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Odds and ends for March 4
Business preserves man's best friend
SLATER, Mo. (AP) — Growing up on the family farm, Anthony Eddy learned early on not to get too attached to animals, including household pets.
His devoted customers are a different story. Pet lovers across the country count on the Saline County taxidermist to faithfully preserve Brutus, Fluffy and other beloved companions for posterity. Even if it means shelling out thousands of dollars and waiting more than a year for the pets' return.
"They're very distraught, because their child has died. For most people, this animal is their life," said Lessie "Les" Thurman Calvert, Eddy's office manager. "Some are kind of eccentric. But most of them are just like you and me. They don't want to bury or cremate them. They can't stand the thought. … It helps them feel better about the loss."
The front showroom of Eddy's Wildlife Studio in downtown Slater is a testament to pet owners' perseverance. Lifelike dogs and cats of all sizes are scattered along the floor, from a perky-looking Brittany spaniel to a regal Persian cat, a lone iguana and the stray cockatiel or two.
Departed pets of all persuasions spend up to one year in hulking, freeze-dry metal drums before they are painstakingly preserved and returned to their owners.
Eddy said his business is one of the few in the country to specialize in pet taxidermy and has a two-month waiting list. A former high school chemistry and biology teacher, hog farmer and Air Force veteran, Eddy started out in traditional taxidermy, stuffing great horned owls and pheasants with the help of a local veterinarian.
He originally used the freeze-dry technique to preserve mounted turkey heads for hunters before realizing in the mid-1990s it could also work with pets.
Eddy, 64, compares his line of work to the mortician's trade. He'll share broad details about the process with customers but likes to keep some mystery to the process and steer clear of the gross-out factor. He's quick to embrace the artistry of his craft, especially when it comes to the primping and prepping required once the internal organs and body fat are removed and the carcass is fully dry. Depending on the customer's preference, pets can be posed with a skyward gaze, an extended paw or with eyes closed, seemingly asleep.
"You just have a knack for it," he said. "It's like an artist painting a picture."
The degree of difficulty — and the scrutiny of demanding pet owners who can immediately detect flaws or imperfections in their loved ones — keep many traditional taxidermists from the domestic animal sector, said Steve Wolk, president of the National Taxidermists Association.
"No matter how perfect your pet comes out, there can still be something wrong," said Wolk, who owns Little Creek Taxidermy in Festus, Mo. "When you go deer hunting, you don't know what that deer looks like. Everybody knows exactly what their pets look like."
Debbie Rosa, a 59-year-old teacher who splits her time between southern Maine and Port Charlotte, Fla., had her 17-year-old fox terrier, Lexi, preserved by Eddy when the dog died just before Christmas 2005. She said the choice was an easy one.
"I could stare at an urn, or I could stare at the ground in the cemetery, or I could hold and pet her," Rosa said. "Her spirit is in heaven, but her body is here on Earth."
Eddy and Calvert estimate they receive two to three pets each week, every week. The studio charges $850 for pets under 10 pounds and $40 for each additional pound.
Allen McConnell, a psychology professor at Miami University in Ohio who studies pet owners' behavior, said those who opt for animal preservation can be motivated by grief, a need for belonging and anthropomorphism — the act of ascribing human attributes to animals or even inanimate objects.
"It's very common for people to memorialize important members of their family," he said. "We often visit relatives in family gravesites on birthdays. … It's part of an extended connection that people have."
Eddy said he is no longer surprised by unusual requests from customers. It seems that as long as humans embrace animals as four-legged friends, those bonds will continue past the pet's expiration date.
"It runs the whole gamut," he said, mentioning turtles, guinea pigs, snakes and more. "If you've got a pet of some kind, somebody's going to want you to preserve it."
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 30, 1997
|Filing date
|Mar 29, 1996
|Priority date
|Mar 29, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Stephen Clement Mettler, Ian Arthur White
|Original Assignee
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (62), Classifications (7), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention is related to an optical integrated circuit (OIC) that is interconnected to an optical fiber array. This invention is also related to a method for accurately achieving passive alignment between the fiber array and the OIC.
Optical integrated circuits (OICs) comprise devices such as 1�N splitters, switches, wavelength division multiplexers, etc. that are deposited on a planar substrate (e.g., a "chip") and interconnected by waveguides. These waveguides, in turn, are nothing more than optical paths that are deposited on the chip and are made from glass, or other transmissive media such as optical polymers, having a slightly higher index of refraction than the chip in order to guide light. OICs are increasingly being used to implement their discrete optical counterparts because they are more compact, reliable and durable; and because optical device integration allows precise component configurations to be repeatably manufactured.
The interconnection of optical fibers to the waveguides on the OIC is one of the major problems frustrating the widespread application of OICs. Only two different classes of alignment strategy appear to exist:
i) Active alignment wherein the optical fibers are actively aligned to the planar waveguides while monitoring the optical transmission of the connection visually or observing the relative positions of the waveguide cores; and
ii) Passive alignment wherein the optical fibers are somehow positioned relative to the waveguides without monitoring the optical transmission of the connection.
It is generally accepted that active alignment procedures produce lower loss interconnections, but result in a higher cost per interconnection. Moreover, there has been no successful demonstration of a high performance, low loss, environmentally stable passive alignment strategy for OICs. Previous attempts at passive alignment consist of a connection which required a very large number of piece parts that were not suited to manufacture. Physical alignment features that have been fabricated on the top surface of the chip, typically less than 10 μm, are not very reliable for positive registration--particularly if manual assembly is desired.
What is needed is an OIC that is connected to a plurality of optical fibers, wherein the optical fibers provide access to circuits on the OIC. The connections should exhibit low loss and be environmentally stable. Moreover, the quality of these interconnections should be achieved manually, and without having to monitor the optical transmission of the connection.
An optical integrated circuit (OIC) and an optical fiber array are joined end-to-end and mounted on a planar bridging structure to form a device which can be readily connected to other devices using conventional optical connectors. The OIC and the fiber array each comprise a substrate having a bottom side that includes a reference surface, and a top side that includes a number of optical paths. These paths are positioned above each reference surface by an exact distance. Additionally, the bottom sides of the OIC and the fiber array include alignment features which are etched into the substrate and which have a fixed horizontal relation to the optical paths. The planar bridging structure also includes a reference surface that interfaces the reference surfaces of the OIC and the fiber array to assure that the optical paths are in vertical alignment. Moreover, the planar bridging structure includes complementary features that engage the alignment features of the OIC and the fiber array to assure that the optical paths are in vertical alignment.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, silicon is used as the substrate material although glass may be used as well. The resulting device achieves excellent alignment (i.e., less than 0.1 dB loss--on average), without active alignment, when the fibers in the fiber array are carefully selected to have minimum eccentricity (e.g., less than 0.15 microns) and similar diameters (e.g., within 0.3 microns). The overall device is structurally completed by placing another bridging structure on the top sides of the OIC and the fiber array, applying an index matching material between the fiber ends and the waveguides, and then attaching one or more mechanical clamps.
The present invention, as defined in the claims, can be better understood when reference is made to the following drawings. These drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a fiber array, an optical integrated circuit (OIC), and a bridging structure for interconnection in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 discloses a cross-section view of a planar glass substrate, used in the fiber array, during a stage of fabrication;
FIG. 3 is a cross-section view of an optical fiber residing within a V-shaped support trough in the fiber array, the distance between the longitudinal axis of the fiber and the central axis of its light-carrying core being exaggerated for clarity;
FIG. 4 is a cross-section view of the fiber array mounted on the bridging structure;
FIG. 5 is a cross-section view of the OIC mounted on the bridging structure;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an interconnection assembly, including the OIC and the fiber array that are passively aligned; and
FIG. 7 is a block diagram and side view of a prior-art apparatus for actively aligning optical waveguide ends of an OIC assembly with the optical fiber ends of an optical fiber array.
