Morristown-Morris Twp. P.L., NJ
Product Details
- 9781250004703
- Publisher:
- St. Martin's Press
- Publication date:
- 03/18/2014
- Pages:
- 336
- Sales rank:
- 1,192,439
- Product dimensions:
- 6.40(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.50(d)
Read an Excerpt
"All brontosauruses are thin on one end…"
Part I
TAG UNDER: philosophy, linguistics, genre, names, profanity, the media, Surrealism, humor, atomic bomb, Semprini, and pornography.
This chapter, divided into numerous subsections, will look at the way in which Monty Python applied their rigorous training to philosophical and theoretical subjects. We will examine the many television and film references to subjects including politics, religion, linguistics, and even humor to give our readers a greater appreciation of how Python subversively used complex theories for cheap laughs. For example, there's a great deal going on in the cheap laugh elicited by the peasant in Monty Python and the Holy Grail who explains to King Arthur that a true political mandate comes from the people, as opposed to some "watery tart lobbing a scimitar at you!" The silliness of the exchange is funny in itself, but the underlying political theory that drives the humor makes the sketch more than simply funny—it's art.1
The Pythons themselves were certainly learned in various current theories (political, linguistic, comedic), but—if the Flying Circus sketch "Anne Elk" and her "Theory of the Brontosaurus" (ep. 31) is any indication—they may have held a skeptical view of theories in general. Or at least some of the ways in which any theory is accepted as a proven worldview.
Seated in the spartan conversation pit ("the usual late-night lineup set") of the television show Thrust: A Quite Controversial Look at the World Around Us, the Presenter (Chapman) introduces his audience to his guest, Miss Anne Elk (Cleese in prim bespectacled Pepperpot mode). As the intro music swells, the two settle into interview postures. Behind them, a black-and-white image of a brontosaurus2 hangs on an easel. Starting off the show with a serious directness, Chapman turns to Miss Elk and prompts: "You have a new theory about the brontosaurus." Yet, rather than present her theory, or offer an anecdote about how she came to her theory, or state why her theory is radical or innovative or how it will change human perception of the Jurassic Period (all typical talk-show "teaser" responses), Miss Elk instead either offers her host variations on "I have a theory; it is mine" … or she repeatedly clears her throat. Eventually, as Chapman's exasperation grows, Miss Elk delivers her groundbreaking theory:
This theory goes as follows and begins now. All brontosauruses are thin at one end, much thicker in the middle and then thin again at the far end. That is my theory, it is mine, and belongs to me and I own it, and what it is too.
By so blandly running up against the responsorial expectations for such a "cutting-edge" show (note the provocative main title and the "quite controversial" postcolon title that opened the scene), Elk's revelation underwhelms Chapman, who responds with, "That's it, is it?" He then subsequently loses all interest in his guest, fields a phone call, checks his shoes, and wanders off.
Not content to amaze her audience with one incontrovertible theory (which is hers), Miss Elk follows Chapman's Presenter off the Thrust set, onto Bounder of Adventure's travel set (where Idle's tourist, Mr. Smoke-Too-Much, continues his earlier rant) as the Fire Brigade choir from the earlier "All-England Summarize Proust" sketch wanders on. Oblivious to the metatheatrical mashing going on around her, Miss Elk proudly utters her second theory:
"My second theory states that fire brigade choirs seldom sing songs about Marcel Proust." Upon which, as the stage prompts note, "With only a half-beat pause the fire brigade start singing the Proust song."3
Faced with an explicit refutation of theory, the multiple sketches collide, give way to chaos, and—as a loony looks in—the episode fades out.
FACTOID BOX: Theory
Theories are testable and well-informed ideas about different scientific, pseudo-scientific, linguistic, religious, or social topics. Theories pose questions and contain valid hypotheses that can be tested. In the social science fields, there are many different methodological approaches to theory, but most approaches rely on quantitative, qualitative, historical, or textual analysis of some sort. As Kevin Williams put it, in most theoretical methods "theory can be tested through empirical investigation" or "can be secured through systematic and rigorous procedures of investigation" (2003, 2). While most theories cannot technically be "proven" beyond a shadow of a doubt, certain theories (evolution, gravity, the Mets losing this season) are so well accepted as to be regarded as fact instead of theory. In terms of archaeological theory, Anne Elk's "theory" about the brontosaurus may be accurate in some ways but is certainly not the kind of theory that would be acceptable as the conclusion to serious research. Ahem. Ahem.
