text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 12, 2010
|Filing date
|May 8, 2009
|Priority date
|May 8, 2009
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Richard B. Fradella
|Original Assignee
|Fradella Richard B
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (107), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (30), Classifications (22), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The contents of the co-pending application filed simultaneous herewith having docket number ExcEn_RPM_FW entitled "Low-Cost Minimal-Loss Flywheel Battery" and invented by the present inventor is incorporated herein by reference in entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains generally to rotary dynamoelectric machines, and more particularly to dynamoelectric machines having novel rotor and stator structures, to generators having permanent-magnet axial-field rotor and stator disks, and further to cooperative integrated electronics for wide range power control and efficient electric power interface with loads.
Applicant sets forth a brushless self-synchronous generator with permanent-magnet rotor disks and stator winding disks, including integral electronics, to efficiently generate DC (direct-current) electric power, at current and voltage regulated by the electronics, from broadly variable speed rotary mechanical drive. Its various embodiments are intended to generate useful electric power efficiently, especially at low speed and torque, from a wide variety of variable speed and torque drive sources. Moreover, it is intended to substantially improve and expand sustainable environmentally responsible energy options, such as wind power, hydrodynamic power, and human-power-assisted electric vehicles. A main embodiment is intended to generate better quality electric power from wind turbines, and higher energy yields, compared to prior art wind turbine generators.
2. Description of the Related Art
Poly-phase (usually 3-phase) alternating-current (AC) salient-pole induction machines, having wound stators and rotors, are presently directly connected to power grids in "wind farms" to augment grid power from windy locations. They do not incur major grid synchronization problems, as do directly connected synchronous generators, which are mostly used in generating plants where their shaft speed is regulated and output carefully synchronized prior to parallel connection with on-line generators. However, induction machines generate power only when shaft speed exceeds that needed at zero slip speed. They cannot self-start from turbine drive, and consume grid power (not augment it) whenever their speed falls below a critical zero slip speed level. Moreover, their power is unregulated, and they must be disconnected from the grid at very high wind speeds, because their power fluctuations and internal generator heating are excessive. For a comprehensive analysis and Thevenin equivalent circuits of induction machines, see, for example, the textbook "Electric Machinery" (an integrated treatment of AC and DC machines) McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1952, by Fitzgerald & Kingsley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chapter 3 (especially page 131 and Chapter 9). For further analysis and performance prediction of broader speed range but less efficient 2-phase induction machines, see "Effects of Phase-Shift and Distortion on Servomotor Performance," 1960, by Richard B. Fradella, MSEE research and thesis, California Institute of Technology.
Peripheral equipment needed for augmenting grid power from wind turbines, which drive induction generators, may include gears to increase generator shaft speed, switchgear to connect and disconnect said generators from the grid as wind speed varies, gear lubricant, pumps and heat exchangers to cool the lubricant, a generator cooling system, and external heat-dumps.
Over the past two decades, power electronics has been developed to provide a power control interface between induction machines and DC voltage supplies such as chemical batteries. This electronics converts the DC voltage to substantially variable-frequency poly-phase voltage (albeit with high distortion) at the induction machine poly-phase terminals, enabling these machines to perform as bi-directional motors or generators. For example, an induction machine with applied fundamental frequency component appropriately higher than its electrical frequency at a given shaft speed can be driven as a variable-speed induction motor, from zero to a desired speed. With its shaft driven by rotary power, the same induction machine with applied poly-phase voltage having a frequency appropriately lower than its electrical frequency at a given shaft speed can instead generate power as a variable-speed induction generator. By reversing the poly-phase sequence, the induction machine can likewise drive in the opposite direction, or can generate power from a shaft driven in the opposite direction. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) power switching semiconductors are useful as the DC to poly-phase power switching interface for induction machines, because they are rugged and can control considerably higher power than comparable cost high-frequency switching semiconductors. Moreover, the iron cores of said induction machines have high inductance, so it is not feasible to use a series low-loss ferrite core inductor as described for the present invention. Induction machine core loss would be very high, with attendant heating problems, if subjected to high-frequency switching pulse-duration-modulation (PWM) to provide poly-phase sinusoidal voltages having low harmonic distortion across the induction machine stator winding terminals.
Prior art inventions that provide examples of power interface electronics for variable-speed induction machines that are driven by chemical batteries and regenerate power thereto include: U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,186 by Rippel et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,070 by Cocconi.
Synchronous AC generators include salient-pole alternators having wound stators and permanent-magnet rotors. Their output voltage and frequency are substantially proportional to their shaft speed. Brushless salient-pole reluctance machines having wound stator poles with magnetic bias from permanent magnets, is one type. Those generators may include field windings, to afford limited voltage regulation. Homopolar machines are also a synchronous brushless type, with their power output frequency proportional to speed; they afford wider range voltage adjustment. If their field is derived only from a field winding, they will need electric startup power for that winding. Cogging torque (wherein the rotor angle aligns its iron cores with and holds minimum magnetic reluctance positions), like stiction and friction in gears, may cause wind turbines to stall at low wind speeds. These shortcomings and too low output voltage at low shaft speeds prevent usable power generation at low wind speeds from this prior art machine. Adding a boost regulator in series with the rectified and filtered alternator type generator output can facilitate higher voltages at low shaft speeds, needed for loads such as chemical batteries, but the boost regulator incurs tandem losses and machine cogging may stall the wind turbine driving it so no electric power output is produced from this prior art machine at low wind speeds.
By comparison, the present invention is intended to generate power at requisite voltage over its entire wide speed range, will not need electric startup power from its load or any other external source, and will efficiently generate power even from very low shaft torque rotation from low wind speeds, not stalled by cogging torque, stiction, or friction.
Besides their use for AC power generation in power plants, applications for synchronous generators range widely, usually with their AC outputs rectified, to charge batteries and the like. However, their varying voltage and frequency can be a major disadvantage. Generated and rectified voltage must be sufficient, and usually regulated, to meet needs of given applications. Moreover, very low frequency ripple at low shaft speed requires large filter capacitors, which cost more and have shorter lifetimes than ceramic or film capacitors. These properties usually limit synchronous generator applications to high shaft speeds. Their cogging torque is another drawback. Peripheral equipment needed for augmenting grid power, from alternators used as generators driven by wind turbines, usually include gears to increase generator shaft speed, rectifiers to convert their AC outputs to DC, and power inverters to convert the DC to regulated AC in phase with the grid. Moreover, their varying output voltage and current must be regulated, for chemical battery charging applications; which requires a battery charger.
Brush-commutated DC generators may have permanent-magnet field excitation. They may also have field excitation windings, for limited output voltage adjustment. Besides shorter lifetimes due to their commutator brush and armature wear, commutator sparking can be troublesome; and, similar to most prior art generators, their DC output voltage is proportional to speed, thus precluding many low shaft speed applications, unless their output is connected to loads via boost regulator circuits. Alternatively, their varying output voltage and current may require a buck regulator, between the generator output and its load. Such external and series electronics reduces overall power efficiency, particularly at low turbine shaft speeds.
Regardless of said drawbacks, these machines are widely used as generators for some applications. Peripheral equipment, for use as generators driven by wind turbines, may include speed-up gearing and output rectifiers. Said rectifiers may be needed, to prevent power from a DC power-bus load, which it feeds, such as chemical batteries it is meant to charge, from driving said DC generator as a motor, and discharging connected batteries whenever the generator output voltage is less than the battery voltage. Power regulator circuits, such as battery chargers, are usually needed. Besides these limitations, brush-commutated generators also need periodic commutator maintenance; as their commutators are damaged with use, by wear and sparking.
Gearing needed to increase prior art generator shaft speed, so prevalent in wind power systems, also needs bearings for the gears, is subject to wear, needs periodic maintenance, and incurs power losses. The gearing stiction further inhibits and usually prevents power generation at low wind speeds. Conversely, the present invention, having no cogging torque and no speed-up gearing, is intended to generate power over a very wide speed range.
Most electric motors can be used as generators. There is fundamentally no difference, between most prior art motors and generators, of a specific type, except for how they are used to meet needs of specific applications. For example, an induction machine can serve as an induction motor or as a generator. Motors used in ubiquitous machinery, tools, and appliances can be configured mechanically and electrically as generators.
Insofar as drive speed and torque is regulated at steam driven and large hydroelectric power plants, the prior art generators described above have provided acceptable options, to generate most of the electric power that is distributed by power grids, for over a century.
Smaller and portable versions of said generators, driven by fuel-burning engines, also serve viable small markets. However, need for wider speed range has been long recognized.
