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Publication of Clinical Trials Supporting Successful New Drug Applications: A Literature Analysis
Lee, Kirby
Sim, Ida
PLoS Medicine
The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves new drugs based on sponsor-submitted clinical trials. The publication status of these trials in the medical literature and factors associated with publication have not been evaluated. We sought to determine the proportion of trials submitted to the FDA in support of newly approved drugs that are published in biomedical journals that a typical clinician, consumer, or policy maker living in the US would reasonably search.
Methods and Findings
We conducted a cohort study of trials supporting new drugs approved between 1998 and 2000, as described in FDA medical and statistical review documents and the FDA approved drug label. We determined publication status and time from approval to full publication in the medical literature at 2 and 5 y by searching PubMed and other databases through 01 August 2006. We then evaluated trial characteristics associated with publication. We identified 909 trials supporting 90 approved drugs in the FDA reviews, of which 43% (394/909) were published. Among the subset of trials described in the FDA-approved drug label and classified as "pivotal trials" for our analysis, 76% (257/340) were published. In multivariable logistic regression for all trials 5 y postapproval, likelihood of publication correlated with statistically significant results (odds ratio [OR] 3.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78–5.17); larger sample sizes (OR 1.33 per 2-fold increase in sample size, 95% CI 1.17–1.52); and pivotal status (OR 5.31, 95% CI 3.30–8.55). In multivariable logistic regression for only the pivotal trials 5 y postapproval, likelihood of publication correlated with statistically significant results (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.24–7.06) and larger sample sizes (OR 1.47 per 2-fold increase in sample size, 95% CI 1.15–1.88). Statistically significant results and larger sample sizes were also predictive of publication at 2 y postapproval and in multivariable Cox proportional models for all trials and the subset of pivotal trials.
Over half of all supporting trials for FDA-approved drugs remained unpublished ≥ 5 y after approval. Pivotal trials and trials with statistically significant results and larger sample sizes are more likely to be published. Selective reporting of trial results exists for commonly marketed drugs. Our data provide a baseline for evaluating publication bias as the new FDA Amendments Act comes into force mandating basic results reporting of clinical trials.
Ida Sim and colleagues investigate the publication status and publication bias of trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a wide variety of approved drugs.
Editors' Summary
Before a new drug becomes available for the treatment of a specific human disease, its benefits and harms are carefully studied, first in the laboratory and in animals, and then in several types of clinical trials. In the most important of these trials—so-called "pivotal" clinical trials—the efficacy and safety of the new drug and of a standard treatment are compared by giving groups of patients the different treatments and measuring several predefined "outcomes." These outcomes indicate whether the new drug is more effective than the standard treatment and whether it has any other effects on the patients' health and daily life. All this information is then submitted by the sponsor of the new drug (usually a pharmaceutical company) to the government body responsible for drug approval—in the US, this is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Why Was This Study Done?
After a drug receives FDA approval, information about the clinical trials supporting the FDA's decision are included in the FDA "Summary Basis of Approval" and/or on the drug label. In addition, some clinical trials are described in medical journals. Ideally, all the clinical information that leads to a drug's approval should be publicly available to help clinicians make informed decisions about how to treat their patients. A full-length publication in a medical journal is the primary way that clinical trial results are communicated to the scientific community and the public. Unfortunately, drug sponsors sometimes publish the results only of trials where their drug performed well; as a consequence, trials where the drug did no better than the standard treatment or where it had unwanted side effects remain unpublished. Publication bias like this provides an inaccurate picture of a drug's efficacy and safety relative to other therapies and may lead to excessive prescribing of newer, more expensive (but not necessarily more effective) treatments. In this study, the researchers investigate whether selective trial reporting is common by evaluating the publication status of trials submitted to the FDA for a wide variety of approved drugs. They also ask which factors affect a trial's chances of publication.
What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
The researchers identified 90 drugs approved by the FDA between 1998 and 2000 by searching the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Web site. From the Summary Basis of Approval for each drug, they identified 909 clinical trials undertaken to support these approvals. They then searched the published medical literature up to mid-2006 to determine if and when the results of each trial were published. Although 76% of the pivotal trials had appeared in medical journals, usually within 3 years of FDA approval, only 43% of all of the submitted trials had been published. Among all the trials, those with statistically significant results were nearly twice as likely to have been published as those without statistically significant results, and pivotal trials were three times more likely to have been published as nonpivotal trials, 5 years postapproval. In addition, a larger sample size increased the likelihood of publication. Having statistically significant results and larger sample sizes also increased the likelihood of publication of the pivotal trials.
What Do These Findings Mean?
Although the search methods used in this study may have missed some publications, these findings suggest that more than half the clinical trials undertaken to support drug approval remain unpublished 5 years or more after FDA approval. They also reveal selective reporting of results. For example, they show that a pivotal trial in which the new drug does no better than an old drug is less likely to be published than one where the new drug is more effective, a publication bias that could establish an inappropriately favorable record for the new drug in the medical literature. Importantly, these findings provide a baseline for monitoring the effects of the FDA Amendments Act 2007, which was introduced to improve the accuracy and completeness of drug trial reporting. Under this Act, all trials supporting FDA-approved drugs must be registered when they start, and the summary results of all the outcomes declared at trial registration as well as specific details about the trial protocol must be publicly posted within a year of drug approval on the US National Institutes of Health clinical trials site.
Additional Information.
Please access these Web sites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050191.
PLoS Medicine recently published an editorial discussing the FDA Amendment Act and what it means for medical journals: The PLoS Medicine Editors (2008) Next Stop, Don't Block the Doors: Opening Up Access to Clinical Trials Results. PLoS Med 5(7): e160
The US Food and Drug Administration provides information about drug approval in the US for consumers and for health care professionals; detailed information about the process by which drugs are approved is on the Web site of the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (in English and Spanish)
ClinicalTrials.gov provides information about the US National Institutes of Health clinical trial registry, background information about clinical trials, and a fact sheet detailing the requirements of the FDA Amendments Act 2007 for trial registration
The World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform is working toward international norms and standards for reporting the findings of clinical trials
Related Articles
Factors Associated with Findings of Published Trials of Drug–Drug Comparisons: Why Some Statins Appear More Efficacious than Others
Bero, Lisa
Oostvogel, Fieke
Lee, Kirby
PLoS Medicine
Published pharmaceutical industry–sponsored trials are more likely than non-industry-sponsored trials to report results and conclusions that favor drug over placebo. Little is known about potential biases in drug–drug comparisons. This study examined associations between research funding source, study design characteristics aimed at reducing bias, and other factors that potentially influence results and conclusions in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of statin–drug comparisons.
Methods and Findings
This is a cross-sectional study of 192 published RCTs comparing a statin drug to another statin drug or non-statin drug. Data on concealment of allocation, selection bias, blinding, sample size, disclosed funding source, financial ties of authors, results for primary outcomes, and author conclusions were extracted by two coders (weighted kappa 0.80 to 0.97). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression identified associations between independent variables and favorable results and conclusions. Of the RCTs, 50% (95/192) were funded by industry, and 37% (70/192) did not disclose any funding source. Looking at the totality of available evidence, we found that almost all studies (98%, 189/192) used only surrogate outcome measures. Moreover, study design weaknesses common to published statin–drug comparisons included inadequate blinding, lack of concealment of allocation, poor follow-up, and lack of intention-to-treat analyses. In multivariate analysis of the full sample, trials with adequate blinding were less likely to report results favoring the test drug, and sample size was associated with favorable conclusions when controlling for other factors. In multivariate analysis of industry-funded RCTs, funding from the test drug company was associated with results (odds ratio = 20.16 [95% confidence interval 4.37–92.98], p < 0.001) and conclusions (odds ratio = 34.55 [95% confidence interval 7.09–168.4], p < 0.001) that favor the test drug when controlling for other factors. Studies with adequate blinding were less likely to report statistically significant results favoring the test drug.
