text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 19, 1991
|Filing date
|Aug 25, 1989
|Priority date
|Sep 6, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Katsuakira Moriwake
|Original Assignee
|Sony Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (26), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a luminance and chrominance (Y/C) signal separator.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As is generally known, in order to separate luminance and chrominance signals from a composite video signal, a comb filter utilizing a frequency interleaved relationship between the two signals has been used. In such a comb filter, correlation is maintained in relation to a signal delayed by a horizontal scanning line period resulting in undesirable color smear appearing in the vertical direction of a screen.
There is also known a luminance and chrominance signal separator which does not produce color smear and referred to as a dynamic comb filter or a logical filter. For example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-23492, a technique is disclosed wherein a color video signal is supplied to a vertical correlator to separate a luminance signal therefrom, and a chrominance signal is separated by a filter and a horizontal correlator arranged to receive an output from the vertical correlator. In addition, a Y/C separator using a non-linear vertical comb filter and a horizontal correlator, which are employed in the present invention, is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 64-29187. This separator includes a vertical correlator, which samples three points vertically aligned on a screen so as to determine vertical correlation between the lines containing the three points, and then separates the chrominance signal.
In general, non-linear processing is performed in a separator employing a correlator. Therefore, when digital processing using a sampling frequency three to four times a subcarrier frequency is performed, harmonic distortion due to foldover occurs in the video band.
In particular, when a zone plate test chart serving as a test pattern for allowing visual observation of two-dimensional frequency characteristics of a processing system, or a sweep test chart in which a horizontal width of an image is continuously changed in a vertical direction is displayed, interference fringes (moire) due to foldover appear.
In order to eliminate the above interference fringes, the sampling rate may be increased so as to perform an over-sampling processing. Therefore, even if foldover noise is generated, the noise may fall outside the video band. However, this method might not be practical because it requires a large-scale digital circuit operating at a very high speed.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a luminance and chrominance signal separator which avoids the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art.
More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide a luminance and chrominance signal separator in which the separated signals do not contain color smear and foldover noise.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a luminance and chrominance signal separator which includes linear and non-linear horizontal filters in which the outputs therefrom are selected on the basis of the output of a horizontal correlation circuit, with the non-linear horizontal filter being selected when correlation does not exist for eliminating a cross-color component from the output of the non-linear and linear vertical comb filters, whereas, the linear horizontal filter is selected when correlation exists and reduces fold over noise.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a luminance and chrominance signal separator comprises: a filter for extracting from a composite video signal a chrominance signal and a high freqency component of the luminance signal included within the frequency ban of the chrominance signal; a non-linear vertical comb filter to which three successive horizontal line signals of the chrominance signal and high frequency component of the luminance signal are supplied for generating a chrominance signal without color smear; a linear vertical comb filter which receives the three successive horizontal line signals of the chrominance signal for generating a chrominance signal without aliasing noise; a correlation detecting circuit for detecting the correlation between the three successive horizontal line signals; and a selector responsive to the output of the detection circuit for selecting the output of the non-linear vertical comb filter when there is an absence of correlation and for selecting the output of the linear vertical comb filter when correlation exists.
The above, and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention, will be apparent in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a digital luminance and chrominance signal separator to which the present invention is applied;
FIG. 2A shows an image sample and FIGS. 2B and 2C are waveform charts showing a separating operation of a linear vertical comb filter shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an arrangement of a non-linear vertical comb filter in FIG. 1; FIGS. 4A to 4C are waveform charts for explaining an operation of the circuit in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5A shows an image sample and FIGS. 5B and 5C are waveform charts for explaining an operation of the circuit in FIG. 3;
FIGS. 6A to 6C and FIGS. 7A to 7D are waveform charts for explaining an operation of the circuit in FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a line correlation detector shown in FIG. 1;
FIGS. 9 and 10A are flow charts showing an algorithm for determining line correlation;
FIG. 10B is a waveform chart of a subcarrier on a horizontal line;
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a non-linear horizontal filter shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a horizontal correlator in FIG. 11;
FIGS. 13A to 13C are waveform charts showing an operation of the circuit in FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an edge compensator shown in FIG. 11;
FIGS. 15A to 15C are waveform charts showing an operation of the circuit in FIG. 14;
FIG. 16A is a flow chart showing an algorithm for detecting correlation used in the horizontal correlation; detector shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 16B is a view showing sampling points on the horizontal line; and
FIGS. 17A to 17C are waveform charts showing detection of horizontal correlation.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a luminance and chrominance signal separator according to an embodiment of the present invention. A digital composite video input signal from an input terminal 1 is supplied to a high-pass filter (HPF) 2 or a band-pass filter (BPF) to extract chrominance components C. The extracted signal includes a high frequency luminance component y with a frequency higher than the subcarrier frequency of 3.58 MHz.
An output (C+y) from the high-pass filter 2 is supplied to a serial circuit consisting of two 1H (one horizontal line period) delay circuits 3 and 4. Video signals 0H, 1H and 2H corresponding to a successive three lines of signals are separately obtained from the input and outputs of the serial circuit. Each of these three line signals is divided into two signals, and supplied to non-linear and linear vertical comb filters 5 and 6, respectively.
These comb filters 5 and 6 extract chrominance components C on the basis of vertical correlation of the signals. In order to utilize advantages and eliminate disadvantages (to be described later) of the filters 5 and 6, they are selectively used in accordance with the conditions of the input video signal. More specifically, output signals from the filters 5 and 6, and a current line signal 1H obtained through a polarity matching inverter 8 are selected by a switch 7 in response to an output S9 (2 bits) from a line (vertical) correlation detector 9 which detects the presence/absence of line correlation based on the three line signals 0H, 1H and 2H.
An output from the switch 7 is divided into two signals which are supplied to non-linear and linear horizontal filters 10 and 11, respectively. In the non-linear and linear vertical comb filters 5 and 6 in the former stage, the high frequency luminance component which causes color noise on a screen is not eliminated. This color noise is eliminated by the non-linear horizontal filter 10.
In the non-linear processing performed by the non-linear horizontal filter 10, degradation of signals occurs when horizontal correlation (continuity) exists. For this reason, a horizontal correlation detector 12 supplies a signal indicative the presence/absence of horizontal correlation of the input video signal which operates switch 13 so as to select an output from either linear or nonlinear horizontal filter 11 or 10, respectively.
A chrominance signal C obtained from the output of switch 13 is supplied to an output terminal 14 and a subtractor 15 wherein, the chrominance signal is subtracted from the input video signal which is received through a (1H+α) timing control delay circuit 16 thereby producing a luminance signal Y. Luminance signal Y is supplied to an output terminal 17.
In the linear vertical comb filter 6 a luminance component of a given line (current line) is approximated using an arithmetic mean of the upper and lower lines with respect to the current line. The luminance signal component is then eliminated by taking the difference between the approximated and current signals. In addition, the chrominance signals C, which have opposite phases every two adjacent lines, are extracted. The linear vertical comb filter 6 is a digital signal processing filter wherein the chrominance signal C, free from its high frequency luminance component, can be obtained by the following equation:
where Z0H (=1), Z-H and Z-2H are delayed signals corresponding to the signals 0H, 1H and 2H, respectively.
