text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 14, 2003
|Filing date
|Jun 30, 2000
|Priority date
|Nov 17, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James W. Bush, Clark V. Cooper, Ronald T. Drost, Hong Du, Harry E. Eaton, Hussein E. Khalifa, Keshava B. Kumar, Reng Rong Lin, Philip H. McCluskey, Raymond DeBlois
|Original Assignee
|Carrier Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (18), Classifications (20), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/166,041, filed Nov. 17, 1999.
In a conventional screw machine, a male rotor and a female rotor, disposed in respective parallel overlapping bores defined within a rotor housing, coact to trap and compress volumes of gas. While two rotors are the most common design, three, or more, rotors may coact in pairs. The male and female rotors differ in their lobe profiles and in the number of lobes and flutes. For example, the female rotor may have six lobes separated by six flutes, the while conjugate male rotor may have five lobes separated by five flutes. Accordingly, each possible combination of lobe and flute coaction between the rotors occurs on a cyclic basis. The coaction between the conjugate pairs of rotors is a combination of sliding and rolling contact which can produce different rates of wear. In addition to coacting in pairs, the rotors coact as well with the housing. Because all combinations of rotor contact takes place between conjugate pairs, the sealing/leakage between the various combinations may be different due to manufacturing tolerances and wear patterns. This can be the case even though manufacturing tolerances are held very tight with the attendant manufacturing costs and adequate lubrication or other liquid injection is provided for sealing.
The profile design of conjugate pairs of screw rotors must be provided with a clearance in most sections. The need to provide a clearance is the result of a number of factors including: thermal growth of the rotors as a result of gas being heated in the compression process; deflection of the rotors due to pressure loading resulting from the compression process; tolerances in the support bearing structure and machining tolerances on the rotors which may sometimes tend to locate the rotors too close to one another which can lead to interference; and machining tolerances on the rotor profiles themselves which can also lead to interference. Superimposed upon these factors is the existence of pressure and thermal gradients as the pressure and temperature increase in going from suction to discharge. The pressure gradient is normally in one direction during operation such that fluid pressure tends to force the rotors towards the suction side. The rotors are conventionally mounted in bearings at each end so as to provide both radial and axial restraint. The end clearance of the rotors at the discharge side is critical to sealing and the fluid pressure tends to force open the clearance.
There are certain sections of the rotor, such as the contact band, where zero clearance is maintained between the rotors. The segment of the rotor defining the contact band is the region where the required torque is transmitted between the rotors. The load between the rotors is different for a male rotor drive and for a female rotor drive. In a male drive the loading between the rotors may be equivalent to about 10% of the total compressor torque, whereas in the case of female rotor drive the loading between the rotors may be equivalent to about 90% of the total compressor torque. These segments are conventionally positioned near the pitch circles of the rotors which is the location of equal rotational speed on the rotors resulting in rolling contact and thereby in reduced or no sliding contact and thus less wear.
A substantial amount of end-running clearance must be maintained at the discharge end of screw compressors in order to prevent failure from rotor seizure. Seizure may be caused by the thermal expansion of the rotor or by the intermittent contacts between the rotors and the end casing due to pressure pulsations in the compression process.
It is an object of this invention to reduce leakage in a screw machine.
It is another object of this invention to relax machining tolerances without increasing leakage.
It is a further object of this invention to reduce oil sealing requirements in screw machines.
It is an additional object of this invention to minimize the power loss due to friction and to prevent wear. These objects, and others as will become apparent hereinafter, are accomplished by the present invention.
In accordance with the present invention, a coating is applied to one or more portions of the screw rotors and/or the inner bore surfaces of the housing.
In one aspect of the present invention, a low friction, wear resistant material may be deposited on the rotor tip where the rotors can have nominal contact with the housing as well as normal contact with each other. The rotors coact with each other, in pairs, as well as with the housing. While tight machining tolerances reduce the leakage due to these coactions between the rotors themselves and also with the housing, other things can be done in conjunction with the tight tolerances or in lieu of tight tolerances. Examples of suitable low friction, wear resistant coatings include multi-layer diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coating, titanium nitride and other single material, single layer nitride coatings, as well as carbide and ceramic coatings having both high wear resistance and a low coefficient of friction.
In another aspect of the present invention, conformable coatings may be located on the inner bore surfaces of the housing and/or in the rotor valleys. Examples of suitable conformable coatings include iron phosphate coating, magnesium phosphate coating, nickel polymer amalgams and other materials that yield elastically when a force is applied. Placement of conformable coatings on the inner bore surfaces of the housing and/or in the rotor valleys can reduce leakage and oil sealing requirements while relaxing manufacturing tolerances.
A surface coated or otherwise equivalently treated with such a low friction, wear resistant material is more forgiving to sliding contact than is an untreated surface. There also exists a synergistic effect associated with such a treatment in that the coated surface has a greater tolerance to sliding contact. In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, this allows the contact band to be moved further away from the pitch circle, thus further reducing the contact force and reducing the overall wear potential over even the treated rotor with a relocated contact band. Locating the contact band near the pitch circles of the rotors is the conventional practice, as noted, and represents the desire to have nearly pure rolling contact.
The location of the contact band is a design feature and can be removed from the pitch circle or otherwise located where you wish. By moving the contact band away from the pitch circle the loading between the rotors can be reduced and this is particularly important for a female rotor drive. As contact starts to move away from the pitch circle there is more sliding contact rather than pure rolling contact. The blow hole area, which refers to the leakage area defined by the meshing rotor tips and the edge of the cusp between adjacent bores of a screw machine, can only be reduced to zero if the respective pitch circles correspond to the root circle of the male rotor and the tip circle of the female rotor. This necessarily requires the contact band to be located away from the pitch circle in response to trade-offs between the transmission angle, contact pressure, machineability of the root radius of the male rotor, and the amount of sliding that will take place.
The penalty for maintaining this large end-running clearance is to increase the leakage from the high pressure zone into the low pressure zone. In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, by applying a wear resistant coating having a low coefficient of friction at the end face of the rotors or at the surface of the end casing or by inserting a coated piece between the rotor ends and the end casing, the end-running clearance can be reduced at least by 50%. The compressor performance is improved due to the reduced leakage at the discharge end.
For a fuller understanding of the present invention, reference should now be made to the following detailed description of various embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a transverse section through a screw machine;
FIG. 2 is a partially sectioned view of the screw machine of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of the discharge end of the screw machine of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged portion of FIG. 1 with the various coatings of the present invention illustrated;
FIG. 5 is a partially sectioned view showing a DLC coating on the rotor ends;
FIG. 6 is a partially sectioned view showing a DLC coating on the on the discharge casing; and
FIG. 7 is a partially sectioned view showing a DLC coated disc;
FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of a DLC coating; and
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an axial section of the rotor pair of FIG. 1.
In FIG. 1, there is depicted a screw machine 10, such as a screw compressor, having a rotor housing or casing 12 with overlapping bores 12-1 and 12-2 located therein. Female rotor 14 having a pitch circle, PF, is located in bore 12-1. Male rotor 16 having a pitch circle, PM, is located in bore 12-2. The parallel axes indicated by points A and B are perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 1 and separated by a distance equal to the sum of the radius, RF, of the pitch circle, PF, of female rotor 14 and the pitch radius, RM, of the pitch circle, PM, of male rotor 16. The axis indicated by point A is the axis of rotation of female rotor 14 and generally of the center of bore 12-1 whose diameter generally corresponds to the diameter of the tip circle, TF of female rotor 14. Similarly, the axis indicated by point B is the axis of rotation of male rotor 16 and generally of the center of bore 12-2 whose diameter generally corresponds to the diameter of the tip circle, TM, of male rotor 16. Typically, the rotor and the bore centerlines are offset by a very small amount to compensate for clearance and deflection. Neglecting operating clearances, the extension of the bore 12-1 through the overlapping portion with bore 12-2 will intersect line A-B at the tangent point with the root circle, RMR, of male rotor 16. Similarly, the extension of the bore 12-2 through the overlapping portion with bore 12-1 will intersect line A-B at the tangent point with the root circle, RFR, of female rotor 14 and this common point is labeled F1 relative to female rotor 14 and M1 relative to male rotor 16.
