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The space shuttle Endeavour's final flight ended Friday, September 21, when it landed at Los Angeles International Airport en route to its new life as an exhibit at the California Science Center. But without Caltech professors Christopher Brennen and Allan Acosta and alumnus Sheldon Rubin, the entire endeavor might not have been possible.
Our story begins in 1962, with the first test of the modified ballistic missile intended to put the Gemini astronauts into orbit. Ninety seconds after liftoff, the Titan II rocket began to vibrate uncontrollably, elongating and contracting like a pogo stick under a hard-jumping eight-year-old. But at some 10 cycles per second and with an acceleration 2.5 times the force of gravity, this "pogo oscillation" was not a fun ride. (NASA's vibration limit was one-tenth that acceleration, or 0.25 g, to allow the crew to read the instrument panels, and the Air Force's own specs set 1.0 g as the comfort ceiling for nuclear warheads.)
The problem lay in the plumbing. A rocket is basically a stack of tall, thin tanks that vibrate as they are hurled heavenward. This causes pressure fluctuations in the pipes and pumps that feed the fuel and the oxidizer to the engines. The rocket' s thrust oscillates accordingly, and as the thrust revs up and down, the vibrations get worse.
Engineers devised pressure equalizers to smooth out the surges through the time-honored technique of trial and error. Then, in 1966, the Aerospace Corporation's Sheldon Rubin (BS' 53, MS '54, PhD '56) analyzed the entire propulsion system mathematically. Rubin, a mechanical engineer, had entered rocket science by way of seismology. His PhD work, under pioneering earthquake engineer Donald Hudson (BS '38, MS '39, PhD '42), developed ways to use acceleration data from seismometers to calculate the motions of the structures containing them. Conveniently, those same techniques apply to flexing fuel tanks.
Rubin traced the fluctuations to the inlets of the turbopumps, where the whirling blades churned the fuel and liquid oxygen into froth before sucking them in—a phenomenon known as cavitation. These bubbles lowered the pipes' natural high-frequency vibrations to match the vibrational frequencies of the tanks, creating a feedback loop that amplified the oscillations. With a theoretical understanding to back up the real-world hardware, the pogo problem was now officially "solved."
Or not. The bigger the rocket, the more it can flex, and on April 11, 1970, one of Apollo 13's second-stage engines shut down prematurely five minutes after launch when a vicious pogo attack nearly shook apart its mounting. The other four engines burned longer to make up the difference, and the mission continued on its ill-fated way.
NASA promptly decreed a no-pogo policy for the planned space shuttle. Henceforth, the pogo effect was to be eliminated by design—a complete change in mind-set. Pogo had previously been viewed as unavoidable, even after Rubin's analysis. It was just something that had to be dealt with, and the solutions were essentially retrofits with aftermarket parts, if you will—things that were inserted into the system after it had already been built. Rubin wrote up the definitive set of pogo-prevention guidelines that summer.
It was a tall order. As Chris Brennen, Hayman Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus, wrote in Engineering & Science in 2007, the shuttle's "liquid-oxygen pumps cavitate like crazy, because NASA really pushed the design envelope. The high-pressure turbopump runs at 40,000 revolutions per minute, which is almost fast enough to tear itself apart by centrifugal force. The pump is only about eight inches in diameter, and it has to spin that fast in order to move the enormous amount of liquid oxygen the engine consumes." Even the more sedate low-pressure liquid-oxygen transfer pumps, which get the liquid from the tanks to the high-speed pumps, run at 8,000 rpm.
Brennen and Allan Acosta (BS '45, MS '49, PhD '52), now also a Hayman Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus, worked out the low-pressure pump's "transfer function," which predicts how fluctuations in the flow going in affected fluctuations in the flow coming out. "This had never been done before," according to Brennen. "In fact, the concept of a transfer function for pumps didn't even exist; I borrowed it from electrical engineering." They confirmed their calculations for the high-pressure liquid-oxygen pumps by testing actual flight hardware, and NASA used the results to design a gas-filled reservoir to absorb the fluctuations. This accumulator, as it's called, was built directly into the space shuttle main engine assembly between the low- and high-pressure turbopumps as Rubin had recommended.
But prelaunch tests proved unsatisfactory, and "NASA asked us for help again," Brennen continued. The high-pressure turbopumps were underperforming, robbing the engines of their heavy-lift capacity. "Every pump has a critical speed, above which it is whirling so fast that it becomes unstable, like an unbalanced load in the spin cycle of your washing machine," Brennen explained, and these critical speeds were "significantly lower than predicted." On closer examination, Brennen and Acosta found that the flow itself created forces inside the pump that reduced the critical speed. "Once the system's detailed behavior was understood, the engineers found a fix," and the shuttles took to the skies.
Read more about "The Amazing World of Bubbles" in Caltech's Engineering & Science magazine.
Sir Martin Sweeting, founder and executive chairman of Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL) and director of the Surrey Space Centre at the University of Surrey, is the 2012 recipient of the International von Kármán Wings Award. The award—presented annually by the Aerospace Historical Society, which is part of the Graduate Aerospace Laboratories at Caltech (GALCIT)—acknowledges outstanding contributions by international innovators, leaders, and pioneers in aerospace.
Sweeting has been recognized for his technical and leadership contributions to aerospace academia and industry—in particular, for pioneering the concept of rapid-response, low-cost, and highly capable small satellites for Earth observation, communications, and space science.
"Professor Sweeting's pioneering work on small satellites, in addition to its inherent engineering and scientific value, is also helping to educate the next generation of aerospace engineers," says Ares Rosakis, chair of Caltech's Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Theodore von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics, and professor of mechanical engineering. "It is an honor to give this award, named after the founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory—and the founding director of GALCIT—to Professor Sweeting."
A leading authority on satellite technology, Sweeting is a Distinguished Professor at the University of Surrey and a Fellow of the Royal Society. He founded SSTL in 1981, with a vision of making space more accessible. Utilizing modern commercial off-the-shelf technology, SSTL has developed a new market for small but advanced satellites and provides innovative and reliable cost-effective solutions for established space agencies, emerging-nation space programs, and commercial and research organizations.
"It is a privilege to be recognised in the von Kármán Wings Award, and to share this accolade with visionaries and innovators that I greatly admire," said Sweeting in an SSTL press release. "During my career, small satellites have developed from being a research curiosity to become instrumental in scientific research, understanding our planet, and satellite navigation—I am thrilled to have played a part to make this all possible."
Guruswami Ravichandran, chair of the Aerospace Historical Society, director of GALCIT, and the John E. Goode, Jr., Professor of Aeronautics and Mechanical Engineering at Caltech, presented the Wings Award to Sweeney at a gala banquet and awards ceremony on September 13 at the Caltech Athenaeum.
Previous recipients of the Wings Award include Joanne Maguire, aerospace engineer and executive vice president of Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company; Abdul Kalam, the 11th president of India; Yannick d'Escatha, the chairman and CEO of the French space agency, Centre National d'Études Spatiales; Caltech alumnus Alexis Livanos (BS '70, MS '73, PhD '75), former corporate vice president and chief technology officer for Northrop Grumman; Charles Elachi (MS '69, PhD '71), director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Kent Kresa, former chairman and CEO of Northrop Grumman and chairman of Caltech's Board of Trustees; Burt Rutan, aerospace entrepreneur and founder of Scaled Composites; aerospace pioneer Paul MacCready (MS '48, PhD '52); Edward Stone, the David Morrisroe Professor of Physics at Caltech and former director of JPL; and astronaut Buzz Aldrin.
For more information on the International von Kármán Wings Award, the Aerospace Historical Society, and 2012 recipient Sir Martin Sweeting, go to http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/ahs.
For more about GALCIT, go to http://www.galcit.caltech.edu/.
"Turbulence is everywhere," says Beverley McKeon—from continent-spanning weather systems down to the swirls of air your car leaves behind itself as you drive. "I think about things like ships, planes, and pipelines," she explains, noting that about half of the energy consumed by each of those three transportation systems goes to counteract turbulence-induced drag. In her Watson Lecture on May 16, 2012, McKeon, a professor of aeronautics at Caltech, notes that finding a way to reduce that turbulence by 30 percent would save the global economy well over $100,000,000 dollars in fuel costs annually.
Unfortunately, says McKeon, turbulent drag or "skin friction" is inevitable. Even the smoothest airplane wing is rough on the atomic level. A thin layer of air molecules sticks to this uneven surface, and they pull their neighbors along with them rather than allowing them to slide smoothly by. Those molecules, in turn, pull their neighbors along after them, although not as hard, and so on and so on until eventually the air flows around the wing undisturbed. Or, looking at it from the aircraft's point of view, the plane has to shoulder its way through a sticky, resistant fluid.