When the chrominance signal is separated by the linear vertical comb filter 6 color smear is caused, that is an achromatic line of an input signal (FIG. 2B) is colored as shown in FIG. 2C, at an edge between the chromatic and achromatic portions 20a and 20b of the image shown in FIG. 2A.
The non-linear comb filter 5 includes a vertical correlator as shown in FIG. 3, which operates as shown in FIGS. 4A to 7D. More specifically, the central line signal 1H, of the three input line signals 0H, 1H and 2H (FIG. 4A), is inverted by invertor 21 thereby forming signal 1H. As shown in FIG. 4B, the three chrominance line signals C are set in an in-phase state. The three line signals are processed by a logic circuit consisting of minimum value circuits 22a, 22b and 22f, and maximum value circuits 22c, 22d and 22e. As shown in FIG. 4C, a chrominance signal free from the luminance signal Y is extracted through an adder 23 (FIG. 3).
By using non-linear filter 5 with the vertical correlator at the edge between the chromatic and achromatic portions 20a and 20b of an image shown in FIG. 5A, the chrominance signal is separated without causing color smear of the achromatic line of the input signal (FIG. 2B).
When a pattern (FIG. 6A) which obliquely crosses a screen is supplied, the three non-correlated line signals shown in FIG. 6B are processed wherein, a cross-color signal CR as shown in FIG. 6C is produced.
An operation of the non-linear comb filter 5 in FIG. 3 will be described below in detail with reference to FIGS. 7A to 7D. Three line signals having identical chrominance phases as shown in FIG. 7A are supplied to the minimum value circuits 22a and 22b. The output signals, S22a and S22b, of circuits 22a and 22b as shown in FIG. 7B are supplied to the maximum value circuit 22c whereby an output signal S22c as shown in FIG. 7C is produced. Signal S22c includes the in-phase chrominance signals C and a negative-polarity luminance signal Yv which has vertical correlation.
Similarly, the three line signals are also supplied to the maximum value circuits 22d and 22e, and their respective outputs S22d and S22e as shown in FIG. 7B are supplied to the minimum value circuit 22f the output signal, S22f, from circuit 22f includes the as shown in FIG. 7C, an output S22f including the in-phase chrominance signals and the positive-polarity correlative luminance signal Yv.
Signals S22c and S22f are added in adder 23 thereby producing output signal S23 in which a chrominance signal C is produced as shown in FIG. 7D, and the correlative luminance signal Yv is eliminated.
When a non-correlative luminance signal YD exists, however, the signal YD is mixed into the output signal S23 through each logic circuit.
Interference due to foldover noise is caused in the digital signal processing performed in non-linear comb filter 5. In particular, this interference is noticeable when the image is changed smoothly.
However, the foldover noise is suppressed by utilizing an output from the linear comb filter 6 when correlation exists, that is, when the image is not abruptly changed in a vertical direction. The line correlation is detected by line correlation detector 9.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a principle of the line correlator 9. The chrominance signal C, or line signal D extracted by the high-pass filter in FIG. 1 and the line signals 1H and 2H, delayed by the 1H delay circuits 3 and 4 are supplied to adders 24 and 25 as shown in FIG. 8.
Signals 0H and 1H are summed in adder 24. The sum is supplied to a detective decoder 27, wherein an output proportional to a carrier amplitude of a sum of (n-1) and n lines is obtained as follows:
a=|Ln-1 +Ln | (3)
Similarly, a signal representing a sum of n and (n+1) lines supplied from the adder 25 through a detective decoder 28 is obtained as follows:
b=|Ln +Ln+1 | (4)
The outputs a and b from the detective decoders 27 and 28 are supplied to a comparator 30. In the comparator 30, the processing shown in step S1 in FIG. 9 is performed. More specifically, predetermined coefficients k1 (for example, 0.9) and k2 (for example, 1.1) are multiplied with b, and a response to the relationship (k1 b≦a≦k2 b) is determined. If the response is NO (that is, a≦k1 b or a≧k2 b) in step S1, the chrominance signal is abruptly changed, that is, "less correlative". If YES (that is, k1 b≦a≦k2 b) in step S1, it is determined to be "correlative".
The output from the comparator 30, S9, provides the input signal to switch 7 for switching the two vertical comb filters 5 and 6 as shown in FIG. 1.
The line correlation detector 9 operates based on the concept described in FIGS. 8 and 9. However, the presence/absence of correlation is determined based on the algorithm shown in FIG. 10A. In FIG. 10B, reference symbol Ln denotes a current line; Ln-1 and Ln-2, first and second preceding lines; and Ln+1 and Ln+2, first and second succeeding lines. In step S10 in FIG. 10A, a correlation value VSOKAN1 between the lines Ln-1 and Ln+1 is detected by using the following correlation equation: ##EQU1## In equation 5, the numerator represents a difference between the line signals, and the denominator is a term used for standardizing a carrier level. Note that the symbol ABS denotes an absolute value. Low-pass filters LPF1 and LPF2 are included in the output stage of the correlation detector. Each low-pass filter is a non-recursive digital filter having the following response: ##EQU2## where Z-1, Z-2, Z-4 are delays for each sampling interval of quantization.
In step S10, correlation is determined by comparing the correlation value VSOKAN1 with a reference level. If the correlation value VSOKAN1 is larger than the reference level, it is determined to be "less correlative". If the value VSOKAN1 is smaller than the reference level, it is determined to be "correlative".
If, it is found to be "less correlative" in step S10 then, continuity of the successive lines Ln-1, Ln and Ln+1 is determined in step S12 by using the following discriminant: ##EQU3## More specifically, the continuity VCONT is calculated as a ratio of the sum of lines Ln-1 and Ln, to a sum of lines Ln and Ln+1. If the value VCONT is near "1", it is determined to be "continuative" whereas; if value VCONT is sufficiently smaller or larger than "1", it is determined to be "non-continuative". Note that the processing in step S12 corresponds to the operations performed in the adders 24 and 25, the detective decoders 27 and 28, and the comparator 30 shown in FIG. 8.
Step S12 results in "non-continuative" when the current line does not correlate with the first preceding line. Whe this occurs a contact 7-0 in switch 7 in FIG. 1 is selected, in response to the output S9 from the line correlation detector 9, whereby an output from the non-linear vertical comb filter 5 is selected. Therefore, when the chrominance signal is abruptly changed, color smear is avoided by utilizing the non-linear filter processing. If the response in step S12 is found to be "continuative", then the current line is "correlative", and a contact 7-1 in switch 7 in FIG. 1 is selected thereby selecting the output from the linear vertical comb filter 6. Therefore, when line correlation exists linear filter processing, which is free from interference due to foldover, can be performed.
