text:
Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
The Cubs have optioned Tyler Colvin and Marcus Mateo to Triple A and called up lefty Scott Maine and speedster Tony Campana.
Maine was sporting a 2.84 ERA in Iowa, striking out 21 in 19 IP, while walking just 8. Hard to imagine he'll be any worse than what he is replacing.
Campana was sporting a good luck line of 342/383/442 in Iowa earning his promotion. I wish him well, but he'll be hard pressed to find enogh playing time and such good luck in the majors(.423 BABIP in Iowa this season). He does bring speed with him, being successful in 8 of 9 stolen base attempts this year and 144/186 for his minor league career (77.2%). Of course, Yadier Molina wasn't playing in those leagues during the same time, so he probably won't see that success translate either.
Colvin did need to start getting some regular at-bats, although it's hard to figure out why he can't get them over Fukudome, Byrd or Soriano. For a team that already hits plenty of singles without walking much and in desperate need of some power, Colvin seemed closer to a cure than Campana, but neither will be effective without regular use.
It's also of note, as mentioned in the comments, that the Cubs are about to begin interleague play at American League parks starting off at Boston this Friday. Barring injury, Colvin cannot be recalled now for 10 days, leaving the Cubs DH options Reed Johnson, Castillo, DeWitt, Campana and Baker or more likely one of those play the field while the likes of Ramirez, Soriano and so forth get a defensive rest day. It's foresight like that keeps a century-plus losing streak alive.
Anyway, the appropriate deck chairs have been moved on this Titanic. May the disaster continue...
Re: Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
not picking on you because i keep seeing people say it as if it's nothing...
"Colvin did need to start getting some regular at-bats, although it's hard to figure out why he can't get them over Fukudome, Byrd or Soriano."
what has colvin done to even hope to have a shred of bumping any of these guys out of regular starts?
he got chances to start in early april and didn't do anything. myself, i thought he should have been sent down weeks ago if they weren't going to use him for spot starts. if he was working with coaches to iron out a swing or something...he's been working on it since late april when he quit getting rest starts for others so much.
i like colvin and all, but he's been pathetic in 2011.
he got "screwed" a bit by jeff baker suddenly being a hitter and darwin barney going on his singles streak which doesn't seem to want to stop.
Re: Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
I'm of the opinion that Colvin needs regular at bats in AAA at this point. Aside from a hot 6 weeks to start 2010. Colvin has been a fairly pedestrian hitter since the day he was drafted. He still is absolutely awful at controlling the strike zone. Might as well let him work out the kinks, while stalling his service clock?
Best case he works it out and is a contributing asset for another 5 years? Worst case he tops out as a AAAA slugger.
discomforting Phil Rogers flashback
"Wilken compares Vitters to Clemson outfielder Tyler Colvin, his first-round pick a year ago...
Wilken cited Vitters' presence as well as his ability to hit.
"He's a baseball player," he said. "That's what we are looking for. It's what we tried to emphasize last year [in the draft].
"You can see what we have with Tyler Colvin. He's a baseball player, and Josh is very much in that mode."
Re: Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
If they are looking for baseball players, why do they keep drafting football players?
Re: Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
I'm waiting for Hendry to cite some statistic going back to last year to rip Colvin some more. "Since September 3rd of last year Colvin has hit .111, and that asshole came to camp expecting a spot on the roster after we bragged about him all off-season as one of our 3 core players this year."
Re: Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
Not to be a bore on this subject, Rob, but what actually is the difference between saying that a guy is lucky to have a BABIP of .423, and his luck is bound to change, and that a guy has had a hot streak and raised his average to .342, and he's bound to cool off?
People have been saying the latter for a hundred years.
Anyway, I'm excited that Campana is on the team, for many reasons including that he has worked hard and he deserves a shot. (I'm so excited that I can't get off this blog today.) I thought it was insulting when Campana didn't get an invite to spring training.
Re: Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
Or he could have just read what I posted in the previous thing.
For anyone else who reads that, pretty much ignore the Jimmy Rollins deal. The writer confused himself there.
Re: Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
33 minutes for MLB Live to do a piece on H.Killer.
it took them 20-30 minutes to do a piece on santo when he died.
i guess that's how they roll.
Re: Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
they've got a lot of hours of air space to fill. Think there would be an "intentional talk" without a crushing need for programming?
Re: 4 errors, 5 unearned runs
Has a new bar been set for Cubbery? Chad ought to pay a visit tonight and leave his thoughts.
Re: Cubs Make Superfluous Roster Moves
Any reason Montanez wasn't called up instead of Campana, seems like Luis is the hot bat right now? I would think the Cubs would take anyone that can hit for power right now. Might be an options issue if he's out of them, but seems wierd they didn't bring him up to play LF for the Bosox series and be 5th outfielder for a while. They guy is 29, it's not like he needs AB's in the minors at this point, it's time to see what he's got!
Recent comments
Chapman shouldn't be reserved anymore on 40 man.
Interesting split on Heyward according to ESPN. As a CF, his slash line .292/.363/.375/.738. At RF: .212/.204/.300/.604. 21/72 as a CF, 58/273 as a RF.
He's also been better when batting 2nd, but he had a nice start in the 6 hole, but has slumped ever since. He was heating up before the All Star break, but is only hitting .108 in the 2nd half.
When we played the Reds with Chapman, I always thought of it as an eight-inning game. So now other teams have eight innings to try to get a lead against the Cubs. Should be a challenge, assuming three or four Cubs ever start hitting again.
I don't really try to get to know and like these players personally. I'm rooting for laundry, for the most part. Exceptions might be when a player makes trouble in the clubhouse or in the dugout. (Zambrano and Bradley come to mind. Also Papelbon.) But I don't think Chapman is one of those jerks.
Unfortunately, a pretty good summary. It looks like next year Heyward will be getting yet another batting stance adjustment.
The recent good news has been Baez. I'm afraid about the next league adjustment on him, though, which is probably right around the corner.
Bryant I don't worry about too much. Just not seeing the ball well right now. He'll turn it around. Russell's been good with men in scoring position all year and he's 22ish. He'll be fine but next year is likely to be his breakout year.
If Travis' back-to-back-to-back walks cost Hendricks the ERA title, that would really suck.
Edit: "A lifeless loss to a lousy Sox team."
This place is a real downer after a loss to the Sox.
I expect they will go 5-9 games above .500 the rest of the year. 96-98 wins will win the Division.
They should have one more 2-3 week hot streak in them.
However, several players are just "average" for the last month: Zobrist, Ross, Russell, Ceasar. Montero is terrible, plus he cannot throw anyone out. -WAR. Heyward is abysmal at the plate, but a plus in the OF. Still with RISP he has been terrible. KB has not been driving in runs as of late. But Apparently the team is still above average with RISP according to S Sahadev.
I came to that realization tonight. I kept expecting them to play better, but now I realize they aren't going to. They are a .500 team now.
- They have one reliable starting pitcher. Jake's magic is gone, and it doesn't look like it's coming back. Lester has been lousy recently. Lackey's ERA goes up every time he pitches.
- Heyward has been dead weight all year. I can't remember a single series where he was a significant offensive contributor. Not one. Great defense, but but if he were hitting .270 with 10 HR and played average defense, the Cubs would be better off.
new rule...no one's allowed to throw k.bryant a changeup
Team is .500 since early May and is playing like a .500 team. Lack of offense seems to be putting a lot of pressure on the pitchers...and they aren't handling it terribly well.
.500 the rest of the way still may win the division though.
...i hate espn.
nothing like settling into a cubs game to get a few minutes cutaway for an ortiz AB in the 6th inning of the det/bos game.
oh, at least they're doing split screen now...i guess.
I'm liking this rookie Nathan.
Richard DFA'd. Meh...
Throwbacks with fashionable cutouts would be a nice touch.
The next 2 games are nationally televised. I think we dominate tonight, hitting 3 HRs off Shields. Great night for KB to end HR drought facing HR prone pitcher in one of the most hitter friendly parks in the league.


