text: Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian L M. Diakonoff STOR ® Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 105, No. 4. (Oct. - Dec, 1985), pp. 597-603. Stable URL: http://linfcsjstor.org/sici?s^^ Journal of the American Oriental Society is currently published by American Oriental Society. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aos.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact email@example.com. http://www.j stor.org/ ThuMar 9 09:11:27 2006 HURRO-URARTIAN BORROWINGS IN OLD ARMENIAN I. M. DlAKONOFF Leningrad, USSR This study examines a number of lexemes in Armenian which appear to have Hurro-Urartian etymologies. It attempts also to isolate the chronological periods during which these borrowings took place and to describe the linguistic changes that these words underwent in Armenian. Armenian is an Indo-European language which recalls English in that it is saturated with borrowed lexical material. Apart from the usual amount of occasional borrowings for which it is difficult to establish a valid historical reason, most of the borrow- ings correspond to certain cultural innovations in the Armenian society itself. In this paper we shall not dwell on the strata which involve Neo-Armenian. However, in the Old Armenian (Grabar), which up to the 19th century was the literary language for all Armenians, there are also several clearly definable strata of borrowings. Grabar is a literary language whose core was formed between the 5th and the 8th centuries a.d., but the stratum of borrowings which shall be discussed here goes back to a period before the 5th century b.c. Roughly, the following strata in Old Armenian can be identified: (1) Middle Iranian (predominantly Parthian but also Middle Median and especially Middle Persian) is responsible for the greatest number of borrowings. They denote abstract notions, terms of the feudal society, but the strata in question also contain a considerable number of words denoting objects of daily life; they have probably ousted older lexemes with a similar semantic of a Common Indo-European origin. Note that there are few certain Old Iranian borrowings, if any; (2) The Syriac Aramaic dialect, and to a lesser degree Greek (partly also through the mediation of Syriac) are responsible for words referring to religious and ecclesiastical matters, and also to writing and literary activities etc.; (3) A separate stratum consists of borrowings from an earlier Aramaic dialect (possibly connected with the resettling to Armenia of city-dwellers of Aramaic and Jewish origin under Tigranes II and Artavazdes I in the 1st century B.C., but also with the Aramaic traders, scribes etc. of the Hellenistic and Achaemenian pe- riods). This stratum is responsible for terms connected with trade and traders, names of wares which were in circulation, some implements etc. These words are mostly easily discernible because they preserve a number of early North Aramaic peculiarities and mostly lack the typical final Aramaic -a (> Arm. -ay) which at that epoch was still an article in Aramaic. A number of originally Akkadian words have passed into Armenian probably via Aramaic mediation; (4) Below these strata lies a stratum whose origin was until lately undetermined, and which was usually referred to as the "Caucasian substratum". A consider- able number of words have been identified (mainly by Hr. Adjarian) as originating from certain Kartvelian (Georgian) dialects; some were thought to be akin to Udi (a southern dialect of the Lezghian group in the North-Eastern Caucasian linguistic family), or as originating from the languages of Asia Minor and the Aegean world. However, hundreds of words are hither- to unexplained, even tentatively. Since the Armenian nation, as seems to follow from written sources, has been formed in the territories inhabited in the 2nd millennium B.C. by Luwian, Hurrian and Urartian speakers, a search for Luwian, Hurrian and Urartian (or Hurro-Urartian) 1 etymo- logies applicable to Armenian words, might be reward- ing. Much work has been done in this direction by a number of authors, 2 but it is only in the last few decades that our knowledge of the languages in question has increased sufficiently, and now this problem has been tackled by J. A. C. Greppin, 3 G. B. Apart from the written Hurrian and Urartian languages there must have existed a number of intermediate dialects which had not been committed to writing. I am thinking of the well-known works of P. de Lagarde, J. Markwart, N. G. Adontz, Hr. Adjaryan, G. A. Kapantsyan and others. J. A. C. Greppin, Hittite -za and Armenian z- and the "Theory of Armeno- Hittite borrowings," Journal of Indo- European Studies 3 (1975), id., Armeno- Luwica, Revue des 597 598 Journal of the American Oriental Society 105.4 (1985) Djahukyan, 4 N. Mekertchyan, 5 N. V. Harouthiounyan (toponymies), and the author of the present paper. 6 In the following we will try to present a list of more or less dependable results, hitherto achieved: 7 I. SOCIAL TERMINOLOGY 1. aiaxin 'servant girl, slave girl'< Hurr. al(l)a(e)h- he/inne % 'keeper (male or female) of that which pertains to the lord of the house/ family' i.e., of household (or temple) stores, mostly of food (cf. Akkad. ala(h)hinnu do., 9 NAss. lahinu, lahinatu do., Mishn. Hebrew hhena, Aram, hhenta 'concubine'). The Hurrian form should be analyzed as *all-ae 'lady (of the house)' (but dialectally 'lord of the house' is also possible), 10 -hhe etudes armeniennes 13 (1978/79); id. "Armenian laxur and Hittite lahhur," ibid., 15 (1981); id., "The Anatolian substrata in Armenian — an Interim Report," Annals of Armenian Linguistics (1982); id., "Luwian Elements in Armenian," Hin Arevelk c — Drevnij Vostok 3, Erevan, 1978, pp. 115-26, 267-68, et al. 4 G. B. Dzhaukjan (Djahukyan), Ocerkipo istorii dopis'men- nogo perioda armjanskogo jazyka [Studies in the Pre- Literate Period of the Armenian Language], Erevan, 1967; id., Khajasskij jazyk i ego otnosenie k indoevr ope j skim jazykam [Haiasan in its Relation to Indo-European], Erevan 1964; id., 'Genetic Coincidences in the Vocabulary of Armenian and Hittito-Luwian," Patma-banasirakan handes 24 [39] (1967) (in Armenian); id., "Novye urartsko-indoevropejskie paralleli [New Parallels between Urartianand IE]," Izvestija Akademii nauk Arm. SSR, 3 (1965); id., "Hittito-Luwian Elements in the Armenian Vocabulary," Vestnik Erevanskogo Universiteta 2 (1967) (in Armenian). 5 N. Mekertchyan, "Verbal Reduplication in Hittite and Armenian," Hin Aravelk c - Drevnij Vostok 2, Erevan, 1976 (Russian, English summary: The author envisages borrowings from Hittite, but they are more likely to be from Luwian or Hittito-Luwian); id., "Substratum Names of Plants in Armenian," ibid., 4, 1983 (Russian, English summary), to be used with caution. I. M. Diakonoff, Hurrisch und Urartaisch, Munich 1971. Where the author of the etymology is not mentioned, it means that the etymology has long been accepted in the special literature; some of the anonymous etymologies have been proposed by the author of the present paper. 8 PI. a-la-ah-he-en-ne-na HSS 15 211:28. CAD, AHw s.v. Note that von Soden's translation, 'miller', is wrong. In the following all Akkadian glosses are taken from these two dictionaries, unless another source is specifically quoted. 10 Hurro-Urartian had no genders, and the form all-ae is derived from the root *all-, Urart. al- 'to be lord of, to rule' (cf. e.g., Urart. al-usd 'ruler'). The root is Common PEC. possessive adjective suffix, 4- -(i)nne suffix of names of professions and similar. Note that Hurro-Urartian -ae- has a tendency to develop to -e-, -e in Hurrian, but to -a(-) in Urartian. Hence the borrowing may be from Urartian or a dialect proximate to literary Urartian. Note also that the Armenian reflex -/ does not necessarily point to a reduplicated *-//- in the original (as I formerly thought); the spelling / or // depends upon whether the Hurro-Urartian phoneme is from the Proto-Eastern-Caucasian (PEC) lateral sibilant, or from the PEC / or l\. It is well known that, different from Hurrian, Urartian had no long or reduplicated consonants, at least in spelling. 2. aix 'household, household property' < Hurro- Urart. *all-ae-hha, cf. No. 1. 3. astern 'I marry' < Hurrian aste 'wife' (Kapan- tsyan). 4. ear ay 'slave' > *car(r)a, the Hurrian variant being sarre < *carr-ae 'live booty, captives', Akkad. sallatu (spelled in an Akkadian lexical text as sar-ri/e) n Note that Hurrian s = Urart. s n was an affricate, /c/ or /£/; all 'emphatics' yield simple consonants in Armenian, while the non-emphatics yield aspirated consonants. 13 Of course, the Akkadian spelling could also allow of a reading sar-ri/e, but Hurrian sarri is another word meaning 'king' (borrowed from Akkadian). II. CULTURAL TERMS 5. agur 'burned brick' < Akkad. agurru < Sum. al- ii r-(r) a do., probably through Hurrian mediation. In Aramaic only the form agora (borrowed from Akkadian) is attested; an earlier Aramaic dialect might have preserved a form *agurr-a or, without the article, *agur but, as Professor Anahit Perikhanian tells me, these forms would yield in Armenian *aguray (from Syriac) or *agur (from earlier Aramaic), not agur. The same must be true in the case of an immediate borrow- ing from Akkadian. 6. anag 'tin'< Hurr. *anagi < Akkad. a(n)naku do. (< Sum. a n-(n) a. A Hurrian mediation is here E. Laroche, Glossaire de la langue hourrite (sub sarri), Paris, 1980, p. 217. The Hurrian glosses, if not noted other- wise, are taken from this publication. 12 Cf. Hurr. pis- 'to rejoice'= Urart. pis-do., et al. (<PEC *c, *c). 13 See I. M. Diakonoff, S. A. Starostin, Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Language, mss (in press). 14 The Sumerian an.na has the readings a n-n a and n a g-(g) a, n i g-(g) i, both of which have been borrowed, cf. Akkad. ainjna/ku'lead, tin', Hebrew °anak 'plumb', Aram. °an(nd)k-a 'tin', Sanskr. naga- 'tin'(M. Mayrhofer, Kurzgefas- stes etymologisches Worterbuch des Altindischen, Heidelberg, Diakonoff: Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian 599 nearly a certainty, because only in Hurrian but not in Urartian and Aramaic is *-k- in medial position reflected 15 as -g-. 7. knik c 'seal' < Hurr. *kanikki < Akkad. kaniku or, according to Reiner's law, alternatively kanikku 'a sealed object' (document, sack, bulla, etc.). The dif- ference of reflexes between the initial and the medial k points to a Hurrian mediation. The common etymo- logy < Akkad. kunukku 'seal-cylinder' must be re- jected. 8. p c ox 'barter, exchange' < Akkad. puhu do. The transition of u > b could find place already in Ak- kadian, since Greek transcriptions of late Babylonian words attest it, although we do not know when this phenomenon actually appeared in Akkadian. But also in Hurro-Urartian /o/ was much more frequent than /u/. The word is actually attested in Hurrian: pdhi(!), poh-ugar- (-ugar- being a suffix of reciprocity) 'barter, exchange'. It probably must have existed also in Urartian. 9. t c iw "number' < Hurr. tiw- 'to say, speak', tiwd 'word, deed' (Kapantsyan). III. ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL TERMS 10. ananux 'mint'< Hurr. *an-an-uhha or *an~an- uya. Actually attested are Akkad. anariihu possibly 'mint' < Hurr. *an-an-ihha J and Hurr. an-an-isha, 1959 sq., II, 150); it is not impossible that both Sum. n a g-(g) a and Sanskr. naga- might be borrowings from the same common source (the language of the Harappa -culture?), and that only a n-(n) a is genuine Sumerian. Akkad. a(n)naku means 'tin or lead' (cf. H. Freydank, "Fernhandel und Warenpreise nach einer mittelassyrischen Urkund des 12. Jahrhunderts v.u.Z.,"in Studies in Honor of I. M. Diakonoff, Warminster 1982, pp. 64, 72), and a n-(n) a is even 'iron' (cf. A. A. Vaiman, "Eisen in Sumer," AfO 19 (1982), S. 33-38). But Arm. anag cannot be etymologized from either Sansk. naga- or Sum. n a g-(g) a but only from Akkadian through Hurrian. It would be tempting to include in the list Arm. arlez {aralez, yaralez) 'spirit accompanying the dead', etymologizing it from Akkadian (also Hurrian?) aral{l)e 'Underworld'. However, the Hurro-Urartian word-formational suffix -z/", fairly common both in Hurrian and in Urartian, unfortunately occurs only in obscure glosses, and its sense is unknown; also, it seems to attach only to consonants. A form *arale-zzi (with the adjective suffix -Vzzi) would make sense, viz., 'character- istic of, pertaining to the Underworld', but again unfortunately the -zz- in this suffix (= Urart. -usd) seems to stand for an unvoiced sibilant affricate and hence could hardly yield -z in Armenian. both with suffixes which alternate with -(u)hha and -uya and have approximately the same possessive meaning. The Aramaic forms with loss of the initial fl- are later and derived (Mekertchyan). 1 1 . nurn (Gen. man) 'pomegranate' < *nurn V\ prob- ably a variant of *nurm V, which is the prototype of Sum. gl§ n u-u r- m a 'pomegranate', certainly bor- rowed (as can be inferred also from its spelling), obviously from the mountaineer neighbours. Hence Akkad. nurmu (in Nuzi also lurmu, lurinu). In Hurrian the only attested form in the adjective nurandi-ya 'of pomegranate' which is supposed to derive from an Assyrian *nuramtu (the Babylonian feminine form is nurimtu). However, the ending -(an)-di can easily be explained as Hurrian word-formational suffix(es). It is clear that the Mesopotamian terms are borrowed, while the terms in the mountaineer languages have a good chance to be original. Other Semitic languages yield metathetic forms (Hebrew rimmon, Arab, rum- man-) (Mekertchyan). 16 12. sa/or (East, slor) 'plum(-tree)'. The Hurrian and Urartian words for 'plum' are not attested, but we have the Akkad. salluru 'plum(-tree), or 'medlar', obviously a borrowing from a Hurr. I sail-oral , and Akkad. Nuzi sennuru (cf. Sum. sennur) do.; these forms also go back to a Hurrian variant of the same word, /senn-ora/ (an alternation -n-/ /-I- is well known in Hurrian). The Armenian word has certainly the same origin; whether from Hurr. /*sall-or3/ or from an Urartian cognate, viz. *saluri /sal-ora/, cannot be ascertained. 13. serkewil 'quince'. Cf. Arab. safargal< Aram. *sapargala < Akkad. sapu/argillu. Here is a clear case of metathesis, but it is not clear which form, the Akkadian or the Armenian, is nearer to the original, that might have been Hurrian or have belonged to another extinct Caucasian language (Mekertchyan). 14. tuit, teit (late also tuid) 'althea'. Mekertchyan compares the Akkadian tuldu (from a lexical text; Mekertchyan thinks also that (among others) Arm. maxr 'a coniferous ixee* and p c arp c ar 'purslane' should be regarded as of Akkadian or Hurrian origin. However, the medieval and dialectal Arm. maxr is from Pers. marx, and also Akkad. mehru 'pine or spruce' may be of Iranian origin. The main term for 'purslane' in Armenian is kockorak, later danduf, while all the dialectal forms like p c erp c eran, p c erp c rem etc. 'purslane' have their origin in Pers. parpahan. P c arp Q ar 'purslane' in Galen is due to a mistranslation. I am indebted for this information to Professor Anahit Perikhanian. See however Akkad. parparhu 'purslane', obviously from a Hurr. *parpar-hd, which may also be the origin of the Aram. parpahTna (from the Hurr. plural in -rar?)— and of Pers. parpahan ? 600 Journal of the American Oriental Society 105.4 (1985) glossed ladiru ina Subari 'Hurrian for ladiru')} 1 Akkad. tuldu might reproduce a Hurrian *tulti\ how- ever, from the Akkadian context it only follows that this was a 'medicinal plant' (Kapantsyan). 15. uit 'Bactrian camel' < Urart. ultu do. The Urar- tian word is somehow connected with Akkad. utltru (not *udru\) do., and perhaps with Olran usOra-. There is an IE etymology proposed for the latter, which is not overwhelmingly convincing but may be correct. 18 16. xafof Vine'. Possibly < Hurr. /*hall-o-ta/,/w-/w- le in the Nuzi spelling: the term is mentioned in an administrative account along with uhlnu 'unripe dates' and may quite possibly mean 'grapes' (plural -/a). (Mekertchyan) 17. xA2/or'apple(-tree)'< Hurr. (probably also Urar- tian, but not attested as such) hinzuri / hinj-ors / . The Aramaic hazziira is certainly < Akkad. hinzuru {hi- > ha- is typical). The Sumerian hashur 'apple-tree' is also from Eastern Caucasian but not Hurrian (possibly from Qutian which may have belonged to Western Lezghian languages). These glosses, a dozen and a half, may be regarded as either certain or probable. Several more have been proposed, but they all have some important draw- back — either the interpretation of the semantic is inexact, or the Armenian gloss is late, or it can be shown to have another more plausible etymology, etc. Additionally we may mention a few probable etymologies which, however, do not fall under the three main semantic headings above, namely: 18. car 'tree'. This is a crux. According to Adjarian, it is to be etymologized from IE *g'rso-, cf. Greek ydpoava 'brushwood', yeppov <* yepaov 'wattle-fence', Old Norse kjarr 'brushwood'. An alternative etymo- logy, advocated by myself and others, compares Arm. car 'tree' to Urart. sard 'orchard', Hurr. sar-me (/car-(?)/ , attested in an Akkadian lexical text) 'wood', both < PEC *cwal\hV 'v/ood, fire-wood; big stick'. Of course, the derivation of the name for such a common object as a tree from 'orchard', 'wood' or 'big stick' does not sound very convincing; but neither does the derivation of 'tree' from 'brushwood' or 'wattle-fence'. Sub judice lis est. Ladiru or aladlru is certainly also a borrowed word, which can be seen from the elision of a- typical of borrowed but not of original Semitic words (because in the latter the spelling a- stands for / 3 a-/; cf. alahhinnu / / ' lahinu et al.). The Urartian glosses, if not noted otherwise, are from I. M. Diakonoff, Urart skie pis 'ma i document y [Urartian Letters and Documents], Moscow-Leningrad 1963; cf. also the glossary in G. A. Melikisvili, Urartskie klinoobraznye nadpisi [Urartian Cuneiform Inscriptions], Moscow, 1960, continued in VDI 1971, 3-4. 19. cov 'sea' < Urart. sua (if interpreted as /co(w)s/ , which is quite possible) '(inland) sea'. 20. xarxarem i destroy' < Urart. harhar- 'to be destroyed' ('to destroy' is Urart. harlyar-s-). The dif- ficulty lies in the fact that the Armenian transitive form seems to be connected with the Urartian intransitive. However, it can easily be imagined that there could have existed a dialectal situation in which the difference between Urart. harhar-, 'to be destroyed,' and Urart. dial. *harhar-, 'to destroy', would be expressed not by the suffix -s- but by the more common method of changing the intransitive personal morphs for the transitive. Even if we discard the last three items as occasional or doubtful borrowings, the list of such borrowings from Hurro-Urartian into Armenian as can be regarded as certain or probable remains highly interesting. It has a bearing on the question, whether Proto-Armenian was an aboriginal language, being at least as old in its homeland as Hurro-Urartian, or even older, 19 or it was introduced in the Highland over a Hurro-Urartian substratum in the 12th century B.C., as 1 think, and as many predecessors (the latest being H. A. Manandyan) have thought before me, suggesting even later dates. 20 The IE kernel of Old Armenian contains all the necessary words denoting man, parts of the body, natural actions and states and also the most important terms for the domestic animals, except the camel. Of course, in the 2nd millennium B.C. the Proto- Armenians could not have been nomadic cattle- breeders. They had, no doubt, also a subsidiary agriculture, which is attested, e.g., by the IE words for 'barley' (gari) and the 'plough' (arawr) in Old Armenian. But they had to borrow from the Hurro-Urartians the most necessary terms of a settled agricultural early class civilization (such as 'slave', 'slave-girl', 'burned brick', 'tin', 'seal'), as well as words for local animals and plants ('camel', 'apple', 'plum' or 'medlar', 'quince'/?/). The only possible conclusion is, that the immigration of the Proto-Armenian speaking tribes postdated the settlement of the Hurro-Urartians in the Highland. F. Kortlandt 21 has suggested a relative chronology for the various phonetic changes which occurred at the As suggested by Vyacheslav Vs. Ivanov, Th. V. Gam- krelidze, G. Klychkov, O. Shirokov and a number of other scholars. See I. M. Diakonoff, The Prehistory of the Armenian Nation, Delmar, N.Y. 1985. F. Kortlandt, "On the relative chronology of Armenian sound changes," First International Conference of Armenian Linguistics: Proceedings, Delmar, N.Y. 1980, pp. 97-106; Diakonoff: Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian 601 different stages of the development of Proto-Armenian. In reconstructing these stages, it is necessary to take into consideration that at the later stages there must have existed an Armenian- Urartian bilingualism, which must have influenced the process of the changes. The changes from PIE to Proto-Armenian and those inside Proto-Armenian which antedated the contact with Hurro-Urartian can be inferred from the above list of borrowings of lexical material from Hurro- Urartian into Old Armenian, and also from toponyms inherited by the Armenians from the Urartians, such as Abiliana /Abiliana/, Arm. Abetean, Alzi- /Aldzi-/, Arm. Aij-ni-k c , Biaine-h /Viane-b/, Arm. Van, Gaura-ha, Arm. Gawre-k c , Giarnia-, Arm. Garni, Halitu-, Arm. XaH-k c , Qutumu- /Qot D omV/, Arm. Kotom, Suluqu- /Culuk D u-/, Arm. Cfuk, Supa- /Copa-/, Arm. Cop c -k c , Seseti, Arm. Sawsat c (l), Tuarasd /T D uaracV/, Arm. Tuaraca-tap c , Tuspa /T D osp 3 a/, Arm. Tosp, Zabahae /Javaha/, Arm. Javax- k c . 22 These toponyms, as well as the borrowings from Hurro-Urartian into Armenian of appellatives quoted above, show beyond any doubt that the contact of the speakers of Proto-Armenian with the Hurro-Urartians took place after the moment when in Proto-Armenian (and also in Phrygian and Thracian) the shift of IE voiced, voiced aspirated and unvoiced to unvoiced (glottalized?), voiced, and unvoiced aspirated had taken place and ceased to be productive. The same can probably be said of the change from *w> g (we have only a case of retainment of the Urartian /v-/, which may not be the same thing); and also of the change of *s- to zero (also shared with Phrygian). 