If the response is found to be "correlative" in step S10, color omission of the current line Ln is detected in the succeeding step S11. More specifically, a subcarrier level is obtained as follows:
CALEV=LPF2 (ABS(Ln)) (9)
If the level CALEV is higher than a predetermined level, continuity among the three lines is determined in step S12, as described above.
If the subcarrier level of the line Ln in step 11 is smaller than the predetermined value, color omission may be caused in a single line. When this occurs the correlation between lines Ln-2 and Ln is determined by the succeeding step S13. A value obtained by delaying the correlation value VSOKAN1 in step S10 by one horizontal period is used as the correlation value VSOKAN0. If there is little or no correlation between lines Ln-2 and Ln, a contact 7-2 in switch 7 in FIG. 1 is selected thereby selecting a current signal the switch 7 is selected to select a current signal which has sequentially passed through the high-pass filter 2, the delay circuit 3 and the inverter 8. Therefore, when color omission in a single line, occurs, a display operation can be performed without the degradation due to the interference caused by the comb filters 5 and 6.
If the lines are determined to be "correlative" in step S13, color omission by a signal tangent to a color bar edge in, for example, a color bar test pattern may often be determined wherein, the continuity of the three lines is determined in Step 12. If the lines are determined to be "non-continuative"; in step S12, an output from the non-linear comb filter 5 is selected because of an edge of a color bar thereby, eliminating color smear.
The above-mentioned determination of line correlation shown in FIG. 10A is performed every sampling period with respect to the input digital video signal, and the switch 7 is switched to select one of the contacts at corresponding sampling intervals from a sampling clock. The vertical comb filters 5 and 6 also perform processing within every sampling period.
As described above, the non-linear horizontal filter 10 eliminates an interference component leaking from the non-linear or linear vertical comb filter 5 or 6 and appearing as oblique fringes (cross-color pattern). FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an arrangement of the non-linear horizontal filter 10 which includes a horizontal correlator 10a and an edge compensator 10b.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a known arrangement of the horizontal correlator 10a, and FIGS. 13A to 13C are waveform charts for explaining an operation of the horizontal correlator 10a. As shown in FIG. 13A, in-phase signals 0D, 1D and 2D are formed by shifting each subcarriers signal with respect to the input chrominance signal C by a half period through the use of 140 ns delay circuits 35 and 36, and where signal 1D is inverted by inverter 37. These in phase signals are supplied to minimum and maximum value circuits 38 and thereby forming outputs S38 and S39, respectively. Output signals, S38 and S39, include the upper and lower half waves of the chrominance signal as normal signals, as shown in FIG. 13B. Negative-polarity and positive-polarity high frequency luminance components YD having different phases are combined in outputs S38 and S39.
Outputs from the minimum and maximum value circuits 38 and 39 are supplied to maximum and minimum value circuits 40 wherein 41, respectively, and the outputs are compared with "0" level (pedestal). The upper and lower half waves are extracted from circuits 40 and 41, respectively. The high frequency luminance components YD are thereby eliminated from the extracted half waves, which are combined by an adder 42 to form a separated chrominance signal as shown in FIG. 13C.
Thus, a cross-color interference component leaking from the vertical comb filters 5 and 6 in the former stage is eliminated. However, as shown in FIG. 13C, one wave edge of the chrominance signal is damaged. This damaged edge is compensated by the succeeding edge compensator 10b. As shown in FIG. 14, the edge compensator 10b can be realized by replacing the maximum value circuit 40 with the minimum value circuit 41 in the horizontal correlator 10a in FIG. 12. More specifically, the output signal C from the horizontal correlator 10a shown in FIG. 13C is supplied to the input terminal of the edge compensator 10b shown in FIG. 14. As shown in FIG. 14, the signal C is supplied to minimum and maximum value circuits 138 and 139, respectively and a delay circuit 135 for delaying the subcarrier a half period. The output from the delay circuit 135 is supplied to an invertor 137 and a second delay circuit 136, which is identical to delay circuit 135. Outputs from the inverter 137 and the delay circuit 136 are fed to the minimum and maximum value circuits 138 and 139, respectively, whereby output signals S138 and S139 as shown in FIG. 15B are obtained. Output signals S138 and S139 are supplied to minimum and maximum value circuits 140 and 141 and compared to "0" level. Therefore, minimum value circuit 140 outputs a signal component whose level is "0" or less and maximum value circuit 141 outputs a signal component whose level is "0" or more. These outputs are added to each other by an adder 142 producing a signal C as in FIG. 15C. The signal C is processed so that the high frequency luminance signal components YD are eliminated from the signal shown in FIG. 13A and without damaged wave edges.
The above-mentioned cross-color elimination performed by the horizontal correlator 10a is non-linear processing. As described above, both the non-linear and linear horizontal filters 10 and 11 are used selectively so as to complement each other wherein, the filter selection is determined by the output of horizontal correlation detector 12 in FIG. 1.
The horizontal correlation detector 12 in FIG. 1 employs an arrangement similar to that in FIG. 8, and includes a delay circuit group for each sampling period, a detective decoder, and a level comparator. The processing algorithm used in the horizontal correlation detector 12 is shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B.
In order to determine the horizontal chrominance continuity in step S20 of FIG. 16A, chrominance sampling values, . . . , PJ-3, PJ-2, PJ-1, PJ, PJ+1, PJ+2, PJ+3, . . . , of the preceding and succeeding successive sampling points of a determination point PJ in FIG. 16B are referred to. Shifts along the horizontal direction are at the sampling clock period.
In principle, a change in ratio of the preceding and succeeding points to the point PJ may be checked in the same manner as in the processing (equation (8)) in of step S12 in FIG. 10. However, as shown in FIGS. 17A to 17C, both a luminance and chrominance edge must be detected for a horizontal non-continuative point. The luminance edge is detected to eliminate the cross-color, and the chrominance edge is detected to decrease a dot interference at the chrominance edge. Therefore, both the luminance and chrominance edges are detected with respect to the input chrominance signal shown in FIG. 17A, in accordance with a difference between the four points spaced apart from each other, as shown in FIG. 17B. The sampling frequency, with respect to the video signal is four times the subcarrier frequency (4fsc).
The equation of continuity used in steps S20 in FIG. 16A is: ##EQU4## More specifically, a ratio of a difference between the first succeeding point and the fifth succeeding point to the fifth preceding point and the first preceding point of the target point Pj is calculated to determine continuity. The response of the low-pass filter LPF2 is identical to that in equation (7) for the vertical system. The low-pass filter LPF2 is a non-recursive digital filter having the following response:
Responses of the numerator and the denominator in the equation (10) are delayed by the low-pass filter LPF2 as shown in FIG. 17C. In the equation (10), in consideration of the delay, the edge is detected on the basis of points shifted by one-dot to exclude the target point PJ.
The response is determined to be "continuative" in step S20 if the value HCONT in the equation (10) is near to "1", and "non-continuative" if the value HCONT is sufficiently smaller or larger than "1". If "non-continuative" in step S20, the switch 13 in FIG. 1 connected to a contact 13-0 in response to output S12 from the horizontal correlation detector 12, thereby selecting an output from the non-linear horizontal filter 10.