Some prior art inventions have intended to accommodate variable-speed drives, by means substantially different from my present invention:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,694,187 "Electromechanical Constant Speed Drive Generating System" by Baker, includes a mechanical differential gear, to obtain constant speed drive for a generator. It is mainly intended to accommodate variable-speed aircraft engine drive, by including controlled variable compensatory drive. It does not teach a generator assembly similar to the present invention, nor does it include electronics similar to the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,969,922 "Transformerless Load Adaptive Speed Controller" by Welches, includes electromechanical means, to obtain constant speed generator drive, from a variable-speed drive source. Its generator assembly is substantially different from the present invention, and it does not teach electronics similar to the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,074 "Axial Field Motor/Generator" by Smith et al and my U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,200 teach, with some differences, a motor/generator assembly having multi-pole axial magnetic field rotor disks and stator disks between them, but they do not set forth electronics similar to the present invention, intended to efficiently generate regulated electric power over a broad speed range.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,238 "Axial Gap Dual Permanent Magnet Generator" by Lynch et al, describes means for generating constant output voltage that do not include electronics similar to the present invention. Its generator assembly and rotor disks are also distinctly different from those herein described in all embodiments of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,190,101 "Stator Coil Arrangement for an Axial Airgap Electric Device Including Low-Loss Materials" by Hirzel, teaches a substantially different generator assembly and materials, and does not set forth electronics similar to the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,698 "Axial Field Electrical Generator" by Pullen et al, describes a high-speed generator assembly substantially different from the present invention, and does not describe electronics.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,398 "Human-Powered Or Human-Assisted Energy Generation And Transmission System With Energy Storage Means And Improved Efficiency" by Davis; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,021,978 "Human-Powered Generator System With Active Inertia And Simulated Vehicle" by Jansen; describe means to use variable effort pedal power. They teach using electric generators with operator adjustable control means, and their advantages over mechanical drives, for augmenting vehicle power, in applications including electric vehicles, watercraft, and the like. However, they do not teach generator assembly configurations nor an electronics power interface as set forth in the present invention.
Other exemplary patents for rotary dynamoelectric machines and for other apparatus which may or may not be related but which provide illustration from which the teachings are incorporated herein by reference, include: U.S. Pat. No. 295,534 by Frick; U.S. Pat. No. 459,610 by Desroziers; U.S. Pat. No. 1,566,693 by Pletscher; U.S. Pat. No. 2,743,375 by Parker; U.S. Pat. No. 2,864,964 by William Kober; U.S. Pat. No. 3,050,650 by Jacques; U.S. Pat. No. 3,069,577 by Royal; U.S. Pat. No. 3,090,880 by Henri; U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,711 by Jacques; U.S. Pat. No. 3,124,396 by Barager; U.S. Pat. No. 3,219,861 by Burr; U.S. Pat. No. 3,230,406 by Jacques; U.S. Pat. No. 3,231,807 by Willis; U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,702 by Van De Graaff; U.S. Pat. No. 3,304,598 by Jacques; U.S. Pat. No. 3,337,122 by Johann; U.S. Pat. No. 3,375,386 by Hayner et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,401,284 by Park; U.S. Pat. No. 3,407,320 by Mclean; U.S. Pat. No. 3,441,761 by Painton et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,569,753 by Babikyan; U.S. Pat. No. 3,584,276 by Ringland et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,696,277 by Liska et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,731,984 by Habermann; U.S. Pat. No. 3,796,039 by Lucien; U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,339 by Heinzmann et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,899,731 by Smith; U.S. Pat. No. 3,982,170 by Gritter et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,799 by Nakamura et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,510 by Woodbury; U.S. Pat. No. 4,228,391 by Owen; U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,856 by Frierdich et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,295,083 by Leenhouts; U.S. Pat. No. 4,358,723 by Scholl et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,801 by Richter; U.S. Pat. No. 4,384,321 by Rippel; U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,865 by Lauro; U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,597 by Mas; U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,963 by Rippel et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,417,194 by Curtiss et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,613 by Mizuno et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,570 by Inoue; U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,214 by Dieringer; U.S. Pat. No. 4,618,806 by Grouse; U.S. Pat. No. 4,645,961 by Malsky; U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,413 by Bourbeau; U.S. Pat. No. 4,694,187 by Baker; U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,839 by Barthold; U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,698 by Pullen et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,117,141 by Hawsey et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,569 by Hino et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,697 by Ford et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,289,361 by Vinciarelli; U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,075 by Cocconi; U.S. Pat. No. 5,392,176 by Anderson; U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,212 by Smith; U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,222 by Rosen; U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,221 by Post; U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,923 by Gossler et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,894 by Heller; U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,777 by Bitterly et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,012 by Rosmann et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,902 by Merritt et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,549 by Engel; U.S. Pat. No. 5,717,303 by Engel; U.S. Pat. No. 5,729,118 by Yanagisawa et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,425 by Murakami; U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,885 by Post; U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,591 by Lillington et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,480 by Post; U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,690 by Post; U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,544 by Ikeda et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,499 by Post; U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,446 by Eisenhaure et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,677 by Henry et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,684 by Lin; U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,337 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,049,149 by Lin et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,704 by Fukuyama et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,831 by Matsunaga; U.S. Pat. No. 6,137,187 by Mikhail et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,472 by Pinkerton et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,246,146 by Schiller; U.S. Pat. No. 6,259,233 by Caamano; U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,505 by Hockney et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,670 by Villani et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,388,347 by Blake et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,466 by Caamano; U.S. Pat. No. 6,750,588 by Gabrys; U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,934 by Colley; U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,962 by Post; U.S. published patent application 2006/0208606 by Hirzel.
Additional patents by the present inventor, the teachings which are additionally incorporated herein by reference, include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,085,355 and 4,520,300 by Fradella; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,775 and 6,794,777 by Fradella.
There is a great need for generators that are more compatible with widely variable speed and torque rotary shaft power from wind turbines. Generators having such useful attributes can enable vast sustainable power systems, without shortcomings associated with prior art power generators. A few such examples are described next.
Optimally loaded wind turbines can harvest sustainable mechanical power from highly variable winds. My present invention generator can convert highly variable shaft power to usable electric power having regulated current and voltage. An embodiment for wind power efficiently generates electric power that is proportional to the third power of speed, over a very broad speed range. It would greatly enhance power quality and produce approximately double the prior art generator electric power energy yields from wind, by harvesting electric power during prevalent low wind speeds and continue to harvest electric power over the entire wind speed spectrum.
Moreover, its scalability facilitates optimal wind turbine loading, without incurring re-tooling expenses to achieve a broad power rating range. The importance of optimal loading is best explained by considering extreme mismatch between a wind turbine and the generator it drives: Potential wind turbine output power is not substantially harvested if generator power capacity is so slight that the wind turbine coupled to it has minuscule torque load. Conversely, output power is zero when generator loading is so high that it causes the wind turbine to stall. Those versed in the art of generating electric power from wind turbines know that potential wind turbine output power as a function of wind speed is a continuous function, whose maximum power yield corresponds to optimal loading, facilitated by matching a generator to the wind turbine that can best drive it, over a broad wind speed range. Said speed and load scaling and matching is a primary attribute of the present invention.
Considering another alternate embodiment, a generator that can convert variable-speed pedal power from a recumbent cyclist, in an electric vehicle, that charges onboard batteries and thereby extends the practical vehicle range, while affording a healthy exercise option, is an example of an alternate embodiment of the present generator invention. Considering yet another alternate embodiment example, fitness exercise gyms, having exercise equipment connected to such generators, could meet their onsite power needs and perhaps even return power to a utility grid. Considering another application, wave motion and water flow from rivers and streams is variable. Nevertheless, locations exist where the present generator invention can afford an opportunity for environmentally responsible electric power therefrom.
Accordingly, a general objective of the present invention is to provide a generator, which does not require speed-up gearing to increase its shaft speed, and which has zero cogging torque. A main objective is to provide a generator, which can efficiently generate better quality electric power, with controlled current and voltage, especially at very low shaft speeds, over a very broad speed range. It also should facilitate optimal wind turbine loading. Its shaft would preferably be powered by wind turbines having means to limit maximum speed by varying blade pitch or deflecting wind from the blades when a desired maximum speed is reached. When that is not feasible, a friction brake may be added to limit turbine shaft speed.
Power generation from wind turbines is expected to be a major application for the present invention. Since turbine shaft speed usually is substantially proportional to wind speed, and shaft torque is usually proportional to wind speed squared, loading the turbine shaft and outputting electric power so it is proportional to the third power of shaft speed, will extract maximum power over a very broad wind speed range, from essentially all types of wind turbines.