The present invention represents an improvement in the art of connecting optical fibers to an optical integrated circuit (OIC) so that circuits on the OIC, such as splitters and WDMs, can be easily accessed. Heretofore, it has been necessary to actively align the interconnection between the optical fibers and the waveguides on the OIC in order to have a low-loss connection. The present invention eliminates the capital cost of an alignment station, discussed below in connection with FIG. 7, and the labor cost for the time spent (approximately 30 minutes) during the alignment and curing processes. In general, the present invention achieves comparable or better performance via precision thickness silicon piece parts, precision photolithography, and precision optical fibers. Indeed, precision in each of these areas has already been demonstrated, but never in combination to achieve passive alignment, and its associated cost savings, in connecting optical fibers to an OIC.
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a fiber array 20 and an OIC 10 whose interconnection is supported by bridging structure 30. The fiber array 20 comprises a silicon substrate 200 having a plurality of longitudinally extending troughs 26 on its top side. Each trough holds an optical fiber 50 whose protective coating has been stripped from its end portion. (It is noted that optical fibers are typically coated with one or more layers of an acrylate material, which protect the glass from contaminants and abrasion.) In cross section, trough 26 is V-shaped and is readily formed by machining, or preferably, for manufacturing economy, by etching. The dimensions of trough 26 are selected such that when the stripped glass fiber 50 is properly seated within the trough, the top of the fiber extends slightly above the top of the trough. That is, if the top of fiber 50 lies below the top of trough 26, then the protective cover 250 (see FIG. 4) will be unable to exert any force on the fiber, and the protective cover will be ineffective to hold the fiber securely within the trough. Moreover, if the top of the fiber is merely even with the top of the trough, contact with the protective cover is possible, but such contact may be frustrated by the presence of dust particles between the protective cover 250 and the top side of substrate 200.
After the fibers 50 are positioned in the troughs 26, a top cover 250 is used to hold them in place. As shown in FIG. 4, a compliant adhesive material 27 is applied to underside of cover 250 that bonds the cover to the fiber array 20 and holds the optical fibers 50 in place without imparting undue stress. Optical fibers that extend beyond an end face 21 of the array 20 are cleaved, and the entire end face is polished. Preferably, the end face 21 is polished at an angle greater than 6�, and preferably between 8�-12�, relative to a direction normal to the major surface of the silicon substrate 200, to reduce back reflection.
OIC 10 comprises a silicon substrate 100 having a number of optical circuits formed thereon. Optical waveguides 16 serve to guide optical signals to and from these optical circuits. The optical waveguides 16 comprise paths, deposited on the substrate 100, that are made from a glass having an index of refraction that is slightly higher than the surrounding material in order to guide light. Because sharp turns in these paths cause some light to escape from the waveguide, sharp turns are generally avoided unless it is desirable, for example, to couple light to another waveguide. Groups of optical circuits are deposited on a large silicon substrate and then separated from each other by dicing. Preferably, before dicing, a protective plate 150, made from silicon or other suitable material, is adhered to the substrate 100. Importantly, the protective plate 150 has a thermal coefficient of expansion substantially the same as substrate 100. As shown in FIG. 5, an adhesive 17 such as epoxy is applied between the protective plate 150 and the substrate 100. After the adhesive has hardened, the substrate 100 and the protective plate 150 are diced into separate OIC assemblies. And, as with the above-described fiber array, end face 12 of the OIC is polished at an angle greater than 6�, and preferably between 8�-12�, relative to a direction which is normal to the major surface of the silicon substrate 100 in order to reduce back reflection. However, end face 12 tilts in a direction which is opposite to that of end face 21. This is to assure that these end faces, when abutted together, will touch each other at all points on their respective surfaces. An index-of-refraction matching material such as GE 6186 is applied to the interface between these end faces 12, 21 to accommodate imperfections.
It is noted that the other end face 11 of the OIC is handled in much the same way as end face 12. And while no fiber array is shown connected to end face 11 to simplify the drawing and avoid redundancy, it is understood that the optical waveguides 16 which extend to end face 11 either connect to a fiber array (similar to fiber array 20) or to another OIC.
HorizontaI Alignmment
Still referring to FIG. 1, bridging device 30 comprises a silicon substrate 300 having a number of features 33, which enable horizontal alignment, on its top side. Complementary features 13, 23 exist on the bottom sides of OIC 10 and fiber array 20 respectively so that when all three structures 10, 20, 30 are joined together, the fibers within the fiber array 20 will be horizontally aligned with respect to the waveguides 16 on the OIC. So that manual assembly is possible, the size of these features needs to be on the order of 50 to 75 microns (where 1 micron=10-6 meters=1 μm) to ensure positive registration of this feature by touch. (Machine vision can be used to decrease the needed feature size, but with the added cost of automation.) And while it is preferable that these features be etched or machined into the silicon substrate, material may be deposited onto the substrate to achieve the same purpose.
In order for the alignment features to assure correct horizontal registration, the ones formed on the bottom side of the OIC substrate must establish the horizontal location of the optical waveguides on its top side to within 0.5 micron. This can be achieved via double-sided photolithography and etching techniques which are known in the art. Similarly, double-sided photolithography and etching are used to establish the horizontal location of the optical waveguides on the fiber array substrate to within 0.5 micron.
Vertical Alignment
The top side of bridging device 30 includes a reference surface 34 that enables vertical alignment. Reference surface 34 mates respectively with reference surfaces 14, 24 on the OIC and fiber array substrates to assure that the fibers in fiber array 20 will be vertically aligned with respect to the waveguides 16 in OIC 10.
Reference is briefly made to FIG. 4 which shows a distance d2 (typically between 20-40 mils) that is measured between reference surface 24 and a plane that cuts through the central axes of optical fibers 50. Although not required in practicing the present invention, the troughs 26 are etched such that the central axes of the optical fibers 50 residing therein are all in the same plane as the top side of substrate 200. Reference is also briefly made to FIG. 5 which shows distance d1 between reference surface 34 on the bottom side of OIC substrate 100 and a plane which cuts through the central portion of the optical waveguides 16 therein. Although the exact dimensions of d1 and d2 are preferably about 30 mils each (i.e., 0.76 millimeters), the more important specification is that d1 =d2 �0.5 microns.
FIG. 2 discloses a cross-section view of a planar glass substrate 200 during a stage of fabrication. This substrate is used in constructing the optical fiber array and is desirably made from a crystal material such as silicon. The top surface includes an array of V-shaped troughs 26, etched therein, for holding optical fibers. The bottom surface includes an array of alignment features 23 which are also formed by etching. Mask material 25 is deposited onto the silicon substrate, and then is selectively removed using known etching and photolithographic techniques. It is critical that the troughs 26 and alignment features 23 be precisely positioned with respect to each other in the horizontal direction so that horizontal alignment of the assembly shown in FIG. 1 will be accurate. Once the horizontal relationship is established between the troughs and alignment features, it is maintained to within �0.5 microns. Note that while multiple alignment features 23 are shown, only one is needed. And while longitudinal protrusions on the bottom side of a silicon substrate are preferred, other kinds of features in or on the substrate may be used as long as they bear a precise horizontal relation to the troughs 26 which hold the optical fibers.