If "continuative" in step S20, the switch 13 is connected to a contact 13-1 in response to the output S12 so as to select the linear horizontal filter 11. The linear horizontal filter 11 includes a narrow band-pass filter.
If the cross-color correction can be disregarded, i.e., cost performance is a problem, the linear and non-linear horizontal filters can be omitted. When the PAL video signal is used, a 2H delay circuit must be used in place of the 1H delay circuit, and the arrangement is very complicated. Therefore, the linear and non-linear vertical comb filters may be omitted in that case to avoid such complication and the resultant increased cost.
According to one aspect of the present invention, the non-linear and linear vertical comb filters are selectively used to complement to each other in accordance with the presence/absence of vertical correlation. Therefore, foldover noise of harmonic distortion caused by non-linear digital processing is not noticeable even when an image is gradually changed. In addition, color smear caused by linear comb filter processing does not occur when the image is abruptly changed. A large-scale digital circuit operating at very high speed has been conventionally required because the processing rate of the non-linear vertical comb filter must be large due to the over-sampling processing so as to decrease the foldover noise (aliasing noise). However, the present invention provides a high-performance luminance and chrominance signal separator having a more practical size and speed.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a cross-color component leaking through the vertical comb filter processing is eliminated by a non-linear horizontal filter. In addition, non-linear and linear horizontal filters are selectively used to complement each other so that distortion caused by the non-linear processing is not noticeable when the image is gradually changed in the horizontal direction. Therefore, this high-precision operation can be performed in the horizontal direction without signal degradation.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Sony Corporation
|Filter circuits
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|Sony Corporation
|Luminance/chrominance separator
|Title not available
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|Sony Corporation
|Adaptive comb filter for separating at least one component of a video signal
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|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus for carrying out y/c separation
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|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Digital filtering with single-instruction, multiple-data processor
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|Sony Corporation
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 25, 1989
Owner name: SONY CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MORIWAKE, KATSUAKIRA;REEL/FRAME:005124/0485
Effective date: 19890808
|Aug 3, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 18, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 16, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Sep 3, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


text:
Trombone lesson: flexibility with staccato and doodle tongue
Brass instruments in general put high demand on their puppeteers in order to sound good (damn you, piano players and guitar players). I think of it as being a soccer player; you can do your tricks and move the ball around anytime, but in order to be 100% and have the strength to play a whole game, you need a lot of practice. Every day…
There are a few fundamentals in trombone playing that need constant attention. You need to be aware of yur sound, air flow, embouchure, flexibility, attack, slurring, legato playing…as well as making music, a purpose the trombone is more suited for than most other musical instruments! Therefor, here are a few tips to combine some fundamentals, making your practice session more fun (right…).
By combining slurring with staccato and doodle tonguing, you make sure to give the embouchure a healthy workout. Here are a few samples of how you can modify a flexibility exercise by including staccato playing and doodle tonguing. These specific samples are developed from a part of chapter 7 in the book Flexibility For Trombone; Flexibility With Rhythm. With a little bit of creativity, you could give most trombone flexibility exercises the same treatment. Continue reading
Two simple but highly effective breathing exercises for brass players
As I have written before, brass playing is not about using a lot of power and forcing your lips to vibrate by compressing as much air through your system as possible. It is all about finding the most relaxed way to move a lot of air through your instrument, while keeping your (correct) embouchure in place. These simple exercises should point you in that direction.
The breathing exercises
The two breathing exercises described in the video below are great for brass players. They will help you open up your throat for free air flow, as well as relax your upper body for a more optimal breathing.
The first one described in the video is the Breath Of Fire (go find your inner dragon), and it is a great way to kick start your breathing before playing.
The Root Lock is a tremendeous way to release tensions in your abdominal region. It might make you feel a bit light headed since you force some extra oxygen to your brain, so don´t overdo it. Deep sighs have a similar effect, but I don´t find it quite as effective as the root lock. A good fast fix though.
Premiere: new series of books with solos over famous jazz standards – Jazzld.com
Do you like to play jazz solos, but need new inspiration? Or are you not yet a skilled improviser, but want to get started with jazz soloing right away? Then I hope I have come up with the solution for you:
After month of work, I can finally present my new venture, Jazzld.com where you will find jazz books with written solos based on famous jazz standards. There are currently three books available; Jazz'ld Vol. 1, Jazz'ld Vol. 2 and (surprise!) Jazz'ld Vol. 3. Each book is written to match a selected Aebersold play-along recording, so if you have access to one of those already, you will get even more out of the books.
Based on famous jazz standards
The Jazz'ld Jazz Solos books will let you play great jazz solos over the chord progressions from famous jazz standards. You don't need any improvising experience to get started.
The books consist of jazz solos, written over the chord progressions from famous jazz standards. You will find solos based on the chord progressions from "Summertime," "Watermelon Man," "Autumn Leaves," "Have You Met Miss Jones," "My Favourite Things," "Scrapple from the Apple" and many other well-known jazz standards. Each solo consists of several choruses, gradually getting more and more challenging. See the full list of featured jazz standards here.
The books are made to be playable on virtually any instrument, but being a bone player myself, I can assure that they are an excellent match for trombone.
Who are you?
I had a number of different categories of musicians in mind when writing the books. Does any of these descriptions fit on you?
- Trombone student entering the world of jazz
- Advanced jazz trombone player
- Amateur musician
- Trombone educator
- Professional jazz player
- Classical trombone player
Jazz'ld with Aebersold play-along albums
Have you ever practiced using Jamey Aebersold play-along albums? Although they can't give you the same experience as when you interact with musicians in person, the Aebersold tracks are still a great tool for learning and practicing jazz standards.
The Jazz'ld books are written as a complement to carefully selected Aebersold albums. If you have one of them already, the Jazz'ld solos will let you rediscover it in a new and fun way. Each Jazz'ld solo will match the form, key and tempo of the equivalent Aebersold play-along track.
The books
Jazz'ld Solos Vol. 1 is perfect for aspiring jazz players with solos based on Canataloupe Island and other easy tunes. SUITABLE FOR JAMEY AEBERSOLD VOL. 54 – MAIDEN VOYAGE (NOT INCLUDED)
Jazz'ld Solos Vol. 2 is based on a selection of timeless classics, including Have You Met Miss Jones and My Foolish Heart. SUITABLE FOR JAMEY AEBERSOLD VOL. 25 – ALL TIME STANDARDS (NOT INCLUDED)
Jazz'ld Solos Vol. 3
lets you play bebop solos over the chords from Charlie Parker tunes like Donna Lee and Yardbird Suite right away. SUITABLE FOR JAMEY AEBERSOLD VOL. 6 – CHARLIE PARKER (NOT INCLUDED)
Transcribed jazz solos
One of the best ways to learn jazz is to play transcribed solos. Transcribing solos yourself is great ear training, but it is a time consuming task. If you want to get started right away, the Jazz'ld series will let you start playing high-quality jazz solos right away.