Accordingly, a specific objective for a primary embodiment of the present invention, especially at relatively low typical wind speeds, is to regulate output current and voltage, so that useful regulated electrical output power is proportional to the third power of shaft speed.
Another objective is to provide a variable speed generator responsive to user selected torque settings, which can efficiently generate electric power at requisite voltage, from human power, to pedals driven by a driver who would benefit from recumbent cycling exercise. This would also increase driving distance range and thereby appreciably enhance ultra-light electric road vehicles having on-board batteries and a plug-in charger, photovoltaic exterior top surfaces, and brushless regenerative ultra-efficient motors in wheels, which include radial-compliant springs to hold relatively large diameter tire rims. Such an electric road vehicle is one of many examples of practical, sustainable, environment-responsible, low-cost transportation means that would be enhanced by the present invention generator.
Means to achieve said objectives and attributes of the present invention are described and illustrated herein, by explanations that will be clear to multi-disciplinary science engineers and to those versed in the art of electric power generators. It will be understood that those versed in the art can apply various other implementations and parts, to achieve the means and functions described herein.
The present generator invention is intended to provide useful electric power, from rotary mechanical power, over a very broad speed range, by combining a coreless (i.e., having no salient high-permeability iron cores) permanent-magnet assembly, with integral electronics to control its stator winding current. This coreless assembly is constituted by axial-field rotor magnets, affixed within rotor disks, forming an alternated pole circular array. With rotation, the magnets provide a time-varying magnetic field pattern that interacts with preferably 2-phase stator windings in the assembly. Said windings are connected to integral PWM (Pulse-Width-Modulation) high-frequency-switching control electronics in a boost regulator configuration.
Substantially sinusoidal voltage generated, across the stator winding terminals, has amplitude and frequency proportional to rotor disk rotational speed. Said voltage causes current in the stator windings and a series inductance, controlled by PWM power-switching transistors, in series with the windings and the inductance when ON, that are switched ON/OFF at a very high frequency. When the transistors are switched ON, the stator voltage causes current to increase through the series inductance. Then, each time the transistors are switched to OFF, free-wheeling diodes provide an alternate path to high-frequency filter capacitors in parallel with a DC load, for resulting high-frequency current pulses, sustained by the series inductors. Current through the stator windings and series inductance is thus controlled by high-frequency PWM switching, so it is substantially sinusoidal, in phase with the voltage across the stator windings, and includes an inherent (preferably very small) triangular-wave component at the relatively high PWM ON/OFF switching frequency.
Current pulses through the diodes, from each of the 2 phases, are filtered by the capacitors, and preferably also by a small series inductor between the capacitors and the DC load. The filtered current from each phase is substantially a sinusoid, having a frequency double that of the sinusoidal stator voltage and current, and a DC average half the rectified sinusoidal current peak value. Said rectified sinusoidal currents from each phase have opposite polarities relative to each other. Thus, when the current from one phase is at its peak, current from the other phase is zero. Main system elements and combinations, of the present invention, include:
(1) Rotor magnets to provide a rotating nearly sinusoidal field pattern to each phase of a coreless stator winding, with relative motion therebetween, as the rotor spins, without magnetically cycling iron or magnets in their closed magnetic flux paths, and thus not incurring magnetic hysteresis losses and cogging torque.
(2) Rotor magnet sensors, responsive to rotor angle, each aligned with a respective stator conductor phase, to each provide an alternating nearly sinusoidal feedback signal responsive to rotor angle, used by integral electronics to control respective stator winding current.
(3) Current sensors, to each provide a respective current feedback signal over a very broad dynamic range, corresponding to respective stator conductor current.
(4) Signal processing electronics, normally responsive to the rotor magnet and current sensors, and to DC voltage feedback, to control stator current by PWM and thereby efficiently generate regulated DC current and voltage, from wide speed range rotational power, by boost regulation (fly-back inductor and free-wheeling diode pulse current generation and rectification filtered by high-frequency pulse averaging capacitors). This enables useful DC power generation at requisite DC voltage over a very broad speed range.
(5) Scalable combinations of these elements, that facilitate a wide power range, without need for many different size parts and the tooling required to manufacture them.
Improvements to the prior art will be apparent to those versed in the art and in the various engineering disciplines encompassed by it, from the following description of the invention, when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Main elements and combinations of this new generator are set forth herein and illustrated in
Manifested in this generator assembly and integral power control electronics, main elements and combinations of the present invention are set forth herein and illustrated in
Since the stator windings are not surrounded by high-permeability iron cores, forces due to current through their radial segments, interacting with the magnetic field, act directly on the stator windings. In contrast, most prior art generators forces act mainly on iron core poles. Disks holding the stator windings are non-magnetic and electrically non-conductive.
The stator disks must have sufficient thermal conductivity to transfer heat due to stator current copper losses, from the stator windings to the generator exterior. Additive molding materials and methods to increase thermal conductivity of electrically non-conductive materials are broadly available from many commercial sources. Powdered aluminum is one exemplary and widely used additive, which is mixed with injection-molded resins. The small aluminum particles are pre-treated so a thin non-conductive surface layer covering each particle insulates it from adjoining particles, resulting in an electrically non-conductive mix that has relatively high thermal conductivity.
The generator assembly design and manufacturing processes of the present invention enables stator disks having considerably higher and consistent thermal conductivity, compared to other electrically non-conductive materials. Moreover, these generator assemblies are readily scalable, by varying their number of rotor and stator disks, to optimize load matching with various turbines while minimizing production and inventory costs.
Most significantly, this generator system does not have cogging torque, magnetic hysteresis power loss, and eddy loss that would otherwise result from iron cores of prior art salient pole generators. With integral electronics boost regulation, relatively large diameter rotor and stator disk assemblies, and relatively large number of poles thereby facilitated, need for speed-up gearing is also obviated. Prior art generator cogging torque and gearing stiction prevent shaft rotation at the low torque levels produced at low wind speeds, so said prior art can generate electric power only during high wind speeds. Therefore, prior art generators relinquish power over a prevalent wind speed range. Conversely, the present invention provides steady power having both current and voltage control, compared to prior art generators that too frequently need to be disconnected or generate high power bursts with no current or voltage control. These power characteristics are known by electrical engineers and by the electric power industry as factors that determine merit and a measure of power quality.
Stator winding radial segments of the present invention are in a magnetic field varying with both position and time (whereas, in most prior art generators, the magnetic field flux is mainly confined within surrounding iron poles). Therefore, the stator winding conductor options are a design trade-off, between spiral Litz wire having many individually insulated strands, so it does not incur substantial eddy losses as the rotor spins, and single-strand magnet wire. Besides lower eddy losses, multi-strand wire is easily formed, without specialized tooling. However, spiral Litz wire, and a sleeve around it, has a substantially larger diameter than equivalent wire-gauge single-strand magnet wire, and is considerably more costly. Moreover, eddy loss in stator conductors is not a significant problem at low rotor speeds (where maximum generator efficiency is most important). Therefore, single-strand magnet wire, formed by new methods enabled by the new stator disk geometric details of the present invention, provides a compact lower cost option. The stator windings will preferably be preformed, and then placed in a mold, to become the functional electromagnetic element of each injection-molded stator winding disk. Magnet wire having a square cross-section is preferable over a round cross-section, mainly because it accommodates about 20% more copper area in a given space.
Additionally, the present invention includes integral electronics, to enable high-efficiency controlled output current and voltage, over a shaft speed range of at least 10-to-1. For shaft drives having speed with no limits, whence the generator stator winding peak voltage (generated by shaft rotation) exceeds the desired DC output voltage, a commercially available buck regulator 2 can be added to generator 1, to maintain requisite load current and voltage, as shown in
With reference to
With reference to
Conversely, a single-phase 60-Hz power inverter draws current (IDC)*[1+sin(wt)], where frequency (w) is 120-Hz. This requires a relatively large capacitance, to filter the sinusoidal component of current drawn from DC sources that are effectively current-regulated, such as photovoltaic solar panels, and the flywheel batteries described in my U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,775 and 6,794,777. For sinusoidal 60-Hz peak output voltage Vac, a single-phase inverter provides a regulated sinusoidal peak current Iac to augment AC line power, which is synchronized to the AC line voltage. With adequate capacitance to filter the 120-Hz current component drawn from generator 1, it can be shown that (IDC)*(VDC)=(0.5)*(Iac)*(Vac).
Those versed in the art will understand that the same generator assembly of my present invention, combined with power control electronics different from the electronics set forth herein, can function as a variable-speed reversible brushless regenerative motor. Detailed descriptions of such motor system configurations are taught in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,355 "Variable-speed Regenerative Brushless Electric Motor and Controller System", and my U.S. Pat. No. 4,520,300 "Brushless Ultra-Efficient Regenerative Servomechanism," the contents of each which were incorporated hereinabove by reference.