In the illustrated embodiments, female rotor 14 has six lands or tips, 14-1, separated by six grooves or flutes, 14-2, while male rotor 16 has five lands or tips, 16-1, separated by five grooves or flutes 16-2. Accordingly, the rotational speed of rotor 16 will be 6/5 or 120% of that of rotor 14. Either the female rotor 14 or the male rotor 16 may be connected to a prime mover (not illustrated) and serve as the driving rotor. Other combinations of the number of female and male lands and grooves may also be used.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, rotor 14 has a shaft portion 14-3 with a shoulder 144 formed between shaft portion 14-3 and rotor 14. Shaft portion 14-3 of rotor 14 is supported in outlet or discharge casing 13 by one, or more, bearing(s) 30. Similarly, rotor 16 has a shaft portion 16-3 with a shoulder 16-4 formed between shaft portion 16-3 and rotor 16. Shaft portion 16-3 of rotor 16 is supported in outlet casing 13 by one, or more bearing(s) 31. Suction side shaft portions 14-5 and 16-5 of rotors 14 and 16, respectively, are supportingly received in rotor housing 12 by roller bearings 32 and 33, respectively.
In operation, as a refrigerant compressor, assuming male rotor 16 to be the driving rotor, rotor 16 rotates engaging rotor 14 and causing its rotation. The coaction of rotating rotors 16 and 14, disposed within the respective bores 12-1 and 12-2, draws refrigerant gas via suction inlet 18 into the grooves of rotors 16 and 14 which engage to trap and compress volumes of gas and deliver the hot compressed gas to discharge port 19. The trapped gas acting on rotors 14 and 16, which are movable, tends to separate discharge ends 14-6 and 16-6 from outlet casing 13-1 to create/increase the leak passage. Movement of rotors 14 and 16 away from outlet casing surface 13-1 results in movement or rotors 14 and 16 towards or into engagement with surface 12-3 of rotor casing 12 by shoulders 14-4 and 16-4, respectively. In addition to the leak path between rotor shoulders 14-4 and 16-4 and outlet casing surface 13-1, leakage can occur across the line contact between rotors 14 and 16 as well as between the tips of lands 14-1 and 16-1, respectively, and bores 12-1 and 12-2, respectively. The leakage across the lands/line contact can be reduced by the use of oil for sealing but the oil generates a viscous drag loss between the moving parts and must be removed from the discharge gas.
As noted hereinbefore, the contact band is defined by zero clearance rather than by location. FIG. 4 shows an enlarged portion of FIG. 1 in order to illustrate the relocation of the contact band in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. The contact band would be located inside of the pitch circle, PF, of female rotor 14 which is in the region of the female tip 14-1 and outside of the pitch circle, PM, of male rotor 16 which is in the region of the male root 16-2.
For an oil-free compressor, the rotor tips must be brought as close as possible to the rotor housing bores 12-1 and 12-2 in order to reduce the leakage since oil cannot be used for sealing. The wear and power loss due to the friction between the rotor tips and the housing will be excessive if contact occurs between the rotors and housing. Even where the rotors are lubricated, there can be leakage across the oil seal and the oil must be removed from the refrigerant to minimize its circulation through the refrigeration system with its deterioration of the heat transfer efficiency as well as to maintain the necessary oil for lubrication in the compressor.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a low friction, wear resistant coating is deposited on the tips or lands 14-1 and 16-1 of the rotors 14 and 16, respectively. One suitable low friction, wear resistant coating is a low friction diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coating of the type used locally on the tip surface of the vane in a rotary compressor as disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,054. Such a the DLC coating serves to overcome lubrication difficulties associated with the use of new oil and refrigerant combinations. The DLC coating is both lubricous and also wear resistant in that, as discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. 5,672,054, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, it is made up of alternating layers of a hard material, such as tungsten carbide, and amorphous carbon.
Examples of other suitable low friction, wear resistant coatings include titanium nitride and other single material, single layer nitride coatings, as well as carbide and ceramic coatings having both high wear resistance and a low coefficient of friction. The presence of a low friction, wear resistant coating on the tips or in the valleys of lands of the respective rotors provides several advantages. First, oil free or reduced oil operation relative to the rotors is possible without excessive wear or friction. Second, machining tolerances can be relaxed because some contact with the rotor bores can be tolerated. Third, the need for oil sealing between the rotors and the rotor bores can be reduced or eliminated because of the possibility of running with less clearance between the rotor tips or lands 14-1 and 16-1 and rotor bores 12-1 and 12-2, respectively.
Because the contact band on female rotor 14 is located near the tip, a single DLC coating can be used to cover both areas of interest on the female rotor due to their narrow spacing, or overlap, depending upon the rotor profiles. The single DLC coating 40 on the female rotor is preferred for ease of manufacture as illustrated on FIG. 4. The portion 40-1 of coating 40 corresponds to the contact band and the portion 40-2 corresponds to the portion of tip or land 14-2 that comes closest to bore 12-1. The corresponding DLC coatings on male rotor 16 are more widely separated with the coating 60 deposited on the rotor tips and the coating 61 deposited near the root portion corresponding to the contact band.
Like the rotor tips, the rotor ends are run with a clearance that constitutes a leak path. In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a DLC coating may be applied at the discharge end faces of the rotors, at the facing surfaces of the discharge casing 13 or on a coated insert disposed between the rotors and the discharge casing 13, whereby the running clearance, and thereby the leakage path, is reduced. Referring now to FIG. 5, a DLC coating is applied to the discharge end of the rotors 14 and 16. Specifically, DLC coating 42 is applied to the discharge end of female rotor 14 and DLC coating 62 is applied to the discharge end of male rotor 16. Because the DLC coatings 42 and 62 can accommodate some contact with outlet casing surface 13-1, a reduced end running clearance can be employed with reduced leakage. Referring now to FIG. 6, the DLC coating 82 is applied to the casing surface 13-1 rather than to the ends of the rotors 14 and 16, as in the FIG. 5 embodiment. In the FIG. 7 embodiment, a separate member 90 is located between the ends of rotors 14 and 16 and casing surface 13-1. Because the member 90 conforms to the cross section of bores 12-1 and 12-2, it is not capable of rotation and the relative movement will be between member 90 and the discharge ends of rotors 14 and 16. Accordingly, only the surface of member 90 facing rotors 14 and 16 needs to be provided with a DLC coating 92. In the embodiments of FIGS. 5-7 a DLC coating is located between the ends of rotors 14 and 16 and surface 13-1 such that its lubricity will protect the rotors and casing from wear during an occasional contact thereby permitting the closing of the end running clearance and narrowing the leakage path.
Referring now to FIG. 8, a greatly exaggerated cross section typical of coatings 40, 42, 60, 61, 82 and 92 is illustrated although it is labeled 40. DLC coating 40 is made up of hard bilayers 40′ and lubricious bilayers 40″. The range of bilayer thickness is 1 to 20 nm, with the preferred range being between 5 and 10 nm.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a conformable coating, which may be abradable or extrudable into shape, may be applied to the rotors 14 and 16 and/or to the bores 12-1 and 12-2. While the entire rotors and bores may be coated, a localized coating in the rotor flutes or valleys 14-2 and 16-2, respectively, as illustrated in FIG. 9, provides essentially all of the benefits relative to the coaction between the rotors. Although the contact band is a no clearance area and requires precise machining, the tolerances can be relaxed relative to the coaction between the remainder of the rotor lobe profiles. Additionally, the conformable coating of the bores 12-1 and 12-2 accommodates the flexure of the rotors 14 and 16 during actual operation to maintain the sealing function. Referring to FIGS. 4 and 9, the female rotor valleys may be provided with conformable coating 44 and the male rotor valley may be provided with conformable coating 64. Additionally, bores 12-1 and 12-2 may be provided with conformable coating 84.
Various plastically conformable coatings may be used including, for example, iron phosphate, magnesium phosphate, nickel polymer amalgams, nickel zinc alloys, aluminum silicon alloys with polyester, and aluminum silicon alloys with polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA). Also, convention coatings methods, including for example thermal spraying, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or any suitable aqueous deposition, may be used to treat the surfaces of the screw machine of the present invention.