Such may very well be the response from most readers when presented with any part of any book titled "Python on Theory." Critical Theory—the jargon-laden, navel-gazing, mental masturbation of needlessly verbose overeducated white-collar intellectual types—is stereotypically a dour endeavor that sucks the life out of whatever it examines. Psychoanalytical Theory, Feminist Theory, Literary Theory, Marxist Theory, Stimulus-Response Theory, Economic Theory … the list goes on and on, and every one of them is a snoozer. Yet unlike Anne Elk's theory (which proves to be absolutely empty and certainly not avant-garde), theory—even inherently humorless theory—can illuminate and be illuminated by the Pythons' oeuvre. This part of the book will sketch out how various modern critical theories—some quite cutting-edge when Flying Circus first aired—are echoed, presaged, or problematized by the erudite Pythons. If naught else, the Pythons taught theoretically minded viewers that sometimes a cigar isn't just a cigar—it's an exploding penguin on the telly.
"Half a bee, philosophically, must, ipso facto, half not be."
From the enumeration of philosophical luminaries in "The Philosophers Song" (usually presented in the live versions of the "Bruces" sketch) to the conversational rhetoric of the "Argument Clinic" sketch (ep. 29) to the existential lament over Eric the half a bee (on the Monty Python's Previous LP record) to the philosophers playing football (in Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus) who, instead of actually playing football, largely ponder the idea of playing football, Python seemed virtually obsessed with philosophy. The concept of trying to understand the meaning of life was one of the underlying themes of Python (heck, they even structured a film around the question), as was the complexity of language and how language helped to maintain and create reality; note, for example, the chaplain of the boys' school who is admonished by the headmaster because he was "wrestling with Plato" (in the "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers" sketch, ep. 18).
Throughout their career, Python tackled the philosophical approach to "unearthing and explicating the meaning of life and what the ultimate human goods are" (McGinn 2012). They deconstructed the application of philosophy in real-life settings, realizing that we can look at philosophy as "a systematic reflection on the nature of reality and humanity's place in that reality"(McGinn 2012); and because Python looked at reality as a weirdly constructed set of situations adrift from logic and meaning, they were able to assert that using philosophy in a world that made no sense with no real mandate for authority could lead to all kinds of new absurdities. In a meaningless or chaotic world, philosophy offered no consolation but was perhaps reduced to, as Alfred North Whitehead wrote, "a series of footnotes to Plato" (Smith 2012). Granted, those notes were scribbled in crayon in the margins with unsteady, childlike penmanship, but you have to give the human race points for trying.
Philosophy, a concept that the Pythons doubtless studied in some depth while at university, was a key and consistent part of the Python deconstruction. The word "philosophy" derives from the ancient Greek "philos" and "sophia" and translates literally as "love of wisdom." The term "philosophy"—the "origin is sometimes attributed to Pythagoras" (McGinn 2012)—is one of the great bugaboos of academia, in that while everyone who attends college studies philosophy (in some form or another, whether in or out of the discipline proper), the idea of the philosopher (like the legendary Pythagoras, alone, walking about, presumably thinking great thoughts about the totality of human existence), remains a puzzling concept to most outside of the rarified field. Most people still have no real idea what exactly philosophers do for a living. Hell, most people tend to think of philosophy as in Python's football sketch, where great thinkers wander about scratching their heads and musing about difficult ideas. This is despite the fact that even the term "philosophy" itself has many different meanings outside of the academic discipline and applying "the label to any seeker persisted until around the 18th century" and is similar to the study of science in many ways because "the subject is systematic, rigorous, replete with technical vocabulary, often in conflict with common sense, capable of refutation, produces hypotheses, uses symbolic notation, is about the natural world, is institutionalized, peer-reviewed, tenure grading, etc." (McGinn 2012). While we all engage in philosophical debates, perhaps what Python was really parodying was the professionalization of the field.
FACTOID BOX: Spot the Drunken Football-Playing Philosopher!
The "Philosophers Football Match" was a heady game indeed! For the Greeks, the impressive lineup included: Socrates, Plato, Heraclitus, Empedocles of Acragas, Aristotle, Epicurus, Archimedes, Epictetus, Aristotle, Plotinus, "Chopper" Sophocles; and for the Germans: Kant, Schlegel, Marx (who came in the second half as a replacement for Wittgenstein), Hegel, Leibniz, Schopenhauer, Schelling, Beckenbauer,* Jaspers, Kant, Nietzsche, and Heidegger.