Use of a crystal, such as silicon, for the substrate material permits taking advantage of certain crystal planes to precisely form the trough surfaces. For example, a silicon substrate with a major surface in the (1,0,0) crystallographic plane will be etched anisotropically to form troughs with surfaces lying in the (1,1,1) planes. Therefore, the angle of the two sloping walls of a trough will always be precisely determined by the orientation of the crystal planes (in this example, approximately 55�) with respect to the major structure regardless of the time of etching the major surface. The size of the opening will therefore primarily be determined by the size of the openings in the etch mask. Troughs with flat bottoms are formed by stopping the etch process short of a complete etching of the crystal planes. Nevertheless, sloping sidewalls with the same orientation will still be produced. Crystallographic etching is discussed, for example, by E. J. Murphy et al., "Permanent Attachment of Single-Mode Fibers to Waveguides," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. LT-3, No. 4 (1985).
Fiber Selection
It is desirable to achieve a low-loss connection between the optical fibers of the fiber array and the waveguides deposited on the OIC. This connection is accomplished by butting each optical fiber up against each waveguide. Ideally, the longitudinal axis of each fiber is collinear with the longitudinal axis of each waveguide. This is accomplished, in part, by selecting optical fibers that have identical outside diameters and minimum eccentricity. And while this may seem expensive, it is not. When optical fiber is manufactured, measurements are made regarding outside diameter and eccentricity. These and other measurements are associated with each spool of fiber. And since each OIC only needs about one meter of fiber to make all connections, one spool of carefully selected fiber is adequate for thousands of OICs. Moreover, the fiber-making process is sufficiently well understood that the outside diameter and eccentricity of the fiber can be tightly controlled--albeit at increased cost.
Illustrating the required accuracy insofar as the outer diameter of a fiber is concerned, reference is now made to FIG. 3 which is a cross-section view of an optical fiber 50, whose outer coating has been removed, residing within a V-shaped support trough 26 in the top side of substrate 20. The geometric center 500 of optical fiber 50 resides on line 510 which passes through the very bottom of the support trough 26. Optical fibers used for communications include a light-carrying core 502 and a cladding disposed thereabout. Such optical fibers have a nominal outer diameter of 125 microns; and in the case of singlemode fibers, the core diameter is about 9 microns. Increases and decreases in the diameter of optical fiber 50 cause its geometric center 500 to respectively move up and down along line 510 by a proportional amount. Since the waveguides that are to be aligned with the cores 502 of the optical fibers have comparable thickness, then the optical transmission loss that results from changes in the outer diameter of the optical fiber are about 0.1 dB for a change in outer diameter of about 1.0 micron. Accordingly, it is desirable that the outer diameter of the optical fiber be 125�0.3 microns for proper passive alignment.
FIG. 3 also illustrates the required accuracy insofar as the eccentricity of a fiber is concerned. Note that the light-carrying core 502 of fiber 50 has a center 501 which is different than the center 500 of the fiber. Moreover, depending on how the fiber is rotationally positioned within V-shaped trough 26, the center 501 of the core may be to the left or right of line 510. The distance between centers 500 and 501 is known as its eccentricity, which in typical production fibers may be about 1 micron. However, for proper passive alignment, it is necessary to select an optical fiber whose eccentricity is less than 0.15 micron for proper passive alignment.
FIGS. 4 discloses a cross-section view of the fiber array substrate 200 mounted on the bridging structure substrate 300. A layer of compliant material 27 is attached to the bottom side of protective cover 250 and used to press each of the fibers 50 into an associated V-shaped trough 26. The compliant material illustratively comprises a sheet of plastic such as polycarbonate. Reference surface 24 on substrate 200 mates with reference surface 34 on substrate 300 to assure that the central axes of the fibers 50 are a precise distance d2 above the bridging substrate to assure precise vertical alignment with the waveguides 16 shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 5 discloses a cross-section view of OIC substrate 100 mounted on the same bridging substrate 300 as shown in FIG. 4. A layer of epoxy 17 is used to attach protective cover 150 to the OIC substrate 100. Optical waveguides 16 are formed from three layers: base 19, core 16, and cladding 18. The base layer 19 separates the fundamental mode from the silicon substrate 100 and thereby prevents optical signals from leaking through the silica-substrate interface, which, unlike other waveguide interfaces, is not totally reflecting. The refractive index of the cladding layer 18 is chosen to be nearly equal to that of the base layer 19. To achieve optical confinement, the refractive index of core layer 16 is increased by a small amount. This is normally described as Δ--the percentage increase in refractive index of the core, relative to the cladding. With a P-doped core, Δ˜0.60-0.70%. Increasing Δ produces a smaller optical mode, a smaller bend radius, a more compact OIC, and an increased loss. The base layer 19 is made from undoped silica (SiO2). This is the most rigid layer and it keeps the cores 16, which are adhered to it, from moving after it is patterned. The other glasses are made from doped silica and are flowed during annealing, a process that helps to form homogeneous low-loss material. To promote filling between closely spaced cores, the cladding should flow readily while the core and base layer remain rigid. The cladding should also match the base layer in refractive index. As discussed hereinbefore, d1 =d2 to within �0.5 microns in order to assure that the optical waveguides 16 will be vertically aligned with optical fibers 50 (FIG. 4) after they are mechanically joined as shown in FIG. 6.
FIG. 6 shows the OIC substrate 100 and its protective cover 150 interconnected with fiber array substrate 200 and its protective cover 250. By properly controlling the thickness of the substrates 100, 200; the alignment features 13, 23, 33; and the diameter and eccentricity of optical fibers 50, excellent passive alignment is achieved at low cost. The bottom bridging structure 300 cooperates with a top bridging structure 400 to sandwich the OIC and the fiber array, while a pair of spring clips 60 holds the entire assembly together as a unitary structure. Preferably, the spring clips are made from stainless steel. Advantageously, such assemblies do not require a laboratory environment but, instead, can be put together in the field. The end faces of the OIC and the fiber array are pre-polished; and by applying index matching material to their interface during assembly, minor abrasions are overcome.
Active Alignment via Transmission Power Monitoring
Disclosed in FIG. 7 is an apparatus for aligning optical fibers 50 in the optical fiber arrays 72, 74 to the optical waveguides of the OIC 73. Adhesive, preferably a UV-curable variety, is applied to one or both ends of the OIC 73 and/or the opposing of respective optical fiber arrays 72, 74. In FIG. 7, the OIC 73 and the optical fiber arrays 72, 74 are mounted in respective micropositioners 62, 63 and 64 which are commercially available from Melles-Griot, Inc. of Cambridge, England. Preferably, the micropositioner 63 is a roll-stage capable of rotating about a horizontal axis that extends from the left-hand side of FIG. 7 to its right-hand side; or in other words, an axis parallel to the length of the OIC 73. The micropositioners 62, 64 are preferably x-y-z stages capable of finely positioning respective optical fiber arrays 72, 74 in three dimensions.
A laser source 60 is coupled to the ends of the optical fibers 50 and can selectively generate laser light in any selected optical fiber 50. The laser source 60 intensity-modulates the laser light at a predetermined frequency and generates an electric signal indicative of the modulation frequency of the laser light. The laser source 60 is coupled to provide the electric signal indicating the modulation frequency of the laser light, to the lock-in amplifier 61. The laser light generated by laser source 60 passes through a selected optical fiber 50 to the optical fiber/adhesive/optical waveguide interface between the optical fiber array 72 and the end of the OIC 73 in contact with it. Laser light scattered from the optical fiber/adhesive/optical waveguide interface is detected by a light detector 67 which is disposed in proximity to said interface. Light detector 67 generates a signal, based on the magnitude of the scattered light, that is supplied to lock-in amplifier 61 via switch 68. Preferably, the laser source 60 modulates laser light at a frequency which is not significantly present in room light, e.g., 2 kHz.
Lock-in amplifier 61 receives the electric signal generated by the laser source 60, and used this signal to detect only light generated by the laser source 60. Based on the amount of laser light scattered from the optical fiber/adhesive/optical waveguide interface detected by the light detector 67, the lock-in amplifier generates a display 610 that is indicative of the amount of the scattered light. By manipulating the micropositioner 62 and monitoring the display 610 a until the light scattered from the optical fiber/adhesive/optical waveguide interface is a minimum, the selected optical fiber 50 can be aligned with one corresponding waveguide on OIC 73. Micropositioner 63 is manipulated by rotating the roll-stage of the micropositioner 63 about an axis defined by the aligned optical fiber and optical waveguide until the light scattered by the optical fiber/adhesive/optical waveguide interface is a minimum. Switch 68 is then manually operated to supply a light signal generated by a light detector 69 to the lock-in amplifier 61. The signal generated by the light detector 69 is based on the scattered light received from the optical waveguide/adhesive/optical fiber interface between the optical fiber array 74 and the end portion of the OIC 73 in contact with it. The above-described alignment procedure is repeated for this interface. After the optical fiber arrays 72, 74 and the OIC 73 have been aligned, the adhesive (which is UV curable) is irradiated with ultraviolet light to harden and thereby maintain alignment.
Light detector 65 generates a signal which is indicative of the intensity of laser light transmitted through the interconnection assembly 72, 73, 74. A power meter 66 coupled to the light detector 65, can be used to determine and display the intensity of the laser light transmitted through the interconnection assembly. By comparing the intensity of the laser light generated by the laser source 60 with the intensity of the laser light received at the power meter 66, the quality of the interconnection assembly can be determined and indicated with a label placed on or associated with the interconnection assembly to allow technicians or service persons, for example, to readily determine whether the interconnection assembly is of a quality suitable for a particular application.
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|Optical fiber bundle having an aligned optical fiber array and method of fabricating the same
|Apr 25, 2000
|Jun 26, 2001
|Highwave Optical Technologies
|Mounting of an integrated optic circuit on a motherboard for the connection of optic fibers to form a miniature optical component
|Aug 13, 1998
|Aug 7, 2001
|Ulrich Schricker
|Fibre optic routing system
|Sep 10, 1999
|Nov 13, 2001
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Method for fabricating a hybrid optical integrated circuit employing SOI optical waveguide
|Dec 8, 2000
|Mar 26, 2002
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Integrated optics beam deflectors
|Jul 9, 1999
|Apr 2, 2002
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Integrated optics beam deflector assemblies utilizing side mounting blocks for precise alignment
|Jan 12, 2001
|Apr 9, 2002
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Integrated optics beam deflectors
|Dec 8, 2000
|Apr 23, 2002
|Chiaro Networks Ltd
|Integrated optics beam deflectors
|Mar 28, 2001
|Sep 24, 2002
|Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
|Optical waveguide transmitter-receiver module
|Dec 8, 2000
|Oct 1, 2002
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Integrated optics beam deflectors
|Dec 13, 2001
|Oct 8, 2002
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Integrated optics beam deflectors
|Feb 22, 2001
|Nov 12, 2002
|The Whitaker Corporation
|Optical ADD/DROP filter and method of making same
|Dec 13, 2001
|Jan 7, 2003
|Chiaro Networks, Ltd
|Integrated optics beam deflectors
|Aug 2, 2001
|Apr 15, 2003
|Corona Optical Systems, Inc.
|Method to align optical components to a substrate and other optical components
|Jan 18, 2000
|Apr 29, 2003
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus for and method of measuring optical alignment of fiber block
|Apr 9, 2001
|May 27, 2003
|Corning Incorporated
|Multiple planar complex optical devices and the process of manufacturing the same
|Apr 3, 2001
|Jul 22, 2003
|Shipley Company, L.L.C.
|Optoelectronic packages having insulation layers
|Sep 27, 2002
|Nov 4, 2003
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Integrated optics beam deflectors
|Dec 13, 2001
|Nov 11, 2003
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Method for producing an optical device and the optical device produced thereby
|Aug 10, 2001
|Nov 25, 2003
|Lightwave Microsystems Corporation
|Optical alignment guide and method for aligning an optical fiber array with an optical integrated circuit
|Jul 15, 2002
|Nov 25, 2003
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Method for accurately mounting an optical element in an optical assembly
|Nov 30, 2001
|Dec 16, 2003
|Jds Uniphase Corporation
|Precision fiber optic alignment and attachment apparatus
|Aug 31, 2001
|Feb 10, 2004
|Corning Cable Systems Llc
|Optical interconnect assemblies and methods therefor
|Mar 28, 2002
|Sep 7, 2004
|Luxtera, Inc.
|Photonic input/output port
|Feb 19, 2003
|Sep 21, 2004
|Corona Optical Systems, Inc.
|Method to align optical components to a substrate and other optical components
|Jan 3, 2002
|Nov 2, 2004
|Chiaro Nerwork Ltd.
|Automatic optical inter-alignment of two linear arrangements
|Jul 17, 2000
|Dec 14, 2004
|Hymite A/S
|Hybrid integration of active and passive optical components on an Si-board
|Nov 15, 2001
|Jan 4, 2005
|Shipley Company, L.L.C.
|Optical assembly for coupling with integrated optical devices and method for making
|Apr 16, 2001
|Jan 25, 2005
|Shipley Company, L.L.C.
|Optical interconnect having alignment depression
|Jul 18, 2002
|May 3, 2005
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Optical assembly and method for manufacture thereof
|Jun 20, 2002
|May 17, 2005
|Bookham Technology Plc
|Apr 8, 2003
|Jul 12, 2005
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Modulated light source
|May 11, 2004
|Dec 6, 2005
|Shipley Company, L.L.C.
|Optical waveguide devices and methods of fabricating the same
|Sep 26, 2000
|Dec 20, 2005
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optical fiber space transformation
|Aug 13, 2002
|May 16, 2006
|Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
|Optical waveguide transmitter-receiver module
|Mar 11, 2004
|Jul 11, 2006
|Inplane Photonics, Inc.
|Method of attaching optical fibers to integrated optic chips that excludes all adhesive from the optical path
|Apr 19, 2004
|Mar 13, 2007
|Infinera Corporation
|Hermaphroditic u-guide alignment structures and method thereof
|Nov 8, 2002
|Aug 12, 2008
|Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc
|Optical fiber right angle transition
|Nov 19, 2007
|Nov 24, 2009
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Optoelectronic interconnection board, optoelectronic interconnection apparatus, and manufacturing method thereof
|Feb 5, 2007
|Jun 21, 2011
|Infinera Corporation
|Hermaphroditic u-guide alignment structures and method thereof
|Sep 22, 2009
|Jun 17, 2014
|Oracle America, Inc.
|Edge-coupled optical proximity communication
|Mar 28, 2002
|Nov 7, 2002
|Paddon Paul J.
|Photonic input/output port
|Mar 15, 2002
|Nov 14, 2002
|Case Steven K.
|Optical circuit pick and place machine
|Nov 15, 2001
|Dec 26, 2002
|Steinberg Dan A.
|Optical assembly for coupling with integrated optical devices and method for making
|Jun 20, 2002
|Jan 2, 2003
|Bookham Technology Plc
|Mar 14, 2003
|Sep 18, 2003
|Gang He
|Method and apparatus for testing optical devices
|Mar 14, 2003
|Sep 18, 2003
|Kuper Jerry W.
|System and method for aligning a first optical device with an input port of a second optical device
|Jul 18, 2002
|Jan 22, 2004
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Optical assembly and method for manufacture thereof
|Apr 8, 2003
|Jan 29, 2004
|Chiaro Networks Ltd.
|Modulated light source
|Mar 14, 2003
|Feb 12, 2004
|Marie-Claude Cote
|Method and apparatus for assembling optical devices
|May 11, 2004
|Oct 21, 2004
|Steinberg Dan A.
|Optical waveguide devices and methods of fabricating the same
|Jun 5, 2006
|Dec 7, 2006
|Shipley Company, L.L.C.
|Optical waveguide devices and methods of fabricating the same
|Nov 19, 2007
|Jul 31, 2008
|Hideto Furuyama
|Optoelectronic interconnection board, optoelectronic interconnection apparatus, and manufacturing method thereof
|Feb 5, 2007
|Oct 9, 2008
|Kurt Francis
|Hermaphroditic u-guide alignment structures and method thereof
|Sep 22, 2009
|Mar 24, 2011
|Sun Microsystems, Inc.
|Edge-coupled optical proximity communication
|May 18, 2012
|Nov 22, 2012
|Agency For Science, Technology And Research
|Alignment Method for a Silicon Photonics Packaging
|May 3, 2001
|Dec 27, 2001
|Corning Incorporated
|Hybrid alignment using calibrated substrates
|Jul 23, 2002
|Mar 13, 2003
|Corning Cable Systems Llc
|Optical interconnect assemblies and methods therefor
|U.S. Classification
|385/14, 385/52, 385/49, 385/50
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 29, 1996
Owner name: LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC., NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:METTLER, STEPHEN CLEMENT;WHITE, IAN ARTHUR;REEL/FRAME:007928/0116
Effective date: 19960329
|Apr 5, 2001
Owner name: THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, TEX
Free format text: CONDITIONAL ASSIGNMENT OF AND SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENT RIGHTS;ASSIGNOR:LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC. (DE CORPORATION);REEL/FRAME:011722/0048
Effective date: 20010222
|Jul 24, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 31, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 5, 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20020130
|Dec 6, 2006
Owner name: LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC., NEW JERSEY
Free format text: TERMINATION AND RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENT RIGHTS;ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A. (FORMERLY KNOWN AS THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK), AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT;REEL/FRAME:018584/0446
Effective date: 20061130


text:
I haven't been by the board for awhile. I'm impressed that the stock is up above $1 for this long. It looks like ENG has gotten a new lease on life. What they do with it is left to be seen.
For those saying that ENG sold off the unprofitable parts - get real. Furmanite did overpay for what they got, but they certainly didn't buy a truck load of garbage either. However ENG also has some good divisions left and if they play it right can grow this into something bigger and better. I would still have mangement concerns though. This is basically the same group that nearly drove the company into bankruptcy to begin with, and for those that know there really is no difference between Edd P. and Coskey. Edd P was Coskey's guy.
If Automation can get back to basics and mimic the model when Olan W. was running it then that could be a huge plus. The Gov. group announcement while a nice job award was not a contract expansion, it should be concenring that management doesn't understand the difference. Would like to see some new ENG Engineering awards come in also given how much the energy sector is growing right now.
I almost bit and purchased at $1.30, but I'm still not ready to conceed that this management team knows how to turn a long turn profit. If the next few quarters look good then who knows, might be time to buy again.
Sentiment: Hold


text:
They are asking you if you are or are not related to the previous owner
They are saying you can not be a supplier of services to Freddie Mac to purchase the home
Also Freddie Mac employees immediate family members are ineligble to purchase these homes.
and a non-resident minor child or dependent for whom the employee has responsibility.)
Also I believe that you need to be represented by a real estate agent to purchase this home, so if you dont have one, I would be happy to help!
Good Luck,
Jody Jones
Realty Group Resources


text:
Northwest Monster Nationals Coming to Missoula
There will be a Pit Party both nights running from 5:30pm-6:45pm that is completely free and drivers will be on hand to sign autographs.
There will be a Pit Party both nights running from 5:30pm-6:45pm that is completely free and drivers will be on hand to sign autographs.
A recent study from the Matador Network looked at a few reasons as to what really grinds Montanans' gears. This is only a few of them, and I can't disagree with many of them. Any...
Being the car guy that I am this time of year is always fun. Cars are in the news right now, auto shows are handing out awards. The automotive industry seems to be rebounding from the lagging sales of the past few years...
Gomers US Diesel Parts Dyno Day is Saturday, June 1. This is a full day of the most powerful diesel trucks trying to outdo each other. They chain them up to the dyno, sort of like a big treadmill, and then rev them to see what kind of horsepower numbers they can generate to put up on the board. If you want to see some competitive guys, don't miss this. I drive a diesel and I've gone to this event.
Big rig ready to roll.
Officials in Livingston say a Canadian truck driver found out the hard way that duct tape wont fix everything.
The Craig & Al Morning show went back into the World Class Jukebox and found a song for Craig Petersen.
Help in the fight against breast cancer, pay a buck and put your name on the pink truck.
Folks in Idaho lay claim to being the Gem State and also to being the home of "Famous Potatoes." One look at this one recently sited on the road near Twin Falls and I'd have to agree.
Does it surprise you that we are hanging on to our cars and trucks longer that we used too?


text:
New Mexico St. 68, Southern Miss. 60
LAS CRUCES, N.M. -- Daniel Mullings had 21 points and 11 rebounds as New Mexico State handed Southern Mississippi its first defeat of the season, 68-60, on Saturday night.
Sim Bhullar added 17 points for the Aggies (4-4), who shot 56 percent from the field. Mullings hit 6 of 9 shots and was 9 for 10 at the free-throw line, while Bhullar hit on 7 of 8 from the field and 3 of 6 from the line.
Southern Miss (6-1), which had been off to an unbeaten start in coach Donnie Tyndall's first year with the team, got 12 points apiece from Jonathan Mills and Michael Craig, and 11 from Neil Watson.
The Aggies used a 19-6 first-half run capped by Mullings' dunk with 3:26 remaining to go on top 36-20. The Golden Eagles never got closer than eight points in the second half.
NCAAM News
Jonathan Mills, 26, former Southern Miss star, shot and killed in Chicago
Former Southern Miss forward Jonathan Mills, 26, was shot and killed in Chicago on Monday near the high school where he once starred.
Which ACC venue is the toughest place to win?
The ACC has some pretty daunting venues, from Syracuse's Carrier Dome to North Carolina's Smith Center. Is Duke's Cameron Indoor Stadium the toughest place to get a win?
Scout's Take: ESPN 100 SF Okeke picks Auburn
Four star small forward Chuma Okeke committed to head coach Bruce Pearl and the Auburn Tigers on Sunday over offers from Georgia, Georgia Tech, Florida State, Florida, LSU, Clemson and Mississippi State, among others.
2015-2016 Conference USA Standings
2015-2016 Western Athletic Conference Standings


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DuctMedic Air Duct Cleaning
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This company provides commercial and residential air duct cleaning and air purification services.


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Welcome to Violet Adair
Established in 1965, Violet Adair is a long-running family business passionate about skin health and delivering visible results. We pride ourselves in providing expert techniques by the hands of professional, intuitive and caring skin specialists. We stay abreast of the ever-increasing technological advances in the industry. A thorough private consultation at Violet Adair will ensure we are able to provide you with the most effective and efficient solutions to maintain your optimum skin condition and healthy appearance. Our signature treatments include advanced facials, traditional hot waxing and advanced cosmetic procedures.
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This is a wonderfully cleansing programme of facials which results in balanced, clear, decongested skin. Your skin will feel hydrated and smooth, restoring a youthful complexion.Read more
From £140
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The Skin is the Largest Organ of the Body. Our skin acts as a map, this map directs us to the state of wellbeing within our bodies warning us of impurities, toxins, that have built up within and that need to release, areas of concern, sensitivities and also toward areas of health and vitality! […]Read more
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For a full list of our treatments and prices, and to manage your appointments 24/7, download our FREE app today from the iTunes store.Read more
Christmas Opening Hours until 01 Jan 2015
Please note our Opening Times for the Christmas period commencing from 10th November until 01 January 2015. Note we are going to be open Sundays and Mondays, as well as late nights Tuesdays and Wednesdays until 8pm. Please call us to book on 020 7368 6660 or book onlineRead more


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Be sure Local 1200 has your current home address. Nominations and elections for all Local 1200 officers are coming soon, please participate.
Nominations for Local 1200 officers will be received during the May 18, 2016 Membership Meeting at 8:30 PM. Please attend.
In final negotiations with SelectCut Media
IBEW Local 1200 New Website is Coming Soon
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text:
How Kevin Durant is adjusting to life as the villain
Can Kevin Durant handle the heat of becoming the bad guy? As the superstar adapts to his new reality, he's receiving some wisdom from friend and fellow free-agency villain DeAndre Jordan.
Top Headlines
- Durant, U.S. crush Argentina by 37 in exhibition
- Warriors' Green to avoid jail time with plea deal
- A Hornets owner blasts NBA, city for ASG move
- NBA moving '17 All-Star Game from Charlotte


text:
Wall Street will instead focus on subscriber numbers and a deteriorating consumer base which reared its ugly head last earnings. It is the beginning of the end. Lower and lower service fees, lower and lower subscriber base. Not a good recipe. There are much better investments and trades than this. BBRY management also has no idea of the game they are a part of here - they are focused on "changing the World" Hehehe how noble - and misguided!
Can you please tell the board what your position is here? I believe you were long 80K shares or the like?
I am long 37500 shares. A small percentage of the account.


text:
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I am currently working on a Excel 2010 add-in and I've managed to create a Windows Installer project for it which is installing the add-in successfully on any machine. However, I am facing an issue: in order to install a new version of the add-in I have to first uninstall the previous one... In the Windows Installer project I've set the RemovePreviousVersions property to True, but this didn't help in any way... In order to create the MSI I've used this guide which doesn't mention anything about updates... http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff937654.aspx
Any ideas and suggestions would be appreciated!
Thank you!


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Many sensor applications are being developed that require the location of wireless devices, and localization schemes have been developed to meet this need. However, as location-based services become more prevalent, the localization infrastructure will become the target of malicious attacks. These attacks will not be conventional security threats, but rather threats that adversely affect the ability of localization schemes to provide trustworthy location information. This paper identifies a list of attacks that are unique to localization algorithms. Since these attacks are diverse in nature, and there may be many unforeseen attacks that can bypass traditional security countermeasures, it is desirable to alter the underlying localization algorithms to be robust to intentionally corrupted measurements. In this paper, we develop robust statistical methods to make localization attack-tolerant. We examine two broad classes of localization: triangulation and RF-based fingerprinting methods. For triangulation-based localization, we propose an adaptive least squares and least median squares position estimator that has the computational advantages of least squares in the absence of attacks and is capable of switching to a robust mode when being attacked. We introduce robustness to fingerprinting localization through the use of a median-based distance metric. Finally, we evaluate our robust localization schemes under different threat conditions.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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et.<quoted text>
Do you actually know what you are posting?
You do know this is a forum where people post back and forth as in a debate.
Oh, I see, you wanted me to say what an intelligent, factual creature he was.....AIN'T gonna happen.
'Fox News Sunday' to Host Kentucky Senate Debate
There are 232738 comments on the thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com story from Oct 1, 2010, titled 'Fox News Sunday' to Host Kentucky Senate Debate. In it, thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com reports that:
"Fox News Sunday" is heading to Louisville, Ky. Jack Conway, Kentucky's attorney general and the Democratic candidate for Senate , and Rand Paul, the Republican nominee and son of Representative Ron Paul, Republican of Texas, have agreed to a live debate on "Fox News Sunday" on Oct.3 at 9 a.m. (Eastern time).
Join the discussion below, or Read more at thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com.
#85082 Mar 7, 2013
#85083 Mar 7, 2013
On the BACK!
#85084 Mar 7, 2013
quiet. you sodomite. bet it won't be you paying. New name for you-sodomite. Funny as hell.
#85085 Mar 7, 2013
If Beshear was sitting around passing cow patties around and taking a big bite, you would be right there saying, "nice brownies."
What a dolt you are. You are so infected with denial, sickness and Obama, it blinds you to the truth.
#85086 Mar 7, 2013
Lost History On Purpose
John Hanson took office just as the Revolutionary War ended. Almost immediately, the troops demanded to be paid. As would be expected after any long war, there were no funds to meet the salaries. As a result, the soldiers threatened to overthrow the new government and put Washington on the throne as a monarch.
All the members of Congress ran for their lives, leaving Hanson as the only guy left running the government. He somehow managed to calm the troops down and hold the country together. If he had failed, the government would have fallen almost immediately and everyone would have been bowing to King Washington. In fact, Hanson sent 800 pounds of sterling siliver by his brother Samuel Hanson to George Wasington to provide the troops with shoes.
Google it ... ;0)
#85087 Mar 7, 2013
The liberals have sent their trolls to infest this thread.
We must of hit on to something and they want it stop.
I say, stop when the thread is closed down.
#85088 Mar 7, 2013
Obama signs Violence Against Women Act
to a "salivating" audience ...
It's WHAT he is "supposed" to DO!
EXCEPT he does NOT know how!
#85089 Mar 7, 2013
Dummy, John Hanson, A dark skinned Moor was too on the back of a two dollar bill. Crazy.
#85090 Mar 7, 2013
now, i want you to set back relax and take a deep...deep breath...now close your eyes and let your mind realize just how ridiclious you sound....now multiply that by millions and THEN you will realize why your party is going to the dogs!! there are actually millions of people here in the u.s.of a. that actually think like you do! wow!! and you wonder why you lost the election!!! but please! keep on with what your doing! and since your trying to compare obama to hitler then i hope obama gets top use you republitards as lab rats because l;ord knows you people need to be studied!!
Since: Jul 11
#85091 Mar 7, 2013
miracles..beaching the laws of physics, yes,I'm sure, plenty of them
adventures of a 5th century Irishman, that's gotta all be facts
crazy bitch
#85092 Mar 7, 2013
stop! go to the bridge and jump off. are you MOCKING GOD??? disgrace to all who holds him DEAR. New name-foney croney. Disgrace.
#85093 Mar 7, 2013
An intelligent woman, praises be. That other thing is a braying, regurgitating Jackass.I so love this historical info.
#85094 Mar 7, 2013
Since: Jul 11
#85095 Mar 7, 2013
i know the fble, wondered id you did, way to go
#85096 Mar 7, 2013
blind??? blind?? hey! your party was the one who believed that saddam attacked us on 911!!! dont insult me! lmao!! your the one who watch fauxnews! FAUXNEWS!! FAIR AND BALANCED AND UNAFRAID....TO LIE!!!
Since: Jul 11
#85097 Mar 7, 2013
you can see the twin towers falling on the back of the $20
#85098 Mar 7, 2013
You're a Fool. Go away. I don't play your kind of games,Hussy.You have no brain. Bigot.
#85099 Mar 7, 2013
sodomite what is braying.can someone say spellcheck.
#85100 Mar 7, 2013
I don't take orders from Bitches. They heel.
#85101 Mar 7, 2013
John Hanson, the first President of the United States.
Don't go checking the encyclopedia for this guy's name he is one of those great men that are lost to history. If you're extremely lucky, you may actually find a brief mention of his name.(It's in the Encyclopedia Britannica.)
The new country was actually formed on March 1, 1781 with the adoption of The Articles of Confederation.
This document was actually proposed on June 11, 1776, but not agreed upon by Congress until November 15,1777.
Maryland refused to sign this document until Virginia and New York ceded their western lands (Maryland was afraid that these states would gain too much power in the new government from such large amounts of land).
Once the signing took place in 1781, a President was needed to run the country.
John Hanson was chosen unanimously by Congress (which included George Washington). In fact, all the other potential candidates refused to run against him, as he was a major player in the revolution and an extremely influential member of Congress.
Washington was elected President as the unanimous choice of the 69 electors in 1788 <<<---<<<
and he served two terms in office.
Google IT!
Unveiled: Democrats Racist Past
By Frances Rice
Democrats who say they dont care about civil rights history do so because they want to hide the Democratic Partys racist past. Hypocritically, these same Democrats are quick to falsely accuse Republicans of being racist, while pontificating about why black Americans vote overwhelmingly for the Democratic Partya party whose failed socialist policies have turned black communities into economic and social wastelands.
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This became my first car. When my Dad bought his 64 Newport, they did not offer him what he thought the tires were worth, so he kept it for a 2nd car. When he bought a 62 Dodge, he retired this car and gave it to me (7years old at the time) and brought it to the old family farmhouse that belonged to my Uncle. It was put on blocks and when we would visit I would beg to be taken over to the old house so I could "drive" my car. I did get $5.00 for it when somebody offered to buy it for scrap metal. I still have a taillight from it as a souvenir.
gavinnorth736 added this photo to their favorites. (42 months ago)
I'm Sorry, but for some reson I hated the ones in PINK!!
Cars I have owned. This is all of them, except for my 1987 Buick Regal Limited. I have pictures of that somewhere, but have not located them yet.


text:
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Practically Raw: Flexible Raw Recipes Anyone Can Make Paperback – Feb 28 2012
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"The recipes on offer here are exciting and fl exible, and you'll also fi nd they are very doable for even the most novice cook. With money-saving tips, nutrition advice, information on special ingredients, equipment and techniques, pantry lists, and directions for cooked options, this book is a wonderful entry into enjoying the raw food lifestyle . . . practically." (Russell James, The Raw Chef)
"Beautiful and immensely helpful. The perfect cookbook for omnivores leaning toward veganism, as well as vegans leaning toward raw foods." (Vegan.com)
"For anyone wanting to become more comfortable and familiar with the charms and benefi ts of a plant-based diet, look no further than Practically Raw." (Matthew Kenney, Founder, Matthew Kenney Academy)
"Amber's approachable style to eating raw makes it easy for anyone to start making raw foods in their kitchen. Her recipes are inventive, balancing both raw and cooked foods, with an emphasis on health but never sacrifi cing taste. You'll fi nd the recipes in Practically Raw are deliciously divine." (Christy Morgan, The Blissful Chef)
"Amber's easy-to-follow recipes make this healthful cuisine easy, joyfully approachable, and a veritable feast for the palate. Whether you're a raw food neophyte or have been enjoying this healthy lifestyle for years, Amber's fresh perspective is nothing less than "rawsome." Her Cocoa Corruption Smoothie is addictive." (Dynise Balcavage, Author, "Celebrate Vegan" and "Urban Vegan")
"It's a raw food free-for-all! Amber takes the stress out of uncooked preparations, making delicious results accessible to everyone. Guiding cooks through the world of raw vegan food with gentle instructions and helpful hints all along the way, you'll want to get into the kitchen as soon as you open the cover." (Hannah Kaminsky, Author, "My Sweet Vegan" and "Vegan Desserts")
"I have been impressed with every single recipe in this book I tried. Practically Raw is a book for anyone who likes to eat good food that doesn't take forever to make. I would recommend it to every person interested in adding more raw and vegan foods into their lives." (Eva Rawposa, The Uncooking School) --This text refers to an alternate Paperback edition.
About the Author
Amber Shea Crawley is a chef and writer specializing in healthful vegan and raw food. She was classically trained in the art of gourmet living cuisine at the world-renowned Matthew Kenney Academy, graduating in 2010 as a certified raw and vegan chef. In 2011, she earned her Nutrition Educator certification at the Living Light Culinary Arts Institute.
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In the past I have spent days dehydrating recipes from other books just to have the final product taste terrible. With this book you can try the recipe cooked in your oven first and if you like it then the next time you can dehydrate (which makes the recipe taste even better!)
We used to hate kale but the kale chips recipes in the book are worth the cost alone.
I strongly recommend Practically Raw for anyone, even those that cannot eat nuts as seeds are used as well. For beginners or for those that want to own two great, simple, and reliable recipe books I would recommend Practically Raw and Raw Food Made Easy by Jennifer Cornbleet. They are the only books I use regularly.
I can honestly say, that I' m still on the raw diet because I have this book. I have tried some other books and almost dropped the whole idea because the food tasted like a punishment. I underttand that eating raw is very healthy, but if it doesn't taste good, I don't see myself sticking to it. The flexibility of the recipes is a big plus as at the beginning you may not know how to sub some ingredients that you don't have on hand. So I'm very happy with the book and would recommend it to anyone looking for a healthier way of eating.
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I received ONE PAGE The Book will not open and the reader that was downloaded do not work. Tried for refund but not ben able. Have not been able to contact the seller. Read morePublished 19 months ago by Virgin Pacific Diamonds.Inc.
Amber does an excellent job of teaching what raw food preparation is all about and has given some wonderful recipes.Published on June 30 2014 by ellen m blackburn


text:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third-leading cause of cancer death worldwide[1] and is often associated with metastasis and recurrence, even after surgical resection, leading to a poor prognosis. Therefore, development of novel treatment regimens is urgently needed to improve the survival of these patients. Furthermore, HCC has heterogeneous pathologies, speculated to be the result of the existence of "cancer stem cells" (or tumor-initiating cells; TICs) within tumor bulk. These subsets of cancer cells possess stem cell features that are indispensable in fueling growth of tumor. They also provide an explanation for the failure of current chemotherapeutic treatments because they largely target at eradicating rapidly proliferating tumor bulk. Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of TICs in the perpetuation of various cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia,[2] brain, [3] and colon.[4] Recently, liver TICs have been identified by several cell-surface antigens, such as CD133,[5, 6] CD90,[7] epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM),[8] CD13,[9] and CD24.[10] Furthermore, these TICs are capable of self-renewal and are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs.[11] However, neutralizing antibodies (Abs) against these markers have not been effective in preclinical studies, and identification of therapeutic targets against liver TICs is needed.
