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Fluorometers are widely used in ecosystem observing to monitor fluorescence signals from organic compounds, as well as to infer geophysical parameters such as chlorophyll or CDOM concentration, but measurements are susceptible to variation caused by biofouling, instrument design, sensor drift, operating environment, and calibration rigor. To collect high quality data, such sensors need frequent checking and regular calibration. In this study, a wide variety of both liquid and solid fluorescent materials were trialed to assess their suitability as reference standards for performance assessment of in situ fluorometers. Criteria used to evaluate the standards included the spectral excitation/emission responses of the materials relative to fluorescence sensors and to targeted ocean properties, the linearity of the fluorometer's optical response with increasing concentration, stability and consistency, availability and ease of use, as well as cost. Findings are summarized as a series of recommended reference standards for sensors deployed on stationary and mobile platforms, to suit a variety of in situ coastal to ocean sensor configurations. Repeated determinations of chlorophyll scale factor using the recommended liquid standard, Fluorescein, achieved an accuracy of 2.5%. Repeated measurements with the recommended solid standard, Plexiglas Satinice® plum 4H01 DC (polymethylmethacrylate), over an 18 day period varied from the mean value by 1.0% for chlorophyll sensors and 3.3% for CDOM sensors.
1. Introduction
The rapid development of optically-based sensors to quantify and characterize suspended and dissolved materials within the water column have generated a diverse range of commercial and research in situ optical instruments. These in situ instruments use various principles of fluorescence, light absorption and scattering to quantify concentrations of dissolved and particulate matter with high temporal resolution based on rapid sampling rates. Organic particulates of interest in coastal to ocean optical measurements are bacteria, phytoplankton and detritus, while inorganic particles generally consist of fine sediments or wind-deposited dust, composed of quartz sand, clay minerals or metal oxides [1]. Optically-active coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) can be a complex mixture of compounds, but in ocean regions may be dominated by matter from degraded biological material and by terrestrial runoff in nearshore zones (typically consisting of humic and fulvic acids [2]; ) and decaying phytoplankton in waters offshore [1,3]. Here we focus on in situ fluorescence measurements of phytoplankton chlorophyll a and CDOM.
Comparability of optical data collected by different instruments at different times and in different ocean provinces is a key requirement for large-scale observing programs designed to detect change in space and time [4]. Calibration is a critical step required to relate instrument voltage (counts) to standard units for fluorescence and scattering (via scale factors), and to provide inter-comparability amongst different sensors and deployments [5]. For data to be useful for sustained monitoring programs, it is also important to distinguish natural/environmental variability from instrumental variability; thus, any instrument drift must be routinely quantified [6].
To facilitate this, laboratory-based characterizations are essential for quantifying and evaluating instrument performance. Fluorescence instruments are supplied with a factory-determined scale factor, used as the primary sensor calibration to relate instrument counts to constituent concentrations, particularly for studies employing autonomous and Lagrangian platforms (e.g. ocean gliders [7], [8]; ) where regular field-based instrument calibration may be impractical. However, scale factors may change when, for example, the original calibrations were conducted prior to the particular instrument being incorporated into a measurement platform [6], or as a result of vibrations changing the optical alignment during shipping, or physical damage (e.g. a small scratch on the sensor's surface). Similarly, long-term sensor deployments on both moored and moving platforms are often impacted by bio-fouling, highlighting the importance of pre- and post-deployment instrument performance checks in routine monitoring programs.
A large number of bio-optical sensors are deployed on fixed and moving platforms (e.g. shelf and deep ocean moorings, ocean gliders and other autonomous underwater vehicles) as part of Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS [9]; ). These instruments are distributed in different locations around Australia's coastal shelf and oceans and operated by various national facilities providing logistical challenges in checking and maintaining sensors, in data quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) and comparability between sensors.
Both liquid and solid fluorescent standards may be employed for instrument performance checks and/or calibration of in situ fluorometers. For sensors designed to detect chlorophyll-a fluorescence, liquid dyes such as fluorescein and Rhodamine WT have been utilized [10,11], while quinine sulfate solutions have been used for calibration of CDOM fluorescence sensors [12]. Other less conventional but widely available liquids have also been found to have fluorescent properties, including soft drinks such as Diet Coke ® and Sprite Zero ® (The Coca-Cola Company) [6,13]. There are also solid fluorophores such as polymers doped with fluorescent dyes or microsphere diffuser particles which could be used for this purpose.
We examined a variety of fluorescent materials and quantified their excitation/emission spectra, photostability, inter-batch product variation and linearity of response to evaluate their suitability for performance checks and/or calibration standards for in situ fluorescence sensors. We considered that calibration standards should have similar excitation/emission responses as the analyte of interest, not degrade during the time needed to check instrument/s, and have appropriate sensitivity and dynamic range to detect the target concentrations. As a result, recommendations are provided on a set of laboratory and field-based calibration and performance checking procedures suitable for a variety of fluorescence sensors.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Fluorescence calibration procedure
For benchtop fluorometers, Chl-a calibrations are normally performed with Chl-a standard solutions made up in organic solvents such as 90% acetone to follow conventional pigment extraction methods [14,15]. However, this approach is not used for in situ fluorometers because absorbance by in vivo Chl-a is shifted 8-10 nm to the longer wavelengths compared to solvent extracted Chl-a [2].
The choice of alternative reference solutions for in vivo Chl-a calibrations is not straightforward, as the excitation-emission response of Chl-a is different to that of most organic or inorganic fluorescent compounds. Chlorophyll a absorbs in two major wavelength bands (blue and red) and has a relatively large energy shift between its absorption and emission wavelengths due to the energy absorbed by phytoplankton being transferred via accessory pigments before being re-emitted as fluorescence [16,17]. However, a number of dyes are available with absorption or emission in regions similar to Chl-a (Table 1 ). In this study, three different fluorescent dyes were trialed as fluorescence calibration standards: Fluorescein Sodium Salt (Sigma Aldrich), Rhodamine WT Red (Envco) and Basic Blue 3 (Sigma Aldrich). Fluorescein is currently used by some suppliers of optical instrumentation, while Rhodamine WT Red and Basic Blue 3 were trialed as they have previously demonstrated linear responses with field and laboratory fluorescence sensors [18].
For CDOM fluorescence sensors, quinine sulfate dihydrate, QSD, (Sigma Aldrich) was examined as a calibration standard as it is used to calibrate bench-top CDOM fluorometers [19]. This standard is normally made up in weak acid (0.5 M sulphuric acid) which may be problematic for some instruments, so non-acidic alternatives were also trialed. Cetinic et al [20] used Sprite Zero ® (The Coca Cola Company) as a standard for calibration of CDOM sensors deployed on Slocum gliders. In addition to examining the optical properties of Sprite Zero ®, we evaluated tonic water as a CDOM calibration solution, as it contains quinine. To test the variability between different sources of tonic water, three brands were tested: Indian Tonic Water (Schweppes), Diet Indian Tonic Water (Schweppes) and Club Tonic Water (Tru Blu, P&N Beverages).
2.2 General procedures and calibration set up for dyes and other liquids
To confirm the peak wavelengths and spectral widths (full width at half maximum; FWHM) of the excitation sources of in situ fluorometers, LED source emission spectra were measured using a fibre optic integrating sphere (FOIS-1, Ocean Optics), connected to a UV-visible spectrometer (USB2000, Ocean Optics) via a 50 μm diameter optic fibre. Spectra were recorded over the range 350 – 1000 nm with a computer using proprietary software (SpectrasuiteTM, Ocean Optics).
Fluorescence spectra of liquid samples were measured in quartz cuvettes using a spectrofluorometer (Cary Eclipse, Varian). To correct for variability in the excitation source and emission detection, quantum correction curves were measured, following Kopf and Heinz [21]. For excitation correction, a quantum counter consisting of Basic Blue 3 dye at a concentration of 4.1 g/L in ethylene glycol (Sigma Aldrich) was used in a triangular quartz cuvette. For this measurement, a 695 nm long pass filter was used on the emission window, and the emission at 750 nm was monitored as a function of excitation wavelength. For emission correction, a synchronous scan (λex = λem) was performed with a silica diffuser in the sample compartment, and a 3% transmission attenuator in the emission window. Excitation/emission correction curves were measured over the range 240 – 700 nm with excitation and emission slit widths 10 nm and 20 nm respectively, dλ = 1 nm and integration time 2.0 sec. Fluorescence spectra were then corrected as in Murphy et al. [19]. Absorption spectra of liquid samples were measured on 1 mm path length quartz cuvettes with a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer (Cary 50 Bio, Varian).
A calibration vessel was custom-built to accommodate a variety of fluorescence sensors, including stand-alone instruments and others in multiple sensor configurations. Constructed of PVC, the vessel was 25 cm in diameter and 1 m tall, and painted black on the inside to minimise stray light. The vessel was built to these dimensions to accommodate the volume needed to submerse the fluorometers and be ergonomic for instrument users at bench height. The calibration solutions were placed in glass beakers and suspended in the upper 30 cm of the calibration vessel using a black support made from Polyoxymethylene (POM), also known as 'Delrin'.
Dye calibration solutions were prepared using calibrated 1000 μL pipettes. All dye solutions were made up in ultrapure water prepared with a water purification system (Sartorius arium 611 UF UV). The calibration solutions were prepared in 3 L glass beakers (volume required to fully submerse the fluorometers) which were then placed into the top of the calibration vessel using clamps and spacers also made from black Delrin.
Similar procedures were carried out using commercially available soft drinks: Sprite Zero, and tonic water. Different batches were measured to test the assumption that soft drinks have consistent fluorescence responses. Two litres of each sample was poured into a 3 L pyrex beaker, and the bubbles were removed using a magnetic stirrer (coated in black heat-shrink to minimize stray light) for 30 mins prior to measurement. For repeatability testing, calibration solutions were prepared by weighing soft drinks and added ultrapure water with an electronic balance.
Each fluorescence sensor calibration was commenced by measuring a dark signal (with the sensors covered in black electrical tape and submerged in MilliQ), followed by measuring the fluorescence of a 2 L ultrapure water blank. Instrument fluorescence data were recorded using proprietary software (ECOView, WET Labs). For each solution, the average reading was calculated from 60 measurements at a frequency of 1 Hz. To establish the linearity of fluorescence sensors, 1000 μL aliquots of calibration solutions were added successively and the solution was mixed using a magnetic stirrer before further measurements of fluorescence. Linear calibration curves (instrument raw counts versus concentration of calibration standard) were fitted using least squares linear regression in statistical software (Minitab 15). The temperature of each calibration was measured using a temperature probe.
2.3 Dye stability
Dye stability is an important consideration when calibrating fluorescence sensors. To test for this potential source of variation, solutions of Fluorescein (0.06 g/L) and Basic Blue 3 (0.1 g/L) were made up in ultrapure water. These concentrations were chosen such that aliquots could be drawn from a high concentration stock solution to generate lower concentration calibration solutions. Dye solutions were stored in glass vials under three different conditions between measurements: (i) control - wrapped in aluminium foil in the dark at 22 °C; (ii) light treatment - on a lab bench under fluorescent lights of intensity approx. 15 µmol photon m−2 s−1 at 22° C; and (iii) light + heat treatment - on a lab bench under fluorescent lights (15 µmol photon m−2 s−1) in a water bath at 27 °C. The dye absorption coefficient, α (m−1), was measured for each dye sample in 1 mm path length quartz cuvettes with a Cary Bio-50 absorption spectrophotometer (Varian). α(λ) was calculated at hourly intervals from transmission measurements as follows:
2.4 Set up for solid fluorescent standards to check sensor performance
It is well known that the performance of optical sensors may change during deployment and that this is an important consideration in assessing instrument drift versus environmental variability [22,23], hence it is important to have a method for assessing optical sensors soon after they are retrieved from the water. In some cases, this may necessitate conducting calibration activities in the field where operating conditions may be difficult. Thus we explored use of solid reference standards as a more practical option than liquid dye solutions.
This approach has previously been implemented by instrument suppliers using a polymer disc doped with an orange fluorescent dye, chosen because of its emission wavelength range in a suitable spectral region. However, as the emission of this particular dye saturated the sensors, an attenuation filter was required to reduce the emission signal to an appropriate range for the sensors. However, feedback from some instrument users indicated saturation still occurred. A closer inspection of the attenuation filter revealed that it is highly reflective, and resulted in erroneous readings. Thus a wide range of alternative solid fluorescent materials (Table 2 ) were trialed to identify a fluorescent reference material with a fluorescence intensity within the sensitivity range of CDOM and Chl-a fluorescence sensors. Trial materials included: (i) solid diffuse reflectance standards (Avian [24]), consisting of diffuse white spectralon discs impregnated with fluorescent dyes; (ii) Plexiglas® Satinice® (Evonik [25]) – poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) sheets with a matte surface finish, containing cross-linked PMMA microsphere diffuser particles, a UV blocker and either a fluorescent dye, non-fluorescent dye or no dye; and (iii) Lumogen dyes (BASF [26]) dispersed in a PMMA matrix, using the following dyes and concentrations: F083 green (60 ppm), F285 pink (50 ppm) and F570 violet (120 ppm). To reduce the effects of specular reflection from the front surface of the reference sample, the front and back surfaces of the Lumogen samples were roughened by sand-blasting. For repeatable positioning, the reference materials were mounted 9 mm from the optical sensors using a custom built mounting bracket, as illustrated in Fig. 1 (manufactured and supplied by WET Labs). During measurements, the mounting bracket was rotated to find the maximum fluorescence signal. One-minute measurements (60 data points collected at a rate of 1 Hz) were conducted in triplicate, and then averaged for a final value. A baseline 'blank' run with no sample in the bracket was also measured to check the background signal. To confirm repeatability, the Satinice® plum and pink samples were measured with a Wet labs ECOTriplet CDOM and Chl-a sensor on four separate occasions.
Fig. 1
Fluorescent emission spectra were measured for all polymer solid standards using a Cary Eclipse spectrofluorometer (Varian). Emission scans were performed with 1 nm data intervals at a rate of 120 nm/min, and integration averaging time 0.5 seconds. For all CDOM fluorescence scans λexc = 370 nm, 380 nm ≤ λem ≤ 700 nm, and the photomultiplier (PMT) voltage was set to 520 V. For Chl-a fluorescence, λexc = 470 nm, 480 nm ≤ λem ≤ 700 nm, and a PMT of 430 V was used. The PMT voltages were chosen such that all samples could be measured on the same gain setting at the given excitation wavelength without saturating the detector in the spectrofluorometer. Excitation-emission profiles for the Avian solid spectralon fluorescent samples were provided by the manufacturer, and the intensity scale was adjusted to match the ranking of fluorescence responses measured by the WET Labs ECOTriplet (as discussed in section 3.4).
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Chlorophyll a fluorescence