text: 000 FXUS63 KLOT 222023 AFDLOT Area Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Chicago/Romeoville, IL 323 PM CDT FRI JUL 22 2016 .SHORT TERM... 304 PM CDT Through Saturday... Have made no changes to current heat headlines for Saturday and no major changes to the low chances for storms tonight and Saturday morning, mainly in north central Illinois and then slowly increasing chances Saturday afternoon. Influence of last night`s and this morning`s MCS can still be seen on visible satellite this afternoon. The outflow from this arcs northward across central/eastern Iowa with a zone of 20-25kt 850-925mb warm advection across that same area. Have seen isolated storms develop in that area and expect an uptick through late afternoon as a subtle short wave disturbance moves eastward near the MN/IA border and the cap is eroded. The instability gradient and thicknesses slope southeastward and would expect any organized convection to propagate that way, possibly clipping north central Illinois during the evening hours and east central Illinois in the late evening/overnight hours. Confidence is low on this, but somewhat higher confidence than in recent days that the Chicago area and far northwest Indiana will remain dry. Afternoon dew points have recovered into the lower to mid 70s across the area and may inch up a couple more degrees into this evening. The humid air mass will not allow the temperatures to drop much, but they could reach the temperatures for a few hours which under the surface ridge could set the stage for patchy shallow fog or even some haze. So have added that into the overnight forecast. There may even be stratus development based on the lowest level profiles forecast by some of the high- resolution guidance. For Saturday outside of morning fog/stratus possibility and the small chance of festering convection in the south/southwest, the morning should be sunny. Given the 925mb temperatures forecast to be 26-27C, highs in the mid 90s are possible, but at this time have gone lower 90s in most locations. Light onshore flow is expected to develop across northeast Illinois and far northwest Indiana which should keep them cooler. Heat index values may be close or reach advisory criteria for some counties not currently under a headline for Saturday, but given the uncertainty on clouds/afternoon storms have collaborated on waiting for any new headline issuance or changes. As for Saturday afternoon storms, as the higher theta-e returns from the southwest there are increasing chances reflected. Also, if convection can sustain itself from the Dakotas/Minnesota late tonight and Saturday morning, this would possibly reach into or near the CWA by mid-late afternoon Saturday. Some guidance indicates this and being in the zone of ridge-riding complexes, this is a possibility at some points late Saturday or into the night. MTF && .LONG TERM... 342 AM CDT Sunday through Thursday... A cold front swings through Sunday with a chance of showers and storms ahead of it. Thinking Sunday will be the final day of heat and humidity. A heat advisory may be needed for most of the warning area. Heat indices vary from 100 to 110. Slightly cooler and drier conditions move in Monday and Tuesday with highs in the 80s. A more active pattern returns mid and late in the week with periodic chances of storms. High temps look to remain in the 80s. JEE && .AVIATION... For the 18Z TAFs... The concerns for the Chicago area airports are the potential for a lake breeze shift to easterly winds late this afternoon, as well as a chance for light haze/fog tonight. Finally, east winds may reach 7-10 kt for a period Saturday afternoon. Westerly winds have continued to be stout enough across northeast Illinois to prevent a lake breeze development thus far. The somewhat local pressure gradient in place is anticipated to weaken and allow a lake breeze to develop, though it should be slow to move inward and have backed up the timing of an easterly wind shift. It is possible that this wind shift does not arrive at all or that the speeds are below 7 kt when it does, and confidence is medium in its arrival and low on the specifics. Isolated storms are possible across eastern Iowa late this afternoon though the expected organization in these if they develop is low. Because of that, the potential to move over the TAF sites tonight is even lower, especially the Chicago airports. Saturday will see a high pressure ridge over the area allow for easterly to southeasterly winds across the TAF sites. These could see an increase to 7 to 10 kt during the afternoon especially for Chicago area sites. MTF && .MARINE... 322 PM CDT Generally light winds will continue through Saturday with high pressure building over the Western Great Lakes. A weak cold front will turn winds from southwest over the north half of the lake Friday afternoon to light northerly Saturday morning. The pressure gradient will increase Saturday night as the trough of a low pressure system moving across Ontario approaches. This will result in south to southwest winds/gusts up to 25 kt on Sunday. A cold front trailing from the low pressure system will move across the lake Sunday night, with fairly light west and northwest winds on Monday behind the front, though some potential for gusts up to 20 kt. High pressure spreading to the Eastern Great Lakes by mid week will bring light winds Monday night through Wednesday. Thunderstorms are possible across the lake over the weekend, especially Saturday night into Sunday, with locally higher winds and waves possible with any stronger thunderstorms. RC && .LOT WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... IL...Excessive Heat Warning...ILZ008-ILZ010-ILZ019-ILZ021-ILZ023- ILZ032-ILZ033-ILZ039 UNTIL 7 PM Saturday. Heat Advisory...ILZ003-ILZ004-ILZ005-ILZ006-ILZ011-ILZ012-ILZ013- ILZ014 UNTIL 7 PM Friday. Heat Advisory...ILZ020-ILZ022 UNTIL 7 PM Saturday. IN...Heat Advisory...INZ001-INZ002 UNTIL 7 PM Friday. Heat Advisory...INZ010-INZ011-INZ019 UNTIL 7 PM Saturday. LM...NONE. && $$ VISIT US AT HTTP://WEATHER.GOV/CHICAGO (ALL LOWERCASE) FOLLOW US ON FACEBOOK...TWITTER...AND YOUTUBE AT: WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/NWSCHICAGO WWW.TWITTER.COM/NWSCHICAGO WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/NWSCHICAGO

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Play Video
Apple Goes After The Really Casual Gamer
Posted by BreakTrailers on Apr. 14, 2010
Elizabeth Rage takes you through the steps to create the Enchantress look f...
On this episode, Master Chalk Artist Chris Carlson takes on an epic Star Tr...
Get you geek on and come check out these hilarious clips!
Posted by BreakTrailers on Apr. 14, 2010


text:
Welcome to S.P.A.R.T.A.!
Welcome Guest! Would you like to log yourself in?
Featured Products
Fitness Business Company Employee Handbook (Manual)
$49.99 $19.97
Save: 60% off
Corporate Wellness Workshop Proposal Template
$39.97 $19.97
Save: 50% off
Personal Trainer Letter of Introduction to Medical Doctor
$9.99 $5.97
Save: 40% off
Copyright © 2016 S.P.A.R.T.A. Personal Trainer Store. Powered by Zen Cart


text:
Bermudian Springs spending $113K for intercom, phone system, cl...
There are 22 comments on the Evening Sun story from Jun 19, 2009, titled Bermudian Springs spending $113K for intercom, phone system, cl.... In it, Evening Sun reports that:Bermudian Springs School District officials have approved spending $97,652 to install a new intercom and phone system at the district's middle and elementary schools.
Join the discussion below, or Read more at Evening Sun.
#1 Jun 19, 2009
I can't see where these expenses are real necessities. At this point in our economic situation all expenses should be only those items absolutely necessary to maintain day to day operations. As a homeowner/taxpayer in the district I am fed up with the free spending and continual tax hikes. How about some fiscal responsibility for once?
#2 Jun 19, 2009
It makes you wonder how they survived all those years without $16,000 clocks. Common sense just isn't so common anymore.
#3 Jun 19, 2009
I don't know believe phones were necessary when we were in school, no need for music to be played through out the school,$16000 clocks seem a little extreme. Agree with AC resident fiscal responsibility needed here!
#4 Jun 19, 2009
Somebody had sucker written on their foreheads. Maybe I can sell them one apple for each classroom for $10,000. lol
#5 Jun 19, 2009
I am a teacher in another district. I don't think you realize the importance of a working intercom system. One year I worked in a room where I was not able to hear announcements. It was awful. In today's world we have intruder drills, emergency drills, all done over the intercom. Fire drills - all over the bell/ intercom system. Should there be a real emergency and you have a faulty intercom system - I shudder to think of what could happen. If the clocks don't work you can lose lots of instructional time. 5 minutes here and there added up over the school year can amount to a lot of time. If you are going to replace the system, then certainly do it right. Spend the extra money now to avoid paying later. The intercom is far more important than "playing music." It is an vital communication tool, especially in a large building.
#6 Jun 19, 2009
thought i'd heard it all til now. i can't argue with a phone/intercom system, but $16k for clocks? come on! the decision makers need to act as if this is their personal checkbook when they're making decisions.
#7 Jun 19, 2009
I think they could go to Wally World and do a little better on the clocks....I don't think its too much for a teacher to make sure their clock is showing the righ time...c'mon, spend our money better, that is terrible.
Kostanay, Kazakhstan
#8 Jun 19, 2009
How much did they raise our school taxes this year? It doesn't matter how much they spent, they just raise the taxes to pay for it. I wonder what will happen when the tax payers just can't make anymore cuts to make ends meet and can't work anymore extra hours to cover all the raising taxes.
#9 Jun 20, 2009
If the clocks are off, reset them, no need to run out and buy $16,000 worth of clocks. Have you ever saw $16,000 clocks in a taxpayer's home. Where is the common sense?
#10 Jun 20, 2009
At a time when the whole country is cutting back, it is typical of the Bermudian Springs School board to go full speed ahead spending OUR hard earned money on frivolous wants.
This is nearly as bad a choice as was their approval of a twenty eight MILLION dollar project with only ONE bid.
Just another example of bend over property owners and take it where it hurts.
It is time to put a stop to this kind of spending.
#11 Jun 22, 2009
They are not $16000 clocks!!!! The cost of the entire project to replace the 90 clocks and make them wireless will be $16000. That includes all the associated technology, and labor expenses, etc. I am sure that is not nearly as out of line as you think. You know how quickly technology advances. I think it is smart of them to spend up front to install state of the art which will prevent them from have to incurr costs later. Beside, you have no idea what other technology may be associated with these clock that go way beyond teling time. You don't install state of the art intercom and then skimp on the clock system. It just isn;t wise to do that.
#12 Jun 23, 2009
Well since you put it that way, I am sure taxpayers won't mind going out to their money tree and picking a few more dollar bills to pay for this. Its a good thing that there is a never ending supply of money. Maybe if educators understood that there are limits to how much money can be spent then maybe this country wouldn't be in the mess that its in at the moment. LIVE WITHIN YOUR MEANS. TRY TEACHING THAT!
"He who laughs last thinks slow"
Since: Apr 09
#13 Jun 23, 2009
Can you please let me know what school you work for? I'd like to make sure that when I have children...they don't have you for a teacher. Apparently common sense does not exist in your world. I'm sure it's great to have state of the art systems in school's and it better economic times...well ok. But when this school district is now asking for an increase in taxes when a lot of taxpayers can barely afford what they are paying now...it's unacceptable. Why didn't they sacrifice this project (for the time being) and pull from the reserve fund to balance their budgets??? Just like a lot of taxpayers are finding themselves doing these days.
I am not a teacher basher. I think that education is important and teachers have a huge responsiblity on their shoulders. But this sense of entitlement from the school districts in this area lately are driving me crazy. Everyone is feeling the pinch...why shouldn't you?
#14 Jun 23, 2009
You all seem to misunderstand my point. I am only suggesting that there was a need to improve the clocks and phone system. I do not teach for Bermudian, but I can tell you that school boards are not the frivolous spenders you accuse them of being. All I am saying is that it may very well have been fiscally responsible to install state of the art clocks and intercoms because it will save the district money in the long run, and allow future technologies to be installed at minimal cost down the road. You have to look at school budgeting in the bigger picture. They said the money had already been budgeted in the district's capital reserve. Admitedly, I am no business mananger but I do know that some budgets are set up so that monies are not transferable from one account into the other. Knowing what I know about government building projects, $16000 is not nearly as out of line as you would think when you factor in labor. So, EEE, if your kids were in my class they would learn to examine issues from various persectives before spouting off.
#15 Jun 23, 2009
Technology is great if you can afford. Why don't you go find someone who is laid off and about to loose their home and ask them how they feel about this expenditure. Try telling them that 16k isn't much money. Let us know how you make out.
"He who laughs last thinks slow"
Since: Apr 09
#16 Jun 23, 2009
Thanks Larry. You continue to make my point.
Teacher...you need to put yourself into taxpayers shoes before you spout off. I never said not to put in state of the art systems. I said to NOT do it when the taxpayers can not afford to foot the bill! I understand wanting/needing better systems, but the project could have been put on hold until it made more sense.
#17 Jun 24, 2009
EEE, and how much do you think the same project will cost 3 years from now? 5 years from now? How can you be sure those funds will be available 5 years from now? How do you know that taxpayers will be in a better position 3 years from now. Perhaps putting it off could mean a greater expense to taxpayers, or that it will never get done at all. I don't know the answers, but I do trust school boards more than you do. I would be willing to bet that if you were a part of the discussion you would likely have made the same decision. I say that because I have been a part of similar discussions in my district and I can tell you that most school boards take this stuff VERY seriously and do not raise taxes at their pleasure like you think they do. Again...people need to examine issues from all perspectives before getting angry.
#18 Jun 24, 2009
Oh, and BTW, I AM a property owner and therfore AM a taxpayer. I pay the same taxes you do. My shoes ARE taxpayer shoes.
#19 Jun 24, 2009
You have no comprehension of living within your means at the moment. Its great to plan ahead if you can, but at this moment there are a lot of people out there struggling just to get through today. There is a lot of people who have lost jobs or taken salary cuts. Have you had to take a pay cut? Have your hours been cut or have you had to take a cut in salary? I bet I can guess the answer to those questions.
#20 Jun 25, 2009
Living "in the moment" financially speaking is foolish. When you do your finances you have to look ahead. Actually I did take a salary cut 2 years ago when I changed jobs. I live well within my means so that when times are bad I have something to fall back on. But that is besides the point. Bermudian had this money in reserve. It is a project that needed to be done.$16000 is really a bargain for what needs to be done, and putting it off may be a foolish thing to do in the long run. So, respectfully, I disagree that living in the moment is the right thing to do when talking finances.
Tell me when this thread is updated:Subscribe Now Add to my Tracker
Add your comments below
Mount Joy Discussions
|Last By
|Smoking buddy around Marietta PA (females only)
|9 hr
|Stacy Holliday-White
|Jun 29
|The Hershey Company Address (Jan '06)
|Jun '16
|Keira Hume
|Timely reminder: Don't touch! Video shows museu...
|Jun '16
|PPL unveils rebate program to reduce peak elect... (May '11)
|Jun '16
|After 29 years on the job, York City cop is now... (Apr '14)
|May '14
|Who owns the lot across 15 from the outlet? (Mar '14)
|Mar '14
Find what you want!
Search Mount Joy Forum Now
Copyright © 2016 Topix LLC