Although the present invention has been specifically illustrated and described in terms of a twin rotor screw machine, it is applicable to screw machines employing three, or more rotors. It is therefore intended that the present invention is to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 19, 1975
|May 16, 1978
|Comprotek, S. A.
|Rotary gas machine
|Nov 18, 1982
|Aug 21, 1984
|Ingersoll-Rand Company
|Clearance-controlling means comprising abradable layer and abrasive layer
|Jul 10, 1986
|Sep 22, 1987
|Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho
|Screw rotor mechanism
|Jun 26, 1986
|Aug 16, 1988
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Roots type pump with pin connection for plastic coated rotor
|Sep 25, 1991
|Feb 22, 1994
|Lemelson Jerome H
|Gears and gear assemblies
|Oct 28, 1992
|May 24, 1994
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Screw-type rotary fluid machine including rotors having treated surfaces
|Sep 14, 1993
|Nov 15, 1994
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Oil-free screw compressor and method of manufacture
|Oct 7, 1994
|Sep 10, 1996
|Ford Motor Company
|Solid lubricant coating for fluid pump or compressor
|Apr 16, 1996
|Jun 17, 1997
|Ford Motor Company
|Method of making an efficiency enhanced fluid pump or compressor
|Dec 7, 1995
|Sep 30, 1997
|Carrier Corporation
|Rotary compressor with reduced lubrication sensitivity
|Jun 16, 1997
|Sep 7, 1999
|Carrier Corporation
|Rotary compressor with reduced lubrication sensitivity
|Sep 11, 1997
|Nov 30, 1999
|Hale Fire Pump Co.
|Gear coatings for rotary gear pumps
|Mar 25, 1986
|Oct 1, 1987
|Mahle Gmbh
|Screw-type compressor
|Dec 29, 1989
|Jul 18, 1990
|Ishikawajima-Harima Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Screw rotor set
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 30, 2002
|May 25, 2004
|Carrier Corporation
|Coated end wall and method of manufacture
|Dec 18, 2003
|Nov 25, 2008
|Robert Bosch Gmbh
|Tribologically loaded component and accompanying gas engine or internal combustion engine
|May 23, 2007
|Dec 13, 2011
|Eaton Corporation
|Rotary blower with corrosion-resistant abradable coating
|Dec 20, 2011
|Carrier Corporation
|Method of manufacture, remanufacture, or repair of a compressor
|May 15, 2009
|Jun 23, 2015
|Atlas Copco Airpower, Naamloze Vennootschap
|Fluid injected screw compressor element
|Dec 18, 2003
|Jul 29, 2004
|Stefan Grosse
|Tribologically loaded component and accompanying gas engine or internal combustion engine
|Nov 2, 2004
|May 4, 2006
|Lincoln James A
|Positive displacement pump gear
|Feb 20, 2006
|Aug 23, 2007
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Gear pump for pumping abrasive well fluid
|Jan 14, 2008
|Jul 10, 2008
|Carrier Corporation
|Coated end wall and method of manufacture
|May 23, 2007
|Nov 27, 2008
|Ouwenga Daniel R
|Rotary Blower With Corrosion-Resistant Abradable Coating
|Feb 14, 2008
|Aug 20, 2009
|Garrett Richard H
|Rotary gear pump for use with non-lubricating fluids
|May 15, 2009
|Jan 20, 2011
|Raphael Henri Maria Pauwels
|Fluid injected screw compressor element
|Feb 14, 2011
|Feb 28, 2013
|The City University
|Lubrication of screw machines
|Jul 17, 2003
|Jul 29, 2009
|Screw compressor and manufacturing method of its rotor
|May 21, 2008
|Oct 10, 2012
|Rotary blower with corrosion-resistant abradable coating
|Sep 7, 2005
|Jun 25, 2008
|Carrier Corporation
|Slide valve
|Sep 7, 2005
|Apr 11, 2012
|Carrier Corp
|Slide valve
|Feb 14, 2011
|Sep 27, 2012
|The City University
|Lubrication of screw machines
|U.S. Classification
|418/178, 418/201.1, 418/152
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 19, 2000
Owner name: CARRIER CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BUSH, JAMES W.;COOPER, CLARK V.;DROST, RONALD T.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011015/0429;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000530 TO 20000622
|Jun 22, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 16, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 18, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Effective March 1, the interest rate on USDA Rural Development home loans has been reduced to 4.0 percent. Home prices are at the lowest level in years.
Rural Development housing programs help families and individuals in rural areas improve their economic security through affordable home loans and homebuyer education opportunities. In most cases Rural Development home loans may be made without a down payment. Depending on an applicant's income, monthly payments may be based on an interest rate as low as 1 percent. Loans are typically made for 33 years at a fixed interest rate. Monthly payment assistance may also be available for those who qualify.
Eligibility for assistance is based on family income and varies by county. Rural Development staff will help applicants calculate their adjusted family income and complete the application process. Rural Development also has very low-interest loans for home repairs related to health, safety and accessibility. Applicants must own their home. Those 62 years or older may qualify for a home repair grant in some cases.
To schedule an appointment contact Danonne Citro at USDA Service Center, 3210 Hoover Drive, West Plains, Mo., or by calling 417-256-7117,

subset: commoncrawl


text:
New England Congregational Christian Fellowship (NECCF) is a regional association supporting healthy churches and ministers in our local communities.
Part of the CCCC, we are ministry-oriented evangelical and women and men who affirm congregational church government under the headship of Jesus-Christ.
Our New England fellowship offers conferences and conversation to support the passion and health of ministers, churches, and communities primarily throughout Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.


text:
When Gov. Sonny Perdue arrived at Atlanta's downtown Marriott Hotel on Aug. 29, he intended to talk some trash. But the kickoff to an anti-litter campaign turned into a barrage of verbal garbage hurled by the governor at a television reporter [watch].
Journalists at WGCL CBS-46 claim their bosses told them a Perdue aide threatened the station and that the station capitulated. Two of the governor's aides and WGCL's general manager deny there was an attempt at intimidation.
But, at the very least, Perdue showcased his penchant for imperial rudeness. And the station, rather than staying on top of a story that highlights his administration's meanness, took a dive.
At the Marriott shindig, reporter Wendy Saltzman badgered the governor over a policy that, according to Perdue's own experts, has booted about 2,200 severely ill children from the state's Medicaid program. Saltzman was trying to nail down Perdue's position for an investigative report.
Instead, the governor nailed Saltzman, angrily ordering security guards to eject her from the anti-litter meeting. One of Saltzman's colleagues says the reporter was "roughed up" by the security muscle. That colleague also says the station has a video showing Saltzman being manhandled and shouting, "Don't touch me." The station wouldn't confirm whether or not the video exists.
A month after the first incident, Saltzman waylaid the governor again. And again, things got ugly. The setting was a press conference on biofuel. Saltzman demanded an answer to her inquiries about the disabled kids.
Perdue responded: "We've addressed that with you, and I think probably from the way you've approached this subject you might want to think about some other markets like Chattanooga and Columbia and Tallahassee."
Saltzman repeated her queries.
Perdue: "Wendy, I've answered your question. I'm sorry, dear. You know, if you can't get answers, you might want to think about another market."
Obviously, Saltzman got under the governor's skin. His barb was so nasty, in fact, that the National Journal, a respected magazine for policy wonks, put a clip on its website as a sampling of Perdue's temper.
It's not a state secret that the gubna is prickly. That's not a good tactic with newshounds who employ a style of broadcast journalism called "ambush" reporting.
After the second encounter, according to three WGCL news staffers, a Perdue aide contacted the station and threatened to withhold $500,000 in campaign advertising if the Perdue-Saltzman dustup aired. That's a big chunk of change for a station whose news shows barely register on the ratings.
In an average of all ratings shares for news shows, WGCL had an anemic 7 percent, according to a Nov. 30 Nielsen survey. WSB amassed 52 percent, and WAGA and WXIA scored respectable 21 and 20 percent totals.
John Watson, Perdue's outgoing chief of staff, confirmed he spoke with WGCL General Manager Andy Alford and News Director Rick Erbach. "I was critical," Watson says. "Wendy invaded the governor's space and I wanted to register our disgruntlement about her."
Perdue's communications director, Dan McLagan, says he was in the room when Watson called the station. McLagan backs up Watson's account of no threat, adding that station executives had complained Perdue's re-election campaign wasn't spending enough at WGCL. "That's true, we weren't," McLagan says. "They don't have any viewers."
Alford says no advertising executive at the station was threatened. News staffers -- none of whom wanted to be named for fear of losing their jobs -- say Alford may be accurate but not complete. "The threat came in through our news managers, not advertising," one says.
Saltzman says she "can't comment."
One senior WGCL newsperson observes, "I think what happened is that Alford and Erbach were afraid they'd lose advertising, not that Perdue threatened them. I know Erbach promised Wendy we'd run another segment after the elections, one that contained the confrontations with Perdue, but that hasn't happened."