The general embodiment of my present invention is illustrated by
With reference to
Current through stator windings 1 and 2 are essentially in phase with voltage generated in the respective windings, due to PWM current control, responsive to two Hall sensors, each aligned with a respective stator winding and which detect rotor angle, to provide respective feedback signals sin(A) and cos(A) denoted 3 and 4 in
It can be readily shown that the combined PWM current pulses from each of the two phases, averaged by high-frequency ceramic or film capacitors, can be reduced somewhat by staggering ON/OFF timing for one of the PWM drivers relative to the other phase. Said current pulses would then be staggered (i.e., alternated from each phase). However, a design compromise between less capacitance enabled by said staggered pulses and the additional signal processing needed to achieve that result, tends to favor the circuits shown and described herein. This preference is partly because current from one phase is zero when current from the other phase is maximum and partly because too much added circuitry is needed to reduce the pulse currents only a small amount that can be accommodated by only slightly more high-frequency filter capacitance.
Whenever the maximum voltage generated across respective stator windings exceeds the DC Power Bus voltage, the generator will charge capacitors in parallel with the DC Power Bus, to substantially the stator winding voltage peaks, by full-wave rectifier action. Then, if shaft speed exceeds levels where the DC Voltage Feedback in
A preferred embodiment of the Power Control Electronics 5 in
The Compare function block 1 in
Likewise, Ph.2 rotor angle sensor feedback signal cos(A) is processed by like electronics, to provide signals (dA/dt)2 sin2(A) and /cos(A)/. Respective squared rate signals are then added, with negative DC voltage feedback, by the sum function block 2. Since sin2(A) and cos2(A) is equal to 1, output from function block 2 is the square of speed, with virtually zero ripple. This (speed)2 signal is applied to multiplier function blocks 5, along with respective inputs /sin(A)/and /cos(A)/, to provide respective output signals (speed)2/sin(A)/ and (speed)2/cos(A)/.
Substantially sinusoidal Ph.1 current feedback signal is applied to function block 10, (AbsVal), to provide the signal variable Ph.1 stator current amplitude /sin(A)/. Likewise, the Ph.2 stator current feedback signal is converted to Ph.2 stator current amplitude /cos(A)/. Each of these absolute value signals is applied to respective difference amplifiers, shown as sum function blocks 6. This signal processing provides negative current feedback, to respective minor feedback loops, whose outputs modulate respective PWM function blocks 7. The PWM circuits provide ON/OFF drive (Ph.1 PWM), to Q1 and Q2 in
Abs Val function blocks 4 and 10 in
Over-Voltage Protection (function blocks 3), shown in both
Power from Ph.1 stator winding is effectively the root-mean-square (rms) value of its stator current multiplied by its rms stator voltage=(Ph.1 peak current)*(Ph.1 peak voltage)*(0.5). Likewise, Ph.2 power=(Ph.2 peak current)*(Ph.2 peak voltage)*(0.5). Since Ph.1 and Ph.2 are essentially equal in magnitude and time displaced by 90� phase relative to each other, the Ph.1 plus Ph.2 power sum is (peak current)*(peak voltage) of either Phase 1 or Phase 2.
Inasmuch as peak current and voltage of Ph.1 and Ph.2 are equal to each other, and each is sinusoidal with 90� relative phase, and sin2(A)+cos2(A)=1, and the sum of power from Ph.1 and Ph.2 equals power fed to the DC power bus IDC*VDC, then, for either phase:
(peak stator current)*(peak stator voltage)=(I DC *V DC).
The above equation explains why controlling peak stator current so it is proportional to speed squared, when multiplied by peak stator voltage, which is proportional to speed, results in output power (IDC*VDC) proportional to the third power of speed. Coupling this generator to a wind turbine capable of changing its configuration to limit its speed maximizes energy yield from the most prevalent winds, when power usually is most needed. It also protects the turbine from mechanical stress incurred by turbines that do not have said speed-limiting features, while still providing controlled electric power at levels the power loads can accept.
Generator power and efficiency with wind turbine drive is computed below, for a representative example of the present invention, at maximum shaft speed, mid-speed, and minimum usable speed, using a few simplifying approximations. Shaft speed, power, and the other variables in the computations herebelow are exemplary, and not intended as limiting the present invention in any way. This will help explain
Let maximum speed equal 1000 revolutions per minute (rpm), mid-speed equal 500 rpm, and minimum speed equal 100 rpm. Also, let maximum stator current Imax=10 amperes, and nominal VDC=100 volts. Further, let Q1-Q4 power MOSFET ON resistance Rdson=0.01 ohm, inductor L1-L2 winding resistance RL=0.1 ohm. Also, stator winding resistance Rs=0.15 ohm, stator voltage Vmax=100 volts at 1000 rpm, and fly-back (free-wheeling) diode D1-D8 forward drop Vf=1-volt at 10 amp. These parameters are consistent with a test prototype, according to the present invention, developed to generate power from wind turbines.
At 1000 rpm, Vmax=100 volts, so PWM duty-cycle (Ton)/(Ton+Toff) is essentially zero. Therefore, losses=Imax 2(RL+Rs)+2VfImax=(10 amp)2(0.25 ohm)+(2 volt)(10 amp), amounting to 45 watts loss. Output power=(Imax)*(Vmax)=(Imax)*(VDC)=(10 amp)(100 volts)=1000 watts. So, generator efficiency at maximum speed and maximum power is about 95% for this example of generator and integrated electronics parameters.
At 500 rpm, Imax=(10 amp)/(4)=2.5 amps; and Vmax=(100 volts)*(0.5)=50 volts. So PWM duty-cycle=�. Average pulse power generated=(Imax)*(Vmax)=(Imax)*(VDC)/2=(2.5 amp)(50 volt)=125 watts. Losses to maintain inductor current=Imax 2(RL+Rs+Ron)=(2.5 amp)2(0.26 ohm)=1.6 watts. Fly-back diode losses=2Vf*Imax/2=(0.6 v)(2.5 amp)=1.5 watts. So total losses=3.1 watts. Therefore, mid-speed generator efficiency is about 97%.
At 100 rpm, Imax=(10 amp)/(100)=0.1 amp; and Vmax=(100 volts)/(10)=10-volts. So PWM duty-cycle= 9/10. Average pulse power generated=(Imax)*(Vmax)=(Imax)*(VDC)/10=(0.1 amp)(10 v)=1 watt. Losses to maintain stator and inductor current=Imax 2(RL+Rs+2*Rdson)=(0.1 amp)2(0.27 ohm)=0.0027-watt. Fly-back diode losses=(2*Vf)*(Imax)/10=(0.6 v)(0.1 a)/5=0.012 watts. So total losses=0.015-watt. Thus, generator efficiency at low speed is about 98%.
Note that, although the generator according to the present invention is self-starting (meaning that it need not be connected to a power source, to begin power generation), the minimum speed of the above power and efficiency computation must be reached, before the signal processing electronics will function as required. Also, MOSFET gate driver under-voltage lockout may prevent PWM drive to Q1-Q4 in
At the lowest usable shaft speed of 100 rpm in the above representative example, the 10-volt peak stator voltage generated would be adequate for all signal processing and PWM drive electronics, so this generator would be self-starting when turbine speed reaches 100 rpm. However, with 1-watt quiescent power for the Power Control Electronics, power supplied to the load at 100 rpm would be zero until wind speed increases a small amount, which for example can drive the turbine at approximately 125 rpm, where output power would be about 2-watts.
As illustrated in
For the high power (1000 watts generator output) example, if the relay winding resistance is 0.1-ohm, it would dissipate 10-watts at 10-amps to the 100-vdc load. That would decrease the generator power efficiency at 1000 watts from about 95% to about 94%. Also for example, if diode D forward drop is 1-volt at 10-amps, including only diode D would likewise dissipate approximately 10-watts. Although these losses are higher at 1000-watt maximum power, at low power levels the alternate embodiment that includes the relay would have lower losses than an embodiment that includes the diode alone.
For a lower power example, at 100-vdc, 1-amp and 100-watt output, the relay loss from 0.1-ohm winding resistance and negligible contact resistance at 1-amp is 0.1-watt; whereas the diode loss with approximately 0.6-volt forward drop at 1-amp is 0.6-watt. A 0.1-watt loss from 100-watts output would result in only 0.1% lower efficiency with the relay in series with the generator load. When PWM current pulse filtering benefits are considered, an appropriate relay that has lower losses when generator output power is low and therefore usually most needed, and can also serve as a filter inductor, is a preferred option.