text:
MGS snake eater
MGS snake eater
May 26, 2005 11:13AM PST
Stealth espionage action takes to the jungles in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater for PlayStation 2 and PC. Set in what appears to be the 1960s, Snake Eater tells the story of a man who appears to be Solid Snake, but based on the time frame and information revealed in previous games, could be someone else altogether. Survival is a major theme throughout MGS3, as Snake must adapt to the harsh jungle environment, while at the same time battling enemy soldiers. Snake Eater promises a complex plot and vivid music score to rival a Hollywood blockbuster, along with and realistic graphics and high-definition sound that will take the series to new heights.
Comments (0)


text:
Dayton Airshow is going to be held in for two consecutive days in Dayton International Airport. It will provide an opportunity to the exhibitors to exhibit wide range of product and services. In addition the visitors will get a chance to take a look at the displayed products and services so as to fulfill their business requirements according to their preferred choices and demands. Masses from all over the world will be attending their event. Dayton Airshow is one of the major events. This event will provide a business platform to the participants to establish new contacts and the networks that will help them to earn high incomes on international levels. It will also provide adequate information to the attendees.
Map & Directions
Beechwood Hotel
363 Plantation , MA 01605,
Worcester, USA
Featured Hotels in Worcester
From USD 109.65
From USD 109
From USD 95
From USD 89
Exhibitor Profile
The Products and the services that will be exhibited in Dayton Airshow are aerodynamic experiments, safety equipment demonstrations, rocketry, Global Positioning tutorials, and flying simulators.
Other Related Events
Jul 30
Haywards Heath, UK
Sep 09
Shanghai, China
Sep 12
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sep 15
Accra, Ghana
More Events in Worcester
Jul 23
Worcester, USA
Sep 21
Worcester, USA
Sep 24
Worcester, USA
Oct 08
Worcester, USA


text:
Book your room at The Palms Residence
Get an overview of this hotelHotel with outdoor pool, near Phuket Butterfly Garden and Insect World
Situated in Wichit, this hotel is 0.2 mi (0.4 km) from Aphrodite Cabaret Show and 1.3 mi (2.1 km) from Phuket Butterfly Garden and Insect World. Phuket International Hospital and Central Festival Phuket Shopping Center are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features an outdoor pool, laundry facilities, and tour/ticket assistance. WiFi in public areas is free.
Room Amenities
All 37 rooms offer free WiFi, refrigerators, and flat-screen TVs with cable channels.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
The Palms Residence6/5 Moo 1 Chalermprakiat R.9 Road Soi Thida Wichit Phuket 83120
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The Palms Residence features an outdoor pool, tour/ticket assistance, and laundry facilities. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Elevator/lift
- Free WiFi
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Laundry facilities
- Number of floors - 6
- Outdoor pool
- Total number of rooms - 37
- Tours/ticket assistance
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Outdoor pool
- Refrigerator
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Cable TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is noon
- No pets or service animals allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No pets or service animals allowed
Hotel Name
- Palms Residence
- Palms Residence Hotel
- Palms Residence Hotel Phuket
- Palms Residence Phuket
- The Palms Residence Phuket/Phuket Town
- Palms Residence Hotel Wichit
- Palms Residence Wichit
We should mention
No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.


text:
This may look familiar - older piece revived with a fresh palette and textures
keyboard shortcuts:
L or F like
post comment
Show and tell for designers
What are you working on? Dribbble is a community of designers sharing screenshots of their work, process, and projects.
Copyright © 2009–2016 Dribbble LLC. All screenshots © their respective owners. Shipped from Salem, Mass. USA.


text:
April 13, 2012
Rice Basketball Signee Capsules
Rice basketball coach Ben Braun has announced the Owls have added a fourth signee to their signing class as English forward Ross Wilson has signed a National Letter of Intent.
Wilson, a 6-7 forward from Gosforth, England, joins 6-6 swingman Nizar Kapic, 6-3 shooting guard Austin Ramljak and 6-1 point guard Keith Washington in this year's signing class.
Wilson attended Queen Alexandra Sixth Form College and as a student, was active in the North East Sports Academy. He has been a member of the Newcastle Eagles since age 12, coming up through the Eagles Academy ranks and representing Newcastle at National League level events in several age groups. He played this past year for the Eagles Team Northumbria in the English National League Division II.
The current period for NCAA schools to sign student-athletes to NLIs runs through May 16th.
More Headlines
Rodriguez Added to Men's Basketball Staff
06/29/2016 - Rice head coach Mike Rhoades has announced the addition of Joey Rodriguez to the coaching staff as video coordinator. Rodriguez joins the Owls...
Max Guercy's Chinese Expedition
06/13/2016 - Max Guercy is spending a month in China playing in exhibition games against the CBA and Chinese National Team.
Max Guercy's Chinese Expedition - Week 1
05/24/2016 - Max Guercy is spending a month in China playing in exhibition games against the CBA and Chinese National Team.
Scott Added to Men's Basketball Coaching Staff
05/16/2016 - Rice head coach Mike Rhoades has announced the addition of former Owl standout Brent Scott to the coaching staff as assistant coach. Scott joins...
2016 Coaches' Caravan Dates Announced
04/15/2016 - Rice fans in Texas will once again have a chance to get the latest updates on Rice Athletics in general and football and basketball in particular...
Men's Basketball Signs High School Trio
04/13/2016 - Rice men's basketball coach Mike Rhoades has announced the signing of Robert Martin (Pittsburgh, Pa.), Corey Douglas (Louisville, Ky.) and...
Season Ends as Rice Falls 79-69 to Charlotte in...
03/09/2016 - Charlotte closed the game on an 18-8 as Rice fell, 79-69, in the second round of the Conference USA Tournament.
Men's Hoops Begins C-USA Tournament against...
03/08/2016 - No. 10 seed Rice opens the Conference USA Tournament on Wednesday, March 9, against seventh-seeded Charlotte. Tip-off is scheduled for 6 p.m. CT...
- Top Videos /
- Online Store


text:
This full website whois and analysis report on Bisep.com.pk was ran on July, 25, 2016.
Board of Inter & Sec. Education
BISE, Peshawar
Billing Department, Pe NWFP25000
We include detailed information like the server IP Address which is 18.104.22.168. Bisep.com.pk resides at OVH Hosting in , QC, Canada. The domain Bisep.com.pk was first registered on 01/01/2010 which was 6 years and 6 months ago and is set to expire on January, 01, 2016.
It is 7:53 PM CEST when you ran this report for Bisep.com.pk here on our website, IP-Adress.com. When it comes to Bisep.com.pk, you can trust that if we have Whois information available for it, we will display it further below to assist in your research of Bisep.com.pk. Feel free to run another Bisep related search, or start a new query.
Timestamp Confirmation:
The Whois report for Bisep.com.pk was ran at 7:53 PM CEST on July 25, 2016 and the information is provided below if available.
View comments on this Bisep whois website report below or add your own comment about Bisep.com.pk.
Now you can review additional Whois data for Bisep.com.pk below. Things like the status of Bisep, expiration date of Bisep.com.pk, and Bisep name servers.
Don't forget that Bisep could have other domain extensions you might want to run a Whois search for and get further information about Bisep owned services.
|Hello guest sign up now!
Remaining lookups today: 0 (Get more)
My IP is: 22.214.171.124


text:
I attended the Los Angeles Times Festival of Books on Sunday, April 22. The first part of my report on the festival can be found at this link. And now onto Part 2. Anne Rice in Conversation with Scott Timberg After the mornings panels described in part 1 of my ... more >
Last year on I attended the Los Angeles Festival of Books and reported on the event for DA. My biggest negative takeaway that year was that the romance genre was not represented at the festival. This year (Halleluja!) they actually had a panel devoted to romance. A single, lonely ... more >
This year's Romantic Times convention was my fourth in a row. Since my first visit, RT has underwent a dramatic change and much of it has to do with moving the focus away from cover models and toward the readers. In 2012, RT did not have a Cover Model pageant ... more >
I went back to Bouchercon on Friday and Saturday and caught as many panels as I could, given my other responsibilities this weekend (why does everything always happen at the same time? Argh). [Check out Sunita's report from Friday] Unfortunately I had evening commitments both days, so I couldn't hang ... more >
Despite reading romance and other genre fiction for decades, I've never been to a writer or reader convention. I don't have aspirations to write genre fiction, and I travel enough to meetings and conference for the day job. But when a convention comes right to my front doorstep, it's hard ... more >
The Los Angeles Times Festival of Books was held over two days this past weekend, Saturday, April 30th and Sunday, May 1st. Although I was disappointed that the romance genre was not represented at the festival, I made plans to attend some interesting events and panels on Saturday, April 30th, ... more >
- « Previous Page
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- …
- 34
- Next Page »


text:
4 Reviews
This was good, and very healthy, but I didn't find it to be "soul satisfying". We had the leftovers with brown rice, and that was better. It certainly was a great way to use some random veggies that I had.
Lovely combination of ingredients. I had to add an additional tbsp of cornstarch as the gravy was very thin. I used 2 cups of broth instead of the ranuales and water and added anothe 1/2 tsp of chili Very enjoyable dinner I do wonder if it will feed 10 - Think more like 6
I loved this and it makes a nice gravy/sauce when it reaches it's done time in the crock pot. A slice or two of low carb bread and some smart balance spread to go with it and it was delicious. Good hearty stew. I used 1/2 lb more chicken and 2 cans of the italian style tomatoes. was delicious!
It was a little bland so I added more Italian seasoning, more chili powder, black pepper, garlic powder, rosemary, a can of corn and some of those green tomatillos just for kicks.


