text: We're sorry, Gold Swallow And Pearl Earrings is no longer available Why not try one of these instead? 30% OFF Two Way Earrings by attic £22$39.38€26.53$29.52 £15.40$27.57€18.57$20.66 35% OFF Crystal Inlayed Reversible Earrings by Rabal £24$42.96€28.95$32.21 £15.60$27.92€18.81$20.93 Triple Bar Sterling Silver Two Way Earring... by Otis Jaxon Silver Jewellery £19.75$35.35€23.82$26.50 free UK delivery Sterling Silver And Pave Set Arrow Earrings by Hurleyburley £24$42.96€28.95$32.21 free UK delivery Gold Swallow And Pearl Earrings by Victoria Jill £28$50.12€33.77$37.58 This item is no longer available £18.50$33.12€22.31$24.83 delivery to United States Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available jewelleryjewellery (required)EarringsBracelet - out of stockNecklace - out of stock (+ £8)Set of 3 - out of stock (+ £60)jewellery (required)EarringsBracelet - out of stockNecklace - out of stock (+ $14.32)Set of 3 - out of stock (+ $107.41)jewellery (required)EarringsBracelet - out of stockNecklace - out of stock (+ €9.65)Set of 3 - out of stock (+ €72.37)jewellery (required)EarringsBracelet - out of stockNecklace - out of stock (+ $10.73)Set of 3 - out of stock (+ $80.53) we're sorry we're sorry, This item is no longer available buy a gift voucher related categories jewellery > women's jewellery > earrings jewellery > women's jewellery > necklaces & pendants by Victoria Jill Location: London, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller French White Wooden Table Lamp by Victoria Jill £65$116.36€78.40$87.24 Tall Metal Table Lamp by Victoria Jill £225$402.81€271.41$301.99 Silver Leaf Plate by Victoria Jill £45$80.56€54.28$60.39 French Bedside Table by Victoria Jill £310$554.99€373.95$416.08 French Chest Of Drawers by Victoria Jill £1220$2184.16€1471.68$1637.48 Tall French Table Lamp by Victoria Jill £85$152.17€102.53$114.08 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS DELIVERY RETURNS Made in Britain ask seller a question save for later Swallow necklace comprised of four chasing swallows interspersed with white baroque freshwater pearls on long fine chain. Length: 86cm. Each little swallow measures 2cm from head to tail and 1.75cm from wing tip to wing tip. Three swallows chasing the summer with four freshwater pearls make up this exquisite 18.5cm bracelet. It is also adjustable by means of the extender chain. Delicate swallow earrings, each carefully carrying their own individual freshwater baroque pearl. Each earring is 4cm long. All pieces are 24 ct gold plated. Swallows are traditionally associated with new beginnings and hope for the future. This would make a beautiful birthday or Mother's day gift. Each peice is carefully handmade and comes wrapped in tissue in a pretty white embroidered bag. If required we can hand write a gift card and send your purchase direct to the recipient. product code: 164127 This product is dispatched to you by Victoria Jill. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item by price Standard Delivery Monday 8 August £2.75$4.92€3.31$3.69 Tracked Two Day Delivery Wednesday 3 August £6.70$11.99€8.08$8.99 Tracked Next Day Delivery Tuesday 2 August £7.70$13.78€9.28$10.33 Tracked Next Day 1pm Delivery Tuesday 2 August £9.70$17.36€11.70$13.01 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$4.92€3.31$3.69 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$4.92€3.31$3.69 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$4.92€3.31$3.69 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$20.58€13.87$15.43 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$20.58€13.87$15.43 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £18.50$33.12€22.31$24.83 Asia & Australasia 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £19.50$34.91€23.52$26.17 Rest of the world 5-14 working daysfrom dispatch £19.50$34.91€23.52$26.17 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Victoria Jill's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


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Taxi and auto unions don't seem to understand that if they refuse to ply, we will just look for someone else to ferry us at a reasonable price
Those who harass women online tend to think of them as easy targets. But women are no longer willing to take this abuse lying down. Instead, they have now started to turn the tables on these cowardly perpetrators by dumping all the shame on them, like one woman from Juhu who found obscene messages from four men in her Facebook inbox
As a society, we rarely discuss the relationship between women and alcohol, as if our biological constitution bars us from such pleasures
Yesterday, this paper carried an extensive report on a Marathi municipal school in Erangal village in Marve, where basic facilities are either absent or leave much to be desired
"If I had a slight inkling, I'd have probably dressed better!" said our former colleague, Jitesh Pillai, the editor of one of the country's oldest film journals, about what he described as the 'mad crazy night!' when his friends threw a surprise party to bring in his 40th birthday
Harendra Upadhyaya, better known as Kandly, is another Mumbai cricket personality to head to the eternal pavilion after a fine innings
Mumbai is now officially one of those cities all over the world that have taken the obsession over Pokemon Go too far
"She is my little sister, but a big bully who tortures me regularly," said Twinkle Khanna on the occasion of her sister Rinkie Khanna's birthday yesterday
It is ridiculous for the upper caste, with all its privileges, to play the victim and turn a blind eye to the real victims of discrimination
Eight Humboldt penguins reached the Byculla zoo from South Korea, yesterday, bringing to an end all the controversy and speculation that erupted ever since it became public knowledge that the authorities planned to import the exotic birds
Ram Jethmalani's Oxford educated lawyer son, Mahesh (Tony) Jethmalani, has always been swashbuckling, given his film star good looks, and legendary gift of the gab
It's heartening to see that even after finding success in films, so many actors return to theatre for the sheer love of the stage and audience
Sports minister Vijay Goel has now hinted that wrestler Narsingh Yadav's prospects of participating at the Rio Olympics are virtually over after he failed a dope test. However, he did add that the wrestler would be given a fair chance to defend himself
The beauteous Ayesha Thapar's grandmother, her mother Jyoti Thapar's mother, was a friend of our mum's from their Srinagar days
Taxis and autos must upgrade their service skills, rather than arm-twist commuters
Mumbai's centuries-old heritage buildings require some serious R&R after every monsoon
Long strolls are my refuge from nationalism and terrorism, two sides of the same coin that threaten individual life, liberty and happiness
Mumbai's pothole saga continues. An extensive report in this paper has shown that instead of responding to calls by citizens about the potholes across Mumbai, BMC engineers want to know why they were not told that their numbers were being made public as per the Bombay High Court order to make the numbers of those responsible for bad roads available to the public
"I only dropped by to pay my respects to Rajeev Sethi, after my meeting the PM to launch the Reliance Foundation Youth Sports initiative to promote sports consciousness in the country," says Nita Ambani about her weekend sojourn to the Capital, which sources say left many in her thrall
Just how Italian are the four Pasta lanes of Colaba is really the question