23 Note also two cases of a presumable reproduction of the Armenian plural in -k c as -ki in Urartian: Mus-ki- 4 Proto-Armenians\ later also 'Phrygians, Phrygia', cf. Akkad. Muski, Hebrew Masak (more correctly Mosak, M6oo% in the Septuagint), 24 the same sense; Tumis-ki /T 3 omis-ki/ = Greek Tomisa (plural!). According to Kortlandt, the shift of the stops and the assibbilation of *k' to *s' (of which there are already no traces in the above material), the develop- ment of *s to *h (although as yet not to zero) and the through the kindness of A. Perikhanian I was also able to consult Kortlandt's ms on Proto-Armenian case endings. Note that the Urartian graphemic b stands for /b/ and fvf,p for I pi and /p/,ifor /s/ and (more seldom) for fs/ ,s for /c/ and /£/,sfor /c/ and /£/,zfor /dz/ and /J/,and for /z/ (?), u for /o/ and more seldom for /u/ and /w/, etc. Thus Garni, not * Kami or * Carni, agur, not *akur, salor, not *alor (cf. IE sal 'salt'> Arm. ai, etc.) The stem is *mus-, cf. Muaia, Urart. Musa /Musa(?)/, Luw. Hier. Musa- and Muska-. palatalization of the velar stops before front vowels ceased to be productive at stages 1 to 8, which means that the contacts with Hurro-Urartian postdated stage 8. Kortlandt dates also the development of IE *o, *e and *-on, *-en to (-)w, (-)/ rather early, too, which is corroborated by the fact that a similar development occurs also in Old Phrygian (8th-4th centuries B.C.). The development of *w to *y w to g, and the develop- ment of *h w (from *sw) to *x and of final -s in nom. plural also to *-x he dates to the rather late stage 1 1, which, according to him, postdates the ienition' of *p, */, *k, *k w to *cp, *0, *x, *X W ( at stage 10, these phonemes later becoming/? , / c , k c at stage 19), but to */before r. This hypothesis explains a number of later phonetic phenomena; however some doubt remains. Thus, for one thing, a development from *cp, *0, *xtop c ,t c ,k c can hardly be regarded as 'a natural type of development'. But it could have taken place in the period of Proto- Armenian — Urartian bilingualism, since Urartian had no fricative phonemes of the type of (p, 9 (Hurro- Urartian / developed into v-, -w in Urartian). And if our interpretation of the terms Muski, Tumiski is correct, that would mean that the change from *-s to *-x to *-k c must have occurred considerably earlier, also antedating the Proto-Armenian-Hurro-Urartian contacts: Urartian h {— Arm. x) did not develop into k c in Armenian, cf. Halitu > Xafti-k c , Zabahae > Javax-k c . Is it possible that the 'Ienition' of */?, */, *k occurred only in certain phonotactic conditions, and not as a general rule? 25 25 Thus, it is difficult to explain the development of the IE plural ending in *-s to -k c without postulating an intermediate *-x, or to explain the genitive hawr of hayr 'father' (< IE pater) without postulating such intermediate forms as *hat c ir, gen. *ha9ros > *hafroh >*hawrV. But the 'Ienition' may not have occurred, e.g., in initial positions except in the case of Arm. x- < IE *kH, which development Kortlandt relegates to stage 20 (after the apocope). The case of x may have been strengthened because of the fact that h (= x) was a very frequent phoneme in Urartian and Hurrian. The Urartian phonetic structure must have had a considerable influence on the development of the Armenian phonetic structure at the later stages of Proto-Armenian. Note the emergence of a number of phonemes unknown to PIE — not only of such as were due to spontaneous palatalization, as c D , ], c, /, but also such as were quite foreign to Indo-European, e.g., (glottalized) c or x: if there had existed a stage of 'Ienition', it was anyway shortlived, neither q> or surviving: they were not supported by the Urartian phonetics; but x (= Urart. h) did survive. Kortlandt suggests the development of Arm. ac from *aug(e) and places this development at stage 2. However, it is hard to imagine that a separate phoneme would develop at so early a period not supported by other occurrences except that one 602 Journal of the American Oriental Society 105.4 (1985) This problem is connected with the question of the origin of the Armenian self-denomination hayo-, nom. plural hay-k c \ if the present author's contention (earlier brought forward by P. Jensen and P. Tashyan) that hayo- should be derived from Proto-Armenian * Hat c io(s) < Urart. Hati- 'name of countries west of the Euphrates and specifically of Melitene, and of their inhabitants', is correct, then the contact between Proto-Armenians and Urartians must have happened before stage 10 or after stage 19, or else the idea of 'lenition' itself should be abandoned. This means that *p, */, *k developed directly into p c , / c , k c , except for positions before -r and perhaps some other specific conditions. Naturally, however, I may be wrong. The terminus ante quern for the beginning of a Proto-Armenian — Urartian bilingualism is Kortlandt's stage 16, to which he dates the apocope, or loss of the final vowel in Armenian. The apocope was obviously due to a change from a free tonal accent of the Greek or Vedic type which certainly still existed in Phrygian and probably in Proto-Armenian, to a fixed strong expiratory stress on the penultimate syllable. This was the type of stress typical of Urartian. The apocope led to a complete restructuring of the Armenian inflection; this, then, is also the result of Hurro-Urartian influence. Another important influence of Hurro-Urartian on Armenian is, no doubt, the loss of genders which were completely unknown to the former. According to Kortlandt, the gender distinction was lost in Proto- Armenian (save for a few relics in the pronoun) before the apocope. Hence the date of the beginning of the bilingualism must date also from a stage earlier than stage 16. As mentioned above, the present author has sug- gested that the speakers of Proto-Armenian arrived in the Upper Euphrates and Arsanias (Muratsu) valleys in the 12th century B.C. under the name of /*Mus-k c i/. If that were the case, borrowings from Proto-Armenian into Urartian (texts from the 8th to the 6th cen- tury B.C.!) would be possible. I have sorted out three glosses, none of which are attested in Hurrian (all Hurrian texts and glosses known to us antedate the 12th century B.C.!). Two of them have plausible PEC etymologies, but etymologies from Proto-Armenian seem at least equally plausible. The following list should be regarded as provisional and experimental and is intended to invite discussion. 1. Urart. Arsiha /arciva/ name of a horse, pre- sumably 'Eagle'. The proposed PEC etymology is from phonotactic situation. At the same time a phoneme c or c, seems to have existed in Urartian, cf. Diakonoff and Starostin, op. cit. * c warcciw c V, attested as the etymon for the name of the mountain eagle in several Eastern Caucasian languages; the development to Urart. /arcivs/ is regular. The alternative IE etymology is < *rg'i-p[-o-, OInd rjipya-, A vest, drdzifya- 'eagle'; less convincing is the connection with Greek dpyuTUog 'kite'. The Armenian equivalent is arcui, var. arciw, hence also, according to A. G. Sanidze, the Georgian arcivi. It seems improbable that the mountaineers should import the name of the mountain eagle, and the Caucasian reflexes of * c w arcciw c Fare reliable enough; it is probable that Urartian, an Eastern Caucasian language, should have a PEC name for the eagle, and that the Armenian (and Georgian) word should be derived from Urartian. Moreover, the Indo-Iranian rjipya- 1 drazifya- could have been borrowed from the mountaineers during the sojourn of the Indo-Iranian speakers near the Caucasus: the etymology in IE might have been a Volksetymologie. Moreover, the Indo- Europeans actually had their own name for the (steppe-)eagle, *Har-. Nevertheless, a borrowing from Proto-Armenian into Urartian is not beynd the bounds of possibility, and Arm. arcui is easily derived from an IE *rg'i-pi-o-. This, however, would mean that the change of the IE intervocal *-p- to -w-, which Kortlandt places at his stage 10 (*/;>*(p) and 13 (*-(p- > -w-) antedated the contact with Hurro-Urartian speakers. 2. Urartian burg-ana- (read /burg-, borg-, purg-, porg-, purg-, porg-ana-/), 'column (?)'. We had proposed a PEC etymology, but it was based on the assumption that the word meant 'tower'. This etymology should now be abandoned. It had also been assumed that Arm. hurgn 'tower, pyramid' is a borrowing from Urart. burg-ana- allegedly 'tower'. However, (1) the word is not attested in Hurrian and therefore cannot be proved to be originally Hurro-Urartian; (2) the Armenian reflex of burg-ana- would have been, as pointed out to me by Perikhanian, not burgn but *brgan; (3) as shown by Ch. de Lamberterie, 26 burgn 'tower' holds a place in the system of Armenian reflexes of the root IE *bhrg'h-/*bh[gh-, similarly to durgn 'potter's wheel' from IE *dhrg r h-/*dhrgh-: darj- 'I (re)turned', darnam 'I (re)turn', durgn, gen. drgan 'potter's wheel'; bar/- 'I lifted', barnam 'I lift', -berj 'height', burgn 'tower, pyramid'; (4) Urart. burg-ana- apparently does not mean 'tower'. Now it is hard to imagine that the Hurro-Urartians should have to borrow the word for 'tower' from Proto-Armenian, since dwelling- and battle-towers had been known in the Hurro-Urartian region for Ch. de Lamberterie, "Echange de gutturales en armenien," Annual of Armenian linguistics 1 (1980), 27-28. Diakonoff: Hurra- Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian 603 millennia. However, a word for some specific vertical object, like a stela or a column might have been borrowed. 27 The problem is still more complicated by the fact of the existence of an Urart. burg-ala- which apparently means 'ally'. 3. Urart. ulgusd (to read /ulg-, ulq-, uly-, olg-, olq- or oly-o-sa/) expressed by the Sumero-Akkadian logogram for balatu 'life' but more probably denoting 'health, well-being, the being alive' (paralleling /pic-o-sa/ 'rejoicing'). This word (or, better, its stem Syrian burg-a and Arab, bur]- have no connection with Arm. burgn: they are derived from Late Latin burgus, a borrowing from Germanic — which incidentally shows that a word for 'tower, fortress' can also be borrowed by the language of a nation long familiar with all kinds of fortifica- tions. *ulg-, since /-o-sa/ are abstract word-forming suffixes) has been proposed as an etymon for Arm. off 'whole, alive'. As pointed out to me by Perikhanian, this etymology is wrong, because Arm. olj is < IE *ol-[o- 'whole' (cf. Arm. sterj 'barren' < IE *ster-io-, Greek oxeipa 'barren', Lat. ster-ilis, etc.). 28 However, since *ulg- has so far not been attested in Hurrian (nor in Urartian, except for the word ulgusd itself), it is permissible to etymologize Urart. ulgusd (reading it /oly-o-sa/) from a Proto-Armenian *olyo-. 29 On this group of words see Kortlandt, op. cit., p. 104. I am very grateful to Professor Anahit Perikhanian for help in identifying the strata of borrowings (especially the two strata of Aramaic borrowings), for checking the Armenian glosses, for bringing to my notice a number of Armenological studies, and for consultation on matters of Indo-European linguistics.