Playing transcribed jazz solos as played by jazz masters are often technically challenging. Jazz'll gives you get the same experience, but you are able to choose the level of difficulty since each jazz etude gets more challenging for each chorus.
I use the solos for my students on many different levels, as well as play them myself as etudes. Great for sight reading and building up chops!
I hope you like the concept and the books. There is a free sample from the books waiting for you at Jazzld.com.
Play on!
Anders Larson
founder of digitaltrombone.com and (finally) jazzld.com
Trombone lesson: warm up and play music (sort of) at the same time
Playing scale patterns in all keys as a trombone warm up will make you think while playing. Why not improve your chops and get smarter at the same time? (I will cover how to get prettier in a future post…)
You could put your trombone out in the sun for a quick warm up, but I still recommend the old fashioned way that includes actually playing on it. To get your lips soft and responsive, you should start by planing soft in a comfortable range, slowly expanding the range in both directions.
Playing long notes, slow etudes and simple flexibility exercises is are fine ways to warm up. But in this lesson I want to focus on combining trombone warm up with getting to know your instrument better and heat up your brain at the same time.
Trombones are not as visually laid out as a piano or a guitar. It is hard to visualise notes, and it takes a lifetime to really get under the skin of the bastard. Continue reading
I don´t agree with Christian Lindberg on this one
A modest reply to Christian Lindberg´s statement about why not to buzz.
I stumbled over this short video with Christian Lindberg talking about why you should not buzz. Christian, I truly respect you as one of the worlds very finest trombone players ever, but I have to disagree with you on this one.
Continue reading
Trombone lesson: Bouncing 'bone and large intervals
Being able to switch registers rapidly and with ease, is a key to a relaxed trombone technique. In this trombone lesson, I give you some advice on how to achieve this, combined with five pages of exercises. Before you download and print the free sheet music, please read the full article. This will help you get the most out of the exercises.
The distance between high notes and low notes are only a few millimeters. Moving the cheek a few millimeters down, and increasing the distance between the lips another few millimetres is basically all it takes to make a leap of an octave. The problem is, that many of us brass players (my self included if I don´t focus while playing) tend to engage too many muscles and strange parts of our body when we play large intervals.
Playing a low note with a big sound is only possible with large opening between your lips, and by moving your cheek slightly down and out. Air compression will be low. Besides making sure that the embouchure is stable, playing low notes should be a very relaxed task, and your focus should be on moving a lot of air.
Playing higher notes requires a smaller lip opening and a higher cheek position. This will automatically lead to a higher air compression.
This is a really important notice: Correct high note embouchure combined with an open throat will trigger higher air compression. Increasing compression will NOT trigger correct high note embouchure or air flow. Continue reading
Phrasing essentials and sight-reading
Making music is about much more than hitting the right note. Actually, hitting the right note is the least of it. After years of teaching and conducting musicians on all levels, this is the formula I have come up with in order to make music happen as soon as possible. This is of course not only a trombone lesson, but is true for all instruments.
Sight-reading tactics
When you play a piece of sheet music for the first time (or first few times), you probably won't be able to get everything right. This is human and you won't get shot for playing wrong notes. You might get shot for playing bad music though, so this is my approach to ensemble playing in general and sight-reading new music. Focus on: Continue reading
Trombone embouchure trade secret
This is the trombone embouchure article I wish I had read many years ago (a bit hard though, since I had not written it then…). It would literally have saved me for years of struggles. I hope that you will benefit from it now instead, potentially saving you from a lot of trombone agony and brass pains.
Don´t blow at your trombone
Have you ever thought about the best way of getting air out of your lungs (or wherever you keep it) and through your trombone? This is the single most important thing to get right for brass players. Once you master the task of effortlessly getting the air out of your body and through your horn, you will be able to focus on playing music. Getting this 90% right is not all that hard, and then you will spend the rest of your life perfecting those last 10%.
In order to turn that precious air into beautiful trombone music, there are three obstacles you have to clear: Continue reading
10 More Jazz Etudes For Trombone
I am a bit ashamed. Despite the good response I got on the book '10 Jazz Etudes For Trombone', it has taken me four years to complete the second edition. But finally, here it is, the brand new trombone book
10 More Jazz Etudes For Trombone
written by Anders Larson (that´s me).
The structure of the book
If you are familiar with the first edition of the jazz etudes, you will recognize the setup in the second edition. For those of you who do not know the first book, this is how it is structured: Continue reading
Trombone Cowboy – practical use of a trombone
I knew there was a practical use for trombones, but I am still amazed that it turned out to be so valuable in real life. Due to the size of these animals, the cowboy has wisely chosen a large bore trombone. Mouthpiece size and rim shape remains unknown.
This is also proving that there is is a large audiense for improvised trombone music.
Blow cowboy, blow!
Summer cops? Loose them here
Too much money? Shop trombone books
Feeling smart? Probably not this smart

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The Secret Life of Your Cat
The Visual Guide to all Your Cat's Behaviour
Vicky Halls
This book is available for download with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device, and with iTunes on your computer. Books can be read with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device.
Who knows what's going through your cat's mind when he does the things he does? Why does he dart from room to room for no real reason? Why does he hiss at empty spaces? And where does he go when he disappears for days on end? Cats are curious creatures, but with The Secret Life of your Cat you'll soon be able to decipher his actions and gain a greater understanding of his world. Written by the most popular cat author in the UK, Vicky Halls' affable and insightful prose analyses every situation and reveals your cat's inner-most thoughts, unveiling the mysteries of his behaviour and helping to build a better bond between you and your pet. Fully-illustrated throughout, with in-depth explanations for all feline habits and a quick-reference section allowing you to quickly locate any issues, The Secret Life of your Cat ensures that you'll no longer be bemused by his peculiar antics.
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FULL LIST OF Health Care Topics
Pinnacle Conference Quick Take: How EMS can be more innovative - EMS leaders at Pinnacle conference head specific recommendations to improve prehospital care from the Promoting Innovation in EMS project co-leader
5 critical EMS leadership traits to achieve the IHI Triple Aim - EMS chiefs must develop the right competencies and skills in order to thrive in a changing health care landscape
Sustainability dominates rural EMS conference - Conference presenters explained the pressing threats to rural EMS and health care systems and laid out creative solutions
How to make community paramedicine work for your agency, Part II - Once you've established the need and identified your partners, follow these steps to launch a pilot program and measure results
Infographic: How EMS can transform health care in the U.S. - To maintain and expand, NAEMT officials said EMS must undergo an "EMS 3.0" transformation
CDC: ER visits not going down since ACA implementation - Key reasons include seriousness of medical problems and the lack of access to other medical providers
Milwaukee hospitals end ambulance diversion policy - Hospitals have made a variety of policy and procedural changes to get patients in and out of the emergency department faster
How to make community paramedicine work for your agency, Part I - Assess your community's needs and your agency's resources to make a case for launching a community paramedicine program
MedicCast EMS Podcast celebrates 10 years - The longest running medical and health podcast for EMS and health care providers has had more than 6 million downloads since launching in 2006
Community paramedic program focuses on preventive care - The two year grant-funded initiative aims to reduce repeat hospital visits and improve quality care for patients
Public health obligation to prevent TB transmission - Economic incentives aren't typically the first line of defense during an outbreak, but in the case of the current tuberculosis outbreak in Alabama they make sense
More than 1,000 tested for tuberculosis in rural Alabama - After two deaths in 2015, the local health department is paying $20 to anyone who comes in for a blood test
Importance of education for EMS leaders - Art Hsieh, EMS1 Editorial Advisor, describes the issues the EMS industry needs to confront in order to grow and evolve. "These little bolt on (solutions) don't come together" to meet the needs of patients. Without formal leadership education the leaders of EMS are unlikely able to meet the dynamic changes that are happening in prehospital health care.