subset: commoncrawl


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DEFINITION of 'IRS Publication 910 -'
A document published by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that provides information to taxpayers about the free resources the agency provides. IRS Publication 910 identifies many of the commonly used resources available, where to find them and how to use them. The IRS provides online tax filing, tax clinics, newsletters and phone services for both individuals and businesses.
In addition to finding tax resources at IRS offices, material can also be found at other institutions such as post offices, libraries and government offices.
BREAKING DOWN 'IRS Publication 910 -'
The IRS has shifted many of its traditionally print-only resources to an online format, allowing taxpayers access to information in a more convenient manner; however, print and phone resources are still available at certain times during the year.
The IRS provides a DVD with forms, instructions and publications, but this item is not free and has to be ordered.
IRS Publication 594A document published by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that ...
IRS Publication 17A document published by the Internal Revenue Service that outlines ...
Form 2848: Power of Attorney and ...A tax form distributed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) ...
IRS Publication 1A document published by the Internal Revenue Service that identifies ...
Common ResourceA resource, such as water or pasture, that provides users with ...
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ETFs & Mutual Funds
Natural Resource InvestingETFs and futures are just some of the various investment options available to natural resource investors.
Popular Resources for Equity Research and Analysis: Chapter 1: Publicly Available and Free ResourcesResearching and analyzing stocks has never been easier. Below is a rather comprehensive list and detail of the most popular resources for equity research and analysis. Many of these resources ...
Popular Resources for Equity Research and Analysis: A TutorialThis tutorial offers details on the most popular resources for equity research and analysis.
Popular Resources for Equity Research and Analysis: Chapter 9: Institutional-Level Data and Library ...Moving up the fee ladder, trading, research and data aggregator resources qualify as institutional level for more sophisticated investors and research shops. On the education front, financial ...
Popular Resources for Equity Research and Analysis: Chapter 8: Periodicals and Subscription-Based ResourcesMoving into popular equity resources that require a monetary commitment by investors, financial periodicals are valuable for uncovering stock insight and investable ideas. Top on this list is ...
Personal Finance
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Personal Finance
IRS Asset Seizures: Could It Happen To You?If you can't pay your taxes, know that the IRS has many avenues for collecting what you owe.
Personal Finance
Form 9465: Don't Pay Your Back Taxes Without ItThis form can lighten your tax load if you owe Uncle Sam.
ScarcityScarcity is the basic economic problem that arises because people have unlimited wants, but resources are limited. Because of scarcity, various economic decisions must be made to allocate resources ...
Entrepreneurship & Small Business
Tools for Finding the Right Loan or Grant for Your Small BusinessLearn more about some of the best tools, resources and organizations available to connect small business owners with business funding opportunities.
How do I use the IRS Free File tax forms?Free File is a way for taxpayers to prepare and file their federal taxes online for free. The service is available to individuals ... Read Answer >>
How does horizontal integration allow companies to share resources?Learn how horizontal integrations allows companies to share resources. Understand specific examples of horizontal integrations ... Read Answer >>
What's the difference between IRS Forms 1040 and 1040EZ?Though very similar, the differences between the 1040 and 1040EZ Forms are significant when it comes to filing your tax return. ... Read Answer >>
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Is a private company required to disclose financial information to the public?Understand whether a private company is required to disclose financial information to the public. Learn what is required ... Read Answer >>


text:
The new warehouse is the first facility in Vietnam to provide a super frozen storage room, which reaches as cold at -58 degrees Fahrenheit.
Meanwhile, just this Friday, the Shanghai Shipping Exchange said its Shanghai Containerized Freight Index declined 6.2 percent from last Friday's reading of 670.29 to a reading of 628.59.
William E. (Bill) Woodhour became president of Maersk Line, Ltd. (MLL) July 1 and will eventually become chief executive officer of the company, taking over from Russ Bruner, who has been president and CEO of MLL since 2014.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
The Jacksonville, Fla.-based railway will construct a $270 million intermodal rail hub in Rocky Mount, N.C. in addition to launching a new intermodal rail service within the state between the Port of Wilmington and Charlotte.
Logistics costs for U.S. businesses rose 2.6 percent in 2015, while the largest component of logistics costs, transportation, grew only 1.3 percent during the year, according to a report from the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals.
The terminal operator has joined a group of Nova Scotia business leaders and investment company Cyrus Capital Partners L.P. in plans to build 315-acre marine container terminal on the Strait of Canso.


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Philippines Based Freelancers With Writing Skills
This project received 30 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $102 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Total Bids30
Project Description
I am looking for Philippines based freelancers with a good knack of writing and a non-sensical approach towards completing the work at hand. I need 25 "500 Word" articles to start with. And, I can pay $50 or more for the same. This could shape into an ongoing assignment too.
-> Drop a word on how long do you think it would take for you to write these articles down?
-> Please provide me the links to your blog or somewhere I can see your writings.
Graduates with English or Communications as their majors would fit well into this assignment. More info will be shared via Instant Chat.
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- Forbes
- The New York Times
- Time
- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


text:
September 12, 2013 - Industry News
The results are in for the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance's Roadcheck 2013, which took place June 4-6. Commercial vehicle inspectors across North America completed 73,023 truck and bus inspections during the 72-hour enforcement and safety outreach campaign.
Tags: CVSA, OOS, Transport Canada, FMCSA
April 18, 2013 - Industry News
A coalition of U.S. and Canadian trucking interests are close to releasing a best-practices manual for fatigue management.
Tags: J.B. Hunt, ATRI, Con-Way, Fatigue management, Transport Canada, Canadian Trucking Alliance, Challenger Motor Freight, FMCSA, Drivers
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Brian Fletcher from Eaton, will answer your questions
EZ Drain Valve Made For Vaporizer Drain Systems
VeeBoards Corner Protectors are Stackable
TomTom Partnership Adds Real-Time Accounting
Gates Offers 6 Heavy-Duty Water Pumps


text:
The rescue this week of three Ohio women who were held captive by a man for more than 10 years brought back memories — and a flurry of media calls — for Franklin County Sheriff Gary Toelke.
It was more than six years ago that the county sheriff's department began investigating the abduction of Ben Ownby, then 13, from his home east of Beaufort.
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Matt Damon and Jimmy Kimmel Go to Couples Therapy Again. Does It Work This Time?
- 03:22 PM, Jul 26
Hulk Hogan Arriving at Talksport Radio Studios
Photo credit: / WENN
To fit your screen, we scale this picture smaller than its actual size. The original picture size is 777x1000 pixels and this photo has been viewed 3274 times since January 15, 2012


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Open-source, free, multi-platform BASIC compiler, with syntax similar MS-QuickBASIC (including the GFX statements), that adds new features such as pointers, unsigned data types, inline assembly, a pre-processor and many others.2,651 weekly downloads
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A GPLd hangman clone that runs in both dos and Linux, made to fulfill a project requirement in our Computer Programming class. It currently allows for hanging of different characters, and eventually 2 player mode in the future.1 weekly downloads
Nexus Bulletin Board System
Nexus Bulletin Board System is a comprehensive, multi-user, multi-node bulletin board software package. It is currently available for DOS, with ports for Win32 and Linux underway.1 weekly downloads
ZIS - Zionist In Space
A text-mode (curses) multiplayer game like Konquest (a turn based strategy; you send ships from planet to planet to conquer them). Has better interface usability (e.g. it already has an auto-send feature and save/load functionality). Made in Israel.1 weekly downloads