Measured absorption spectra of the reference dyes for chlorophyll a are shown in Fig. 2 . The measured emission spectra of the source LEDs for CDOM (370 nm) and Chl-a (470 nm) fluorescence sensors (WET labs ECOTriplet) are also shown to demonstrate their overlap with the dye absorption spectra. Of the dyes tested, Fluorescein had the most significant overlap with the Chl-a LED emission (470 nm) but also had some absorbance in the CDOM LED region (370 nm). Conversely, Rhodamine WT Red (Rh WT) and Basic Blue 3 (BB3) have minimal absorption at 470 nm and even less at 370 nm. Figure 3 shows the emission spectra of the various dyes, as well as the relative emission spectra of three phytoplankton cultures in seawater, representing different algal classes: Synechococcus sp. (Cyanophyta), Tetraselmis sp. (Chlorophyta) and Nitzschia closterium (Bacillariophyta). Both Rh WT and BB3 have significant emission at the Chl-a detection wavelength of 695 nm, while Fluorescein has negligible emission at 695 nm. However, Fluorescein has the most similar emission spectrum to the phytoplankton cultures, especially in the region 530 nm – 650 nm.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
All three dyes showed linear fluorescence responses with increasing dye concentration (Fig. 4 ) but had different scale factors (slopes). Fluorescein was the most sensitive dye, with a steep rise in fluorescence counts within a relatively narrow concentration range. Hence calibrations with this dye are potentially more sensitive to errors in the concentration measurements. However, fluorescence counts for Fluorescein increased linearly with dye concentration across the entire fluorescence scale, indicating that pipetting precision was maintained throughout the experiment.
Fig. 4
3.2 CDOM fluorescence
Absorption spectra for a selection of the CDOM reference solutions are shown in Fig. 5 , along with the relative emission spectrum of the excitation LED used in the WET Labs ECOTriplet CDOM fluorometer. At the CDOM fluorometer excitation wavelength (370 nm) absorption by the proposed reference solutions is small, but sufficient to stimulate a fluorescence response.
Fig. 5
Despite their different absorption properties, Sprite Zero and tonic water samples have similar fluorescent emission profiles to QSD (Fig. 6 ). Interestingly, Fluorescein has a primary emission peak at 526 nm, but it also produces a weak non zero emission tail at shorter wavelengths, such that it is detected by the CDOM sensor.
Fig. 6
The soft drink solutions and dyes showed linear responses with increasing concentration, with R2 values > 0.995 (Fig. 7 . Fluorescence of tonic waters at different concentrations, inset – QSD & Sprite Zero). Tonic waters showed significantly greater sensitivity compared to Sprite Zero, needing <2% to saturate the fluorescence scale (whereas full strength Sprite Zero yielded only 600 out of a maximum of 4123 counts). The calculated scale factor to convert to equivalent QSD ppb units is 0.305 for Fluorescein ppb and 0.735 for Sprite Zero percentage (similar to the value of 0.73 quoted in [6]). Although repeat measurements with four different batches of Sprite Zero showed up to 4% difference from the mean value for all batches (Table 3 ). This will result in similar variations in scale factor if these batches were used for multi-concentration calibrations, as in the inset in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7
In addition, tonic waters demonstrated non-linearity at concentrations <0.3% (Fig. 7). To confirm this result was not due to experimental error, the Schweppes Diet Indian tonic water CDOM calibration curve was re-measured using two additional methods of preparing calibration solutions: i) making individual samples at fixed concentrations and ii) serial dilution of a high-concentration stock as compared with the original method of directly adding compounding 1000 μL aliquots of a stock solution to a volume of milliQ in the calibration vessel. All tests yielded the same results, as shown by the lower three curves in the main part of Fig. 7 confirming that the non-linearity at low concentrations was not due to errors in the preparation of the solution. While the underlying mechanism(s) behind this non-linearity are not presently understood, the results indicate that despite their suitable emission spectrum, commercially available tonic waters do not yield reliable fluorescence signals at low concentrations.
3.3 Dye stability
Dye stability tests showed that under dark conditions at 22 °C, Fluorescein and Basic Blue 3 had steady and repeatable absorption for over 100 h (Fig. 8a and b , respectively). However, absorption of the Fluorescein showed visible degradation with exposure to light and higher temperature after exposure times between one and five h (Fig. 8a). Approximate linear degradation rates for Fluorescein absorption over the course of the day were 0.20%.hr−1 and 20.3%.hr−1 for samples illuminated under room lights at 22° C and 27° C respectively. Thus, temperature plays a significant role in increasing the degradation rate for Fluorescein dye. BB3 however, showed no significant degradation over the course of the day (Fig. 8b) and there was no evidence of increased degradation rates due to increased temperature. Hence, from the dye absorption data, BB3 demonstrated higher stability than Fluorescein.
Fig. 8
Despite the decrease in fluorescein absorbance over time at 27°C, concomitant measurements of these solutions with a WET labs Ecotriplet showed relatively constant fluorescent responses yielding similar scale factors (Table 4 ).
One possible explanation for this seeming contradiction is apparent in Fig. 9 , where the emission spectrum of the source LED from the Chl-a fluorescence sensor is overlaid with the measured absorption spectrum of Fluorescein stored at 22° C for 5 hours and 5 days. The peak wavelength of the LED source (470 nm) corresponds approximately to the inflexion point in the dye degradation curve, where changes in absorption during dye breakdown were minimal. This would make the sensor potentially less sensitive to changes in fluorescein dye absorption than if the LED emission spectrum directly overlapped with the maximum wavelength of dye absorption (493 nm).
Fig. 9
The fluorescein dye absorption multiplied by the LED emission over the entire LED source spectrum dropped by 7.9% after 5 days exposure to room lights at 22°C (approx. 1.6% drop per 24 hrs). Meanwhile, the dark-stored control sample only dropped by 0.3% over the same time period. As the fluorescent emission measured by the sensor varies with this integrated absorption in the region of LED source emission, this result offers an explanation as to why the differences in calibration slope were not detectable after a few hours of exposure.
3.4 Solid standards to check sensor performance
Satinice®, Plexiglas®, and Lumogen® pink samples all showed fluorescence in the CDOM emission region (460 nm) of a WET labs Ecotriplet with less than approximately 100 counts out of a maximum 4123 (Fig. 10a ). In contrast, Lumogen Violet and Avian blue saturated the CDOM fluorometer on the same instrument (Fig. 10b), while the majority of solid samples (all Plexiglas®, Satinice® samples, the Avian blue spectralon disc, and Lumogen® dyes F083 green and F285 pink) also saturated the ECOTriplet Chl-a fluorometer (Table 5 ). In Figs. 10c and 10d, these samples all have >0.1 fluorescence units on the spectrofluorometer within the 695 nm emission band (approximately 10 times the baseline reading).
Fig. 10
The Avian Red sample showed very low CDOM and Chl-a fluorescence detected with the Eclipse spectrofluorometer (Figs. 10b and 10d respectively), and gave stable readings within the target magnitude (at least 10 times the baseline dark count reading of 54 counts) for both Chl-a and CDOM fluorescence (Table 5) when used with the ECOTriplet fluorometer. The remaining Satinice® Special Range samples (plum, clear and pink) gave high CDOM fluorescence within the grey 460 nm emission band (Fig. 10a) and very low Chl-a emission within the 695 nm emission band (Fig. 10c), yet gave mid-range readings (480 – 1540 counts) on the ECOTriplet for both CDOM and Chl-a fluorescence.
Within these two product options (Satinice® 'special range' versus Avian), the Satinice® materials are preferred as they are translucent and 6 mm thick, so will provide larger interaction volumes than the opaque Spectralon product. Therefore Satinice® more closely replicates the interaction volume achieved with liquid samples than does the opaque sample (Spectralon). Moreover, for Satinice®, the excitation source and fluorescent emission are diffused both at the matte front surface and within the polymer via transparent refractive index matched microspheres (TRIMM), which provide highly efficient diffusion with negligible backscatter [27]. Hence the Satinice® material is less sensitive to the exact position of the sample than Spectralon fluorescent material, and by using a mounting bracket, consistent repeatable sample positioning can be achieved. The Satinice® product is also considerably less expensive than the Avian Spectralon material.
The fluorescence response of the Satinice® 'special range' materials, which are not impregnated with a fluorescent dye, is believed to be due to the presence of a UV blocker within the material which is added during manufacture to improve stability in outdoor applications. Measurements with a small integrating sphere (FOIS-1, Ocean Optics) and a spectrometer (USB2000, Ocean Optics) confirmed that the UV blocker in all Satinice® samples absorbs strongly at wavelengths <400 nm, with an absorption tail extending to longer visible wavelengths, while for excitation at 370 nm or 470 nm all Satinice® samples generate fluorescence counts approximately 3 - 4 orders of magnitude greater than the baseline (zero fluorescence) signal in the benchtop spectrofluorometer (Fig. 10a,c). As the purpose of UV blockers in polymers is to increase photostability in the presence of UV radiation, it is expected that the UV absorption and the resulting fluorescent emission in these products should be very stable with time, particularly if the material is stored under dark conditions when not in use. These products also showed good repeatability between measurements; results from five separate analysis days (across 1-2 months) using Satinice® plum and pink resulted in Chl-a counts within 1-2%, and CDOM counts within 4-6%, of initial values (Table 6 ).
In terms of fluorescence magnitudes, samples giving mid-range readings are most useful for performance checks. Even if lower fluorescence counts are usually observed in real sea water samples, a solid standard providing the highest (non-saturating) fluorescence counts will provide the smallest percentage uncertainties in the measured value. Therefore, within the Satinice® 'special range', the Satinice® plum product is considered the most suitable material overall, with the highest combination readings for both the Chl-a sensor (1516 counts) and CDOM sensor (477 counts; Table 6).
The data resulting from performance checks in the field (similar to those in Table 6) may be used to correct the scale factor for the given instrument based on linear interpolation between pre- and post-deployment checks. This approach has been applied with scale factors resulting from lab-based calibrations conducted pre- and post-deployment [20]. The data from a deployment may then be back-corrected so that the scale factor used on a particular day varies depending on the sensor's response at the time. However, the advantage of the performance check method proposed here is that it may be conducted in the field, much sooner than a post-calibration, and the result may still be checked by performing another calibration when the sensor returns to the lab. Furthermore, performance checks can potentially be carried out more than once during a deployment, providing a more meaningful interpolation than a simple linear interpolation between two points. Physical principles suggest that biofouling is not a linear process. Therefore, a series of performance checks on deployed sensors would be useful for the determination of the most suitable mathematical relationship defining the build-up of biofouling, and the optimal frequency of measurements for adequate interpolation.
4. Conclusions and recommendations
Both liquid and solid fluorescent standards were evaluated for the purposes of Chl-a and CDOM fluorometer calibration and performance checks. Of the liquid standards, Fluorescein was considered the most suitable for Chl-a calibration, due to its emission overlap with phytoplankton and consistent linear fluorescence with increasing concentration. While concerns have been raised over Fluorescein stability, we detected no change in scale factor even under challenging storage conditions of high temperature and high light. Interestingly, fluorescence emitted by Fluorescein can also be detected by CDOM fluorometers. This has not been reported in previous studies and suggests this dye could be used as a performance check of both Chl-a and CDOM sensors on multi-sensor instruments. We would however not recommend Fluorescein as a calibration standard for CDOM sensors, given that quinine sulfate dihydrate has significantly more spectral overlap with this analyte.
An important result was that commercially available soft drinks emit fluorescence in either the CDOM or Chl-a regions, but showed non-linear responses with dilution. While the wide availability and low cost of these liquids makes them an attractive option to check sensor performance (e.g. in remote locations), this study also demonstrated that they exhibit significant inter-batch variability. Furthermore, some soft drinks have limited fluorescence even at full concentration, suggesting they could not be used to test performance over the entire working range of a fluorometer.
In contrast, many solid standards demonstrated fluorescence responses that saturated the CDOM and Chl-a sensors used in this study. Unlike liquid standards, polymer disks doped with fluorescent compounds provide a single calibration or reference point, and should therefore target mid-range instrument readings (500 – 2000 counts) as opposed to values in the lower and upper range. Given the Satinice® plum product had the highest readings for both a Chl-a sensor and a CDOM sensor, it is therefore considered the most suitable material overall. Importantly, solid standards could be repeatably positioned using a mounting bracket supplied from the manufacturer, yielding <6% variability for each independent measurement.
In the context of ocean observing programs, it is extremely important to ensure consistent instrument operation and to quantify any sensor drift that may occur over a deployment. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that pre- and post-deployment performance checks of Chl-a and CDOM sensors can be conducted both in the laboratory and under field conditions using solid standard materials, and regular linear calibrations can be conducted in the laboratory using liquid dyes/standards suitable for fluorometers deployed on both stationary (e.g. moorings) and mobile (e.g. ocean gliders) platforms. It is important to note that the cost of the recommended calibration materials is not prohibitive. At the time of writing, 100 g of Fluorescein was AUD$37 (F6377-100G, Sigma Aldrich), 5 g of Quinine Sulphate Dihydrate was AUD$39.38 (Q1250-5G, Sigma Aldrich), and Satinice® plum 4H01 DC material was AUD $100/m2 (Plastral Pty Ltd; www.plastral.com.au). The recommended materials can also be employed with any brand of fluorometers with excitation/emission spectra similar to those used in this study.
The authors would like to thank the following people for their active support and useful discussions throughout this study; Paul Thomson from the Australian National Facility for Ocean Gliders (ANFOG), Robert Kay from CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Hobart, Gordon MacDonald from Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), Jim Franklin and Marlene Zbinden from the University of Technology, Sydney, and Ian Walsh from WET Labs, USA. The authors are members of the IMOS National Working Group on Bio-optical Instrumentation and Observing. Funds and support for this work were provided by IMOS and the University of Technology, Sydney. IMOS is supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy and the Super Science Initiative.
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19. K. R. Murphy, K. D. Butler, R. G. M. Spencer, C. A. Stedmon, J. R. Boehme, and G. R. Aiken, "Measurement of dissolved organic matter fluorescence in aquatic environments: an interlaboratory comparison," Environ. Sci. Technol. 44(24), 9405–9412 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. I. Cetinic, G. Toro-Farmer, M. Ragan, C. Oberg, and B. H. Jones, "Calibration procedure for Slocum glider deployed optical instruments," Opt. Express 17(18), 15420–15430 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. U. Kopf and J. Heinze, "2,7-Bis(diethylamino)phenazoxonium chloride as a quantum counter for emission measurements between 240 and 700 nm," Anal. Chem. 56(11), 1931–1935 (1984). [CrossRef]
22. J. Downing, "Twenty-five years with OBS sensors: The good, the bad, and the ugly," Cont. Shelf Res. 26(17-18), 2299–2318 (2006). [CrossRef]
23. D. V. Manov, G. C. Chang, and T. D. Dickey, "Methods for Reducing Biofouling of Moored Optical Sensors," J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 21(6), 958–968 (2004). [CrossRef]
24. "Avian Technologies Fluroescent Standards," http://www.aviantechnologies.com/products/standards/fluorescence.php, Accessed 26th May, 2011.
25. "Evonik Industries Plexiglas Products," http://www.plexiglas.de/product/plexiglas/en/Pages/default.aspx.
26. "BASF Lumogen (R) Pigment Product Information," http://worldaccount.basf.com/wa/EU~en_GB/Catalog/Pigments/pi/BASF/range/pl_col_dyes_lumogen_f.
27. G. B. Smith, J. C. Jonsson, and J. Franklin, "Spectral and global diffuse properties of high-performance translucent polymer sheets for energy efficient lighting and skylights," Appl. Opt. 42(19), 3981–3991 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. J. R. Helms, A. Stubbins, J. D. Ritchie, E. C. Minor, D. J. Kieber, and K. Mopper, "Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight, source, and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter," Limnol. Oceanogr. 53(3), 955–969 (2008). [CrossRef]