When a relay as shown in
Note that, for uses requiring higher DC Power Bus voltages, power MOSFET drain-source ON resistance Rdson usually increases considerably with voltage rating. Moreover, power MOSFET voltage ratings beyond 500 volts begin to limit available fast power switching MOSFET options. Also, at DC power voltages higher than 50 volts, a substitute for the LT1076 regulator IC (Integrated Circuit) shown in
Note also that, when no wind turbine shaft speed limiting is provided, by means briefly described hereabove, such that DC Power Bus voltage and current must be controlled by buck regulation, series (tandem) power losses are incurred in the buck regulators. With 95% efficiency buck regulation, combined with higher Rdson power MOSFETs Q1-Q4, overall generator power conversion efficiency would be reduced to typically 90% at maximum and mid-speed wind, and typically reduced to about 60% at one-tenth maximum speed. Although DC-to-AC power inverters are not called buck regulators by their suppliers, it should be noted that they control their output current, fed to AC power lines, by buck regulation.
The most advantageous applications, for the wind turbine generator shown in
From the probable mean hours duration curve illustrated, note that the most probable wind speed (the prevailing wind speed present for the longest duration) is about 8-mph for a 10-mph average wind speed location, as shown. With turbine shaft torque proportional to the second power of wind speed, torque at 8-mph is about (8/25)2=10% of available torque at 25-mph. With shaft power proportional to the third power of wind speed, power available at 8-mph is (8/25)3=less than 4% of available power at 25-mph. A shaft torque of only 10% that at 25-mph (and less than 3% that at 50-mph) will usually not be enough to overcome speed-up gear friction and cogging torque, of prior art wind turbine generators. Moreover, prior art synchronous generators do not produce sufficient output voltage to feed typical loads, at wind speeds below about ⅓ maximum generating speed (over 16 mph for the example illustrated by
Moreover, induction machines would draw power—not supply power—if connected at low wind speeds, and consequently, low shaft speeds. Besides that drawback, induction generators do not supply regulated power. Their power fluctuates with wind speed. Moreover, heating and need for cooling increases as induction generator efficiency falls drastically at speeds only several percent above their maximum power speed. Conversely, the present invention can efficiently generate high-quality power, at wind speeds here shown in a 5 to 50 mph range, which can yield very substantial energy, particularly at low wind speeds, over prior art generators.
By multiplying KW at MPH by Mean Hours at MPH, we obtain the statistical distribution Mean KWH at MPH, which is illustrated in
Conversely, the present invention is intended to generate high quality power over the entire 5 to 50 mph wind speed range illustrated in
Most importantly, for applications to augment grid power, the present invention produces power that need never be disconnected (unlike the intermittent wind-farm power, turned ON and OFF as wind speed fluctuates, by the switchgear of prior art generators). Such unregulated power peaks and disruptions, by prior art generators, have serious negative consequences; so most electric power utilities are reluctant to connect their grids to prior art generators.
Moreover, the present invention generator produces power at times when it is most useful, and does not incur nearly as much transmission line losses, because it can provide steady power at lower wind speeds, and regulated power at higher wind speeds, compared to the high and usually unregulated intermittent power of prior art generators.
The cross-section view in
Preferably, 2 phases are included in the present invention, because more phases would require more stator windings and more winding connections. One stator winding 6, of the two, is shown in cross-section
Note that all rotor magnet disks 2 are identical parts. Note also that all stator disks 5 are identical parts, including axial channel 5 a for connecting their respective stator windings. Stator ring 7 holds magnetic field sensors, shown by detail 7 a, which provide substantially sinusoidal rotor angle signals from the revolving rotor magnets 3. Each sensor is aligned with a radial segment of a corresponding stator winding 6. Stator rings 7 and 8 facilitate accurate alignment of radially interlocking stator disks 5 and accurate axial clearances with rotor magnet disks 2.
Top enclosure disk 9 and bottom disk 10 are preferably a metal such as aluminum. Disk 10 supports preferably axial thrust ball bearing 11, which supports center shaft 1 axially and radially, at its lower end, while facilitating rotation about its center with minimal friction and drag torque. Top disk 9 supports preferably deep groove radial ball bearing 12, and facilitates a precise axial preload by accurate axial hold of its outer race, cooperative with a wave spring that exerts a prescribed upward thrust on its inner race.
The cross-section view in
Like its vertical axis version, a plurality of rotor magnet disks 2 closely fit around shaft 1, aligned therewith preferably by means of a key-way in shaft 1 and juxtaposed key-way grooves in each disk 2 inner diameter. Each rotor disk 2 supports a circular array of alternated pole axial-field magnets 3 attached therein. A return path, for the magnetic fields of magnets 3, in the disks 2 at each end, is preferably provided by high magnetic permeability iron disks 4 a and 4 b attached at each end of rotor disks 2. Rotor disks 2 are non-magnetic and have low magnetic permeability, to maximize flux density between the disks 2, which interacts with stator winding radial segments within stator disks 5. The stator disks 5 are preferably injection molded with the two stator windings they hold, and composed of a material that is electrically non-conductive, which has high thermal conductivity so that heat generated by current in the stator windings is conducted to the disk and generator outer surfaces.
A lighter weight generator assembly embodiment that would cost more than the preferred embodiments is also contemplated. In that so called "ironless generator" embodiment, the iron disks 4 a and 4 b shown in
Like the vertical axis version, preferably 2 phases are included in the horizontal axis version. One stator winding 6, of the two, is shown in cross-section
Left enclosure disk 9 and right enclosure disk 9 a are preferably a metal such as aluminum. Note that disks 9 and 9 a are identical parts. Disk 9 holds the outer race of deep groove radial ball bearing 12. Right disk 9 a holds the outer race of like ball bearing 12 a. Their inner races support center shaft 1 axially and radially, while facilitating rotation about its center axis with minimal friction and drag torque. When assembled, a precise axial preload is facilitated, by accurate axial hold of the bearing outer races, cooperative with a wave spring that exerts a prescribed outward thrust on their inner races. This assembly is supported by brackets 10 and 10 a.
One of a plurality of rotor disks 2, to hold fastened therein 16 (for example) axially magnetized, preferably Neodymium-Iron-Boron magnets, samarium-cobalt or other similar magnet materials, in an alternated pole array, is illustrated by orthographic projection
One of the cooperative stator disks 5 is illustrated by the orthographic projection
Two stator windings, 6 and 6 a, each preferably formed from single-strand magnet wire with an insulating coating, having 3 series passes (also known as turns) in some generator embodiments according to the present invention, are shown in
With specialized wire-forming equipment, square cross-section wire would be preferable compared to round magnet wire, since a square cross-section facilitates more conductor area and therefore lower stator winding resistance, in an equivalent stator disk space.
Stator voltage due to generator shaft rotation can be computed from:
V s(volts per radial segment)=B max(weber/m2)*L(m)*v(m/sec).
Generator load torque due to stator winding current can be computed from:
Force(newton per radial segment)=B max(weber/m2)*L(m)*I(amperes).
For a prototype generator according to the present invention:
Bmax=flux density at each radial segment when centered with a motor magnet
Bmax=6000 gauss=0.6 weber/meter
L=length of each wire segment (meters) in field Bmax (see 3 a and 3 c in
L=magnet Ro-Ri=2.8 inch=0.07 meter (Ro=5.2 inch, Ri=2.4 inch)
v=average velocity relative to field (meter/sec) at 1000 rpm shaft speed
Therefore, at 1000 rpm:
v=[2*pi]*[(R o +R i)/2]/rev*[1000 rev/min]*(min/60 sec)=398 inch/sec=10 m/sec
Thus, at 1000 rpm:
E max(volt/segment)=0.6 weber/m2*0.07 m*10 m/sec=0.42 volt
For 16-pole generator with 3 turns on each of 5 stator disks:
Total E max at 1000 rpm=16*3*5*0.42 volt=100 volts.
Generated electric power=E max *I max=(100 volts)*(10 amp)=1-kilowatt.
For this example, the total for 5 stator disk windings connected in series, each #12AWG (which has 0.08 inch diameter, 1.6 ohm/1000 ft.), magnet wire length approximates 1000 inches (about 80 feet). So total stator winding resistance, of 5 windings connected in series, is about 0.15 ohm. Then, at 10-amp maximum current per phase, copper loss per phase approximates (10 amp)2/(2)*(0.15 ohm) which is approximately 7.5 watts. Therefore, total copper loss in the five stator disks of this example approximates 15 watts at 10 amperes DC current output. This loss amounts to 1.5% of shaft (mechanical input) power.