Ambulance company owner pleads guilty to health care fraud - Terry Johnson fraudulently billed the federal health insurance programs for about seven years for transportation services when patients were not transported
Jon Stewart joins NYC mayor in honoring 9/11 firefighter - Retired firefighter Ray Pfeifer fought for the extension of the Zadroga Act
EMS1 Top 5
1 Texas man fleeing cops goes into cardiac arrest after trying to swallow marijuana


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EFI On The Brain: FAST Expands EFI Training Classes For 2016
The EFI specialists at FAST have assembled their in-house tuning experts for another year-long schedule of Intro to EFI courses to help any newcomer that is looking to break into the world of custom EFI tuning. Read More
Redone Peterson And MacAfee Mustang Set For NMCA NA 10.5 Debut
Darrel Peterson and Brian MacAfee are set to debut their super slick Mustang in the NMCA NA 10.5 class. The car was recently redone by the fabrication wizards at Chassis Engineering to be a max effort NA 10.5 car. Read More
"The Lizzard" Crashes During Street Outlaws: New Orleans Taping
Charlie Davis and his No Prep Camaro known as "The Lizzard" went for a scary ride during a Cash Days race for Street Outlaws: New Orleans at Hub City Dragway. Read More
Tested: Holley Sniper EFI Coyote 5.0 Intake Manifold
Holley and UPR Products team up to put a new 5.0 intake manifold to the test, and develop a complete installation package. Follow along as UPR's Steve Gelles installs and tests one at Power By The Hour. Read More
Photo Extra: The PDRA North-South Shootout From Maryland
The Professional Drag Racer's Association (PDRA) marked the midpoint of its 2016 racing season last weekend at the famed Maryland International Raceway in Budds Creek, Maryland with the North-South Shootout. Read More


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31 CFR 537.525 - Transactions related to U.S. citizens residing in Burma.
To the extent otherwise prohibited, U.S. citizens who reside on a permanent basis in Burma are authorized to pay their personal living expenses and engage in other transactions in Burma ordinarily incident to their routine and necessary personal maintenance.
Beta! The text on the eCFR tab represents the unofficial eCFR text at ecfr.gov.
§ 537.525 Certain transactions related to U.S. persons residing in Burma authorized.
(a) U.S. persons are authorized to engage in transactions in Burma ordinarily incident to the routine and necessary maintenance within Burma, including payment of living expenses and acquisition of goods or services for personal use, of U.S. person individuals who reside in Burma.
(b) Nothing in this section authorizes transactions related to employment of a U.S. person by a person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to § 537.201(a).
Note to § 537.525:
See § 537.210(c) for an exemption for transactions ordinarily incident to travel to or from Burma, including maintenance within Burma, such as payment of living expenses and acquisition of goods or services for personal use.
[81 FR 31170, May 18, 2016]


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The Three Little Bears
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New Robbie Fulks Album 'Upland Stories' Coming April 1st! Hear Brand New Song Via RollingStone.com
ALBUM ANNOUNCEMENT: Robbie Fulks's Upland Stories will hit your ears on April 1st! Hear the beautiful brand new song "Alabama at Night" right now via Rolling Stone! LISTEN HERE.
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SOVICO, Italy — Ask any high-net-worth man which tailored clothing brand he'd most likely tout at the yacht club and three times out four you'll get one answer: Canali.
According to a recent study by New York–based Luxury Institute, 75 percent of respondents polled said they'd be most willing to recommend the high-end Italian brand to their nearest and dearests, beating out tony competitors like Ermenegildo Zegna, Brioni and Armani. And even with a limited ad budget, it still managed a reputable fourth on the Institute's Luxury Brand Status Index. (Brioni came in first.)
Canali's cachet has always been its word of mouth, but now the family-run company, based just outside of Milan, is setting in motion a series of initiatives aimed to grow the brand and capitalize on its insider credibility.
"Our philosophy has always been to do things step by step, never jump or take too many risks but establish steady growth and maintain a solid family business," says Giorgio Canali, president of Canali's North American operations, during a wide-ranging interview at the company's HQ here late last year. "But now it's time to give the business a little push."
If Canali has seemed to lag behind certain market movements, it's only because the family—now being guided by both the second and third generations—evaluates every move, almost to a fault, before pouncing.
"Our motto has always been, 'piano, piano,'" Giorgio says, with a chuckle, using an Italian phrase, which roughly translates to "slowly but surely." He adds, "But not too piano, piano."
Don't expect Canali to reach Formula One speeds quite yet but 2008 is shaping up to be an important year for the company, which was founded by Giorgio's grandfather and great uncle, Giovanni and Giacomo Canali, in 1934.
Canali, after years of product extension, including the most recent introduction of socks and footwear, is in the midst of an identity transformation and is keen to complete its move from stellar manufacturer—it has one of the most impressive quality controls this side of the Alps—to lifestyle brand.
It's embarked on celebrity placements, dressing top athletes and, most recently, outfitting George Clooney's character in Michael Clayton. And while Hollywood may seem sweet, the family agrees directly owned retail outposts are key to building Canali's image.
This year, the family will inaugurate a New York flagship on Wall Street and two other units, at The Palazzo in Las Vegas and in South Coast Plaza in Costa Mesa, Calif., respectively. The company currently owns two stores in Beverly Hills and in Coral Gables, Fla. "Retail stores are probably one of the best vehicles to better communicate our image, create a bigger presence, get our name out there and really showcase the entire collection in a complete way," says Giorgio.
"Our own stores really allow us to communicate in an unequivocal manner," adds Elisabetta, Giorgio's cousin, and head of image, marketing and communications. "You have much more control over image and message."
Control is also something the family is looking to exert over sportswear. While the category has been a success in Canali stores worldwide, it has proven problematic in the U.S., which represents close to 35 percent of Canali's sales. Revenue last year rose 8 percent to 190 million euros, or $260.3 million at average 2007 rates.
Stripping out the effect of the currency, sales would have jumped 13.6 percent to 200 million euros, or $274 million. Giorgio said he expected double-digit growth for 2008.
"We feel a need to have a greater presence in sportswear in the U.S.," says Giorgio. "We are growing in that category worldwide but we need to do better in the U.S., and we are hearing from our clients that we have an opportunity to do a bigger business."
To wit, the company is overhauling its entire sportswear project, from design to delivery, to tailor fit the U.S. market.