text: Hello, I'm having some trouble understanding the exact meaning of two of the flags for the erlang:trace/3 function. Flag: - running Trace scheduling of processes. Message tags: in, and out. I imagine that a message tagged "in" means that the process was chosen by a scheduler and will begin/resume execution and a tag "out" means that the processes has been preempted. Is that correct? - exiting Trace scheduling of an exiting processes. Message tags: in_exiting, out_exiting, and out_exited. I guess that these messages are sent when the proccess is about to exit or has already exited. Am I right? What is the exact difference between each one of them? Moreover, what is the difference between "exiting" flag with the tag "out_exited" and "procs" flag with the tag "exit"? Thanks!


text:
It's official: way to a man's heart is through his stomach
Top Stories
- Probing Pathankot attack: Fence floodlights that didn't work, gaps in border patrol
- Venkaiah meets Sonia, seeks Cong cooperation in passage of critical bills
- Opinion: Left is stuck with old issues, writes Prakash Karat
- Chhattisgarh Tapes: Congress expels MLA Amit Jogi for six years
- Sensex tumbles 378 pts, Nifty cracks 7,700 on global rout
A new study has confirmed what many women already knew: men prefer food over sex.
The Australian study asked individuals to rank which everyday experiences give them the most pleasure.
The survey was conducted by Magnum ice-cream and it polled almost 10,000 people across the country.
Males rated taste sensations as their top pleasure trigger, with physical arousal coming in fourth, reports The Courier Mail.
The results were reached through a "pleasure quotient test''''.
The test used a scale to determine the frequency and intensity to which individuals are stimulated by certain triggers.
The scale found men gained more pleasure from food, and life in general, more so than their female counterparts.
Private therapist and UniSA adjunct senior lecturer of psychology Dr David Haynes said: "Women are more into values as a whole and men are into bottom lines and logic - but why that would give one more pleasure from food or from life in general - I can't imagine.
"From a Freudian perspective, it would be viewed as a man's regression to childhood, and the boys are being babies, treated by their mothers/wives."
Editors' Pick
Probing Pathankot attack: Fence floodlights that didn't work, gaps in border patrol, patchy police response
- Left is stuck with old issues. It must strike new conversations with middle classes and youth
- To tackle terror, Saudi Arabia would have to fight the very forces it supports
- In the new year, the state must not look on as the weak are bullied
- A dream called Akhand Bharat
- Underestimating disability
- India, Pakistan must break the pattern of camaraderie cameos
- Delay in settling net neutrality issues helps big incumbents, entrenches bad norms


text:
Skip to Main Content
High-performance strain-engineered ETSOI devices are reported. Three methods to boost the performance, namely contact strain, strained SOI (SSDOI) for NFET, and SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) for PFET are examined. Significant performance boost is demonstrated with competitive drive currents of 1.65mA/μm and 1.25mA/μm, and Ieff of 0.95mA/μm and 0.70mA/μm at Ioff =100nA/μm and VDD of 1V, for NFET and PFET, respectively.


text:
A Wildwood man was arrested for allegedly renting properties to young adults that were both uninhabitable and did not belong to him.
You must login to view the full content on this page.
© 2016 Press of Atlantic City. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Skip to Main Content
IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
eBooks, and eLearning courses.
Learn more about:
IEEE membership
IEEE Xplore subscriptions
Retrieval by contents of images from pictorial databases can be effectively performed through visual icon-based systems. In these systems, the representation of pictures with 2D strings, which are derived from symbolic projections, provides an efficient and natural way to construct iconic indexes for pictures and is also an ideal representation for the visual query. With this approach, retrieval is reduced to matching two symbolic strings. However, using 2D-string representations, spatial relationships between the objects represented in the image might not be exactly specified. Ambiguities arise for the retrieval of images of 3D scenes. In order to allow the unambiguous description of object spatial relationships, in this paper, following the symbolic projections approach, images are referred to by considering spatial relationships in the 3D imaged scene. A representation language is introduced that expresses positional and directional relationships between objects in three dimensions, still preserving object spatial extensions after projections. Iconic retrieval from pictorial databases with 3D interfaces is discussed and motivated. A system for querying by example with 3D icons, which supports this language, is also presented
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


text:
Security Issues Stall Humanitarian Effort in Iraq
Non-government organizations are reluctant to get involved in reconstruction work in Iraq without a wider role for the United Nations. They also complain that lack of security makes their work impossible. NPR's Michele Kelemen reports.
You must be signed in to leave a comment. Sign In / Register
Please keep your community civil. All comments must follow the NPR.org Community rules and terms of use, and will be moderated prior to posting. NPR reserves the right to use the comments we receive, in whole or in part, and to use the commenter's name and location, in any medium. See also the Terms of Use, Privacy Policy and Community FAQ.


text:
Videos by Categories
Last searches: finding sex partners sweden fuck girlfriends giving blowjobs war porn teen cash for again porn girl on lap mom me time torpedo tits either way horny woman xxx sexi girl video of hot girl sons fucking moms pornstars first time expe hung hoes dos xxx wild scream moan watch live girls teen slut lexi belle hair chick sister brother shy love fuck beach spring nude girl young big tit hottie porn girl girl slap bitch ass lesbian licking gang rap takes cum bikini pleasure make out session dripping black pussy doll sex to orgasm ass lick sperm creampi guys sluts in panties kelly young racquel darrian brunette gets nailed drunk kinky phone suck she gets her pussy exploded legs and bare feet hot blonde jizz teen lesbian rough stripped search mommy invite asian girls porno sophie moone hard teen violate ass very big dildo little asian girls two girls virginity upset came hot milfs nude sister shaving french webcam
Freepornxvideos.com is currently the best free porn site on the net with free porn videos and amateur sex movies categorized for easy viewing.
This website is for adults only and contains sexually explicit content. You must be at least 18 years of age to enter this website.


text:
June 28, 2011 at 13:15:07 Jun 28, 2011 @ 13:15
Who here fucks with vapes?
I got a friend that is thinking about buying a volcano but I heard they aren't really that much better than other ones but are way more expensive.
I've read that the Q-Tower is just as good as a volcano and it's a lot cheaper too. My buddy has the V-Tower which is the model before the Q Tower and that vape gets us high as hell


text:
also known as Tristen U. Key, Tristen Lee
Tristen Key practices family law in Snohomish and King Counties. Tristen was well known throughout Washington State as a social worker where she dedicated 10 years of service with several local public agencies before attending law school. Upon graduation, Tristen chose to practice family law as an extension of her social work experience.
Tristen has a winning track record using her keen ability to anticipate the other side's case strategy to stay one step ahead. Her unique ability to be competitive yet reasonable and compassionate makes her a trusted attorney by clients and well respected by her colleagues and the bench. Tristen is known in the community for zealously and diligently advocating for her client's interests. She is never hesitant to take on complex and difficult cases and has many years of experience in the courtroom and with successful results.
Tristen's distinctive approach to clients is to establish a rapport of trust, confidence and candor with clients at the earliest onset to create and accomplish a case strategy for the best possible outcome. Tristen strongly believes in fostering a relationship that allows clients to feel at ease in conveying their hopes, fears and anxieties which can drive a case. She works diligently to keep her clients apprised of all developments in their case so the client may remain proactive throughout their litigation.
"I try to convey to all my clients that I can appreciate the difficulties that lie ahead for them during and after the litigation. I am not a detached lawyer but a lawyer who truly cares about the outcome of each and every aspect of their case. I strongly believe in coming up with solutions outside of the box to fit my client's individual case rather than using a cookie cutter approach to family law. At the end of the day, my clients are real people with real problems who have trusted me to take care of their family's legal needs."
Retainer (sometimes)
Payment types:
Cash, Check, Credit card
Are you an attorney? Endorse this lawyer
I highly recommend Tristen to anyone needing legal representation in the family-law arena. Tristen's vast experience allows her to give practical and strategic advice. She is a fast-thinker and is excellent in court. She has compassion for her clients as she guides them through what can be a very difficult process.
Lara Dethlefs Divorce and separation Attorney
Relationship: Co-worker
I endorse this lawyer.
Kokie Adams Estate planning Attorney
Relationship: Fellow lawyer in community
100 Second Avenue South
Suite 190
Edmonds, WA, 98020
|Legal answers
|Legal guides
|Award name
|Date granted
|10 Best for Client Satisfaction
|American Institute of Family Law Attorneys
|Rising Stars
|Super Lawyers
|Company name
|Equity Partner
|Dethleffs Sparwasser Reich Dickerson & Key, PLLC
|2008 - Present
|Senior Associate
|Stella L. Pitts & Associates, PLLC
|2004 - 2008
|Extern Clerk
|Washington State Supreme Court, Justice Tom Chambers
|2003 - 2003
|Rule 9 Clerk
|Multicounty Public Defender, Appellate Division
|2003 - 2003
|Research Assistant
|Seattle University School of Law
|2002 - 2002
|Lead Domestic Violence Coordinator
|City of Kent Attorney's Office
|1999 - 2001
|Legal Advocate
|Snohomish County Center for Battered Women
|1995 - 1999
|Association name
|Position name
|Snohomish County Bar Association
|Active Member
|2011 - Present
|Washington State Bar Association
|Active Member
|2004 - Present
|King County Bar Association
|Active Member
|2004 - Present
|Seattle Human Rights Commission
|2000 - 2001
|Washington Criminal Justice Training Commission
|2000 - 2001
|Asian Women and Family Safety Center
|Board of Director
|1998 - 2000
|Publication name
|Seattle University Law Review - Editorial Acknowledgment
|(Un) Examined Assumptions and (Un) Intended Messages: Teaching Students to Recognize Bias Language in Legal Analysis and Language
|School name
|Seattle University School of Law
|JD - Juris Doctor
|Western Washington University
|BA - Bachelor of Arts
|Conference name
|Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission
|Domestic Violence Crimes Investigations
|WA State Domestic Violence Judicial Conference
|Domestic Violence