RCTs of head-to-head comparisons of statins with other drugs are more likely to report results and conclusions favoring the sponsor's product compared to the comparator drug. This bias in drug–drug comparison trials should be considered when making decisions regarding drug choice.
Lisa Bero and colleagues found published trials comparing one statin with another were more likely to report results and conclusions favoring the sponsor's product than the comparison drug.
Editors' Summary
Randomized controlled trials are generally considered to be the most reliable type of experimental study for evaluating the effectiveness of different treatments. Randomization involves the assignment of participants in the trial to different treatment groups by the play of chance. Properly done, this procedure means that the different groups are comparable at outset, reducing the chance that outside factors could be responsible for treatment effects seen in the trial. When done properly, randomization also ensures that the clinicians recruiting participants into the trial cannot know the treatment group to which a patient will end up being assigned. However, despite these advantages, a large number of factors can still result in bias creeping in. Bias comes about when the findings of research appear to differ in some systematic way from the true result. Other research studies have suggested that funding is a source of bias; studies sponsored by drug companies seem to more often favor the sponsor's drug than trials not sponsored by drug companies
Why Was This Study Done?
The researchers wanted to more precisely understand the impact of different possible sources of bias in the findings of randomized controlled trials. In particular, they wanted to study the outcomes of "head-to-head" drug comparison studies for one particular class of drugs, the statins. Drugs in this class are commonly prescribed to reduce the levels of cholesterol in blood amongst people who are at risk of heart and other types of disease. This drug class is a good example for studying the role of bias in drug–drug comparison trials, because these trials are extensively used in decision making by health-policy makers.
What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
This research study was based on searching PubMed, a biomedical literature database, with the aim of finding all randomized controlled trials of statins carried out between January 1999 and May 2005 (reference lists also were searched). Only trials which compared one statin to another statin or one statin to another type of drug were included. The researchers extracted the following information from each article: the study's source of funding, aspects of study design, the overall results, and the authors' conclusions. The results were categorized to show whether the findings were favorable to the test drug (the newer statin), inconclusive, or not favorable to the test drug. Aspects of each study's design were also categorized in relation to various features, such as how well the randomization was done (in particular, the degree to which the processes used would have prevented physicians from knowing which treatment a patient was likely to receive on enrollment); whether all participants enrolled in the trial were eventually analyzed; and whether investigators or participants knew what treatment an individual was receiving.
One hundred and ninety-two trials were included in this study, and of these, 95 declared drug company funding; 23 declared government or other nonprofit funding while 74 did not declare funding or were not funded. Trials that were properly blinded (where participants and investigators did not know what treatment an individual received) were less likely to have conclusions favoring the test drug. However, large trials were more likely to favor the test drug than smaller trials. When looking specifically at the trials funded by drug companies, the researchers found various factors that predicted whether a result or conclusion favored the test drug. These included the impact of the journal publishing the results; the size of the trial; and whether funding came from the maker of the test drug. However, properly blinded trials were less likely to produce results favoring the test drug. Even once all other factors were accounted for, the funding source for the study was still linked with results and conclusions that favored the maker of the test drug.
What Do These Findings Mean?
This study shows that the type of sponsorship available for randomized controlled trials of statins was strongly linked to the results and conclusions of those studies, even when other factors were taken into account. However, it is not clear from this study why sponsorship has such a strong link to the overall findings. There are many possible reasons why this might be. Some people have suggested that drug companies may deliberately choose lower dosages for the comparison drug when they carry out "head-to-head" trials; this tactic is likely to result in the company's product doing better in the trial. Others have suggested that trials which produce unfavorable results are not published, or that unfavorable outcomes are suppressed. Whatever the reasons for these findings, the implications are important, and suggest that the evidence base relating to statins may be substantially biased.
Additional Information.
Please access these Web sites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040184.
The James Lind Library has been created to help people understand fair tests of treatments in health care by illustrating how fair tests have developed over the centuries
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has provided guidance regarding sponsorship, authorship, and accountability
The CONSORT statement is a research tool that provides an evidence-based approach for reporting the results of randomized controlled trials
Good Publication Practice guidelines provide standards for responsible publication of research sponsored by pharmaceutical companies
Information from Wikipedia on Statins. Wikipedia is an internet encyclopedia anyone can edit
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Gresham Carat Hotel, Hamburg
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 90 guestrooms
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Breakfast available
- Sauna
- 2 meeting rooms
- Terrace
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Daily housekeeping
- Car rentals on site
- Computer station
- Front desk safe
What's around
- In Veddel
- Moenckebergstrasse (2.7 mi / 4.3 km)
- Hamburger Kunsthalle (2.7 mi / 4.3 km)
- Hamburg City Hall (2.7 mi / 4.3 km)
- St. Michaelis Church (3 mi / 4.9 km)
- IBA Dock (0.5 mi / 0.7 km)
For families
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Sofa bed
- Private bathroom
- Separate sitting area
- Premium TV channels
Gresham Carat Hotel, Hamburg
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $72
- Executive Single Room
- Executive Single Room
- Executive Double Room
- Family Room
- Run of House
- Executive Room, 1 Double or 2 Single Beds
- Executive Single Plus
- Executive Double Plus
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 90 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 4 floors
- Check-in time 3 PM-8 AM
- Check-out time is Noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- One child (12 years old and younger) stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets allowed (dogs and cats only) *
- 1 per room
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free nearby parking
Other information
- Resort fee included
Nearby Four Star Hamburg hotels
In the hotel
- Buffet breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Sauna
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms 2
- Conference space size (feet) - 2153
- Conference space size (meters) - 200
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Wedding services
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Designated smoking areas (fines apply)
- Terrace
In the room
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Soundproofed rooms
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size queen
- Pillowtop mattress
- Individually decorated
- Separate sitting area
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
Top Hamburg hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Hamburg
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"It was a nice hotel close to Hamburg hbf. The breakfast was better than expected. Rooms were very clean. Our only issue was we were located on the third floor with no elevator. If…"Jun 15, 2016
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Gresham Carat Hotel, Hamburg's small print
Also known as
- Gresham Carat
- Gresham Carat Hamburg
- Gresham Carat Hotel
- Gresham Carat Hotel Hamburg
- Carat Hotel Hamburg
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A culture and tourism tax is imposed by the city of Hamburg. This tax is already included in the room rate. Business travelers may be exempt from this tax. For more details, please contact the property using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Resort fee inclusions:
- In-room coffee
- Self parking
- Parking
- Housekeeping
Inclusions may be listed elsewhere on the page as free or for a surcharge.