This "boundary layer" between the wing and the free-flowing air is only up to a few handbreadths thick. The turbulent structures within it are chaotic, says McKeon, yet they have their own weird orderliness—a hint that they may be open to manipulation. But controlling them "is like herding cats," she says, noting that her goal is to learn how "to tickle the flow—to make it do what it thinks it wants to do, but is really what I want it to do."
"Taming Turbulence" is available for download in HD from Caltech on iTunesU. (Episode 12)
Caltech's solar-powered toilet has won the Reinventing the Toilet Challenge issued by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Caltech engineer Michael Hoffmann and his colleagues were awarded $100,000 for their design, which they demonstrated at the Reinvent the Toilet Fair, a two-day event held August 14–15 in Seattle.
Last summer, Hoffmann, the James Irvine Professor of Environmental Science at Caltech, and his team were awarded a $400,000 grant to create a toilet that can safely dispose of human waste for just five cents per user per day. The lavatory can't use a septic system or an outside water source, or produce pollutants.
The challenge is part of a $40 million program initiated by the Gates Foundation to tackle the problems of water, sanitation, and hygiene throughout the developing world. According to the World Health Organization, 2.5 billion people around the globe are without access to sanitary toilets, which results in the spread of deadly diseases. Every year, 1.5 million people—mostly those under the age of five—die from diarrhea.
Hoffmann's proposal—which won one of the eight grants given—was to build a toilet that uses the sun to power an electrochemical reactor. The reactor breaks down water and human waste into fertilizer and hydrogen, which can be stored in hydrogen fuel cells as energy. The treated water can then be reused to flush the toilet or for irrigation.
The team built a prototype inside the solar dome on the roof of Caltech's Linde + Robinson Laboratory, and after a year of designing and testing, they—along with the other grantees—showed off their creation. The Gates Foundation brought in 50 gallons of fake feces made from soybeans and rice for the demonstrations.
The $60,000 second-place prize went to Loughborough University in the United Kingdom—whose toilet produces biological charcoal, minerals, and clean water—and the $40,000 third-place award went to the University of Toronto's design, which sanitizes feces and urine and recovers resources and clean water. Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) and EOOS won $40,000 as a special recognition for their toilet interface design.
PASADENA, Calif.—Chiara Daraio, professor of aeronautics and applied physics, and Christopher Hirata, professor of astrophysics, both at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), and Ian Clark of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)—which is managed by Caltech—are winners of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers. This is the highest award given by the United States government to science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their independent research careers.
Daraio was recognized by the Department of Defense for her "pioneering contributions to nonlinear mechanical phenomena in acoustic crystals, granular material, and multifunctional nanostructures, and for mentoring women and providing research opportunities for high school and undergraduate students."
Daraio arrived at Caltech in 2006. She leads a research group that focuses on the design, realization, and testing of materials with novel mechanical properties. Materials developed by Daraio's research group can be used in impact-mitigation systems, in protecting mechanical systems from undesired vibrations, and in new biomedical devices for imaging and diagnostics.
"I am very excited about this award. I wanted to be an inventor and engineer early on. I came to the U.S. as a graduate student and am grateful that here I could pursue my dreams," says Daraio. "Caltech has provided me with an excellent environment to realize my ideas, working with the world's best students, postdocs, and colleagues on the faculty."
"The entire Caltech community is proud to see Professor Daraio recognized with this presidential honor, not only for her pioneering research accomplishments, but also for her commitment to students and diversity," says Ares J. Rosakis, chair of Caltech's Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Theodore von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics, and professor of mechanical engineering. "Even though she is near the beginning of her career she already embodies the key attributes of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at Caltech."
Daraio added, "This has been a very special year for me: I had a baby just two months ago, and a few weeks earlier became a U.S. citizen. The Presidential Early Career Award is the icing on the cake."
Daraio was born in Italy and received a degree in mechanical engineering from the Marche Polytechnic University in Ancona. She received both an MS and PhD in materials science and engineering from the University of California, San Diego.
Hirata was recognized by the Department of Energy for "innovative work reducing astrophysical uncertainties that limit the extraction of fundamental physics parameters from cosmological observations, for studies of the sensitivity of structure formation to the relative velocity between dark matter and baryons in the early universe, and for service on NASA/DOE Joint Dark Energy Mission working groups."
Hirata received his BS from Caltech in 2001, a time in which significant discoveries were being made in cosmology and high-energy physics. These discoveries guided him toward further studies into topics such as what happened in the first fraction of a second in the life of the universe, how galaxies are formed, and the fundamental nature and geometry of the universe. He earned his PhD at Princeton University and returned to Caltech as a faculty member in 2007.
"In the past decade, cosmology has been revolutionized by ever-improving observational capabilities. My colleagues and I have been developing the theoretical tools that enable us to connect the direct observables—the cosmic microwave background and the distribution of galaxies—to the underlying physical processes that occurred during the first fraction of a second after the big bang," says Hirata.
"I'm extremely pleased to see the national recognition of Chris Hirata's promise and achievement," says B. Thomas Soifer, chair of Caltech's Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, director of the Spitzer Science Center, and professor of physics. "His work is vital to our understanding of the formation and evolution of structures, such as galaxies, in the universe, and the award recognizes his leadership in this area."
"When I received word about winning this award, I was in the middle of debugging software code, so the work continues," Hirata says. "But it's nice to take a step back and see how far we have come. "
Clark was recognized by NASA for "exceptional leadership and achievement in the pursuit of advanced entry, descent and landing technologies and techniques for space-exploration missions."
"It's certainly quite an honor," says Clark. "However, there are remarkable achievements every day here at JPL/Caltech that are equally deserving of recognition. I wish we could honor the JPL and NASA teams for the amazing work on the Mars Science Laboratory as we prepare for it to land on Mars."
"Discoveries in science and technology not only strengthen our economy, they inspire us as a people." President Obama said. "The impressive accomplishments of today's awardees so early in their careers promise even greater advances in the years ahead. "
The Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers was established by President Clinton in 1996 and is coordinated by the President's Office of Science and Technology Policy. Awardees are selected for their pursuit of innovative research at the frontiers of science and technology, and their commitment to community service as demonstrated through scientific leadership, public education, or community outreach. Fourteen Caltech professors and researchers have won the award since its inception.
Caltech is recognized for its highly select student body of approximately 1,000 undergraduates and 1,300 graduate students, and for its outstanding faculty. Since 1923, Caltech faculty and alumni have garnered 32 Nobel Prizes and seven Crafoord Prizes. In addition to its prestigious on-campus research programs, Caltech operates the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea, in Hawaii; the Palomar Observatory; and the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). Caltech is a private university in Pasadena, California. For more information, visit http://www.caltech.edu.
PASADENA, Calif.—When one observes a colorful jellyfish pulsating through the ocean, Greek mythology probably doesn't immediately come to mind. But the animal once was known as the medusa, after the snake-haired mythological creature its tentacles resemble. The mythological Medusa's gaze turned people into stone, and now, thanks to recent advances in bio-inspired engineering, a team led by researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and Harvard University have flipped that fable on its head: turning a solid element—silicon—and muscle cells into a freely swimming "jellyfish."
Their method for building the tissue-engineered jellyfish, dubbed Medusoid, is outlined in a Nature Biotechnology paper that appears as an advance online publication on July 22.
"A big goal of our study was to advance tissue engineering," says Janna Nawroth, a doctoral student in biology at Caltech and lead author of the study. "In many ways, it is still a very qualitative art, with people trying to copy a tissue or organ just based on what they think is important or what they see as the major components—without necessarily understanding if those components are relevant to the desired function or without analyzing first how different materials could be used." Because a particular function—swimming, say—doesn't necessarily emerge just from copying every single element of a swimming organism into a design, "our idea," she says, "was that we would make jellyfish functions—swimming and creating feeding currents—as our target and then build a structure based on that information."
Jellyfish are believed to be the oldest multi-organ animals in the world, possibly existing on Earth for the past 500 million years. Because they use a muscle to pump their way through the water, their function—on a very basic level—is similar to that of a human heart, which makes the animal a good biological system to analyze for use in tissue engineering.
"It occurred to me in 2007 that we might have failed to understand the fundamental laws of muscular pumps," says Kevin Kit Parker, Tarr Family Professor of Bioengineering and Applied Physics at Harvard and a coauthor of the study. "I started looking at marine organisms that pump to survive. Then I saw a jellyfish at the New England Aquarium, and I immediately noted both similarities and differences between how the jellyfish pumps and the human heart. The similarities help reveal what you need to do to design a bio-inspired pump."
Parker contacted John Dabiri, professor of aeronautics and bioengineering at Caltech—and Nawroth's advisor—and a partnership was born. Together, the two groups worked for years to understand the key factors that contribute to jellyfish propulsion, including the arrangement of their muscles, how their bodies contract and recoil, and how fluid-dynamic effects help or hinder their movements. Once these functions were well understood, the researchers began to design the artificial jellyfish.