text:
iTunes Match lands in UK App Store ... with a bumpPocket-lint
The iTunes Match music service has landed in the UK with a bit of a bump, as it looks as though it has suffered from a premature release - something that is never welcome.
Reports came in that iTunes Match had been spotted in a variety of countries outside the US, with the UK, France, Australia and New Zealand all reporting the new service going live. However, despite being allowed to sign up to the service, users were having trouble getting the service to work.
Here at Pocket-lint, we've successfully managed to sign up to the service, however the new menu option that has appeared in our left hand column in iTunes merely takes us through to a screen saying that "Genius has been successfully turned on."
We aren't (at time of writing) able to go any further with the Match service. We are however now able to download previously purchased music that we've bought through iTunes, something that we had not noticed before (we aren't sure if this has already been available, but know that it wasn't at the launch of 10.1).
And it now seems that Apple is issuing refunds for early adopters, saying that iTunes Match is not available outside of Brazil and the US at the moment.
When it is officially launched the service will bring the ability to match songs from Apple's iTunes Store with songs from a user's collection, meaning your entire collection will be available in the iCloud.
The iTunes Match service should cost £21.99 in the UK and also bring automatic upgrading to a 256Kbps DRM-free file if it finds any of your existing songs match its database. With iTunes Match, songs you've imported from all manner of formats, including CDs, can be stored in iCloud. And you can play them on any iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Mac, or PC.
We'll of course keep you posted on any developments.
UPDATE: iTunes Match looks to have now gone fully live in the UK. We are in the process of "matching" our iTunes catalogue. To enjoy the new iTunes Match features, you have to download iTunes 10.5.2.
Have you been able to download iTunes Match yet? Let us know in the comments.
Windscribe VPN: Get a lifetime of ad-free, private browsing for 91 per cent off
Can I get Amazon Prime Now one-hour deliveries in my area?
Launch an IT career with the Professional Python and Linux Administration Bundle...
Pay what you want for a huge archive of top-quality design assets in the 2016...
- Windscribe VPN: Get a lifetime of ad-free, private browsing for 91 per cent off
- Can I get Amazon Prime Now one-hour deliveries in my area?
- Launch an IT career with the Professional Python and Linux Administration Bundle (over 90 per cent Off)
- Pay what you want for a huge archive of top-quality design assets in the 2016 Summer Design Bundle
- Get a lifetime subscription to Stone River Academy and access over 2,000 hours of premium tech training (93 per cent off)
- Edit photos like the pros with the Ultimate Adobe Photo Editing Bundle (94 per cent off)
- Anonymous and unrestricted browsing for life: TigerVPN full lifetime subscription (93 per cent off)
- Here is Facebook's internet-beaming plane completing its first test flight
- Watch NASA's year-long timelapse of Earth from a million miles away
- Get 6 IT certifications with the Essential CompTIA and Microsoft Windows Server Administrator Certification Bundle (96 per cent off)
- Pokemon Go Gym tips: How to battle, train and win
- Pokemon Go: How to find and catch rare Pokemon like Charizard, Blastoise and Alakazam
- Apple iPhone 7 vs iPhone 7 Plus vs iPhone 7 Pro: What's the rumoured difference?
- 13 secret WhatsApp tricks
- Best smartphones to look forward to in 2016
- Windows 10 free upgrade ends 29 July: Here's how to get it now
- Pokemon Go: How to play and other tips and tricks
- Help! Pokemon Go isn't working: How to fix common Pokemon Go problems
- This is how much space PlayStation VR requires for you to play
- BlackBerry DTEK50 preview: Hands-on with the Alcatel Idol 4 lookalike


text:
Original Trilogy Collection / Re: That's not a woman...« on: October 4, 2004, 06:11 PM »
A Royal Guard without its mask on?
This section allows you to view all posts made by this member. Note that you can only see posts made in areas you currently have access to.


text:
NEW BEDFORD – One in three manufacturers in Massachusetts report difficulties hiring production staff, according to a study released by the Advanced Manufacturing Regional Partnership Academy.
"These findings provide us with strong evidence that Massachusetts workforce development and educational institutions face a significant but targeted challenge," said UMass-Dartmouth Professor Michael Goodman, who is leading the Advanced Manufacturing Regional Partnership Academy effort, in a press release.
"Our findings are consistent with recent MIT research that also finds that, while the scale of this challenge is more modest than some have claimed, we can solve this problem if we can strengthen the connections between those employers with very real workforce needs and our vocational high schools, community colleges, and workforce development agencies."
The organization works through state government to develop regional partnerships of manufacturers, education and training providers, and workforce development organizations for training and education.
The study reported a dismal number of manufacturing firms that are involved with educational and workforce institutions. Seventy-three percent had worked with local comprehensive high schools, 69 percent with community colleges, 76 percent with four-year universities, and 83 percent with workforce investment boards.
According to the survey, 90 percent of firms surveyed agreed that if a potential production worker has the right attitude and basic skills, they are willing and able to train them.
Note: First and last names are required for commenting. If you do not provide your first and last name when signing up, you will be banned.
Location, ST | website.com