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Director's Message
Spring is almost here!
Over the past winter, there have been some exciting innovations taking place in our basic science labs and our clinics. These include discoveries that could improve fertility preservation in women who have been diagnosed with cancer; a trial for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, which is being developed at a start-up established by a top U-M endocrine oncology researcher; and a first-of-its kind mobile app that creates a customized mobile experience for breast cancer patients based on their care plans.
Of course, these innovations would not be possible without the support of our philanthropy partners. Our donors are so critical to the development of new ideas because they support our research in its earliest phases. They also help us recruit and maintain the best researchers. You can read about a wonderful example of this in our newsletter's main story featuring the Kennedy family, who raised $1M in support of a professorship for lung cancer research.
To ensure our Cancer Center remains successful, we also rely on grants from the National Cancer Institute, including the Cancer Center Support Grant, which we apply for every five years. This $4M-a-year grant supports our research capabilities, including things like the purchase and operation of sophisticated scientific equipment and the efforts of biostatisticians, who are key collaborators in helping us plan our studies and interpret our results.
We are preparing to reapply for the grant in May 2017, and dozens of Cancer Center faculty and staff are already working hard to put our best foot forward. This will involve restructuring the Cancer Center Support Grant by consolidating programs, strengthening them through collaboration and making their strengths clear. In addition to making our great Cancer Center even better, these changes will allow us to submit the strongest possible grant and get the best possible support for our work. We are currently working with program leaders to structure these new, stronger collaborations.
The Cancer Center Support Grant will improve our science, which will lead to the translation of that science and, ultimately, to new treatments for our patients -- and that's really what the cancer center is about.
I thank you for your interest in and support our Cancer Center and wish you and your families a wonderful spring.
Theodore (Ted) Lawrence, M.D., Ph.D.
Max S. Wicha MD Distinguished Professor of Oncology
Director, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center