This stator voltage, power, and loss computation is important for optimally matching the generator to its intended DC power bus load voltage, calculating generated power, and for estimating power conversion efficiency and stator winding heat dissipation at various loads. Torque load of this 16-pole, 5 stator disks, 3 turns/disk generator, at 10 amperes DC load=(total forces on its stator winding radial segments)*(radius from rotational axis). Therefore:
Torque(ntn meter)=0.6 weber/m2*0.07 m*10 amp*0.096 m*16*3*5=9.6 ntn�m.
Mechanical Shaft Power=Torque*Speed=(9.6 ntn*m)*(1000 rev/min)*(6.28/rev)*(min/60 sec)*(1 watt)/(ntn*meter/sec)=1-kilowatt.
This torque and mechanical power computation is important for optimally matching the generator to its intended wind turbine or various other drivers, and for certification testing power conversion efficiency over the intended operating speed and torque range. The above simplified electrical and mechanical power computations do not include any loss factors. So they are equal here.
This is the maximum torque, caused by circumferential forces distributed evenly over each radial stator winding segment of one stator phase, in the rotor magnet axial field. The torque produced by the second stator phase is zero, when maximum at the other phase, because flux density at the second stator phase is then zero, and current through the second phase is also then zero. As the rotor spins, the sum of torques from the 2 phases, is constant. So there is no torque ripple, and no cogging torque (mainly because the stator disks have no iron core).
It should be noted from the above detailed generator geometry and computations, that relatively large generator diameters are needed, compared to prior art generators driven by low-speed wind turbines, to obviate need for speed-increase gearing. Therefore, present invention generator embodiments intended for horizontal-axis wind turbines will preferably include an aerodynamic nacelle (a substantially cone shape that minimally impedes air flow) at each end of the generator. Such nacelles can additionally provide secure housing for the generator integral electronics, protected from weather damage such as from rain, dust, and the like. They can also provide additional shielding to prevent weather damage, for the ball bearings at each end of the generator assembly. Note that the design of this generator mechanical assembly can be sealed, because it does not rely on interior air flow for cooling, as do many prior art generators.
Note also the importance of obviating the prior art generator need for speed-up gearing, and the zero cogging torque of the present invention generator: At low wind speeds, either said prior art generator cogging torque, or speed-up gearing stiction and friction, usually causes wind turbines to stall at low wind speeds, because torque available at low wind speed is very low.
Lubrication needs for gears are usually higher and involve far more periodic maintenance, than lubrication needed by rolling element bearings. So maintenance costs are correspondingly higher, for prior art generators, than will be needed by generators according to the present invention.
As noted by detailed descriptions herein, of means to control generator output voltage and current by series buck-regulator circuits, losses incurred thereby cause lower generator efficiency, particularly at low wind speeds. Therefore, it would be very advantageous if turbine shaft speed can be limited. Variable blade pitch is preferable. Wind diverters are good options. Sliding brake surface means, whereby braking action that limits speed is controlled by a centrifugal governor, is also an option. A shaft disconnect clutch is yet another option; however no power can be generated unless the turbine and generator are connected.
Power available from hydrodynamic sources such as flowing water is, like wind power, proportional to the third power of speed. So the same electronics signal processing of the primary embodiment of the present invention is also applicable to generators intended to maximize electric energy yields from variable-velocity water driven turbines.
Summarizing the hereinabove detailed description and its associated illustrations, a new wide-speed-range generator, and its various new subsystems, new element combinations, and new electronics, provided by the present invention, include:
While the foregoing detailed description of the present invention describes preferred embodiments, no material limitations to the scope of the claimed invention are intended. It will be understood that the present invention may have many variations in addition to those described by example herein, with appropriate embodiments using constituent elements to best suit a particular situation, application, or requirement. Further, features and design alternatives that would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art are considered to be incorporated herein. Accordingly, it is intended that the claims as set forth hereinafter cover all such applications, embodiments, and variations thereto within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
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|May 20, 2003
|Richard Benito Fradella
|Minimal-loss flywheel battery and related elements
|Aug 10, 2001
|Oct 7, 2003
|Christopher W. Gabrys
|Combination mechanical and magnetic support for a flywheel power supply
|Aug 28, 2002
|Mar 23, 2004
|Indigo Energy, Inc.
|Axially free flywheel system
|Jun 3, 2003
|Jun 15, 2004
|Christopher W. Gabrys
|High performance axial gap alternator motor
|Dec 19, 2003
|Sep 21, 2004
|Richard Benito Fradella
|Robust minimal-loss flywheel systems
|Sep 26, 2002
|Nov 9, 2004
|Haynes Beffel & Wolfeld Llp
|Induction generator power supply
|Sep 5, 2001
|Feb 22, 2005
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Halbach array generator/motor having an automatically regulated output voltage and mechanical power output
|Oct 22, 2003
|Apr 12, 2005
|Youtility, Inc.
|Transformerless, load adaptive speed controller
|Jan 21, 2003
|May 24, 2005
|Energy storage flywheel with minimum power magnetic bearings and motor/generator
|Nov 28, 2001
|Nov 15, 2005
|Onan Corporation
|Mobile energy management system
|Feb 25, 2005
|Nov 29, 2005
|Youtility, Inc
|Transformerless, load adaptive speed controller
|Feb 8, 2005
|Apr 4, 2006
|Patrick Lee Jansen
|Human-powered generator system with active inertia and simulated vehicle
|Oct 21, 2004
|Jan 2, 2007
|Kokusan Denki Co., Ltd.
|Inverter controlled generator set and method for controlling the same
|Nov 2, 2004
|Mar 13, 2007
|Light Engineering, Inc.
|Stator coil arrangement for an axial airgap electric device including low-loss materials
|May 25, 2007
|Jun 2, 2009
|Endurance Wind Power
|Dual voltage switching in power generation
|May 25, 2006
|Sep 21, 2006
|Hirzel Andrew D
|Efficient high-speed electric device using low-loss materials
|Fitzgerald & Kingsley, "Electric Machinery, an Integrated Treatment of AC and DC Machines", 1952, p. 131, McGraw-Hill Book Co., USA.
|Richard B. Fradella, "Effects of Phase and Distortion on Servomotor Performance", Thesis, 1960, California Institute of Technology, USA.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 26, 2009
|Feb 1, 2011
|Astronics Advanced Electronic Systems Corp.
|Fault clearing method for permanent magnet machines
|Feb 22, 2011
|Deere & Company
|Turbo compounding system
|Dec 23, 2010
|Oct 11, 2011
|Astronics Advanced Electronic Systems Corp.
|Fault clearing for permanent magnet machines
|Sep 24, 2009
|May 22, 2012
|Shenzhen Academy Of Aerospace Technology
|Brushless DC motor control system
|May 8, 2009
|Aug 14, 2012
|Fradella Richard B
|Low-cost minimal-loss flywheel battery
|Sep 23, 2009
|Jun 25, 2013
|Vestas Wind Systems A/S
|Establishing a wind turbine generator with one or more permanent magnet (PM) rotors
|Dec 3, 2012
|May 13, 2014
|Boudler Wind Power, Inc.
|Structure for an electromagnetic machine having compression and tension members
|Mar 14, 2013
|May 27, 2014
|Boulder Wind Power, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for overlapping windings
|Sep 22, 2011
|Jun 3, 2014
|Ellenberger & Poensgen Gmbh
|Disconnector switch for galvanic direct current interruption
|Oct 3, 2011
|Jul 29, 2014
|The Boeing Company
|System and methods for high power DC/DC converter
|Jan 15, 2010
|Sep 2, 2014
|Boulder Wind Power, Inc.
|Segmented stator for an axial field device
|Nov 16, 2010
|Jun 16, 2015
|Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation
|High voltage DC power generation
|Jan 11, 2013
|Aug 18, 2015
|Kohler Co.
|Power system that operates in an exercise mode based on measured parameters
|Jun 2, 2011
|Oct 6, 2015
|Boulder Wind Power, Inc.
|Systems and methods for improved direct drive generators
|Feb 28, 2008
|Sep 3, 2009
|Ronnie Dean Stahlhut
|Turbo compounding system
|Feb 26, 2009
|Sep 17, 2009
|Astronics Advanced Electronic Systems Corp., A Corporation Of The State Of Washington
|Fault clearing method for permanent magnet machines
|Sep 23, 2009
|Jan 21, 2010
|Lars Helle
|Method For Establishing A Wind Turbine Generator With One Or More Permanent Magnet (PM) Rotors, Wind Turbine Nacelle And Wind Turbine
|Sep 24, 2009
|Oct 28, 2010
|Shenzhen Academy Of Aerospace Technology
|Brushless dc motor control system
|May 8, 2009
|Nov 11, 2010
|Fradella Richard B
|Low-Cost Minimal-Loss Flywheel Battery
|Feb 2, 2009
|Dec 30, 2010
|Isis Innovation Ltd.