Nawroth and colleagues looked at several materials from which to fashion the body of their beast, eventually settling on an elastic material that is relatively similar to the "jelly" found in a real jellyfish. The team at Harvard—with the help of Nawroth, who spent time on both campuses during the length of the project—fashioned the silicone polymer that makes up the body of the Medusoid into a thin membrane that resembles a small jellyfish, with eight arm-like appendages. Next, they printed a pattern made of protein onto the membrane that resembled the muscle architecture in the real animal. The protein pattern serves as a road map for growth and organization of dissociated rat tissue—individual heart muscle cells that retain the ability to contract—into a coherent swimming muscle.
When the researchers set their creation free in an electrically conducting container of fluid and oscillated the voltage from zero volts to five, they shocked the Medusoid into swimming with synchronized contractions that mimic those of real jellyfish. In fact, the muscle cells started to contract a bit on their own even before the electrical current was applied.
"I was surprised that with relatively few components—a silicone base and cells that we arranged—we were able to reproduce some pretty complex swimming and feeding behaviors that you see in biological jellyfish," says Dabiri, with fluid-dynamics measurements that match up to those of the real animal. "I'm pleasantly surprised at how close we are getting to matching the natural biological performance, but also that we're seeing ways in which we can probably improve on that natural performance. The process of evolution missed a lot of good solutions."
This advance in bio-inspired engineering, the team says, demonstrates that it is inadequate to simply mimic nature: the focus must be on function. Their design strategy, they say, will be broadly applicable to the reverse engineering of muscular organs in humans. In addition, Dabiri and colleagues say, their new process of harvesting heart-muscle cells from one organism and reorganizing them in an artificial system will be useful in building an engineered system using biological materials.
"As engineers, we are very comfortable with building things out of steel, copper, concrete," says Parker. "I think of cells as another kind of building substrate, but we need rigorous quantitative design specs to move tissue engineering from arts and crafts to a reproducible type of engineering. The jellyfish provides a design algorithm for reverse engineering an organ's function and developing quantitative design and performance specifications. We can complete the full exercise of the engineer's design process: design, build, and test."
The team's next goal is to design a completely self-contained system that is able to sense and actuate on its own using internal signals, as human hearts do. Nawroth and Dabiri would also like for the Medusoid to be able to go out and gather food on its own. Then, researchers could think about systems that could live in the human body for years at a time without having to worry about batteries because the system would be able to fend for itself. For example, these systems could be the basis for a pacemaker made with biological elements.
"We're reimagining how much we can do in terms of synthetic biology," says Dabiri. "A lot of work these days is done to engineer molecules, but there is much less effort to engineer organisms. I think this is a good glimpse into the future of re-engineering entire organisms for the purposes of advancing biomedical technology. We may also be able to engineer applications where these biological systems give us the opportunity to do things more efficiently, with less energy usage."
Other Harvard collaborators who contributed to the Nature Biotechnology paper, "A Tissue-Engineered Jellyfish with Biomimetic Propulsion," are Hyungsuk Lee, Adam W. Feinberg, Crystal M. Ripplinger, Megan L. McCain, and Anna Grosberg, who earned her PhD in bioengineering at Caltech. Funding for the study included grants from the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institutes of Health, the Office of Naval Research, and NSF Program in Fluid Dynamics.
Forget problem sets and exams. For their homework and final assignments, students in Caltech's Aerospace Engineering course (Ae105) work on a proposed space mission. For the past few years, students in the class have helped design, prototype, and test various pieces of AAReST, a space-telescope demonstration mission currently under development.
"It's really different from all of our other classes," says graduate student Manan Arya, who took the course this year. "You're actually doing work that's going to go into space. It's really exciting."
Space-based optical telescopes with large primary mirrors or lenses hold promise for expanding human knowledge of Earth and the universe. Larger primary optics allow telescopes to gather more light, and therefore, to peer farther into the cosmos. Currently, the push is to develop space-based telescopes with primary optics larger than 10 meters in diameter (in comparison, the Hubble Space Telescope's primary mirror has a diameter of 2.4 meters). At the moment, though, the size of the mirrors is limited by the diameter of their launch vehicles. One way around the problem? Launch many small, independent spacecraft, each outfitted with its own mirror. Once in orbit, these craft would reconfigure themselves into a single large, segmented aperture.
AAReST (Autonomous Assembly of a Reconfigurable Space Telescope) is a low-cost mission intended to demonstrate the feasibility of this concept. Now in the pre-mission phase, AAReST has a projected launch date of 2015.
Seizing the opportunity to give students some hands-on experience, Sergio Pellegrino, Caltech's Joyce and Kent Kresa Professor of Aeronautics and professor of civil engineering, who is also a senior research scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), worked the mission into the Ae105 curriculum. His partners in this effort are JPL engineers Behcet Acikmese, Greg Davis, and Yunjin Kim. The year-long course they devised is fairly traditional for the first term and a half, and then switches to a project-based course to fill out the year.
Recently, this year's students presented the results of their final projects, which involved everything from designing and testing a new method for deploying the spacecraft boom to developing an algorithm to correct the telescope's focusing errors. Prior to the presentations, Pellegrino praised the students for their hard work and creativity. "They have moved the mission forward by a huge step this year, and I thank them for this," he said.
The efforts of the Ae105 students provide a burst of energy for the team that works on AAReST during the rest of the year, Pellegrino says. In past years, the class devised a completely new configuration for the spacecraft; this year, they refined it. "The initial concept has been transformed by the students' input," Pellegrino says.
In addition to being advised by the instructors, the students are mentored by several former Ae105 students and other JPL employees. One of Manan's mentors was retired JPLer Jim Breckinridge, who managed the team that built the camera that corrected the Hubble Space Telescope's originally flawed vision.
"When somebody has that much experience, and they're right next to you on the experimental setup, helping you out one-on-one—that's a rare opportunity," Manan says. "And it's a lot of fun."
The AAReST mission is a collaborative effort between Caltech, JPL, and the University of Surrey, in England. The pre-mission's project manager is JPL's John Baker. The Ae105 class has received funding from the Keck Institute for Space Studies, Caltech's Division of Engineering and Applied Science, and the Innovation in Education Fund, which was made possible in part by the Caltech Associates.
The Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) has selected Ares Rosakis as the recipient of the P.S. Theocaris Award. Rosakis is Caltech's Theodore von Karman Professor of Aeronautics, professor of mechanical engineering, and chair of the Division of Engineering and Applied Science.
The award is intended "to recognize a senior individual for distinguished, innovative and outstanding work in optical methods and experimental mechanics."
In a letter to Rosakis, the chair of the SEM Honors Committee, Kristin Zimmerman, wrote, "Your selection is a well-deserved public statement by your peers of the quality and practicality of your professional contributions."
PASADENA, Calif.—Researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have been able, for the first time, to watch viruses infecting individual bacteria by transferring their DNA, and to measure the rate at which that transfer occurs. Shedding light on the early stages of infection by this type of virus—a bacteriophage—the scientists have determined that it is the cells targeted for infection, rather than the amount of genetic material within the viruses themselves, that dictate how quickly the bacteriophage's DNA is transferred.
"The beauty of our experiment is we were able to watch individual viruses infecting individual bacteria,"says Rob Phillips, the Fred and Nancy Morris Professor of Biophysics and Biology at Caltech and the principal investigator on the new study. "Other studies of the rate of infection have involved bulk measurements. With our methods, you can actually watch as a virus shoots out its DNA."
The new methods and results are described in a paper titled "A Single-Molecule Hershey–Chase Experiment," which will appear in the July 24 issue of the journal Current Biology and currently appears online. The lead authors of that paper, David Van Valen and David Wu, completed the work while graduate students in Phillips's group.
In the well-known 1952 Hershey-Chase experiment, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Cold Spring Harbor convincingly confirmed earlier claims that DNA—and not protein—was the genetic material in cells. To prove this, the researchers used bacteriophages, which are able to infect bacteria using heads of tightly bundled DNA coated in a protein shell. Hershey and Chase radiolabeled sulfur, contained in the protein shell but not in the DNA, and phosphorous, found in the DNA but not in the protein shell. Then they let the bacteriophages infect the bacterial cells. When they isolated the cells and analyzed their contents, they found that only the radioactive phosphorous had made its way into the bacteria, proving that DNA is indeed the genetic material. The results also showed that, unlike the viruses that infect humans, bacteriophages transmit only their genetic information into their bacterial targets, leaving their "bodies" behind.
"This led, right from the get-go, to people wondering about the mechanism—about how the DNA gets out of the virus and into the infected cell," Phillips says. Several hypotheses have focused on the fact that the DNA in the virus is under a tremendous amount of pressure. Indeed, previous work has shown that the genetic material is under more pressure within its protein shell than champagne experiences in a corked bottle. After all, as Phillips says, "There are 16 microns of DNA inside of a tiny 0.05 micron-sized shell. It's like taking 500 meters of cable from the Golden Gate Bridge and putting it in the back of a FedEx truck."
