text:
The study was funded by Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ; Dr. Singer is on the Speakers Bureau of Ethicon, Inc.
Original Research Contribution
A Comparative Study of the Surgically Relevant Mechanical Characteristics of the Topical Skin Adhesives
Version of Record online: 20 NOV 2012
DOI: 10.1111/acem.12009
© 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Academic Emergency Medicine
Volume 19, Issue 11, pages 1281–1286, November 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19, 1281–1286 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Publication History
- Issue online: 20 NOV 2012
- Version of Record online: 20 NOV 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 23 JUN 2012
- Manuscript Revised: 22 JUN 2012
- Manuscript Received: 24 MAY 2012
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
Topical skin adhesives (TSAs) offer a noninvasive alternative to sutures. The growing trend is to use them in addition to sutures and staples to add strength and provide a microbial barrier. The authors compared the mechanical characteristics of recently approved TSAs that are most likely to be of surgical relevance in the emergency department.
Linear incisions were made on anesthetized swine and the wounds were approximated with one of six commercially available TSAs. Three-dimensional bursting strength was measured with a BTC-2000TM device. Tensile failure force was measured ex vivo using TSA-approximated porcine skin strips with a tensionometer. Resistance to cyclic loading was measured by subjecting approximated skin strips to repetitive cycles of rotational torque and linear tension. Viscosity was measured with a viscometer and setting times were measured by periodically dabbing the adhesive applied to skin strips with a cotton swab to determine whether it was dry.
Dermabond Advanced TSA provided significantly (p < 0.00001) greater acute in vivo wound bursting strength and ex vivo tensile force, greater mean number of normal tensile loading cycles to failure (while under continuous torsional cycling), and longest time to failure, and the mean setting time was the shortest.
Of all the TSAs tested in this study, Dermabond Advanced was the strongest and most flexible, set in the shortest time, and was a fairly viscous adhesive, all of which are clinically desirable characteristics.
Estudio Comparativo de las Características Mecánico-Quirúrgicas Relevantes de los Adhesivos Tópicos para la Piel
Los adhesivos tópicos para la piel (ATPs) ofrecen una alternativa no invasiva a las suturas. Existe una tendencia creciente a usarlos en conjunto con las suturas y las grapas para aportar resistencia y proveer una barrera microbiológica. Los autores compararon las características mecánicas de los ATPs recientemente aprobados con una probable mayor relevancia a nivel quirúrgico en el servicio de urgencias.
Las incisiones lineales se realizaron en un modelo porcino tras anestesia previa y las heridas se aproximaron con uno de los 6 ATPs comercialmente disponibles. La resistencia a la presión tridimensional se midió con un dispositivo BTC-2000TM. La fuerza de agotamiento por tracción se midió ex vivo con un tensiómetro usando cintas de piel porcina aproximadas con ATP. La resistencia a las cargas cíclicas se midió sometiendo las cintas de piel aproximadas a ciclos repetitivos de par rotacional y tensión lineal. La viscosidad se midió con un viscómetro y los tiempos de polimerización se midieron frotando periódicamente el adhesivo aplicado a las cintas de piel con un hisopo de algodón para determinar si estaba seco.
El ATP Dermabond Advanced aportó de forma significativa (p < 0,00001) una mayor resistencia a la presión en la herida aguda in vivo y fuerza de tracción ex vivo, a un mayor número medio de ciclos de carga de tensión normal hasta el agotamiento (mientras se somete a círculos continuos de torsión) y a una mayor duración hasta el agotamiento, y el media de tiempo de polimerización fue la más breve.
De todos los ATPs probados en este estudio, Dermabond Advanced fue el más resistente, el más flexible, el que polimerizó en menos tiempo y fue un adhesivo moderadamente viscoso. Todas estas características son clínicamente deseables.
The ultimate goal of wound repair and healing is to restore the structural and functional integrity of the skin. The purpose of a wound closure device is to support wound edge apposition while the body heals itself. Premature failure of the closure device may result in wound separation. Such gaping of wounds during the healing phase or wound infection can lead to a wide, aesthetically unappealing scar.
Topical skin adhesives (TSAs) offer a noninvasive alternative to sutures and staples for incisions and lacerations.[1] They are also often used in addition to sutures and staples for longer incisions and lacerations. They can be applied simply and rapidly and do not require removal, as they spontaneously slough off within 5 to 10 days of application. A large body of evidence has demonstrated that when compared with sutures, wound repair with TSAs results in similar patient-centered outcomes such as infection, dehiscence, and scarring.[1, 2] Additional advantages of some TSAs are their ability to form an occlusive dressing that functions as a microbial barrier and creates a moist environment that is optimal for wound healing. The ability of an adhesive to provide security in wound closure and a microbial barrier is largely dependent on its inherent strength, flexibility, and durability. An important characteristic of the TSA that influences practitioner choices is its ease of use, which is related to the viscosity of the adhesive and its setting times. Ideally, a TSA should be viscous enough to minimize runoff and should set or polymerize within a reasonable time period.
With the recent Food and Drug Administration reclassification of TSAs from a class III to a class II device, a number of new TSAs have been introduced. The two classes of cyanoacrylate TSAs currently marketed include the butyl- and octylcyanoacrylates. Due to the longer length of their side chain, the octyl-based cyanoacrylates have been traditionally thought to be stronger and more flexible than the shorter butylcyanoacrylates. Indeed, several prior studies have consistently shown that the octylcyanoacrylate-based Dermabond TSA (Ethicon, Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Bridgewater, NJ) is stronger and more flexible than any of the available butylcyanoacrylates.[3-5] However, the strength of the other recently introduced octylcyanoacrylates has not been reported in the literature. Furthermore, a formal assessment of the viscosity and setting times of various TSAs has not been reported.
The goal of the current study was to compare the surgically relevant mechanical characteristics of a majority of the currently TSAs in porcine and ex vivo models. We also wished to determine the feasibility of evaluating wound bursting strengths in a porcine model.
Study Design
A prospective randomized study design was used to compare the mechanical characteristics of a majority of the commercially available TSAs. The study was approved by the Meharry Medical College Animal Care and Use Committee, and all animal handling was in accordance with national guidelines.[6]
Animal Handling and Preparation
Five newly weaned female domestic swine were obtained for this study (Hartley Farms, Circleville, OH). The porcine model was chosen since of all animals, the skin of pigs most closely resembles that of humans.[7] Animals selected for use in this study were as uniform in age and weight as possible. Their mean (±SD) body weight was 10.6 (±0.5) kg. An approximate 12-hour light/12-hour dark photoperiod was provided. Room temperature was maintained at approximately 18 to 26°C and relative humidity at approximately 20% to 70%. The animal feed used in this study was standard hog ration. The feeding schedule was once per day, and municipal tap water was available ad libitum to each animal via an automatic watering system. All animals were acclimated to their designated housing for approximately 7 days prior to the day of surgery.