|Electricity generator
|Jun 23, 2011
|Astronics Advanced Electronic Systems Corp.
|Fault Clearing for Permanent Magnet Machines
|Jan 12, 2012
|Ellenberger & Poensgen Gmbh
|Disconnector switch for galvanic direct current interruption
|May 17, 2012
|Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation
|High voltage dc power generation
|Oct 11, 2012
|Fradella Richard B
|Broad-speed-range generator variations
|Apr 4, 2013
|Duanyang Wang
|System and methods for high power dc/dc converter
|Oct 18, 2012
|Jan 9, 2013
|Pedal power-generating car
|Oct 18, 2012
|May 20, 2015
|Pedal power-generating car
|Aug 28, 2012
|Jan 9, 2013
|Current limiting circuit in generator voltage regulating circuit
|Apr 23, 2012
|Nov 1, 2012
|Hao, Yushan
|Speed-adjustable synchronous generator unit
|Jan 7, 2015
|Jun 11, 2015
|Flyback control mode-based controller and motor-controlling method using the controller
|U.S. Classification
|322/46, 322/22, 322/62, 322/28, 322/45, 322/37, 322/29
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 23, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 12, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 4, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140112


text:
Book your room at Steigenberger Hotel Remarque
Get an overview of this hotelFamily-friendly hotel with restaurant and bar/lounge
This family-friendly Osnabrueck hotel is located in the historical district, within a 10-minute walk of Heger Tor and St Peter's Cathedral. Osnabrueck Castle is 0.6 mi (1 km) away.
Hotel Features
This hotel features a restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a coffee shop/café. WiFi in public areas is free. Additionally, a sauna, self parking, and conference rooms are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 156 soundproofed rooms feature free WiFi and minibars. For a bit of entertainment, guests will find LCD TVs with satellite channels, and other amenities include refrigerators and room service.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Steigenberger Hotel RemarqueNatruper-Tor-Wall 1 Osnabrueck NI 49076
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. For a surcharge, the property provides a roundtrip airport shuttle and a train station pick-up service. This family-friendly hotel also offers a sauna, a terrace, and tour/ticket assistance. Concierge services, limo/town car service, and wedding services can be provided. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
Steigenberger Hotel Remarque has designated areas for smoking.
- 24-hour front desk
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Computer station
- Concierge services
- Conference space
- Designated smoking areas
- Designated smoking areas (fines apply)
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Free WiFi
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 5
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Sauna
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Terrace
- Total number of rooms - 156
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Train station pickup (surcharge)
- Wedding services
- Year Built 1998
Family Friendly Amenities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Free Wi-Fi
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Refrigerator
- Soundproofed rooms
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Bathtub or shower
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Free toiletries
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Daily housekeeping
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- In-room massage available
- In-room safe (laptop compatible)
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Minibar
- Phone
- Pillow menu
- Premium TV channels
- Private bathroom
- Refrigerator
- Room service (limited hours)
- Satellite TV service
- Soundproofed rooms
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 6:30 AM and 10:30 AM.
Remarques Weinwirtschaft - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Open daily.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Start your morning with a buffet breakfast, available each day from 6:30 AM to 10:30 AM for a surcharge. You can order a meal from room service during limited hours.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Golf lessons available nearby
- Bicycle rentals on site
Spa Services
- Massages
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is Noon
Payment types
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of EUR 15 per pet, per night
- Dogs and cats only
- 2 per room
- Restrictions apply
- For more information contact the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
24-hour check-in
Noise-free rooms not guaranteed
Parking height restrictions apply
- Christmas Eve (24 December) Gala Dinner per adult: EUR 61
- Christmas Eve (24 December) Gala Dinner per child: EUR 59.00 (from 6 to 12 years old)
- New Year's Eve (31 December) Gala Dinner per adult: EUR 175
- New Year's Eve (31 December) Gala Dinner per child: EUR 134.00 (from 6 to 12 years old)
- Resort fee
- Bicycle storage
- Business center/computer access
- Internet access
- In-room safe
- Housekeeping
Optional extras
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 18 for adults and EUR 9 for children (approximately)
- Airport shuttle fee: EUR 65 per vehicle (roundtrip)
- Self parking fee: EUR 15 per day
- Pet fee: EUR 15 per pet, per night
- Early check-in fee: EUR 39
- Late check-out fee: EUR 59
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 30 per day
Hotel Name
- Steigenberger Hotel Remarque
- Steigenberger Hotel Remarque Osnabrueck
- Steigenberger Remarque
- Steigenberger Remarque Osnabrueck
We should mention
This property offers transfers from the airport and train station (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Reservations are required for massage services. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. A resort fee is included in the total price displayed. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section).
National Rating
Hotelstars Union assigns an official star rating for properties in Germany. This property is rated 4 stars.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sigma announces E-mount converter
Sigma has announced that it plans to produce a converter that will allow the use of Sigma EOS and Sigma mount lenses with Sony E-mount cameras. The converter will allow full AF and bridges between Sony in-camera OS and Sigma's lens OS. It features an LED display that provides the user with feedback regarding lens compatibility.
Nikon announces DL compact camera series
Nikon has announced three new compact cameras with a new 20.8-megapixel (CX-format) 1-inch BSI CMOS sensor. The DL24-85 offers a 24-85mm focal length and a "Super Macro Mode". The DL18-50 has a focal length of 18-50mm while the DL24-500's is 24-500mm. All three cameras offer 4K UHD video capability [3840x2160] at 30p.
Coralline algae found in freshwater
A paper published in Nature's Scientific Reports describes the first freshwater coralline algae. Pneophyllum cetinaensis is a red algae, which are typically a significant component of sea beds in marine environments. In this instance, the new species has been found in the River Cetina in Croatia.
Behind the scenes of the Humane Society's shark fin campaign photo shoot
Recently Nick Saglimbeni and singer Jhené Aiko joined The Humane Society's Protect Sharks campaign to highlight the importance of protecting sharks from the impact of finning them for shark fin soup. The behind the scenes video shows how they got the shots in a pool during the day and talks about the importance of protecting these animals.
Do you know your warty from your hairy?
Our friends at Critters @ Lembeh have posted this handy identification guide image to frogfish (Antennariidae sp). They ask: "Do you know your warty from your hairy? Or your hispid from your painted? Do you know what we are talking about? Hopefully this will help!"
Fiji hit by tropical storm
The islands of Fiji were struck by a record breaking storm on Saturday night. Winds reached 184 mph (296 kph) and have brought with them heavy rains and huge seas. The storm, named Winston, has left a trail of destruction throughout the islands and has killed at least 10 people. We fervently hope that the death toll does not rise further and that our many friends in Fiji have escaped the worst of the destruction. Our community's thoughts and prayers are with you. (Photo - Fijian Government).
Palau combats illegal fishing through satellites
Palau is leading the world by example in the effort to combat illegal fishing in its waters. In a recent and riveting article, the New York Times dove into the challenges faced by the island nation in upholding the protections put in place to conserve ocean wildlife. Palau is embracing the use of satellites to track illegal fishing vessels, from extremely remote locations.
Deadline approaching: DEEP Indonesia 2016
The deadline for entries to the 2016 DEEP Indonesia contest is fast approaching. This competition is the other half of the renowned Underwater Competition Series, which is offering a total of more than $100,000 in prizes this year. The deadline for the competition is Thursday, 25 February.