Phillips's group wanted to find out whether that pressure plays a dominant role in transferring the DNA. Instead, he says, "What we discovered is that the thing that mattered most was not the pressure in the bacteriophage, but how much DNA was in the bacterial cell."
The researchers used a fluorescent dye to stain the DNA of two mutants of a bacteriophage known as lambda bacteriophage—one with a short genome and one with a longer genome—while that DNA was still inside the phage. Using a fluorescence microscope, they traced the glowing dye to see when and over what time period the viral DNA transferred from each phage into an E. coli bacterium. The mean ejection time was about five minutes, though that time varied considerably.
This was markedly different from what the group had seen previously when they ran a similar experiment in a test tube. In that earlier setup, they had essentially tricked the bacteriophages into ejecting their DNA into solution—a task that the phages completed in less than 10 seconds. In that case, once the phage with the longer genome had released enough DNA to make what remained inside the phage equal in length to the shorter genome, the two phages ejected DNA at the same rate. Therefore, Phillips's team reasoned, it was the amount of DNA in the phage that determined how quickly the DNA was transferred.
But Phillips says, "What was true in the test tube is not true in the cell." E. coli cells contain roughly 3 million proteins within a box that is roughly one micron on each side. Less than a hundredth of a micron separates each protein from its neighbors. "There's no room for anything else," Phillips says. "These cells are really crowded."
And so, when the bacteriophages try to inject their DNA into the cells, the factor that limits the rate of transfer is how jam-packed those cells are. "In this case," Phillips says, "it had more to do with the recipient, and less to do with the pressure that had built up inside the phage."
Looking toward the future, Phillips is interested in using the methods he and his team have developed to study different types of bacteriophages. He also wants to investigate various molecules that could be helping to actively pull the viral DNA into the cells. In the case of a bacteriophage called T7, for instance, previous work has shown that the host cell actually grabs onto the DNA and begins making copies of its genes before the virus has even delivered all the DNA into the cell. "We're curious whether that kind of mechanism is in play with the lambda bacteriophage," Phillips says.
The current findings have implications for the larger question of how biomolecules like DNA and proteins cross membranes in general, and not just into bacteria. Cells are full of membranes that divide them into separate compartments and that separate entire cells from the rest of the world. Much of the business of cellular life involves getting molecules across those barriers. "This process that we've been studying is one of the most elementary examples of what you could call polymer translocation or getting macromolecules across membranes," Phillips says. "We are starting to figure out the physics behind that process."
In addition to Phillips, Van Valen, and Wu, the other authors on the Current Biology paper are graduate student Yi-Ju Chen; Hannah Tuson of the University of Wisconsin at Madison; and Paul Wiggins of the University of Washington. Van Valen is currently a medical student at UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine, and Wu is an intern at the University of Chicago. The work was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation, a National Institutes of Health Medical Scientist Training Program fellowship, a Fannie and John Hertz Yaser Abu-Mostafa Graduate Fellowship, and an NIH Director's Pioneer Award.
PASADENA, Calif.—Imagine if doctors could perform surgery without ever having to cut through your skin. Or if they could diagnose cancer by seeing tumors inside the body with a procedure that is as simple as an ultrasound. Thanks to a technique developed by engineers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), all of that may be possible in the not-so-distant future.
The new method enables researchers to focus light efficiently inside biological tissue. While the previous limit for how deep light could be focused was only about one millimeter, the Caltech team is now able to reach two and a half millimeters. And, in principle, their technique could focus light as much as a few inches into tissue. The technique is used much like a flashlight shining on the body's interior, and may eventually provide researchers and doctors with a host of possible biomedical applications, such as a less invasive way of diagnosing and treating diseases.
If you crank up the power of light, you might even be able to do away with a traditional scalpel. "It enables the possibilities of doing incision-less surgery," says Changhuei Yang, a professor of electrical engineering and bioengineering at Caltech and a senior author on the new study. "By generating a tight laser-focus spot deep in tissue, we can potentially use that as a laser scalpel that leaves the skin unharmed."
Ying Min Wang, a graduate student in electrical engineering, and Benjamin Judkewitz, a postdoctoral scholar, are the lead authors on the paper, which was published in the June 26 issue of the journal Nature Communications.
The new work builds on a previous technique that Yang and his colleagues developed to see through a layer of biological tissue, which is opaque because it scatters light. In the previous work, the researchers shined light through the tissue and then recorded the resulting scattered light on a holographic plate. The recording contained all the information about how the light beam scattered, zigzagging through the tissue. By playing the recording in reverse, the researchers were able to essentially send the light back through to the other side of the tissue, retracing its path to the original source. In this way, they could send light through a layer of tissue without the blurring effect of scattering.
But to make images of what is inside tissue—to get a picture of cells or molecules that are embedded inside, say, a muscle—the researchers would have to be able to focus a light beam into the tissue. "For biologists, it's most important to know what's happening inside the tissue," Wang says.
To focus light into tissue, the researchers expanded on the recent work of Lihong Wang's group at Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL); they had developed a method to focus light using the high-frequency vibrations of ultrasound. The WUSTL group took advantage of two properties of ultrasound. First, the high-frequency sound waves are not scattered by tissue, which is why it is great for taking images of fetuses in utero. Second, ultrasonic vibrations interact with light in such a way that they shift the light's frequency ever so slightly. As a result of this so-called acousto-optic effect, any light that has interacted with ultrasound changes into a slightly different color.
In both the WUSTL and Caltech experiments, the teams focused ultrasound waves into a small region inside a tissue sample. They then shined light into the sample, which, in turn, scattered the light. Because of the acousto-optic effect, any of the scattered light that passes through the region with the focused ultrasound will change to a slightly different color. The researchers can pick out this color-shifted light and record it. By employing the same playback technique as in the earlier Caltech work, they then send the light back, having only the color-shifted bits retrace their path to the small region where the ultrasound was focused—which means that the light itself is focused on that area, allowing an image to be created. The researchers can control where they want to focus the light simply by moving the ultrasound focus.
The WUSTL experiment was limited, however, because only a very small amount of light could be focused. The Caltech engineers' new method, on the other hand, allows them to fire a beam of light with as much power as they want—which is essential for potential applications.
The team demonstrated how the new method could be used with fluorescence imaging—a powerful technique used in a wide range of biological and biomedical research. The researchers embedded a patch of gel with a fluorescent pattern that spelled out "CIT" inside a tissue sample. Then, they scanned the sample with focused light beams. The focused light hit and excited the fluorescent pattern, resulting in the glowing letters "CIT" emanating from inside the tissue. The team also demonstrated their technique by taking images of tumors tagged with fluorescent dyes.
"This demonstration that we can focus significant optical power deep within tissues opens up significant possibilities in optical imaging," Yang says. By tagging cells or molecules that are markers for disease with fluorescent dyes, doctors can use this technique to make diagnoses noninvasively, much as if they were doing an ultrasound procedure.
Doctors might also use this process to treat cancer with photodynamic therapy. In this procedure, a drug that contains light-sensitive, cancer-killing compounds is injected into a patient. Cancer cells absorb those compounds preferentially, so that the compounds kill the cells when light shines on them. Photodynamic therapy is now only used at tissue surfaces, because of the way light is easily scattered. The new technique should allow doctors to reach cancer cells deeper inside tissue.
The team has been able to more than double the current limit for how far light can be focused into tissue. With future improvements on the optoelectronic hardware used to record and play back light, the engineers say, they may be able to reach 10 centimeters (almost 4 inches)—the depth limit of ultrasound—within a few years.
Still, the researchers say, their demonstration shows they have overcome the main conceptual hurdle for effectively focusing light deep inside tissue. "This is a big breakthrough, and we're excited about the potential," Judkewitz says. Adds Caltech's Wang, "It's a very new way to image into tissue, which could lead to a lot of promising applications."
The Nature Communications paper is titled "Deep-tissue focal fluorescence imaging with digitally time-reversed ultrasound-encoded light." In addition to Wang, Judkewitz, and Yang, the other author on the paper is Charles DiMarzio of Northeastern University. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust, and the National Science Scholarship from the Agency for Science, Technology, and Research in Singapore.
Written by Marcus Woo


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What Free Speech? School Bans Slang, Opens Can Of Worms
Oh my god, I, like, actually can't believe this is happening right now. This is, like, soooo unfair, I might actually die.
This sentence, plucked from my '90s teen vocabulary, is admittedly embarrassing. So much so, that I actually might die. And yet, I don't regret it. The majority of my teen years were littered with the words and phrases — whatever, major, no way — that all teens used to express themselves, as well as some more colloquial slang – kushtie, shanner, pure amazin' — that allowed me to truly connect with my peers. Experimenting with language at school was, and is, an important part of any students' education. This is why I'm surprised, and slightly disappointed, to learn that Harris Academy, a London school, has banned certain words and phrases from being spoken in its corridors, classrooms and any other areas of the school considered "formal language zones."
Students cannot begin sentences with "basically," end them with "yeah," or use a whole list of slang words which include; "like," "innit," "coz," and "bare." The school have also stated that the list will be updated according to changes in the student's voabulary. Disgruntled students have taken to Twitter to express their unhappiness over the list but the school has no plans to lift the ban. Speaking to the Croydon Guardian , a spokesperson for the school explained, "We want them to develop the soft skills they will need to compete for jobs and university places…This particular initiative is just one of the many ways in which we are building the vocabulary of our students and giving them the skills they need to express themselves confidently and appropriately for a variety of audiences." Liam Reddington, a spokesman from the Plain English Campaign, "fully applauds" the school for taking a stance. He said: "Schools are responsible for preparing young people for adult life and they need to be able to speak properly."
David Lammy, Labour MP for Tottenham, also responded to the decision, asking the school to add "sup blud" to their list, via his Twitter account. For those of you not familiar with this phrase, Urban Dictionary defines it as, "a Jamaican swearword…used incorrectly in the U.K. as a term of endearment in the same way as Bredren…and is freely used by white and black youths to define friendship." This definition begs the question about race and social background. Do these ethnic and social factors play any part in the choosing of these banned slang words? It's hard to feel like that's not at play, on some level — which feels problematic, particularly since this ban touches speech in addition to the written word (where we do understand the need for proper grammar and less colloquial language).
But, what do you think? How would you have responded to it when you were in school? And, would you respond differently today?
PS, bonus points if you can tell us what "shanner" means. (Huffington Post)
School Bans Slang - Forbidden Words
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Matt Damon and Jimmy Kimmel Go to Couples Therapy Again. Does It Work This Time?
- 03:22 PM, Jul 26
Celebrities Arrive at The Ed Sullivan Theater to Appear on The Late Show with David Letterman
Photo credit: HRC / WENN
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uvex safety glasses uld be ok. Very pleased with them. Having tried and failed to buy some Ray-Bans online through eBay (lesson learned). I decided that all I really needed was a cheap pair for the summer. Had a look on Amazon and found these. Arrived quickly, and packaged in a box that fits through your letterbox. The glasses themselves feel pretty sturdy for a couple of p Abu Dhabi get meaning of hindi www.somnomed.co.uk ldn't buy again, go cheaper or invest properly. Arrived in good time, no case but didn't expect one. They feel sturdy enough, nice colour scheme (I chose navy blue front, deep red sides). Only think not so keen on is the clear inner rim which I can see when wearing them and is a little distracting tho' I guess I may get used to it and stop noticing. Nonetheless a good buy given that the only time I spent serious money on a pair of sunglasses I lost them withVancouver oakley watches best by .
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This is my second pair of 62mm Ray Ban Aviator Sunglasses- the 1st pair did not have Polarized Lenses, which are great also. I recently bought a pair of RB2025 in Black with polarized lenses and look forward to using the glasses while driving. I like the larger 62mm lenses as I get .


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Product Details
Love your double-knee Carhartt welder's pants? The Bonfire Arc Pants are the snowboarding equivalent. Fully taped seams and snow-tight gaiters seal out the snow, while inseam and hem vents allow for plenty of airflow when the sun comes out. Bonfire uses their exceptional 2 Layer Shadow Weave fabric for 15,000/10,000 waterproof/breathable protection while maintaining a wide range of motion, keeping you dry and comfortable in the worst weather. Burly bronze pocket rivet top off the package, leaving you free to hit the gas and "arc" it up.
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text: Politics 17 November 2012 Sixty years ago, Albert Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel Einstein declined, saying he lacked "the natural aptitude and the experience to deal properly with people" to do the job. Print HTML The excellent Letters of Note blog has unearthed yet another fascinating missive - the exchange of letters in which David Ben-Gurion offered Albert Einstein the presidency of Israel. Here's the letter containing Ben-Gurion's offer: (You can read a transcript at Letters of Note) Einstein responded, declining the office, citing his age, and saying that he felt he lacked "natural aptitude and the experience" to deal with people. His closing remark is both extremely humble and extremely moving: I am the more distressed over these circumstances because my relationship to the Jewish people has become my strongest human bond, ever since I became aware of our precarious situation among the nations of the world. With conflict once again raging in the region, I can't help wondering - how would history have been different if Albert Einstein had accepted the presidency of Israel? › Ground invasion of Gaza by Israel more likely as rocket attacks continue Albert Einstein in 1931. Portrait by Doris Ulmann, via WikiCommons Caroline Crampton is assistant editor of the New Statesman. Subscribe More Related articles Word of the week: Quitaly Named persons controversy: How good intentions paved the way to a snooper state Erdogan's purge was too big and too organised to be a mere reaction to the failed coup


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Browsing by Classification "PA"
Now showing items 1-20 of 21
Alexander the Great. The risks of power. Philosophical texts and rehetoriques (2014-04) - Journal item
Amousia : living without the Muses (Brill, 2012) - Book item
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Body and text in the Greek and Roman novels (Cambridge University Press, 2008-05) - Book item
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Florus and Dio on the enslavement of the provinces (2013-12) - Journal articleThis paper draws attention to the unprecedented prominence of metaphors of enslavement to Rome in the historical narratives of Florus and Cassius Dio. Following an analysis of the thematic importance of the trope in their ...
Frontiers of pleasure : models of aesthetic response in archaic and classical Greek thought (2014) - Journal item
Life and works of Aristotle (2014-04) - Journal item
The loser leaves (Rome's loss) : Umbricius' wishful exile in Juvenal, Satire 3 (2015-12) - Journal articleJuvenal's third satire is a privileged piece of verbal diarrhoea. As the longest satire in Juvenal's well-attended Book 1, as the centre of this book, and as the one Juvenalian jewel that sparkles 'non-rhetorically', it ...
Marlowe and the Greeks (2013) - Journal articleMarlowe's combination of lyric violence with a spirit of irony and scepticism has always seemed somewhat paradoxical, but we may find an explanation for it in his debt to Greek. Greek language learning developed in England ...
The origins of aesthetic thought in ancient Greece : matter, sensation, and experience (2012-10) - Journal item
Pacatus the poet doing Plinian prose (2013) - Journal articleJuxtaposition of Pacatus's speech to Theodosius next to Pliny's Panegyricus in the PanLat collection invites comparison of the two. Intertexts reveal Pacatus's debts to Pliny, but his speech also regularly features stylistic ...
Polybius on speeches in Timaeus : syntax and structure in Histories 12.25a (2014-04) - Journal article
The presocratics (2014-04) - Journal item
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Re-reading Pollux: encyclopaedic structure and athletic culture in Onomasticon Book 3 (2016-05) - Journal articleIoulios Polydeukes, more commonly known as Pollux, was a Greek sophist and lexicographer active in the closing decades of the second century a.d. His Onomasticon is one of the most important lexicographical texts of the ...
Romanization 2.0 and its alternatives (2014-06) - Journal articleThis essay argues that Romanization revolves around understanding objects in motion and that Roman archaeologists should therefore focus on (1) globalization theory and (2) material-culture studies as important theoretical ...
Slaves to Rome : The rhetoric of mastery in Titus' Speech to the Jews (Bellum Judaicum 6.238-50) (2008) - Journal article
Slavishness in Britain and Rome in Tacitus' Agricola (2011-05) - Journal article
The theory and practice of narrative in Plato (De Gruyter, 2009-08) - Book item


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Hotel Pelicano Inn, Riviera Maya
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 38 guestrooms
- On a private beach
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Beach umbrellas
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Garden
- Multilingual staff
- Wedding services
- Luggage storage
- Tour/ticket assistance
For families
- Refrigerator
- Private bathroom
- Garden
- Daily housekeeping
What's around
- Central Square (0.3 mi / 0.4 km)
- Nuestra Senora del Carmen Catholic Church (0.3 mi / 0.5 km)
- Yucatek Divers (0.3 mi / 0.6 km)
- Quinta Alegria (0.3 mi / 0.6 km)
- Playa del Carmen Maritime Terminal (0.5 mi / 0.8 km)
Hotel Pelicano Inn, Riviera Maya
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $94
- Standard Room, 2 Double Beds, Ocean View
- Standard Room, 2 Double Beds, Oceanfront
- Standard Room, Garden View
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 38 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is noon
- Express check-out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum guest age is 18
- Minimum check-in age is 18
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Children (12 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- No cribs (infant beds)
- No pets or service animals allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- No parking
Nearby Two Star Riviera Maya hotels
In the hotel
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Beach bar
- Room service (during limited hours)
- On private beach
- Beach sun loungers
- Scuba diving nearby
- Beach umbrellas
- Beach towels
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Luggage storage
- Wedding services
- Multilingual staff
- Porter/bellhop
- Number of buildings/towers - 3
- Year Built 1990
- Designated smoking areas
- Garden
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Ceiling fan
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Balcony
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
- Access via exterior corridors
Top Riviera Maya hotels
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DiningOnsite venue - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Hotel Pelicano Inn, Riviera Maya's small print
Also known as
- Hotel Pelicano Inn
- Hotel Pelicano Inn Playa del Carmen
- Pelicano Playa del Carmen
Noise-free guestrooms cannot be guaranteed.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
This property does not have elevators.
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
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This Summer, Get Your Woody Allen Fix On A Manhattan Rooftop
Everybody loves Woody Allen. Just look at him. His awkward-yet-lovable characters, beautiful cinematography, and Academy Award-winning screenplays have made him a name to remember. And, despite recent projects in Paris and an upcoming film in San Francisco, Allen's love for New York City remains unquestionable.
Take his affection for the Big Apple and amp it up a few notches, and you've got "Cinema Under The Stars: Made in Manhattan." Presented by the Salon de Ning rooftop bar at The Peninsula Hotel, the film series will feature classic NYC-themed Woody Allen flicks right in the heart of Manhattan itself. Every Monday from June 3 to July 1 (except June 17), attendees will be able to enjoy cocktails and appetizers, in addition to an outdoor screening of either Manhattan, Annie Hall, Hannah and Her Sisters, or Manhattan Murder Mystery. Reservations are required so be sure to call ahead of time.
When: Monday, June 3, 10, 24, and July 1, 7 p.m. seating, 9 p.m. showing.
Where: Salon de Ning, 700 Fifth Avenue (at 55th Street); 212-903-3923.
RSVP: Here
Where: Salon de Ning, 700 Fifth Avenue (at 55th Street); 212-903-3923.
RSVP: Here
Photo: Courtesy of Salon de Ning.
- New York | Salon De Ning Rooftop Film Series – Woody Allen Movies
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from KUSA)
Kusa or KUSA may refer to:
- Kusa, Russia, a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
- Kusa, Latvia, a village in Madona District, Latvia
- Kusa, Afghanistan
- KUSA (TV), a television station (channel 9) licensed to Denver, Colorado, United States
- Kennel Union of South Africa
- Kusa, an alternative spelling of Kusha
- Kusa, a type of squash from Palestine closely related to the zucchini
- KUSA Brand Synthetic Grass Flip Flops.
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kusa.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


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Fresh Ideas for the New Year
9 Charming Christmas Tables
Browse our inspiring array of holiday tables for ideas to make your gathering unforgettable.
Serene Setting
With green as the dominant color, this table is elegant but undeniably festive. A centerpiece of hydrangea blossoms arranged over greenery in the shape of a cake is a surefire conversation starter.
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- You'll save an extra 5% on Books purchased from Amazon.ca, now through July 29th. No code necessary, discount applied at checkout. Here's how (restrictions apply)
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"(a) cartographical gem"
-The Wall Street Journal - Great New (Armchair) Travel Reads
"An utterly exquisite object: atlas as Wunderkammer and bestiary, bound in black cloth and sea-blue card...makes a magnificent case for the atlas to be recognised as literature, worthy of its original name - theatrum orbis terrarum, "the theatre of the world".
-Robert Macfarlane, The Guardian (UK)
"This beautifully illustrated atlas reveals that cartography and the creative imagination have always intersected, spurred on by human wanderlust."
-NPR's 2010 Favorites pick
"'Paradise is an island. So is hell.' Or so says Judith Schalansky in the introduction to her charming, spooky and splendid Atlas of Remote Islands."
-The New Yorker's Book Bench
"...absolutely magical."
-Conde Nast Traveler- CNTraveler.com
"The first five times (or so) that I paged through the Atlas of Remote Islands: Fifty Islands I Have Never Set Foot On and Never Will, I fell deeply in love with the book... Each of author and artist Judith Schalansky's maps--hand-drawn in shades of gray, black, white, and brilliant orange on cadet blue paper--transported me to a, usually, remote island..."
"... A testament to the transformative power of maps. Atlas of Remote Islands is a celebration of what can still be accomplished with imagination, paper and ink. Holding it, you feel as if you've stolen the composition book that dreamy girl in the back row of our high school English class is always scribbling into. You page through it and think, Oh, my God. She's a genius."
-Anthony Doerr, TheMillions.com
"That impossible-to-please friend, that cranky relative, that coffee table begging for something more interesting that last Sunday's New York Times Magazine- worry about them no more. Here is your holiday gift, your birthday present, your living room's conversation-igniter."
"The most beautiful and powerful book I have ever seen like this is the Pennyroyal Caxton (King James) Bible, with haunting engravings by the genius Barry Moser. The second most beautiful and amazing book like this I have ever seen arrived, slim and stunning, on my desk days ago: Atlas of Remote Islands. For a child itching to see the world, for the child inside an aged and creaky vessel, for all of us who never stopped dreaming of faraway islands draped in amazing languages and wild stories and a wholly new angle of light, this is the perfect gift."
-Brian Doyle, The Oregonian
"... hand-drawn maps of the remote islands and the fascinating stories that go alongside are utterly captivating..."
-The South Mississippi Sun Herald
"... one of those books that you can easily spend a day dreamily paging through. Beautiful stories are crafted from these remote islands histories, giving character to the pieces of land that could be easily overlooked or forgotten. You want this book."
-World's Best Ever blog www.theworldsbestever.com
"Is it possible to confuse a romance novel for an atlas?... I opened the pages to maps that looked as though they were painted in the Middle Ages. They are clear, artistic, and true to scale. I approached the text and continued my love affair."
"Judith Schalansky's pseudo-tome- the product of a lifetime of studying maps, typography, art and design- is a charming romp through 50 of the most remote islands in the world. But this book is about so much more than maps... it's beautiful...it's charming, fanciful and is part of a near-perfect construction of a book that captures the romance of travel... This is a great coffee table book, perfect for history buffs, dreamers of anyone who sticks pins in their maps and obsessively uses "GTrot" on Facebook."
"Gorgeously illustrated and with color maps throughout... Judith Schalansky lures us onto fifty remote islands... and proves that the most adventurous journeys still take place in the mind, with one finger pointing at a map."
-Publishing Perspectives
"When we dream of escaping from frantic modern lives into another more perfect kind of existence, the image of an island often comes to mind, a refuge where time slows down, the living is easy and we can at last find inner peace. It's a fantasy, practically a Jungian archetype now... Schalansky's book won a prize in Germany as the most beautiful book of the year. It deserves to win several more. Atlas of Remote Islands is a stunningly accomplished piece of work, as well as being a rare feat of total authorship."
-Rick Poyner at the Observer's Room blog
"The first five times (or so) that I paged through the Atlas of Remote Islands, I fell deeply in love with the book. Each of author and artist Judith Schalansky's maps transported me."
-Intelligent Travel blog
"Last night I devoured the most beautiful book... It's wonderful: it's like Borges' eccentric encyclopedias. It is, in a word, great."
-Caustic Cover Critic blog
"Judith Schalansky's Atlas of Remote Islands perfectly merges the experiences of reading Calvino's Invisible Cities and pouring over an atlas as age eight. I really can't imagine recommending a book more highly."
-Harry Schwartz Eats The World blog
"...what has to be the coolest book released all year. Totally amazing."
-Survival of the Book blog
"Atlas of Remote Islands is a book that opens like a trunk of dusty letters in an attic- full of the promise of the unknown, and the discovery of small delights. There is poetry in the book's simplicity, and a reminder of the beauty of print."
"If you ever wonder what kind of place 'real' books will have in an increasingly electronic world, the Atlas of Remote Islands is the perfect example of the power wielded by a physical artifact. This book is a rare gem. It's like your favourite children's fantasy book come to life... it's a little like Lost, and it is like traveling to the moon."
-Writer's Pet blog
"It's a delight... a weird and wonderful assortment."
-Lonely Planet blog
"With hand drawn detailed topographic maps and intricate local histories, each of the islands comes alive through stories about marooned slaves, lonely scientists, lost explorers, mutinous sailors, confused lighthouse keepers, and forgotten castaways."
-Perceptive Travel blog
"An armchair traveler's delight."
-The Philadelphia Inquirer
About the Author
Judith Schalansky was born in 1980 in Greifswald, Germany. She hasdegrees in both History of Art and Communication Design. Judith currentlyworks as a freelance writer and designer in Berlin and has been teaching coursesin the principles of typography at the Potsdam Technical Institute since 2008.See all Product Description
What Other Items Do Customers Buy After Viewing This Item?
Judith SchalanskyCDN$ 17.10
Alastair Bonnett
Customer Reviews
Top Customer Reviews
- the introduction is printed in gigantic font that sets a juvenile (or geriatric and visually impaired) tone to the book.
- the note for each island is basically a fragment of a story or description with no context. though they spark curiosity, that curiosity will not be satisfied in this volume and reading it by the computer (to look up wikipedia entries) is not a great way to enjoy a book. further frustrating is the fact that some of the facts mentioned in the intro are not actually clarified (or in some cases even vaguely noted) in that particular island's description.
- the only data given about each island is population, distance to land or random points (other islands) half-way around the world and a timeline which, beyond the discovery dates, shows only one or two other arbitrary events. three pieces of information which often add little and quickly become repetitive. i can think of ten other data points that could have been more interesting (flora & fauna, structures, demographics, cultural events, food, etc.) and would have welcomed some variation in which were presented for each island, thus making them more relevant.
- all the above could perhaps be forgiven if the book was beautifully printed and bound but it is not. the paper is cheap and harshly bleached (a textured, heavier paper would have been a logical choice). the maps, though numerous, are not too crisp or particularly detailed and they are printed in faded, rather vile colors, especially the powder blue of the sea (also used for the distance notes and not easily readable).
it seems to me that this book sprung from a great idea (a map book about tiny islands and their oddities) that was VERY poorly executed by both the author and the publisher.


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This 16 ounce Café Mug (83045A) from Anchor Hocking would make for a perfect addition to any coffee house. The mug features a rounded design with a footed base. The closed handle offers a sure grip that will not slip when the mug is full. You can use this mug to serve anything from coffee to lattes and mochas to hot chocolate. Built to withstand the hectic nature of busy coffee shops, you can rely on this mug to meet your—and your customers'—coffee needs.
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In the appreciation-for-Lutheranism-by-non-Lutherans department, here is a post by Cap Stewart at Happier Far. It tells about how he has been helped by the Lutheran distinction between Law and Gospel and, in particular, by the The Lutheran Study Bible:
Lutherans Know Something We Don't Know
A Charismatic, a Presbyterian, and a Lutheran walk into a bar. Okay, that probably would never happen, but if those three people were to somehow enter a bar, coalesce, and emerge from the establishment as one man (who realized he wasn't too fond of beer to begin with), that one man could possibly be me.
Yes, many denominations have made an impact on my spiritual development. And while I could possibly be labeled as something of a Reformed Charismatic (which, I assure you, is not a contradiction in terms), I have also been heavily influenced by the teachings of Martin Luther. One Lutheran doctrine in particular has been especially helpful—the paradigm-shattering distinction between law and gospel. [Read more…]


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Business & Enterprise Software
- Financial
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Welcome To East Bay Women's Network!
EBWN is a thriving networking organization for women in business; we motivate, inform, educate and have fun! We have a diverse membership of over 100 women, many of whom volunteer to keep the organization strong and moving forward. We give time and raise money to support our community service partners. We offer our members connection with dynamic like-minded business women and the opportunity to grow their businesses in a supportive, nurturing environment.
Upcoming Speakers & Events
Power-Up! Your Follow-Up: Convert More Prospects into Valued Clients
August 3, 2016 | 11:15AM Debbie Hoffman EBWN invites you to join us on August 3, 2016 for a networking luncheon and a keynote talk on Power-Up! Your Follow-Up: Convert More Prospects into [...]
Ambition Is Not A Dirty Word
July 6, 2016 | 11:15AM | 300 Island Drive, Alameda CA EBWN invites you to join us for a networking luncheon and a keynote talk titled: Women In Business: Ambition Is Not A Dirty Word by Susan [...]
EBWN TechMAX: Make Technology Your Business Ally
Wednesday, October 5, 2016 | 9:30 – 3:30PM at the Grandview Pavilion, Alameda, CA
Explore practical insights from local top technology experts, including lessons learned from real-life projects.
Member Announcements & Events
See what our members are discussing or view a list of upcoming member events and mark your calendars.
Member Announcements
Leading Edge Intuitive Energy Workshop Hosted by Intuitive Angie Lambert
Hello EBWN! I am Angie Lambert, Intuitive Reader and Teacher of Energy Healing Modalities. I serve people who want to get to know their soul [...]
Member Blog
What Do You Believe?
When I was in high school, we were assigned to write a research paper on three careers we were interested in pursuing. Looking out of the small upstairs window in this little farmhouse, I wrote about going to college to study acting, becoming a famous actress... .
Become An EBWN Member
We believe networking is essential. The larger your network, the more beneficial it is to you and everyone else.
Benefits of Membership
East Bay Women's Network members want to empower themselves and be surrounded by knowledgeable and vibrant professionals.
Joining a great networking group like East Bay Women's Network is a first step in promoting yourself and your business. We offer members several ways to present their business or service to the entire membership throughout the year.
EBWN connects people with business support, direct sales, referrals and networking opportunities.
Join EBWN
EBWN is a diverse group of business and professional women who educate and mentor one another, creating strategic alliances for success, in a fun and empowering environment.
As a member of East Bay Women's Network you are among the peers and leaders that encourage your success. Join now and feel your power soar and your vision come to life.
What People Say
I love EBWN because I get to meet with powerful business women each month and learn how to make my business better.
As a new business owner, EBWN has been a perfect environment for networking. EBWN provides top-notch speakers each month, plentiful resources and opportunities to learn as I grow my business.
EBWN helped me take my business to the next level by giving me many opportunities to speak and give presentations. It's the only organization where I can give a 5 minute presentation as a member and really get my message out there. I give EBWN a 5 STAR rating for fun, food and connecting, with lots of opportunities to be involved.
EBWN helped me take my business to the next level by surrounding me with the leaders in the community who wish to strengthen business connections. Additionally, this dynamic networking group has allowed me to spread my passion for chiropractic care and has encouraged my leadership skills to blossom.
I love EBWN for the great energy and the opportunity to connect with incredible business women. I met Laurie Ratto through EBWN. Laurie provides a holistic approach to lowering blood pressure without medication. I love the process and my blood pressure is dropping.


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Superstar DJs Taboo and Tiesto get the crowds moving in Dubai
Goa is coming to Dubai. And it's bringing award-winning DJ Tiesto back to town. Sunburn Festival, the Indian state's annual trance music destination – one of the biggest in Asia – will host its first arena-style concept at the Dubai World Trade Centre on March 28.
The arena will be will transformed into a Sunburn wonderland, said local partners Peppermint Experience.
Tiesto is no stranger to the UAE. The Dutch musician, who was named by Forbes.com as the highest-paid DJ in the world last year, performed at du Forum, Yas Island, Abu Dhabi, in 2011.
But before that, Black Eyed Peas rapper Taboo is also coming back to Dubai, this weekend at the VIP Room at JW Marriott Marquis hotel. The rapper and designer will perform a live DJ set on Friday.
Tickets to Tiesto's concert will soon be available on peppermint-experience.com while Taboo's performance at the VIP Room is invite and guest list only. To make a reservation, call 052-8818888.
Top Headlines
- Playboy pin-up Pamela Anderson shows she's still got it at Dubai VIP bash
- Tiesto ready to heat things up at Dubai's 'Sunburn'
- DJ Tiesto rocks a full house at the Yas Island Flash Forum
- Flash Entertainment announce Sharam, of duo Deep Dish to join the outstanding line up of international DJs playing at Creamfields Abu Dhabi
- du Live! brings 'Vishu' festival with Indian superstar to Dubai


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The Newest Addition To The Prez's Wardrobe? A Custom Mulberry Bag
Just when you thought the Obama ladies had cornered the market on White-House style, the prez is stepping it up with a fancy new monogrammed bag — a Mulberry satchel worth over $2K. The gift came courtesy of the coveted English brand during the G8 Summit in Ireland earlier this week. Styleite reports that Mulberry bestowed personalized bags on Obama, Vladimir Putin, and six other heads of state. German chancellor Angela Merkel, the sole woman in attendance, scored a chic black Piccadilly bag.
Now hear us out: We won't argue that this isn't some of the most amazing swag ever. But we also can't help but question the appropriateness — or at least, acknowledge the irony — of a fashion brand showering world leaders with nearly $20K in handbags while they've gathered to discuss pressing global issues, such as food shortages, health crises, and environmental concerns. What do you think: Is swag okay? Or is this a fashion faux pas? (Styleite)
Photo: Courtesy of Mulberry
- Barack Obama |
- Entertainment |
- News | Barack Obama Custom Mulberry Bag Gift G8 Summit
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Love this scent! I doubt I can ever afford a real Ferrari, but who says my car can't smell like one? :) I would recommend this cologne to anyone. Male or Female!
Written by Luis on February 20, 2013
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This is an excellent fragrance that lasts pretty much all day. I get many compliments on it.