Anesthesia and Skin Preparation
The animals were fasted for a minimum of 8 hours, but not more than 24 hours, prior to receiving anesthesia, but were allowed free access to water. Anesthesia was induced and maintained by isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (induction 5%, maintenance 2% to 3%, volume flow rate 1.0 to 2.5 L/min) administered by nose cone. Each animal was placed on a surgical table with a water-heating pad, and prepped with Hibiclens (Mӧlnlycke Health Care, Norcross, GA) surgical skin prep and 70% alcohol solution. The hair was clipped (No. 40 size clipper blade) over the ventral–lateral regions. The remaining hair stubble was removed using a depilatory cream.
Study Protocol
In this study we evaluated six commercially available TSAs, of which three were butylcyanoacrylates (Indermil, Covidien AG, Mansfield, MA; LiquiBand, Advanced Medical Solutions, Windsford, UK; and Histoacryl, TissueSeal, LLC, B Braun, Ann Arbor, MI) and three were octylcyanoacrylates (Dermabond Advanced and derma+flex QS, Chemence Medical Products, Alpharetta, GA; and SurgiSeal, Adhezion Biomedical, Wyomissing, PA). Measurement of the ability of the TSA to prevent wound dehiscence when the wound was subjected to external physical forces was determined by two methods. The first in vivo method measured bursting strength using a device that creates a negative force or suction applied around the wound. The second method measured tensile strength ex vivo, when porcine skin strips that were glued together are pulled apart by mechanical clamps. Both of these methods have been previously used and reported[8, 9] and are used to measure the performance of wound closure devices.
Evaluation of Wound Bursting Strength
To control for incision length and location, a template and surgical skin-marking pen were used to mark six symmetric 2-cm linear incisions over the left and right ventral–lateral flank areas (Figure 1), designating 12 linear incisions per animal. All animals underwent the same surgical procedure; using a No. 15 blade scalpel, incisions were made along the skin markings. All incisions were made by the same investigator and extended through the dermis (full thickness), to the subcutaneous tissue. Hemostasis was achieved by applied pressure with gauze. The wound margins were approximated and randomly (using a computer-generated random-numbers table) closed with one of the six TSAs, respective of the study group's information for users supplied by the TSA manufacturer. Incisions were biomechanically tested for acute in vivo wound closure strength upon completion of the closure application.
For in vivo wound closure strength measurements, a biomechanical tissue characterization (BTC) system disposable acrylic test ring (inner diameter 2.5 cm) was placed around the wound and secured to the skin using cyanoacrylate glue. A small amount of perfluorinated grease was applied to the top of the ring interface to assure a tight vacuum seal. The BTC-2000 (SRLI Technologies, Nashville, TN) was integrated with the test ring until the chamber and ring were securely interconnected. The test chamber was held by hand comfortably to assure that no positive force was being exerted on the wound. The BTC-2000 test-start button was triggered. A constant negative pressure was applied to the wound at a rate of 10 mm Hg/second, producing a multiaxial stress on the wound. A displacement laser captured displacement of wound margins. The maximum amount of pressure (mm Hg) required to induce wound failure–dehiscence was recorded. The test ring was applied by a technician while measurement of the bursting strength was performed by an investigator blinded to the TSA.
Evaluation of Maximum Tensile Force
Skin strips (5 cm × 6 cm) harvested from the back/shoulder region of domestic pigs (Animal Technologies, Tyler, TX) were used for this experiment. The strips were thawed in a warm water bath and the hair was removed with clippers. Residual fat was removed with acetone. The strips were cut in half widthwise and the two halves were repositioned so that the incision edges were completely approximated with no gaps in between. The TSA was then applied randomly (using a computer-generated random-numbers table) to the approximated edges of the skin strips following each manufacturer's recommendations and allowed to set. The ends of the approximated strips were placed within the grips of a materials testing system (MTS Insight 5kN, Mechanical Testing Systems, Eden Prairie, MN), which measured the maximum tensile force required to completely separate the approximated wound edges (maximum failure force). The grips were separated at a speed of 20 inches/min. Twenty apposed skin strips were tested for each individual TSA.
Evaluation of Fatigue Cycling to Failure
Porcine skin strips measuring 2.5 × 4 cm were prepared as noted above (20 replicates per TSA). The strips were cut in half widthwise and randomly (using a computer-generated random-numbers table) reapproximated with the one of the adhesives as per the manufacturers' instructions for use. After polymerization the strips were placed within the two grips of a multiaxial materials testing system (BOSE test bench with torsion motor, BOSE Electroforce Systems Group, Eden Prairie, MN) with the grips separated by a 10-mm gap. The strips were subjected to rotational torque by rotating the two grips continuously from –20° to 20° from baseline at a rate of 1 Hz. Additionally, the skin strips were subject to repetitive cycles of normal tensile loading at a rate of 0.5 N/second to a maximum of 12 N every 10 seconds. The time to failure, as well as the number of normal tensile loading cycles to failure, was recorded for each specimen. Failure in this test is defined as separation of the skin strips.
Evaluation of Setting Time
Porcine skin strips were thawed and the hair removed with clippers. The skin was cleaned with alcohol 70% and warmed to a surface temperature of 31 to 35°C. The TSA was applied to the skin strip according to each manufacturer's "instructions for use" to an area of the intact skin in a line about 4 cm long. The amount of time required for the adhesive to set was determined by dabbing a dry cotton tipped swab to the adhesive every 15 seconds. The adhesive was considered fully polymerized when no adhesive material was transferred to the applicator from any area of the application site.
Evaluation of Viscosity
The viscosity of 0.6-mL samples of the TSA was measured using a commercially available viscometer (Brookfield cone-plate viscometer, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc., Middleboro, MA).
Data Analysis
Using Microsoft Excel (version X, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA) for Macintosh, raw data were presented in tabular form, as appropriate. Medians and interquartile ranges were calculated for each group for all outcomes. Using SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify differences among groups for each of the six outcome variables. Statistical significance was determined using the Bonferroni adjustment to maintain an overall Type I error of 0.05, so each individual comparison was considered statistically significant if p < 0.0083. Post hoc comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni adjustment to provide the most conservative results. For the outcome of bursting strength, the analysis was performed with adjustment for clustering within animal. Based on a prior similar study,[4] a sample size of 10 wounds per TSA had 80% power to detect a 100 mm Hg difference in bursting strength between the strongest and weakest adhesive.