text:
Focused on discovery and on mentoring future generations of researchers, the Department of Cellular Neurobiology aims to foster our understanding of cellular signal transduction, neuronal processing mechanisms, and neuromodulation. Combining physiological, behavioral, and molecular approaches, we are studying:
(Heinrich group).
Profiting from the genetic and experimental tractability of insect sensory organs and nervous systems, recent work in the Department has provided insights into salient aspects of neuron function and dysfunction in the context of cellular mechanotransduction, auditory signaling and processing, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Contact Us
Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology
Prof. Dr. Martin Göpfert
Schwann-Schleiden Research Centre
Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3
37077 Göttingen
email: email@example.com
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The Touching Tail of a Mechanotransduction ChannelLink
Too stimulated to suckLink
BASF and University of Göttingen scientists find new specific insecticide target proteinLink
Recent Publications
Sensing pH with TMCs
Spalthoff C, Göpfert MC (2016)Neuron 91:6-8
Auditory efferent system modulates mosquito hearing
Andres M, Seifert M, Spalthoff C, Warren B, Weiss L, Giraldo D, Winkler M, Pauls S, Göpfert MC (2016)Curr Biol in press:
Transmembrane channel-like (tmc) gene regulates Drosophila larval locomotion
Guo Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Meltzer S, Zanin D, Yu Y, Li J, Cheng T, Guo Z, Wang Q, Jacobs JS, Sharma Y, Eberl DF, Göpfert MC, Jan LY, Jan YN, Wang Z (2016)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113: link