Written by Anonymous on March 18, 2010
it smell good andi really like the fragrance of Ferrari red
Written by daisyahbbeyhh on July 22, 2008
Smells excellent, but not as persistent as I thought. Stays on you for almost 5-6 hours.
Written by Sree on February 26, 2008
Extrovented scent. I am very satisfied with this purchase, which was intended for my young son.
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The impact of high-order integrator dynamics on switched-capacitor sigma-delta modulator (????M) performances is investigated in this paper. An advanced generic integrator-settling model to take into account high-order dynamic effects is presented and validated by means of transistor-level simulations of circuits implemented in a commercial 0.35 ??m CMOS technology. The model is used through the paper to carry out an exhaustive behavioral analysis for second-order single-bit ????Ms characterized by first-, second-, and third-order integrator dynamics, showing how high-order poles and zeros can affect the ????M characteristics remarkably. The proposed analysis provides useful guidelines to fix a convenient integrator poles/zeros placement in order to achieve an effective ????M design flow.


text: 000 NOUS45 KBOU 300859 PNSBOU COZ030>051-302300- Public Information Statement National Weather Service Denver/Boulder CO 259 AM MDT THU JUN 30 2016 ...Today in metro Denver weather history... 29-2 In 1990...almost a year to date after the record breaking heat in early July 1989...the third longest heat wave in Denver history started. From June 29th through July 2nd the temperature reached 100 degrees or more on four consecutive days. The highest reading of 102 degrees occurred on the 29th...30th...and 1st. Combined with the 102 degree reading on June 27th this would have been the longest heat wave on record...but the temperature climbed to only 98 degrees on June 28th. 29-15 In 2000...the 29th marked the beginning of a near record hot streak for metro Denver. The high temperatures...as recorded at Denver International Airport...exceeded the 90 degree mark for 17 consecutive days from June 29th through July 15th. The record of 24 consecutive 90 degree or above days was set from July 13th through August 5th...2008. 30 In 1879...dense smoke from mountain forest fires covered the city and obscured the sun as it set behind the mountains. In 1900...a thunderstorm produced northwest winds to 44 mph with gusts to 58 mph...but only a trace of rain. In 1917...north winds were sustained to 47 mph with gusts to 52 mph. In 1942...a strong thunderstorm produced hail and heavy rainfall in south Denver. Leaves were stripped from trees and heavy rain caused street flooding which halted traffic. Hail of unknown size reached a depth of 9 inches on the ground. In 1965...funnel clouds were observed to the south of Stapleton International Airport and in Jefferson County...15 miles southwest of the airport. Later...a tornado touched down briefly 1 mile east of Littleton...causing only minor damage. Another tornado was observed 12 miles southwest of Stapleton International Airport in Jefferson County. Hail to 3/4 inch in diameter fell in the Bear Valley area...12 miles south- southwest of Stapleton International Airport. Yet another tornado was sighted 10 miles northwest of the airport. Cloudbursts accompanied by hail battered areas of Arapahoe and Adams counties east of Denver...damaging ripening grain fields. At Lafayette...3.50 inches of rain fell in 30 minutes...causing some flooding. In 1982...numerous funnel clouds were observed over southwest metro Denver. Only one funnel touched down near the intersection of Jewell and Kipling. The tornado was on the ground for about 5 minutes and caused no damage except for uprooting some trees. In addition...thunderstorms produced heavy rain and hail in the foothills west of Denver. Over an inch of rain fell in a short time near Idaho Springs... causing Clear Creek to overflow its banks and flood a few low lying areas of the town. A few people were evacuated... and water and mud entered several stores. The heavy rain also washed out several roads. Hail piled up to a depth of 3 to 4 inches near Idaho Springs. Hail to 3/4 inch was reported at many places across metro Denver including Stapleton International Airport. Lightning struck a chemistry building on the University of Colorado campus in Boulder and started a small fire. Thunderstorm wind gusts to 60 mph were reported near Brighton. In 1984...heavy rain caused some street and basement flooding in Littleton. One location received 1.56 inches of rain in 75 minutes. In 1987...a weak tornado near Watkins stayed on the ground for 5 minutes. In 1990...a small twister touched down in an open field just north of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. No damage was reported. In 1998...hail as large as 1 inch in diameter fell near Evergreen. In 2005...a severe thunderstorm produced hail as large as 3/4 inch near Roggen. The hail destroyed a wheat field. In 2006...the temperature reached a high of 98 degrees at Denver International Airport. This marked the 19th day in June with a maximum temperature of 90 degrees or more setting a new all-time record for the month. In 2011...very strong thunderstorm winds were also observed across portions of the Urban Corridor. A peak wind gust to 65 mph was recorded...2 miles northeast of Boulder with a gust to 63 mph at Front Range Airport at Watkins and 7 miles southeast of Denver International Airport. The peak wind gust measured at Denver International Airport itself was 45 mph. A severe thunderstorm also produced one inch in diameter hail 2 miles south-southeast of Parker. In addition...a lightning strike destroyed a home in north Denver. 30-1 In 1873...heavy rainfall overnight totaled 1.42 inches. Mountain peaks to the southwest of the city were covered with fresh snow on the morning of the 1st. $$


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This article was authored by Jouko Ahvenainen, and was originally posted on telecomasia.net.
Five top VC's in California were asked to pick the ten biggest tech trends over the next five years (Forbes article). #2 on their list was digital disintermediation of banks and #10 was that credit cards are the new app platform. [Read more →]


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Definition of Santa Clara in English:
Santa Clara
A city in north central California, a longtime fruit-producing center now at the heart of Silicon Valley; population 110,200 (est. 2008).
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: San·ta Cla·ra
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Buy custom rims, tires, grilles, accessories & more in Bangor. Buy rims in Bangor, Maine right now and get fast worldwide shipping. Call us at 800-232-0734. One of the first noticable features on a vehicle is the wheels. Dress up your car, truck, or SUV with a custom wheel and tire package in Bangor, Maine.
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text:
|Norman, Oklahoma
|Former Occupation
|N/A - Right after school
|5' 9''
|240 lbs.
|Years Pro
|Top 10 Finishes (Wins)*
|22 (3) As of 2/8/2013
|Career Earnings*
|1,030,455 As of 2/8/2013
|Current World Rank
|Best Finish in 2015
|51 - Sacramento River, 4/30/2015
|Last 3 Finishes
100 - Lake St. Clair, 8/27/2015
71 - Chesapeake Bay, 8/13/2015
98 - St. Lawrence River, 7/30/2015
|Bassmaster Classics Fished (Won)
|4 (0) As of 2/8/2013
|FLW Championships Fished (Won)
|0 (0) As of 2/8/2013
|Angling Hero
|"My dad taught me how to fish. But I grew up as a Texas-rigged worm fisherman, so from the very beginning Larry Nixon was one of my heroes, and he still is."
|Home Lake
|Lake Texoma (TX/OK)
|Favorite Lake
|Lake Texoma (TX/OK) - "I spent 14 summers in a row down there growing up and I have a lot of fond memories of it. And there's always something biting there."
|Least Favorite Lake
|"I don't know that I have one. I've had some lakes I haven't done well at, but that just makes me want to go back that much more
to figure them out."
|Favorite Technique
|Pitching or short-range casting a jig
|Primary Fishing Strength
|Pitching and fishing a jig
|Secondary Fishing Strength
|Light-line fishing
|Biggest Weakness
|Fishing Sponsors
|Zoom, Team Supreme (spinnerbaits and jigs), Duckett Fishing, Lowrance
|Tow Vehicle (Sponsor)
|Ford F250
|Favorite Food
|"The kind that doesn't crawl away."
|Favorite Music
|Classic rock
|Favorite Book/Movie
|Red Storm Rising (book)/Caddy Shack or There's Something About Mary (movies)
|When Not Fishing
|"I'm a dyed in the wool outdoorsman. So when I'm not tournament fishing, I really enjoy fly fishing and tying my flies. I also like to walk through the mountains just enjoying Mother Nature."
|Why He Fishes
|"It was a passion of mine growing up. And as I've progressed through the sport, it's become a challenge to see how good I could get at it. It's more a battle with myself than with the other anglers or the fish."
|Click a column heading to re-sort.
|Tournament Finishes
|(Only recent tournaments are included. Not necessarily a career listing.)
*BASS events (all events because BASS does not report Tour and Open earnings separately) and FLW Tour.
Biographical data last updated: 2/8/2013
You may report any errors or omissions by clicking here. Please be certain of your information before submitting anything. Submissions will be examined, and if approved will be included in a future update.
By Todd Ceisner BassFan Editor With hundreds of booths and displays set up across the floor of the Orange County Convention Center for the annual
By John Johnson BassFan Senior Editor Former FLW Tour pro Scott Dobson got away from top-level fishing several years ago in order to spend more time
By Todd Ceisner BassFan Editor Whether it's going up against a field of more than 100 competitors or racing a clock when every fish counts, Kevin