In Vivo Wound Bursting Strength (n = 12 per Group)
The results for the in vivo biomechanical testing are provided in Table 1 and in Figure 2. Dermabond Advanced provided significantly (p < 0.00001) greater acute in vivo wound bursting strength than wounds closed with derma+flex QS (also distributed under the trade name Octylseal), SurgiSeal, LiquiBand, and Histoacryl adhesive. Post hoc comparisons indicated that bursting strength for Dermabond Advanced was higher than for the other TSAs, and SurgiSeal had a higher bursting strength than derma+flex QS, LiquiBand, and Histoacryl. There was no statistical difference among the other three TSAs. Indermil adhesive was not available for testing in the porcine model.
|derma+flex QS
|Dermabond Advanced
|Bursting strength (Newtons)
|149 (122–184)
|142 (114–170)
|208 (188–300)
|93 (80–130)
|299 (275–380)
|Tensile strength
|2.0 (1.7–2.5)
|2.8 (2.2–3.4)
|2.4 (2.1–2.8)
|3.9 (3.2–4.9)
|3.9 (3.3–4.8)
|8.6 (7.8–10.7)
|Cycles to failure
|1.0 (1.0–1.0)
|1.0 (1.0–1.0)
|1.0 (1.0–1.0)
|1.0 (1.0–2.5)
|1.0 (1.0–2.0)
|12.5 (3.5–23.0)
|Time to failure (seconds)
|14.8 (13.5–17.0)
|23.5 (19.8–27.5)
|18.0 (16.5–19.8)
|27.0 (20.8–75.0)
|28.8 (22.8–63.3)
|418.3 (108.0–775.3)
|Setting time (minutes)
|4.2 (3.5–6.3)
|1.5 (1.4–1.8)
|2.0 (1.8–2.3)
|2.1 (1.5–3.8)
|10.6 (9.6–12.0)
|1.8 (1.4–1.9)
|Viscosity (cP)
|5.2 (5.2–5.2)
|2.8 (2.7–2.8)
|4.4 (4.2–4.4)
|13.9 (13.3–14.8)
|191.0 (187.5–194.0)
|237.0 (236.0–240.5)
Ex Vivo Maximum Failure Force (n = 22 per Group)
Of all TSAs, Dermabond Advanced had the greatest tensile strength (p < 0.00001) compared to the other TSAs (Table 1). There was no statistical difference between SurgiSeal and derma+flex QS adhesive, which had statistically higher tensile strengths than Indermil, LiquiBand, and Histoacryl adhesive.
Fatigue Cycling (n = 20 per Group)
The mean number of cycles of normal tensile loading to failure was greatest for Dermabond Advanced (Table 1; p < 0.00001). There was no statistical difference among the other five adhesives. (Note the torsional cycling was continuous throughout the test, the number of torsional cycles was not recorded or reported.)
Time to Failure (n = 20 per Group)
Time to failure was over 8 minutes for Dermabond Advanced, which was statistically longer than for the other TSAs (p < 0.00001). From post hoc analysis, two of the butyl-based TSAs, LiquiBand and Indermil, had shorter times to failure than the other TSAs. There was no statistical difference in time to failure for the other three TSAs, whose median times to failure ranged from 24 to 30 seconds (Table 1).
Setting Time (n = 12 per Group)
There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) in setting times among the TSAs. A majority of the TSAs had median setting times of approximately 2 minutes or less. Butyl-based Indermil adhesive had a significantly longer setting time of over 4 minutes (Table 1) and octyl-based derma+flex QS adhesive had a setting time of over 10 minutes, which was significantly longer than even Indermil adhesive.
Viscosity (n = 3 per Group)
The comparison of viscosity resulted in a p-value of 0.005, which did not meet the criteria for significance used in this study.
The results of the current study demonstrated that Dermabond Advanced provides significantly greater acute in vivo wound bursting strength than any of the other octyl-based (derma+flex QS and SurgiSeal adhesive) or butyl-based (LiquiBand and Histoacryl) TSAs. These results are supported by the ex vivo two-dimensional maximum tensile force tests that also demonstrated the greater strength of Dermabond Advanced. Additionally, Dermabond Advanced demonstrated the greatest resistance to cyclic loading and the highest viscosity of all tested adhesive, both of which are desired characteristics of a TSA. With regard to setting times, all TSAs had a setting time of approximately 2 to 3 minutes except butyl-based Indermil adhesive (approximately 5 minutes) and octyl-based derma+flex QS adhesive (approximately 14 minutes). This prolonged setting time may be a disadvantage since any dressings or garments that come into contact with the adhesive during this time period may adhere to the adhesive.
This study also demonstrated the feasibility of a new porcine in vivo wound bursting strength model. Previous biomechanical studies have used "loose skin" animal models, including the rat and guinea pig.[3-5] However, the structure of skin in these animals is unlike that of humans, and in particular, the presence of the underlying paniculus carnosa and the loose skin result in rapid and tension-free healing in these small animals. In contrast, the skin of pigs is thicker and, like in humans, does not contain the paniculus carnosa. As a result, pigs have become the preferred animal model for studies involving injuries to the skin.[7] The current study validates that use of the porcine model is both feasible and reliable and should be considered in future studies of wound bursting strength. Furthermore, this study shows similar trends when wound closure device strength is measured by two-dimensional maximum tensile force and three-dimensional bursting strength.
While our study demonstrates clear differences in the mechanical and physical characteristics among the various TSAs, these differences have not been assessed to show clinical differences. To function as a secure wound closure device and a microbial barrier, it makes sense that a strong, flexible, and durable adhesive would perform the best. However, there are few clinical studies that directly compare the various TSAs. A study comparing Histoacryl to a previously available low-viscosity Dermabond adhesive in children with simple, short, low-tension facial lacerations found no differences in clinically relevant outcomes such as dehiscence and cosmesis.[10] In contrast, a study comparing the rates of incomplete wound edge apposition among children undergoing pediatric surgery found higher rates with Histoacryl adhesive compared with low-viscosity Dermabond adhesive.[11] Due to their lower strength and flexibility, the use of the butyl-based adhesives has generally been limited to short (up to 4 to 8 cm) surgical incisions and lacerations. In contrast, no such length limitations have been described for the octyl-based TSAs. Indeed, when compared with sutures for long incisions (range = 4 to 69 cm), high-viscosity Dermabond adhesive had similar dehiscence rates and cosmetic results as sutures.[12] Unfortunately, no clinical trials have been reported using the newer octyl-based adhesives. A recent study of the intraabdominal pressures generated during various daily activities in volunteers may help put the measured bursting strength data into perspective.[13] In this study, maximum intraabdominal pressure measured with bending, coughing, and jumping were 30, 127, and 252 mm Hg, respectively. Thus an adhesive with a high bursting strength is more likely to withstand pressures generated during these activities.
First, we only evaluated wound bursting strength and tensile strength immediately after closure. Second, this study did not assess the microbial barrier performance of the TSAs. Third, we did not conduct a study to determine how the proximity of one laceration to another affected measurements of bursting strength and therefore cannot be sure whether the proximity of lacerations to each other affected such measurements. However, any such affects would apply to all wounds and treatments studied. Fourth, while the current model used to measure bursting strength has been previously used and reported, it is unclear how accurately this model reflects the actual forces to which a laceration is subjected in an actual patient. Fifth, we did not have enough Indermil to measure wound bursting strength. However, several prior studies have already reported the bursting strength using this adhesive.[4, 5] Finally, while we have noted considerable differences among the studied TSA, the differences among the various commercially available skin adhesives might not have any clinically relevant effect on outcomes of wound care.