text:
|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
Accumulation of non-heme iron in the brain has been proposed as a biomarker of the progressive neuroanatomical and cognitive declines in healthy adult aging. Postmortem studies indicate that iron content and lifespan differences therein are regionally specific, with a predilection for the basal ganglia. However, the reported in vivo estimates of adult age differences in iron content within subcortical nuclei are highly variable. We present a meta-analysis of 20 in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that estimated iron content in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. The results of the analyses support a robust association between advanced age and high iron content in the substantia nigra and striatum, with a smaller effect noted in the globus pallidus. The magnitude of age differences in estimated iron content of the caudate nucleus and putamen partially depended on the method of estimation, but not on the type of design (continuous age vs. extreme age groups).
Many aspects of the human brain, from molecular processes and gene expression to gross anatomy and systemic physiology, change profoundly with age. However, the magnitude and the pace of change differ among brain regions and vary in their impact on cognitive performance (Raz and Kennedy, 2009). The reasons for the lack of uniformity in the brain aging remain unclear. It may reflect differential sensitivity of brain components to age-related changes in key metabolic and neurochemical processes that affect cellular homeostasis and structural integrity. One such putative marker of age-related cellular vulnerability is iron. Although iron is an essential metabolite that is omnipresent in the neurons and neuritic processes, its excessive accumulation in specific regions of the brain may be a sensitive indicator of increased oxidative stress and thus a marker of age-related vulnerability (Bartzokis, 2011; Mills et al., 2010).
Within the brain, iron appears primarily in two forms: intracellular non-heme iron and heme iron that occupies the core of the hemoglobin molecule and thus present in any location where blood flows or accumulates (Tingey, 1938). Whereas heme iron does not appear to play a significant role in oxidative stress and neurodegeneration (Halliwell, 1992; Mills et al., 2010), non-heme iron is an established promoter of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within brain tissue and is thus a potential contributor to cellular deterioration (Mills et al., 2010). As a rule, more than 90% of intracellular non-heme iron is sequestered in ferritin (Gomori, 1936; Hallgren and Sourander, 1958; Lauffer, 1992; Jara et al., 2006), until it is released to meet metabolic demands of neurotransmission, mitochondrial ATP generation, and DNA replication (Chrichton and Ward, 1992; Fisher et al., 2006; Mills et al., 2010). Outside of ferritin, metabolically active (ferric) iron forms a labile pool bound to amino acids (Lauffer, 1992), other metabolites (Cbantchik et al., 2002), and possibly metallochaperones (Mills et al., 2010).
Non-heme iron is unevenly distributed across brain regions and structures, andthe magnitude of age differences in iron contentvaries among the regions. Among the brain components, the basal ganglia have the highest concentrations of iron in early adulthood and show the most substantial age differences (Hallgren and Sourander, 1958; Thomas et al., 1993; Haacke et al., 2005). This pattern of non-heme iron distribution may reflect regional differences in need for iron that is proportional to metabolic demands of neurotransmission (see Mills et al., 2010 for a review). Indeed, dopaminergic transmission that is one of the main modes of neural activity in the iron-rich striatum depends on availability of iron (Zecca et al., 2004).
With iron being a necessary actor in neurotransmission and a potential promoter of apoptosis intracellular stores of ferric iron must be strictly regulated. However, with advanced age, this fine balance gradually changes. As transport and storage mechanisms deteriorate (Singh et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009; Bartzokis et al., 2011), metabolically active iron accumulates outside of ferritin, increases oxidative stress, and notably degrades cellular integrity (Mills et al., 2010; Zecca et al., 2004). Although the causal relationship remains unclear, it is known that increased non-heme iron content is associated with atypical dopamine and serotonin metabolism (Berg et al., 2007), mutations in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Hamilton et al., 2001), and accelerated apoptosis (Zhang et al., 2009).
Cellular degradation related to iron accumulation might explain the cumulative structural declines that accompany aging and neurodegenerative disease (Harman, 1956). For example, it is plausible that iron plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), as iron deposits co-localize with tangles (House et al., 2004), plaques (Quintana et al., 2006), and amyloid burden (Rival et al., 2009). According to a recent theory, iron-catalyzed oxidative stress is a primary cause of demyelination in normal aging and accelerated demyelination in AD (Bartzokis, 2011). Elevated iron concentration has been linked to the formation of Lewy bodies (Berg et al., 2007) and decline in the extra-pyramidal motor system (Spatz, 1922).
Iron content is relevant to cognitive performance. In older rodents, iron overload and oxidative stress produce declines in spatial navigation and motor control (Joseph et al., 2005; Maaroufi et al., 2009). In healthy adults, high iron content of the hippocampus contributes to age-related differences in memory (Rodrigue et al., 2012). Greater iron presence in the brain, primarily in the basal ganglia, is associated with general cognitive aptitude in septuagenarians (Penke et al., 2012). However, until recently, information about brain burden of non-heme iron in humans came almost exclusively from post-mortem studies, thereby hampering an understanding of its role in functional and cognitive changes that occur in healthy aging. Thus, the importance of obtaining correct in vivo estimates of brain iron content in healthy adults cannot be overstated, and the recent advent of MRI methods that derive contrast from the presence of iron is encouraging.
A notable feature of iron behavior in the healthy aging brain is significant regional variability in its content (Thomas et al., 1993). In their landmark study, Hallgren and Sourander (1958) quantified regional age-related differences in healthy brains from infancy to the age of 100 years. They found that in younger and middle-aged brains, advanced age was associated with greater iron concentrations in the basal ganglia than in subcortical white matter, but noted that the association between age and iron content was attenuated after middle age (Hallgren and Sourander, 1958). However, the reported estimates of adult lifespan differences in iron content could have been biased by several factors, such as inclusion of pre-adolescent participants and the exponential accumulation of iron in early life (Aquino et al., 2009; Thomas et al., 1993). These factors could have obscured a relatively small, but potentially meaningful, difference across the adult lifespan. The introduction of in vivo techniques has offered further insight into the potential role of iron in adult aging.
In principle, MRI is very well suited for in vivo assessment of regional iron content in the brain. Paramagnetic materials, such as iron, have very high magnetic susceptibility and, therefore, a short transverse relaxation time (T2) or long relaxation rate (R2). On T2-weighted images, iron-rich regions such as the basal ganglia, red nucleus and substantia nigra appear hypointense. Moreover, low intensity values of these regions are even lower in the brains of older adults (Siemonsen et al., 2008; Thomas et al., 1993). In spite of a strong correlation between T2 and iron content, T2-weighted imaging and T2 relaxometry are not the optimal methods of estimating iron content in vivo, as they are sensitive to other factors. For example, decreased water content also results in shortening of T2 and thus may be misinterpreted as increased iron content (Haacke et al., 2005).
To reduce the likelihood of such misinterpretations one can use the field-dependent R2 increase (FDRI) method, which relies on differences in spin-spin relaxation rates obtained from magnets of different field strength. In FDRI, identical sequences with the same acquisition parameters are repeated back-to-back in two different magnets that differ in their field strengths (Bartzokis et al., 2011). In comparison to a single-magnet measure, FDRI yields a more precise estimate of local susceptibility related to iron content. However, the method calls for two different imaging systems. Thus, even with a great similarity of acquisition sequences and a minimal delay between the runs, the FDRI introduces unwanted variability in subject orientation and scanner properties.
The validity of relaxometry as a method for in vivo estimation of brain iron content can be improved by using T2*, which is a sum of T2 and T2′ (or R2*, a sum of their reciprocals). T2* and R2* are sensitive to the local field inhomogeneity and are less ambiguously related to the amount of iron in tissue than T2 is (Ordidge et al., 1994; see Haacke et al., 2005 for a review). The main disadvantage of the T2* method is that background field inhomogeneity that is unrelated to iron content may confound the estimates especially in the presence of other para- and diamagnetic elements(see Haacke et al., 2005 for a review). A component of T2*, T2′, is potentially a more precise index of iron content than T2*, but its values are relatively small and difficult to measure with desirable precision.
To rule out the influence of potential confounds, phase information provided by susceptibility-weighted images (SWI; Haacke et al., 2005) has been recently proposed to deliver more precise and specific estimates of iron content than other methods. Regional differences in phase are proportional to iron content, as has been validated by correlation with published postmortem values (Ogg et al., 1999; Haacke et al., 2005). Theoretically, phase can detect small regional differences in iron content better than T2* estimates and is easier to measure than T2′ (Haacke et al., 2005). Further, phase is directional, and differences in phase direction can distinguish regions of calcification (diamagnetic) from those that contain non-heme iron (paramagnetic) based upon image intensity. However, phase-based estimates of iron content are not entirely problem-free. For example, unlike the T2* and T2′, regional phase values are poorly localized and may be affected by signal from neighboring tissue. New post-acquisition processing methods have been developed to remove non-local effects and to improve regional estimates (Haacke et al., 2010; Langkammer et al., 2012), but at the time of this writing only one study (Bilgic et al., 2011) has used these methods to measure age differences in healthy adults.
Based on a histological study, ferritin and hemosedrin are the only paramagnetic materials of sufficient concentration to affect MR signal from brain tissue (Schenck, 1995). Concentrations of transferrin-bound iron, the labile pool, and soluble iron particles are probably insufficient to cause differences in MR signal (Haacke et al., 2005). Other endogenous paramagnetic materials (i.e., copper and manganese) are also at inadequate concentrations in healthy individuals to affect the signal (Haacke et al., 2005). However, the MRI methods cannot readily distinguish between heme (i.e., cerebral blood volume) and non-heme iron sources, which may correlate highly in subcortical regions (Anderson et al., 2005). Despite their limitations, the various MRI methods have been validated in several phantom studies and in comparison to post-mortem assays (Antonini et al., 1993; Bizzi et al., 1990; Vymazal et al., 1995a; Peran et al., 2009; Pujol et al., 1992; Brass et al., 2006; Thomas et al., 1993; Bartzokis et al., 1994). Like post-mortem observations, MRI studies of adult age differences in iron content have found regional discrepancies, albeit of various magnitudes (Bartzokis et al., 2007; Drayer, 1988; Pfefferbaum et al., 2009; Bartzokis et al., 1997; Pujol et al., 1992; Peran et al., 2009; Cherubini et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2008; Pfefferbaum et al., 2010). Haacke and colleagues (2005) recently commented on the variability among extant MRI studies and post-mortem methods, although the review only listed the results without a specific analysis of regional age differences.
Thus, the goal of this meta-analysis was to evaluate quantitatively the outcomes of studies reviewed in the last narrative review (Haacke et al., 2005) as well as those that appeared after that publication. In the meta-analysis, we focused on the brain regions, age differences in which have been examined in a sufficient number of in vivo studies, i.e., globus pallidus (GP), putamen (Pt), caudate nucleus (Cd), red nucleus (RN), and substantia nigra (SN). Finally, our aim was to evaluate two potential sources of discrepancies among the studies in observed age differences: method of iron content estimation and the type of design vis a vis age (extreme groups or continuous).
We searched the computerized database PubMed through April 2012. Search terms were "brain iron," "R2*," "T2*," "R2," "T2," "R2′," "T2′," "FDRI," "phase," "susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)," "aging," "age," "caudate," "putamen," "globus pallidus," "red nucleus," and "substantia nigra." Because studies may report age-related differences in regions of interest (ROIs) for the purposes of a control comparison, but not include these as key terms, we performed general searches and reviewed the additional studies manually for reported age differences. Reference lists of review articles, book chapters, and publications meeting the search terms were also reviewed.
For initial inclusion, selected studies necessarily reported a relationship between age and in vivo brain iron estimation in one of the five ROIs in a healthy sample screened at least for major neurological pathologies, psychiatric conditions, and dementia. Considered studies were in a peer-reviewed publication and available in English. This initial search yielded 49 studies, many of which reported effects within the same sample across multiple ROIs (see Table 1). We contacted authors of studies that met the inclusion criteria but did not report a usable statistic to calculate an effect size, those who estimated brain iron in healthy controls but did not publish age differences, and those who included pre-adolescent children in the sample. Twenty studies that estimated brain iron in healthy control groups were excluded for lack of data. Five studies were excluded because the samples included children under 18 years old, as the relationship of brain iron during childhood development is different from that in adulthood (Aquino et al., 2009). One study was excluded because brain iron was estimated from T1-weighted scans (Vymazal et al., 1995b), which is an incomparable methodology to the others considered. A small-sample study that reported R2′ values (Martin et al., 1998) was excluded because it was the only extant study to use this method to estimate age differences and because the sample was small, and therefore the study could have biased the meta-analysis. Two studies (Bartzokis et al., 2010; 2011) were excluded as each used a sample already reported in the previous study included in the analyses (Bartzokis et al., 2007).
Twenty studies that met the final inclusion criteria and reported complete data were used in the meta-analysis (see Table 1). Besides the inclusion criteria, there were no known systematic differences in samples between the studies included and those excluded. In addition to estimating an average effect size within each ROI, we modeled potential study differences based on MRI estimation method and the treatment of age either as stratified groups or as a continuous distribution. Although we took notice of several other characteristic study variables, such as sample average age and age range, MRI sequences, and magnet strength, we could not analyze these potential moderators due to the limited number of available studies.
Using DSTAT (Johnson, 1993), all relevant study statistics were converted to Pearson correlations (r; see Table 1) and sample-size corrected effect sizes (d). Such correction is of a special concern when studies with small samples are included in the analyses. The computations were based on t-tests, group means and standard deviations, p-values and sample sizes, whole sample correlations (r) or linear regression statistics (R2). For studies that reported a significant effect without reporting a statistic or p-value, d was conservatively estimated from p = 0.049 (i.e., Cherubini et al., 2009). Studies that reported a non-significant effect without a statistic and a sample size smaller than 100 were excluded because a conservative estimate of r = 0 may be biased by a small sample (i.e., Antonini et al., 1993 for the Cd and GP). When left and right ROI values were reported, the effects were averaged for a whole ROI estimate prior to calculating d. Only whole GP (i.e., no separation of medial and lateral) and Pt (i.e., no distinction between anterior and posterior) effects were considered. To conform to the relaxation rate (rather than relaxation time) metric, effects from studies estimating iron content from T2 and T2* methods were inverted, so that higher values were associated with larger iron content. When a study reported multiple indices of iron content measured in a single sample (i.e., Pfefferbaum et al., 2010), we selected one measure that was strongest in study design and offered the best statistical power for the moderator analyses. Finally, when whole lifespan samples were used but values were reported by decade, adult age effects were manually estimated (i.e., Aquino et al., 2009).
To avoid violating the assumption of independent observations, each ROI was analyzed separately. Within each ROI, categorical models for the relationship between age and in vivo iron content estimates were tested. The analyses followed the Hedges and Olkin's (1985) approach to meta-analysis with fixed-effects model estimation. This approach allows correction of each effect size for study sample size, as insufficient power is a concern in this sample of studies.
Homogeneity tests for within-class (Qw) and between-class (Qb) effect sizes were calculated according to Hedges and Olkin's (1985) procedures. Qw assessed the homogeneity of effect sizes within each class as a χ2 distribution with k − 1 degrees of freedom, where k is the number of effect sizes within the class; whereas Qb assessed between classes with p −1 degrees of freedom (p is the number of classes).
A significant overall Qw statistic indicated inhomogeneity (variability) among studies effect sizes and suggests existence of moderators. For comparisons between groups in a moderator analysis, Qb estimated variance with p−1 degrees of freedom, where p is the number of classes or subgroups within a moderator. A significant Qb statistic was taken as an indicator that the moderator explains the variance in effect sizes.
Regional iron content estimated in vivo by various MRI techniques positively correlated with age within all ROIs: for all regions, the 95% CI did not include zero (Figures 1–5). Comparing across regions, the age-related differences in iron content were smaller in the GP (d = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.50–0.72) than in the Pt (d = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.77/0.98). The magnitude of age differences in Cd iron content (d = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.64–0.84) was intermediate between those in the Pt and the GP, and did not differ significantly from either region, although the respective 95% CI overlapped by no more than 0.08 d (standard deviation units). The magnitude of age differences in the RN (d = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.59–0.97) and SN (d = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55–0.86) iron content also did not differ from the effects observed in other ROIs. The effect sizes were heterogeneous for all the ROIs: the Cd (Qw χ2 (16, N = 966) = 166.68, p < 0.05), GP (Qw χ2 (13, N = 782) = 93.68, p < 0.05), Pt (Qw χ2 (15, N = 917) = 160.15, p < 0.05), RN (Qw χ2 (4, N = 299) = 27.15, p < 0.05), and SN (Qw χ2 (7, N = 396) = 31.21, p < 0.05). We explored potential sources of this heterogeneity.
Studies included in this meta-analysis differed on multiple features. Because of a limited number of studies, we could not explore most potential moderators. However, we were able to examine two important moderators of age differences in estimated iron content: the estimation method and the treatment of age in the study (i.e., extreme age groups or a continuous age distribution).
Differences in MRI methods of iron content estimation explained a significant share of inter-study variability in age effects (Tables 2–6). Only for the Cd, all methods found equivalent age differences. In the GP, studies that used R2 calculations to estimate brain iron content produced age differences that were smaller than those noted in R2*-based measures (d = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.01–0.56 vs. d = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.58–1.00), although neither method differed from FDRI or phase (Table 3). R2-based measures in the RN (d = 0.05, 95% CI: −0.41/0.51) and SN (d = 0.16, 95% CI: −0.20/0.53) yielded no significant age differences, whereas the other methods revealed a positive association between age and iron content in both regions (Tables 5–6). Age differences in the Pt found in R2-based studies were comparable to the effects observed in R2*- and FDRI-based investigations (Table 4). However, phase measures revealed a larger age effect than any other method (d =1.94, 95% CI: 1.68–2.19).
With exception of the Pt, the R2 method systematically revealed smaller age differences in iron content across all regions relative to the other methods (Qw χ2 = 0.81–3.61, ns). In comparison, age differences in FDRI estimates of iron content in the GP, RN and SN were similar to the effects yielded by other methods and equivalent across studies: Qw χ2 (5, N = 258) = 8.44, ns for the GP, Qw χ2 (1, N = 46) = 0.00, ns for the RN, and Qw χ2 (2, N = 60) = 0.12, ns for the SN. Significant between-study heterogeneity of age effects was observed for the Cd and Pt: Qw χ2 (5, N = 258) = 29.27, p < 0.05 for the Cd and Qw χ2 (5, N = 258) = 49.79, p < 0.05 for the Pt. Age differences in R2* and phase measures were also heterogeneous across studies in all ROIs (Qw χ2 = 14.07–66.88, p < 0.05), except for phase-based estimates in the Pt (Qw χ2 (1, N = 178) = 1.07, ns). Because of a small number of studies, it was impossible to explore the reason for the observed effect heterogeneity by region.
Design type (extreme age groups vs. age-continuous) did not moderate age differences in iron concentration in the basal ganglia as there were no significant heterogeneity of effects: Qb χ2 = 0.03–0.37, ns. Although extreme-group designs yielded somewhat smaller effects in these regions, the difference was not significant. However, extreme-group studies reported significantly smaller age differences in the RN and SN in comparison to the age-continuous samples (Tables 5 and and66).
In the meta-analysis of 20 studies, we documented a robust positive correlation between age and iron content estimated from MRI in the basal ganglia, RN and SN. The greatest age-related differences were observed in the Pt, and the smallest in the GP. The smaller age effect observed in the GP may reflect the earlier onset of free iron accumulation and, as a consequence, a relatively high pallidal content in early adulthood (Aquino et al., 2009). Reaching its peak level early, GP iron content would not change substantially during the rest of the lifespan in healthy adults. Exceeding this normative asymptote, the accumulation of large amounts of iron in the GP may be a marker of neurodegenerative disease (i.e., Hallervorden and Spatz, 1922), which was intentionally excluded in the studies entered into the meta-analysis.
The mechanisms of the age-related increase in iron content are unclear. Iron is a co-factor in the production of ATP (Todorich et al., 2009) and according to some interpretations, its accumulation may, at least initially, represent an organism's attempt to meet metabolic and energetic demands needed to maintain normal function of a declining system (Bartzokis, 2011; Harder et al., 2008; Mills et al., 2011). According to this scenario, iron concentration eventually exceeds the requirements to maintain homeostasis and overwhelms cellular metabolism, thus contributing to neurodegenerative processes. Indeed, brain iron plays an important role in myelination and re-myelination throughout the lifespan (Todorich et al., 2009; Bartzokis, 2011). Yet, induced iron overload causes axonal injury and accelerated apoptosis (Zhang et al., 2009), as expected to occur in regions commonly affected by age and neurodegenerative disease (Moos et al., 2007; see Zecca et al., 2004 and Moos et al., 2004 for reviews). Even in subcortical nuclei and regions with little myelination, such as the basal ganglia and the hippocampus, larger iron content is associated with smaller volumes in healthy adults (Peran et al., 2009; Rodrigue et al., 2011). Thus, non-heme iron may be essential to maintain brain integrity, but its excessive accumulation may cause demyelination and volumetric shrinkage - the hallmarks of brain aging. In conjunction with the extant evidence, the strong positive correlation between age and iron content identified in this meta-analysis supports a general model of brain aging that is associated with oxidative stress (Harman, 1956). Future studies with direct quantification of oxidative stress and assessment of brain iron may clarify this connection.
The present conclusions are constrained by common limitations of in vivo methods. On MR images, myelin appears to be the main source of white-gray matter contrast (Fukunaga et al., 2010; Langkammer et al., 2012; Lodygensky et al., 2012). Although the structures examined in this review are primarily composed of neurons and their unmyelinated processes, it is important to take into account that small myelinated fibers are found in the striatum (Xiang et al., 2005) and can contribute to MRI findings that are interpreted as evidence of iron. Indeed, this may account for the notable heterogeneity in the age differences measured by R2* and FDRI in the Cd and Pt. Diffusion tensor imaging may be a useful though imperfect way to gauge the effect of myelin integrity on these measures. However, the observed age differences in fractional anisotropy of the basal ganglia are in the direction opposite to the expected (Pfefferbaum et al., 2010), and it is unclear if this finding reflects a methodological limitation or a meaningful physiological phenomenon. Further, in vivo methods may be biased by age-related differences in cerebral blood volume and flow (Gomori and Grossman, 1993; Schenck, 1995; Schenker et al., 1993). R2 relaxation rate decreases with age in relation to physiological changes in blood oxygenation (Wagner et al., 2012) and vascular health (Rodrigue et al., 2011), which may explain the systematic underestimation of age differences with the R2 method. Although the formulae for R2* and FDRI share the R2 relaxation term, reported age differences were equivalent and therefore these methods may be more robust than the others. The findings from R2- and R2*-based studies may be further confounded by comorbid calcification that affects these indices in the same manner as iron does and can be separated only with phase estimates of iron (Naderi et al., 1993; Haacke et al., 2005). However, the magnitude of calcium deposits and ensuing MRI effects in healthy aging is probably small.
Although the examined techniques can identify relative iron content in the brain, they allow for little specificity in conclusions about non-heme iron. The amount of iron in a given voxel is proportional to signal loss due to the magnetic influence of iron neighboring spins (R2 and FDRI), local field inhomogeneity (R2*), or phase differences (phase). In a healthy brain, the local iron deposits are sufficiently large to affect the MR signal. However, the magnitude and direction of this effect is not specific to non-heme iron, and may also reflect the influence of heme iron in circulating blood or hemosiderin. However, this possibility is unlikely as a recent study of older adults revealed little influence of the microbleeds on the estimates of brain iron content (Penke et al., 2012).
Based upon the respective underlying physical principles, each of the reviewed methods lays different claims of sensitivity and specificity of its estimates of iron content. FDRI is considered to be a more precise measure of ferritin-bound iron and less vulnerable to concomitant pathology factors (Bartzokis et al., 1994), unlike R2 and R2* (Langkammer et al., 2012), whereas phase measures are theoretically better to detect small differences in iron concentrations and distinguish iron deposits from calcification (Haacke et al., 2005). However, the present meta-analysis found that FDRI, R2* and phase studies measured equivalent age differences in iron content in all regions, except for the Pt. Even though phase measures identified a stronger age-iron association in the Pt than FDRI or R2* did, all three techniques distinguished the Pt as having the largest relative age difference among the examined regions. Therefore, in the study of healthy age differences, R2* and phase are empirically equivalent to FDRI. In practical consideration, R2* and phase methods have the benefit of using a single acquisition in one imaging system, rather than relying on two systems as is necessary for FDRI calculations.
Regardless of the method, however, in vivo measures underestimate iron content by averaging differences within a single voxel, in which small amounts are counted as zero. Age differences in regional iron content might have been further reduced by the stringent inclusion criteria used in this meta-analysis to avoid a bias from major neurological pathology. The reviewed studies used an ROI approach, which emphasizes a priori hypothesis testing and can manually exclude vasculature (i.e., a source of heme iron) from measurements. This approach, however limits the number of anatomical regions that can be evaluated. In contrast, voxel-based approaches (see Radua and Mataix-Cols, 2012 for a review) cover the whole brain. However, too few voxel-based studies of age differences in R2* have been conducted thus far and the dearth of studies precludes quantitative comparison of voxel-based methods with ROI approaches. Thus far, ROI- and voxel-based method of iron evaluation reveal a similar pattern of regional and age-related differences (Peran et al., 2007, 2009).
Despite these limitations, the meta-analysis identified a robust positive correlation between age and iron content within the nigra striatum and smaller differences in the GP, which is consistent with post-mortem studies (Thomas et al., 1993; Hallgren and Sourander, 1958). Moreover, the observed age differences might have been overestimated because few studies controlled for a major confound of age effects – concomitant vascular risk and outright vascular pathology. In cross-sectional studies, non-linearity of age-iron content associations is thought to reflect individual differences in chronic inflammation (Zecca et al., 2004) and hypertension (Rodrigue et al., 2011), as well as in iron metabolic proteins (Bartzokis et al., 2011). Age-related iron accumulation is likely to follow a non-linear trajectory (Thomas et al., 1993; Hallgren and Sourander, 1958), although in the absence of longitudinal studies the true life-course of this phenomenon is unknown. Although a cross-sectional design may provide clues to the mean age trends, in the absence of longitudinal studies, there is little to be said about the true trajectories of age-related change and, more importantly, individual differences therein and potential mediators of change (Maxwell and Cole, 2007; Raz and Lindenberger, 2010).
In conclusion, presuming the validity of MRI-based estimates, advanced age is associated with higher iron content in the striatum, substantia nigra, and the red nucleus. Although MRI methods cannot readily distinguish between heme and non-heme iron, imaging studies with concurrent post-mortem assays indicate that ferritin-bound non-heme iron is the primary source of signal inhomogeneity in these subcortical nuclei (Thomas et al., 1993; see Haacke et al., 2005 for a review). Longitudinal studies with multiple imaging modalities are necessary to determine the trajectories of age-related change in regional brain iron content, individual variability therein, temporal relations among various indicators of brain integrity, and their cognitive, behavioral and health-related correlates.
Supported by the National Institutes of Health grants R37 AG-011230 to NR and training grant T32 HS-013819 to the Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
* indicates study was included in the meta-analysis
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
If you have troubles since the update to WordPress 4.5 please read this post before opening a new thread.
Tagged: enfold, Layer Slider
March 11, 2014 at 1:38 pm #235449
Hi guys.
Firstly this is a great theme and it's been really easy to get to grips with it so well done!
The problem I seem to be having is that when trying to save any of my slides in layer slider it starts to save but times out and now I seem to have lost a good few hours worth of my slides as they are simply not there at all.
I would get in touch with the plugin author directly but i'm sure he would have me talk to you guys first, especially as I haven't purchased the plugin myself.
I was just wondering if anybody else has had this issue as I don't want to create the slides again only for it to happen again.
I have also restored the website with all the files and database before the error occurred and even that hasn't rectified the problem, they seem to have simple vanished.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Kind regards,
MartinMarch 11, 2014 at 6:49 pm #235755
Hi Martin!
Which version of the theme are you using? Please try deactivating all active plugins and check if that helps. Please try to increase the allocated memory to 128M http://www.wpbeginner.com/wp-tutorials/ (Purchase code hidden if logged out) -increase-php-memory/
Best regards,
YigitMay 29, 2014 at 2:26 am #271576
Hi Yigit,
We had this same thing happen on our site at smartwarehousing.com. The site is also having issues with how the layer slider appears/transitions, and we had a proxy error on one of the saves a few days ago.
We're looking into the memory limit, but is there anything else beyond that to try? I have limited time with my server guy, so would like to have all of my options with me when I talk to him again. Thanks for any help.
AngieMay 29, 2014 at 1:59 pm #271790
You must be logged in to reply to this topic.