Another WGCL newsperson adds, "There was a meeting where Wendy was told by Rick [Erbach] that we could lose more money than the station spends on investigative reporting."
Erbach and Alford were provided details of what their employees, Watson and McLagan said. Erbach responded: "We don't discuss our business or editorial strategies. At no time did the governor threaten us." He refused to release tapes of the Saltzman-Perdue confrontations.
Lost in the controversy over her testy relationship with the governor is the subject of Saltzman's report.
In 1981, Julie Beckett, an Iowa mom of a disabled child, appealed to President Ronald Reagan to drop restrictions on Medicaid payments to middle-income families with severely ill kids. Reagan did, and Beckett's child, Katie, recovered to the extent that she graduated from college and now advises the government on disabilities. Reagan's program is dubbed the "Katie Beckett Waiver."
Perdue's administration has taken a strict approach to the waivers, at first demanding co-pays from the often financially devastated families. Children are disqualified when schools report they're making progress.
"I know the administration says [cutbacks] are because of federal mandates," says Pat Nobbie, deputy director of the Governor's Commission on Developmental Disabilities. "But in reality, the federal government doesn't care."
The total state cost of waivers is a relative pittance, about $10 million a year -- 0.7 percent of the state's Medicaid budget. And the Legislature this year unanimously passed Democrat-sponsored emergency funding of $7.3 million for families that have been kicked off the Medicaid program. But unless Perdue changes course, children will continue to be ousted.
Heidi Moore of Alpharetta, the mom of a child with Down syndrome, leads an advocacy group for Katie Beckett Waiver parents. "We're talking about the most vulnerable citizens in Georgia, 6,500 families," she says. "Under Perdue, more than 2,000 families have lost the Medicaid funding. That's just cruel. And that's why he was so vicious with Wendy Saltzman. He's really afraid of this story."


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By The Latin Kitchen | 07/12/2016 - 14:13
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By The Latin Kitchen | 10/31/2013 - 15:39
There's nothing like home cooking, bites that remind us of mama and abuela or Saturday nights spent at the kitchen table, sharing good food and good stories. Cuba, with it's rich cultural heritage and delicious culinary traditions has given us some of those well known Latin dishes we all grew up with: ropa vieja, anyone? In an effort to celebrate all that Cuba has to offer, we've rounded up some of our favorite and most irresistible Cuban recipes.
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By Valerie Tejeda | 06/27/2012 - 16:00
For most people, Latin American food is seen as a guilty pleasure. The good news? You don't have to think that anymore! Many of your favorite Latin dishes are packed with tons of health benefits, so there is no need to be so hard on yourself when indulging in these tasty foods.
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Inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and rosacea were complicated by barrier abrogation and deficiency in innate immunity. The first defender of epidermal innate immune response is the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that exhibit a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The deficiency of these AMPs in the skin of AD fails to protect our body against virulent pathogen infections. In contrast to AD where there is a suppression of AMPs, rosacea is characterized by overexpression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), the products of which result in chronic epidermal inflammation. In this regard, AMP generation that is controlled by a key ceramide metabolite S1P-dependent mechanism could be considered as alternate therapeutic approaches to treat these skin disorders, i.e., Increased S1P levels strongly stimulated the CAMP expression which elevated the antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens resulting the improved AD patient skin.
The skin of atopic dermatitis (AD) is highly susceptible to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. The defense system of the skin against bacterial invasion is significantly disrupted in AD. The high incidence of S. aureus colonization was also observed in the decrease of IgA and the slight change toward an alkaline pH in AD skin. Recently, another important association between sphingolipid metabolites and the defense mechanism against S. aureus colonization has been ascribed to decreased levels of ceramide which reflects possible alteration of sphingolipid metabolites in the AD skin. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress stimulates the production of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), the proapoptotic sphingolipids, ceramide and sphingosine as well as an antiapoptotic sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). In previous studies, a variety of external perturbations including ER stress stimulated the production of ceramides (Uchida et al., 2003; Lei et al., 2008; Uchida et al., 2010). Recently, we also suggested the CAMP production via a novel NF-κB- and C/EBPα-mediated pathway independent of vitamin D receptor mediated mechanism (Park et al., 2011). Interestingly, sphingolipid metabolites especially ceramides were converted into sphingosine by ceramidase or dephosphorylated from S1P by S1P phosphohydrolase-1 in subtoxic levels of ER stress (Lepine et al., 2011). Therefore, sphingolipid metabolites ceramides, sphingosine and S1P were possibly involved in triggering innate immunity in skin.
Here, we introduce the antimicrobial peptides released from skin epithelial cells in relation to the activation or upregulation of their defense mechanism mediated by the sphingolipid signaling molecules in AD.
Mammalian epithelial tissues, such as intestine, respiratory tract, reproductive tract, mucosal epithelia and skin, are positioned at the interface with the external environment, where they continuously encounter exogenous microbial pathogens. These tissues have developed protective mechanisms that include antimicrobial peptides (AMP) (also called host defense peptides) that exhibit a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, enveloped viruses and even transformed or cancerous cells. (Liu et al., 2013). In addition to antimicrobial activity, it has been highlighted that AMPs have the ability to enhance innate/adaptive immunity by functioning as immunomodulators (Beignon et al., 2001). In human and other mammals, the two main AMP families are defensin and CAMP. Defensins are widely distributed in mammalian epithelial cells and phagocytes (Ali et al., 2001). CAMP is a structurally and evolutionarily distinct antimicrobial peptide that is similar to defensins in abundance and distribution. In addition to CAMP and defensins, additional antimicrobial peptides also exist which including histatins (de Sousa-Pereira et al., 2013), dermcidin (Schittek et al., 2001; Zeth, 2013) and anionic peptides. However, these antimicrobial peptides are restricted to a few animal species and tissues. In this review, the major characteristics of two major epidermal AMP families, β-defensins and CAMP will be present and discussed.
The defensins, which have six conserved cysteine residues, are small and cationic peptides that are divided into three subfamilies, α-, β-, and θ-defensin based on the pairing of the cysteine residues to form three disulfide bridges (α-defensin [cys1-cys6, cys2-cys4, cys3-cys5], β-defensin [cys1-cys5, cys2-cys4, cys3-cys6], θ-defensin [cys1-cys1, cys2-cys3, cys2-cys3]) (Ali et al., 2001; Huh et al., 2002; Fazakerley et al., 2010). Six α-defensins have been identified from five genes in human, human neutrophil peptide (HNP)-1, HNP-2, HNP-3, HNP-4, and human defensin (HD)-5, and HD-6. The α-defensins are mainly produced by neutrophils and to our knowledge are not found in keratinocytes, which are human epidermal skin cells. Whereas, human β-defensins (hBDs) are encoded by more than 30 β-defensin genes (DEFBs) and the keratinocytes express hBD-1 through hBD-3 (Table 1). Unlike α- and β-defensins those are found in humans, the θ-defensin protein product has not been identified in humans.
hBD-1 is constitutively expressed in human skin, whereas both hBD-2 and hBD-3 are inducible AMP in epidermis dependent on a number of factors, including pathogenic bacteria, cytokines, growth factors or external stresses such as UVB irradiation. These factors have shown to differentially induce hBDs production in the skin. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 has been noted to recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that induce hBD-2, not hBD-3, expression in keratinocytes (Luo et al., 2012). Moreover, hBD-2 production was mainly regulated by IL-1, whereas hBD-3 induction is influenced primarily by IL-6 and epidermal growth factors, indicating that different stimulators and regulatory mechanisms are responsible for the generation of various hBDs (Harder et al., 2000; Pioli et al., 2006; Ahn et al., 2013). hBD3 has potent antimicrobial activity against exogenous microbial pathogens, including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, while hBD2 has no noted effects against Gram-positive Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, which is the virulent bacteria that colonizes approximately 90% of AD patients (Fazakerley et al., 2010; Ong, 2010).
The properties of CAMP were first discovered in porcine (Ritonja et al., 1989), CAMP has been continuously investigated and found in multiple other mammalian species, e.g., rabbit (Larrick et al., 1991), humans (Larrick et al., 1995), sheep (Bagella et al., 1995), mice (Popsueva et al., 1996), monkeys (Bals et al., 2001), and recently in dogs (Sang et al., 2007). These mammalian CAMPs are small, cationic, and amphipathic peptides, which range in size <100 amino acid residues. In humans, there is a single CAMP gene, which encodes the inactive precursor protein, known as CAP18. This inactive precursor consists of an N-terminal cathelin domain and a C-terimal peptide domain. Local proteases, e.g., serine protease 3, kalikerin-5 or -7, cleave the C-terminal domain from the inactive precursor CAP18 to form active AMP such as LL-37, which is responsible for antimicrobial activity (Table 1) (Glaser et al., 2005; Radek et al., 2008; Segaert, 2008; Wittersheim et al., 2013).