This study demonstrates that of all currently available and tested tissue skin adhesives, Dermabond Advanced is the strongest, most flexible, and most viscous adhesive. We also demonstrated the feasibility of measuring wound bursting strengths in an in vivo porcine model.
- 1The cyanoacrylate topical skin adhesives. Am J Emerg Med. 2008; 26:490–6., , .
- 2Closure of lacerations and incisions with octylcyanoacrylate: a multi-center randomized clinical trial. Surgery. 2002; 131:270–6., , , .
- 3An Evaluation of Acute Incisional Strength With TraumaSeal Surgical Tissue Adhesive Wound Closure. Leonia, NJ: Dimensional Analysis Systems, 1995..
- 4In vivo study of wound bursting strength and compliance of topical skin adhesives. Acad Emerg Med. 2008; 15:1290–4., , .
- 5An in-vivo study of the wound bursting strengths of octylcyanoactylate, butyl-cyanoacrylate and surgical tape in rats. J Emerg Med. 2010; 38:546–51., , , , .
- 6National Institutes of Health. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996.
- 7The pig as a model for human wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2001; 9:66–76., , , .
- 8Incisional wound healing. Model analysis of wound breaking strength. In: DiPietro LA, Burns AL (eds). Methods in Molecular Medicine, vol 78: Wound Healing: Methods and Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc., 2003, pp 37–54., .
- 9A 28-day study of the effect of Coated VICRYL* Plus Antibacterial Suture (coated polyglactin 910 suture with triclosan) on wound healing in guinea pig linear incisional skin wounds. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2002; 3(Suppl 1):S89–98., , , .
- 10A randomized, clinical trial comparing butylcyanoacrylate with octylcyanoacrylate in the management of selected pediatric facial lacerations. Acad Emerg Med. 1999; 6:171–7., , , et al.
- 11
- 12Closure of long surgical incisions with a new formulation of 2-octyly-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive versus commercially available methods. Am J Surg. 2004; 188:307–13., , , et al.
- 13Normal intraabdominal pressures in healthy adults. J Surg Res. 2005; 129:231–5., , , et al.


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This paper addresses joint transceiver and relay design for a wireless multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) switching scheme that enables data exchange among multiple users. Here, a multiantenna relay linearly precodes the received (uplink) signals from multiple users and forwards the signal in the downlink, where the purpose of precoding is to let each user receive its desired signal with interference from other users suppressed. The problem of optimizing the precoder based on various design criteria is typically nonconvex and difficult to solve. The main contribution of this paper is a unified approach to solve the weighted sum mean square error (MSE) minimization and weighted sum rate maximization problems in MIMO switching. Specifically, an iterative algorithm is proposed for jointly optimizing the relay's precoder and the users' receive filters to minimize the weighted sum MSE. It is also shown that the weighted sum rate maximization problem can be reformulated as an iterated weighted sum MSE minimization problem and can, therefore, be solved similarly to the case of weighted sum MSE minimization. With properly chosen initial values, the proposed iterative algorithms are asymptotically optimal in both high- and low-signal-to-noise-ratio regimes for MIMO switching, either with or without self-interference cancellation (a.k.a., physical-layer network coding). Numerical results show that the optimized MIMO switching scheme based on the proposed algorithms significantly outperforms existing approaches in the literature.

subset: commoncrawl


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Apple CEO Tim Cook poses smiling arm-in-arm with revelers for pictures at San Fran Gay Pride just days after he was accidentally outed as homosexual by a presenter on live TV
- Cook showed up to greet the 5,000 Apple employees who showed up for the event Sunday
- The CEO, who has never directly addressed his sexual orientation publicly, posed for pictures in an Apple Pride t-shirt with employees
- The move came two days after CNBC's Squawk on the Street co-host Simon Hobbs outed Cook live on the air
- During a segment about the dearth of openly gay CEOs, he said, 'Tim Cook is fairly open about the fact he's gay'
Just two days after Tim Cook was accidentally outed on live TV, the Apple CEO showed up to San Francisco's 44th annual Gay Pride Parade to cheer on the crowds and pose for photos with his beaming employees.
Thousands of Apple workers showed up for the event on Sunday wearing special Apple Pride t-shirts, but Cook's appearance came as a surprise.
'Congrats to 5000 Apple employees/families who attended today's Pride parade,' Cook would later tweet. 'Inclusion inspires innovation.'
Nod and a wink? Apple CEO Tim Cook surprised many when he showed up to San Francisco's gay pride parade to cheer on his 5,000 employees who participated on Sunday
Pride: Like the employees and their family members who attended, Cook donned a special Apple Pride t-shirt that featured a rainbow-hued rendering of their logo
Outed? Apple recently came out against an Arizona bill that would permit businesses to refuse service on religious grounds, a measure that critics said could allow discrimination against gay people and Cook himself has been outspoken about gay rights but he's never publicly addressed his own sexual preference
Cook did not march in the parade itself, but many of the selfies he was sure to take with many of his employees quickly showed up on social media.
Thousands of Apple employees donned specially designed T shirts at the festival and marched in unison. This year's turnout was largest in the company's history, several Apple employees told Reuters.
Apple has a long history of supporting the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. The company recently came out against an Arizona bill that would permit businesses to refuse service on religious grounds, a measure that critics said could allow discrimination against gay people.
Silicon Valley Pride: Apple's 5,000 marchers weren't alone in representing Silicon Valley's biggest companies at the pride festivities. Also in attendance were employees from Google and Facebook
'Congrats': Cook did not personally march but did send well-wishes to those who did
In an unusual step for the sometimes secretive Apple, the company has spoken out about its support for the Pride festival. To help attendees navigate the packed event, the company set up a dedicated LGBT station on iTunes Radio and featured several apps on its App Store, including the Find My Friends app. Company employees also handed out iTunes gift cards to bystanders.
'Apple believes equality and diversity make us stronger, and we're proud to support our employees and their friends and families in this weekend's celebration,' Apple spokeswoman Michaela Wilkinson said.
Fellow tech firms Google Inc and Facebook also spent several days planning their festival debuts. Hundreds of employees showed up at this year's parade.
Faux pas: Simon Hobbs commented that Apple CEO Tim Cook is openly gay - something that has never been confirmed nor denied by Cook
Crickets: Hobbs's comment was met with dead silence from the other panelists before Jim Stewart (far left), shaking his head, said that Cook is not openly gay
It was a panelist
on a CNBC current affairs show accidentally outed Cook
live on-air, to the embarrassment of his co-hosts.
Simon Hobbs was one of several co-hosts when New York Times columnist Jim Stewart appeared on CNBC's Friday edition of Squawk on the Street to talk about an article he's written that explores the dearth of openly gay CEOs.
Speaking about how former CEO of BP Lord Browne became the first person at a Fortune 500 company to publicly acknowledge that he is gay, Stewart said there's a 'corporate culture that prevents powerful gay men from going public.'
'You'd think CEOs especially are measured by objective criteria, financial performance,' Stewart said.