text:
Motorcycle Riding Apparel
Keep yourself comfortable, stylish and safe with protective and functional motorcycle riding apparel designed for street or adventure motorcycle styles. Twisted Throttle carries a large assortment of protective motorcycle gear from trusted brands such as Macna, NoNoise, Klim, Dianese, Gyde Powered by Gerbing, Arai Helmets, HJC Helmets, Schuberth, Alpinestars, SIDI and Gaerne. With motorcycle riding apparel including motorcycle helmets, jackets, boots, gloves, pants, hearing protection, heated gear and base layers, Twisted Throttle will have you covered in style, comfort and protection.
Macna Women's All-Season Candy Waterproof Motorcycle GloveMacna Women's "Candy" summer motorcycle soft goat leather riding gloves Learn More$99.99 $42.95
Macna Women's Summer Rush Mesh Motorcycle JacketRide even the hottest days in comfort and style with the Rush mesh jacket. Simple styling looks good no matter what you ride. Includes a back protector and CE armor in the elbows and shoulders for crash protection, while retroreflective graphics look great and increase conspicuity. Learn More$214.99 $82.95
Macna Women's All-Season Lunar Waterproof Motorcycle JacketThe Macna Lunar Women's Motorcycle Jacket offers the same comfort and protection features found in Macna mens motorcycle jackets, including detachable waterproof and thermal liners, venting, and impact protection. The Lunar jacket is the upper-priced option in the Macna women's line of motorcycle jackets, offering a long list of features that rival the men's high-end Geo jacket. Learn More$444.99 $219.99