Optional extras
Early check-in can be arranged for an extra charge of EUR 50,00
Late check-out can be arranged for an extra charge of EUR 50
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 25,00 per night
Breakfast costs between EUR 11 and EUR 16 per person (approximately)
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of EUR 25.00 per pet, per stay
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.5 /5 from 350 reviews
It was not a very Nice neighborhood, we did NOT reel save walking to the metro ( 1 km)
It was hard to believe it is a four star hotel as the rooms smell funny and the decors are old. There were not enough of parking spaces and the neighborhood was not the best. There are no restaurants nearby but this would be a good place to go on the highway if you are looking to commute outside of Hamburg.
The hotel wasn't clean and had rats on the property. The service was terrible. And the hotel was located in a dilapidated rundown section of town.
The hotel itself is not bad, it is okay but rather dated and the rooms are fine. Not really four star. My two bug bears however are they advertise free car parking..... It's lies! The hotel car park charges despite advertising free parking, when you challenge the staff they advise that their is free car parking in the supermaket car park next door! You can't sell something that isn't yours! Secondly you wouldn't want to leave your car in this neighbourhood..... It's rough, really rough!
Very friendly and helpful staff at the hotel. The breakfast was worth the 11 extra euros. It's not too far from the S-bahn (about 10 minutes walk).
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Samuel F. Rizzico Sr.November 20,2012Samuel F. Rizzico Sr.
The funeral Mass for Samuel F. Rizzico Sr., 88, who died Nov. 12, 2012, in Rutland, was celebrated Saturday, Nov. 17, at Christ the King Church.
Officiating was the Rev. Justin Baker, pastor.
Organist was William Gower-Johnson. Vocalist was Karen Burgess.
Memorial contributions may be made to Christ the King School or Mount St. Joseph Academy.
Arrangements were under the direction of the Clifford Funeral Home.MORE IN ObituariesCynthia M. Full StoryMarion Turner
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ILO Country Office for the Philippines (CO-Manila)
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Area wide consultations on labour inspection
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
The ILO will gather officials and Labour Law Compliance Officers of the Department of Labor and Employment to discuss and to create an action plan towards possible ratification of the Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) and the Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129).
Future of work
Technology transforming industries critical for growth and jobs in ASEAN
A new study by the International Labour Organization's Bureau for Employers' Activities shows that the robot age is already a reality in ASEAN countries. More than 60 per cent of enterprises surveyed in the region see new technologies as a positive for increasing sales, labour productivity and employment of highly skilled workers.
Understanding Children's Work new study
Accelerating the fight against child labour and promoting decent work for youth in the Philippines
Important progress has been made in reducing children's involvement in employment. However, child labour continues to effect an estimated 2.1 million children and efforts need to be intensified and accelerated to meet the goal of ending child labour.
Labour Inspection Conventions No. 81 and No. 129
Area Wide Consultations on ILO Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) and ILO Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129) (In Luzon)
Fair recruitment
ILO to launch new Fair Recruitment project in the Philippines
Labour Inspection Conventions No. 81 and No. 129
Area Wide Consultations on ILO Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) and ILO Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129) (In Visayan)
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With an average of 20 typhoons a year, the Philippines is the third most disaster-prone country in the world. In recent years, storms have been getting stronger and more deadly. Helping stricken communities build back better, the ILO has been especially active over recent years in the Philippines, including responses to Super Typhoon Haiyan, the Bohol earthquake, civil unrest in Zamboanga and Typhoons Washi and Bopha.


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Bissell Introduces Steam Mop With Scent Inserts
Monday October 8th, 2012 - 12:06PM
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The Bissell PowerFresh Steam Mop, a new cleaner launched by Bissell Homecare, Inc., offers a range of functional features including three steam settings, a removable water tank for easy re-filling and scent inserts. The new steam mop incorporates an Easy Scrubber brush at the head that, when lowered, effectively removes gummy substances such as chocolate syrup, orange juice, soda and grape jelly, according to the company.
Bissell offers the PowerFresh Steam Mop for a suggested retail price of $99.99 at bissell.com. Amazon.com, J.C. Penney, Lowe's and Best Buy are among the mass-market retailers already stocking the product.
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Marilyn Monroe. They will only care when you're gone.
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"I believe that everything happens for a reason. People change so that you can learn to let go, things go wrong so that you appreciate them when they're right, you believe lies so you eventually learn to trust no one but yourself, and sometimes good things fall apart so better things can fall together." So true.
saint/sinner this is true. Don't let your past dictate your future. Easier said than done.. but it's the truth.
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Wikigender hosted an online discussion "Exploring the gender dynamics of Africa's structural transformation" from Monday, 30 May until Monday 5 June, with partners UN-Habitat, Women in Cities International and the OECD Development Centre's Africa Desk and Gender Team. Read the synthesis report here! Voyez le discussion en français en cliquant ici. Table of Contents1 Background2 Guiding […]
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International Women's Day 2016 This year, we prepared two special pages on Wikigender to give more visibility to the work done by the OECD and Wikigender partners on gender equality. In addition, the gender team at the OECD Development Centre organised a high-level event on 9 March on "2030 Agenda: Gender Equality, Social Norms and Inclusive Growth". See […]
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This blog post was written by Silvia Montoya, Director of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. It was originally posted on 7 March 2016 here. Where are the most marginalized girls on International Women's Day? Not in school New UNESCO Institute for Statistics eAtlas shows too many girls are still left behind International Women's Day has unleashed a […]
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Program Overview
The European Cultures and Identities Seminar will focus on two broad kinds of contemporary challenges to national identity that are common to all European countries: from the European Union (EU), and from immigrants.
Over the past 50 years, Western European countries have delegated a great deal of their governing power to the EU level. Many Europeans feel that this process has weakened their historically distinct national identities. This is no accident: one of the original goals of the construction of the EU was to weaken aggressive nationalism. Still, not everyone in Europe sympathized with this agenda, and many react against it today. We will look at the reasons for anti-EU sentiment, and also more broadly at how national identities still stand as obstacles to further European integration.
Over the past 30 or 40 years European countries have also taken in millions of immigrants—and unlike earlier waves of immigration, most came from outside Europe. Thus it is a relatively recent historical development that European countries have substantial internal communities of non-white, non-Christian, "non-Europeans." This change often poses a very visible challenge to traditional views of national identity; some Europeans feel that immigrant neighborhoods of Paris, Berlin, or Amsterdam no longer look "French," "German," or "Dutch," and resent these incursions. Setting such cultural differences against a background of high unemployment (with immigrants often accused of "stealing jobs") and international politics post 9/11 makes for a good deal of potential conflict. We will look at some of the history of colonialism behind much of the pattern of immigration, how immigration is affecting these European societies, and at the racist and xenophobic responses of extremist political parties.
The seminar will take place on location, in the following cities: Berlin, Germany; Stuttgart, Germany; Brussels, Belgium; Amsterdam, Netherlands; and Paris, France. You will learn firsthand from European lecturers about how European unification works and what European identity means, and then visit refugee asylums in Germany to see how these ideas are further complicated. This program offers a hands-on approach to conceptualizing important contemporary issues facing Europe, and the world, today.
Academic Details
The European Cultures and Identities Seminar is a multimodal program, combining online course work with a very intensive, short residency in Europe in order to allow you to learn about some of the major challenges to national identities in Europe today. The seminar focuses on two major sociopolitical and cultural shifts that are stretching European national identities to their limits: the challenge of a European identity that is posed by the European Union (EU) and its infrastructure, and the challenge of waves of immigrants from cultures outside of Europe. These tectonic changes in the cultural, social, and political landscape of Europe pose formidable challenges for national identities based on simpler notions of shared geography, language, and heritage. This seminar explores what these challenges mean for various European national identities.