* Beckenbauer is the "ringer" on the German team, of course. Franz "Der Kaiser" Beckenbauer was not a philosopher by trade but the greatest German footballer of all time. He was also an active player in the 1960s and 1970s, which made him an instantly recognizable figure for the viewers of Flying Circus.
Python generally employs a more democratic approach, taking philosophy out of the academy and putting it back on the playing field, sometimes literally. (See also Part V: Sport.) While Python does name many philosophers in the football match, there is no sense that they are espousing any particular philosophy; instead Python treats the field as one more lofty subject to be bandied about in and out of context, ecumenically embraced as a whole. Why claim one philosophical precept as true when you can make fun of the whole lot of them?
The game—which ends when Archimedes has an idea and after shouting "Eureka!" scores an actual goal—is largely a long shot of the philosophers musing as they walk about the field. The sketch works because, as philosopher Julian Baggini, in an article about current philosophers re-enacting the match, quoted Terry Jones as saying that "football is a team activity, which philosophy, as a general rule, isn't" (2010). Hence, the brilliance of the match.
Even the Python sketches that do not cite specific philosophers by name suggest that specific philosophical concepts were being used to illustrate humorous points. In Monty Python and the Holy Grail, the idea of how the muck-addled peasants relate to the (relatively) clean and regal-looking King Arthur, clearly separated by a chasm, not just based on the fact that the King "hasn't got shit all over him" but also because the King has a hereditary and magical claim on the crown … a claim that is disputed by Palin's peasant who argues that real power does not come from the Lady of the Lake but from a mandate from the masses. The fact that even the usually patient King Arthur is soon verbally oppressing him ("Help, help, I'm being oppressed!" Palin cries) fits into the medieval worldview, where class and privilege were not just the ordinary unquestioned facts of life but the basis for a system that was designed to persevere, despite the seeming lack of a moral center in mankind.
One philosopher, Thomas Hobbes (who according to the Bruces' song was "fond of his drams"), can be used to sum up the philosophical world of Holy Grail where authority is arbitrary and even a most chivalrous knight (Lancelot) on a quest to rescue the maiden fair ends up killing most of a wedding party in his righteous wrath. As Jacques Barzun put it, "Hobbes saw man in the state of nature as an aggressor, man is wolf to man. Unless controlled, he and his fellows live life that is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.'" From these premises, reason concludes that government must be strong, its laws emphatic and rigorously enforced to prevent outbreaks of wolfish nature against other men (2000, 267). Although Hobbes is often presumed to have been a royalist apologist, he does not specify a monarch and so his work but could also be interpreted as the "justification for an absolute parliament" (Barzun 2000, 267). Hobbes' view of the world—a place that needs a strong social contract because man must be protected from himself—is the medieval world of Holy Grail, where unprotected old women are viciously said, "Ni!" to by their passing strangers with impunity.
The Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (sadly not mentioned in "The Philosophers Song"; one can only imagine what he must have drunk!) would also have seen the mistreatment of the "constitutional peasants" as an egregious breach of the social contract. Rousseau essentially reduced his explanation of the social contract to "each of us places in common his person and all his power under the supreme direction of the general will; and as one body we all receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole" (1975, 15). Sadly, as Rousseau lived in the eighteenth century, he was not able to advise Palin's medieval (and fictional, for that matter) peasant of his inalienable rights.
Logic is often one of the issues discussed in Python's explorations into philosophy. Even Chapman's autobiographical book, A Liar's Autobiography, itself suggests that all biographies, as well as all accounts of the apparent truth or reality of any situation, are actually very much open to personal interpretation (Chapman et al. 1980). One need only look to the brouhaha that ensued in 2006 when talk-show host Oprah Winfrey discovered that an autobiography she had placed on her influential "Oprah's Book Club" recommended reading list—A Million Little Pieces—turned out to be largely a fiction. Unfortunately for the author, James Frey (a recovering drug addict and, apparently, serial liar), the truth of his memoir was rather divergent from the historical reality corroborated by criminal records and public death certificates. (Oprah's wrath was awesome.) Although humans often seek empirical reality or personal truths, perhaps the best we can achieve is a sort of common agreement, a reality that "makes sense" to all involved. Especially to Oprah.