text:
A standoff that was sparked by a suspected suicidal man opening fire upon Stanislaus County Sheriff's deputies Wednesday afternoon came to a deadly end when the man was found dead from a single gunshot wound hours later.
An unintentional shooting in Delhi Wednesday night left a 20-year-old woman dead and her fiancé charged with her murder.
The Fourth of July is a day known for backyard barbecues, parades and stunning pyrotechnic displays. Unfortunately, it is also becoming a deadly day to be on the road.
Falastine Munoz describes the day in 2011 that she came home to find her home burglarized as a devastating experience.
The man suspected of pulling the trigger in a fatal drive-by in a Turlock neighborhood has pleaded not guilty to the homicide charge lodged against him.
The Turlock Police Department is investigating a violent assault that left a man in critical condition from injuries to the head.
Common sense and charity intervened last week to keep a man - who ordered and ate a large meal at a restaurant he couldn't pay for it - from going to jail.
A Turlock cardiologist has filed a lawsuit against Emanuel Medical Center claiming the hospital engaged in a campaign aimed at putting his practice out of business.
The homicide trial of Turlock resident Michael Hoyt for the death of Hilmar resident Kenneth Winter has been granted a five month delay.
The Stanislaus County Civil Grand Jury for the 2012-2013 session will be sworn in at 8:30 a.m. July 2 In Department 8 of the Stanislaus County Superior Court.
An investigation by the Turlock Police Department into a strong-armed robbery led to a drug bust that included the seizure of heroin and the arrest of four adults.
Homicide suspect Gabriel Miranda, apprehended in Idaho earlier this month, is planning to fight his extradition back to California to face charges for the death of 24-year-old Simon White.
A neighborhood dispute that has been brewing for some time took a violent turn Thursday when two residents shot at each other.
The Turlock Police Department is investigating a brazen daylight robbery attempt at the one-time residence of former California State University, Stanislaus President Hamid Shirvani.
Law enforcement from local and federal agencies arrested five Stanislaus County men Wednesday on allegations they were trafficking in methamphetamine.
Page 82 of 134
The Turlock Police Department continues to search for leads in the whereabouts of a Turlock man wanted for a shooting last week.
A Turlock man was arrested on suspicion of trespassing and resisting arrest after the Turlock Police Department received two separate reports of the man trying ...
Police are asking for the public's help in locating a Turlock man who is suspected of shooting someone while stealing a car early Friday ...
Page 1 of 1
Contents of this site are © Copyright 2014 The Turlock Journal, CA. All rights reserved.
Privacy policy and Terms of service


text:
AutoCad 2009 Instructor: A Student Guide to Complete Coverage of AutoCAD's Commands and Features / Edition 5by James A. Leach
Pub. Date: 06/27/2008
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Companies, The
The full range of AutoCAD commands, concepts, and features is explained in the text. The author's simple writing style enables students to grasp concepts easily. Fundamental concepts are discussed
AutoCAD 2009 Instructor covers all features and capabilities of AutoCAD. The text is command-oriented so chapters are centered around groups of related commands.
The full range of AutoCAD commands, concepts, and features is explained in the text. The author's simple writing style enables students to grasp concepts easily. Fundamental concepts are discussed first, then more advanced and specialized features.
Product Details
- 9780073375342
- Publisher:
- McGraw-Hill Companies, The
- Publication date:
- 06/27/2008
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 1440
- Product dimensions:
- 8.40(w) x 10.80(h) x 1.90(d)
Table of Contents1 Getting Started
2 Working with Files
3 Draw Command Concepts
4 Selection Sets
5 Helpful Commands
6 Basic Drawing Setup
7 Object Snap and Object Snap Tracking
8 Draw Commands I
9 Modify Commands I
10 Viewing Commands
11 Layers and Object Properties
12 Advanced Drawing Setup 13 Layouts and Viewports
14 Printing and Plotting 15 Draw Commands II
16 Modify Commands II
17 Inquiry Commands
18 Creating and Editing Text
19 Internet Tools
20 Advanced Selection Sets
21 Blocks, DesignCenter, and Tool Palettes
22 Block Attributes 23 Grip Editing
24 Multiview Drawing
25 Pictorial Drawings
26 Section Views
27 Auxiliary Views
28 Dimensioning
29 Dimension Styles and Dimension Variables 30 Xreferences
31 Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
32 Raster Images And Vector Files 33 Advanced Layouts and Plotting 34 3D Modeling Basics
35 3D Display and Viewing 36 User Coordinate Systems 37 Wireframe Modeling 38 Solid Modeling Construction 39 Advanced Solids Features 40 Surface Modeling 41 Rendering [Web-only chapter]
42 Creating 2D Drawings From 3D Models [Web-only chapter]
43 Miscellaneous Commands and Features [Web-only chapter]
44 Basic Customization [Web-only chapter] 45 Menu Customization [Web-only chapter] 46 CAD Management [Web-only chapter] 47 Express Tools and Batch Plotting [Web-only chapter]
Appendix A System Variables Appendix B Command Alias List Sorted by Command Appendix C Command Alias List Sorted by Alias Appendix D Buttons and Special Keys Appendix E Command Table Index
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews >