text:
41 - 60 of 77 Comments Last updated May 17, 2015
#49 Feb 2, 2013
So Neighbor which is it? Do you know this "Keith guy" as you referenced him in an earlier post? And if you do know him so well, can you elaborate or give examples of his morals and integrity?
#50 Feb 2, 2013
Give it up??? Huh? You spinning again? LMAO You get A's for Creative Stories & Spin!! How can anyone cary a discussion with you always turning & twisting their words? Are you like this in life or just stirring things out here? Look, you feel it's ok to post childrens names to attack the mom or dad out here. You stated that's ok because this was a politician being attacked. Me? I stated I felt anyone using/posting childrens names lacks morals & integrety. Man up and attack the mom or dad without posting childrens names. Further, if you've read my prior posts, you'd know I stated I do not know the guy this thread is about. My focus has been on the cowardly use of childrens names out here, when attacking a mom or dad. This is where you came in argueing differently saying it's ok to use children because the dad is a politician. End of story. So stop wasting my time with your foolish spinning of facts. Man up and deal with reality....
#51 Feb 2, 2013
So how can you talk about this guys morals and integrity if you don't even know him?
And my argument is a politician should expect these types of stories to be made public. That's what happens when you take a public office position.
But I guess because he is an 18 year old son of a politician he should not be put in the paper or talked about?
C'mon Neighbor, something stinks here.
And I know it's easy for you to say that I am spinning things as your cop out. I know your trying to save face. But if you're going to lie at least make it good.
#52 Feb 2, 2013
Agreed! Someone obviously has a vendetta against this man. Sickens me that they are using his kids as a weapon against him.
#53 Feb 2, 2013
If anyone needs to man up it is Neighbor. He is a liar and can't deal with people that have opposing views. His response is usually a childish rant.
#54 Feb 2, 2013
Yes, I am finally pround. Whatever the hell that is. But thank you for thinking of me and my family.
#56 Feb 8, 2013
Any updates?
#57 Feb 8, 2013
Neighbor, how do you feel about Laura Bush killing that poor kid years ago?
#58 Feb 9, 2013
Unlike Kennedy, she stayed at the scene and called the police. Not several hours later..... Ted Kennedy was a piece of S. hi .t
#60 Jun 11, 2013
Whoever you are you are dirty scum and have no business talking bad about the Madsens. You have no idea their personal lives or experiences and guess what asshole shit happens sometimes not for the best but you can't just judge a person's entire life from one thing they messed up on. You must not understand the fact that people do stupid things in vulnerable times and maybe they were in the wrong but they do and have done whatever they needed to to better themselves. Before you run your shit talking minds out in text think about your life, your kids, their future, and what's in store for them. It isn't a parent's fault if their kid does dumb shit. Everybody has their own mind, mentality, and control of the shit they do. It isn't trustee Madsens fault his kids just got mixed up with some bad influences and they've dealt with some hard shit in life. It's no fair to be such a jerk about people and families you don't know a thing about. Every family in the universe ever to come is screwed up in one way or another. We don't need to see or read anymore bull shit from you assholes. They are good men, those Madsens' and you'd never know because you're all so judgmental and arrogant.
#61 Jun 11, 2013
Guess what dumbass, turns out you don't know a much about the Madsens as you act like you do. All three of those boys are NOT druggies. So what every kid tries a little something growing up, bet you did too. Doesn't immediately make you a "druggie". They're all respectable young men with tough lives, they got their diplomas it's not like they're idiots. Quit talking shit because in all reality here you're the dumb piece of shit who is so concerned with other people's family life. You are the type of person that makes society disgusting, not them. And no they haven't all been in rehab more than once. You're just making assumptions and pulling shit out of your ass to try and make them look bad. What i don't understand is, why? You don't know their lives or that family at all so screw you. Clearly you have the issue for caring more about other families than your own.
#62 Jun 11, 2013
Doing drugs in McDonald's is not respectable.
#63 Jun 15, 2013
Supporter, your a dumb ass. The issue isn't the kids are morons. It's more so daddy's covering it up instead of helping them. They were not just caught smoking a joint, they commited felonies, they are doing heroin, mommy is tampering with evidence. Try and find a record of this last arrest , it appears Trustee Madsen has already made it disappear, it doesn't not appear in the court records.
There is nothing upstanding about any of the Madsen's, they should all be ran out of town.
#64 Jun 15, 2013
These "kids" are adults.
Since: Dec 11
#65 Jun 16, 2013
Well isn't that a Happy Fathers Day post.
Since: Dec 11
#66 Jun 16, 2013
Funny thing, my son and I were talking. You seem to be very misguided. They don't all have diplomas, only one does. Brandon is still in school, and Jeff has a home school "degree". Apparently it's useless anywhere but Joliet Junior College. My son said Jeff tried to get into the armed service and they laught him right out of their office. Not addicts, just experimenting? Shooting up in a McDonalds parking lot is a sure sign of an addict. I guess he has a three year old daughter whom he has never paid a dime to support. Yes very respectfull kids. You must be on drugs yourself if you believe that.
#67 Jun 16, 2013
Jimbo? You sound like a girl gossiping behind peoples backs. Are you? The shoe seems to fit. Your son sounds like "she" is wearing the same skirt as you too. You two have fun gossiping like snotty school girls together? <lol
You should simply be ashamed to publicly stick your nose into someone's family problems on Fathers Day. Besides, are you sure your son's not gay? I mean, he kind'a sounds feminine. Just say'n.
#68 Jan 16, 2014
Yet again his son Jeff is let off with a slap on the wrist. What a croc of shit! He robs houses, sells drugs and uses drugs. Stalks his ex girlfriend for money and also robbed there houses. Jeff was seen using heroin at a Mcdonalds parking lot and was arrested for that also, and of course daddy to the rescue gets him out of jail and gets that wiped from his record.2 weeks ago jeff overdosed and was on life support and than a week after hes relaesed from the hospital hes back in jail with another possesion charge. I think its time to resign Keith and worry about your family a little more than a town that you cant run either. If you or NLPD were doing there jobs heroin would have been out of this town a year ago after the first 5 kids died from it and all 3 of your kids would be sitting in jail where they belong.
#69 Jan 16, 2014
Ahhhh ha. So this is politically driven! Frankfort you just exposed yourself. You're coward slime bag for outing someone's kids, and now we see it's for your political benefit? You are a dirt bag. I bet this guy Keith gave you an Atomic wedgie way back huh? Even with all the idiots I have delt with out here, using kids names for your political purpose is by far the scummiest. You sir, are the one needing to stay home & focused on your family. Imagine if they found out what "you" have said & done out here? Shame on you.... Shame.... So is it you want his Trustee position? <lol
#70 Jan 16, 2014
Let me tell you, I DO personally know Keith and his family. Keith is not a bad man, hes a terrible father and cares more about the town than his own family. but than again what else can you do when not one, not 2 but all 3 of your children are drug addicts and steal from there parents and grandparents and basically anyone who lets them in there home and they see something worth value. Cant help but to point the finger at the parents who do nothing to help them besides wipe their records clean for their own image. Keiths ex wife is also a pill popper and will defend her kids till shes blue in the face that their not addicts, she claims to drug test them weekly yet Jeff just overdosed 2 weeks ago and was on life support. A week after he was released from the hospital he was arrested with possession of heroin. What does "father of the year" do but bail him out of jail and try to get the charges dropped yet again for just intensive rehab. CLEARLY THAT IS NOT WORKING!! Jeff has been in more rehabs in one moth than most addicts do their entire lives. As long as with his 2 brothers. So before you try and come at someone saying they dont know there family and shouldnt say anything, I do know his whole family and every single one of them should be behind bars including Keith for abusing his powers!
Tell me when this thread is updated:Subscribe Now Add to my Tracker
Add your comments below
New Lenox Discussions
|Last By
|DNC Clinton Cheat
|4 min
|Felt the Bern
|Law and Order
|10 min
|Play With Fire
|Will the REAL Lway taxpayers unite! (Nov '15)
|1 hr
|Fiddly Dee
|New Lenox has paid nearly $1 million in police ...
|11 hr
|Gone daddy
|Black Lives Matter
|11 hr
|Sue Gillooley has resigned (Jun '12)
|22 hr
|new lenox rocks
|Fox News Roger Ailes resigns amid Sexual Harras...
|Roger Doesnt Ail
Find what you want!
Search New Lenox Forum Now
Copyright © 2016 Topix LLC


text:
His distinguished soulful voice is undeniably anointed. His songwriting is prolific and respects no boundaries to culture, age or denominations. Since his entry into the Gospel music industry with songwriting contributions to Fred Hammond's Grammy Award-winning FREE TO WORSHIP album ...Read More »
Tyler Perry's "If Loving You Is Wrong" Premieres Tonight on OWN
On the heels of OWN's popular series "The Haves and the Have Nots" comes Tyler Perry's new primetime drama "If Loving You is Wrong," premiering on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, Tuesday, September 9 with two back-to-back, one-hour episodes from 9 ...Read More »
Doc Pearson's "It's Alright" Hot Shot Debuts in Top 20 on Billboard Gospel Album Charts
Derrick Doc Pearson's "It's Alright" enters the #19 spot on Billboard Gospel Album Charts this week as a Hot Shot Debut. "It's Alright" by Derrick Doc Pearson Featuring Al Johnson, a project destined to touch one's heart while inspiring the ...Read More »
Michelle Williams Hits #1 with New Album 'Journey to Freedom' on iTunes Christian and Gospel Chart
Grammy winning singer, songwriter and actress Michelle Williams' highly anticipated new album, Journey to Freedom, is already making a splash, with the new release topping iTunes Christian & Gospel Album Chart at #1! Out in stores everywhere Tuesday September 9th, ...Read More »
Essence Atkins, Lynn Whitfield, Jasmine Guy Star in UP Original Movie "My Other Mother"
UP presents the original movie "My Other Mother", an emotional, heartwarming drama about a demanding national TV news anchor who reconnects with her equally-demanding birth mother. Starring Essence Atkins (Haunted House 2, "Half & Half"), Lynn Whitfield(The Josephine Baker Story, UP's The Dempsey Sisters and Somebody's ...Read More »
New Faith Based Film 'The Identical' Hits Theaters Nationwide Today
City of Peace Films productions, in association with The Identical Production Co., presents THE IDENTICAL – a new faith based film that tells the tale of twins (Blake Rayne) separated a birth but spiritually bound together, and ultimately reunited, by ...Read More »
Trinity Broadcasting Network to Present New 60,000 Square-foot Chicago Studio With September 11th Open House
Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN), the world's largest religious broadcaster and America's most-watched faith channel, will present its new state-of-the-art Chicago studio with an open house from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. (Central Time) on Thursday September 11th. Launched in 1973 ...Read More »
The 45th Annual GMA Dove Awards Announce Additional Performers and Presenters
The Gospel Music Association (GMA) announces more presenters and performers to appear at the 45th Annual GMA Doves Awards (www.doveawards.com). Current nominees set to appear are for King & Country, 1 Girl Nation, Ellie Holcomb, Tedashii, David and Tamela Mann, ...Read More »
Congratulations! Geoffrey Golden Wins Season 7 of BET's Sunday Best
Sunday Best has crowned another winner! After an intense seventh season, Geoffrey Golden was named 'Sunday Best'. The 20 year old, Cleveland native won the grand prize after going up against first runner-up Candace Benson. Golden is the second male ...Read More »
Gospel's Rising Stars CD Debuts At #4 on Billboard Gospel Albums Chart
Over the last few years, Gospel's Leading Man Earnest Pugh – who recorded two of the biggest gospel hits of the last decade – his #1 hits "Rain on Us" and "I Need Your Glory" – has also taken a big lead ...Read More »