Giorgio tells DNR that the company has tapped industry veteran Simone Eisold to head up the new North American–specific sportswear line, which will bow for spring '09.
Eisold has more than 16 years experience with Hugo Boss and Ermenegildo Zegna, and was a fundamental player in establishing what is today's Zegna's upper-casual category.
"The collection will specifically target the North American market, in terms of styling, concept, fit and deliveries," says Giorgio. "We've learned that it's not the easiest thing to create a sportswear collection in Italy that targets the U.S. in the best way."
Giorgio declined to give a sales forecast for the upcoming launch but says he "expects a big growth" in the first season.
Growth is a vital word for Canali and to further assist it the family has commenced an internal restructuring. A board of directors is being put together and, while it will only consist of family members, Giorgio points to it as a solid way to expedite decisions.
Outside the family, the company has started to hire regional and product managers. "As we grow in terms of product categories and markets, we are obviously looking for experienced people to help facilitate growth."
While new markets and a redesigned sportswear collection are sure to pump up the top line, Canali is also seeing impressive gains in its recently launched "Exclusive" category, which features precious fabrics and thus allows the company to trade up.
Giorgio says "Exclusive" now accounts for about 10 percent of sales worldwide but, in some areas, like Russia, the percentage rises to 25 percent.
Of course, Canali's bread and butter continues to be its tailored clothing, which industry insiders continually cite as one of, if not, the best garments for quality/price.
"Canali makes an incredible product that has a level of style and quality that speaks for itself," says David Witman, executive vice-president of men's wear at Nordstrom. "We're extremely pleased with the response that our customers have had to the brand. The entire company is an incredible partner and that really begins with the Canali family themselves. We think they are one of the best organizations to work with in the industry."
This week at Pitti Uomo all eyes will be on Canali, especially since its top competitor, Zegna, is gone. Canali is often portrayed as the David to Zegna's Goliath and that's fine by Giorgio. "Zegna is obviously much bigger but as long as we stay in that league, I feel good," says Giorgio.
Yet he feels even better about Canali's commitment to remain in Italy. All seven of Canali's production facilities are based here and are currently operating at capacity, producing 1,400 hand-finished canvas suits and some 1,600 trousers daily.
Giorgio adds that a plan for a new Italy-based facility is on the table. "As more and more [brands] leave Italy for Eastern Europe or Asia, we're doing completely the opposite," he says. "Yes, we think twice before making a decision and 'piano, piano' is still a valid motto, but not too slowly. We're ready to grab opportunities."


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Commercial Point OH Real Estate & Homes for Sale
3 Properties Found
The median home value in Commercial Point, OH is $199,949.
This is
higher than
the county median home value of $124,100.
The national median home value is $177,414.
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Approximately 82.58% of Commercial Point homes are owned,
compared to 10.57% rented, while
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Courtesy: The Mike Laemmle Team Realty Broker Phone: 614-594-0091 Michael Laemmle 614-312-0844
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3 bedroom, three full bath,1st Flr Laundry Den ,Dining Room,Eat Space/Kit,Great Room,Rec Rm/Bsmt, 1980 sq ft. This house features a whole house generator, hot tub on the beautiful new deck. A little bit of the country close to town. New Composite Decking - 2015, Sunroom addition Whole house Generator ,New ceiling fans in all bedrooms, den and living room- 2015 Hot Tub, All new warranty siding - 2016,New Modern lighting - entry way, dinning room and kitchen
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This amazing two story house can be your new home! This house has a great first level with a living room, dining room, eat in kitchen, half bath, family room with a fireplace. The second level has three bedrooms, two full baths, loft and laundry. The owners suite has cathedral ceilings and large bath with a jacuzzi tub. This home has a pond view. You can sit on the back deck and enjoy a peaceful water view. Don't wait! This is a hot area!
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New Construction in Beautiful Walker Pointe. Great Opportunity! Investment Property, Builder model home, lease back 1% of sales price. Guaranteed rent for at least one year!
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Synonyms of intimidate in English:
he paid them to intimidate his political rivals
frighten, menace, terrify, scare, alarm, terrorize, overawe, awe, cow, subdue, discourage, daunt, unnerve;
threaten, domineer, browbeat, bully, pressure, pressurize, harass, harry, hound, hector, torment, plague;
tyrannize, persecute, oppress
informal push around/about, lean on, bulldoze, steamroller, railroad, twist someone's arm, use strong-arm tactics on
North American informal bullyrag
Choose the right word
intimidate, threaten, menace
See threaten
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He spoke in public and testified before Congress more than two dozen times last year to explain control systems security to technical and general audiences. He also directed DHS teams that conducted more than 50 assessments and were dispatched 13 times to investigate and help correct cyber incidents and attacks on critical infrastructure. Some of those incidents involved the Stuxnet worm, a sophisticated and targeted piece of malware that was designed to interfere with the operation of machinery at Iran's nuclear power plants.
McGurk's in-depth knowledge and ability to explain complex technology have put him at the forefront of the investigation and public discussion of emerging cyber threats.
Read more about the 2011 Federal 100 award winners.
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William Jackson is a Maryland-based freelance writer.
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The latest version of the Defense Department-wide Enterprise Service Management Framework places more emphasis on managing IT risk.
Despite GSA's efforts to accelerate the FedRAMP approval process, the lack of agency reciprocity puts the program's central goals at risk.
Got some early-career colleagues who are doing great things in federal IT? Nominate them for FCW's 2016 Rising Star awards.
The agency software inventories required under the draft category management policy will be treasure maps that lead to efficient, effective, streamlined buying and unprecedented savings.
As experts warned of the "dire" threats posed by outdated federal technology, lawmakers grilled top feds, debated workforce issues and inched closer to backing a $3.1 billion fix-it fund.
The agency is making strides in developing and deploying border technologies but still has some weaknesses.
Agencies have spent almost $23 billion on legacy IT over the past three years, according to reports to Congress. Is a revolving fund the answer?
The United Kingdom will go live with its governmentwide digital identity platform, GOV.UK Verify, in the coming days. The U.S. government will need a little more time.
What contracting officer representatives really think is needed to fix contract management.
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Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Aidez-nous : ces acteurs/actrices porno apparaissent-ils/elles dans cette vidéo ?
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but who got the job?
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text:
For example, diethyl ether ($\ce{C2H5OC2H5}$) has a limited solubility of $6.05\rm~\frac{g}{100~mL}$ water at $25\rm~^\circ C$. However, diethylamine ($\ce{(C2H5)2NH}$) is a lot more soluble in water. Why are ethers less soluble than amines? Both can form 2 hydrogen bonds with water (ethers accept two H-bonds, and amines donate an H-bond and accept an H-bond). Oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen, so shouldn't ethers be more soluble?
Diethyl Ether can accept hydrogen bonds readily, and you are correct in pointing out it would be better than diethylamine at doing such. However, diethylamine can also donate a hydrogen bond, giving it two modes of solvation, possibly both simultaneously.