He went on to say that he had contacted a number of CEOs for a comment for his story and received a 'very cool reception'.
Then co-host Simon Hobbs piped up, saying, 'I think Tim Cook is fairly open about the fact he's gay at the head of Apple, isn't he?'
Speculation: Despite his sexuality being the subject of much speculation in the tech industry, Apple CEO Tim Cook has never confirmed that he is gay
For a moment, a deafening silence filled the studio as the hosts look awkwardly from one to the other before Stewart, shaking his head in disapproval, responds with a succinct, 'No.'
Hobbs tried to recover, 'Oh, dear, was that an error? I thought he was open about it.'
The panel mentioned a recent New York Times article that all but outed the CEO, but Stewart declined to comment.
'I don't want to comment about anybody who might or might not be. I'm not going to out anybody,' he said.
Despite much speculation about his sexuality, Cook has never commented about whether or not he is gay.
He's been an advocate for the Employment Nondiscrimination Act, which would make it illegal for employers to fire staff based on their sexual orientation, and mentioned in a speech he gave last year that he has been discriminated against.
'Since these early days, I have seen and have experienced many types of discrimination and all of them were rooted in the fear of people that were different than the majority,' he said.
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Skip to comments.Lutherans propose ordination of homosexuals
Posted on 04/13/2005 5:50:35 AM PDT by NYer
Washington DC, Apr. 12, 2005 (CNA) - The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America may become the first U.S.-based Lutheran denomination to approve the ordination of active homosexuals as clergy and lay ministers, reported the Christian Post.
The Church Council released a statement Monday with three resolutions that ask whether the church should bless same-sex unions and ordain non-celibate homosexuals, provided they remain faithful to their partner.
The statement has been forwarded to the ELCA Churchwide Assembly, which is scheduled to meet Aug. 8-14 in Florida. Delegates will then decide to accept, reject or amend the three resolutions.
Current ELCA policy allows the ordination of celibate homosexuals but not active homosexuals.
Should the Churchwide Assembly adopt the new policy, the ELCA will likely become the only Lutheran denomination in the United States with official guidelines for such ordinations.
ELCA is Lutheran in name only. Missouri or Wisconsin Synods won't permit this.
This is out of hand...This is like asking if anyone determined how Pope John Paul liked to have sex.
People that marry horses should be next.
Headline should say 'ELCA Lutherans'.
I'm Lutheran Church Missouri-Synod'. No way LCMS is heading this way. LCMS has done a better job speaking against homosexuality in a mature way than what I heard when I was Catholic.
-- Joe
Well, looks like my wife will get her wish to have me go to her Catholic Church on a regular basis.
What's the difference? Isn't Lutheran ... er ... Lutheran?
Unfortunate turn of phrase...
Have they learned NOTHING from the Episcopalians? The parking lots that used to be packed are now half empty. The revenues have to be down. Do they mean to deliberately destroy EVERY denominastion?
Me thinks they do.
And the Catholic church has not ordained homosexuals?
Not professed homosexuals. Professed homosexuals cannot even enter seminaries now.
no different that Conservative Republicans and Rinos ... a mixed marriage in the Lutheran church is one between a Missouri Synod member and an ELCA member
No there are different types. Some are much more conservative than others.
Will that include an Aids testing program or not?
Another religious group bites the dust.
Don't ask, don't tell.
I like the way they say "same-sex relationships". It opens the door for polygamy.
And they know they're celibate because..........?
What a farce.....it was just their way of getting that camel's nose under the tent...
The other poster was right....Lutheran in name only.
Try Missouri synod.
This, of course, makes all the difference in the world. (Not, however, in Heaven.)
I think the ELCA should recognize that some potential pastors may enjoy having sex with an animal partner. Male or female should make no difference as long as they stay committed to that "partner."
These denominations of Christianity are so far out of touch with the Ten Commandments and the Gospels that they defy gravity.
From World Net Daily:
Episcopal Bishop Gene Robinson, the first openly homosexual bishop of his denomination, has angered traditionalist Anglicans by suggesting that Jesus Christ might have been homosexual.
Robinson, who left his wife and mother of his two daughters to cohabit with his male lover, Mark, made his inflammatory remarks during an address titled, "Homosexuality and the Body of Christ: Is There a New Way?" at Christ Church of Hamilton and Wenham, Massachusetts. The bishop was asked by a congregant how Christians could both accept homosexuality and the Bible's emphasis on redemption for sins.
"Interestingly enough, in this day of traditional family values," answered Robinson, "this man that we follow was single, as far as we know, traveled with a bunch of men, had a disciple who was known as 'the one whom Jesus loved' and said my family is not my mother and father, my family is those who do the will of God. None of us likes those harsh words. That's who Jesus is, that's who he was at heart, in his earthly life.
"Those who would posit the nuclear family as the be all and end all of God's creation probably don't find that much in the gospels to support it," he concluded.
This is Satanic. Period. End of story. I hope conservative Lutherans take a stand against this train of throught...
Would the last Christian leaving the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America please turn out the lights? The folks who now run the place prefer the darkness.
Reminds me of an old Jewish joke:
Two Jewish mothers are comparing notes about their sons.
"So, what does your son do?"
"My son is a physician, a specialist in neurosurgery," said the first mother, proudly, "and your son?"
"Don't ask. He's a practicing homosexual."
"Ah, a practicing homosexual. So where's his office?"
Be Not Afraid!
When? Where? Is it a policy of the Catholic Church?
Not anyway, anyhow, anytime associated with liberal USA Presbyterian--the mainline church.
The only thing they share is the word, Presbyterian.
That's why there is a Missouri synod, Wisconsin synod Lutherans, and PCA Presbyterians....because we want to distance ourselves from the liberal mainline Lutheran, Presbyterian so called churches who grab the headlines all the time!!
Excuse the ignorance but don't they profess the same faith?
Lay ministers who want to attend the ... *kaff* ... seminary.
Are we witnessing the demise of the next Protestant denomination via schism?
While the ELCA has its liberal groups, I see adopting this policy as likely to split many of the synods(church districts) and cause individual churches to give up their ELCA affiliation.
They have. They win either way. Either they take control of the church, or they drive out and shake the faith of the saner members.
Homosexuals would rather destroy every church than to admit same gender sex is a sin.
And of course, we know satan would like nothing better than to render every church ineffective.
No, they mean to aquire the mantle of traditional Protestant Christianity and they already succeeded decades ago with the seizure of the seminaries. The apostates and heretics now in charge are only changing the displays in the store windows. Only sleeping church goers who haven't had the courage to demand accoutability from their leaders are suprised by this.
Totaly not suprised that ELCA would do this,that's why we belong to a Missouri Synod Luthern Church.
Yes they did, but not in the way we might have liked. The ELCA signed a number of binding agreements with the Episcopalians a few years back, despite a fuss from many local congregations who (rightly) objected. It was akin to a hostile corporate takeover with the board as willing participants.
Born and raised LCMS, but it's tough to come by a congregation in New England.