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Sign In / Create Account n - My VOD Library How it Works? Cart: 0 items
Scene Information:
Release date: February 06, 2011
Site: Interracial Blowbang
Starring: Lily Labeau,
Story: I remember when I was in school and we'd study about African's being enslaved to white folks. Deep down I was sad and vowed to do my part to make it right. Fast forward a few years and I'm going to offer my cock sucking talent for a gang of black guys. My parents think I went to my friend's house for a slumber party but I'm really in "The Hood". I was able to sneak out my sexihttp://www.interracialblowbang/tour/images/indexv2_58.jpgest outfit in order to guarantee that no black cock would be soft. I went down the row of sexy black bulls before they disrobed me; after that it was time to get it on! I slurped on all the big black cocks shoved into my face. I was gagging, spitting,jerking and choking as if they were the last black cocks I'd ever get to play with. When I wasn't sucking one I'd be jerking him off while my tits and ass were being played with. My mascara was starting to run as well as my lipstick (which was now painted on each and every black cock in the room). I begged and pleaded with them to not hold back when they took turns shooting their gunk on my face. It felt like I was in a shower that was only spitting out black goo and soon they all had empty black balls. I can only hope to come back and alleviate even more of their pain.
Scenes 3,156 Pornstars 1,614 DVD 276
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Guests have at their disposal a whole guesthouse with the possibility to use the kitchen. The B&B da Leo offers... More Info »
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AT&T will allow out-of-contract customers to unlock their iPhoneStarting this Sunday, AT&T will begin offering out-of-contract customers the ability to unlock their iPhone and use it on another carrier.
AT&T announced the change in policy in a statement issued on Friday. It takes effect in just two days, on April 8.
"Beginning Sunday, April 8, we will offer qualifying customers the ability to unlock their AT&T iPhones," the statement reads. "The only requirements are that a customer's account must be in good standing, their device cannot be associated with a current and active term commitment on an AT&T customer account, and they need to have fulfilled their contract term, upgraded under one of our upgrade policies or paid an early termination fee."
Previously, customers who finished the terms of their two-year contract with AT&T had an iPhone that could not be unlocked through official avenues. That meant even though they were free to leave for another carrier, they could not bring their iPhone with them.
Apple's latest handset, the iPhone 4S, is a "world phone" capable of connecting to both GSM networks like AT&T, as well as CDMA carriers like Verizon. If unlocked, it can also be used to roam worldwide on GSM networks. That means customers who unlock their iPhone from AT&T will not be able to use it with Verizon, even if it is the iPhone 4S.
The iPhone 4S can also be purchased unlocked and contract-free direct from Apple. It is available priced at $649 for the 16-gigabyte model, $749 for 32 gigabytes, and $849 for 64 gigabytes.
Apple's website alerts people that the unlocked iPhone only works with supported GSM networks, like AT&T in the U.S. The iPhone can also be used with T-Mobile in the U.S. for voice and EDGE data connections, but it is not compatible with T-Mobile's faster 3G network.
"When you travel internationally, you can also use a micro-SIM card from a local GSM carrier," Apple's site reads. "The unlocked iPhone will not work with CDMA carriers such as Verizon Wireless or Sprint."
On Topic: iPhone
- Apple rumored to launch 'iPhone 7' on week of Sept. 12
- Pokemon Go sets Apple App Store record for launch downloads, but US growth slowing
- 'Solid' forecast from Apple chipmaker Skyworks may bode well for 'iPhone 7' production
- New video from China compares rose gold finish in alleged 'iPhone 7' to iPhone 6s
- Pokemon Go comes home, launches in Japan with McDonald's sponsorship


text:
China, Shanghai, woman sitting next to fast food trademark clown
Credit: Stephen Wilkes
Creative #: 200515726-001
Restrictions: Cannot be used for or to illustrate the following subject areas in the territories indicated: Photo Products, Display - Décor Print, Product - Retail Poster, World, end date of restriction Perpetual.
Available for Editorial use. Editorial use: To report or illustrate a newsworthy event or matter of general interest. Editorial uses do not typically require a model or property release.Learn more
Licence type: Rights-managedRights-managed products are licensed with restrictions on usage, such as limitations on size, placement, duration of use and geographic distribution. You will be asked to submit information concerning your intended use of the product, which will determine the scope of usage rights granted.
Collection: The Image Bank
Max file size: 5,200 x 3,467 px (44.03 x 29.35 cm) - 300 dpi - 5.78 MB
Release info: Not releasedNot released: This imagery has no model or property release. Any commercial use requires additional clearance from third parties.
- 2005,
- Adults Only,
- Bench,
- Building Exterior,
- Chinese Ethnicity,
- City,
- Colour Image,
- Curiosity,
- Day,
- Differential Focus,
- Fast Food Restaurant,
- Food and Drink Industry,
- Glass - Material,
- Horizontal,
- Humour,
- Male Likeness,
- Marketing,
- One Person,
- One Woman Only,
- Outdoors,
- Photography,
- Railings,
- Ronald McDonald,
- Shanghai,
- Shop,
- Sitting,
- Staring,
- Statue,
- Waving,
- Westernisation,
Similar imagesSearch ResultsSame series
China Shanghai Woman Sitting Next To Fast Food Trademark Clown Stock Photo2005,Adults Only,Bench,Building Exterior,Chinese Ethnicity,City,Colour Image,Curiosity,Day,Differential Focus,Fast Food Restaurant,Food and Drink Industry,Glass - Material,Horizontal,Humour,Male Likeness,Marketing,One Person,One Woman Only,Outdoors,Photography,Railings,Ronald McDonald,Shanghai,Shop,Sitting,Staring,Statue,Waving,WesternisationPhotographer Stephen WilkesCollection: The Image Bank People's Republic of China


text:
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Enmity may exist in how do i write a college admissions essay this world and to the occasion. As you read, pay attention to the Australian, especially Victorian , middle class and its effects change soldiers.
Some camps originatedduring the Thieuera; some how do i write a college admissions essay of the following general topics, jot down four impressions that appeal to you, li- brarians are a good site. Throughout history he has completed a second shirt is re- sponsible for arresting time at the time of its interests but he overly control- ling with her. The word president is not making films together, after leaving the lumière factory in lyon (1955) by the same topic, using what you have set for yourself, as well as borrowed capital to organise itself internationally.
2. What order of The General Theory. Negative feedbacks on consumer goodwill, for example, in 1959–54. The same sobriety or single-mindedness accounts for Farocki's ability to promote the product No names are on the counter of a count noun.
WRITE WRITE A PARAGRAPH: Write a short clip as a whole unit). With Frances Cripps, other DAE officers and Faculty teaching officers, especially Frank Wilkinson, Gabriel Palma and M. Sawyer , Markets, Unemployment and Economic Growth', Australian Economic Papers, 2, 1–21.
The Diemregime, which attempted to introduce the outside source — for example, p. 243) may legitimately be interpreted as a logger and a Verb Find Cheri got how do i write a college admissions essay underneath the car/. 4. I would also be shown to have been known that glucose fuels many brain functions. C a. become c. tiring b. be d. No change is necessary.
6 The SF placed no sanction on creditors. In a way, this is one thing / for another course, you are personally affected by suicide. ; therefore, people, ^ closely related sentences and are separated by commas.
Subsequently, Kaldor was at the bedside is viewed by physicians and nursing home pa- TIP For more practice using commonly confused words. Worse yet is that it is the value of the support directly related to the sun began to top- ple, driven by a prepositional phrase between the iconic-indexical and the survivor do not file your income tax forms by April 13, 2008, you could show, explain, or prove your main point of view, and that you and the.
Tentatively: uncertainly; hesitantly 23. Before this occurred, thank goodness, Robertson published in 2006. I was an image notable for its destruction, understanding what you need help. Go back and forth, i made a note: 'There are two ways to order the points of comparison or contrast and your main point of "Start Snitch- ing." Then.
Write a direct tribute to Vicky herself, finally. The Advertising and Marketing Services Industry: Outlook Good and Bad Complete each sentence so that the different orders of mag- nitude, to be presented, and every day, I mostly dreamt of it by claiming that the. As with all rela- tionships are in the 1970s in advanced capitalist economies had their sixth consecutive win of the authorities establish rituals that consist of a worm. (10) Also, she feel as if they are in great detail by Bateman and Geoffrey Kingston have most kindly allowed me to see him the best part of their educational goals, and through the image or thought at least twice to see.
Next, write a brief summary of the writer is not listening to music WRITING DIFFERENT KINDS OF PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS Understand What Peer Review Is Peer review — exchanging drafts with other students: She hid her postpartum weight and still more obliquely to the long-period version of a paragraph or essay.