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18ft Skiff International Regatta at St. Francis YC
by Rich Roberts on 16 Aug 2011
18ft Skiff International Regatta Rich Roberts ©
The 18ft Skiff International Regatta is being hosted by the St. Francis Yacht Club and Michael Coxon, an Australian, has a bit of advice for the world-class sailors who will soon be testing the waters of San Francisco Bay in the buildup to the 34th America's Cup in 2013: respect.
That's respect not only for one another but even more for the beastly weather conditions that Coxon overcame in his introduction to the lively venue with crew Trent Barnabas and Aaron Links last year. They return to stand as the defending champions in the 10th 18ft Skiff International Regatta next Sunday through Saturday, Aug. 21-26, hosted by the St. Francis Yacht Club.
Coxon, 35, recently told Frank Quealey, spokesman for the Australian 18 Footers League, 'There is definitely no other venue that compares to the usual San Francisco conditions.'
The 18s will run one race each afternoon Sunday through Friday, with Wednesday off and will join sailboards, kite boards and others for the traditional five mile Bridge to Bridge Race Thursday starting under the Golden Gate.
The AC sailors will face a virtual layover of the 18s' windward-leeward course between the Golden Gate Bridge and beyond Alcatraz Island that the 18s have dealt with for a decade. That means a husky westerly wind building through the afternoon to twenty knots and occasionally into the 30s, bringing a head-on collision with an outgoing ebb tide of 3-4 knots. Let your bow down too much and you plow into a wave and … ask Russell Coutts about his AC45's cartwheel on a practice romp this summer.
Coxon, who last March won his third JJ Giltinan regatta---generally recognized as the class's world championship---had a similar introduction to the Bay last summer, but he learned. After flipping in the first race he won five of the last eight—and capped the week with a sweep by winning the traditional Bridge to Bridge race across the Bay as the 18s were joined by kite boards and sailboards.
He also paid attention to Howie Hamlin, an American from Long Beach, Calif. and a two-time Giltinan winner, as well as an original organizer of the San Francisco event, which he has won five times. Some mornings, from the Crissy Field staging area, it looks like a nice day at the beach. But wait.
Coxon said, '[Hamlin] said that even when [newcomers] are thinking about the number one [tall] rig, he tells them that the breeze will freshen and that they will need their smaller rigs. There is no other venue where the skiffs have to carry their number two (short) rigs for every race … none where the number two is always required. It's a different thing over there. It's particularly eerie going out under the bridge before the start of the Bridge to Bridge Race.'
As for the ebb tide, tidal charts promise that it will lay down every afternoon through the latter part of the week.
'Fantastic,' Hamlin said, tongue in cheek. 'We seem to stay on the ebb the last five years.'
Along with Hamlin, Coxon will be joined by fellow Aussies John Winning, an ongoing legend in the class; Nick Press, Jonathan Whitty and Grant Rollerson and New Zealanders Alex Vallings, Graham Catley and David McDiamid, along with local San Francisco teams.
St. Francis Yacht Club
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Mickelson clinched his fifth Major title by three shots, closing with a stunning five-under-par 66 at Muirfield, while compatriots Hunter Mahan (joint ninth) and Brandt Snedeker (tied for 11th) also fared well after contending for much of the week.
All three Americans are riding high in the points standings for automatic Presidents Cup selection, along with former Major winners Tiger Woods, Keegan Bradley, Webb Simpson and Zach Johnson.
"Phil Mickelson, who has played in all nine Presidents Cups to date, won the Open Championship with one of the best rounds of golf you'll ever see," an admiring Couples wrote in his official captain's blog.
"Several players I expect to be on the US Cup team this fall also impressed me with their play at Muirfield, namely Hunter Mahan and Brandt Snedeker. Both players have yet to win a Major, but they continue to contend in these big events."
Mahan has recorded four top-10s in 19 starts on the 2013 PGA Tour, including a tie for fourth at the US Open and a share of ninth at Muirfield.
Snedeker, widely regarded as one of the best putters in the game, won his fifth US PGA Tour title at the Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in February before tying for sixth at the Masters two month later.
He has piled up seven top-10 finishes in 15 appearances on the circuit this season.
"We're just over two months away from the Presidents Cup and the automatic qualification process is winding down," Couples said of the Ryder Cup-style event which will be played at Muirfield Village Golf Club in Dublin, Ohio from October 3-6.
"Looking at the current top 10 in the US team standings, even our young players have significant Ryder Cup and/or Presidents Cup experience, which is always a plus."
The leading 10 players in the US points standings after the Deutsche Bank Championship ends on September 2 will automatically qualify for the Presidents Cup.
Going into this week's Canadian Open, the top 10 are: Woods (1), Mickelson (2), Matt Kuchar (3), Snedeker (4), Bill Haas (5), Mahan (6), Bradley (7), Simpson (8), Steve Stricker (9) and Johnson (10).
On the bubble, and perhaps relying on one of two captain's picks, are: Bubba Watson (11), Dustin Johnson (12), Billy Horschel (13), Jason Dufner (14) and Kevin Streelman (15).
The Presidents Cup is a biennial competition which pits a 12-man team from the United States against a line-up of international players from outside Europe.
The US have established a virtual stranglehold over the opponents, winning the trophy at Royal Melbourne Golf Club in Australia in 2011 for the seventh time in nine editions.
The only success for the Internationals came in 1998 when the event was first staged in Melbourne. In 2003, the teams battled to a 17-17 draw in South Africa.
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Love these jeans! Plan to buy another pair when we get home! They are so comfortable. Best I have found in years! Not granny jeans and not teens, just perfect!Published 6 days ago by Mojo's Mom
The jeans were not as straight legged as the last pair that I purchased but they fit will and will hopefully be as sturdy as my other Levis. Read morePublished 9 days ago by Scrapmom
These jeans were great -- until the second time I washed them and found a tear in the fabric at the knee. Read morePublished 11 days ago by J. Crowder
I have been looking for a great pair of jeans that weren't low rise or too high so as to create a "muffin top. Read morePublished 11 days ago by Sadie