The OXEU 388 EURO: European Identities course can be applied toward requirements for the European Studies minor, for SSC and IC.
Actual credit awarded is determined by the relevant department at your university in consultation with the study abroad office. Check with your study abroad advisor for more information.
Housing Description
Because this program travels between multiple sites, you will live in several different housing arrangements during the course of the residency in Europe. Accommodations will include shared residence in hostels or other group housing accommodations. In most situations, you will rely on local grocers and/or restaurants to obtain your meals (as reflected in the program budget). Whenever possible, housing will be in or near the city center, facilitating access to the city's key resources during free time.
Dates and Deadlines
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|Arrival Date
|Departure Date
Priority Discounts
If your program has a Priority Deadline, complete all pre-decision application materials by this date to receive a $100 credit toward your program fee. Please note, students participating in multiple summer programs are only eligible to receive the $100 credit once.
Note: this $100 discount does not apply to priority deadlines for SIT programs.
Course Equivalencies
Actual credit awarded is determined by the relevant department at your university in consultation with the study abroad office. Check with your study abroad advisor for more information.
UO students, please refer to the UO Course Equivalency Process and the UO Office of the Registrar Course Equivalency Database.


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k got some ?s i am getting me a mafia turn based game this summer and dont know a thing about html i got a guy doing html for me but still got some ?s here they are
1. the file that i upload to the site the actual game is it one big file?
2.lets say i want to put it where i want the prizes to be given automaticly would i have to edit the main script or just creat a html file and just upload it to my site?
3.if i wanted awards like medals to be added to my game would i have to edit the main script or just make a new html file?
4.also how big is the game file usally
thanks for awnsering


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Technology in seminary: Is it enhancing or distracting the experience?
When Kelly Shepherd started out as a seminary teacher for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 30 years ago, state-of-the art classroom technology included chalkboards, dial telephones and slide projectors. Later, VHS tapes, televisions and VCRs were a big deal.
Three decades later, LDS religious education has witnessed a major upgrade.
Many teachers prepare their lessons on Apple iPads and project professional presentations on large screens. They play hymns or show video clips with the click of a button. Some students can choose between traditional paper scriptures or the electronic version via a mobile device. Outside the classroom, students can use apps to memorize scripture mastery verses or use church websites to access additional resources. New types of technology have especially benefited students with special needs.
Shepherd, now the director of training services for seminaries and institutes at LDS Church headquarters in Salt Lake City, marvels at how technology has enhanced religious education.
"It's exciting. We've made a lot of progress, huge strides in many areas," Shepherd said. "We're exploring things that could be more far reaching. As a worldwide church, we're going to use every opportunity to reach every student."
Despite the development of seminary 2.0, technology has been a distraction for some students, according to several teachers. The church is also proceeding cautiously with technology in order to safeguard the traditional fundamentals of a classroom setting, which amplifies the seminary experience, Shepherd said.
"We value the interaction between students and teachers and students themselves. We value the daily experience. We value hearing and sharing the word. It's also important to feel safe and secure and know someone can help," Shepherd said. "We've tried not to eliminate those things."
Status quo
In an average seminary classroom with students ages 14-18, it's common to see teachers use the Internet for lesson preparation and delivery. They display images, show videos (online and DVDs produced by the church or otherwise approved), play music and access church websites such as SI.LDS.org or LDS.org to review talks by general authorities or do scripture mastery activities. Some teachers allow their students the option of using electronic scriptures from a mobile device while others require them to bring a print version of the standard works.
"Seminary has been a hard copy environment but it's a matter of choice," Shepherd said. "Until we have the structure to support it (electronic scriptures), we have to be careful."
Some teachers have received permission to create a seminary class Facebook/Twitter page to share information or provide a place for students to interact online.
"It's been an interesting way for students to share feelings with other students," Shepherd said. "Of course, someone has to monitor that."
For the last five or six years the church has also experimented with an online seminary course that Shepherd said has been very successful. The course is designed so students go online each day, complete assignments and activities, watch videos and post comments for the entire class.
"There are a few drawbacks, such as every student must have high speed Internet. Getting them together virtually is still a challenge. We also think students have questions that go unanswered. In a traditional classroom, they might go to a teacher or friend, and those relationships are built in time. We value that and want to preserve it," Shepherd said. "But we have been very pleased with it."
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Long Beach St. 75, Cal St.-Fullerton 66
Associated Press | Last updated March 15, 2013
James Ennis scored 15 points, Deng Deng had 12 and top seeded Long Beach State advanced in the Big West Conference tournament with a 75-66 win over Cal State Fullerton on Thursday night. Tied at 18 with 12:31 to play before halftime, Ennis hit back-to-back layups to spark a 23-13 run by Long Beach State (19-12) to end the first half with a 41-31 lead. The 49ers trailed only once in the contest when Alex Harris made a 3-pointer to make it 3-2 Titans in the first minute of the game. Harris and Kwame Vaughn each had 19 points for eighth-seeded Cal State Fullerton (14-18), which had 18 assists as a team. The 49ers are a perfect 3-0 against the Cal State Fullerton this season. Long Beach State will play in the semifinals Friday against the winner of the No. 4 UC Irvine and No. 5 Hawaii game.
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What's the key to a successful Valentine's Day this year? Gifting loved ones with this practical yet romantic bottle opener! Fashioned after an antique key, this gift symbolizes your love for one another... as well as your love for opening bottles. Show the ones you care about that they hold the key to your heart with this loveable gift. Key opener is made of chrome and does not tarnish. Comes gift wrapped in a clear-topped gift box, and tied with sheer white ribbon. Thank you tag included.
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Open Heart Wine Bottle Stoppers
Classic and elegant, our open heart bottle stopper is a popular wedding favor for couples who love wine. The open heart symbolizes a couple's openness to each other and the love they share. Ideal for bridal shower favors or ... View Product
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Tar Heel Times
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UNC Football Recruiting
Complete coverage of North Carolina Tar Heels Football Recruiting.
UNC offers Wake Forest HS defensive lineman Dexter Lawrence
Wake Forest High School defensive tackle Dexter Lawrence is a rising-sophomore, but he is already getting plenty of recruiting attention. Lawrence received an offer from North Carolina on Saturday, according to Wake Forest Head Coach Reggie Lucas. Lawrence was a standout player on the Cougar defensive line last season as a freshman. On top of the UNC offer, the 6-foot-5, 290 pound run-stopper also has offers from Clemson and Arkansas.
High School OT | 8/2/2013 |
TE Brandon Fritts will graduate early, enroll at UNC in January
Brandon Fritts will graduate early from Mentor and will enroll at North Carolina in January, the senior receiver confirmed on Thursday. The 6-foot-4, 220-pound two-sport standout will follow the path of former Mentor quarterback Mitch Trubisky, who last year finished his high schooling in December and enrolled at North Carolina for classes that started in January. It was a difficult decision for Fritts, who said he still plans on returning for graduation ceremonies at Mentor next spring.