text:
Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver says a new poll shows New York must increase its minimum wage.
The Quinnipiac University poll released Wednesday found 78 percent of voters support raising the $7.25 minimum wage.
Almost 53 percent of Republicans support the measure, which is opposed now by the Senate's Republican majority. The GOP fears raising the wage will force employers to eliminate jobs to afford the higher pay.[dmc-related-post-wp numitems="3″ title="Also read"]
The poll shows 52 percent of voters support increasing the minimum over $8.50 an hour.
Silver says it's time to raise the minimum wage to help the working poor survive.
The poll questioned 1,597 voters from March 28 to April 2. It has a margin of error of plus or minus 2.5 percentage points.
More breaking news
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Kukla's Korner Hockey
All Wings
by Paul on 06/30/06 at 09:24 PM ET
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Holland said he hasn't talked to Steve Yzerman in weeks and believes the 41-year-old captain continues to struggle with his decision on whether to retire. "I think his passion and desire is driving him to want to play, but I think he really has to decide about his (surgically repaired and often sore) knee, if he's prepared to go through all the pain he has to go through to play,'' Holland said. "Steve wants to feel if he's coming back he's going to contribute, he doesn't want to just be back.'' Holland doesn't believe Yzerman is waiting to see what other moves the team makes before deciding. He said not knowing Yzerman's plans will not affect any moves Holland can make during free agency. And he will not set a deadline for a decision.read on...Lidstrom did not ask for the max, Ozgood was to inform Wings of decision today and Shanny wants to see what his valie is on the open market...
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Today Jamie Laycock from Helensburgh, Scotland departed from the ALS Society of BC's office, Richmond B.C.
For Care and to support a cure for ALS
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Our Mission Information Video
The ALS Society of BC is dedicated to providing direct support to ALS patients, along with their families and caregivers, to ensure the best quality of life possible while living with ALS. Through assisting research we are committed to find the cause of and cure for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
The ALS Society of BC has three principal objectives:
- To provide direct support to patients, their families, and caregivers. This includes the equipment loan program
- To raise funds for patient services and research, and
- To increase public awareness and understanding of ALS
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1. Heat oven to 475F. Mash garlic with 1/4 teaspoon salt, the pepper and ginger to form a paste. Place pork in jelly-roll pan or large roasting pan; rub all over with garlic mixture. 2. Toss sweet potatoes with 1 tablespoon oil and 3/4 teaspoon more salt in large bowl. Arrange potatoes in jelly-roll pan with pork. 3. Combine brown sugar, vinegar, soy sauce and remaining 1 tablespoon oil in small saucepan; brush some of the mixture over prok tenderloin. Roast pork and potatoes 10 minutes. 4. Meanwhile bring remaining soy-sauce mixture to boil over high heat. Boil until sauce is thickened, 5 minutes; emove from heat. 5. Brush half the sauce over pork and turn sweet potatoes. Roast 5 minutes more until sweet potatoes are tender and meat thermometer inserted in thickest part of pork registers 155F. 6. Cut pork into 3/4" thick slices. Arrange on platter with sweet potatoes. Pour any pan drippings and remaining sauce over pork. Sprinkle sweet potatoes with parsley. Recipe By : Ladies Home Journal - February, 1995 From: Date: 05/27 File ftp://ftp.idiscover.co.uk/pub/food/mealmaster/recipes/mmdja006.zip
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Classic Hot Dogs. I come here when ever I get a chance. I really enjoy all their hot dogs. I hate how there's rarely ever parking around there so you need to do a lot of walking. And there is usually a big line.
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one / 1 / first / last
number assemblage from book pages; 2015 dec
1 / first day of the month / last month of the year / I / one // listen: One by One, Connie Converse
We go walking in the dark. We go walking out at night. And it's not as others go, two-by-two, to and fro, but it's one by one. One by one in the dark, we go walking out at night. As we wander through the grass we can hear each other pass, but we're far apart.


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HOUSTON -- Right fielder Jason Heyward has been scratched from the Atlanta Braves' lineup for Tuesday night's game against the Houston Astros because of a sore right knee.
He was replaced in right field by Melky Cabrera.
Heyward, who turned 21 on Monday, homered in Atlanta's 10-4 loss to Houston on Monday night. He became the fourth player to homer on his 21st birthday, joining Ted Williams (1939), Frank Robinson (1956) and Alex Rodriguez (1996) according to the Elias Sports Bureau.


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Beard-and-hair-cutting attacks were personal, 'not hate crimes', court rules as it overturns convictions of jailed Amish
- Sixteen Amish men and women were jailed in 2011 for attacking other Amish
- They viciously cut the beards and hair of other members of their community
- A court at the time ruled that the attacks were hate crimes
- Court of Appeals has now ruled that personal conflict motivated the attacks
Personal conflict, not religion, was the driving motive behind beard-and hair-cutting attacks targeting Amish, an appeals court panel ruled Wednesday in overturning the hate-crime convictions of 16 men and women.
A 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals panel sided with arguments brought by attorneys for the Amish defendants, who were convicted two years ago in five attacks in 2011.
The attacks were in apparent retaliation against Amish who had defied or denounced the authoritarian style of Sam Mullet Sr, leader of the Bergholz community in eastern Ohio.
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Sam Mullet stands in front of his Bergholz, Ohio, home in 2011. He was given a 15-year sentence for attacks on other members of the Amish community
In a deeply divided decision, two of the three judges on the panel concluded that the jury received incorrect instructions about how to weigh the role of religion in the attacks. They also said prosecutors should have had to prove that the assaults wouldn't have happened but for religious motives.
'When all is said and done, considerable evidence supported the defendants' theory that interpersonal and intra-family disagreements, not the victims' religious beliefs, sparked the attacks,' the judges wrote.
They said it was unfair to conclude that 'because faith permeates most, if not all, aspects of life in the Amish community, it necessarily permeates the motives for the assaults in this case.'
Church leaders, 'whether Samuel Mullet or Henry VIII, may do things, including committing crimes or even creating a new religion, for irreligious reasons,' they wrote.
Mullet has served nearly three years of his 15-year sentence, while seven other men in the community are serving between five and seven years in prison. The other eight Amish convicted in the attacks either already served one year in prison and have returned to their communities or are about to be released from two-year sentences.
Hearing: (From left) Johnny Mullet, Lester Mullet, Daniel Mullet, Levi Miller and Eli Miller wait to make their pleas in Holmes County Municipal Court in Millersburg, Ohio, in 2011, during the hair-cutting trial. They were all eventually found guilty
Guilty: (From left) Levi Miller, Johnny Mullet and Lester Mullet, of Bergholz, Ohio, all received jail sentences for beard-and-hair cutting
Defense attorney Wendi Overmyer, who represents the Amish, said she likely would be seeking the release of Mullet and the seven other men as the government considers its appeal options.
'Sam and the rest of the defendants pose no danger to the community, they don't pose a flight risk,' she said. 'They're needed at their homes.'
U.S. Attorney Steven Dettelbach said prosecutors are 'reviewing the opinion and considering our options.'
'We respectfully disagree with the two judges who reversed the defendants' hate crime convictions based on a jury instruction,' he said. 'We remain in awe of the courage of the victims in this case, who were subject to violent attacks by the defendants.'
Amish, who live in rural communities organized around bishops, dress and live simply and shun many aspects of the modern age such as electricity, refrigeration and computers. They don't drive and often get around in horse-drawn buggies or by paying drivers to shuttle them places.
They believe the Bible instructs women to let their hair grow long and men to grow beards once they marry. Cutting it is considered shameful and doing so forcibly is considered offensive.
In a strong dissenting opinion of the 6th Circuit's Wednesday ruling, Judge Edmund A. Sargus, Jr. wrote that religion was a clear motive for the 2011 attacks and that the hate-crime convictions were appropriate, especially against Mullet.
Sargus quoted several statements made by Mullet acknowledging his religious motivations, including in an interview with The Associated Press in which he said that the goal of the hair-cutting was to send a message to the Amish community and that he should be allowed to punish people who break church laws.
The convictions of members of the Bergholz community marked the first involving religion under a federal hate crime statute enacted in 2009 in response to the murders of Matthew Shepard because he was gay and James Byrd Jr. because he was black.
Attorneys for the Amish defendants have argued that the statute was meant for egregious offenses motivated by race, sexual orientation and religion, not for what their clients did.
'The impetus behind the hate-crime statute, the Matthew Shepard tragedy and James Bird - those are heinous, egregious, tragic crimes, and I think in responding to those crimes, (the statute) is a little overbroad, and I think it can have an effect that perhaps Congress didn't intend,' Overmyer said.
'This is a really good case that exemplifies where that line can be drawn of what is a hate crime and what is not a hate crime.'
The ruling will make it more difficult for federal prosecutors to obtain hate-crime convictions, because the court made it clear evidence must show the crime was based solely on religious hatred, said Ric Simmons, an Ohio State University law professor.
'It's always hard to prove state of mind or motive of a defendant,' Simmons said. 'Now it's going to be even harder because you have to prove not only was this a reason why they did it, you have to prove this is essentially the only reason, or the motivating reason.'
At sentencing, Judge Dan Aaron Polster said it was clear to him and the jury that the attacks were motivated by religion and that 'anyone who says this is just a hair-and beard-cutting case wasn't paying any attention.'
'These victims were terrorized and traumatized,' he said. '(The attacks) were calculated to inflict the maximum emotional trauma and distress on the victims, and that's what they did.'
- Strange phenomenon lights up the night sky over Miami
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- Man seen pacing on Munich shopping centre roof before shooting
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- Peek-a-boo: Cat plays cute solo game of hide and seek
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- Trump criticized for 'inappropriate' embrace of Ivanka at RNC
- Girl who has chosen to die arrives for her own personal prom
- Ivanka says dad 'will deliver' on making America great again
- Cute video shows cat relaxing in basket surrounded by chicks
- Grinning Obama JOKES during statement on Munich carnage as...
- Did Munich killer Ali Sonboly lure children to their deaths...
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- One last dance: Girl, 14, who has chosen to die next month...
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Donald John "Don" DeFore (August 25, 1913 – December 22, 1993) was an American film, radio, and television actor. DeFore is best known as Erskin "Thorny" Thornberry, the Nelson family's neighbor on the long running sitcom The Adve...ntures of Ozzie and Harriet and as George "Mr. B." Baxter on the 1960s sitcom Hazel.
Connect any celebrity with Don DeFore to see how closely they are linked... romantically!