My mother's father and my younger brother were both ordained LCMS. Grandpa passed away years ago. Little 'bro changed career path but still keeps the faith.
No wonder they are on the decline.
Lesson: When you get in a hole, STOP DIGGING!
* http://4churchgrowth.com/chur4240.htm
Don't all synods support the same national organization?
Not exactly. Like all of Protestantdom, we are fractured into various groups, we call ours synods. The largest, and most disgustingly liberal synod, is the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). They are an amalgamation of several smaller synods that joined in the 80's. The 2nd largest synod is the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (LCMS, named sobecause its HQ is in St. Louis. Its also my synod). It is much more conservative than ELCA. Then the next largest is the Wisconsin Synod, a small but very very conservative group. There are several others (AALC, ELS, etc.) Most other Lutheran synods do not associate with the ELCA over their liberal stances on the authority of the Bible, female "priestesses", and homosexuality. I suspect that if they rule on the affirmative on these resolutions, the ELCA will dissolve, as there are many good churches in the ELCA who are stuck in a liberal denomination.
Good news... for other demoninations which want converts.
The horse of course would have to Lutheren. Mixed marriages are frowned upon.
No! Absolutely not. The synod makes the difference. Missouri Synod and Wisconsin Synod are much more conservative and faithful to both liturgy and doctrine.
If any belongs to this denomination they should get out now.
Yeah. But the issue is finally being addressed and I'm happy to report that American seminaries are seeing a hint of the tide turning as more and more orthodox, heterosexual Catholics of all ages are entering study for the priesthood.
There's a long way to go, however...
Why don't they start their own denomination, The Holy Church Of Buggery, or Lesbos of The Lord and see how many Join! BUT NOOO they have to destroy your church and mine by tearing the heart out of them. We must do the changing, not them! If they want to be members of main line churches STOP SINNING AND GET RIGHT WITH THE LORD.
Im afraid much of the world will be surprised when they find out that God is not tolerant.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Today, I came across an old man sitting on the pavement with a bottle of beer in one hand. He was crying. I thought I would be a good Samaritan and see if he was okay. After 15 minutes of hearing about how much his life sucked, he mugged me. FML
by kimftwxox / 05/02/2011 at 10:24pm / United Kingdom / Miscellaneous
Today, my boyfriend and I went on a picnic. After we finished eating he laid down, closed his eyes, and put his head in my lap. At the exact second that I bent down to kiss him, he jumped up to get the Frisbee. We both have bloody noses. FML
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Today, my parents woke me up by pouring a glass of freezing cold water over my head. Their reason? They were 'bored'. FML
by missmirror / 05/02/2011 at 7:00pm / United Kingdom (Cambridgeshire) / Miscellaneous
Today, I got pulled over. Suspicious that I'd been drinking, the police officer made me walk a straight line and recite the alphabet. I failed both. I was completely sober. FML
by spekledworf / 05/02/2011 at 5:30pm / United States (Massachusetts) / Miscellaneous
xviem's comment : that's what you get for being a dumb ass
Today, my girlfriend kindly broke the news to me that she doesn't want to take part in sexual activity anymore because it is getting too boring. FML
by beaverless / 05/02/2011 at 4:26pm / United States (Georgia) / Intimacy
Today, some kids stole all four wheels off my car. They were nice enough to leave a note and some money though, "for the bus". FML
by teinage / 05/02/2011 at 2:47pm / Belgium (Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest) / Transportation
Today, I had some hot phone sex with my long-distance girlfriend. Half-way through, my mom stormed in, and told me I was disgusting and sick for doing it in the same room as my brother. I forgot about the baby monitor. FML
by hornyloser / 05/02/2011 at 2:46pm / United States (California) / Intimacy
Today, while handing out business cards to promote my new dog grooming business, I stopped to talk to a potential client. She let me get all the way through my 15 minute speech, before bothering to tell me she didn't have a dog. FML
by Asirual / 05/02/2011 at 2:02pm / United States (Texas) / Animals
Today, I helped my parents move out of their old house. While I was guiding my dad down the stairs with the couch, my mom asked me to pick up the tape on the step below me. I bent over and grunted. My dad thought I said "Go" and kept moving. He knocked me down two flights of steps. FML
by Anonymous / 05/02/2011 at 1:43pm / United States (New York) / Health
Today, after being annoyed one too many times by my students' whiney attitudes, I accidentally blurted out, "Quit being such a bitch," to the superintendent's daughter. FML
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cptmorgan15's comment : Tell that bitch.
Today, I was so sick that I was puking and had the runs. While on the toilet, I yelled for my boyfriend to get me a bowl to puke in. As I did so, I saw that a ton of it was forming on the floor in dots. My boyfriend had given me a spaghetti strainer. FML
by megomania / 05/02/2011 at 9:51am / United States (North Carolina) / Health
Today, I found out that the weird lump on my eye is benign. That would be great news but they aren't going to treat it at all. Now I look like I'm high all the time. FML
by anon / 05/02/2011 at 6:58am / United States (California) / Health
Today, I accidentally set my hair on fire while lighting a cigarette. I panicked and put it out by slapping myself in the face. FML
by Burnt / 05/02/2011 at 5:33am / United States (Texas) / Health
fmylifedam's comment : don't smoke then


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If you couldn't make it out to the Swiss resort town of Davos to attend the World Economic Forum's annual gathering of rich people and the politicians that serve them—or if you were there but decided instead to hit the slopes—there is still some good news: The WEF made a series of image macros that allow you to experience Davos' unique brand of terrifying futuristic delusion from a hemisphere away.
You can tell that these images mean to connote boldness and authority, but instead their incoherent emphasis on certain words and phrases only highlights the disconnected worldview of the conference's false prophets while at the same time making actual knowledgable people saying agreeable things sound like fools of equal measure.
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Of course, she's in great company. Here's part-time hologram will.i.am saying perhaps the most openly ridiculous thing you could imagine will.i.am saying at Davos:
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Oh, hey, it's Kevin Spacey saying something very obvious about one of the world's most important fields: acting.
But those are the generally sympathetic ones—smart people being boiled down to word soup and the celebrities far out of their intellectual depth attempting to say things that sound profound. Mostly though, Davos is where the drivers of capitalist exceptionalism spin airport self-help mantras with the sort of seriousness normally reserved for the Dalai Lama.
I can't wait.
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Italian pol Fiamma Nirenstein planning aliyah
Fiamma Nirenstein, a prominent Jewish Italian political figure, is planning a move to Israel. More ▸
Fiamma Nirenstein, a prominent Jewish Italian political figure, is planning a move to Israel. More ▸
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A 96-year-old woman from Australia is immigrating to Israel. More ▸
The widow of a Hebrew teacher who was killed in an anti-Semitic attack in Yemen has made aliyah. More ▸
Celebrity chef Jamie Geller is chronicling her upcoming move to Israel in a series of documentary videos. More ▸
Nefesh B'Nefesh marked the 10th anniversary celebration of the founding of the group, which facilitates aliyah, with a planeload of new immigrants to Israel. More ▸
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Also From 70 Faces Media


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Poirot Murder on the Orient Ex [Blu-ray]
|CDN$ 30.99 & FREE Shipping. Details
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Product Description
A number of fine actors--Albert Finney, Peter Ustinov, Ian Holm, Alfred Molina, Tony Randall--have portrayed detective Hercule Poirot, mystery author Agatha Christie's most popular creation. There have also been several filmed versions of Murder on the Orient Express, perhaps Christie's best-known tale, and although this 2010 made-for-TV adaptation, with David Suchet in the lead role, isn't the best of the lot (that distinction goes by general consensus to the 1974 feature film, with Finney), it's likely the most controversial. That's primarily because director Philip Martin and screenwriter Stewart Harcourt have been less than completely faithful to the source material. Scenes that Christie never wrote have been added (starting right off the top with a nasty bit of business in which Poirot observes a Turkish woman being stoned for allegedly committing adultery); other bits have been somewhat rearranged, while a few characters' motivations and dispositions have changed as well, and while these are alterations that casual viewers won't notice, they are the source of dismay among those who want to see what they've read translated literally to the screen. Meanwhile, in keeping with the dark, rather violent tone, Suchet plays Poirot (a role he has portrayed more than 60 times over the last 20-plus years) as a cold, condescending, self-righteous sleuth who refers to himself in the third person and spends much of his time lurking around corners, spying and eavesdropping as he collects the information that results in a typically brilliant solution to the case--which, as Christie veterans will know, concerns the murder of one Samuel Ratchett, a heinous criminal masquerading as an obnoxious American businessman as he travels with a host of rich and royal swells on the elegant train en route from Istanbul to points west. Overall, the movie's production values are decent (especially for television), the Blu-ray transfer is excellent, and the bonus features are fine, particularly a travelogue about the real Orient Express (hosted by Suchet). But that may not be enough for Christie purists. --Sam Graham
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Top Customer Reviews
I own the Finney version so why did i buy this one? David Suchet is Poirot, The story line is similar but this is a very different version -- it' British! While i appreciate Albert Finney version it;s clearly American w/ Lauren Bacall, Sean Connery, Anthony Perkins and other fine actors. That version is larger than life and "loud" in it's presentation.
Suchet presents a Roman Catholic Poirot we've never seen before who's torn between his morality of letting 12 killers get away w/ murder and bringing a murderer to justice. There's no champagne celebration at the end of the movie, only a subdued Poirot whose finally come to terms w/ his conscious. Is it right to let 12 murderers escape in order to bring vigilante justice to a cold case? This version has a very different feel to it. We see Poirot wrestle w/ God and his dilemma.
This version is "quiet" and thoughtprovoking. I appreciate both; one as American and over-the-top; one as subdued and intellectual w/ dry British wit. No regrets.
Special features: David Suchet host a tour of the orient express and tells it's history (47 min.) 120 years w/ Agatha Christie; filmographies and cast biographies.
By the way this movie is also available in Poirot Movies series 5 so don't buy both unless you plan to give one copy of this flick away.
That being said, this was a horrible version of this classic.
If you want to see it done right, buy the 1974 Albert Finney version. It has lots of stars in it (Sean Connery, Ingrid Bergman, Lauren Bacall, etc.) and it, at least, follows Christie's plot!!
I was so looking forward to seeing Suchet's version of this story, but sadly, it was very disappointing. I sincerely hope they do a better job with Curtain and The Big Four!!
Most Helpful Customer Reviews on Amazon.com (beta)
Very first scene ... irrelevant to the rest of the film.
Stoning the adulteress in Istanbul ... a strange addition that is very un-Christie. She would never have written that.
M. Bouc's accent and general demeanour ... very annoying.
Making the doctor a conspirator ... a poor addition; his attempts to distract Poirot are dumb.
This movie does not get a chance to develop the CHARACTERS, many of whom are skimmed over with the barest of participation in the film. For example, Count & Countess Andrenyi are barely in the film at all. Countess Andrenyi is Sonia Armstrong's sister, which in the context of the story is major, and yet she's barely in the film. Characterisation was a big part of Agatha Christie novels, and it just doesn't happen much here. Other than Poirot of course, the most prominent characterisations in the film are the conductor Michel, Princess Dragimiroff, and Miss Debenham.
The mindset of the movie makers appears to be "Let's retain some bits of the 1974 movie but also let's add some zing to it by adding dark/new elements of our own."
This isn't a bad movie, but when doing a remake of a classic, it is reasonable and fair that it be marked a little more stringently. To be sure, this is nowhere near the brilliance of Sidney Lumet's 1974 masterpiece. But having said that, it is still an okay film, even if it does have me asking several times "Why on earth did they do THAT?" Occasionally there are things said that are portrayed in a more plausible context than the 1974 version of the film, but these are very rare.
Because Poirot disapproved of murder, having him morally wrestle with his decision to let the guilty go free is plausible, but it's overplayed too heavily here. It's strange that he intensely freaks out at the idea, and then goes ahead and does it. Also, adding the religious element distracts from the heart of the story. In short, it's just not necessary. And it seems out of context. When it happens, it's very unexpected, but not in a good way. You kind of think "Huh???!" It feels out of whack with the rest of the film.
The scene where Ratchett tries to get Poirot to take on a job for him is very poorly done, very weak indeed. Just slapping cash on the bar with very little dialogue; that may be the weakest scene in the film. Overall it feels like this film is TRYING TOO HARD, and so a whole lot of changes have been made to try and be hip, cool, edgey, dark, whatever. For those who are interested, here are some examples of new additions in this movie ...
- The mob-rule stoning of the woman in Istanbul.
- The doctor being among the guilty party.
- The doctor being merely an obstetrician instead of a fully-fledged doctor equipped for such a case.
- Miss Debenham being the brains behind the crime instead of Mrs Hubbard.
- Princess Dragimiroff offering herself as sacrifice instead of Mrs Hubbard.
- Mrs Hubbard being very low-key instead of a nagging loudmouth.
- Poirot not accorded much respect (Bouc says mockingly "He's a Belgian" while laughing at him, among other examples).
- The investigation being intruded on instead of Poirot always in command (especially by the doctor).
- The religious element.
- Foscarelli being the boyfriend of the housemaid.
- The "international feel" isn't very present. It lacks the international grandeur this story is known for.
- Ratchett being remorseful.
- Mr Hardman is missing.
- And other scenes and lines of dialogue that come across fairly weak.
The music in the film is too often in the urgent-scary-drama-at-fever-pitch mode. It lacks light and shade; lacks lighter moments. I think that the darker moments in the film would work better if the whole film wasn't so constantly in dark mode. It's a bit much at times.
The film finishes a bit stronger than it starts. From the time the passengers gather in the dining car and start discussing the case with Poirot, then it gathers momentum a bit. So that's perhaps the last quarter of the film.