Epidermal CAMP is minimally detected in intact, unperturbed skin but significantly upregulated in response to exogenous infections, wounding, and permeability barrier perturbation. It has been well established that the Vitamin D3-induced Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) activation is the primary transcriptional regulatory mechanism of CAMP production in the skin (Martineau et al., 2007; Heilborn et al., 2010; Kanda et al., 2012). In general, while Vitamin D3 is synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol in human skin upon exposure of UVB irradiation, with the two key enzymes being vitamin D 25-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) in liver and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) in kidney. Both enzymes are required to form active Vitamin D3, 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) (Lehmann et al., 1999; Kragballe, 2002; Vantieghem et al., 2006). In particular, CYP27B1 which can activate 1,25D3 is also expressed in keratinocytes and is under the control of the signals that occur in bacterial infection or injury in the skin. Activated 1,25D3 binds to the VDR and recruits transcriptional coactivator proteins such as steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) 3. This result is in the formation of a complex with activated VDR, leading to initiate CAMP expression and function (Fig. 1).
In addition to VDR-dependent mechanism, we have discovered that the subtoxic external perturbations such as UVB irradiation that induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and increase cellular ceramide production in parallel with stimulated metabolic conversion of sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lead to enhanced CAMP generation via an NF-κB activation, independent of the VDR pathway (Fig. 1) (Uchida et al., 2010). In addition to VDR, several consensus transcription factor-binding sequences, including C/EBP, are present on the promoter region of CAMP, but an NF-κB binding element has not been identified in the region that includes the 693 bp upstream from the transcription initiating site. Since NF-κB binding site(s) is not present within the CAMP promoter, the ER stress-induced activation of NF-κB could not directly bind to the promoter region; instead, NF-κB activation induces C/EBPα via p38 MAP kinase (Hayakawa et al., 2010; Garcia-Garcia et al., 2012). Although a detailed mechanism of how the ER stress-mediated increases in S1P activate NF-κB still remains unresolved, our recent studies further demonstrated that CAMP generation likely occurs by an S1P receptor independent mechanism (Park et al., 2013). Moreover, VDR- and S1P/NF-κB-dependent mechanism are not operating simultaneously in response to ER stress, both pathways could alternatively regulate CAMP expression depending upon cellular environments, i.e. under basal (unstressed) vs. under stressed conditions in the skin (Fig. 1).
A number of previous studies have revealed that CAMP is a major epidermal AMP with the most potent antimicrobial activity against virulent S. aureus, and a multifunctional peptide that also modulates cytokine production, cellular differentiation, and adaptive immunity (Table 1). Furthermore, recent studies revealed that CAMP combined with hBD-2 has synergistic antimicrobial activity by effectively killing S. aureus (Kim et al., 2009; Goo et al., 2010).
AD is the most common inflammatory skin disease and is characterized by T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine-mediated inflammations and significant barrier disruption. Since Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13, which are highly expressed in AD skin and suppress key epidermal AMPs, e.g., hBD-2, hBD-3, and CAMP, expression levels of these AMPs decline in AD skin as compared to healthy skin (Reinholz et al., 2012; Lancto et al., 2013). Decreased expression of AMPs can explain the increased susceptibility of AD patients to bacterial infection, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which poses a significant community health problem for atopic dermatitis patients since treatment is difficult. In contrast to AD, CAMP is strongly overexpressed in the skin of rosacea patient compared to the skin of healthy controls (Meyer-Hoffert and Schroder, 2011). However, levels of hBDs in rosacea patient do not differ from healthy controls. As presented above, the active form LL-37, which is cleaved from the inactive precursor CAP18 by serine proteases, can be further processed to smaller peptide fragments and has pro-inflammatory response. In addition, increased expression/activity of serine proteases such as serine protease 3 and kalikerin-5 have been found in skin lesions of rosacea patients (Yamasaki et al., 2007; Morizane et al., 2010). Although further studies are needed to show how cutaneous serine proteases are activated in rosacea, increased CAMP expression due to enhanced serine protease activity can explain why patients suffering from rosacea show chronic inflammation.
The stratum corneum (SC) is the outmost upper layer of the skin and provides the rate-limiting barrier function for penetration into and out of the skin. The SC of the skin contains relatively high amounts of ceramides as much as 50% of total skin lipids (Bouwstra et al., 1999). Ceramides in skin exist both in the free form and bound to proteins. Interestingly, skin ceramides have unique structures which are not reported in other tissues. Typical skin ceramides structures contain the long-chain fatty acids linked to sphingosine or phytosphingosine (Stewart and Downing, 1999). Some of fatty acids with 2-hydroxyl group were also observed in skin ceramides structure (Huang and Chang, 2008). In addition, there are O-acyl ceramides structure consisted with a long-chain fatty acids, having a terminal hydroxyl group which esterified either with linoleate or a 2-hydroxy acid (Janusova et al., 2011) (Fig. 2).
These ceramides have an essential function in the skin barrier properties, inhibiting water loss and protecting ingress of potentially harmful substances. This barrier functions have been impaired in skin diseases such as psoriasis and AD, presumably caused by an altered lipid composition and organization (Farwanah et al., 2005). Indeed, the skin barrier disruption has been attributed to decreased levels of ceramides in SC of AD patients (Kita et al., 2002).
Among various sphingoid bases, only sphingosine was clearly and profoundly effective against Staphylococcus aureus (4-log reduction at 20 μM; 2-log reduction at 2.5 μM) (Arikawa et al., 2002). The sphingosine was similarly active against Streptococcus pyogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Propionibacterium acnes, Brevibacterium epidermidis, and Candida albicans, moderately active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and ineffective against Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens (Bibel et al., 1992a). The positively charged structure of 2-amino position in sphingosine is responsible for enzyme inhibition such as a protein-kinase system because there was no activity at pH higher than 8.0 and N-acetyl sphingosine was ineffective, suggesting this chemical structure is important in antimicrobial activity (Bottega et al., 1989; Igarashi et al., 1989). In addition, both erythro- and threo-isomers were effective and essentially required Ca2+ ion for antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the existence of sphingosine in the SC suggests that sphingosine may have a major role in the resistance of skin to colocalization and infection by microorganisms (Bibel et al., 1992b, Bibel et al., 1993). The levels of sphingosine in the SC are regulated by two factors; the hydrolysis of ceramides to sphingosine by acidic ceramidase (CDase) and ceramides levels as a substrate pool. Actually, the levels of sphingosine are significantly down-regulated to 140-160 μM in SC of AD patients, compared with healthy controls (268 μM). This suggests that the decreased levels of ceramides and reduced activities of acidic CDase are in part associated with the deficiency of sphingosine in the skin of AD patients (Arikawa et al., 2002).
In skin, sphingosine can be phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases into S1P, which acting both the maintenance of the epidermal permeability and as a critical signaling molecule, which binds to a family of G-protein coupled receptors, termed S1PR1-S1PR5 (Maceyka et al., 2009). This S1P signaling via S1P receptors (S1PRs) significantly regulate the immunosuppressive action by causing lymphophenia as demonstrated by a S1PR1 agonist, FTY720 (Fingolimod) treatment in vivo (Bohler et al., 2003). The immunosuppressive ligand S1P is irreversibly metabolized into hexadecenal and ethanolamine phosphate by S1P lyase (Schwab et al., 2005) (Fig. 3). Therefore, the regulation of S1P lyase activity may mainly control the intracellular S1P concentrations (Berdyshev et al., 2011). Therefore, S1P lyase activity may also exhibit a central role for the regulation of immunological disorders, suggesting that an imbalance in the S1P-S1P lyase axis may directly related to the incidence of skin diseases. Interestingly, the S1P lyase mRNA and S1P lyase activity were greatly enhanced in atopic skin lesions in humans, supposing that S1P concentration in AD patients skin may be much less compared to healthy skin (Baumer et al., 2011). In this report, the S1P concentration in lesional skin of dogs suffering from AD was significantly lower, 0.18 nmol/mg protein while healthy skin was 0.63 nmol/mg protein.