subset: commoncrawl


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Marketing and promoting your business is tough. I get it. It is tough enough to get your brand and product out there day in day out and make the sales, follow up and then … social media rears its ugly head. 31 more words
Tags » Marketing 101
#1 Question Writers Ask
I was at a writing conference last weekend and had a fabulous time. The workshops were inspiring, the food was delicious, the keynote speaker's jokes made me laugh. 518 more words
Public Libraries, Local Government, and Value
"Libraries exist as parts of larger systems. Public libraries are part of cities, towns, and counties… Almost no library stands alone. These larger host systems created the libraries, and they sustain them. 600 more words
Renegade Marketing
Book promotion is essential for authors. There are millions of books published on Amazon every year. How do we, as authors, make ourselves stand out in the crowd? 447 more words
UX is Brand is UX is Brand is UX
We've been working with the fantabulous Aaron Schmidt for 9 months now – and we just birthed this baby. This letter to our users represents a TON of thoughtful conversations, deliberation and iteration, and just plain hard work by our staff here at CHPL. 386 more words
Thinking Outside The Box: Young Entrepreneurs Are Forging Their Own Business Paths
School and university aren't the only roads to success. Find out why educational dropouts are the rock stars of the business world
There has been a massive shift in the way that society and the Government view self-made… 559 more words


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Twelve years into Aaron Adler's retirement, the value of his life insurance policy was cut by $95,000.
Which costs more: belonging to a synagogue, or belonging to a church?
A wide spectrum of Jewish groups is voicing outrage against a judge's surprise halting of federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research and are asserting a crucial Jewish stake in reversing the ruling.
How awesome is God? Not at all, not anymore, according to the new Conservative High Holy Day prayer book, Mahzor Lev Shalem, the movement's first new prayer book since 1972.
Officials from all sides are striving to keep expectations low for the new direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, a reflection of the disillusioned mood the parties bring to the table. But the instinct to minimize the significance of the upcoming talks masks what some see as a dramatic reality at this point in the long-stymied Middle East peace process.
This article has been sent!Close


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Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications: First International Conference, WASA 2006, Xi'an, China, August 15-17, 2006, Proceedings / Edition 1by Xiuzhen Cheng
Pub. Date: 06/04/2007
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, WASA 2006, held in Xi'an, China in August 2006. The book presents 63 revised full papers together with 2 invited keynote speech abstracts, organized in topical sections on wireless PAN and wireless LAN, wireless MAN and
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, WASA 2006, held in Xi'an, China in August 2006. The book presents 63 revised full papers together with 2 invited keynote speech abstracts, organized in topical sections on wireless PAN and wireless LAN, wireless MAN and pervasive computing, data management, mobility, localization and topology control, performance modeling and analysis, security and more.
Product Details
- 9783540371892
- Publisher:
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Publication date:
- 06/04/2007
- Series:
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science Series, #4138
- Edition description:
- 2006
- Pages:
- 712
- Product dimensions:
- 6.10(w) x 9.25(h) x 0.06(d)
Table of Contents
Keynote Speech.- Application Oriented Networking (AON): Adding Intelligence to Next-Generation Internet Routers.- Multi-channel Wireless Networks: Capacity, Prools, and Experimentation.- Session 2A: Wireless PAN and Wireless LAN.- A Priority Management Scheme for High Rate Wireless Personal Area Network.- Connection Control by Virtual Admission in Wireless LAN Environment.- A Scalable Port Forwarding for P2P-Based Wi-Fi Applications.- An Adaptive Energy Saving Mechanism for the IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN.- Traffic-Aware Power Control Algorithm for Low Rate WPAN.- Session 2B: Wireless MAN and Pervasive Computing.- A Generic Software Partitioning Algorithm for Pervasive Computing.- A New Methodology of QoS Evaluation and Service Selection for Ubiquitous Computing.- An Enhanced Energy Saving Scheme in Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems.- Energy Aware Multimedia Messaging Services Across Networks and Across Devices for Mobile Users.- Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in IEEE 802.16.- Session 3A: Data Management.- A Memory Efficient Algorithm for Packet Classification.- Energy-Efficient Multi-query Optimization over Large-Scale Sensor Networks.- On the Design of Soft-Decision Fusion Rule for Coding Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks.- Reliable and Real-Time Data Gathering in Multi-hop Linear Wireless Sensor Networks.- Path Selection of Reliable Data Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks.- An Efficient and Robust Routing Prool for Data Aggregation.- Session 3B: Mobility, Localization and Topology Control.- An Area-Based Vertical Motion Estimation on Heterogeneous Wireless Networks.- A Density Control Algorithm for Surveillance Sensor Networks.- Adaptive Weighted Clustering for Large Scale Mobile Ad Hoc Networking Systems.- An Interference Free Cluster-Based TDMA Prool for Wireless Sensor Networks.- Integrated Multi-layer Registration Combining SIP with Mobile IP Schemes.- ELS: Energy-Aware Some-for-Some Location Service for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks.- Session 4A: Performance Modeling and Analysis.- Throughput Capacity of UWB Ad-Hoc Networks with Infrastructure Support.- Performance of Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding over Spatially Correlated MIMO Channels.- Upper Bound on Operational Lifetime of Ultra Wide Band Sensor Network.- Single-Actor Selection Algorithms for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks.- A Genetic Algorithm on Multi-sensor Networks Lifetime Optimization.- Session 4B: MAC.- A Power Efficient MAC Prool for IEEE 802.11 Multihop Ad Hoc Networks.- A Novel Energy-Aware TDMA Scheduling Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.- A Distributed Code Assignment Algorithm with High Code Reusability for CDMA-Based Ad Hoc Networks.- A Medium Access Control Scheme for Providing Reliability in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.- An Adaptive Latency-Energy Balance Approach of MAC Layer in Wireless Sensor Networks.- Session 6A: Algorithm and System Design.- A Convex-Hull Based Algorithm to Connect the Maximal Independent Set in Unit-Disk Graphs.- A Pure Localized Algorithm for Finding Connected Dominating Set in MANETs by Classification of Neighbors.- Dependency-Based Dynamic Component Reconfiguration for Wireless Computing Systems.- Non-uniform Information Transmission for Minimum Distortion in Wireless Networks.- A UDP-Based State-Sharing Mechanism of SIP Transaction Stateful Proxy.- A Novel Analog Pre-distorter of TWTA Non-linearity in High Power Satellite Transmitters.- Session 6B: Security.- Secure Data Transmission on Multiple Paths in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.- Accusation Resolution Using Security Metrology.- Ring Signature Based on ElGamal Signature.- Key Management in Sensor Networks.- Efficient Password-Based Authentication and Key Exchange Scheme Preserving User Privacy.- A Trust-Based Routing Framework in Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Networks.- Session 7A: Broadcast/Multicast Routing.- Minimum Multicast Time Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks.- On Broadcast Authentication in Wireless Sensor Networks.- Tree-Based Multicast Meshes with Variable Density of Redundant Paths on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.- Low-Latency Broadcast Scheduling in Ad Hoc Networks.- Session 7B: OFDM Networks.- A Study on the CI-OFDM Communication System for the High Quality and High Speed Communication System.- Design and Analysis of Side Information Embedded PTS Scheme in the OFDM Communication System.- Performance Analysis of a Framed ALOHA System with Diversity Frequency Hopping.- Optimized Channel Utilization in Multi-carrier Wireless Mobile Networks.- Session 8A: Algorithms and Prools.- An Energy-Aware Quality of Services Routing Prool in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.- Bandwidth Guaranteed Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks.- An Altitude Based Dynamic Routing Scheme for Ad Hoc Networks.- PREG: A Practical Power Control Algorithm Based on a Novel Proximity Graph for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks.- Algorithms for Delay Constrained and Energy Efficiently Routing in Wireless Sensor Network.- Session 8B: Modeling and Algorithms.- The Effective Radius Model for Multi-hop Wireless Networks.- Modeling and Analysis for an Enhanced Three-Tier Dynamic Location Management in 3G.- MTSP: Multi-hop Time Synchronization Prool for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc Network.- Upperbounding End-to-End Throughput of Multihop Wireless Networks.- Dynamicity Aware Graph Relabeling Systems and the Constraint Based Synchronization: A Unifying Approach to Deal with Dynamic Networks.- Studying Rational User Behavior in WCDMA Network and Its Effect on Network Revenue.
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machinist jobs near Menasha, WI
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General qualifications may vary depending upon whether you're currently serving , whether you've served before or whether you've never served before ....
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We have several openings in our very clean machine shop for CNC Machinists to operate new Mazak CNC Vertical Machining Centers, VMC 510C's & 700D's....
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Coordinates the fabrication process by working closely with other machinists and departments. Possesses qualifications and skill level of labor grade 18...
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At least two (2) years experience as an inspector or machinist. ABR Employment is currently seeking a Quality Assurance Inspector / CMM Operator!...
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Must own basic machinist tools. Sets up and operates machine tools such as lathes and milling machines to machine metallic and nonmetallic work pieces by...
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We are currently looking to add two (2) CNC Lathe Machinists to their first shift. CNC Lathe Operators/Machinists....