News-Herald | 8/1/2013 |
Fedora Details Recruit Evaluation Process
Staff evaluations and projecting how prospects fit into North Carolina's unique schemes are the basis for the program's recruiting approach, according to Larry Fedora. There are four primary coaches involved with any given recruit – the area coach, the position coach, the coordinator and Fedora. When offensive guard Josh Allen, hailing from Jacksonville, Fla., verbally committed to UNC on Jun. 24, he did so after Dan Disch (area) laid the ground work and Chris Kapilovic (position) moved into the lead position.
Inside Carolina | 7/29/2013 |
WR Austin Proehl Commits to UNC
North Carolina added its first wide receiver commit for the 2014 class Sunday, when Charlotte (NC) Providence wide receiver Austin Proehl committed to the Tar Heels. The 5-10, 165-pound prospect chose UNC over offers from Wake Forest and Virginia Tech. The offer from the Tar Heels came earlier today and the talented pass catcher jumped on it when he committed to head coach Larry Fedora and wide receivers coach Gunter Brewer.
Tar Heel Illustrated | 7/29/2013 |
OL Donell Stanley nearing decision
Offensive lineman Donell Stanley of Latta attended South Carolina's Camp Friday afternoon along with his mother, little brother and Latta assistant coach Chris German. Stanley attended an Alabama camp earlier this month and German said Friday night right now South Carolina and Alabama are Stanley's top two. Clemson and North Carolina are the others on his short list. German said. Stanley has no other visits planned and that a decision is close.
Palmetto Sports | 7/27/2013 |
Florida DB Ronnie Harrison is UNC's first 2015 football commitment
2015 defensive back Ronnie Harrison (Florida State University School, Tallahassee, FL) has committed to North Carolina. Harrison, 6'2" 190 pounds, currently plays cornerback but with his size and coverage skills at such a young age, he may project as a safety at the college level.
The Tar Heels were the first to offer Harrison, who visited the North Carolina campus earlier this summer and chose UNC over scholarship offers from South Florida, Massachusetts, East Carolina, Wake Forest, and Northern Illinois. He is the first commitment to
UNC's 2015 football recruiting class
Ronnie Harrison Highlights
Tar Heel Times | 7/27/2013
Tar Heels lead for 2015 Florida LB Andre Smith
Trinity high school in Florida has been a recent school where North Carolina has looked at football recruits, already offering defensive tackle Kendrick Norton and also getting in touch with linebacker Andre Smith. UNC was the first team to offer Smith back in January and has been Smith's top school so far during his recruitment: "My top school is North Carolina right now but would really like to check out LSU, Florida, Clemson, and Florida State. But, my top school is North Carolina."
Tar Heel Illustrated | 7/25/2013 |
Linebacker Ty Tomlin the latest to pick Tar Heels
North Carolina continues to pick up talent from Cobb County. Marietta's Tyrell Tomlin became the latest local football player to commit to the Tar Heels, joining two safeties — Wheeler's Allen Artis and North Cobb's Cameron Albright — who announced their decisions last month. Tomlin committed last Wednesday and settled on his final five — North Carolina, Clemson, Tennessee, NC State and Kentucky — before going with the Tar Heels.
Marietta Daily Journal | 7/25/2013 |
ACC Football Commitment List: Coastal Division
The ACC Football Kickoff was last weekend, but that doesn't mean that class of 2014 recruits weren't still committing to their schools of choice. Miami and North Carolina have gained four and three commitments, respectively, since our last update. The Tar Heels picked up three recruitse, most notably four-star OL Bentley Spain. ESPN touts Spain as the 11th-best OL in the nation and 10th-best recruit in North Carolina.
ACC Sports Journal | 7/25/2013 |
Video: North Carolina QB commit Caleb Henderson talks UNC at camp
Burke (Va.) Lake Braddock quarterback and 2014 North Carolina commit Caleb Henderson spoke with
recently about his recruiting efforts behind the scenes, his summer training, and how he's preparing for his upcoming senior season.
Tar Heel Times | 7/23/2013
OT Bentley Spain commits to Tar Heels
Providence High offensive lineman Bentley Spain committed to play football at North Carolina during a visit to the school Friday, according to Providence athletic director Chuck Lansing. Lansing said earlier this week that Spain, a 6-foot-6, 292-pound senior, had narrowed his decision to North Carolina and Stanford. Spain is ranked by ESPN as the No. 11 offensive lineman in his class and the No. 10 senior recruit in North Carolina.
Charlotte Observer | 7/19/2013 |
DT Ricky Walker lists UNC in top-5
Lineman Ricky Walker has narrowed his list of scholarship offers to five. He says it's not set in stone. The five, in alphabetical order: North Carolina, Penn State, Pittsburgh, South Carolina and Virginia Tech. Regarding UNC: "It's a beautiful campus in Chapel Hill and they were one of the first schools to offer me. Coach (Randy, an assistant) Jordan is doing a good job recruiting me. I've visited (unofficially) a couple of times and I have a good feeling down there."
Daily Press | 7/19/2013 |
Walt Bell On A Tear For The Tar Heels On Recruiting Trail
North Carolina tight ends coach and recruiting coordinator Walt Bell has been on an absolute tear on the recruiting trail. While the entire Tar Heels staff recruits as a team and develop relationships with all of the top recruits, the Dickson (Tenn.) native has been personally influential in gaining commitments from 11 of North Carolina's 18 commitments
Carolina Blue | 7/18/2013 |
Linebacker Ty Tomlin Commits to North Carolina
Ty Tomlin verbally committed to North Carolina on Wednesday, several days after visiting Chapel Hill. Throughout the recruiting process, Tomlin, a 6-foot, 215-pound linebacker from Marietta (Ga.), collected scholarship offers from Arkansas, Clemson, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, NC State, and Tennessee. Tomlin is UNC's fourth verbal commitment from Cobb County, Ga. – Cameron Albright, Allen Artis, and Ayden Bonilla being his predecessors.
Inside Carolina | 7/17/2013 |
UNC's 7-on-7 Preview
High Schools from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia will partake in the Tar Heels' 7 on 7 Team Camp on Friday. From an individual standpoint, three UNC verbal commitments will participate – Malik Carney, Jeremiah Clarke, and Avery Edwards. Also, Juval Mollette, one of the top in-state prospects, will be on hand. Here is a list of teams expected to participate in the camp, according to various sources.
Inside Carolina | 7/16/2013 |
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#134 - thedudeistheman
Reply 0(01/30/2013) [-]
These all go in age order except for the Alexis Bledel - Zooey Deschanel - Katy Perry one. Perry is younger than both of them.
#143 to #134 - mericaisgreat
Reply 0(01/30/2013) [-]
he shouldve used flareon instead of eevee, i think he was trying to say they all look the same..
#145 to #143 - thedudeistheman
Reply +1(01/30/2013) [-]
That may be true, but I looked at it terms of evolution. The Jonah Hill - Seth Rogen - Zach Galifianakis one works surprisingly well.


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Biochrom S80 UV/Visible spectrophotometer – high performance for pharma
The Biochrom Libra S80 is the ideal instrument for the busy pharmaceutical laboratory. Satisfying all requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) and featuring system qualification as an option, the S80 is a high performance, variable bandwidth, double beam system that gives consistent results of the highest quality. Part of the Libra range of UV/Visible spectrophotometers from leading global scientific instrumentation manufacturer Biochrom (Cambridge, UK), the S80 instruments are 'top of the range' in a portfolio that places straightforward operation, scalability and value for money at its heart.