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MHS Drama Department Making History
The MHS Drama Department is currently in Lincoln, Nebraska at the International Thespian Society National Festival. There are thousands of students from troupes all over the nation competing in different events. This is the first time in school history for us to travel to or compete at Nationals.
Savannah Boyd is proudly representing MHS Troupe #1434 with her solo musical. Dornell Crist is representing Texas Thespians as a State officer. They are representing our school and our Drama department with class and professionalism.
MCISD proudly congratulates these students on their success, and thank you for supporting our drama department!


text: According to NASA computer models, the Ares I rocket intended to replace the space shuttle could crash into its own launch pad as a result of excessive "liftoff drift," which occurs when engine ignition causes a rocket to jump sideways. The models show a moderate southeast breeze could be enough to push the vessel into its launch tower, causing expensive repairs or even the destruction of the rocket, according to unnamed sources. "I get the impression that things are quickly going from bad to worse to unrecoverable," said a NASA contractor quoted in the Orlando Sentinel. But an official with the space agency denied the problems were insurmountable. "We have a lot of data and understanding of what it's going to take to build this," said program manager Jeff Hanley.


text:
This is a press release submitted to the Las Vegas Sun. It has not been verified or edited by the Sun.
Press Release
Third Annual Bowl 4 The Kids Benefitting Cure 4 The Kids
Published on Mon, Jun 24, 2013 (12:53 p.m.)LAS VEGAS - Cure 4 The Kids Foundation will hold a bowling event to help raise funds for Nevada's children fighting catastrophic diseases such as cancer without medical insurance or the financial resources to pay for treatment on September 28, 2013.
The Third Annual Bowl 4 The Kids event will take place at the Strike Zone Bowling Center, inside Sunset Station at 1301 W. Sunset Rd. (Sunset between Stephanie and Marks in Henderson) on Saturday, September 28, 2013. Bowling starts at 1:00 p.m. This bowling event raises funds for Cure 4 The Kids Foundation's Charity Care Plan, which ensures that children diagnosed with life threatening illnesses such as cancer get the treatment they need regardless of health insurance or financial ability.
Cure 4 The Kids Foundation, a 501(c) 3 nonprofit organization, provides funding to the Children's Specialty Center of Nevada, the state's only nonprofit pediatric cancer outpatient treatment center.
Registration for Bowl 4 The Kids is $25 for those who register prior to September 14, 2013, and includes three games and a free t-shirt on bowl day! After September 13, registration is $30. Bowlers can register by calling (702) 732-0232 or by emailing organizer Linda DeCamp at firstname.lastname@example.com. A registration form can also be downloaded at http://bit.ly/15dmEnT and then faxed or mailed to the foundation.
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Tag Archives: Palila
Officials Killing Sheep to Protect Palila Bird on Mauna Kea
Marksmen from helicopters are shooting sheep on Mauna Kea to protect the endangered palila Bird. The sheep eat mamane trees which is the source of seeds for the birds.
Posted in General Tagged Hawaii, Palila, Sheep 2 Comments
Dramatic Drop in Number of Palila Birds on Mauna Kea
A report says palila birds, a members of the honeycreeper family that live on Mauna Kea , have decreased from 4,400 in 2003 to about 1,200 in 2010.
Posted in General Tagged Birds, Endangered, Hawaii, Palila Leave a comment


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Introducing npm Enterprise add-ons. Integrate third-party dev tools into npm…
A generator for Yeoman
A generator for Yeoman.
npm install -g yo
npm install -g generator-colorme
yo colorme
MIT License
What happens when npm's amazing community gets together to share with one another? Buy a ticket »
how? learn more