In a recent paper, we demonstrated that ER stresses by cell-permeable ceramide (C2Cer) in human keratinocytes upregulated the mRNA expression of CAMP as well as the endogenous sphingosine in 10-fold concentrations and S1P in 1.3-fold increase (Park et al., 2013). In this conditions, the inhibition of S1P lyase activity by siRNA treatment profoundly increased S1P level, indicating the possible involvement of sphingolipid metabolites, ceramides, sphingosine and S1P for the induction of CAMP mRNA and protein expression. Especially the enzyme of sphingosine kinase type 1 (SK-1) which produce S1P was significantly activated in CAMP expression in human keratinocytes which were treated with C2Cer. In addition, a pharmaceutical inhibitor (SKI) or siRNA treatment of SK-1 attenuated CAMP expression in cells. From in vivo studies using S1P lyase-deficient mouse skin, C2Cer (7.5 μM) treatment induced ER stress and subsequently increased the protein and mRNA levels of CAMP compared to vehicle. Exogenously added S1P or synthetic S1PR1 ligands (SEW 2871) did not enhanced CAMP mRNA expression. These results suggested that S1P regulation of enhanced CAMP expression may not be related to S1P receptor-mediated S1P signaling pathway.
Taken together, the antimicrobial peptide, CAMP is an indispensable factor of the skin's innate immune defense system against microorganisms' infection. Previously, the CAMP protein in keratinocytes is regulated by vitamin D3 through the vitamin D receptor (Gombart et al., 2005). We newly identified S1P as an ER-stress signaling molecule which increases production of CAMP when the epidermis is under stress; e.g., UV exposure (D'Orazio et al., 2013; Wallingford et al., 2013), wound healing (Kawanabe et al., 2007), or attack by microorganisms (Arikawa et al., 2002). Identification of this new signaling mechanism will allow the development of new topical compounds, both synthetic and natural, that could be used to enhance epidermal innate immunity and antimicrobial defense, when the skin is under microbial attack from the outside.
This work was supported by research grant of the Chungbuk National University in 2010.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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SilverStone Raven RV03
by Hilbert Hagedoorn on: 04/12/2011 10:00 AM | Source | 0 comment(s)
Check out the SilverStone's Raven RV03 case which is now available for pre-order at $139.99
Availability of this chassis is expected arround April 18. One of the unique things about the RV03 is that is uses a 90-degree angled motherboard mounting system.
Here's what tc-mag reported on it: The new Raven measures 235 (W) x 522 (H) x 570 (D) mm, weights 11.4kg, supports up to extended ATX motherboards and has a top I/O panel with two USB 3.0 and audio ports, seven exposed 5.25-inch bays (all are tool-free ready), and enough space for up to ten 3.5-inch drives (six via adapters) and two 2.5-inch HDDs/SSDs. SilverStone's case also packs two, bottom-placed 180mm Air Penetrator fans (up to 1200 RPM speed).
« Operation Flashpoint: Red River - Co-Op MP video · SilverStone Raven RV03 · Intel Z68 launches May 8th »
SilverStone DS321 dual-bay USB 3.0 RAID chassis - 08/10/2011 06:15 PM
SilverStone outs their new DS321, a new dual-bay RAID storage enclosure that uses USB 3.0. The enclosure is made from aluminium and has a small fan for extra cooling. The compact design of the DS321 ...
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SilverStone is
SilverStone unveils Clear CMOS - 10/15/2008 10:33 AM
Well, I know i mentioned in my articles a lot that mainboard manufacturers should included a CMOS micro-switch on the maomnboard, but this might be taking it a step too far. Anyway, SilverStone unveil...


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Toddler found in trunk [VIDEO]: Isaiah Theis' body found in customer's car - how did he get in?
The body of a two-year-old boy from Wisconsin has been found in a trunk on Wednesday.
Isaiah Theis' body was discovered in the trunk of a customer's car near his home where his father runs an auto repair shop after he disappeared Tuesday night. The boy's body was only discovered at 10:15 Wednesday in a locked car parked outside of his parents' home.
Police are questioning how the toddler managed to get locked in the trunk. Investigators failed to look in the trunk of the car despite scouring the woods and fields to look for the boy.
Steve Moe of the Polk County Sherriff's office said in a press conference Thursday: "We were operating under the belief that there was no access to those vehicles, and finding out later there was, I was surprised."
The car had been searched for the missing boy but they did not look inside the trunk. Moe said that he wished searchers had looked inside the trunk. "Would we liked to have forced entry to the car? Yeah, from my personal perspective," he said.
The statement said that a full autopsy is underway to determine the cause of death.
Theis' father runs an auto repair shop and he had multiple cars in his care on Wednesday.
Authorities presumed that the toddler had wandered off into the fields. "It was that belief that dominated the search," Moe said.
Theis' body was only discovered when the owner of the car arrived at his home to remove his car.
See a video of the press conference below:
Zika virus: 7 important facts
Here are seven important facts everyone should be aware of regarding Zika Virus.
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Skip to comments.Kerry: If We're Wrong on Climate Change, 'What's the Worst That Can Happen?'
Posted on 05/20/2014 8:49:05 AM PDT by GrandJediMasterYoda
Kerry: If We're Wrong on Climate Change, 'What's the Worst That Can Happen?' '97 percent' of scientists are wrong.
Secretary of State John Kerry did not shy away from pejorative language when addressing "climate change" in his commencement speech at Boston College on Monday. Kerry referred to those skeptical of the Obama administration's climate claims as "members of the Flat Earth Society" who are "risking nothing less than the future of the entire planet" by resisting implementation of the administration's policies. At the very least, Kerry argued, what have we got to lose by taking the steps he and the president are advocating? [emphasis added]:
If we make the necessary efforts to address this challenge and supposing Im wrong or scientists are wrong, 97 percent of them all wrong supposing they are, whats the worst that can happen? We put millions of people to work transitioning our energy, creating new and renewable and alternative; we make life healthier because we have less particulates in the air and cleaner air and more health; we give ourselves greater security through greater energy independence thats the downside. This is not a matter of politics or partisanship; its a matter of science and stewardship. And its not a matter of capacity; its a matter of willpower.
(Excerpt) Read more at weeklystandard.com ...
Uh, - - - politicians will continue to lie, and taxes and the National Debt will go sky high?
And don't forget skyrocketing energy prices because of the shutdown of the coal industry and limits on fossil fuel development.
Billions starve, tyranny rules, we enter a new dark age.
That is the downside of dragging the energy clock back 100 years.
He probably echoed something stupid like that about the Veteran's Administration as well.
What is the worst that could happen? Besides destroying the US economy with crippling energy prices that cause millions to lose their jobs and transfer the wealth of Americans to a few elites? Nothing much, I guess.
Grow the best wine grapes in Wales and Northumbria like they did during Roman and Early Angles times?
Be able to visit Alaska in April?
Have southern Canada become the corn-belt?
It has already happened. The elites can afford the green movement, they have the green to pay for it. The rest of us, not so much.
> The worst that can happen is millions of people get their money stolen by this scam, people lose jobs while Al Gore makes half a billion dollars. Oh wait, that already happened.
What's the worst that can happen? Well, gee, how about the negative affects on the economy and people's lives that implementation of their ideas would have?
People forget that the risk aversion formula has three facets, not two.
The first two these folks have down:
1. The likelihood of a thing happening.
2. The impact of the thing happening.
What they forget is the third facet:
3. The cost of mitigating the event.
Nobody pays to harden their home from a direct meteor strike. There is a reason for that. It's in the combination of 1 and 3 above.
The guy is a freaking idiot.
in the year 2000
the ice age will turn the world into an iceball
in the year 2000
the world will be one massive desert
in the year 2000
population will explode and people will be starving to death
in the year 2000
hiv will kill 1/2 the planet
in the year 2000
the usa and ussr will destroy the world
in the year 2000
japan will own the usa
in the year 2000
there will be no more oil to pump out of the earth
in the year 2000
drinkable water will be gone
in the year 2000
the ozone layer will be gone...
Spending money we do not have on worthless programs that accomplish nothing. Man is not capable of adjusting the weather.
Billions starve, tyranny rules, we enter a new dark age.
That is the downside of dragging the energy clock back 100 years.
Impoverishing the nations, institutions, and individuals that support freedom can mean:
1. Global annihilation dues to forces of evil with nuclear weapons that would have been avoided by keeping a healthy economy.
2. The forces of socialism prevail, and in the 21st century equals their 20th century record of hundreds of million murdered.
3. The planet spending centuries under socialist oppression.
4. Billions die prematurely because of the waste of economic resources.
There are real environmental issues. If the far left fringe (today's Luddites) convince enough people that CO2 is pollution, we will spend the resources we are willing to spend on protecting the climate, and we will get nothing at all in return. We will no longer have those resources, and we will not be able to use them even to protect our environment from real pollution. I'd call that - several trillion dollars wasted - a pretty big cost.
Idiot Alert!
McCain used that same refrain in 2008.
If we are wrong about the earth being flat whats the worst that could happen?
This is the usual response you get after you have shot down all of their claims about climate change,
There is no such thing. This is as mythical as Smaug.
Hold on there; I thought anthropogenic climate change was settled science.
China continues pumping record amounts of pollution into the environment to manufacture goods that are no longer cost effective for us to make due to environmental regulation and energy costs?.....Oh wait, that's already happened.
"transitioning our energy, creating new and renewable and alternative"
The only way that's economically possible is for it to be continuously government subsidized.
Actually, the way the "elites" afford alternative energy is to make sure we're not using it, and taxing us to pay for THEIR use of it.
To a atheistic elitist, no amount of "elite" status is good enough. There's never enough "difference" between their lifestyles and that of the masses to satisfy them. They constantly strive to increase that "difference".
[ Kerry: If We're Wrong on Climate Change, 'What's the Worst That Can Happen?' ]
Idiot.... We could intentionally trigger ANOTHER ICE AGE.... Ice Ages are BAD BAD BAD for life on earth, the tropical crap libs love so much shrink down to even narrower bands and world wide rainfall decreases.....
Idiot Kerry, we are better with Warming vs. Cooling....
What an A*Hole.
They'll find out you've been lying and screwing taxpayers all along and they'll hang leftist tyrants from the closest tree or lamp post as far as the eye can see.
ha that's a good point. Also the percentage of CO2 is at 0.04%. If it gets to 0.02% plants start dying off and guess who dies off next? You ever see that movie "The road"? It's a novel by Cormac McCarthy of a man and his young son surviving earth after a cataclysmic event, but he never says in the book what the event was nor in the movie what exactly happened. All you know is that there are no more plants, the sky is constantly overcast and everything is dead except for a few humans. Food is virtually non-existent, so people start resorting to cannibalism to survive. So right away when the book came out and then the movie, liberals immediately said it was global warming, and I was like wait a minute - If it was global warming from excessive CO2, plants would be all over the place. If a meteor hit earth or nukes went off it would throw mega tons of dirt and dust into the sky but there would still be plants. The ones that required direct sunlight would die off, but there are plenty of plants that do not require direct sunlight. So the only possible explanation is that the CO2 level dropped below 0.02% for whatever reason, he never says. All the plants are dead, even algae and moss.
man predicting weather = failure.
man predicting future events = failure.
those earning a nice living as a "man caused" climate change advocate = probably in the millions.
the new industry "too big to fail".
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
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by Ana Gracia
THE VERDICT Remember Me is a language learning application that tries to make sure that you actually learn foreign vocabulary. Often, when reading a text in another language, we come across some words that we don't know what they mean. After lo…
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text:
Off-duty letter carriers and volunteers in an estimated 10,000 cities and towns across the country are preparing to participate in the 22nd annual National Letter Carriers Food Drive on Saturday.
It is the largest one-day food collection effort in the country, and volunteers throughout the South Shore are ready to pitch in.
The drive is entirely dependent on the generosity of private citizens, who are asked to put out a bag of non-perishable food on Saturday morning. Off-duty postal workers and volunteers will collect the bags along the postal routes and bring them to local food pantries, which badly need to replenish their stores at this time of year.
"We depend on the community for our donations, so this event helps us get through the summer months," said Arlene Dubrowski, a volunteer at the Marshfield Food Pantry. "We receive a lot of cash donations around the holidays, but people are on vacation during the summer while others are struggling to put food on the table, and are often overlooked. So this event really carries us forward by providing enough food to last a few months."
Nancy Upham, a postal worker at the Middleboro and Lakeville post offices, is volunteering as food drive coordinator in that district for the 21st consecutive year.
"It's for such a good cause, and it's important that it keeps the food within our community," she said. "It's become something I look forward to every year, and I think we've become more organized and efficient thanks to our army of volunteers, the local businesses that support the drive, and the donors. It's become a true community effort."
Upham said each district collects about four to six tons of non-perishable food every year. It requires a full day of work, and the volunteers are thankful that local businesses provide food and beverages, she said.
Durbrowski has volunteered at the Marshfield Food Pantry for five years. She said she is amazed by the scope of this annual effort.
"It really is an incredible event, and we're very grateful to the volunteers and letter carriers that help us out with this effort. Every year on the second Saturday in May you see hundreds and hundreds of blue food bags in mailboxes throughout town. It's amazing to see, and it just shows our community's dedication to helping each other."
Nathaniel Weitzer may be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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text:
Firearms are one of the oldest and most evolved weapon systems. From flintlocks to automatic weapons and flamethrowers, learn how firearms have been used to wage wars and save lives.
What's the world's smallest gun?
Sure, G.I. Joe's accoutrements are tiny, but this itty bitty gun actually fires rounds. What is it, and why is it illegal to import into the United States?


text:
March 22, 2016
The State Department alerts U.S. citizens to potential risks of travel to and throughout Europe following several terrorist attacks, including the March 22 attacks in Brussels claimed by ISIL.
Terrorist groups continue to plan near-term attacks throughout Europe, targeting sporting events, tourist sites, restaurants, and transportation. This Travel Alert expires on June 20, 2016.
U.S. citizens should exercise vigilance when in public places or using mass transportation. Be aware of immediate surroundings and avoid crowded places. Exercise particular caution during religious holidays and at large festivals or events.
U.S. citizens should also:
- Follow the instructions of local authorities, especially in an emergency.
- Monitor media and local information sources and factor updated information into personal travel plans and activities.
- Be prepared for additional security screening and unexpected disruptions.
- Stay in touch with your family members and ensure they know how to reach you in the event of an emergency.
- Register in our Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP).
European governments continue to guard against terrorist attacks and conduct raids to disrupt plots. We work closely with our allies and will continue to share information with our European partners that will help identify and counter terrorist threats.
For further information:
- See the State Department's travel website for the Worldwide Caution, Travel Warnings, Travel Alerts, and Italy Country Specific Information.
- Enroll in theSmart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) to receive security messages and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
- Contact theU.S. Embassy in Italy located at Via V. Veneto, 121 00187 Rome, at +39 06-4674-1, 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Monday through Friday. After-hours emergency number for U.S. citizens is +39 06-4674-1.
- U.S. Consulate General in Naplesis located at Piazza della Repubblica and it can be reached at (+39) 081-583-8111; the fax number is (+39) 081-583-8275/081-761-1804
- U.S. Consulate General in Milanis located at Via Principe Amedeo, 2/10 and is open from 8:30am to 12:00pm for emergency services. If you are a U.S. citizen in need of urgent assistance, the emergency number for the U.S. Consulate General in Milan is (+39) 02-290-351.
- U.S. Consulate General Florenceis located at Lungarno A. Vespucci, 38 and is open from 9:00am to 12:30pm for emergency services. After hours emergency number for U.S. citizens is +(39) 055-266-951
- U.S. Embassy to the Holy Seeis located on Via Sallustiana, Rome and can be reach after hours at +(39) 06-46741
- Call 1-888-407-4747 toll-free in the United States and Canada or 1-202-501-4444 from other countries from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).
- Follow us on Twitterand Facebook.
For country information on Italy, please visit travel.state.gov.