The Biochrom Libra S80PC with optional Resolution CFR software
All Biochrom Libra spectrophotometers can be provided as stand alone instruments but by selecting the S80 as a PC controlled system, pharmaceutical laboratories can manage critical regulatory data as part of streamlined information management solution. Resolution CFR software enables a series of users to be set up as part of defined groups with differing access rights, supporting a fully compliant audit trail and electronic signature capabilities.
The Biochrom Libra range of UV/Visible spectrophotometers extends from the practical, split beam laboratory workhorse, to the high performance S80. With common hardware and software platforms, all Biochrom Libra instruments provide flexible, robust, reliable measurements and are easy to use and afford.
You can find further information about the Biochrom Libra range, and discover which system option would suit your laboratory's needs by using the practical, walk-through selection tool, at: www.biochrom.co.uk


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Vegan Pumpkin Pie
The familiar, fresh-baked flavor of pumpkin pie is only a thaw away from your autumn dessert plate.
The sweet aroma of a fresh-baked pie decadently wafting through your kitchen is one of the most quintessentially pleasant and least-traumatizing aspects of spending the holidays with your family. But what if your culinary skills aren't as impressive as your ability to singlehandedly wolf down a dessert that typically serves four to six? Frozen options were once limited in the ways of vegan pumpkin pie, but thanks to Wholly Wholesome, a warm-from-the-oven treat is only minutes away. The organic pastry company's Dairy-Free Pumpkin Pie wooed our office with its smooth filling and perfect crust, rendering us stoked that pie season is only just beginning. Now all we need are locks for our fridges to prevent somnambulatory trips back for more.
Vegan Chocolate Milk
Rebel Kitchen makes us feel like kids again with a dairy-free chocolate "mylk" made with clean ingredients.
Read More »
Vegan Summer Grill Pack
Herbivorous Butcher's bundle of grilling products includes meatless meats spiced just right for summer.
Read More »
Vegan Jalapeño Lime Chips
We're loving these zesty tortilla chips that pair perfectly with an ice-cold margarita.
Read More »
Vegan Caesar Salad Dressing
Hampton Creek's new dressing makes summer Caesar salads easy as pour, toss, and eat.
Read More »
Vegan Chocolate Quinoa Puffs
We've been snacking on these puffs while watching our favorite summer flicks.
Read More »
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- Probiotic Gut Shots
- Raw Dark Chocolate Hearts
- Vegan Wasabi Popcorn


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text: Article Comments for Faceez Review by Lucas M. Thomas Summary: Faceez is another in the growing line-up of DSiWare apps that simply expand on the goofy photo-manipulating options that ship standard with the system's normal Camera software. It's not a game, but just an interface to take more pictures and mess with them in funny ways -- this one particularly focused on faces. Read Full Article


text: Stanley Lee wrote: > Hi Jan, > > I'm using a PICKIT 2 from Microchip. Using Jeff's pk2 command line > program to flash my code into the program memory. Already contacted > pickit-pro development mailing list and himself. That could be the source of your problem. If i understand this correct in the pk2.cfg there is a Mask defined for each pic type which is anded to your configuration bits given in the hex file. The Mask for the pic18f looks ok to me compared with the config register in the datasheet (chapter 23.1). Try to read out the hex file after programming it to the pic and compare the config bits. Then try to programm your pic with piklab-prog --programmer=pickit2 --device=18f2620 --command=program LED_toggle.hex jan


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 16, 1986
|Filing date
|Sep 25, 1984
|Priority date
|Sep 14, 1983
|Fee status
|Publication number
|David J. R. Martin
|Original Assignee
|Coal Industry (Patents) Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (28), Classifications (5), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The object of this invention is to provide a means of establishing the position of a vehicle or person moving along a defined track or route and in communication with a fixed point through a radiocommunication system in which the propagation means of the radio signals is guidance by the walls of a tunnel containing the route or track or by a leaky feeder (sometimes called a radiating cable) which follows the same track or route or runs closely parallel to it.
Previously, arrangements have been used or proposed for such purpose whereby the position of the vehicle or person has been determined by an adaptation of normal radar principles in which the elapsed time between an interrogating signal and its response or echo is taken as a measure of the distance involved. Another arrangement, described in the British Pat. No. 1,480,779 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,041,495, established the position of a vehicle or moving machine by a comparison of the respective phases of a radio signal transmitted from the vehicle or machine and received at the two ends of its track. Such arrangements are difficult to engineer and impose serious constraints on the type and characteristics of any repeaters or amplifiers such as are usually necessary in a system when a leaky feeder is employed as the propagation means over distances of several kilometers or more.
Other arrangements employ short-range wayside radio beacons with associated receivers on the vehicles, or alternatively such beacons on the trains with associated receivers by the wayside, and update stored information relating to the position of the vehicle whenever the train passes the beacon or receiver. Such arrangements are expensive if close accuracy and thus close spacing of the beacons or receivers is required, and also still require a radiocommunication channel if the information is to be relayed between the train and a fixed point. Another disadvantage is that if the stored information is lost through a system fault or power failure it cannot be restored until the vehicle passes a beacon or receiver.
The present invention overcomes these disadvantages of previous systems. It is particularly suited to mines and tunnels and other such types of environment in which radio signals of the frequency used in the communication are not well propagated according to the normal natural laws which operate in free-space conditions on or above the surface of the earth but are propagated artificially by means of a leaky feeder (or radiating cable) which may or may not contain amplifiers to restore the signal level periodically against losses. An esential requirement of the propagation medium in this invention is that it should allow the signal being transmitted to be intercepted and modified at designated points so allowing the number and identity of such points negotiated by the signal to be determined by the overall modification of the signal as received at or transmitted from the vehicle or person, thereby allowing the position of the vehicle or person to be deduced.
To a more limited degree the invention may also be applied in a form where the propagation means is guidance by a tunnel containing such track or route. It is a characteristic of such propagation that the attenuation of the signal is so high that the signal has to be regenerated at intervals, and especially at barriers to the propagation such as bends, corners or obstructions in the tunnel. It may then be arranged that the necessary interception and modification of the signal is carried out in the regeneration process at such points.
It will be appreciated that the invention may be applied in any situation where a radio signal between a fixed point and a mobile station is propagated by any means, other than natural free-space propagation, which allows the signal to be intercepted and modified at fixed points along the track of the mobile station.
A typical embodiment of the invention will now be descrbed in which a vehicle travels through a tunnel and the radiocommunication medium between the vehicle and a fixed point is a leaky feeder running through the tunnel.
It will be understood that a leaky feeder as used in this context is a well-known means of providing radio propagation in such environments, and comprises a radio-frequency transmission line which has been deliberately made to possess significant external leakage fields through which mobile stations may communicate with fixed stations or with one another; a common type of leaky feeder is a coaxial cable in which the braided outer conductor has been applied with a loose or open weave to allow the necessary leakage of radio-frequency fields, but other types are also used and are suitable for this application.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a wiring diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of the invention.
The typical arrangement will be described by reference first to FIG. 1, where 1 is a fixed radio station connected to a leaky feeder 2 which runs through a tunnel parallel to the track of a mobile radio station carried by a vehicle or person 3. As so far described this arrangement is typical of a leaky-feeder system providing radio communication between the fixed radio station 1 and the mobile station 3, of which there may be any number.