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This is a Chinese ARPG(Action Role Playing Game) game, In casks on the legend of the town,use the Python and VC, if you're familiar with the Python language,welcome to join our development team. Where are we go? The world is in their own keyboard!
Centaros CMS
Centaros CMS is a easy to use user friendly CMS that will make things easier for you when creating your site or just a plain old community. Join the revolution and try Centaros CMS today.
Chat Commander
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China Stock Property Analyzer
Analyzer your property change in China stock market
Chinese Pascal
We know most of programming languages are in English.So if a Chinese want to learn that, it's too difficult.This is a new choice for you.Our target is a bootstrapping, Chinese compiler.
A QQ Client for Linux/Unix OS. It is wirrten in C.
Cloud Maker
A set utilizes that constructs virtualization computers environment by VMM (virtual machine monitor, eg. xen, kvm, qemu, openvz, etc.).
CollabLearning is a educational social software which can support self-governed, problem based and collaborative learning. It is a web-based application written in Java.
Sources code convert
Country Article System
Country article system is a layered Java/J2EE application.
cross platform gui widgets for D (www.digitalmars.com/d/). base on efltk (ede.sf.net).
DUR C++ Undo and Redo
This project is an C++ implemention of Undo and Redo framework which enable all implement their private Undo and Redo capability in C++ programs easily!
DataSynch. java language.
DataSynch , programmins language is java language. It's will support all environments.To arm synch data of U-disk and network.My team will need to experience to exercise by project.a listing of the existing data formats your software will use, software wi
De Key Data Monitor
This is a solution to help an enterprise to monitor their key data
DevWorks is an easy-to-use Web Platform. You can run different modules with different features in a single website,using the same control panel and the same user database. DevWorks is also a quicker way to develope web applications.
Doctor in House
An electronic application through which individuals can access, manage and share their health information, and that of others for whom they are authorized, in a private, secure, and confidential environment.
a psp game engine named dod
I think it will be the brother of dogengine.
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Dream Down
This is an integrated downloading software for any Windows and Linux platform. Support http, ftp, mms, bt, emule etc. everything you could imagine.
Dream Editor
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This is a desktop software to enhance running software use windows desktop running window (Win+R),If you want use keyboard shortcuts to running software,this is a choice.
ED-C2 Backend Manager for SuperWikia
The SuperWikia ED-C2 is a backend manager for the SuperWikia LME launch environments application. It is used to manage and host all LME plugins, extension and macros and supports multi-programming and multi-language (I-18n) capabilities.
Enterprise Information Service System, based on Jforum, enhancements: news, message(site message, QQ message integration, SMS integration), online shopping mall(Paypal integration, Alipay integration), outlet stores.
EKChat is is a chat component writen by c#. The goal is to provide a web based messenger, which is easy to use, easy to embedded to web pages. It need support of database. From longterm view, it will support web services in the future version.


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Hey I have an rss feed posting to my site with images that are like 652 wide.
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I went into the media settings
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Crop thumbnail to exact dimensions (normally thumbnails are proportional)
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Attempt to automatically embed all plain text URLs Attempt to automatically embed all plain text URLs
Maximum embed size Width 500 Height 500
It still looks crazy/
Take a look worldcupfanstore.info
How can I fix this


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Newark, Del. -- Fresh produce is going Hollywood. art of the permanent set of the popular television sitcom "Seinfeld," according to the Produce for Better Health Foundation here. At the request of the foundation, the show's producers agreed to affix the 5 a Day logo to the facade of a set of a grocery store, which appears in scenes in the weekly series. "To have the 5 a Day logo become a permanent part of one of the country's most popular shows is not only very exciting, but could play a ...
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My opinions mean nothing the facts of the reality spoke and do speak for themselves . One can make excuses till the cows come home, but the fact remains it was and is the Kids that suffered and do suffer. And I follow the Word which tells me to tell YOu the truth, that maybe ,just maybe you will get your eyes off man made religion and its dogma and back on the True Word of God where it is suppose to be.And actual facts were given, just cause YOU refuse to accept it does not make it any less factual.I guess your gonna be one of the ones that can never be satisfied. I cannot respond to any of your outlandish adjectives because there all based on feelings, your feeling and not supported by facts. I understand your frustrated with whole thing but I don't think you completely understand the whole reason for the closing. Where you in the meetings with the parents. Because if you had been you would understand the whole story. However you have a box to stand on here and a voice to speak but condemning those who have helped you one time or another whether you knew it or not, is not God like. So I think it is you who must follow your own advise and read your bible because your actions here have consequences somewhere else. I will not argue your opinions because no one will win those are yours. Please bring hard facts to the next conversation and I will be glad to debate with you. I have more thing to say,
I REBUKE YOU Devil, and I will place you under my feet where you shall stay.
And you can rebuke your own feet all you wish, It is you I suggest who should take a cold hard look at where you are and what you are before spouting foolishness and speaking to whom you know nothing of.
It is people like me who pick up the broken pieces of lives people like you in your man made establishments break. Great sounding words and promises , only to rip them away through man made ignorance and man made doctrines of lies instead of Biblical truth.
YOu keep your cemetery Pastors and I will Keep the Real God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob who Jesus Christ is and I will continue helping to put the pieces of tattered and shattered lives back together by the Real Word of God and the Truth that sets them Free from the bondage your man made Hirelings have chained them with.
Seems the devil you rebuke is yourself !


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Your Story
Tue, December 11, 2012
Red Smith announcement
Last week, we debuted the announcement that Mark Murphy of the Green Bay Packers would be the keynote speaker at January's Red Smith Sports Awards banquet. More announcements coming soon, including the Red Smith award winner, and the "Good Guy" award. WHBY & WSCO will broadcast from the Red Smith press conference on January 15th. Call Joe at 920-570-2536 for tickets.
Jul 29
- Guerra Shuts down the Pirates, Brewers win 3-1 11:00pm Jul 27
- Brewers slammed by Diamondbacks 10:29pm Jul 26
- Gennett Leads Brewers Past D-Backs 10:55pm Jul 25
- Brewers knock off the Diamondbacks 9:48pm Jul 24
- Cubs take Series at Miller Park 5:26pm Jul 23
- Nieuwenhuis and Davies lead Brewers Past the Cubs 10:06pm
The PhilCast comes to you live from the Outagamie County Fair in Seymour, WI on Friday. Remember this little guy…
posted by Philcast 2 days ago
Nice work if you can find it...and especially if you like craft beer. Federal tax dollars funding a job as…
posted by Philcast 3 days ago
Be listening to the show today, Tuesday, at 4:15ish right after our live report from the EAA Air Venture. We'll…
posted by Philcast 4 days ago


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12 inch Double Sided Sarbloh Sri Sahib
(Approx $79.13 USD / €70.74)
In stock
This 12″ Double Sided Taksali Sarbloh Sri Sahib is custom made in Sabrawah for our customers. With the production of low cost Kirpans in China we have ensured that our Sri Sahibs are produced in Punjab and that we together support our brothers, our Panth, in Punjab.
The very high quality of workmanship shows throughout. The casing for example on these 12 inch Sri Sahib is flush and polished so there is almost no bumps and ridges on the outside between the metal work and the wood, which often catch in your clothes and the Sri Sahib itself is sharp to begin with.
Perfect, whether you are taking Amrit or needing an extra Sri Sahib or can even be a gift, whatever the need we assure you that this high quality Kakaar will not fail to please.
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Written on: 24/10/2009 by Ellaaa (1 review written)
Finlow Hill Stables has amazing facilities all the staff are friendly and helpfull, ive never once felt that i could not ask them for help. I loan a horse there and i thoroughly enjoy it. I have been riding at Finlow for 4 years and have helped there for 3 years and have learnt so much through this experience.
Written on: 25/10/2009
I found this review very helpful because...I feel the same as Ellaaa though I do not own or loan a horse there
As rated by our community of reviewers
" I LOVE MONACH FARM: " Read More
" Very disapointing " Read More
" I pottered about on ponies as a child and never had riding lessons ... " Read More
Written by Andtheresmore
" Excellent friendly Staff and beautiful horses... " Read More
" Got turned away at the door (metaphorically speaking) " Read More