But Python also had their own internal version of logic. Things "happened" not because of causality or the autonomous nature of human beings but because the universe was random and chaotic. While the "Lumberjack" sketch (ep. 9) is best known for its iconic song (and that's okay!), it is also one of the sketches where Python plays upon the concept that reality is just an assumption that we all share. In the sketch the lumberjack (played by Palin) starts off as a barber who is frightened that he might cut a little bit more than hair from his customers. After the customer (Jones) finally realizes that the barber is only pretending to cut his hair (using a rather well-timed recording of a banal barbershop conservation), the barber reveals his true career plans and moves off the barbershop set to a more pastoral one, reminiscent of the woods of British Columbia. While this is yet another Pythonesque comment on the nature of television it is also an acknowledgment that we are all playing roles in an artificial world, that reality itself is as malleable as identity, and that we should not put too much faith in the constructed world that surrounds us.
To many, including real-life philosophers, this deconstruction of philosophy was one of the better representations of philosophy ever portrayed in television and movies. As Julian Baggini (editor of The Philosophers' Magazine) wrote about Python and philosophy
… at the risk of getting silly, I'd go so far as to say that Python represents a coherent Anglo-Saxon take on existentialism. French thinkers such as Camus and Sartre recognized the absurdity of life, but it took the English Pythons to show that the right response was to laugh at it. (2010)
Baggini also points out that John Cleese thought that "comedy and deep thought could go hand in hand" (2010) and what the Pythons were doing, such as in the Pepperpots' quest to find Jean-Paul Sartre and ask him about the meaning of his books Rues a Liberté4 (Roads to Freedom), indicates that we are all on a quest to find some kind of meaning in life. Python works towards that end by questioning whether there is inherent meaning in any institution and asking where presumptions of authority actually come from. Academic philosopher Alan Richardson has said, "The only difference between Monty Python and academic philosophy is that philosophy isn't funny" (Malamud 2011).
Python also continually dropped names the way an upper-class twit would at a cocktail party. Almost every sketch that deals with logic or philosophy brings up the names of various experts in the field, almost daring the viewer to keep up. In the "Bruces" sketch alone (ep. 22), the banned "great socialist thinkers would certainly include at least the structuralism school so popular in the 1960s and 1970s in Europe, including such luminaries as Ferdinand de Saussure, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Lacan, Foucault and Althusser" (Larsen 2008, 296). Larsen does not mention two who would have been very prominent on that list, Baudrillard and Derrida, who also dealt with the connection between language and reality, which in many ways was exactly what Python was trying to do when they examined philosophy.
"Ee ecky thump."
Monty Python's exploration of language—of the uses and abuses of language in the name of humor, of lexical and syntactic ambiguity resulting in humor, of the limits of language as a communicative device—is perhaps the most ubiquitous element in their oeuvre and arguably the element that most identifies them as practitioners of "intellectual" humor and exposes their (un)common Oxbridge background. In particular, their comic abuse of traditional grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation belies their mastery of conventional linguistics and linguistic theory. Granted, when their audience fails to "get" these jokes it can alienate them ("What the hell is so funny about saying that? I say that!"), but when the audience does laugh such linguistic humor can both reinforce and inform.
Larsen, commenting on "French Subtitled Film" (ep. 23) points to the current revolution in linguistic theory that the Pythons drew upon:
[Miscommunication] is a key element … for the Pythons, and is based on the recent interest in semantics and semiotics, the growing awareness that meaning isn't just "there," it is imbued by and for society/culture, and that meaning can and does fluctuate depending on context. The separation of a word from its "meaning" allows for new meanings and even multiple meanings to be temporarily affixed to a word—there now exists the possibility of "wiggle room" in the world of language. Modernist authors like Joyce, Stein, Pound, Woolf, and Eliot pushed this separation, this interchangeability, and the Pythons came along at just the right time to explore that new ambiguity in the television format. (2008, 301)
Linguistic communication and miscommunication goes beyond individual words, of course: meaning is conveyed via singular morphemes as well as words, phrases, and idioms; meaning is conveyed through conversations (for what good is language if no one receives it?); meaning is conveyed through form and genre; and ultimately, as contemporary linguists were arguing at the time, meaning is reliant upon context. Here, then, is a sampling of how genre, conversations, and words (in particular, naming and word creation) are employed in Python.
"Pantomime horse is a Secret Agent."