To provide the further facility of position determination which is the object of this invention one or more marker devices are connected in series with the leaky feeder at suitable points M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and so on as required and spaced according to the required resolution in the determination of position. Every such marker device is arranged to be able to detect any interruption between defined limits of duration in the radio-frequency signal transmitted by the fixed station 1 or any series of such interruptions and to introduce a further similar interruption at a defined interval following the received interruption or series of interruptions. For example, each marker may be designed to detect any interruption of signal of duration between 2 and 10 ms or any series of such interruptions and to introduce a further interruption of duration 5 ms at an interval of 100 ms after the last received interruption.
If, now, the fixed station is arranged to introduce into its own transmission a signle interruption of duration between the prescribed limits then the first marker device which receives the signal, M1, will add a further interruption following it at the prescribed interval. The second marker device, M2, will thus receive two such interruptions in succession and in similar manner will add a further interruption. Every such marker device will add its own interruption to the series, and so the signal received by the mobile station 3 will carry a number of interruptions depending on the number of marker devices the signal has had to negotiate to reach the mobile station.
In this simple case the total number of interruptions will be one more than the number of marker devices encountered in the transmission path; that is, if the sections of leaky feeder between the fixed station and the first marker device and between successive marker devices are numbered in sequence from the fixed station then the number of interruptions received will correspond to the number of the section in which the mobile station is located at the time. If necessary, this information may then be relayed to the fixed station over the normal return radiocommunication path.
It will be appreciated that the circuit technology involved in engineering such a system is simple and well known to those skilled in radio-frequency engineering and digital circuit techniques. However, it should be noted that it is preferable that the marker device is able to determine whether a particular interruption is the last in a series or not, without waiting to see if it is indeed followed; otherwise, it becomes necessary to increase successively the intervals between interruptions to allow for the tolerances that are necessary in a practical arrangement. Such immediate determination of the last interruption may be facilitated by arranging that the last interruption added by any marker is considerably shorter than its predecessors in order to distinguish it; its length may then be extended to normal by the subsequent marker in the process of determining that it is the last and of preparing to add a further interruption. Alternatively, the marker device can be arranged to count the incoming pulses and identify the last one from a knowledge of its own position in the chain of markers.
One typical form of marker device for this embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 2, where 4 is the connection to the incoming leaky feeder from the direction of the base station or preceding marker device and 5 is the connection to the outgoing leaky feeder and any further marker devices. The incoming radio-frequency signal in its normal steady state is rectified by the circuit comprising capacitor C1, diode 6, and resistor R1, and then smoothed by the circuit comprising radio-frequency choke 7 and capacitor C2 to produce a steady DC voltage across capacitor C2. Interruptions in the incoming signal cause corresponding interruptions in the DC potential across capacitor C2. The resulting pulses are passed through the differentiating circuit comprising capacitor C3 and resistor R2 to the standard counter circuit 8 which determines when the final pulse in a series has been received and thereupon passes a signal pulse to the standard timing circuit 9.
This in turn initiates the required further interruption in the outgoing signal path, setting its interval and duration. In FIG. 2 this interruption has for simplicity been shown as being effected by a mechanical relay coil 10 and associated contact 11. Such mechanical arrangement may in fact be used if the resulting limitation on speed of the process is acceptable, but for fast operation it is necessary to use solid-state switching techniques based on transistors, PIN diodes or other such devices and familiar to those skilled in the art.
In the typical arrangement shown in FIG. 2 it is assumed that the level of radio-frequency signal being propagated over the leaky feeder is adequate for direct demodulation into a correspondingly interrupted DC signal. However, in some applications this level may not be so adequate and will require the interposition of an amplifying circuit between the input connection 4 and the demodulating circuit represented here by the components C1, 6 and R1. Furthermore, there may be several radio-frequency signals being propagated over the leaky feeder at different carrier frequencies, not all of which may be carrying the interruptions or modifications for position determination. In such case, to avoid disturbing those signals not concerned with the position determination it may be desirable to arrange by normal tuning methods within each marker device that ony the intended signal is examined and further interrupted or modified.
In practice, leaky feeder systems of greater length than a kilometer or so normally employ repeaters or amplifiers at regular intervals in the system in order to compensate for line losses. Such repeaters do not impede in any way the operation of the invention as described, and may simplify the design of the marker devices by ensuring a more constant and higher signal level. Furthermore, they usually operate from a power supply fed over the leaky feeder itself, and this is then available also for powering the marker devices. In some cases it will be convenient to combine the marker devices with repeaters.
In case where the power supply for the operation of the marker devices is fed over the leaky feeder it will be noted that in the simple arrangement shown in FIG. 2 the relay contact 11 will also interrupt the power supply to subsequent marker devices in the same process as it interrupts the radio-frequency signal. Advantage may be taken of this feature by arranging that marker devices detect interruptions to the power supply rather than to the radio-frequency signal, with consequent simplification. To preserve uniformity between marker devices it then becomes necessary to arrange that the initial interruption of the signal at the base station is replaced by an interruption of the power supply line to the leaky feeder. In any arrangement where the power supply is fed over the leaky feeder and suffers interruption it also becomes necessary to provide capacitor or battery storage in each marker device to preserve a constant supply to the electronic circuits therein against the interruptions.
If the number of marker devices in a system becomes large, either because of the length of the system or because a high resolution of position is required, a disadvantage may arise in the resulting long series of interruptions taking an unacceptable time--perhaps several seconds--for the location process, especially if the frequency of interruptions is limited by considerations of bandwidth of the signal. In such case it is possible to carry out the location process in two stages with consequent reduction in the total number of interruptions involved.
For example, suppose a particular system requires the use of 99 marker devices. In the simple embodiment of the invention this would result finally in a series of 100 interruptions, to be counted by any vehicle in the final section. In an improved variation every tenth marker only will respond to a series of fewer than 10 interruptions and add a further interruption. Therefore, the number of interruptions received in a series will denote only the decade of sections in which the mobile station is. This information is then relayed to the fixed station which thereupon initiates a further series of interruptions. This initiation, however, consists of sending not a single interruption but a series of interruptions corresponding to the number 10 decremented by the number of interruptions previously received.
As before, every tenth marker will respond by incrementing the number of interruptions by one. But when the number of interruptions reaches 10 every subsequent marker will respond. This transition will occur when the previously determined decade is reached. Thus, the number of interruptions then received in excess of 10 will denote the number of the section within the decade, and so the section will have been determined absolutely. It will be appreciated that the precise implementation of this arrangement will depend on the mode of numbering of the sections, and in particular whether the first section is to be designated `0` or `1`.
In such an arrangement the precise section out of a total of 99 may be determined by two series of interruptions totalling not more than 20, although subsequent marker devices may continue to increment the series of interruptions up to a total of 110. This may be avoided by arranging that marker devices do not increment interruptions beyond a count of 20.
The principle of this two-stage arrangement may be extended to a multiplicity of stages to reduce still further the total number of interruptions involved in any determination of position. In the extreme, the sections will be divided on a binary basis, and in such case a particular section could be identified out of a total of 128, for example, using 7 initiations and a maximum of 13 interruptions in total.