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Contact Us
Enter Your Search:
Search tips
Search criteria
Journal titles
Results 1-25 (1310358)
« Previous
Go to page number:
Next »
Clipboard (0)
Related Articles
Acute-phase serum amyloid A production by rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue
O'Hara, Rosemary
Murphy, Evelyn P
Whitehead, Alexander S
FitzGerald, Oliver
Bresnihan, Barry
Arthritis Research
Acute-phase serum amyloid A (A-SAA) is a major component of the acute-phase response. A sustained acute-phase response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased joint damage. A-SAA mRNA expression was confirmed in all samples obtained from patients with RA, but not in normal synovium. A-SAA mRNA expression was also demonstrated in cultured RA synoviocytes. A-SAA protein was identified in the supernatants of primary synoviocyte cultures, and its expression colocalized with sites of macrophage accumulation and with some vascular endothelial cells. It is concluded that A-SAA is produced by inflamed RA synovial tissue. The known association between the acute-phase response and progressive joint damage may be the direct result of synovial A-SAA-induced effects on cartilage degradation.
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is the circulating precursor of amyloid A protein, the fibrillar component of amyloid deposits. In humans, four SAA genes have been described. Two genes (SAA1 and SAA2) encode A-SAA and are coordinately induced in response to inflammation. SAA1 and SAA2 are 95% homologous in both coding and noncoding regions. SAA3 is a pseudogene. SAA4 encodes constitutive SAA and is minimally inducible. A-SAA increases dramatically during acute inflammation and may reach levels that are 1000-fold greater than normal. A-SAA is mainly synthesized in the liver, but extrahepatic production has been demonstrated in many species, including humans. A-SAA mRNA is expressed in RA synoviocytes and in monocyte/macrophage cell lines such as THP-1 cells, in endothelial cells and in smooth muscle cells of atherosclerotic lesions. A-SAA has also been localized to a wide range of histologically normal tissues, including breast, stomach, intestine, pancreas, kidney, lung, tonsil, thyroid, pituitary, placenta, skin and brain.
To identify the cell types that produce A-SAA mRNA and protein, and their location in RA synovium.
Materials and methods:
Rheumatoid synovial tissue was obtained from eight patients undergoing arthroscopic biopsy and at joint replacement surgery. Total RNA was analyzed by reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for A-SAA mRNA. PCR products generated were confirmed by Southern blot analysis using human A-SAA cDNA. Localization of A-SAA production was examined by immunohistochemistry using a rabbit antihuman A-SAA polyclonal antibody. PrimaryRA synoviocytes were cultured to examine endogenous A-SAA mRNA expression and protein production.
A-SAA mRNA expression was detected using RT-PCR in all eight synovial tissue samples studied. Figure 1 demonstrates RT-PCR products generated using synovial tissue from three representative RA patients. Analysis of RA synovial tissue revealed differences in A-SAA mRNA levels between individual RA patients.
In order to identify the cells that expressed A-SAA mRNA in RA synovial tissue, we analyzed primary human synoviocytes (n = 2). RT-PCR analysis revealed A-SAA mRNA expression in primary RA synoviocytes (n = 2; Fig. 2). The endogenous A-SAA mRNA levels detected in individual primary RA synoviocytes varied between patients. These findings are consistent with A-SAA expression in RA synovial tissue (Fig. 1). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) levels were relatively similar in the RA synoviocytes examined (Fig. 2). A-SAA protein in the supernatants of primary synoviocyte cultures from four RA patients was measured using ELISA. Mean values of a control and four RA samples were 77.85, 162.5, 249.8, 321.5 and 339.04 μg/l A-SAA, respectively, confirming the production of A-SAA protein by the primary RA synoviocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to localize sites of A-SAA production in RA synovial tissue. Positive staining was present in both the lining and sublining layers of all eight RA tissues examined (Fig. 3a). Staining was intense and most prominent in the cells closest to the surface of the synovial lining layer. Positively stained cells were evident in the perivascular areas of the sublining layer. In serial sections stained with anti-CD68 monoclonal antibody, positive staining of macrophages appeared to colocalize with A-SAA-positive cells (Fig. 3b). Immunohistochemical studies of cultured primary RA synoviocytes confirmed specific cytoplasmic A-SAA expression in these cells. The specificity of the staining was confirmed by the absence of staining found on serial sections and synoviocyte cells treated with IgG (Fig. 3c).
This study demonstrates that A-SAA mRNA is expressed in several cell populations infiltrating RA synovial tissue. A-SAA mRNA expression was observed in all eight unseparated RA tissue samples studied. A-SAA mRNA expression and protein production was demonstrated in primary cultures of purified RA synoviocytes. Using immunohistochemical techniques, A-SAA protein appeared to colocalize with both lining layer and sublining layer synoviocytes, macrophages and some endothelial cells. The detection of A-SAA protein in culture media supernatants harvested from unstimulated synoviocytes confirms endogenous A-SAA production, and is consistent with A-SAA mRNA expression and translation by the same cells. Moreover, the demonstration of A-SAA protein in RA synovial tissue, RA cultured synoviocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells is consistent with previous studies that demonstrated A-SAA production by a variety of human cell populations.
The RA synovial lining layer is composed of activated macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The macrophage is the predominant cell type and it has been shown to accumulate preferentially in the surface of the lining layer and in the perivascular areas of the sublining layer. Nevertheless, our observations strongly suggest that A-SAA is produced not only by synoviocytes, but also by synovial tissue macrophage populations. Local A-SAA protein production by vascular endothelial cells was detected in some, but not all, of the tissues examined. The reason for the variability in vascular A-SAA staining is unknown, but may be due to differences in endothelial cell activation, events related to angiogenesis or the intensity of local inflammation.
The value of measuring serum A-SAA levels as a reliable surrogate marker of inflammation has been demonstrated for several diseases including RA, juvenile chronic arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy, ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's disease, reactive arthritis and Crohn's disease. It has been suggested that serum A-SAA levels may represent the most sensitive measurement of the acute-phase reaction. In RA, A-SAA levels provide the strongest correlations with clinical measurements of disease activity, and changes in serum levels best reflect the clinical course.
A number of biologic activities have been described for A-SAA, including several that are relevant to the understanding of inflammatory and tissue-degrading mechanisms in human arthritis. A-SAA induces migration, adhesion and tissue infiltration of circulating monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In addition, human A-SAA can induce interleukin-1β, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and soluble type II tumour necrosis factor receptor production by a monocyte cell line. Moreover, A-SAA can stimulate the production of cartilage-degrading proteases by both human and rabbit synoviocytes. The effects of A-SAA on protease production are interesting, because in RA a sustained acute-phase reaction has been strongly associated with progressive joint damage. The known association between the acute-phase response and progressive joint damage may be the direct result of synovial A-SAA-induced effects on cartilage degradation.
In contrast to noninflamed synovium, A-SAA mRNA expression was identified in all RA tissues examined. A-SAA appeared to be produced by synovial tissue synoviocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. The observation of A-SAA mRNA expression in cultured RA synoviocytes and human RA synovial tissue confirms and extends recently published findings that demonstrated A-SAA mRNA expression in stimulated RA synoviocytes, but not in unstimulated RA synoviocytes.
acute-phase response; rheumatoid arthritis; serum amyloid A; synovial tissue
Related Articles
Acute-Phase Serum Amyloid A: An Inflammatory Adipokine and Potential Link between Obesity and Its Metabolic Complications
Yang, Rong-Ze
Lee, Mi-Jeong
Hu, Hong
Pollin, Toni I
Ryan, Alice S
Nicklas, Barbara J
Snitker, Soren
Horenstein, Richard B
Hull, Kristen
Goldberg, Nelson H
Goldberg, Andrew P
Shuldiner, Alan R
Fried, Susan K
Gong, Da-Wei
PLoS Medicine
Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, and serum markers of inflammation are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that link obesity to chronic inflammation and CVD are poorly understood.
Methods and Findings
Acute-phase serum amyloid A (A-SAA) mRNA levels, and A-SAA adipose secretion and serum levels were measured in obese and nonobese individuals, obese participants who underwent weight-loss, and persons treated with the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone. Inflammation-eliciting activity of A-SAA was investigated in human adipose stromal vascular cells, coronary vascular endothelial cells and a murine monocyte cell line. We demonstrate that A-SAA was highly and selectively expressed in human adipocytes. Moreover, A-SAA mRNA levels and A-SAA secretion from adipose tissue were significantly correlated with body mass index ( r = 0.47; p = 0.028 and r = 0.80; p = 0.0002, respectively). Serum A-SAA levels decreased significantly after weight loss in obese participants ( p = 0.006), as well as in those treated with rosiglitazone ( p = 0.033). The magnitude of the improvement in insulin sensitivity after weight loss was significantly correlated with decreases in serum A-SAA ( r = −0.74; p = 0.034). SAA treatment of vascular endothelial cells and monocytes markedly increased the production of inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. In addition, SAA increased basal lipolysis in adipose tissue culture by 47%.
A-SAA is a proinflammatory and lipolytic adipokine in humans. The increased expression of A-SAA by adipocytes in obesity suggests that it may play a critical role in local and systemic inflammation and free fatty acid production and could be a direct link between obesity and its comorbidities, such as insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Accordingly, improvements in systemic inflammation and insulin resistance with weight loss and rosiglitazone therapy may in part be mediated by decreases in adipocyte A-SAA production.
Editors' Summary
Obesity often alters an individual's overall metabolism, which in turn leads to complications like diabetes, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (disease of the heart and blood vessels, such as stroke or heart attacks). Having established a strong link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease, scientists now think that obesity might cause persistent low-level inflammation, and that this is the reason for the cardiovascular problems seen in many obese people. By better understanding the links between obesity, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease, the hope is that scientists may be able to find medications that can be given to obese people to reduce their risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Why Was This Study Done?
Previous research had suggested that a substance in the blood called A-SAA, which is raised by inflammation, might be a "missing link" between inflammation and cardiovascular disease, since an individual's baseline level of A-SAA is associated with the risk for cardiovascular disease (in other words, the higher the A-SAA, the higher the risk of cardiovascular disease). In the new study, researchers wanted to know whether the reason that obese people have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease is because they have higher blood levels of A-SAA.
What Did the Researchers Do and Find?
They found that obese people had higher levels of A-SAA in their blood. A-SAA appears to be produced in fat cells (or adipocytes) and then released into the blood. Obese people have higher numbers of fat cells, which could by itself account for the higher blood levels of A-SAA, but the researchers also found that the average fat cell from an obese individual produces and secretes higher levels of A-SAA than fat cells from lean individuals. When the researchers studied people who underwent weight loss, they found that A-SAA levels fell in response to weight loss, and this was associated with improvements in their metabolism. They then studied obese individuals who received the diabetes drug rosiglitazone (which is known to reduce inflammation). They found that even though these individuals did not lose weight, their A-SAA levels dropped as their metabolism improved. Trying to get at the mechanisms by which A-SAA might cause inflammation and diabetes, the researchers found that exposure to A-SAA can stimulate the activation of proinflammation molecules in a number of different cells, including blood vessel cells. It can also stimulate cells to break down fat stores and release fats, which could lead to metabolic complications and ultimately contribute to diabetes.
What Do These Findings Mean?
Together with similar results from other studies, the findings here suggest that A-SAA could promote inflammation, and that elevated levels of A-SAA in obese individuals could contribute to the chronic low-level inflammatory state that puts them at higher risk for cardiovascular complications. The authors speculate that drugs that reduce the blood levels of A-SAA might be useful as treatments for obese patients (to lower their risk of heart attacks and strokes). However, as they acknowledge, additional studies are needed to establish that A-SAA is indeed a causal link between obesity and inflammation and whether it plays a major role before it could be considered a promising drug target.
Additional Information.
Please access these Web sites via the online version of this summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030287.
• MedlinePlus pages on obesity and cardiovascular disease
• US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention pages on obesity and cardiovascular disease
• Wikipedia pages on obesity and cardiovascular disease (note: Wikipedia is a free Internet encyclopedia that anyone can edit)
Higher levels of Acute-phase serum amyloid A (A-SAA), a proinflammatory adipokine, in obese individuals may contribute to the chronic low-level inflammatory state that puts them at higher risk for cardiovascular complications.
Related Articles
C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida
Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata
Markowska-Daniel, Iwona
Kwit, Krzysztof
Stępniewska, Katarzyna
Pejsak, Zygmunt
BMC Veterinary Research
Swine influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory disease caused by swine influenza virus (SIV). Swine influenza is generally characterized by acute onset of fever and respiratory symptoms. The most frequent complications of influenza are secondary bacterial pneumonia. The objective of this work was to study the acute phase proteins (APP) responses after coinfection of piglets with H1N1 swine influenza virus (SwH1N1) and Pasteurella multocida (Pm) in order to identify whether the individual APP response correlate with disease severity and whether APP could be used as markers of the health status of coinfected pigs.
In all coinfected pigs clinical sings, including fever, coughing and dyspnea, were seen. Viral shedding was observed from 2 to 7 dpi. The mean level of antibodies against Pm dermonecrotoxin in infected piglets increase significantly from 7 dpi. Anti-SwH1N1 antibodies in the serum were detected from 7 dpi. The concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) increased significantly at 1 dpi as compared to control pigs, and remained significantly higher to 3 dpi. Level of serum amyloid A (SAA) was significantly higher from 2 to 3 dpi. Haptoglobin (Hp) was significantly elevated from 3 dpi to the end of study, while pig major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP) from 3 to 7 dpi. The concentrations of CRP, Hp and SAA significantly increased before specific antibodies were detected. Positive correlations were found between serum concentration of Hp and SAA and lung scores, and between clinical score and concentrations of Pig-MAP and SAA.
The results of current study confirmed that monitoring of APP may revealed ongoing infection, and in this way may be useful in selecting clinically healthy pigs (i.e. before integration into an uninfected herd). Present results corroborated our previous findings that SAA could be a potentially useful indicator in experimental infection studies (e.g. vaccine efficiency investigations) or as a marker for disease severity, because of correlation observed between its concentration in serum and disease severity (lung scores, clinical scores).
Acute phase proteins; Experimental coinfection; Swine influenza; Pasteurella multocida
Related Articles
Characterization of rat serum amyloid A4 (SAA4): A novel member of the SAA superfamily
Rossmann, Christine
Windpassinger, Christian
Brunner, Daniela
Kovacevic, Alenka
Schweighofer, Natascha
Malli, Roland
Schuligoi, Rufina
Prokesch, Andreas
Kluve-Beckerman, Barbara
Graier, Wolfgang F.
Kratky, Dagmar
Sattler, Wolfgang
Malle, Ernst
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
•The full length rat SAA4 (rSAA4) mRNA was characterized by rapid amplification of cDNA ends.•rSAA4 mRNA has 1830 bases including a GA dinucleotide tandem repeat in the 5′UTR.•Three consecutive C/EBP promoter elements are crucial for transcription of rSAA4.•rSAA4 is abundantly expressed in the liver on mRNA and protein level.
The serum amyloid A (SAA) family of proteins is encoded by multiple genes, which display allelic variation and a high degree of homology in mammals. The SAA1/2 genes code for non-glycosylated acute-phase SAA1/2 proteins, that may increase up to 1000-fold during inflammation. The SAA4 gene, well characterized in humans (hSAA4) and mice (mSaa4) codes for a SAA4 protein that is glycosylated only in humans. We here report on a previously uncharacterized SAA4 gene (rSAA4) and its product in Rattus norvegicus, the only mammalian species known not to express acute-phase SAA. The exon/intron organization of rSAA4 is similar to that reported for hSAA4 and mSaa4. By performing 5′- and 3′RACE, we identified a 1830-bases containing rSAA4 mRNA (including a GA-dinucleotide tandem repeat). Highest rSAA4 mRNA expression was detected in rat liver. In McA-RH7777 rat hepatoma cells, rSAA4 transcription was significantly upregulated in response to LPS and IL-6 while IL-1α/β and TNFα were without effect. Luciferase assays with promoter-truncation constructs identified three proximal C/EBP-elements that mediate expression of rSAA4 in McA-RH7777 cells. In line with sequence prediction a 14-kDa non-glycosylated SAA4 protein is abundantly expressed in rat liver. Fluorescence microscopy revealed predominant localization of rSAA4-GFP-tagged fusion protein in the ER.
Rat SAA; Luciferase assay; Promoter activity; Inflammation
Related Articles
Establishment of a Transgenic Mouse Model Specifically Expressing Human Serum Amyloid A in Adipose Tissue
Olsson, Maja
Ahlin, Sofie
Olsson, Bob
Svensson, Per-Arne
Ståhlman, Marcus
Borén, Jan
Carlsson, Lena M. S.
Sjöholm, Kajsa
PLoS ONE
Obesity and obesity co-morbidities are associated with a low grade inflammation and elevated serum levels of acute phase proteins, including serum amyloid A (SAA). In the non-acute phase in humans, adipocytes are major producers of SAA but the function of adipocyte-derived SAA is unknown. To clarify the role of adipocyte-derived SAA, a transgenic mouse model expressing human SAA1 (hSAA) in adipocytes was established. hSAA expression was analysed using real-time PCR analysis. Male animals were challenged with a high fat (HF) diet. Plasma samples were subjected to fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) separation. hSAA, cholesterol and triglyceride content were measured in plasma and in FPLC fractions. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed an adipose tissue-specific hSAA gene expression. Moreover, the hSAA gene expression was not influenced by HF diet. However, hSAA plasma levels in HF fed animals (37.7±4.0 µg/mL, n = 7) were increased compared to those in normal chow fed animals (4.8±0.5 µg/mL, n = 10; p<0.001), and plasma levels in the two groups were in the same ranges as in obese and lean human subjects, respectively. In FPLC separated plasma samples, the concentration of hSAA peaked in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) containing fractions. In addition, cholesterol distribution over the different lipoprotein subfractions as assessed by FPLC analysis was similar within the two experimental groups. The established transgenic mouse model demonstrates that adipose tissue produced hSAA enters the circulation, resulting in elevated plasma levels of hSAA. This new model will enable further studies of metabolic effects of adipose tissue-derived SAA.
Related Articles
Murine model for human secondary amyloidosis: genetic variability of the acute-phase serum protein SAA response to endotoxins and casein
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
The serum precursor SAA of the secondary amyloid protein AA has been detected by solid-phase radioimmunoassay as a normal serum alpha- globulin of mol wt 160,000, which dissociates to a more stable 12,500 dalton moiety on treatment with formic acid. In 12 strains of mice, including T-cell-deficient nude mice, treated with the amyloid-inducing agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or casein, SAA behaved as an acute- phase reactant. SAA concentration rose to about 750 mug/ml by 24 h and returned to less than 1 mug/ml by 48 h. Since the amyloid-resistant colchicine-treated mice and AJ mice had a normal SAA response to LPS, it appears that their resistance to amyloid induction is due to the nature of their SAA processing rather than decreased SAA production. C3H/HeJ mice, which have defective B-lymphocyte responses to LPS, required extremely high dosages of LPS to cause SAA elevation, although their SAA response to casein was normal. This suggests that SAA is an acute-phase protein produced as a result of B-lymphocyte stimulation. Preliminary evidence suggests that at the height of an acute SAA response, liver homogenates are particularly rich in protein AA cross- reacting material.
Related Articles
Characterization of rat serum amyloid A4 (SAA4): A novel member of the SAA superfamily
Rossmann, Christine
Windpassinger, Christian
Brunner, Daniela
Kovacevic, Alenka
Schweighofer, Natascha
Malli, Roland
Schuligoi, Rufina
Prokesch, Andreas
Kluve-Beckerman, Barbara
Graier, Wolfgang F.
Kratky, Dagmar
Sattler, Wolfgang
Malle, Ernst
Biochemical and biophysical research communications
The serum amyloid A (SAA) family of proteins is encoded by multiple genes, which display allelic variation and a high degree of homology in mammals. The SAA1/2 genes code for non-glycosylated acute-phase SAA1/2 proteins, that may increase up to 1000-fold during inflammation. The SAA4 gene, well characterized in humans (hSAA4) and mice (mSaa4) codes for a SAA4 protein that is glycosylated only in humans. We here report on a previously uncharacterized SAA4 gene (rSAA4) and its product in Rattus norvegicus, the only mammalian species known not to express acute-phase SAA. The exon/intron organization of rSAA4 is similar to that reported for hSAA4 and mSaa4. By performing 5′- and 3′RACE, we identified a 1830-bases containing rSAA4 mRNA (including a GA-dinucleotide tandem repeat). Highest rSAA4 mRNA expression was detected in rat liver. In McA-RH7777 rat hepatoma cells, rSAA4 transcription was significantly upregulated in response to LPS and IL-6 while IL-1α/β and TNFα were without effect. Luciferase assays with promoter-truncation constructs identified three proximal C/EBP-elements that mediate expression of rSAA4 in McA-RH7777 cells. In line with sequence prediction a 14-kDa non-glycosylated SAA4 protein is abundantly expressed in rat liver. Fluorescence microscopy revealed predominant localization of rSAA4-GFP-tagged fusion protein in the ER.
Rat SAA; Luciferase assay; Promoter activity; Inflammation
Related Articles
Serum Amyloid A (SAA): a Novel Biomarker for Endometrial Cancer
Cocco, Emiliano
Bellone, Stefania
El-Sahwi, Karim
Cargnelutti, Marilisa
Buza, Natalia
Tavassoli, Fattaneh A.
Schwartz, Peter E.
Rutherford, Thomas J.
Pecorelli, Sergio
Santin, Alessandro D.
We investigated the expression of Serum-Amyloid-A (SAA) in endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC), and evaluated its potential as a serum biomarker.
SAA gene and protein expression levels were evaluated in EEC and normal endometrial tissues (NEC), by real time-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry. SAA concentration in 194 serum samples from 50 healthy-women, 42 women with benign diseases and 102 patients including 49 grade-1, 38 grade-2 and 15 grade-3 EEC was also studied by a sensitive bead-based-immunoassay.
SAA gene expression levels were significantly higher in EEC when compared to NEC (mean-copy-number by RT-PCR = 182 vs 1.9; P=0.001). IHC revealed diffuse cytoplasmic SAA protein staining in poorly differentiated EEC tissues. High intracellular levels of SAA were identified in primary EEC cell lines evaluated by flow cytometry and SAA was found to be actively secreted in vitro. SAA concentrations (μg/ml) had medians of 6.0 in normal healthy females and 6.0 in patients with benign disease (P=0.92). In contrast, SAA values in the serum of EEC patients had a median of 23.7 significantly higher than those of the healthy group (P=0.001) and benign group (P=0.001). Patients harboring G3 EEC were found to have SAA concentrations significantly higher than G1/G2 patients.
SAA is not only a liver-secreted-protein but is also an EEC-cell product. SAA is expressed and actively secreted by G3-EEC and it is present in high concentration in the serum of EEC patients. SAA may represent a novel biomarker for EEC to monitor disease recurrence and response to therapy.
Endometrial carcinoma; Serum Amyloid A; Biomarkers; Tumor markers
Related Articles
Deletion of Serum Amyloid A3 Improves High Fat High Sucrose Diet-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Hyperlipidemia in Female Mice
den Hartigh, Laura J.
Wang, Shari
Goodspeed, Leela
Ding, Yilei
Averill, Michelle
Subramanian, Savitha
Wietecha, Tomasz
O'Brien, Kevin D.
Chait, Alan
PLoS ONE
Serum amyloid A (SAA) increases in response to acute inflammatory stimuli and is modestly and chronically elevated in obesity. SAA3, an inducible form of SAA, is highly expressed in adipose tissue in obese mice where it promotes monocyte chemotaxis, providing a mechanism for the macrophage accumulation that occurs with adipose tissue expansion in obesity. Humans do not express functional SAA3 protein, but instead express SAA1 and SAA2 in hepatic as well as extrahepatic tissues, making it difficult to distinguish between liver and adipose tissue-specific SAA effects. SAA3 does not circulate in plasma, but may exert local effects that impact systemic inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that SAA3 contributes to chronic systemic inflammation and adipose tissue macrophage accumulation in obesity using mice deficient for Saa3 (Saa3−/−). Mice were rendered obese by feeding a pro-inflammatory high fat, high sucrose diet with added cholesterol (HFHSC). Both male and female Saa3−/− mice gained less weight on the HFHSC diet compared to Saa3+/+ littermate controls, with no differences in body composition or resting metabolism. Female Saa3−/− mice, but not males, had reduced HFHSC diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage content. Both male and female Saa3−/− mice had reduced liver Saa1 and Saa2 expression in association with reduced plasma SAA. Additionally, female Saa3−/− mice, but not males, showed improved plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein profiles, with no changes in glucose metabolism. Taken together, these results suggest that the absence of Saa3 attenuates liver-specific SAA (i.e., SAA1/2) secretion into plasma and blunts weight gain induced by an obesogenic diet. Furthermore, adipose tissue-specific inflammation and macrophage accumulation are attenuated in female Saa3−/− mice, suggesting a novel sexually dimorphic role for this protein. These results also suggest that Saa3 influences liver-specific SAA1/2 expression, and that SAA3 could play a larger role in the acute phase response than previously thought.
Related Articles
Changes in Human Serum Amyloid A and C-Reactive Protein after Etiocholanolone-Induced Inflammation
McAdam, Keith P. W. J.
Elin, Ronald J.
Sipe, Jean D.
Wolff, Sheldon M.
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Secondary amyloidosis is a complication of diseases characterized by recurrent acute inflammation. In this study, a standardized stimulus which induced fever and inflammation was given to six normal subjects (19-24 yr old) to follow the fluctuation in concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA), the precursor of the secondary amyloid fibril protein. After a single intramuscular injection of etiocholanolone (0.3 mg/kg), blood samples were drawn twice a day for 12 days for determination of SAA by solid phase radioimmunoassay. From a base line of <100 μg/ml, the SAA concentration began rising within 12 h to a maximum value at about 48 h of 1,350-1,800 μg/ml in three males and 380-900 μg/ml in three females and returned to base line by 4-5 days. The SAA response showed a similar time response to C-reactive protein (CRP), a well-documented acute phase protein which was assayed semiquantitatively by capillary tube precipitin reaction. CRP, but not SAA, showed a quantitative correlation with the amount of fever induced by etiocholanolone. One subject exhibited a second rise in SAA and CRP concentrations after acute over-indulgence with alcohol, suggesting that acute liver damage may have caused an acute phase reaction. Thus, a controlled episode of fever and inflammation produced a prompt and prolonged elevation of SAA and CRP concentrations. Unlike SAA, CRP has not been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis, although its relationship to the P component of amyloid has recently been established.
Related Articles
Amyloid A gene family expression in different mouse tissues
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute-phase reactant and apoprotein of high density lipoprotein (HDL). SAA is encoded by a family of three active genes. We examined hepatic expression and searched for extrahepatic expression of the three SAA mRNAs after injection with casein or LPS. Studies using an SAA cDNA, which detects all three SAA mRNAs, revealed that after casein injection liver SAA mRNA was elevated approximately 1,000-fold. Adrenal gland expressed SAA mRNA at a low level (0.5% of hepatic level), and was the only extrahepatic tissue with elevated SAA mRNA after casein injection. The small intestine, primarily the ileum, and the large intestine of unstimulated control animals contained 5- and 15-fold higher SAA mRNA levels than control liver. LPS also elevated liver SAA mRNA approximately 1,000-fold. However, in contrast to casein injection, every extrahepatic tissue examined expressed SAA mRNA. Lung and kidney contained 2-5% and large intestine contained nearly 10% of SAA mRNA levels found in liver RNA. SAA mRNA levels were lower in the remaining tissues and ranged from 0.1% in the brain and pancreas to 1.0% in the small intestine, with the ileum containing 50-fold more than the duodenum. Analysis of liver with SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3 mRNA-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed that SAA1 and SAA2 mRNA were elevated approximately 50-fold higher than SAA3 mRNA after casein administration. LPS, however, induced all three SAA mRNAs equally. In extrahepatic tissues, SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3 mRNAs were expressed differentially and can be grouped into three general classes: tissues expressing all three genes, tissues expressing SAA1 and SAA3, and tissues expressing predominantly or only SAA3.
Related Articles
Expression of serum amyloid A in uterine cervical cancer
Ren, Yanjie
Wang, He
Lu, Donghao
Xie, Xiaoyan
Chen, Xinlian
Peng, Jing
Hu, Qian
Shi, Gang
Liu, Shanling
Diagnostic Pathology
As an acute-phase protein, serum amyloid A (SAA) is expressed primarily in the liver. However, its expression in extrahepatic tissues, especially in tumor tissues, was also demonstrated recently. In our study, we investigated the expression of SAA in uterine cervical carcinomas, and our results suggested its potential as a serum biomarker.
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to evaluate the SAA gene and protein expression levels in the tissues and sera of patients with non-neoplastic lesions (NNLs), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical carcinoma (CC).
Compared with NNLs, the SAA gene (SAA1 and SAA4) expression levels were significantly higher in uterine CC (mean copy numbers: 138.7 vs. 5.01, P < 0.000; and 1.8 vs. 0.079, P = 0.001, respectively) by real-time PCR. IHC revealed cytoplasmic SAA protein staining in tissues from adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. The median serum concentrations (μg/ml) of SAA were 6.02 in patients with NNLs and 10.98 in patients with CIN (P = 0.31). In contrast, the median serum SAA concentration was 23.7 μg/ml in uterine CC patients, which was significantly higher than the SAA concentrations of the NNL group (P = 0.002) and the CIN group (P = 0.024).
Our data suggested that SAA might be a uterine CC cell product. High SAA concentrations in the serum of CC patients may have a role in monitoring disease occurrence and could have therapeutic applications.
Virtual slides
The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1433263219102962.
Uterine cervical carcinoma; Serum amyloid A; Tumor marker
Related Articles
Serum amyloid A (SAA): a novel biomarker for uterine serous papillary cancer
Cocco, E
Bellone, S
El-Sahwi, K
Cargnelutti, M
Casagrande, F
Buza, N
Tavassoli, F A
Siegel, E R
Visintin, I
Ratner, E
Silasi, D-A
Azodi, M
Schwartz, P E
Rutherford, T J
Pecorelli, S
Santin, A D
British Journal of Cancer
Uterine serous papillary carcinoma (USPC) is a biologically aggressive variant of endometrial cancer. We investigated the expression of Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and evaluated its potential as a serum biomarker in USPC patients.
SAA gene and protein expression levels were evaluated in USPC and normal endometrial tissues (NEC) by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry and by a sensitive bead-based immunoassay. SAA concentration in 123 serum samples from 51 healthy women, 42 women with benign diseases, and 30 USPC patients were also studied.
SAA gene expression levels were significantly higher in USPC when compared with NEC (mean copy number by RT–PCR=162 vs 2.21; P=0.0002). IHC revealed diffuse cytoplasmic SAA protein staining in USPC tissues. High intracellular levels of SAA were identified in primary USPC cell lines evaluated by flow cytometry and SAA was found to be actively secreted in vitro. SAA concentrations (μg ml−1) had a median (95% CIs) of 6.0 (4.0–8.9) in normal healthy females and 6.0 (4.2–8.1) in patients with benign disease (P=0.92). In contrast, SAA values in the serum of USPC patients had a median (95% CI) of 15.6 (9.2–56.2), significantly higher than those in the healthy group (P=0.0005) and benign group (P=0.0006). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis of serum SAA to classify advanced- and early-stage USPC yielded an area under the ROC curve of 0.837 (P=0.0024).
SAA is not only a liver-secreted protein but is also a USPC cell product. SAA may represent a novel biomarker for USPC to assist in staging patients preoperatively, and to monitor early-disease recurrence and response to therapy.
uterine serous papillary cancer; serum amyloid A; biomarkers; endometrial carcinoma; tumour markers
Related Articles
Lack of acute phase response in the livers of mice exposed to diesel exhaust particles or carbon black by inhalation
Saber, Anne T
Halappanavar, Sabina
Folkmann, Janne K
Bornholdt, Jette
Boisen, Anne Mette Z
Møller, Peter
Williams, Andrew
Yauk, Carole
Vogel, Ulla
Loft, Steffen
Wallin, Håkan
Particle and Fibre Toxicology
Epidemiologic and animal studies have shown that particulate air pollution is associated with increased risk of lung and cardiovascular diseases. Although the exact mechanisms by which particles induce cardiovascular diseases are not known, studies suggest involvement of systemic acute phase responses, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in humans. In this study we test the hypothesis that diesel exhaust particles (DEP) – or carbon black (CB)-induced lung inflammation initiates an acute phase response in the liver.
Mice were exposed to filtered air, 20 mg/m3 DEP or CB by inhalation for 90 minutes/day for four consecutive days; we have previously shown that these mice exhibit pulmonary inflammation (Saber AT, Bornholdt J, Dybdahl M, Sharma AK, Loft S, Vogel U, Wallin H. Tumor necrosis factor is not required for particle-induced genotoxicity and pulmonary inflammation., Arch. Toxicol. 79 (2005) 177–182). As a positive control for the induction of an acute phase response, mice were exposed to 12.5 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally. Quantitative real time RT-PCR was used to examine the hepatic mRNA expression of acute phase proteins, serum amyloid P (Sap) (the murine homologue of Crp) and Saa1 and Saa3. While significant increases in the hepatic expression of Sap, Saa1 and Saa3 were observed in response to LPS, their levels did not change in response to DEP or CB. In a comprehensive search for markers of an acute phase response, we analyzed liver tissue from these mice using high density DNA microarrays. Globally, 28 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed in response to DEP or CB. The mRNA expression of three of the genes (serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade A, member 3C, apolipoprotein E and transmembrane emp24 domain containing 3) responded to both exposures. However, these changes were very subtle and were not confirmed by real time RT-PCR.
Our findings collectively suggest that Sap, Saa1 and Saa3 are not induced in livers of mice exposed to DEP or CB. Despite pulmonary inflammation in these mice, global transcriptional profiling of liver did not reveal any hepatic response following exposure by inhalation.
Related Articles
Serum amyloid A is a chemoattractant: induction of migration, adhesion, and tissue infiltration of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein that in the blood is bound to high density lipoproteins; SAA is secreted mainly by hepatocytes, and its concentration increases in the blood up to 1000 times during an inflammatory response. At present, its biological function is unclear. Since some forms of secondary amyloidosis are caused by deposition in tissues of peptides derived from the SAA and leukocytes seem to be involved in this process, we investigated the effect of human SAA on human monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). When recombinant human SAA (rSAA) was used at concentrations corresponding to those found during the acute phase (> 0.8 microM), it induced directional migration of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Preincubation of rSAA with high density lipoproteins blocked this chemoattractant activity for both monocytes and PMN. rSAA also regulated the expression of the adhesion proteins CD11b and leukocyte cell adhesion molecule 1 and induced the adhesion of PMN and monocytes to umbilical cord vein endothelial cell monolayers. When subcutaneously injected into mice, rSAA recruited PMN and monocytes at the injection site. On the basis of these data, we suggest that SAA may participate in enhancing the migration of monocytes and PMN to inflamed tissues during an acute phase response.
Related Articles
Increased concentrations of Serum amyloid A in dogs with sepsis caused by pyometra
Jitpean, Supranee
Pettersson, Ann
Höglund, Odd V
Holst, Bodil Ström
Olsson, Ulf
Hagman, Ragnvi
BMC Veterinary Research
Sepsis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is crucial for survival. Pyometra is one of the most common diseases in intact female dogs. The disease often leads to sepsis (systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS, caused by infection). Diagnostic markers for detecting sepsis are gaining increasing interest in veterinary medicine. Acute phase proteins (APPs) such as C-reactive protein (CRP) are useful for detecting systemic inflammation in dogs. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is another major APP in dogs that is not yet as widely used. Albumin is regarded as a negative APP and has earlier been evaluated for prediction of prognosis in septic dogs. The aim of the present study was to determine SAA, CRP and albumin concentrations in dogs with sepsis and pyometra and to evaluate whether these inflammatory markers are associated with length of postoperative hospitalization.
Thirty-one surgically treated bitches with pyometra were included, whereof 23 septic (SIRS-positive) and eight non-septic (SIRS-negative). Albumin concentrations were analyzed by routine automated methods. SAA and CRP analyses were performed with previously validated commercially available assays (ELISA and immunoturbidimetric).
Mean (±SE) serum concentrations of SAA were significantly higher in septic (130.8 ± 8.0 mg/L) compared to non-septic bitches (88.5 ± 12.5 mg/L). Using a cut-off value for SAA of 109.07 mg/L (n = 31 bitches), the sensitivity and specificity for detecting sepsis was 74% and 50%, respectively. Serum albumin concentrations were not significantly different in septic compared to non-septic bitches (mean ± SE, 25 ± 1 g/L and 26 ± 1 g/L, respectively). CRP concentrations were also not significantly different in septic (mean ± SE 225.6 ± 16.0 mg/L) compared to non-septic bitches (mean ± SE, 176.0 ± 27.1 mg/L). None of these inflammatory markers were associated with the outcome as measured by length of hospitalization.
SAA concentrations were increased in dogs with sepsis induced by pyometra and may be useful as an adjunctive diagnostic marker for sepsis. To evaluate the full potential of SAA as a marker for sepsis also in other diseases, further studies are warranted.
SAA; CRP; SIRS; Bitch; Acute phase protein
Related Articles
Acute phase reactants, challenge in the near future of animal production and veterinary medicine*
Gruys, E.
Toussaint, M.J.M.
Upragarin, N.
van Ederen, A.M.
Adewuyi, A.A.
Candiani, D.
Nguyen, T.K.A.
Sabeckiene (Balciute), J.
Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B
The future of acute phase proteins (APPs) in science is discussed in this paper. Many functions and associated pathological processes of APPs are unknown. Extrahepatic formation in local tissues needs attention. Local serum amyloid A (SAA) formation may be involved in deposition of AA-amyloid induced by conformational change of SAA resulting in amyloid formation, having tremendous food safety implications. Amyloidogenesis is enhanced in mouse fed beta pleated sheet-rich proteins. The local amyloid in joints of chicken and mammary corpora amylacea is discussed. Differences in glycosylation of glycoproteins among the APPs, as has been shown for α1-acid glycoprotein, have to be considered. More knowledge on the reactivity patterns may lead to implication of APPs in the diagnostics and staging of a disease. Calculation of an index from values of several acute phase variables increases the power of APPs in monitoring unhealthy individuals in animal populations. Vaccinations, just as infections in eliciting acute phase response seem to limit the profitability of vaccines because acute phase reactions are contraproductive in view of muscle anabolism. Interest is focused on amino acid patterns and vitamins in view of dietary nutrition effect on sick and convalescing animals.
When inexpensive methodology such as liquid phase methods (nephelometry, turbidimetry) or protein array technology for rapid APP measurement is available, APPs have a future in routine diagnostics. Specific groups of patients may be screened or populations monitored by using APP.
Acute phase protein; Amino acid; Joint; Mammary gland; Mastitis; Serum amyloid A (SAA); Vitamin A
Related Articles
Acute phase protein response in an experimental model of ovine caseous lymphadenitis
Eckersall, Peter D
Lawson, Fraser P
Bence, Laura
Waterston, Mary M
Lang, Tamara L
Donachie, William
Fontaine, Michael C
BMC Veterinary Research
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a disease of small ruminants caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The pathogenesis of CLA is a slow process, and produces a chronic rather than an acute disease state. Acute phase proteins (APP) such as haptoglobin (Hp) serum amyloid A (SAA) and α1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) are produced by the liver and released into the circulation in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. The concentration of Hp in serum increases in experimental CLA but it is not known if SAA and AGP respond in parallel or have differing response profiles.
The concentration in serum of Hp, SAA and AGP in 6 sheep challenged with 2 × 105 cells of C. pseudotuberculosis showed significant increases (P < 0.05) compared to 3 unchallenged control sheep. By day 7 post infection. (p.i.) the Hp and SAA concentrations reached mean (± SEM) values of 1.65 ± 0.21 g/L and 18.1 ± 5.2 mg/L respectively. Thereafter, their concentrations fell with no significant difference to those of the control sheep by day 18 p.i.. In contrast, the serum AGP concentration in infected sheep continued to rise to a peak of 0.38 ± 0.05 g/L on day 13 p.i., after which a slow decline occurred, although the mean concentration remained significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control group up to 29 days p.i.. Specific IgG to phospholidase D of C. pseudotuberculosis became detectable at 11 days p.i. and continued to rise throughout the experiment.
The serum concentrations of Hp, SAA and AGP were raised in sheep in an experimental model of CLA. An extended response was found for AGP which occurred at a point when the infection was likely to have been transforming from an acute to a chronic phase. The results suggest that AGP could have a role as a marker for chronic conditions in sheep.
Related Articles
Serum amyloid A protein in acute viral infections.
Miwata, H
Yamada, T
Okada, M
Kudo, T
Kimura, H
Morishima, T
Archives of Disease in Childhood
Concentrations of serum amyloid A protein (SAA) were measured in 254 children with viral diseases, including measles, varicella, rubella, mumps, echo-30 meningitis, chronic hepatitis B and C, and in eight with Kawasaki disease. Latex agglutination nephelometric immunoassay was used for assaying SAA. In 191 out of 195 patients (98%), SAA concentrations became markedly raised in the acute phase of the viral disease: measles (97%), varicella (100%), mumps (95%), and echo-30 meningitis (99%) with mean titres of 82.4, 80.5, 60.2, 75.2, and 101.1 micrograms/ml respectively. This increase in SAA was followed by a rapid return to normal concentrations (< 5 micrograms/ml) during convalescence. Remarkably higher concentrations of SAA (mean 1630 micrograms/ml) were detected in the acute phase of patients with Kawasaki disease, but in most of the children with chronic hepatitis B or C, the titres of SAA remained normal. There was no close correlation between SAA and serum concentrations for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, beta 2-microglobulin, transferrin, and IgG. There was a clear correlation between SAA and C reactive protein concentrations, although SAA showed a greater incremental change than C reactive protein in the acute phase. In the acute phase of these viral diseases, 56% of the patients had raised SAA concentrations (> or = 5 micrograms/ml) with normal C reactive protein concentrations (< 5 micrograms/ml). These results indicate that SAA could be useful as an inflammatory marker in children with acute viral infections.
Related Articles
Analysis of the acute-phase protein response in pigs to clinical and subclinical infection with H3N2 swine influenza virus
Pomorska-Mól, Małgorzata
Krzysztof, Kwit
Pejsak, Zygmunt
Markowska-Daniel, Iwona
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
Swine influenza (SI) is a contagious, important respiratory disease. Diagnosis of SI is based on the clinical signs, confirmed by the detection of viral RNA or specific antibodies. However, the infection is much more frequent than the disease.
The aim of study was to investigate the kinetics of acute-phase protein (APP) response during subclinical and clinical influenza in pigs. The utility of APP measurements in identification of infected animals was also evaluated.
Twenty-eight piglets were used. C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and pig major acute-phase protein (Pig-MAP) concentrations in serum were measured using commercial ELISAs.
Results and Conclusions
No relevant clinical signs were observed in intranasally infected pigs. In contrast, coughing, nasal discharge, and fever were observed in pigs infected intratracheally. All infected pigs exhibited specific antibodies in the serum at 10 dpi, and viral shedding was confirmed. The concentrations of CRP, Hp and SAA were significantly increased after infection. The level of Pig-MAP remained constant during subclinical and clinical infection. The concentrations of CRP, Hp and SAA were higher in pigs with clinical disease. Although not specific, strategic APP measurements may reveal ongoing clinical and subclinical infection. A close relationship between the magnitude of serum APP response with the severity of disease, providing an objective tool for validation the severity of infection. The maximum concentration of SAA in serum was closely correlated with lung score and makes this APP potential indicator for disease progress or estimation of treatment strategy.
Acute-phase response; H3N2; pigs; swine influenza
Related Articles
Management of a caseous lymphadenitis outbreak in a new Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) stock reservoir
Colom-Cadena, Andreu
Velarde, Roser
Salinas, Jesús
Borge, Carmen
García-Bocanegra, Ignacio
Serrano, Emmanuel
Gassó, Diana
Bach, Ester
Casas-Díaz, Encarna
López-Olvera, Jorge R
Lavín, Santiago
León-Vizcaíno, Luís
Mentaberre, Gregorio
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
In 2010, an Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) stock reservoir was established for conservation purposes in north-eastern Spain. Eighteen ibexes were captured in the wild and housed in a 17 hectare enclosure. Once in captivity, a caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) outbreak occurred and ibex handlings were carried out at six-month intervals between 2010 and 2013 to perform health examinations and sampling. Treatment with a bacterin-based autovaccine and penicillin G benzatine was added during the third and subsequent handlings, when infection by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was confirmed. Changes in lesion score, serum anti-C. pseudotuberculosis antibodies and haematological parameters were analyzed to assess captivity effects, disease emergence and treatment efficacy. Serum acute phase proteins (APP) Haptoglobin (Hp), Amyloid A (SAA) and Acid Soluble Glycoprotein (ASG) concentrations were also determined to evaluate their usefulness as indicators of clinical status.
Once in captivity, 12 out of 14 ibexes (85.7%) seroconverted, preceding the emergence of clinical signs; moreover, TP, WBC, eosinophil and platelet cell counts increased while monocyte and basophil cell counts decreased. After treatment, casualties and fistulas disappeared and both packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin concentration significantly increased. Hp, SAA and ASG values were under the limit of detection or showed no significant differences.
A role for captivity in contagion rate is suggested by the increase in antibody levels against C. pseudotuberculosis and the emergence of clinical signs. Although boosted by captivity, this is the first report of an outbreak of caseous lymphadenitis displaying high morbidity and mortality in wild ungulates. Treatment consisting of both vaccination and antibiotic therapy seemed to prevent mortality and alleviate disease severity, but was not reflected in the humoural response. Haematology and APP were not useful indicators in our study, perhaps due to the sampling frequency. Presumably endemic and irrelevant in the wild, this common disease of domestic small ruminants is complicating conservation efforts for the Iberian ibex in north-eastern Spain.
Capra pyrenaica; Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis; Caseous lymphadenitis; Antibodies; Autovaccine; Acute phase proteins
Related Articles
Serum amyloid A protein concentration in bone marrow transplantation for beta thalassaemia.
Uguccioni, M.
Meliconi, R.
Lalli, E.
Nesci, S.
Delfini, C.
Lucarelli, G.
Gasbarrini, G.
Facchini, A.
Journal of Clinical Pathology
AIMS: To investigate whether serum amyloid A protein (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations could be used in the management of beta thalassaemic patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). METHODS: Serum SAA and CRP concentrations were determined in paired samples from 66 patients with beta thalassaemia before and after BMT. Serum SAA concentrations were determined by an enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA); serum CRP concentrations were determined by a nephelometric assay. RESULTS: Serum SAA concentrations before transplantation were significantly higher in the group that subsequently rejected the transplant than the group without complications. SAA concentrations increased after BMT in acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) and rejection. No significant increase in SAA or CRP was found in chronic GvHD. Increases in serum in SAA and CRP concentrations were not related to concomitant infection episodes. CONCLUSIONS: The different acute phase response in acute GvHD and rejection compared with chronic GvHD suggests that different immunopathogenic mechanisms are responsible.
Related Articles
Colocalization of Serum Amyloid A with Microtubules in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells
Lakota, Katja
Resnik, Nataša
Mrak-Poljšak, Katjuša
Sodin-Šemrl, Snežna
Veranič, Peter
Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
Serum amyloid A (SAA) acts as a major acute phase protein and represents a sensitive and accurate marker of inflammation. Besides its hepatic origin, as the main source of serum SAA, this protein is also produced extrahepatically. The mRNA levels of SAA become significantly elevated following proinflammatory stimuli, as well as, are induced through their own positive feedback in human primary coronary artery endothelial cells. However, the intracellular functions of SAA are so far unknown. Colocalization of SAA with cytoskeletal filaments has previously been proposed, so we analyzed the colocalization of SAA with all three cytoskeletal elements: actin filaments, vimentin filaments, and microtubules. Immunofluorescent double-labeling analyses confirmed by PLA method revealed a strict colocalization of SAA with microtubules and a very infrequent attachment to vimentin while the distribution of actin filaments appeared clearly separated from SAA staining. Also, no significant colocalization was found between SAA and endomembranes labeled with the fluorescent lipid stain DiO6. However, SAA appears to be located also unbound in the cytosol, as well as inside the nucleus and within nanotubes extending from the cells or bridging neighboring cells. These different locations of SAA in endothelial cells strongly indicate multiple potential functions of this protein.
Related Articles
Acute Phase Proteins in Response to Dictyocaulus viviparus Infection in Calves
Gånheim, C
Höglund, J
Waller, K Persson
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
Three experiments were carried out to examine the acute phase response, as measured by the acute phase proteins (APP) haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA) and fibrinogen, in calves infected with lungworm, Dictyocaulus vivparus. In addition, eosinophil counts were analysed. Three different dose models were used in 3 separate experiments: I) 250 D. viviparus infective third stage larvae (L3) once daily for 2 consecutive days, II) 100 D. viviparus L3 once daily for 5 consecutive days, and III) 2000 L3 once. All 3 dose regimes induced elevated levels of haptoglobin, SAA and fibrinogen, although there was considerable variation both between and within experiments. A significant increase was observed in all 3 APP at one or several time points in experiment I and III, whereas in experiment II, the only significant elevation was observed for fibrinogen at one occasion. The eosinophil numbers were significantly elevated in all 3 experiments. The results show that lungworm infection can induce an acute phase response, which can be monitored by the selected APP. Elevated APP levels in combination with high numbers of eosinophils in an animal with respiratory disease may be used as an indicator of lung worm infection, and help the clinician to decide on treatment. However, high numbers of eosinophils and low levels of APP do not exclude a diagnosis of lungworm. Thus, lungworm infection may not be detected if measurements of APP are used to assess calf health in herds or individual animals.
lungworm; Dictyocaulus viviparus; acute phase proteins; calves; respiratory disease; haptoglobin; serum amyloid A; fibrinogen
Related Articles
Optimal combinations of acute phase proteins for detecting infectious disease in pigs
Heegaard, Peter MH
Stockmarr, Anders
Piñeiro, Matilde
Carpintero, Rakel
Lampreave, Fermin
Campbell, Fiona M
Eckersall, P David
Toussaint, Mathilda JM
Gruys, Erik
Sorensen, Nanna Skall
Veterinary Research
The acute phase protein (APP) response is an early systemic sign of disease, detected as substantial changes in APP serum concentrations and most disease states involving inflammatory reactions give rise to APP responses. To obtain a detailed picture of the general utility of porcine APPs to detect any disease with an inflammatory component seven porcine APPs were analysed in serum sampled at regular intervals in six different experimental challenge groups of pigs, including three bacterial (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae), one parasitic (Toxoplasma gondii) and one viral (porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus) infection and one aseptic inflammation. Immunochemical analyses of seven APPs, four positive (C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), pig major acute phase protein (pigMAP) and serum amyloid A (SAA)) and three negative (albumin, transthyretin, and apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1)) were performed in the more than 400 serum samples constituting the serum panel. This was followed by advanced statistical treatment of the data using a multi-step procedure which included defining cut-off values and calculating detection probabilities for single APPs and for APP combinations. Combinations of APPs allowed the detection of disease more sensitively than any individual APP and the best three-protein combinations were CRP, apoA1, pigMAP and CRP, apoA1, Hp, respectively, closely followed by the two-protein combinations CRP, pigMAP and apoA1, pigMAP, respectively. For the practical use of such combinations, methodology is described for establishing individual APP threshold values, above which, for any APP in the combination, ongoing infection/inflammation is indicated.
Related Articles
Results 1-25 (1310358)
« Previous
Go to page number:
Next »
Remove citation from clipboard
Add citation to clipboard
This will clear all selections from your clipboard. Do you wish proceed?
Clipboard is full! Please remove an item and try again.
Contact Us
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
(CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's
national science library
in cooperation with the
National Center for Biotechnology Information
at the
U.S. National Library of Medicine
(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the
PubMed Central International archive
by participating publishers.


text:
"Dad's hometown" Chippewa Falls by fierosled
Chippewa Falls Travel Guide: 0 reviews and 1 photos
Grandma still lives here, but in a nursing home, has dementia. Aunt Jackie still lives in town, and Bill's kids live in Eau Claire I think.
1 - 0 of 0
fierosled's Related Pages
Chippewa Falls Travel Guide
Member Travel Pages
- "Chippewa Falls"
- "Dad's hometown"
- See All...
- See All...
Badges & Stats in Chippewa Falls
- 0 Reviews
- 0 Photos
- 0 Forum posts
- 0 Comments
- 153PageViews
- See All Stats
- See All Badges (2)
Have you been to Chippewa Falls?Share Your Travels
Latest Activity in Chippewa Falls
- created a Chippewa Falls Travel Page "Dad's hometown"
- Posted in Travel Oahu Forum "RE: RE: grammy3"
No friends yet.


text:
Hello, Hello. Sign In
Please enter a valid city, state or zip code
3 reviews | 4.3 out of 5
The floor of this doghouse was a little too thin and it had gaps (for ventilation) between the boards. The walls and roof were solid. We bought a piece of 1/2" plywood and used it to cover the existing floor. We insulated this doghouse by stapling silver, rolled, insulation that we got at a Home Improvement store to all the parts before we assembled it. We also installed a Hound Heater furnace on the back wall before assembling the house. It turned out great! All in all the house cost us less than $250 and the dog has got a virtual palace. Highly recommend this house - it was a bargain, and easily modified to suit our needs, for the price we paid. Sturdy and easily assembled.
This is a good buy. The dog house was easy to assemble but the wood was lighter or just maybe thinner than I expected. Didn't particlary care for the floor, I ended up buying a small piece of 1/2 inch plywood and having it cut to the specification of the floor for stability. Also bought a blanket to insulate the inside, for as I said the wood was thinner than I expected.
Nice roomy dog house, did not leak during the storm the other night. I would recommend this dog house to a friend.


text:
ROCKVILLE, Md. (DTN) -- It's a good year to be a caterpillar. Bollworm populations are thriving in the Midsouth, and entomologists from Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and New York are reporting higher than normal numbers of western bean cutworm. Growers wh... Read More
AMES, Iowa – Iowa State swimming and diving head coach Duane Sorenson announced his program's schedule for the 2016-17 season Tuesday. The season features a slate of four chances to catch the Cyclones competing at home in Beyer Pool. The Cyclone... Read More
OMAHA, Neb. - Omaha men's and women's golf head coach Seth Porter announced that Easton Key has been hired as an assistant coach for both the men's and women's teams. A graduate of Arkansas State and a two-year letterman there, Key spent two seaso... Read More
A web tool was developed by Iowa State University personnel to help farmers make in-season and pre-season crop management decisions based on real-time information and predicted outcomes. The Forecast and Assessment of Cropping sysTemS (FACTS) was rec... Read More
07-26-2016 Central Valley Ag Elgin Corn - 303 Beans - 906 Humphrey Corn - 292 Beans - 906 Monroe Corn - 297 Beans - 916 Oakland E. Hub Corn - 297 Beans - 9... Read More
OMAHA (DTN) -- A man is as good as his word, unless it comes to future disputes over a handshake agreements. While some livestock producers may only have a handshake agreement for renting grazing land, having a written lease is important in protectin... Read More
Iowa looks to repeat the magic of last year as the Hawkeyes embark upon this season. It was a dream season last year, before Iowa came up short to Michigan State in the Big Ten title game and then were blown out in the Rose Bowl by Stanford. He... Read More
GRESHAM - Around 8:30 a.m. on Tuesay, July 26, 2016, the Polk County Sheriff's Office was dispatched to rural Gresham, Nebraska, to assist Fire and Rescue crews in rescue efforts involving a man that had been consumed in corn inside of a grain bin. P... Read More
ST. LOUIS (DTN) -- All signs point to the largest-ever corn crop in history this fall and the third year in a row of plunging farm incomes. But with prices potentially tumbling to $3 by harvest, corn growers with high levels of revenue-based crop ins... Read More
(click on news/podcasts tab above to hear interview with A-FAN's Willow Holoubek) A citizens group has sued the city of Fremont over actions taken to clear the way for Costco Wholesale to build a chicken processing plant. The lawsuit was filed... Read More