The Pythons are largely responsible for introducing the mash-up to television, and many of their most memorable mash-ups seem to have less to do with particular vocabulary use/abuse than with the questioning of generic constraints. However, inherent in the plethora of generic mash-ups depicted throughout the four seasons of Flying Circus is the validation of literary forms and viewer expectations or, in a wider sense, a validation of genre as effectively communicative. For example, Measure for Measure fails when performed underwater,5 but Shakespeare's final comedy has traditionally succeeded onstage. Wuthering Heights fails as an exercise in semaphore but (presumably) succeeds as a novel. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes fails when presented via smoke signals but succeeds as a film. And so on.6 Mode of presentation and genre—although so very often taken for granted—matter in these skits.
And, in one particularly effective, moving, and utterly ludicrous generic relocation in episode 22, The Death of Mary Queen of Scots (traditionally a tragedy) elicits far more humor than expected when enacted as a BBC Radio program, replete with an overabundance of (conventional radio) sound effects and pregnant pauses:
Radio Announcer: And now we present the first episode of a new radio drama series, The Death of Mary Queen of Scots. Part one, the beginning.
Theme music: "Coronation Scot" as used in Paul Temple for years
Man's Voice: You are7 Mary Queen of Scots?
Woman's Voice: I am.8
There now follows a series of noises indicating that Mary is getting the shit knocked out of her. Thumps, bangs, slaps, pneumatic drilling, sawing, flogging, shooting, all interlarded with Mary's screams. The two women [Pepperpots sitting at the radio] listen calmly. After a few seconds: fade as the signature tune, "Coronation Scot," is brought up loudly to denote ending of episode.
Radio Announcer: Episode two of The Death of Mary Queen of Scots can be heard on Radio 4 almost immediately.
One of the women goes to the set and switches it over. As she goes back to her seat from the radio we hear the theme music again, fading out as the sounds of violence and screaming start again and continue unabated in vigor.
Man's Voice: I think she's dead.
Woman's Voice: No I'm not.
After a time, sounds of violence and screaming start again, rapidly fading under the tune of "Coronation Scot."
Announcer's Voice: That was episode two of The Death of Mary Queen of Scots, specially adapted for radio by Bernard Hollowood and Brian London.9 And now, Radio 4 will explode.
(The radio explodes.)
Bereft of their radio, the two Pepperpots then turn to watch the television, which leads to the lexically ambiguous10 question, "What's on the telly?"
The Death of Mary Queen of Scots thus serves as a violent—indeed, explosive—indictment of generic instability (a popular conceit in late-sixties avant-garde cinema) and a self-reflexive comment on passive audience expectation.11
Of course, if exploding radios and penguins do not call enough explicit attention to the suitability of performance modes, there remains the metatheatrical re-examination of generic incongruity in the re-enactments performed by the Batley Townswomen's Guild (portrayed, as usual, by the Pythons in drag). Skits include the "Batley Townswomen's Guild Presents the Battle of Pearl Harbour" (ep. 11) and the "Batley Townswomen's Guild Presents the First Heart Transplant" (ep. 22). In both re-enactments, regardless of the diversity of subject matter and genre, the Pepperpotted Pythons generally just wail on one another with their purses; as the script prompts for episode 11 notes, "the two sides set about each other with handbags etc., speeded up 50% just to give it a bit of edge"; and for episode 22 "The two groups of ladies rush at each other. They end up in the sea, rolling about and splashing, and thumping each other with handbags." In addition to the base slapstick violence presented, humor arises in the meta-meta narratives presented, of professional cross-dressing actors acting as amateur actresses acting (poorly) in various roles, all without any variety. But as before, underlying the nudge-nudge-wink-wink performativity elements is an implicit validation of generic expectations.12
And so, by comically employing early mash-ups,13 the Pythons explore genre-specific meaning and audience expectation. But they also examine—and problematize—the expectations of everyday language employed in everyday situations, particularly in conversations between sellers and consumers, between those who have and those who want.
Copyright © 2014 by Brian Cogan, Ph.D. and Jeff Massey, Ph.D.
Meet the Author
DR. BRIAN COGAN is an associate professor and chair of the Department of Communication at Molloy College. The author of The Encyclopedia of Punk, he has also written numerous articles on punk rock, comic books, and the intersection of politics and popular culture.
DR. JEFF MASSEY is professor of English at Molloy College. He is the vice president of MEARCSTAPA, the coeditor of Heads Will Roll!: Decapitation in the Medieval and Early Modern Imagination, and the author of sundry articles.
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AUGUST 1988 - A family portrait: from left to right on the back row, Santo Versace, Gianni and Donatella's then-husband Paul Beck. On the front, Donatella with Allegra and Santo's wife Christina with their children, Francesca and Antonio. READ GIANNI'S BIOGRAPHY
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