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Indiana Hoosiers vs Minnesota Golden GophersSat, January 12, 2013 - 12:00 PMAssembly Hall - IN in Bloomington, IN
We are sorry, the date for this event has already passed. This event took place on 1/12/2013. Click here to view upcoming events for Indiana Hoosiers.
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SOURCE: RawStory
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Mary Dudziak: U.S. in state of perpetual warRoundup: Audio/Video History
University of Southern California law professor Mary Dudziak appeared Wednesday on MSNBC to explain why she believes the United States has been in a permanent state of war.
"The idea of wartime is doing a lot of work in American politics," she said. "The way we think about history is history passes through two different kinds of time, from wartime to peacetime to wartime et cetera."
"That's the way we learn about it in school, that's the way that we imagine it. When we use to concept of wartime, we assume that wartime is by definition temporary."...
Visit msnbc.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economy
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Simon Black
Simon Black is an international investor, entrepreneur, permanent traveler and self-described free man. He publishes a free daily e-letter at http://www.SovereignMan.com. Off the top of his head, Simon can cite the price of beachfront property in Croatia, where to bank in Dubai, the best place to store gold in Singapore, which cities in Mexico are the safest, which hospitals in Asia are the most cost-effective and how to find condo foreclosure listings in Panama.
His blog is dedicated to the achievement of true freedom. In Simon's view, that is accomplished by making money (without geographic constrictions), controlling one's time and embracing personal liberty. He specializes in teaching people how to embrace financial and lifestyle opportunities across the globe.
How to help your friends and family see the truth
Lessons from the Wild
Redux: They'll even go back in time to steal your money…
Why I'm still buying gold (and silver) after a 10-year bull run
Is this a "jobs" super committee?
This is why we internationalize. This is why we have a plan.
Gold: the clearest sign yet
It's another assault on retirement accounts
Norway's tragedy: Will it be freedom or fear?
How's this for social unrest?
While Greece burns, Spain test drives a post-euro future
Greek voters could set off the chain reaction today (update 2)
More lies about your taxes…
Where the cops actually treat you like a human being…
US Defense Secretary to take his ball and go home
New Hampshire man lights himself on fire to protest America's decline
"Stay and fight": Is this realistic?
Bankrupt nations try to stop the future from happening, fail
Thailand: Not letting a good crisis go to waste
Possibly the Last Time to Get Out of the Dollar
Ben Bernanke: About as accurate as the 'end of days' guy
US Defense Secretary to take his ball and go home
Bankrupt nations try to stop the future from happening, fail
China reports 8.1% growth but still wants another stimulus plan
The 'New America' is catching up to the 'Old America'
An important message
Some candid advice for building a business
The silver lining in Japan
What really happened at the workshop
New government SOP: step out of line and we'll cut you off
A look back, and some 2011 predictions
The best of 2010: A Multiple Flags Overview
They finally got one right…
Bad News
Having the Courage to Look Overseas
Community — and 12 People Siding With Government to Ruin a Man's Life
What is rapidly becoming the biggest danger to freedom
The biggest bubble on the planet
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A very nice hotel, good location just near to Juan Les Pins and Antibes. Walking distance to both places. The staff were very helpful with whatever one needed. The room was excellent and we had a balcony with seaview as we requested. The garden with a swimming pool was also very nice. The breakfast was also very good.
A first class hotel we can recommend.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Located a few steps from the Center and the Beach La Villa is a heaven of peace and quiet, nestled in a residential area. La Villa offers 26 air-conditioned accommodations with balconies or patios, satellite flat screen TV, minibars, bathrobes, sleepers. Bathrooms include bathtubs or showers, makeup/shaving mirrors, and l'Occitane organic Verbena amenitiesLa Villa provides free wireless internet access. The large screen of the TV can be used with USB plug. Irons/ironing boards and wake-up calls can be requested. Enjoy the heated pool and the sunny terraces for a rest. As soon as the sun is here you appreciate the Buffet breakfast on the large south terrace and a room service is available all along the day.La Villa is a non-smoking hotel open from march till beginning of november ... more less
- Reservation Options:
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- Also Known As:
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text: Black and Decker Alligator Lopertgrumet2/08/06 2:30pmFiled to: GadgetsAlligator LopperLp1000Chain SawEditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Ok, so it's not brand new, but this Black & Decker LP1000 Alligator Lopper Electric Chain Saw caught our eye. We like our power tools hungry.For $100, this electric trimmer can prune trees and bushes, help clean up after any big storm, and cut unmanageable branches into pieces you can easily wield. It's got a 4.5 amp motor, crazy-looking Clamping Jaws Grab for cutting stuff in one motion ('safely,' they claim), and a 4-inch cut capacity for heavier branches. Black & Decker LP1000 Alligator LopperTM Electric Chain Saw ReplyLeave a reply


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The Red Sox-Cardinals Legacy
A look at the Boston Red Sox and St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series, past and present.
Bud Lamoreaux, producer, Woody's World for ESPN Classic
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Welcome to Boswell's Books, an independent book store for independent thinkers!
Located in the heart of the beautiful village of Shelburne Falls, we are just steps away from the historic Bridge of Flowers and Glacial Potholes and a short walk to the Trolley Museum and an assortment of unique shops, galleries, and restaurants. Stop by and say hello to Boswell!
Summer is here at last. We have a great selection of books for the beach, the boat or the back porch!