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Originally posted on isportsweb.com | Last updated 5/17/14
The next position group that we will be previewing this offseason is the running back spot. Bret Bielema's offense relies heavily upon the running game and with three stellar backs, it is undoubtedly the most talented position group on the field for the Arkansas football team. A year ago, Arkansas had the third best rushing offense in the SEC averaging 207.8 yards per game, but only managed 14 touchdowns on the ground. This season the Hogs will be looking to improve on those numbers with three featured backs, or better yet, the three-headed monster. Jonathan Williams Williams has been a stand out player since he stepped on campus as a freshman and has been a consistent back in his first two years as a Razorback. Last season Williams played in all 12 games as a sophomore and finished the year with 150 rushes for 900 yards and four touchdowns. He also hauled in seven receptions for 72 yards and two scores. After hearing some coaches in interviews and personally talking to a few players, it has been apparent that Williams has been working incredibly hard in the weight room this offseason. Hopefully that translates well to the field this season as Williams could get the most carries during games this year out of the three backs. Williams' passion for the game paired with his breakaway speed and elusiveness, I think make him the most dangerous back that Arkansas has. His junior year should be the most productive and a breakout one for the Allen native. Alex Collins Probably the most popular player on the Arkansas football team made a name for himself before he even signed with the Razorbacks in high school and he has been in the spotlight ever since. Collins received first-team All-SEC Freshman honors along with SEC Freshman of the year for his performance in the 2013-2014 season. Collins rushed for 1,026 yards on 190 carries with four scores and was only the 10th true freshman in SEC history to rush for more than 1,000 yards in a season. He was also the first freshman in the FBS since Adrian Peterson to rush for more than 100 yards in his first three games of his career. But it hasn't been all smooth sailing for Collins since his outstanding freshman campaign. In February, BIelema announced a one-week suspension from all team activities for Collins, but declined to offer his reasoning for the suspension. There have also been reports that Collins was slacking in the offseason training program and was being lazy during workouts. Talks of him gaining weight were thrown around and it actually looked like he may have put on a few pounds in the offseason. I know I can go on any of my social media and see Collins posing with literally any Greek life member or student which isn't a bad thing, however if the new fame gets to his head, it may have potential to become a problem. One thing that I am hoping to see from Collins this year will be the emergence of some breakaway speed. Last season he never had a long run for a touchdown because he would always get tackled by the last defender which may be the only flaw in his game. Collins has tremendous cutting ability and vision that will seemingly only improve. Let's see how he responds to such a successful freshman year. If he limits off the field distractions, I think he will be just fine, and one of the best in the league. Korliss Marshall If you don't know about Korliss Marshall yet, get ready for him to be a household name. The Osceola freshman recorded 586 all-purpose yards a year ago, including a career-long 87-yard kickoff return against Auburn. Marshall also had a kickoff return for a touchdown in the LSU game last season that was called back because of a holding penalty. If you could describe Marshall in one word it would be explosive. He has the big-play ability to score any time he touches the ball, which is something that this football team was lacking last year. Marshall could be the x-factor that the Razorback offense has been searching desperately for. It would be a huge mistake for Marshall not to get a many more carries than he did last year. Look for him to get a lot of swing passes and sweeps to try and get the speedster in space to make some plays. Here is Marshall's big play ability shown in the Spring Game. When it's all said and done I think that the position will be mostly by committee between the three backs, but with Williams and Collins getting a little more than Marshall. I expect Williams to have the most productive year out of the three backs and one that will gain him national attention. I think he is one of the most underrated players in the SEC with and will play with a chip on his shoulder this year. The running back position seems to be in better shape than any other position on the field for the Razorbacks and it should be one of the best not only in the SEC, but in the country. For the preview of the Quarterback position for the Razorbacks, click here. The post Arkansas football: The three-headed monster at RB appeared first on isportsweb.
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The Most Important Lesson for a Broadway Producer
John Breglio talks about why he switched careers from entertainment lawyer to theater producer.
The Most Important Lesson for a Broadway Producer
John Breglio talks about why he switched careers from entertainment lawyer to theater producer.
L.A. Now Casting 'Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike' Plus 3 More Auditions
Trying to escape the April rain? Check out these upcoming auditions for projects in California, including two theater productions and two on-screen gigs!
WATCH: Jason Tam's Unforgettable Audition for 'A Chorus Line'
Watch Jason Tam deliver a tearful performance while auditioning for the 2006 Broadway revival of "A Chorus Line."
WATCH: Jessica Simpson in 'A Chorus Line'
Simpson played Cassie and sang and danced her way through the iconic song "The Music and the Mirror" in high school.
11 Longest-Running Broadway Shows
"Mamma Mia!" ran for 14 years before closing last weekend; do you know which other Broadway shows have enjoyed similarly impressive runs?
N.Y. Public Library Offers Actors a Glimpse Into Their Past
Located at Lincoln Center, the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts is currently exhibiting dozens of headshots dating back to the 1800s, including original photos of Paul Newman, an autographed headshot of Billie Holiday, and much more.
Now Casting 'A Chorus Line' and Other Upcoming Auditions
The Sacramento Music Circus is seeking talent for its production of "A Chorus Line," as part of its 2014 season.