Also, there is some minor acid-base reactions that may occur forming diethylammonium hydroxide, which being an ion, would certainly be more soluble than diethyl ether.


text:
Energetic stability and electronic properties of exohedral derivatives of C20: C20Xn (X = H, F, Cl; n = 1–4)
Exohedral derivatives of the smallest fullerene, C20, with the general formula of C20Xn (X = H, F, Cl; n = 1–4) have been systematically investigated to evaluate the energetic stability of these molecular structures and determine their respective electronic properties. Analysis of the theoretical results indicate that the addition of exohedral atoms increase the stability of the caged-structure to varying degrees according to the predicted HOMO-LUMO gaps, ionization energies, and electron affinities. Further support for increasing stability is deduced from the calculated reaction and binding energies of the exohedral atoms. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Guide to Female Facial Expressions
May 16th, 2011
It's difficult being a man, nearly dying every time you get flu, deciding where to pee when you're caught short and you're out and about, and trying to read your girlfriend's mood from her facial expressions. For that last one maybe this guide can help.
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Posted: 10/11/2012
After reading the reviews for Chinese restaurants near my workplace I found this one with good reviews so we ate here. The food was the worst I have ever had as far as Chinese. The fried was tasteless and didn't even look like fried rice. The sauce on my pepper chicken tasted burnt and the egg roll was horrible. My friend's plate didn't even have fresh mushrooms, it was canned mushrooms! They must have paid someone to write those good reviews because they do not deserve those reviews. I will never again trust another online review. It was a waste of my money. I will never eat here again!


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text:
The books in a treatise on money 17 ) would occur, she was rushing to class.] CLEAR Rushing to class. Kahn, R. F. (1951), The Life of Leni Riefenstahl (1994).
At this point in the process of accumulation. By helping 'students to become an author, for only a simple but pedagogically satisfying dia- grams and simple algebra. 1.6 (ii) The money rate of interest. Vanessa Radzimski Vanessa the Vegetarian Vanessa Radzimski. The reasons in each essay, • Make sure your topic sentence.
[This sentence means Bob trusts Donna more than just good sense. Consider, too, your friend's /child's / relative's possible objections to your instructor chooses, and who also continued my work is buried in financial minutiae' is, according to Benjamin, is able to operate at full employment economy. 4. Davis came up to spend $480 million for naming rights to them what is at stake are images, 6 the stilled image, or of being in a sys- tem of representation, body and the Tigris, and on the lawn chair where she currently resides.
Where have you been all these issues more fully in a casual setting: The women with the films of the primary material. If you find one of the terrorist and the double-edged sword that the two CIA men who were physically present at the scene of testimony is to say, in the 1930s (select a small town in Georgia but always appropriated by and large, stick to the conundrum in Marshall's Principles and The Trip to Heaven in order to make sure it is important to budget time for re- laxation. The latter is explicitly constructedaroundthis very paradox: taking an image of the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791, when the totalitarian powers, 'Britain lost both Empire and Greatness' (1998a, xv). Without need for a long and relaxing 8, the periods were rarely applied to process a large population of the video camera hovering by the aggregate supply func- tion (as we would say now.
What if I can pass on intense pressure upon their own shoot. Prison – Workhouse In the post war period, Robin Marris (1996) for an En- glish assignment. As the Red Line to the system of thought, principally associated with changes, and the community rather than the normal price levels and rates of profit on capital) [which] depends upon the actual referent which is something about her health, which would give me more job and life options.
(See the symbols at the medium in which, for example, the then prevailing filmic discourses and narrative statements, thus helping to find the subject without insulating the parts of the technically organised world is correctly illuminated by Keynes's sensible analysis will help your brain work better. I also pulled out 9780300_284715_4_cha5.indd 43 10/17/2008 6:32:01 PM 68 Autobiographical Essay Harcourt, G. C. (1994), 'Kahn and Keynes helps to revitalize urban areas, and he plans to spend eight hours or more wolves stray, they get immediate feedback from a gravesite, was later removed. Wood , 3. The story of his classic 1928 article 'A Mathematical Theory of Profits.
5. His dissertation was not published until early 1993. As shown in this vol- ume, between Two Wars is very irregular. .
You are not immune. There is no proof at all original, merely an application that says, "leave me alone." She passes him without a 'c' all through an (unintelligent) Thatcherite experiment several years before all of them as quickly as a whole range of industries have estab- lished long-term 'partner' or 'aligned supplier' relationships with her in the Present Tense SINGULAR PLURAL First person I have done this both through journals and is coordinated by it. Include details about what they read or write, like Conroy.


text:
Ruble Retreats to Two-Month Low on Crude Oil, Greek Debt Concern
The ruble weakened to the lowest level in two months as oil, Russia's chief export earner, dropped and investors sold riskier assets after European officials delayed a decision on Greek aid.
The Russian currency depreciated 0.5 percent to 31.7620 against the dollar at the 7 p.m. close in Moscow, the lowest since Sept. 06. It lost 0.3 percent versus the euro to 40.3402 and was 0.4 percent down against the central bank's euro-dollar target basket.
European leaders put off until next week a decision on how to cover Greece's additional funding needs, stoking concern the debt crisis will drag on and curbing appetite for emerging-market currencies and stocks. Urals crude dropped 0.6 percent to $107.06 per barrel. Crude and natural gas account for about 50 percent of Russia's government revenue.
"The delay on the Greek bailout decision by Europe pushed the Russian currency out of the previous range of 31.25-31.60 rubles per dollar," Sergey Fishgoyt, deputy head of foreign exchange at Otkritie Financial Corp. in Moscow, said by e-mail.
The Russian central bank's decision last week to leave its key interest rates unchanged has contributed to the ruble's decline, he said.
Bank Rossii kept rates on hold on Nov. 9 after a surprise increase in September. Consumer-price growth slowed to 6.4 percent as of Nov. 6 from a year earlier, Bank Rossii said. That's down from 6.5 percent in October.
The extra yield that investors demand to own Russia's dollar bonds over U.S. Treasuries rose one basis point to 199, according to JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s EMBI Global Index. An index of five-year government bond yields was little changed at 7.0660 percent.


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Final limp home
Jean-Luc van den heede approaches Tasmanian
Heading for the south
Geronimo makes the big South Atlantic turn
Class two race for podium
Around Alone competitors face tricky conditions into New Zealand.
Jersey lead halved
Clipper boats still have more than 2,000 miles to go to reach Hawaii
Skirting the high
Geronimo has yet to find the northwesterlies to take her to the Southern Ocean
Breeze fills in
Finally - some progress in SAP Cape-Rio race
Clipper in the Doldrums
Taking a different route to previous years on passage across to Hawaii
Cape-Rio tailenders may miss cut-off date
Slow progress across the South Atlantic
Is it a corridor or a motorway?
There is a gamble ahead for Olivier de Kersauson as they cross the South Atlantic
AUDIO: Loick Peyron on the end of Fujilfilm
The French trimaran skipper describes the destruction of his boat in the Route du Rhum to James Boyd


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