text:
78 puzzles tagged denali
Tags to specify: +alaska +park +national +mountain +ak +usa +landscape +snow +color +winter
96Denali National Park Alaska USA35Aurora Borealis35Bull Caribou near the Savage River48Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) near the Savage River228Denail tracks32Denali, Alaska40Alaska Denali Moose35Alaska Denali Park35Denali208Alaska 10891Bears going for a stroll in Denali80Wolves in winter Denali112denali-national-park36Ptarmigan54Denali 272first site of Denali20Fall brings bright red to the Tundra70Grizzly Bears stocking up on Blueberries for the coming winter35Alaska, US, Denali (Mt. McKinley) Glacier35Mother Brown Bear & tiny cub, out for a stroll24Arctic Ground Squirrel91Denali Mountain and the fireweed bloom in the fall35Denali (Mt. McKinley), Alaska, US35Denali (Mt. McKinley), Alaska, US, by moonlight


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Northbrook Dublin
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Northbrook Dublin
Travel Blogs from Dublin
Grrreat Day
... so as not to miss anything. Our tour guide for this part of the journey was a very knowledgeable young man. The part of this journey, besides all the tales that were told was the opportunity to see homes along the banks of the river. And flowers hanging on almost every store front and home. The beauty of that was breathtaking. We were amused when our guide asked us not to wave at the people in kayak's. He said they get so excited sometimes and ...
First Guinness, probably not the last!
Well 30 hours after leaving Cairns we touched down in this fair city, Dublin. The city our son has fallen in love with and it does not take long for us to understand why. It is a city full of energy, music and people loving life. We caught the airbus from the airport and whilst this is our first time in Dublin, we can feel this is a city that is not going to be held back. Companies like ...
All good things come to an end
... a few minutes Evie joined him and they showed off their award winning skills (in April they were part of the team at Club Med that won the volleyball tournament). The other players were rightly impressed by Evie and after everyone else had had enough, they stayed on to play some 3 on 3. Hot and sweaty, they ran into the sea to cool off while Sue happily enjoyed her book in the shade. For lunch, we noshed on the various snacks procured over ...
Day 1 - Guinness? Yes please...
... portions of Guinness with us! While at the brewery I headed to the restroom real quick. Much to my surprise, the urinals sits about 10 Inches higher than what I am used to in the U.S. Needless to say, a shorter guy, it was a bit of a struggle... The Irony of the situation revolves around the idea that I am too short to **** standing up in a country who's worldwide mascot is a tiny man known as the leprechaun... Did I miss the freakin memo and Irish people are actually ...
Luck of the Irish (that we caught our flight!)
... we were slightly less excited! Still, as we headed off to the hotel, we christened her Marshmallow and I could already tell we'd end up feeling fond of her - it's always the way.
We found a car park around the corner from our hotel, had a bit of a nightmare with paying on the weird little machine, but got sorted and lugged our cases down the street to check in. The lobby of the hotel was full of drunk women who were screaming at each other. ...
Other places to stay in Dublin
Jurys Inn Dublin Parnell StreetNorthside, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $101
- Perfect -- simple, clean, affordable. Great location
- Great Hotel
- Very good. location perfect
Hilton Garden Inn Dublin Custom HouseNorthside, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $116
- A good choice for it's price range
- Previous Harsh Reviews not quite true
- Avoid
Maldron Hotel Cardiff LaneTrinity College, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $162
- Fantastic hotel
- Great weekend!!
- Fantastic value
Bewley's Hotel BallsbridgeBallsbridge, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $89
- One price is great, even during concerts!
- Excellent Hotel-Great Value
- Nice Hotel in a Quiet Neighborhood
BEST WESTERN PLUS Academy Plaza HotelRotunda, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $97
- Would stay there again!
- It's only OK
DoubleTree By Hilton Hotel Dublin - Burlington RoadBallsbridge, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $118
- Nice overall
- Loved the Burlington
- Top class hotel for great prices
Mespil HotelPembroke West, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $114
- Good value for money
- Good for the price, short on charm
- Good service but really needs a refurb
Gresham HotelNorthside, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $145
- Don't even consider it....
- Gresham Hotel
Jurys Inn Dublin ChristchurchLiberties, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $125
- Great time was had by all
- Good Location/Average Hotel
- Not Great
Bewleys At Newlands CrossExit 1A Naas Road, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $68
The Croke Park HotelNorth Inner City, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $130
- Impressive
- Nice Stay
- Thumbs Up.
The Westbury HotelSouth-East Inner City, Dublin | 5 star hotelfrom $277
- Nice touches at the Wesbury
- Very friendly staff
- Overpriced and Overrated
Clarion Hotel Liffey ValleyNorth Inner City, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $77
- Great rooms, cold reception
- Great 'new' hotel
- Not impressed.
Camden Court HotelTrinity College, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $129
- Great value hotel
- OK- but nothing special
- Great weekend spot
Radisson Blu Hotel, Dublin AirportDublin Airport, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $127
- Poor
- Great airport hotel
- Good Airport Hotel
Green Isle HotelNaas Road, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $65
- Not what was expected
- Great refurb
- Awful hotel
Ashling HotelLiberties, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $118
- Location and room ok, but service rather poor
- Happy With the Ashling
- Not the Best West
Radisson Blu Royal Hotel, DublinLiberties, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $196
Crowne Plaza Hotel Dublin-NorthwoodNorthwood Park, Dublin 9, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $105
- Spot-on, well-above average Airport Hotel
- Top Class Airport Hotel
- Good hotel but......
Four Seasons Hotel DublinPembroke East, Dublin | 5 star hotelfrom $248
- Excellent, world-class service
- Almost perfect
- Corporate ambiance and spotty service
The Regency Hotel DublinArtane - Whitehall, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $80
- Pleasantly Supprised
- Great choice
- Stay Away
Maldron Hotel Dublin AirportDublin Airport, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $105
- Poor reviews unjustified
- Woeful
- Definitely not a Four Star accomodation
The Shelbourne Dublin, A Renaissance HotelMansion House, Dublin | 5 star hotelfrom $273
- Superior Shelbourne
- Fabulous Shelbourne
- Excellence in Dublin
Trinity City HotelSouth-East Inner City, Dublin | 3 star hotelfrom $166
- Great location, good restaurant
- Trinity Capital Hotel, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Central in Dublin
Hilton Dublin Airport HotelNorth Inner City, Dublin | 4 star hotelfrom $92
- A home away from home in Dublin!
- Excellent hotel
- Very nice room


text:
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text:
HaLoop: Efficient Iterative Data Processing on Large Clusters
The growing demand for large-scale data mining and data analysis applications has led both industry and academia to design new types of highly scalable data-intensive computing platforms. MapReduce and Dryad are two popular platforms in which the dataflow takes the form of a directed acyclic graph of operators. These platforms lack built-in support for iterative programs, which arise naturally in many applications including data mining, web ranking, graph analysis, model fitting, and so on. This paper presents HaLoop, a modified version of the Hadoop MapReduce framework that is designed to serve these applications.
Provided by: VLDB Endowment Topic: Big Data Date Added: Aug 2010 Format: PDF


text:
TIKI NIGHT: "South Pacific"
A Tiki Marketplace will open at 4:00 PM in the Egyptian Theatre Courtyard, selling new and vintage Tiki-related art, memorabilia, clothing, accessories and more. Starting at 5:00 PM, King Kukulele & The Friki Tikis and the Polynesian Paradise Dancers will perform alongside a no-host bar.
SOUTH PACIFIC, 1958, 20th Century Fox, 151 min. Musical. Dir. Joshua Logan. This musical has it all, including one of Rodgers and Hammersteins most popular show tunes, Some Enchanted Evening. Mitzi Gaynor and Rossano Brazzi are star-crossed lovers on the Solomon Islands - shes from Little Rock, Arkansas, and hes an expatriate Frenchman - threatened by the growing conflict with the Japanese during WWII. Co-starring a great cast, including John Kerr, Juanita Hall, Ray Walston and France Nuyen.


text:
I've been using some code very similar to the following to populate a gridview control:
using(SqlDataAdapter sqlDataAdapter =
new SqlDataAdapter("SELECT * FROM Table1",
"Server=.\\SQLEXPRESS; Integrated Security=SSPI; Database=SampleDb"))
using (DataTable dataTable = new DataTable())
this.dataGridView1.DataSource = dataTable;
I now want to take that grid view and sent the results in an e-mail in a html table. I believe I could work through this by using the gridview as a middle man (add results to gridview then draw html table cell by cell) but I was wondering if there's a way to take the results of an SQL query and draw it into a html table ready for e-mailing?
Summary: How can I query a database and have the results returned in such a way that I could draw a HTML table with them?


text:
Joie Cade Dress
$104 Sold out joie.com
Make a statement that's long and lean in this pale aqua blue maxi dress. Subtle pleating throughout creates a Greek goddess inspired look made wearable for everyday with the elastic waistband and bodice. 50% Cotton, 50% Modal. Machine Wash. Imported.
- Like it to get in stock alerts