text:
They might have added that the environmental and human resettlement safeguards adopted by the World Bank after decades of lobbying by (mainly western-based) NGOs have made its infrastructure lending complex and expensive for borrowers. Hostility to the effects of big dams, for example, means the bank has only a handful of large hydropower projects worldwide. The creation of the bank has revealed how delicate are these negotiations. China, which could easily finance an institution several times the size of the BRICS bank on its own, and whose high credit rating will be enormously helpful, had to be persuaded to accept a minority shareholding. Essentially, Beijing is gaining greater credibility for international cooperation at the cost of a greater implicit financial contribution and more constraints on its action. How far it is prepared to accept the latter to gain the former remains to be seen.
|Scooped by GIBS Information Centre / GIBSIC


text:
Win prizes, kudos, recognition! Enter AOP prestigious Photography Awards before 7 August
Love it...it's like icing sugar! Brrrr...won't be long now.....
Jack a lovely composition and a reminder that winter is on it's way
Brian J.
Brian J.
Sign In
You must be a member to leave a comment.
ePHOTOzine, the web's friendliest photography community.
Upload photos, chat with photographers, win prizes and much more.


text:
Best Western International Appoints Greg Adams as VP of eCommerce
Wednesday November 20th, 2013 - 10:13AM
These are shortcuts to your favorite social networking and bookmark sites. Add this story to your Facebook page, del.icio.us, DiggIt, and many others!
PHOENIX—Best Western International hired Greg Adams to a new position of vice president, eCommerce. Adams initial focus is to make it even easier for more people to make a reservation for their next trip on the company's website, bestwestern.com.
"I am delighted to announce Greg is joining our team," stated Best Western President and CEO David Kong. "As we continue our industry leading online strategies, Greg's experience will be a great asset to our hotels and organization."
Adams joined Best Western with more than 20 years of experience in marketing and sales leadership positions in the hospitality industry. His experience includes time with Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., Hyatt Hotels Corp. and Marriot International, Inc. As a VP at Starwood, Adams developed a worldwide account and contact deployment system. Adams recently led an eCommerce consulting company assisting businesses with their online strategies.
"I am honored to be joining the people who care at Best Western, an innovative brand that is on the leading edge of hospitality sales and marketing," stated Adams. "The Best Western team is dedicated to enhancing the online experience for guests worldwide, and I look forward to being part of making it even easier for guests to make reservations on bestwestern.com."
Tags: Best Western International • Hospitality • Brands • Personnel •
Well, it's halfway through 2016, and not much has changed since the beginning of the year. Despite the terrorism acts in Orlando, FL and Turkey, and the Brexit referendum, little has happened to affect the travel industry. Overall, things might have slowed a bit, but a majority of the fundamentals are holding steady, including occupancy, ADR and RevPAR. I've been asked why this cycle has lasted longer than those preceding it. As far as I am concerned, it's due to a single phrase: Never Again.
CWI 2 Acquires San Diego Marriott La Jolla »
Hyatt Regency Chicago Intros New Bar & Lounge
Sheraton Park Lane Hotel Becomes Sheraton Grand
Embassy Suites by Hilton Scottsdale Resort Opens After Major Reno
Marriott International, NBA Form Partnership Extension
AccorHotels Appoints Kevin Frid as COO for North & Central America
The Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management Partners with HAMA MEA
Eastern Union Funding Arranges $70M Construction Loan for Meliá Project
Sign up for a
Digital Subscription
Click Here


text:
Content not available in English. Sorry for the inconvenience
El Music Way tomará este año el relevo del Rock in Way, apostando por darle continuidad a un festival rock de primer nivel en Galicia. Se celebrará el viernes 28 y el sábado 29 de septiembre en el Recinto ferial de Amio y lo hará con un cartel encabezado por dos espectaculares bandas de rock: los combativos e incombustibles Manic Street Preachers (viernes 28) y los enérgicos The Hives (sábado 29).
Los galeses llevan más de dos décadas regalándonos algunos de los mejores himnos del rock alternativo británico, mientras que los suecos son unos de los principales responsables del resurgir del garaje-rock en el siglo XXI. Encabezan un cartel que se completa con más bandas internacionales y con grupos como Layabouts o los gallegos Herdeiros da Crus, Holywater, Maryland y Munich.
Toda la info aquí
Info available in Spanish and Galician. Sorry for the inconvenience.
The festivities dedicated to the Apostle, the patron saint of Santiago, of Galicia and of all of Spain, last for about a fortnight. This festival combines religious and official solemnity, tradition and entertainment, which turn the entire city into a large fiesta.
July 24th and 25th are the two main days. On the night of July 24th there is an impressive firework display in honour of the Apostle, which coincides with the burning of a large pyrotechnic castle imitating the Cathedral's Gothic façade.
Concert by Dandy Warhols. This concert is included inApostle Festival 2016.
Concerts are included in Apostle Festival 2016
Concert by Real Filharmonía de Galicia directed by Paul Daniel. This concert is included in Apostle Festival 2016.
Every year more than 1,500 people gather to savour the biggest paella made in Galicia with 1,000 kg of rice. The festival started in 2001 and has already been consolidated as an important event in the Municipality of Silleda's festive calendar.
Concert by Nik West + Mambo Jambo. This concert is included in Apostle Festival 2016.
Galician Traditional Costume Day. This activity is included in Apostle Festival 2016.
Humor night by Carlos Blanco and Luis Dávila. This show is included in Apostle Festival 2016.
'Serán de Hip Hop 2016' by Suite Soprano, Gata Cattana, Erin&DjMil, El Soed, Rendi Nue, Naro, Lírica Licorca, Alba G, Tr3s, Introspectores. Presented by : Pablic.
Concert by Roi Casal. This concert is included in Apostle Festival 2016.
From 1984 to date, every first weekend in August, the Municipality of Val do Dubra pays tribute to its residents who have emigrated and its visitors.
This is a very popular festival that is well established in the Municipality of Silleda'scalendar. Every year, more than 10,000 people gather together to savour around 2,000 portions of omelette and 1,000 litres of wine free of charge. The festival began to be held in 1989, reaching its 22nd year in 2010.
The "Festa do Galo Piñeiro e Mostra Cabalar," declared a Festival of Galician Tourist Interest in 2010, is held every year on the first weekend in August in the village of Pedrouzo (Arca).
The gastronomy festival par excellence in the municipality of Padrón, held on the first Saturday in August in the parish of Herbón. It started in 1978 and is now classified as a Festival of Galician Tourist Interest.
Festival featuring the promotion and tasting of ham, which is held on August 14 in the parish of Bermés (Lalín) and will reach its 16th year in 2014. Cured and roast ham is served, along with bread and wine.
The local holiday in honour of San Roque that is held in Melide in August.
Info available in Spanish and Galician. Sorry for the inconvenience.
San Caralampio is held in Melide on the second Sunday in September. This festival, also known as the Festival of the Drunks, has Bacchus reminiscences and is devoted to wine.
Lalín's feast day is held on the first Sunday after September 18th in honour of Our Lady of Sorrows. The festivities last for 5 days, since Monday and Tuesday are local holidays.
Info available in Spanish and Galician. Sorry for the inconvenience.
Info available in Spanish and Galician. Sorry for the inconvenience.