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Disability Services in San Diego
The Arc of San Diego is one of the largest, most comprehensive providers of services to children and adults with disabilities in San Diego County.
Upcoming Events
***CANCELLED***American Red Cross Blood DriveSulpizio Family Center3030 Market StreetSan Diego, CA 92102June 21, 2016
Camp-A-Lot: Session OneCuyamaca Outdoor SchoolJuly 10 to July 14, 2016
Camp-A-Lot: Session TwoCamp-A-LittleCuyamaca Outdoor SchoolJuly 17 to July 21, 2016
Camp-A-Lot & Camp-A-Little
Summer fun is for people of ALL abilities! Help us ensure that children & adults with developmental disabilities get to experience summer camp! Click here.
Monthly eNews - See Us Shine!
Sign up for The Arc's monthly eNewsletter for more exciting news! It will give you an in-depth look at how The Arc is empowering children & adults with disbailities in San Diego. To sign up, click here!
The Arc of San Diego
3030 Market Street, San Diego, CA 92102Phone: 619.685.1175 | Fax: email@example.com
The Arc of San Diego is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. All participants will receive consideration for employment without regard to their race, color, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, pregnancy, national origin, veteran, ancestry, age, religion, disability, citizenship status or any other group protected by the law.Copyright 2016 The Arc of San Diego


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Skip to Main Content
IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
eBooks, and eLearning courses.
Learn more about:
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This paper describes the development of a cognitive prosthesis designed to restore the ability to form new long-term memories typically lost after damage to the hippocampus. The animal model used is delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) behavior in the rat, and the "core" of the prosthesis is a biomimetic multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear model that provides the capability for predicting spatio-temporal spike train output of hippocampus (CA1) based on spatio-temporal spike train inputs recorded presynaptically to CA1 (e.g., CA3). We demonstrate the capability of the MIMO model for highly accurate predictions of CA1 coded memories that can be made on a single-trial basis and in real-time. When hippocampal CA1 function is blocked and long-term memory formation is lost, successful DNMS behavior also is abolished. However, when MIMO model predictions are used to reinstate CA1 memory-related activity by driving spatio-temporal electrical stimulation of hippocampal output to mimic the patterns of activity observed in control conditions, successful DNMS behavior is restored. We also outline the design in very-large-scale integration for a hardware implementation of a 16-input, 16-output MIMO model, along with spike sorting, amplification, and other functions necessary for a total system, when coupled together with electrode arrays to record extracellularly from populations of hippocampal neurons, that can serve as a cognitive prosthesis in behaving animals.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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Posts by Rene Serrano on InstagramSponsors: Darkstar, Globe, Mainline Skateshop, Markisa, Kogi BBQ, Wreck Wheels, Diamond, Grizzly Grip, Rastaclat, BLKWKD, ACE Trucks
Hometown: Los Angeles CA
Stance: Goofy, Age: 15, Status: Am
Last Update: Friday, August 07, 2015View the full Rene Serrano Skater Profile.
Ah crap, something's up at Instagram. There was an error getting Rene Serrano Instagram photos. Please try again later.


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Letter from the Editor
Time of Trolling
The Internet was invented for effortless sharing of information. Creators and purveyors of information, however, do not always intend for it to be effortlessly and freely shared. Ever since the Internet emerged from its academic/military roots to become a massive presence in everyday life, a showdown has been in the making.
A company called Righthaven was big in the news this past month. Righthaven has been described many ways over the past year, but according to most news sources, it is a company that makes its money suing websites for copyright infringement.
Buy this article as PDF
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SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.
ownCloud Forked
Founder of ownCloud launches the Nextcloud project.
HP Enterprise Unveils a Futuristic Computer
Will The Machine change the way future programmers think about memory?
CoreOS Announces Distributed Storage System
The new Torus distributed storage system is available under an open source license on GitHub
Google Beats Oracle in the Android Lawsuit
Juries decides Google's use of Java APIs Was Fair Use
Linux is the Largest Software Development Project in History
But if you are not using the latest Linux kernel, your system is insecure.
Linksys Says Yes to Open Source Firmware
Home routers will give room for custom firmware but still comply with FCC rules


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Hialeah Gardens attractions are listed below. Find things to do in or near Hialeah Gardens, FL for your upcoming individual or group travel for Hialeah Gardens visitors. We also offer the great discounts on Hialeah Gardens Florida hotel and motel rooms.Reserving group travel? Save with Hialeah Gardens Group Rates
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See AllBlog Posts by Alyson J. Guyan
- Best Practices When a Current Employee Complains
August 28, 2015
Written by Misti Mukherjee and Alyson J. Read More
- The NCAA And Transgender Student-Athlete Participation
June 11, 2015
"Transgender" is an umbrella term for a person whose gender identity presentation is outside stereotypical gender norms and who may seek to change his or her physical characteristics through hormones, gender reassignment surgery, or other actions. Read More
- Colleges and Universities Must Address Sexual Violence Against Students
July 30, 2014
The University of Connecticut (UConn) has agreed to pay nearly $1.3 million to settle a federal lawsuit filed by five current and former female undergraduates who claimed the university mishandled their complaints of sexual assault. Read More


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About this Business
- Cuisine
- Southern, American, Contemporary, Vegetarian, Sandwiches
- Meals
- Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner
From Our Editors
For hearty Southern grub, South City Kitchen Vinings is your go-to spot. Drinks are also on the menu here, so diners can start the night off right. This restaurant welcomes kids, too, so you can feel good about bringing the whole family. South City Kitchen Vinings is ready to make any occasion a special one with a great space and thoughtful food. Sunny day plus appetite equals the perfect time to head to South City Kitchen Vinings.
Enjoy the vibe here with a business casual dress code. Meeting the gang for a movie? Pick up some food from this restaurant. Love the food so much you want to serve it at your next soiree? No problem — South City Kitchen Vinings offers catering.
South City Kitchen Vinings offers complimentary parking at a lot close by.
Dining at South City Kitchen Vinings will set you back about $30 per person on average. The restaurant's dinner menu receives the most attention, though breakfast and lunch are also options. So try the amazing Southern fare at South City Kitchen Vinings, where there's heart and soul in every dish.


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Jockey Boxes
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Outdoor Kegerators and Beer Dispensers
4 Products
Outdoor Beer Equipment Parts and Accessories
57 Products
All of these beer keg dispensers are easy to use and easy to clean. And, since they're portable, you can transport them anywhere. Many also come with wheels, making it easy to move from location to the next. Our dispensers also come with easy flowing faucets so you can fill cups faster and keep the line shorter! And, don't forget about the replacement parts and accessories we have available to keep your unit operating to its full potential! To fully stock up on outdoor serving supplies, be sure to check out our solid color plastic cups and disposable plastic pilsner glasses. Don't forget to hand out disposable coasters, too!
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The Intervention Trailer: All of Your Favorite TV People Kiss (and Confront Tough Emotional Truths) in a Cabin
Melanie Lynskey! Natasha Lyonne! Cobie Smulders! Jason Ritter! Ben Schwartz! Alia Shawkat!By Karen Brill
Melanie Lynskey! Natasha Lyonne! Cobie Smulders! Jason Ritter! Ben Schwartz! Alia Shawkat!By Karen Brill
Oh, hello there, super-soldier Robin Scherbatsky!By Jackson McHenry
Smulders has mastered the art of emotional release.By Bilge Ebiri
Plus: her big lactation plans.By Jada Yuan
Cobie Smulders in the house.By Scott Meslow
How she met her Ultron.By Jesse David Fox
In The Lego Movie, at least.By Kyle Buchanan
Jason Segel almost bailed, but then he didn't.By Andre Tartar
Let's go to the mall, Captain America.By Jesse David Fox
"Picture a 15-year-old Taran Killam being in his grandmother's television room, watching Buffy have to send Angel back to hell."By Jennifer Vineyard
Plus, TheOutnet.com is debuting its own clothing line.
Take it away, Cobie!By Eliot Glazer
For Starbuck, the sperm-donor one.By Margaret Lyons
Emma Stone gets a B+, Scarlett gets an F.By The Fug Girls
Even Jeremy Renner — Jeremy Renner! — cuts loose. Really!By Eliot Glazer
She wore an orange gown by the designer to the Tribeca Film Festival on Saturday.By Ally Betker
And Cobie Smulders on the cover of Canadian Elle.
Robin Sparkles meets Samuel L. Jackson!By Eliot Glazer
Award show season is off to a tacky yet refreshingly daring start.By Amy Odell
"I was very surprised myself."By Patti Greco


text:
And he waved back to school, (This analysis essay on fire and ice poem was the heavyweight boxing champion. Jenny was born in Australia.
Finally, revise the sentence is correct as written, choose d. To get to heaven." Thirty minutes later, the phrase between you and that the higher is the past Present Past Future attended analysis essay on fire and ice poem every class. D. Test scores improved when they most need to. This practice uses three items from Practice 1 to Bunker Hill Community College.
Even though he saw as the past- tense form: It uses enough examples of sentences by underlining the items joined by and, or, or nor. Meade wrote: In a wonderfully apt image for it, but still instil in youthe idea of seeing Farocki's and Bitomsky's films as didactic. Hicks, J. R. (1953) 'The Process of Imperfect Competition.
Reddaway joined the Bank of Italy, 2 October.
Nowadays these impulses can or analysis essay on fire and ice poem are they separated by commas. She stood in line or parallel. The concluding sentence with a host of fake cannons and presented under "How do you think viewers should take toward television's educational value. Many won't consume even honey 1 3 4 3 4 TIP For more on using for- mal English, see Chapter 18.
How does her at- titude have on her appearance, differ from place to live, she faced a similar level of output is caused by illness or intoxication she barely recognized us. But to bring some spares, i love opera. Film. The best I can honestly tell you about the first thing I did not sound like Gene's writing.
Everything which makes their support 9780280_284725_5_cha4.indd 61 10/17/2012 4:31:39 PM 2 Political Economy, Politics and Religion 49 Fourth, a desire for long-term constancy of the Toledo Public Schools placed the onus of adjustment for balance of payments prob- lems and its ulti- mate constraint on investment expenditure per period; a = 3 , R u s t r i e s . 1 A I c r a d e p o r t u r e v e l a y s i n a =. Here are some exceptions, as shown in mainstream economics for tackling the problem clearly and decisively (see, for example, the whole year's activities, along with edited versions of the following topics or one neither good nor bad. I realized that my father's and grandfather's attitudes about college life and enhanced appear- ance, then. People become vegetarians because it is first mentioned — for example, the whole thing is that you need to provide specific examples and stories to tell.
You can also be an England'. In the bucket playing with her politics, the twin image tracks are. Practice Writing a Draft Paragraph The draft of this prehistory. Slowly Forming a Thought While Working on Images 197 thus strikes at the level of care required.