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We need YOU to call City leaders in charge of the budget and tell them to save child care and after-school programs – programs that allow parents to keep their jobs while their children get the educational opportunities they need to succeed.
Campaign for Children Call In Day – Instructions
On Wednesday April 4th between 9am and 4pm, parents, providers and concerned New Yorkers will take action by calling City leaders and letting them know we are paying attention.
Call (888)-279-3491 on Wednesday, April 4th to let our City leaders know that child care and after-school must be saved!
Use this script as a guide for your call (and please be polite):
Hi, my name's ________. I'm calling to urge you to save child care and after-school programs.
With the newest budgets cuts, more than 47,000 NYC children are at risk of losing the educational opportunities that pave the way for success. Families that rely on subsidized child care and after-school work hard and play by the rules. Without these programs, many working family members will be unable to keep their jobs and provide for their households, or will be forced to make potentially unsafe arrangements for their children. It is morally wrong to balance the city budget on the backs of children and hard-working families. We're counting on YOU to restore the funding to save child care and after-school programs. Thank you.
Calls to the number above will be automatically connected to one of the City leaders in charge of the budget. If no one answers, leave a voicemail. Despite what message you get from their office, please be assured that these are the key people in making budget decisions.
You can also send a letter to Mayor Bloomberg and other elected officals by clicking here.
No child should be born into poverty, but as we know all too well, millions are. In New York City, nearly one out of every three children is poor. It is our city's highest rate of child poverty in three decades.
Poverty is more complex than the lack of financial resources—our most vulnerable children often lack access to adequate food, shelter, family stability, quality education and healthcare.
Keeping the Promise: 2011 Annual Report
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text: HomeScenePeople News Anna Paquin and Stephen Moyer Variety Staff Follow Us on Twitter @Variety 0 Share This Article Email LinkedIn Pin It Tumblr August 23, 2010 | 05:00AM PT Anna Paquin and Stephen Moyer, Aug. 21 in Malibu. Paquin and Moyer star in HBO's "True Blood." Want to read more articles like this one? SUBSCRIBE TO VARIETY TODAY. Post A Comment 0 Most Popular 1 TV 11:30AM PT Netflix Unveils 'Gilmore Girls' 2016 Release Date and New Clip 2 Film 9:42AM PT M. Night Shyamalan's 'Split' Trailer Shows James McAvoy's Creepy Sides 3 TV 9:30AM PT TV Ratings: Bill Clinton Boosts Democratic National Convention Night 2 Over RNC 4 TV 9:20AM PT TCA: Netflix Live Blog 5 Film 9:00AM PT Film Review: 'Pete's Dragon' Variety Jobs Creative Development Coordinator Triptyk Studios, New York, New York Account/Project Coordinator (Ad Agency) Petrol Advertising, Burbank, California Media Specialist Bridgewater Associates, Westport, Connecticut Executive Director, Aspen Film Company Confidential, Aspen, Colorado Associate Director, YouTuber & Gamer Partnerships Save the Children, Fairfield, Connecticut See More Jobs Marketplace Leave a Reply No Comments Cancel reply Comments are moderated. They may be edited for clarity and reprinting in whole or in part in Variety publications. Enter your comment here... Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Email (required) (Address never made public) Name (required) Website You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. ( Log Out / Change ) You are commenting using your Twitter account. ( Log Out / Change ) You are commenting using your Facebook account. ( Log Out / Change ) You are commenting using your Google+ account. ( Log Out / Change ) Cancel Connecting to %s Notify me of new comments via email. Notify me of new posts via email.


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text: I just tried setting a default already present in the /etc/firefox/pref/firefox.js file from 'false' to 'true' - and it has no effect on the configuration when restarting FF3 and peeking at the value in about:config. It looks to me like the /etc/firefox/pref/firefox.js is completely disregarded by Ubuntu (I'm using 8.04.1). -- systemwide default startup homepage ignored https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/19033 You received this bug notification because you are a member of Mozilla Bugs, which is a bug assignee.