By the way, there's a few outdoor train scenes which are very obviously done with CGI. This is not a major turn off, but it does take away from the old-world warmth that a film like this needs.
With a brilliant 1934 novel and a brilliant 1974 original film to be measured against, this movie does okay, but not great. When David Suchet was previously asked which story he would most like to film, he answered "Murder on the Orient Express". His answer suggests that he was aware of the challenge of doing a remake of what was at the time the most successful British film of all time. So after 21 years of making this Poirot series, you can understand why they waited so long to attempt this one.
In the denouement of the original 1974 film where the mystery is revealed, Albert Finney's long monologue is a tour de force performance that brilliantly captures the denouement in the book. In this current film, to have the solution delivered via a more casual conversation when they have gathered merely to keep warm lacks the classic Christie big denouement at the end.
We need to remember that Agatha Christie herself, who was usually very critical of film adaptations of her novels, loved the Sidney Lumet 1974 version of this story. She called Albert Finney's performance "wonderful" and her one small criticism of the film was that his moustache wasn't big enough. The reason we need to remember that is that it gives us a measure of what she envisaged for the story.
This is an okay film that was always going to be a challenge and does fail in quite a few ways. Filmmakers and screenwriters trying to make their mark or be cool should perhaps pay a little more respect to the biggest selling novelist of all time, and spend more time condensing Agatha Christie's story, and less time coming up with new ideas of their own.
Here we have a Poirot who is so so bitter and angry it actually detracts - and was distracting - from his depiction. His cynicism was frankly off putting to the point I could not even concentrate on the mystery. So, even had these "improvements" added to the script, Poirot himself was, in my opinion, intolerable to watch.
Every iota of intelligence, suspense or enjoyment was wrung out of this by the acting and unwarranted changes. It was nothing more than sensationalistic rubbish, more resembling something I should expect to see from a dumbed down Hollywood gem than anything based on classic British literature. Avoid this one at all costs. The 1979 movie remains the far better option.
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Communicating editor: M. Julius
Original Article
Effects of eutrophication and temperature on Cyclotella rhomboideo-elliptica Skuja, endemic diatom to China
Version of Record online: 29 OCT 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1835.2012.00659.x
© 2012 Japanese Society of Phycology
Phycological Research
Volume 60, Issue 4, pages 288–296, October 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Li, Y.-l., Gong, Z.-j. and Shen, J. (2012), Effects of eutrophication and temperature on Cyclotella rhomboideo-elliptica Skuja, endemic diatom to China. Phycological Research, 60: 288–296. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1835.2012.00659.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 29 OCT 2012
- Version of Record online: 29 OCT 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 20 JUL 2012
- Manuscript Received: 30 MAR 2011
Funded by
- National Basic Research Program of China. Grant Number: 2010CB950201
- National Environmental Protection Administration. Grant Number: 200909048
- NIGLAS. Grant Number: 2011KXJ-02
- National Sciences Foundation of China. Grant Numbers: 40972114, 41072267, 41072132
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- China;
- Cyclotella rhomboideo-elliptica;
- diatom;
- endemic;
- eutrophication;
- temperature;
- Yunnan Plateau
An endemic diatom, Cyclotella rhomboideo-elliptica Skuja, from the Yunnan Plateau, has been disappearing gradually from some lakes of the plateau. This study investigated the diatom's distribution in 30 lakes and documents long-term population changes in the paleolimnological record of a deep lake, Lake Fuxian. Living cells of C. rhomboideo-elliptica were found in five Yunnan Plateau lakes in 1957, but cells were restricted to Lake Fuxian in 2005. Its absolute abundance fluctuated from low to high to low. Our study suggests that nutrient concentrations correlate with C. rhomboideo-elliptica's s abundance and survival. We infer that the disappearance of C. rhomboideo-elliptica in some lakes may be due to increased nutrient concentrations and the species may be indicators of low nutrients. During the study, we also found that decreased in the diatoms average long axis length after the early 1990s. This morphological change was likely due to higher nutrient concentrations or to the increase in temperature, or a combination of the two.


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Book your room at Hôtel Novotel Saint Avold
Get an overview of this hotelFamily-friendly hotel with restaurant and outdoor pool
Located near the boardwalk, this family-friendly hotel is within 9 mi (15 km) of Lorraine American Cemetery and Memorial, Maison des Cultures Frontieres, and Church of Sainte-Croix. St. Maurice Church and Fort Bambesch are also within 9 mi (15 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features a restaurant, an outdoor pool, and a bar/lounge. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a coffee shop/café, a business center, and meeting rooms.
Room Amenities
All 61 rooms boast deep soaking tubs and offer free WiFi and free minibar items. Room service and coffee makers are standard, as are LED TVs with satellite channels.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Hôtel Novotel Saint AvoldAvenue de Fayetteville RN 33 Saint-Avold Moselle 57500
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Hôtel Novotel Saint Avold features an outdoor pool and a children's pool. Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This 4-star property offers access to a business center and meeting rooms. Event facilities measure 2476 square feet (230 square meters). This family-friendly hotel also offers a library, a terrace, and multilingual staff. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- 24-hour front desk
- Bar/lounge
- Pool umbrellas
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Business center
- Children's pool
- Coffee shop or café
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Computer station
- Conference space size (feet) - 2476
- Conference space size (meters) - 230
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Express check-out
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Garden
- Library
- Luggage storage
- Meeting rooms 5
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 1
- Number of meeting rooms - 5
- Outdoor pool
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Television in common areas
- Terrace
- Total number of rooms - 61
- Wedding services
- Year Built 1974
Family Friendly Amenities
- Children's pool
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Outdoor pool
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Free newspaper
- Free toiletries
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Daily housekeeping
- Deep soaking bathtub
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Minibar (stocked, free items)
- Phone
- Premium TV channels
- Private bathroom
- Room service (limited hours)
- Satellite TV service
- Shower/tub combination
Where to Eat
Breakfast is available for a surcharge and served each morning between 6:30 AM and 9:30 AM.
N Café - This poolside restaurant specializes in French cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. A children's menu is available. Open daily.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
You can order a meal from room service during limited hours.
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor pool and a children's pool are on site.
Children under 16 years old are not allowed in the swimming pool without adult supervision.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Playground on site
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of EUR 10 per pet, per day
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Service animals exempt from fees/restrictions
24-hour check-in
No rollaway/extra beds available
No elevators
- Resort fee
- Pool access
- In-room bottled water
- Parking
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: EUR 16.50 per person (approximately)
- Pet fee: EUR 10 per pet, per day
Hotel Name
- Hôtel Novotel Saint Avold
- Hôtel Novotel Saint Avold Saint-Avold
- Hôtel Saint Avold
- Novotel Saint Avold
- Novotel Saint Avold Saint-Avold
- Saint Avold Novotel
We should mention
A resort fee is included in the total price displayed. Up to 2 children 16 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
National Rating
This hotel has received its official star rating from the French Tourism Development Agency, ATOUT France.


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The Super Bowl Celebrity Winners & Losers
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