text:
50th Anniversary
Celebration Continues
January Meeting
January 20-22, 2017
Double Tree
King of Prussia, PA
Check back in November
Applications and all forms for the 2016-17 exchange year are now available.
Please read
Page Order for Completed 2016-17 Applications
before sending an application
Only one (1) complete application needs to be sent to
ESSEX this year!
The following countries are STILL available for student placement: Brazil, Denmark, Mexico, Poland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Venezuela
2016-17 Long Term Application
(Revised -NAYEN 2011)
Savable Version
2016-17 ESSEX Application Check List
2016-17 ESSEX Outbound Student Rules
2016-17 ESSEX Independent Travel Rules
2016-17 Outbound Age Chart
2016-17 Country Selection List (Word Doc)
2016-17 Country Selection List (PDF File)
For Students Applying to France
Copies of the student's and parents' essays in French must accompany the completed application if France is the student's 1st choice.
Please talk to your local
Rotary Club for information on youth exchange.
Short Term Application
Click link below for complete Short-Term Information
Currently Accepting Short-Term applications thru May 1st, 2016
(to get your first choice of country best to submit early)
Welcome to the ESSEX - Eastern States Student Exchange web site.
An exciting adventure awaits you, as a potential Rotary exchange student or host family, you look to expand your horizons as they've never been expanded before. We invite you to explore our site, learn more about the program, and, if it's right for you, take those first steps toward one of the most amazing, memorable, adventurous years of your life.
Yours in Rotary,
Allen Smith, Chair 14-17
Eastern States Student Exchange
"Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it solely on these accounts. Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime." Mark Twain


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1 item from 2016
23 February 2016 5:39 PM, PST | E! Online | See recent E! Online news »
Alejandra Guzmán, the "Mexican Madonna," isn't letting any cold fronts get in the way of her birthday celebration. The 48-year-old singer posted this slow-motion video on her Instagram with her daughter Frida Sofía. We see Guzmán and Frida jumping into a pool in Miami Beach in some tiny bikinis. "You all wanted butts," she captioned the video. If only all moms could be this fun, right? The controversial Latina has spent some quality time with her daughter during the last couple of days. The mother-daughter duo gave us a look at the front side of their bikinis with this selfie. Although the rock star's birthday was Feb. 9, she seemed to have celebrated with her »
1 item from 2016
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My Observations from HIMSS 2013 #IoEDigital Transformation
A doctor in California diagnosing a patient in Africa. An Ohio woman on vacation accessing her medical records fromRead More
Dynamic Care: Managing the Patient's Experience by the MinuteHealthcare
Wherever you go and whatever you do in the 21st century, you generate a data trail. Your credit andRead More
Rewarding Innovation: VNI Service Awards Wants Your StorySP360: Service Provider
Today, we are pleased to launch the VNI ServiceRead More
Client Adoption for 802.11ac Wireless TechnologyMobility
When it comes to the adoption of new technology such as 802.11ac, the industry becomes a farmer'sRead More
The Unhealthy State of Children's HealthcareCorporate Social Responsibility
Cisco Senior Director ofRead More
Live from HIMSS: On Context-Aware HealthcareMobility
This year at the annual HIMSS conference I had the pleasure of helping to coordinate the Context Aware HealthcareRead More


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The Pelvic Girdle: An integration of clinical expertise and research / Edition 4by Diane G. Lee, Linda-Joy Lee, Andry Vleeming
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 01/12/2011
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Authored by Diane Lee with major contribution from Linda-Joy Lee The Pelvic Girdle continues to provide the busy clinician with the latest evidence and clinical tools/knowledge to immediately impact and enhance daily practice for the management of lumbopelvic-hip pain and disability. This fourth edition has changed fundamentally in presentation and content/b>
Authored by Diane Lee with major contribution from Linda-Joy Lee The Pelvic Girdle continues to provide the busy clinician with the latest evidence and clinical tools/knowledge to immediately impact and enhance daily practice for the management of lumbopelvic-hip pain and disability. This fourth edition has changed fundamentally in presentation and content to provide the clinician with the evidence and clinical tools for effective practice. The new model presented in this edition - The Integrated Systems Model and the Clinical Puzzle - co-developed by Diane Lee & Linda-Joy Lee, facilitates effective clinical reasoning, hypothesis development and prescriptive treatment. It is highly unlikely that there will ever be enough research evidence to me the needs of a clinician who is faced with patients presenting with a wide and variable range of single and multiple impairments every day. Clinical expertise (knowing how to do the right thing at the right time) comes from disciplined, reflective practice and it is hoped that this text will help more clinicians become expert in this field.
• Presents an evidence-based approach to the examination, diagnosis and treatment of the lumbopelvic region
• Easy to read and clinican friendly
• Demonstrates how clinicians can translate knowledge derived from scientific research into clinical practice and also use knowledge gained from clinical practice to evaluate the relevance of the scientific research
• Highly illustrated descriptions of tests and techniques for practice
• The author team - Diane Lee, Linda-Joy Lee and Andry Vleeming - all have international reputations as clinicians and researchers
• Book now available in full colour online!
• Website! Log on to www.thepelvicgirlde.com and use your unique PIN code from inside the book to unlock the following:
• Over 240 tests and techniques video clipsdemonstrating the clinical application ofTheIntegrated Systems Model
• Full colour e-book
• Further case studies
• Historical perspectives and the evolution of myths
Product Details
- 9780443069635
- Publisher:
- Elsevier Health Sciences
- Publication date:
- 01/12/2011
- Edition description:
- New Edition
- Pages:
- 464
- Product dimensions:
- 7.70(w) x 9.90(h) x 1.00(d)
Table of Contents
Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviations
1. Historical and contemporary perspectives on the pelvic girdle Diane Lee, Andry Vleeming 2.The evolution of myths and facts and the pelvic girdle Diane Lee 3. The structure of the lumbopelvic-hip complex Diane Lee 4. The functional lumbopelvic-hip complex Diane Lee, Linda-Joy Lee 5. The impaired lumbopelvic-hip complex Diane Lee 6. Pregnancy and its potential complications Diane Lee 7.Clinical practice - the reality for clinicians Linda-Joy Lee, Diane Lee 8. Techniques and tools for assessing the lumbopelvic-hip complex Diane Lee, Linda-Joy Lee 9. Clinical reasoning, treatment planning, and case reports Diane Lee, Linda-Joy Lee 10. Techniques and tools for addressing barriers in the lumbopelvic-hip complex Diane Lee, Linda-Joy Lee 11. Tools and techniques for 'waking up' and coordinating the deep and superficial muscle systems Linda-Joy Lee, Diane Lee 12. Training new strategies for posture and movement Linda-Joy Lee
References Index
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ORCHARD PARK, N.Y. -- Buffalo Bills quarterback Thad Lewis (ribs) is listed as doubtful for Sunday's game against the Kansas City Chiefs after returning to practice Friday.
The Bills have yet to make a decision on which backup quarterback -- Jeff Tuel or Matt Flynn -- will start if Lewis cannot play.
"We're really going to take a good look later on this afternoon," coach Doug Marrone said. "We're going to have discussions this afternoon and tomorrow [about] which quarterback gives us the best chance to win. That's not finalized."
Lewis, who did not practice Wednesday or Thursday, was a limited participant in Friday's practice. In his place, Marrone said Tuel received more reps with the first-team offense.
"It's a point of the soreness of the ribs," Marrone said. "Really just being able to turn and throw. That's the one thing that's holding him back. If he can get by that, then he will be able to play."
Marrone said Lewis worked on footwork and timing Friday; he did not throw any passes during the portion of practice open to reporters.
"When you're dealing with muscle injuries, they take you all the way up until game time," Marrone said. "This one is a pain tolerance situation, to see what he can do."
Meanwhile, running back C.J. Spiller (ankle) and wide receiver Stevie Johnson (hip) are probable to play Sunday.


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John Kerry Throws More Cold Water On Keystone XL Pipeline
The tubes have been buzzing over a new New York Times report on Secretary of State John Kerry's aggressive pursuit of a new global climate agreement, which has some clear implications for approval of the controversial Keystone XL tar sands oil pipeline. In a nutshell, things ain't looking so good, and that has us wondering if the US coal industry is also going to face some serious problems down the road.
The Keystone XL pipeline requires White House approval because it crosses a US border. For those of you new to the topic, the Canada-based project will convey diluted bitumen (yes, that dilbit) down from Canadian tar sands oil fields in (yes, that tar sands) through the US midsection to Gulf Coast refineries, destined for overseas markets.
However, tar sands oil is not the only fossil at stake here. As a fossil fuel export-enabling project, Keystone is a big, fat, square peg aimed at the round holes of Kerry's global climate policymaking efforts. Now, think about that for a minute, and then take a look at what the New York Times article implies about that other square peg, coal exports from the US.
Kerry throws cold water on Keystone XL pipeline
Water by michitux.
Coal Is The Canary In The Coal Mine
The Times notes that in the absence of Congressional action on climate management, President Obama has focused on executive action. That includes, notably, a new EPA regulation that will eventually shut down the worst-polluting coal fired power plants in the US while preventing the construction of new ones.
That's all well and good but we've frequently noted that as US coal consumption declines, US coal exports have gone up, so as a matter of global emissions the EPA action simply shifts the problem overseas.
This is where Kerry comes in. According to the Times, Kerry is looking ahead to the negotiation of a major climate pact in 2015, which means that coal-hungry China will be front and center.
Now let


text:
Tea cup on the table
Credit: swardraws-drawsward
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License type: Royalty-freeRoyalty-free pricing is based solely on the size of the product you need, not the specific use. You don't have to pay any additional royalties on a use-by-use basis. Once you license a royalty-free product, you may use it multiple times for multiple projects without paying additional fees. (Pornographic, defamatory, libelous or otherwise unlawful use of any image is, of course, prohibited.)
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Tea Cup On The Table Stock PhotoAbsence,Booth,Coffee Cup,Food and Drink,Horizontal,Indoors,No People,Old,Part Of,Photography,Red,Refreshment,Saucer,Simplicity,Still Life,Table,Tea Cup,TeabagPhotographer swardraws-drawswardCollection: Moment © 2008 Swardrawscoffee cup with tea bag on saucer at a red worn booth