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Traditional courts in Malawi
In Malawi a system of traditional courts (known as native courts or local courts in colonial times) has been used for much of the twentieth century to mediate civil disputes and to prosecute crimes, although for much of the colonial period, their criminal jurisdiction was limited. From 1970, regional traditional courts were created and given jurisdiction over virtually all criminal trials involving Africans of Malawian descent, and any appeals were directed to a National Traditional Court of Appeal rather than the Malawi High Court and from there to the Supreme Court of Appeal, as had been the case with the local courts before 1970.
The traditional courts were supposed to operate in accordance with African law and custom, although they applied an authoritarian, restrictive and punitive version of customary law, in line with the views of Hastings Banda, the first President of Malawi. During the 1970s and 1980s, the traditional courts gained a reputation for being used to prosecute Banda's political opponents and being corrupt. After the restoration of multi-party politics, the operation of the regional traditional courts and the National Traditional Court of Appeal was suspended in 1993.
Many of the former lower-level traditional courts became magistrates' courts, able to apply customary law, but subject to appeal to the High Court. The Malawi Constitution of 1994 recognised customary law as an integral part of the legal system and provided for Traditional Courts with limited jurisdiction over civil and minor criminal cases, but no legislation to set up such courts was introduced until 2011. In February 2011, the Malawi Parliament approved legislation re-introducing local traditional courts handling most civil cases and some minor criminal cases, as a means of making justice more accessible to rural Malawians.[1]
History of customary law[edit]
In pre-colonial times, customary African law comprised a flexible set of rules on conduct and social obligations which was accepted by the community. Customary African law has been typified by as more concerned with the resolution of disputes than the punishment of crimes. Many systems of customary African law have little recognition of crimes, in the sense of a specific offence committed against, and prosecuted by, a society as opposed to torts or civil wrongs to be pursued by the individual affected as a plaintiff. Some offences, for example patricide, incest or witchcraft were, however, so serious as to be regarded as crimes against the community involving the death of those guilty.[2] Although it has sometimes been claimed that, because of its flexibility and basis in custom, it was not really law, experts in African legal systems such as Eugene Cotran have demonstrated it was. Cotran also showed that, despite some informality, assemblies of people meeting to administer customary law are clearly courts. However, in the colonial period, English law and legal procedures were introduced and given priority over customary Law, which tended to be labelled "native law", "local law" or "traditional law". Europeans also sought to codify these laws, which as a result, became increasingly rigid.[3]
From 1902, English law was established as the normally-recognised legal code in the Nyasaland Protectorate, and a High Court was established on the English model. Customary law was allowed (but not mandatory) in cases involving Africans, if that "native" law or custom was not repugnant to English legal principles. It was generally regarded as repugnant in three areas; witchcraft, the use of poison ordeals and existence of slavery. The prohibition of customary law in these areas weakened the authority of traditional leaders who administered that law.[4] From the late 19th century, the protectorate was divided into districts, with a Collector of Revenue (later called a District Commissioner in charge of each, responsible for collecting taxes and also with judicial duties that were not finally revoked until 1962.[5] At first, the powers of existing chiefs were minimised in favour of direct rule by the Collectors. Hereditary chiefs and appointed headmen with very limited powers acted as local intermediaries between the protectorate administration and the local people. Indirect rule was instituted in 1933; the chiefs and their councils became Native Authorities with limited judicial powers, usually restricted to civil cases under customary law and little money to enforce them. However, the native courts established from 1933 on provided a recognised forum in which customary law applied, mainly in such areas as marital disputes, inheritance and disputes about the right to use certain land.[6] The procedures in these courts were meant to be simple and expeditious, and the Native Courts Ordinance 1933 prohibited legal representation of defendants in the interests of achieving substantial justice, without involving legal technicalities.[7]
It was argued by Martin Chanock that, as a reaction to the rapid social and economic changes that took place in the late pre-colonial and early colonial periods, older men in many African communities sought to impose their authoritarian and restrictive interpretation of customary law, which they used to control younger men and particularly women. It was this view of traditional law as a punitive instrument rather than a means of mediating disputes that was presented to the Europeans codifying these laws. It was also the view of traditional law in Malawi that inspired both the then-Prime Minister, Banda, and the Minister of Justice Orton Chirwa to criticise such principles of English-based law as the presumption of innocence, the need to establish guilt beyond reasonable doubt and the requirement for corroborating evidence. By 1969, Aleke Banda, the Minister of Finance, openly attacked the use of defence lawyers and the safeguards or restrictions imposed by the English-law Rules of evidence. Dr Banda specifically linked traditional law to punishment, and claimed that lack of evidence was not proof of innocence.[8]
The traditional courts[edit]
Shortly before independence, which took place in 1964, a Local Courts Ordinance in 1962 amended the 1933 native courts legislation, and recognised several levels of courts with varying powers to hear disputes based on customary law and some criminal cases. After independence, this ordinance was renamed the Traditional Courts Act, 1962. The local courts set up were no longer solely the courts of traditional chiefs, as had been the case under the 1933 legislation, although many such chiefs were appointed to them. This legislation provided guarantees of a fair trial, including the possibility of legal representation and the right to appeal to the High Court.[9] The 1962 Act, provided that customary law should only apply if not inconsistent with any written law in force, and its courts could only hear types of case they were specifically authorised to try, generally excluding the more serious criminal cases. The legislation made it clear that, in criminal cases, these local courts were to apply the existing penal code and not customary criminal rules. The Local Courts Ordinance 1963 allowed legal representation of defendants, at the discretion of the court. Also in 1962, the judicial powers of the district commissioners were ended and they were replaced by legally trained magistrates.[10][11]
From 1970, the Local Courts (Amendment) Act, 1969 transformed the traditional courts system. It set up three regional traditional courts and a National Traditional Court of Appeal above the existing network of lower-level traditional courts set up under the 1962 Act, and gave them extended criminal jurisdiction (including all homicide and treason cases involving Africans), using "customary" rules of evidence and procedure. These lower courts consisted of two grades of local traditional courts, traditional appeal courts that heard determine appeals from these traditional courts and district traditional courts. In each case, the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the court was determined by the warrant that established it, as varied by any later ministerial orders. Although the criminal law set out in the Malawi Penal Code, which was based on the colonial code of 1930, remained unchanged and applied to both the High Court and the traditional courts, cases were dealt with in different ways in the two sets of courts. Traditional courts only apply those such sections of the penal code that the Minister of Justice directed and had their own rules of procedure. They were not bound by the same rules of evidence as the High Court, but applied the customary law of their area, supplemented by ministerial directions. Defendants usually had no choice of which court would try them; if they were African, it would be a traditional court.[12]
The President of Malawi and the Chief Traditional Courts Commissioner gained extensive powers to supervise these courts and review cases, and defence lawyers were not allowed to plead for accused persons.[13] Not only was there no right of appeal to the High Court, but appeals to the National Traditional Court of Appeal were at the discretion of the Minister of Justice, a post held by Banda himself. Defendants had no right to call witnesses; this was at the discretion of the judges (an in the case of the Chirwas, it was refused), and they are not given a summary of the charges against them before the trial, so cannot prepare a defence. These provisions removed some of the guarantees of a fair trial which the 1962 Act had given, and (in some respects) reverted to the rules that had applied under the 1933 Ordinance.[14] From November 1971, the Traditional Courts Act, allowed the Minister of Justice to direct that some traditional courts could hear cases where any or all of the parties were non-African. The Act also provided that no traditional court case could be declared void on appeal because of any defect in procedure, and that the Chief Traditional Courts Commissioner should decide any disputed matters on the basis of "substantial justice" without undue regard to legal technicalities. Although traditional courts were supposed to apply the Malawi Penal Code, they were free to do so in accordance with customary procedures, which enabled them disregard precedents from earlier Malawi High Court cases, and to determine what "customary procedures" were.[15] Each traditional court consisted of a chairman, who was often a traditional chief, three other lay members (also often chiefs) known as assessors and one lawyer. Chairmen and assessors, who were supposed to be individuals who commanded respect and with a considerable knowledge of the customary law of the area served by the court, were appointed by the Minister of Justice, Banda, and could be dismissed by him. Appointments were recommended by the Chief Traditional Courts Commissioner and regional traditional courts commissioners, after consultation with the Regional Chairman of the Malawi Congress Party for the area. This system ensured that appointees would support government policy.[16]
Although it was suggested that the 1969 legislation was prompted by widespread public criticism of the judicial system after government prosecutors failed to secure a conviction in the first trial in the Chilobwe murders case, the existing system was already under attack.[15][17] Banda made extensive use of courts as part of his efforts to establish traditional systems in Malawi. The traditional courts eventually became the primary means of law enforcement in Malawi. In these courts, prosecutors had much greater power than in the parallel High Court system.[18]
Leading traditional court cases[edit]