Recent News
- Diving Devil's Grotto with GoPro (via )
- Images of the Marshall Islands (via )
- Nikon updates D4s C firmware to 1.20 (via )
- 170 year old Veuve Clicquot recovered from shipwreck (via )
- Adobe Camera Raw 9 available now (via )
- Nikon updates D4s firmware to 1.10 (via )
- How to make money as a travel photographer in 2015 (via )
- Dead 50 foot sperm whale washes ashore in Pacifica (via )
- NG photo of the day by Brian Skerry (via )
- Light wants to put 52 megapixel cameras in smartphones (via )


text: Pack Of Three Party Balloons by Ginger Ray £6.99$12.51€8.43$9.38 9 customer reviews(9) In stock £6.95$12.44€8.38$9.32 delivery to United States Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available quantity by Ginger Ray Location: Surrey, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller White And Pink 36 Inch Feature Party Balloons by Ginger Ray £6.99$12.51€8.43$9.38 Pack Of Three Party Balloons by Ginger Ray £6.99$12.51€8.43$9.38 Frame Drop Top Wedding Guest Book Alternative by Ginger Ray £24.99$44.73€30.14$33.54 25% OFF White Party And Wedding Paper Hanging Lant... by Ginger Ray £6.99$12.51€8.43$9.38 £5.24$9.38€6.32$7.03 Gold Glitter And Pastel Pink Table Confetti by Ginger Ray £2.99$5.35€3.60$4.01 Vintage Style Gold Confetti Envelopes by Ginger Ray £0.99$1.77€1.19$1.32 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS CUSTOMER REVIEWS DELIVERY RETURNS ask seller a question save for later Giant white 36 inch balloons. Really make a statement at your wedding or party with these amazing white balloons. Use them for the wedding photos, decorate your reception with them or even use them at the front entrance to let everyone know where the party is at! Three per pack. Each balloon can be blown up to 36 inches in size but you can have them smaller as well! Perfect for any outdoor event, party or occasion such as a birthday, wedding, picnic, summer party or BBQ. Not suitable for children under the age of 36 months. Suitable for use with helium. Also available in a pink and white pack. made from: Latex. dimensions: 91cm/36 inches when fully inflated but can be smaller if required. product code: 303583 9 customer reviews read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor This product is dispatched to you by Ginger Ray. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item by price Standard Delivery Friday 29 July £1.75$3.13€2.11$2.34 Tracked Next Day Delivery Thursday 28 July £6.70$11.99€8.08$8.99 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.13€2.11$2.34 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.13€2.11$2.34 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.13€2.11$2.34 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$8.95€6.03$6.71 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$8.95€6.03$6.71 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £6.95$12.44€8.38$9.32 Asia & Australasia 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$12.97€8.74$9.73 Rest of the world 5-14 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$12.97€8.74$9.73 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Ginger Ray's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


text:
When it came time for Zimba to put his paws up,Robbie was ready and waiting in the wings
Every puppy that joins us will change a life
On 23 – 24 July, for every delicious hot dog sold at Wendy's stores across Australia, $1 will be donated to Guide Dogs Australia— so Public Relations ambassa-dog Luna visited Wendy's Booragoon to share her supPAWt!
"Mariah has no depth perception, and can't see curbs, steps, slopes, ditches, bumps, and edges. This means we have to be her eyes for her, and advise her of these tripping/falling hazards."
Thank you for signing up!
Narelle explains how she feels about the Puppy Raising experience: "I wouldn't say 'challenge' is in the vocabulary at all. It's been much more of a joy—pure joy—he just gives us so much."
Maria and Luke's two young boys were diagnosed with Fragile X Syndrome three years ago, and this is what inspired little Jaxx's name—one X in his name for each of the boys.
So far, the new team, Penny and Robbie, are bonding well in these early months of life together. It was difficult at first, but it's getting easier and easier for the pair.
When Lin Matthews retired from her High School Library Officer job, she turned to volunteering for a bit of added variety. "I came in to buy a Guide Dog Calendar and asked the shop assistant how I could help!"
Amy first began to lose her vision at age 12, but she was not officially diagnosed with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) until she was 24 – and her sight continues to degenerate. "A Guide Dog is life-changing!"
Hon Tony Simpson MLA had a particularly fun afternoon last week—the Minister for Youth was treated to a special Puppy Class with Guide Dog Trainer Cadet, Emily!


text:
20810 NE 267Th St
BATTLE GROUND, WA 98604 - Clark County
(360) 687-3543
POLOS ELECTRONICS was established in 1982, in BATTLE GROUND, WA - Clark County and is a business listed in the categories Security Equipment & Supplies, Burglar & Alarm Services, Security Alarm Systems, Burglar Alarm Systems, Home Theaters, Audio Video Equipment Service & Repair, Security Control Equipment, Bank Protective Equipment, Burglar Alarm Systems Monitoring Services, Home Theater Services, Burglar Alarm Systems & Monitoring Services and Security Control Equipment & Systems & Monitoring and offers Alarm Systems, Burglary Systems, Home Theater Systems, Monitors, Home Cinema, Security System Monitoring etc. If you did business with POLOS ELECTRONICS, please leave a review and help us improve and help other people. Also, don't forget to mention Hubbiz.
Security Equipment & Supplies
20810 NE 267Th St
Home Security Services
3801 NE 174th St
Vancouver, WA
Security Equipment & Supplies
219 NW 20Th Ave
Battle Ground, WA


text:
12134 Players currently online!
Man vs. Machine - good luck!
Turn-based games at any time!
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Read what members are saying!
Thanks you chess/code folks for debugging the site and continuing to improve it. Almost not disconnects, many more players online at any time, and when there is a disconnect, the clock seems to be suspended.
Encouraging! Thanks... I think I might switch to live for a while... if I can find the uninterrupted time...
yep. it's totally stable. the disconnects we see are from wireless connections and people intentionally disconnecting (or occasionally some internet weirdness in the outer pipes of the internet).
we've spent GOBS of time and money on live chess, and i'm finally able to relax and know that it's fast and stable. phew!
People intentionally disconnecting is an issue in all forms of online gaming. Sadly there are too many people in the world who just can't cope with losing a game.
does this mean "too many people can not use their brain to challenge with themselves" ?
No, it means "too many people in the world can't cope with losing at a game" !
All good, and funny~
I played a few games of live last night. Was great, no d/c's at all and the clock didn't seem to favour my opponent as it used to... Very impressed tbh :)
Hard to believe how well they worked out the bugs. They were overwhelmed by the demand to play.
Judging from the lack of complaints, I guess chess.com is doing just fine.
For the first time in a month or two, I lost strictly on a disconnect. My clock went to zero. We still need to fix that problem. When there's a disconnect, the clock should be stopped until the reconnect, or the game should be cancelled.
Otherwise, chess.com is getting better and better.
Emile R.
I'm having problem playing live chess n the last 2 days.
I get suddenly disconnected, my clock stil runs....I wait...no connection restored and best of all I loose points and a couple of nearly won games.
So no connection and also loosing my games because of this I think it's too much.
If you have connections problem at chess.com at least make sure I don't loose my matches and preserve my ratings....don't you think so?
Can you please check this out?
Live Chess 2.0 is pretty weak. Loads of bugs, loads of usability issues. Live Chess 1.0 was much better, imo.
It looks like usage has more than doubled since the last big fix. I can see why they have new problems to deal with. Still flawed, but better than last year. I am confident it will keep on getting better.
Last week, suddenly a lot of mid-game disconnects and have lost a lot of points.
Seems like chess.com can stop the clock on a disconnect. There ought to be a way to determine whether a player has signed off, lost his/her connection to the net or has been disconnected by the chess.com server.
Very Important Question
by uscftigerprowl a few minutes ago
Weighting chess pieces
by Elder_Knight 3 minutes ago
Post your best miniatures here
by W-Luke 5 minutes ago
A request: Please can anyone with rated 2000+ teach me chess by playing some rapid matches and givin
by ShawnCross 14 minutes ago
(funny) translation errors
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When should I advance my rook pawns ?
by batball4411 17 minutes ago
chess vendors to sell single armies - thought
by BattleChessGN18 18 minutes ago
Worst Thing To Do On Your First Move
by 1NaturalDisaster 18 minutes ago
QGD Bf4-Bg5
by Rob3rtJamesFischer 27 minutes ago
will correspondencechess halp me improve
by NATHANKRISHNA 34 minutes ago
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Hot Cabbage Wedges
|Green cabbage head
|1 Small
|Unsalted chicken broth
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Chopped parsley
|2 Tablespoon
Wash and remove the outer leaves of the cabbage; core and cut the cabbage into four wedges.
Place the cabbage wedges in a baking pan and pour the chicken broth over the wedges.
Cover and bake at 350° for 20 minutes or until the cabbage is tender.
Garnish each wedge with a little chopped parsley.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size: Complete recipe
Calories 112 Calories from Fat 17
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 2 g3%
Saturated Fat 0.55 g2.8%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 0 mg
Sodium 133.8 mg5.6%
Total Carbohydrates 19 g6.4%
Dietary Fiber 7.2 g29%
Sugars 8.6 g
Protein 9 g17.8%
Vitamin A 55.4% Vitamin C 219%
Calcium 15.1% Iron 19.7%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


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San Antonio Vegetarian Society
PO Box 791222, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 78279
SAVS is committed to social change toward a vegetarian lifestyle which is free of animal products and animal testing in food, clothing, cosmetics, household products and other areas of consumption.
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