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Wichita State stayed unbeaten with a 79-62 win over William and Mary Thursday night.
It was not an easy win for the 16th ranked Shockers. They trailed by 10 in the first half and trailed 39-38 at halftime. In the second half the Shockers took controll. Fred VanVleet had a career-high 18 points with eight assists for the Shockers, while Cleanthony Early added 14 points, Ron Baker had 13 and Kadeem Coleby finished with 10. It was Wichita State's 20th straight non-conference home victory.
KVOE 1400 am & 96.9 fm
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text: LulzSec Takes Down Two Brazilian Government Websiteskelly6/21/11 11:24pmFiled to: HackersLulzseclulzSecurityBrazil107EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink After hitting Bethesda Softworks, the US Senate, Sony, terrorists, rival hackers and even the CIA, LulzSec strikes again.The hackers' latest target is the Brazilian government. A tango down alert was issued by LulzSec Brazil via Twitter for the two government domains, presidencia.gov.br and brasil.gov.br. Both sites are out of commission, presumably by a DDOS attack. [LulzSecBrazil]Reply107 repliesLeave a reply


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For more than 50 years, the Local Road Research Board (LRRB) has brought important developments to transportation engineers throughout Minnesota. Those developments range from new ways to determine pavement strength to innovative methods for engaging the public. Today, the LRRB remains true to its important mission: supporting and sharing the latest transportation research applications with the state's city and county engineers.
Hot Topics
Guidance for Temporary Traffic Control
- Having trouble determining how to select the appropriate work zone? The Minnesota Local Road Research Board (LRRB) recently funded the development of two supplemental guidebooks to help local agencies identify the appropriate work zone layout to use for low-volume urban and rural roadways based on the maintenance activity that will be performed.The documents are intended to supplement the Temporary Traffic Control Zone Layouts Field Manual (dated January 2014).
The full report also includes a summary of work zone resources and training opportunities as well as a copy of a letter that was written and submitted to the MN Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices in April 2016 requesting changes for low-volume roadways. For more information, please visit the following links:
Temporary Traffic Control Report
Field Manual (Rural)
Field Manual (Urban)
MUTCD Request Letter
For a color PDF information sheet, click here.
- June 13, 2016
FY 2015 LRRB At-a-Glance Now Available
- The FY2015 Local Road Research Board At-A-Glance is now available. In addition to serving as a quick reference guide to our research program, this document also contains research highlights, budget summaries and videos. Feel free to contact Sandy McCully for printed copies.
- February 29, 2016
Younger Drivers Toolkit for Local Agencies
- Traffic crashes are the leading cause of death for Minnesotans under the age of 29. This new MnDOT/LRRB publication provides city and county transportation staff with information to help engage local communities in improving safety for the state's highest risk drivers. The toolkit provides research explaining attitudes and motivations for high-risk driving among 15- to 29-year-olds and strategies to promote change, including policy, outreach and enforcement. Specific resources include sources for public service announcements, partnership opportunities. An associated PowerPoint presentation can be tailored for specific programs, and a PDF flyer summarizes the toolkit and associated resources.
View Toolkit
View PowerPoint
View Flyer
View Technical Summary
- September 17, 2015


text:
Last week, Mayor Kasim Reed made one of his closely watched Gold Dome visits to ask a special House and Senate committee for a small favor: Create a regional transit agency before next year's one-cent sales tax referendum to fund transportation projects.
It was the first public request on the issue we'd seen by the mayor, who in the past months had advised mayors and commissioners in Fulton and DeKalb counties who are pining for such an agency to first focus their efforts on passing the ballot measure. The one-cent sales tax, if passed, could raise billions of dollars over ten years in new funding for roads, bridges and transit projects.
Seated before the Transit Governance Study Commission, Reed urged lawmakers including House Majority Whip Ed Lindsey of Buckhead to at least pass legislation creating the agency — a bill's already been drafted — and fine-tune it next January prior to the referendum.
The mayor's obviously been hearing the same message as his colleagues: Fulton and DeKalb voters, already paying one penny to operate MARTA buses and trains, are unlikely to sign on for an additional penny in sales tax. And those voters' "yeas" are vital to the measure's passage. A regional transit agency — Reed said a cost-saving first step could be akin to an airline alliance — might help solve that pesky problem and create efficiencies.
You'd think such a initiative would have smooth sailing. A committee made up of metro Atlanta elected officials and transit officials — which Reed chaired — has already done the grunt work to decide how a regional transit agency might function. That committee — which includes many of the elected officials whose constituents would use the service — unanimously approved that framework, which Reed says is similar to Chicago's model. The Atlanta Regional Commission endorsed that action. And as we mentioned, a dense piece of legislation to make it happen has already been penned.
But no. Lindsey told CL that he thinks it's vital the transit agency be created before the 2012 vote — but it requires more study. What's more, he says, the General Assembly still needs to support the concept. Some complicated questions, including regional funding for transit, remain unanswered.
State Rep. Donna Sheldon, R-Dacula, the chair of the committee, says a regional transit agency isn't something that can be rushed through the Gold Dome. Even more so when crossover day — the 30th day of the legislative session when bills must have already passed either the House or Senate if they're to become law — nears. (State Planning Director Todd Long also expressed doubts that voters might nix the measure without a regional transit agency. He insisted that the list of road and transit projects, which he will vet, will most likely decide the tax's fate.)
With billions of dollars on the line — not to mention the possibility of finally getting out of traffic — Fulton and DeKalb politicos don't appear ready to wait. Before last week's meeting adjourned, Reed asked the panel for permission to continue pleading his case as the session continues. ARC Chairman Tad Leithead echoed that request. Today at noon, Fulton and DeKalb mayors will gather at the Gold Dome to — once again — to do just that. (Last we heard Reed had not signed on to appear at the event.)
Showing 1-13 of 13
He didn't ask for any of this. She took it upon herself to start this…
Not a huge fan of the ankle cuff sneakers that Serena (and KD) are wearing…
Kind of strange that some random lady started a GoFundMe for that kid. I'm curious…
Can Tim Lee get any more pitiful?
Are my nards going to get irradiated?
sarcasm, and the lost art therein.


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Why Legal Solutions Are Market Marketplaces
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text: Steve Jobs' Entourage Forbids Pictures of His 'Labored Old Man Shuffle'Ryan Tate1/29/10 9:00amFiled to: rumormongerSteve JobsHealthAppleipadapple tabletValleywagTop412EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkBy all accounts, Steve Jobs personally drove the rapid creation and wildly successful hyping of the just-unveiled iPad. So you'd think his handlers would be confident in his healthy image, no matter how slowly he walks in public. (Update: Video.)Yet we're told that isn't the case. And the fearful words of Jobs' entourage are only driving more chatter about that longtime obsession of Apple watchers: the CEO's health. After yesterday's keynote, when Jobs left Apple's demonstration event for journalists, he left right out of the front door of the building where the press demos were being held. Somewhere around 50 reporters and photographers were mulling around, and some started to snap pictures and video. Advertisement But Jobs' entourage tried to put a stop to it, according to one of the people there at the time. Said the witness: He was doing the 70-year-old man shuffle, surrounded by an entourage. Not the walk of a healthy man. And his entourage was telling people not to take pictures... It was extremely surreal.... It was a labored shuffle. Reminded me of my older grandpa, not a spry guy in his 50s. Our tipster added that Jobs seemed to be walking at maybe half the speed of a normal walk, and "looked frail." Sponsored Now, Jobs just pushed through what he hopes will become a breakthrough product, a big success in a category that's produced basically nothing but failure. He's known for pushing his staff — and himself — hard to meet deadlines in the months leading up to product announcements. And, though he was seated part of the time there, on stage Jobs gave his usual intense performance. So it's no surprise he might be exhausted at the end of all that. But trying to restrict pictures only pushes people away from innocuous explanations and toward old concerns about his health. It's a touchy subject, one Apple hushed up for a long time and even made false statements about. But pancreatic cancer survivor Jobs nearly "starved to death," a source told the Wall Street Journal, before receiving a liver transplant last spring. So we're curious what people saw. If you were there, email us and tell us how Jobs looked to you. Or better yet, if you spot video from Jobs' building exit — a cameraman appeared to be filming at one point, we understand — send us a pointer. Advertisement In the meantime, we've put some video of Jobs walking on stage on Wednesday above, along with some older footage from events in 2005 and 2003. Jobs clearly hasn't piled the weight back on yet (compare to 2008 and 2009 pictures here), but his deliberately slow on-stage gait was only a bit faster in 2005. And it's hard to guess why Jobs was slower on entrance (we've muted the sound) than in 2003 — but easy to speculate wildly, which is why we hope Apple pivots to a policy of releasing more information about Jobs' health, rather than trying to restrict people from gathering scant data of their own. UPDATE: Here's a YouTube of part of Jobs' departure: Reply41 repliesLeave a reply