text:
tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:/forums/kansas-city-parents/rss Recent Posts on Kansas City Parents forum on What to Expect Recent Posts on Kansas City Parents forum on What to Expect 2214 2215 general-discussion General Discussion tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/52467348 Daycare - Lenexa/Shawnee Area 2214 2215 general-discussion 52467348 52467348
Due to job relocation, my husband and I are moving to the Lenexa area in September. We currently live on the east coast and getting into daycares here required you to be on the wait list shortly after the pink line showed on the stick. Does anyone have any recommended daycares in the area that do not have a 1 year wait for infants? Our daughter will be about 6 months when we move.
 lmc0102 65066916 2016-07-22 19:40:58 UTC false false lmc0102 65066916 4 lmc0102 65066916 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/52122988 Need help choosing an OBGYN/hospital... 2214 2215 general-discussion 52122988 52122988
Hey ladies! My husband and I are TTC and we are currently searching for an OBGYN/hospital.
As far as hospital, we've narrowed our options to Centerpoint or St Luke's East and we are leaning more towards SLE but I'd love to hear your experiences (good or bad) with either.
As far as an OBGYN we are leaning towards Dr. Vandenboom or Dr. Amsterdam with Rockhill Women's Care, or Dr. Dowd or Dr. Carpino at Healthcare for Women at Centerpoint (but they deliver at SLE too). I've heard really good things about Dr. Amsterdam but her website says she is not currently accepting new OB patients but I'd still love to hear your opinions.
Thanks!!

 And2009 74178247 2016-07-21 19:53:58 UTC false false And2009 74178247 5 denewsome1 71743825 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/52513066 Newborn Model Call 2214 2215 general-discussion 52513066 52513066
 Hey, mamas! I am searching for a family to participate in a "Fresh 48" newborn portrait session. In return for your time, I am offering $100 in print credit at your reveal and ordering session. I would love to chat and provide you with more info! Please feel free to reach out to me if you are interested in learning more.

 Warmly,

 Lindsay
 Lifescript Photography

 lindsaykay112 74454608 2016-07-21 01:54:31 UTC false false lindsaykay112 74454608 0 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/52297599 College Park Family Care - OP 2214 2215 general-discussion 52297599 52297599 ekmore 72869805 2016-07-14 12:35:30 UTC false false ekmore 72869805 4 ekmore 72869805 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/49404280 Best hospital near Olathe/Overland Park 2214 2215 general-discussion 49404280 49404280
Hi! Just moved to Kansas and I am 9 weeks pregnant. Trying to figure out which hospital is best. This is my 2nd child and will be getting a c-section. I would like a place with great nursing care and nicu (I had gestational diabetes before). Thanks!
 joohles 71608487 2016-07-14 04:14:14 UTC false false joohles 71608487 11 amasters87 65876752 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/52097551 Dilated before labor 2214 2215 general-discussion 52097551 52097551 BrianKara 70206282 2016-07-14 04:10:59 UTC false false BrianKara 70206282 4 amasters87 65876752 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/52273046 Northland OBGYN Liberty hospital 2214 2215 general-discussion 52273046 52273046 ablair90 72675038 2016-07-11 01:57:03 UTC false false ablair90 72675038 1 az628 69829279 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/51947404 Now that it's hot outside... 2214 2215 general-discussion 51947404 51947404 momma2be1172015 63880322 2016-07-06 03:17:29 UTC false false momma2be1172015 63880322 7 momma2be1172015 63880322 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/52170728 Pediatrician 2214 2215 general-discussion 52170728 52170728 mkwphoto 71690908 2016-07-06 02:37:11 UTC false false mkwphoto 71690908 0 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/51450822 OB recommendations for c-section 2214 2215 general-discussion 51450822 51450822
My husband and I are in the process of trying to conceive (just got a faint positive this morning so fingers crossed all goes ok). I was wondering if anybody has an OBGYN recommendation for Overland Park Regional or SMMC - Bonus if they have delivered via c-section as that will be how this baby will be delivered. My first OB is in Lawrence and was incredible but we think we want someone a little closer this time around. Thanks!!
 crp565 59469432 2016-07-02 13:22:36 UTC false false crp565 59469432 8 tracyekelley 69667301 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/50269772 Cost of bellababy at SMMC 2214 2215 general-discussion 50269772 50269772 Carter92 69238102 2016-06-30 02:36:40 UTC false false Carter92 69238102 7 CerealAddict 72207363 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/51934398 Hourly daycare help 2214 2215 general-discussion 51934398 51934398
We are moving to Olathe, KS in August 2016. I'm a photographer who doesn't need full time care for my kids. I just need two or three days a week. I have no problem finding care for my three year old but my one year old is impossible to find care for. Any suggestions?
 creith13 50515593 2016-06-27 19:29:09 UTC false false creith13 50515593 3 SweetnessAndMoxie 73553853 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/49696006 Newborn photography 2214 2215 general-discussion 49696006 49696006 sabs777 68615607 2016-06-26 04:32:11 UTC false false sabs777 68615607 5 ejedlicka 70688012 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/51760810 Emler Swim School 2214 2215 general-discussion 51760810 51760810
Has anyone ever brought their kids here for lessons? Is it worth it? We usually take lessons at a regular pool for our 8yo but now with a 5 week old I'd like something a bit more sanitary for both of them to have water time! Also, if you've taken your newborn to the free newborn class, did you go only once or was it a regular thing to do? Thanks!
 hellobabyandy 73531484 2016-06-23 02:23:09 UTC false false hellobabyandy 73531484 13 jennimitchell 66538685 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/51862247 Crunchy Doctors 2214 2215 general-discussion 51862247 51862247 emandersen 66522743 2016-06-22 20:12:12 UTC false false emandersen 66522743 4 emandersen 66522743 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/49603049 North Kansas City Hospital 2214 2215 general-discussion 49603049 49603049
Anyone have any experience giving birth at North Kansas City Hospital? I'm having a hard time choosing a hospital and they were so nice and helpful over the phone, in a way that St. Luke's was not. My first appointment is tomorrow. Any reviews out there?
 millersaa 72202073 2016-06-20 02:35:26 UTC false false millersaa 72202073 7 billiejeanrayi 71467920 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/47355370 Newborn drug testing 2214 2215 general-discussion 47355370 47355370
No negative comments please. If they know that the mom used to smoke weed and stopped when she found out she was pregnant, will they drug test her and the baby at birth? Or will they only do the drug test if they think there is recent drug use? Also do they just do a urine/blood test or the meconium drug test? If the urine and blood test are negative for everything then will they still test the meconium?
 klcoen4 67493172 2016-06-17 04:14:19 UTC false false klcoen4 67493172 15 AmandaH1005 71164130 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/51699643 Perinatal doctor 2214 2215 general-discussion 51699643 51699643 lindseyholmes85 73498213 2016-06-15 21:59:28 UTC false false lindseyholmes85 73498213 5 lindseyholmes85 73498213 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/33717882 Crunchy/Natural Moms 2214 2215 general-discussion 33717882 33717882
 I just started a closed group for Kansas City area moms/dads/parents who are interested in natural foods, healthy living, alternative parenting, natural medicines, things like that.

 I get teased for being a hippie mom and couldn't find any groups for crunchy type parents in Kansas City. Anyone can join ( : This is for anyone to share their experiences/ask questions on pregnancies, parenting, and family life.

 Post your email and I will add you to the group (or you can search Kind of Crunchy - Kansas City Moms & Parents).
 Brittanymiller86 62830528 2016-06-07 01:34:42 UTC false false Brittanymiller86 62830528 65 emandersen 66522743 tag:www.whattoexpect.com,2009-05-01:Forums::Topic/51237730 Any Hmong Mommies?? 2214 2215 general-discussion 51237730 51237730

Hi! I'm currently around 7w 1d (don't know exactly yet - Can't wait for ultrasound!) and I am a Japanese/Caucasian mommy-to-be of my 100% Hmong boyfriend. Trust me, he's got plenty of family full of advice, but are there any other Hmong mommies out there?? I'm 22 and he is 32 and this will be both of our first child, one his family is very happy about!!! Now I just have to give them a boy... Haha (ironically he secretly wants a little girl!)

I am trying to learn Hmong as I intend our baby be raised bilingual. Our little blessing will have an American 1st name, then my family's Japanese name as a middle name (or as we call them 2nd names or cultural names), then his family's Hmong name, and his last name.

For example we've decided on our girls name: Aurora Mariko (Japanese) MaiLee (Hmong) Her :)

Would love to hear about any one else's story or connect with other mommies!! I'm in the Kansas City area!

 Haymarbs 73477548 2016-06-04 21:00:50 UTC false false Haymarbs 73477548 1 sabs777 68615607


text:
Donna Shields
6 ratings · 1 review · 1 distinct work · Similar authors·
Caribbean Light: All the Flavor of the Islands, Without All the Fat
— published 1998
* Note: these are all the books on Goodreads for this author. To add more, click here.
Upcoming Events
Is this you? Let us know. If not, help out and invite Donna to Goodreads.


text:
On Second Thought is a one-hour, daily news talk show that airs at 9 a.m. ET weekdays.
Learn why Lewis' reputation is at risk as a new string of murders recalls an old case, now reopened. Sunday, July 31 at 9 PM
National Signing Day is over and the reigning AAAAAA Champions, the Colquitt County Packers, had 25 players sign letters of intent on National Signing Day. I had a chance to go one-on-one with Head... MORE
Make your secure online donation at GPB.org.
Teachable Moments include an explanation of how to find the energy required to convert solids into liquids and gases. This involves a discussion of the different states of matter, the definitions of "Specific Heat Capacity," "Heat of Fusion," and "Heat of Vaporization," and more.
This content was developed under a grant from the U.S. Department of Education. However, this content does not necessarily represent the policy of the U.S. Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.


text:
The Alma Airedales football team has a home non-conference game vs. Southside on Monday, August 22 @ 7p.
MaxPreps is looking for one person to be the Official Scorer! This person will provide LIVE play-by-play for fans to follow along during the game.
If you have any corrections for the Alma football schedule please contact Support.