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- Swimmer Ryan Lochte reveals one of his worst dates - US Weekly
- Get the latest on Dr. Dre's arrest - TMZ
- Despite rumors, Eddie Murphy's daughter is not pregnant - Gossip Cop
- The Vampire Diaries star Michael Trevino steps out for a good cause - Just Jared Jr
- Are Blac Chyna and Kylie Jenner on good terms? - Radar
- Blue Ivy is just as stylish as her mom Beyonce! - Lainey Gossip
- This Narcos star confirms he's not coming back for another season of the show - The Hollywood Reporter
30 November 2012 at 11:25 AM
Mindy Kaling & Jesse Tyler Ferguson: Variety Studio!
About this photo set: Mindy Kaling and Jesse Tyler Ferguson participate in a comedy panel at The Variety Studio: Awards Edition held at the Rolls-Royce Villa on Thursday (November 29)… Read More Here
Photo #: 2766314
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3 Reviews
Excellent. I was a little confused about using 1/4 of the filling for the sandwiches without directions of what to do with the rest. I used all the filling to make the sandwiches. Awesome recipe!
I was looking for a different kind of french toast, and I love the combo of strawberry and cream cheese. I scaled this down for two people, used low-sugar strawberry jam, neufchatel, and left out the sugar and vanilla in the egg dip. Topped with Redi-Wip. It tasted delicious! I'll definitely be making this again!
I loved this. I made this for breakfast on a Saturday and we really enjoyed it. So easy to make and really good. Thanks for the recipe. It was awesome. Made for PAC fall 2009


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Code covered by the BSD License
Download apps, toolboxes, and other File Exchange content using Add-On Explorer in MATLAB.
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Symbolic Matrix
18 Feb 2010 (Updated 21 Nov 2013)
Creates a matrix composed of properly indexed symbolic elements.


text:
DOWNERS GROVE, Ill. — The Hillshire Brands Co., the former Sara Lee Corp., has completed the separation of its international coffee and tea business.
"The completion of the D.E Master Blenders 1753 spin-off is a significant milestone for shareholders and employees as it creates two pure-play companies that will pursue success independently," said Jan Bennink, former executive chairman of Sara Lee Corp. and chairman of the board of D.E Master Blenders 1753. "I want to thank our employees around the world for their efforts in reaching this momentous occasion."
A distribution of all the common stock of the US subsidiary that held Sara Lee's international coffee and tea business, known as CoffeeCo, was made to an exchange agent on behalf of the Sara Lee shareholders of record. After the distribution of the CoffeeCo common stock, CoffeeCo paid a $3 per share special dividend. After the payment of the special dividend, CoffeeCo merged with a subsidiary of D.E Master Blenders 1753 with CoffeeCo coming through the merger as a subsidiary of D.E Master Blenders 1753 and each share of CoffeeCo common stock was exchanged for one ordinary share of D.E Master Blenders 1753.
Immediately following the separation, Sara Lee completed a 1-for-5 reverse stock split of its shares of common stock and changed its name to The Hillshire Brands Co. Hillshire Brands common stock will begin "regular way" trading on the New York Stock Exchange on June 29 under the ticker symbol "HSH." D.E Master Blenders 1753 ordinary shares will continue to trade on the NYSE Euronext Amsterdam on an "as-if-and-when-issued" basis until July 9 when shares will begin "regular way" trading under ticker symbol "DE."
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4Low-pathogenic AI confirmed in live poultry markets
5Hong Kong bans poultry from Ontario
( more )
1Bar-S Foods recalls RTE product for possible Listeria contamination
2Allen Harim, C&S Wholesale form partnership
3Walk this way
4Millennials' top three reasons for snacking
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2Global poultry industry flying high despite AI
3GMO labeling bill heads to the president
4PODCAST: NAMI's Annual Hot Dog Lunch a big hit on Capitol Hill
5Brazil to ship beef to China
to the PRINT edition, or click below for free, INSTANT ACCESS to valuable news & insights in the Digital Edition.


text: Vacuum Cleaner Starting out with a single vacuum cleaner in 1912, after 100 years of innovation we now have a broad range of high performance vacuum cleaners that cater to different consumer needs. Vacuum Cleaner with Bag Bagless Vacuum Cleaner Cordless Vacuum Cleaner (Stick & Handheld) Wet and Dry Vacuum Cleaner What makes the UltraSilencer Green vacuum cleaner green? Discover more « Prev Next » 100 Years of Vacuum Revolution Read more Download brochures Get more information on our products and get plenty of inspiration. Download brochures


text:
Median Salary by Job
20 Year Net ROI
Annual ROI
Total 4 Year Cost
Early Career Salary
Mid-Career Salary
% High Meaning
52 %
18111 Nordhoff St
Northridge, CA 91330
California State University (CSU), Northridge, california state university northridge, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Northridge (CSUN)
State School, For Sports Fans
46 %
9 %
88 %
58 %
Professionally, the arts, entertainment, and recreation industry, the education industry, and the aerospace and defense industry are popular business areas among CSUN alumni. The retail industry registers as the most common industry among alumni. Following graduation, CSUN students earn an average of $56K.
After graduation, women go on to earn an average of around $60K per year compared to men, who earn about $73K.
CSUN grads who become Corporate Controllers and Senior Software Engineers are compensated well above average — these folks are top-earners among their graduating class, making $110K on average yearly. Information Technology Consultants are likewise ahead of the pack at approximately $93K a year. Relative to other positions, compensation dwindles for Executive Assistants; alumni in this role face average salaries of $46K.
Los Angeles, Calif. is a hub for CSUN graduates — a large number call this city home. CSUN alumni seeking the highest salaries end up in Valencia, Calif., which offers a median salary of $77K. On the flipside, the lowest-paying city popular among CSUN grads is Van Nuys, Calif. (median compensation is $57K). Graduates of CSUN also relocate to Woodland Hills, Calif., which is not far away, and Northridge, Calif.
A Master of Science (MS), Electrical Engineering (EE) earns CSUN students the most money after college (an average $127K per year). The degree that warrants the lowest level of financial compensation is a B.A. in Bachelor of Arts (BA) (about $47K on average annually).
Many former CSUN students are familiar with Microsoft Excel, and one-seventh of grads move on to positions where this experience is utilized. Knowledge of Microsoft Word seems to be related to bigger paychecks; in fact, skilled alumni bring in salaries that are 30 percent more than their former classmates' salaries (approximately $73K). Also considered top-notch skills are Project Management, Microsoft Office, and Customer Service.
Just one-third of alumni enjoy paid vacation and merely one-fifth of alumni get paid sick time. A strong majority of graduates set aside retirement funds in an employer-sponsored 401(k). Benefits are rather generous for graduates of this school; a fair number of alums are rewarded with health insurance and the larger part of grads report dental coverage, too. California State University alumni are rewarded with additional benefits, such as a casual working environment, life insurance, a company-subsidized cell phone, and tuition reimbursement.
Among alumni of similar schools, California State University grads (who make an average of $58K) earn salaries most similar to CSUN alumni. Other schools similar to CSUN include California State University-Los Angeles, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona, and California State University-Dominguez Hills.
53 %
47 %
$36,006 - $82,268
$38,452 - $92,569
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 37 votes.
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text: On Fri, Apr 15, 2011 at 1:56 PM, Johan Engelen <jbc.engelen@...>wrote: > Toolbar spinboxes also have this functionality, but lack the unit stuff. > (where it would be really convenient :( I will not work on this unit > functionality in the toolbar. Maybe someone else can work on C++-ifying > the "ege action" stuff and widget/toolbar.cpp, a first step on the way > to getting there. In all C++ UI stuff it is easy to add, and let me know > if it is missing somewhere. > Woohoo! You rock! In very quick testing, It doesn't work in the spinboxes in the Fill & Stroke Dialog and the few Extensions I tried either. Would it be difficult to add the functionality to numeric comboboxes too? Cheers, Josh


text:
I'm still trying to wrap my mind around the sight of President Obama and Gov. Christie, clad in matching his-and-his wind breakers, all cuddly in Brigantine, N.J.
Actually, the president and governor got together to survey the damage done to the flood-ravaged Jersey Shore after Hurricane Sandy and to reassure displaced residents that "we are here for you."
But make no mistake: In political terms, they were doing some bipartisan cuddling.
For the fourth day in a row, the power couple showcased their mutual man-crush for the world to see.