Although the invention has so far been described by reference to signals being transmitted from the fixed station to a mobile station, it is to be understood that the principle is similarly effective with signals transmitted in the converse direction, from a mobile to a fixed station. Such converse arrangement may be advantageous if the mobile station is associated with a vehicle that would not otherwise require to be equipped with a radio receiver as well as a radio transmitter, for example in the case of an unmanned vehicle such as a mine car; it ca then be arranged that the transmitter on the vehicle initiates a single, simple series of interruptions at random, infrequent intervals. However, in such an arrangement it is not possible to arrange that the markers can identify the last interruption in a series by counting and other means must be used. It will also be appreciated that by the nature of a leaky-feeder system the signal levels relating to mobile transmissions in the feeder are at a considerably lower level than those related to fixed-station transmissions, and so additional complexity would be involved in the marker devices on that account.
FIG. 3 illustrates a typical signal path and sequence of marking operations in such a case where the originating signal is transmitted by a mobile station and received by the fixed station. The signal as transmitted by the mobile station already carries a single marking, as at (A). The markers in the signal path between the mobile station and the fixed station, in this case markers M1 and M2, each add a further marking to the signal as at (B) and (C). The signal as received at the fixed station is thus as at (C), carrying three marks. From this information the fixed station deduces that the signal has in this example negotiated two markers, and thus the position of the mobile station is defined.
In all cases it is to be understood that any initiation of a series of interruptions, whether by a fixed or mobile station, may if appropriate be preceded by a coded preamble to identify the station whose position is to be determined.
In the particular arrangement described the modification of the signal by each marker device has been by successive complete interruptions of the carrier. However, it is to be understood that other methods of modifying the carrier or signal may be used, for example by shifting its phase or by a partial reduction only in amplitude. Preferably, any such successive modifications of the signal, in whatever manner, should be separate in the time domain, so as to be able to distinguish the modifications and count them. However, in the case of modifications effected to a signal by shifting its phase it is possible at additional complication to arrange that marker devices may remove, nullify or modify a modification that has been imparted to a signal by a preceding marker device, and in this way to confine the coding within a shorter overall interval of time.
The typical arrangement described also assumed that the means or medium of radio signal propagation is a leaky feeder which may or may not contain repeaters at intervals to restore the level against losses. It is also possible to apply the invention in cases where the signal is propagated in the form of a radio wave guided by the walls of a tunnel. In cases of such means of propagation it is necessary at intervals to introduce repeaters or relay stations to compensate for losses caused by corners, bends or obstructions in the tunnel or simply for the natural losses associated with such modes of propagation in a straight line. It may then be arranged that such repeaters modify the signal in similar fashion to the marker devices described for the case of leaky-feeder propagation. If necessary for the purpose of resolution of position indication such repeaters may be spaced at more frequent intervals than would be necessary simply for the purpose of compensating for propagation losses providing that the gain imparted to the signal by each such repeater is sufficient to ensure that the modified signal is subsequently substantially predominant over the unmodified incident signal.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 18, 1956
|Nov 4, 1958
|James E Davis
|Instrument taxiing system
|Aug 12, 1959
|Aug 10, 1965
|Siemens Ag
|Position sensing devices, particularly in hoisting and conveying systems
|Jan 19, 1966
|Oct 15, 1968
|Rolf Hubner
|Safety monitoring and acknowledgment system for subterranean structures using radio relays
|Apr 30, 1973
|Oct 28, 1975
|Coal Industry Patents Ltd
|Radio frequency communication systems
|Sep 4, 1975
|Aug 9, 1977
|Coal Industry (Patents) Limited
|Apparatus for determining the position of a object
|Apr 27, 1979
|Nov 11, 1980
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Elevator position detector
|Jan 18, 1982
|Jan 22, 1985
|Ruhrkohle Aktiengesellschaft
|Staff-location and signalling system for use in mines
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 4, 1987
|Dec 12, 1989
|Control Data Canada Limited
|Perimeter intrusion detection system with block ranging capabilities
|Jun 4, 1993
|Jul 11, 1995
|Ainsworth Technologies Inc.
|Communication system
|Sep 8, 1997
|May 22, 2001
|Tracbeam, Llc
|Location of a mobile station using a plurality of commercial wireless infrastructures
|Apr 23, 1999
|Jun 19, 2001
|Tracbeam Llc
|Wireless location using multiple location estimators
|Nov 29, 1999
|Jan 15, 2002
|Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
|Personnel locating system
|Mar 28, 2001
|Oct 4, 2005
|Tracbeam, Llc
|Locating a mobile station using a plurality of wireless networks and applications therefor
|Oct 21, 1998
|Sep 25, 2007
|Tracbeam Llc
|Multiple evaluators for evaluation of a purality of conditions
|Sep 30, 2002
|Nov 20, 2007
|Tracbeam Llc
|Geographic location using multiple location estimators
|Jan 26, 2001
|Apr 28, 2009
|Tracbeam Llc
|Gateway and hybrid solutions for wireless location
|Jun 4, 2001
|May 11, 2010
|Tracbeam Llc
|Wireless location gateway and applications therefor
|Sep 8, 1997
|Jul 27, 2010
|Tracbeam Llc
|Wireless location using multiple mobile station location techniques
|Mar 1, 2005
|Oct 12, 2010
|Tracbeam Llc
|Locating a mobile station and applications therefor
|Aug 16, 2006
|Mar 8, 2011
|Tracbeam Llc
|Wireless location routing applications and architecture therefor
|Oct 4, 2011
|Tracbeam Llc
|Multiple location estimators for wireless location
|Dec 20, 2011
|Tracbeam Llc
|Wireless location routing applications and architecture therefor
|Aug 13, 2007
|Mar 13, 2012
|Tracbeam Llc
|Platform and applications for wireless location and other complex services
|Jul 30, 2012
|Apr 8, 2014
|Dennis Dupray
|Geographically constrained network services
|Aug 23, 2010
|Mar 31, 2015
|Tracbeam Llc
|Locating a mobile station and applications therefor
|May 24, 2010
|Jun 16, 2015
|Tracbeam, Llc
|System and method for hybriding wireless location techniques
|Mar 28, 2014
|Jul 7, 2015
|Dennis Dupray
|Geographically constrained network services
|Dec 12, 2011
|Sep 15, 2015
|Tracbeam Llc
|Wireless location using network centric location estimators
|Apr 24, 2007
|Jan 12, 2016
|Tracbeam, Llc
|Wireless location using signal fingerprinting and other location estimators
|Mar 15, 2013
|Mar 1, 2016
|Tracbeam, Llc
|Wireless location using location estimators
|Jan 12, 2012
|Galileo Satellite Navigation Ltd.
|Indoor satellite navigation system
|Dec 14, 2011
|Jun 27, 2012
|Train position monitoring system based on wireless base station and monitoring method thereof
|Dec 14, 2011
|Aug 13, 2014
|Train position monitoring system based on wireless base station and monitoring method thereof
|Jan 19, 1990
|Aug 1, 1991
|Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag
|Radio receiver measurement of vehicle position variation - comparing transition times from fixed transmitter to vehicle mounted receiver
|Aug 9, 2007
|Feb 12, 2009
|Fachhochschule Gie�en-Friedberg
|Positionsbestimmung eines mobilen Funkger�tes in Bezug auf Leckwellenleiter
|U.S. Classification
|342/358, 342/365
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 19, 1985
Owner name: COAL INDUSTRY (PATENTS) LIMITED, HOBART HOUSE, GRO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MARTIN, DAVID J. R.;REEL/FRAME:004361/0226
Effective date: 19850201
|Jun 15, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 26, 1994
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 18, 1994
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 28, 1995
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19951221