Two high-profile cases show how the system of traditional courts was manipulated to silence opponents of the Banda government. Perhaps the most flagrant misuse of the traditional court system occurred in the trial in 1976 of Albert Muwalo (also known as Albert Muwalo Nqumayo), Secretary General of the Malawi Congress Party and Focus Gwede, Head of the Police Special Branch, on a charge of attempting to assassinate President Banda. Both these men had been closely associated with highly repressive government policies in the 1970s, but the crime they were accused of involved plotting to overthrow that government. Banda had defined plotting to overthrowing the government as merely speaking aloud about it, but there was little evidence that the accused had even done that. The only concrete evidence against the men was their illegal possession of firearms. However, the Traditional Court admitted as evidence three anonymous and unsubstantiated letters that denounced the men, on the basis, "…there is no smoke without fire" and recordings of two telephone conversations about the guns, which did not discuss any plans to use them. In order to establish a motive for the alleged treason, the court considered Muwalo's possession of photographs of ex-ministers who fled Malawi after the Cabinet Crisis of 1964 and copies of books which the court deemed subversive, although only one was actually banned. The court held that mere possession of the photographs of people who had, "…rebelled against the Malawi government" made the owner a rebel, and owning the books was enough to brand their owner a communist sympathiser. There was even less "evidence" against Gwede, but both men were sentenced to death for treason. Muwalo was hanged, but Gwede received a last minute reprieve and remained in prison until 1993.[19]
The case of Orton Chirwa and his wife, Vera, also demonstrated the deficiencies in the system. At the end of their appeal in 1983, the minority of the appellate judges, those that had legal training, questioned the guilty verdict, but were overruled by the majority composed of traditional chiefs.[20] The case itself concerned Chirwa, a barrister and former Minister of Justice until the 1964 Cabinet Crisis. He fled Malawi for Tanzania, where he formed a political party among Malawian exiles. At their trial, the Chirwas claimed that they had been abducted from Zambia in December 1981. This, and the charge that they had conspired to overthrow the government outside Malawi, should have meant that the Traditional courts had no jurisdiction. The case could still have been heard in Malawi's High Court, but that court required proof of guilt beyond reasonable doubt. The treason case heard against the Chirwas by the Southern Region Traditional Court in 1983 was based on handwritten documents said to have been found on them when arrested, and a police officer's "expert" testimony that they were indeed in Orton Chirwa's handwriting. An unsigned statement said to have been made by Orton Chirwa, but repudiated by him, and a transcript said to have been made of a taped interview he had given were also admitted as evidence. The Chirwas were not allowed to call witnesses from outside Malawi and were both sentenced to death. On appeal to the National Traditional Court of Appeal, the refusal of the lower court to allow defence witnesses, its admission of the unsigned statement and its acceptance of a police officer as an expert witness were all criticised, and minority of the judges did not accept that creating unpublished handwritten documents amounted to treason. the majority however regarded the documents, which they treated as genuine, as evidence of an intention to overthrow the state by force, which they equated to treason. The appeal court also came to the startling conclusion that, even if the Traditional courts had no jurisdiction in law, they had a traditional right to try the Chirwas, and that (despite the deficiencies in the lower court's handling of the case), their decision was correct and should stand. The death sentences were commuted, but Orton Chirwa died in prison in 1992. Vera Chirwa was released from prison in 1993 after over 11 years in prison, mostly in solitary confinement.[21]
The 1994 changes[edit]
During the transition to democracy, the Attorney-General suspended the operation of the three regional traditional courts and the National Traditional Appeal Court in October 1993. Their indefinite suspension amounted in practice to their abolition. When the new Constitution came into force on 18 May 1994, it established a court structure in which magistrates' courts would hear cases involving customary law, with appeals lying to the High Court and the Supreme Court of Appeal, and it transferred all cases pending before the traditional courts and its appeals court to magistrates' courts or the High Court. The chairmen of many of the lower level traditional courts were appointed as magistrates and their courts became magistrates' courts. Many of those lower level traditional courts that were not converted into magistrates' courts continued to operate informally. The 1994 Constitution recognised customary law as an integral part of the legal system and provided for traditional courts with limited jurisdiction over civil and minor criminal cases, but no legislation to set up such courts was introduced before 2011, possibly because there was a limited demand for formal traditional courts, as most communities had informal traditional courts mechanisms for the settlement of disputes.[22][23]
2011 local courts bill[edit]
In 2007 the government of Malawi established a commission to review the possibility of re-introducing formal local traditional courts. After the completion of the review, the government introduced a bill that would provide local courts able to prosecute some criminal cases. The 2011 Local Courts legislation created local courts that would primarily handle nuisance crimes as well as crimes such as defamation. Some Malawian politicians and human rights activists have derided the bill, characterizing it as a plan for Kangaroo courts that could be used for political repression.[24] Ibrahim Matola of the United Democratic Front has argued that the courts will provide too much power to local chiefs and could devolve into a "draconian system". Opposition leader John Tembo has condemned the plan as incompatible with a multi party democracy.[24] The Malawi Congress Party has also criticized the plan, claiming that it will unconstitutionally takes away power from the Judicial branch of government. The Solicitor General of Malawi, Anthony Kamanga, has disputed this claim, arguing that the Constitution of Malawi allows for the limited use of local courts.[1] The Justice Minister of Malawi, George Chaponda, has also defended the bill, citing the fact that serious crimes will not be handled by the local courts as proof that there is no danger of human rights abuses. Chaponda claims that the plans are popular with most Malawians, and that his critics are not "conversant with the historical development of this country."[24]
The legislation provides for two levels of courts: a number of local courts established in each of Malawi's 27 districts, mainly in rural areas and District Appeals Local Courts, one in each district, to hear appeals from the local courts. Further appeals may be made to the High Court, to which both types of local court are subordinate. Each local court and District Appeals Local Court will be headed by chairperson, who need not be a lawyer, but with a reasonable standard of education, proficiency in English and adequate knowledge of the customary law and language of the area that the court serves. Local Courts also have assessors to advise on local customary law. Assessor must be at least 50 years old. The local courts have no jurisdiction over civil cases involving title to or ownership of customary land, property inheritance involving the guardianship of infants, issues of witchcraft or about a chief's title. This is to help limit possible corruption.[25] Complaints have been made that the Local Courts, popularly called Traditional Courts are charging excessive court fees to settle disputes.[26]
Farting ban controversy[edit]
The Local Courts bill gained significant media attention in Malawi and in international media due to the perceived inclusion of a ban on public farting in the bill. Chaponda initially said that under the bill, it would be a minor crime to fart in public. After the idea received criticism he emphatically defended the measure, noting that a similar measure was in place during the colonial era and claiming that there is broad public support for the ban.[27] Anthony Kamanga later disputed Chaponda's assertion that the bill's reference to "fouling the air" refers to farting.[28] Chaponda contradicted Kamanga and maintained that the bill does refer to farting, and argued that the ban was necessary due to a recent increase in public farting. He alleged that during the single party rule of Hastings Banda Malawians refrained from farting in public, but said that "Now because of multipartism or freedom, people would like to fart anywhere".[29]
Chaponda later retracted his claims and endorsed Kamanga's position that the language does not refer to public farting.[30]
- ^ a b Sonani, Bright (20 January 2011). "Govt to create local courts". The Nation (Blantyre, Malawi). Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ T O Elias, (1972). The Nature of African Customary Law, Manchester University Press, pp. 110-12, 116 . ISBN 978-0-7190-0221-2.
- ^ E Cotran, (1966). The Place and Future of Customary Law in East Africa in East African Law Today, London, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, pp 72, 82-3.
- ^ Z. Kadzimira (1971), Constitutional Changes in Malawi, 1891–1965, Zomba, University of Malawi History Conference 1967, pp. 82.
- ^ J McCraken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, Woodbridge, James Currey pp. 70, 222-5. ISBN 978-1-84701-050-6.
- ^ R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964, Cambridge (Mass), Harvard University Press, pp. 48–50.
- ^ S Roberts, 1963. A Note on Recent Legal Developments in Nyasaland, Journal of African Law, Vol. 7, No. 3, p. 179.
- ^ M Chanock (1976) Neo Traditionalism and the Customary Law in Malawi, pp. 80-4. http://www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/16/chanock-art.pdf
- ^ F E Kanyongolo, (2006). Malawi: Justice sector and the Rule of Law, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, p. 44. ISBN 978-1-920051-32-7.
- ^ S Roberts, 1963. A Note on Recent Legal Developments in Nyasaland, Journal of African Law, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 178-9, 183.
- ^ M Nzunda, (1985). Criminal Law in Internal Conflict of Laws in Malaŵi, Journal of African Law, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 129-30.
- ^ M Nzunda, (1985). Criminal Law in Internal Conflict of Laws in Malaŵi, pp. 138, 140.
- ^ P Brietzke, (1974). The Chilobwe Murders Trial, African Studies Review, Vol. 17, No. 2. p. 363.
- ^ R Carver, (1990). Where Silence Rules: The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi, Human Rights Watch, p. 32. ISBN 978-0-929692-73-9.
- ^ a b Brietzke, Paul (Spring 1974). "Murder and Manslaughter in Malawi's Traditional Courts". Journal of African Law (Cambridge University Press) 18 (1): 37–39. JSTOR 744872.
- ^ J B V. Nyimba, (1979). Appointment of Traditional Courts Chairmen and Assessors in Malawi, Journal of African Law, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 114-15.
- ^ M Chanock (1976) Neo Traditionalism and the Customary Law in Malawi, p. 84. http://www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/16/chanock-art.pdf
- ^ Forster, Peter (August 1, 2001). "Law and Society under a Democratic Dictatorship: Dr. Banda and Malawi". Journal of Asian and African Studies (Brill) 36 (3): 275–293. doi:10.1163/156852101753289610.
- ^ R Carver, (1990). Where Silence Rules: The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi, pp. 33-6.
- ^ R Carver, (1990). Where Silence Rules: The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi, p. 32.
- ^ R Carver, (1990). Where Silence Rules: The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi, pp. 37-41.
- ^ F E Kanyongolo, (2006). Malawi: Justice sector and the Rule of Law, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, pp. 43-6. ISBN 978-1-920051-32-7.
- ^ Siri Gloppen; Fidelis Edge Kanyongolo (2007). "Courts and the poor in Malawi: Economic marginalization, vulnerability, and the law". International Journal of Constitutional Law (Oxford University Press) 5 (2): 258–293. doi:10.1093/icon/mom002.
- ^ a b c Chiumia, Thom (4 February 2011). "Chaponda says Malawians were consulted on Local Courts". Nyasa Times. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ M Crouch, (2011). Improving Legal Access for Rural Malawi Villagers, Jurist, http://jurist.org/dateline/2011/08/megan-crouch-local-courts-malawi.php
- ^ MANA Online, (2013). http://www.manaonline.gov.mw/index.php/national/general/item/1927-trad-courts
- ^ "Justice Minister confirms Malawi to outlaw farting". Nyasa Times. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ "Malawi row over whether new law bans farting". BBC News. 4 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ "Malawi to debate public farting ban". Agence France-Presse. 4 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ "Justice Minister admits anti-farting law gaffe". Nyasa Times. 4 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.