As a continual pursuit in search of novel therapeutic targets against liver TICs, we cultured serial passages of hepatospheres combined with chemotherapeutic regimens as a strategy to enrich subpopulations of liver TICs, specifically by use of TIC properties, including self-renewal and chemoresistance. Using complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray, we compared expression profiles between the enriched TIC population and differentiated progeny, which differ in self-renewal and tumorigenicity. This analysis showed that CD47, an integrin-associated protein (IAP), is up-regulated in TIC-enriched hepatospheres. Recent reports have highlighted the superiority of CD47; because of its inhibitory role in macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, anti-CD47 monoclonal Ab therapy has shown positive results in various cancer types.[12-14] Based on the above data, we hypothesized that CD47 was preferentially expressed in liver TICs and that therapeutic targeting of CD47 suppressed the tumor growth in human HCC xenograft.
Freshly isolated CD47+ cells were found to possess a greater ability to form tumors in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice, self-renew, and metastasize. CD47 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were preferentially expressed in liver TICs marked by CD133+ and CD24+ HCC cells. In addition, increased CD47 mRNA expression levels in HCC clinical samples correlated with poor patient survival. Knockdown of CD47 by a lentiviral-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) approach suppressed the stem/progenitor cell characteristics, suggesting a functional role of CD47 in regulating stem-like properties of HCC cells. Furthermore, we identified cathepsin S (CTSS) as an important downstream effector of CD47-mediated HCC tumorigenicity, metastasis, and self-renewal in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent manner. CTSS was preferentially secreted by CD47+ HCC cells and directly regulated properties of liver TICs through activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) by an autocrine loop. Clinically, serum levels of CTSS significantly correlated with advanced tumor behavior of human HCCs. Using the cell line and patient-derived xenograft models, suppression of CD47 by a morpholino approach inhibited growth of HCC and sensitized cells to the effect of chemotherapy through blockade of CTSS/PAR2 signaling. Our findings suggest a signaling function of CD47 and its role in cancer pathogenesis through the CTSS/PAR2 loop and provide a potential and attractive target for treatment of HCC patients.


text:
Consistent named the new Jesus Christ by God
Posted in the Minneapolis Forum
Saint Paul, MN
#1 May 24, 2012
In an early morning announcement, God proclaimed that Consistent is is his other son and is authorized to stand in judgement of all humans as well as decree any needed new commandments. In the same press release, Consistent stated that the new official political philosophy of Christianity would be fascism, effective immediately, and that any citizens not capable of paying a minimum federal income tax of 15% of their income with a minimum of $5000 would be put to death by stoning.
In a related story, Consistent announced that only white Christian landowners over the age of 50 with over a $100,000 gross annual income would be allowed to vote of run for elected office in the United States.
#2 May 24, 2012
Hopefully he will do something about internet trolls too, is the death penalty too harsh?
#3 May 24, 2012
Messianic, but not Christ like.
You are safe Poster-of-many-names. When the Bus arrives on Erection Day to "ACORN" you to the polling places..... jump in, get your beer and smokes, and pay attention to who the Plantation Bosses tell you to vote for.
This is a Democratic Republic ya know.....and those Demokrats better pony-up your beer and smokes.....If they do not.....Unionize and demand YOUR Rights!
Since: Sep 11
#4 May 24, 2012
The death penalty is too good for them.
#5 May 24, 2012
Inconsistent sat down your meth pipe and your heroine needle and seek some help,you really have some sever
mental issue's that need to be address.
Heresy is not a Biblical value.
#6 May 24, 2012
From a guy who loves the actual troll!?? LMAOROTfu~!
Saint Paul, MN
#7 May 24, 2012
Please don't forget that I'm in charge now.
Saint Paul, MN
#8 May 24, 2012
Dude - I'm the Poster-of-many-names! Don't give anyone else criticism I've worked so hard to earn.
Now, as for the ACORN bus, thanks for the tip.
St Paul Spammer has to go eat now.
BTW, your post smells as bad as fried liver.
#9 May 24, 2012
Redeemer and Slew have both been praying for a job in a sewage plant. They like to watch the turds float by to see which ones have their dick prints on them.
#10 May 24, 2012
Excuse me....I made a mistake.....
So many of you Dependent Demokrats come on with so many names that I became confused....There is the St Paul Defective and the Minnepolis Defective.....I have confused which poster resides in which Demokrats Urban Cesspool. It is easy to ID The Defective Demokrat from Seattle as she enters in and out of her Multilpe Personalities to give herself "Positive" Judge-its, and solicit BOIS for her Deviant Demokrat Acts....
I will focus harder to ID you as another name changer unable to display any honor and be held to your word.
I stand corrected.
Saint Paul, MN
#11 May 24, 2012
In an early morning announcement, God proclaimed that Consistent is is his other son and is authorized to stand in judgement of all humans as well as decree any needed new commandments. In the same press release, Consistent stated that the new official political philosophy of Christianity would be fascism, effective immediately, and that any citizens not capable of paying a minimum federal income tax of 15% of their income with a minimum of $5000 would be put to death by stoning.
In a related story, Consistent announced that only white Christian landowners over the age of 50 with over a $100,000 gross annual income would be allowed to vote of run for elected office in the United States.
#12 May 24, 2012
You think you have it bad because I intimidate you on a Topix Site......Just imagine if your failings as a human being were subjected to my correct thinking in your daily life.
I would make you "work" (I know it is a cuss word to you Collectivist Demokrats) for every meal you recieved from your neighbors labor.
I would tax you for every child you had with the random dogs in your Hood'.
I would set up Charter Schools that taught real vs revisionist history so that your children had a chance to be more than leeches like you.
I would have CCC Camps that you would be bussed to to work at 6 days a week.
I would create a massive fleet of trucks to deliver Commodities to your concrete boxes with a big sign that said...."White Cross Welfare Deliveries".
Your EBT Card would not work anymore, and you and your neighbors would not be as obese.
There is hope only when your culture of dependency is destroyed and you can no longer use Victim Status to steal food from the mouths of your neighbors children.
Oh, And I would make every substance known to man available for free to any Urban Inhabitant that wants to get the ultimate high......The big ride to the light.
I think society should pay for thier Cremation too, if the Douchebagger chose this route for him/her self.
There would be no Enforcers from the Law Enforcement Industries in your Hood'.....Practice the culture of your Kings and Quenns back in the Homeland.....Kill each other off.
When you and yours understand what work, honor, responsibility means.....You would be welcomed into America where you can be responsible and Free.
#13 May 24, 2012
Funny, the stupid guy is REALLY drinking/writing now... Imagine admitting being wrong, it's like an iceberg 90% is unseen by YOU ! LMAOROTFu~!
Why aren't you bragging about your welfare, drinking, and putting the family on welfare, when you were being arrested multiple times, doesn't it fit your teabagger "image" ??? LMAOROTFu!
Ps- If we killed the losers, where would we get our laughter from...you'd be GONE ~!
Since: Apr 12
#14 May 24, 2012
Does Obama still hold the J.C. title for liberals?
#15 May 24, 2012
Is neither still your earth mother ?? Do you drink from her LARGENESS !??
Since: Apr 12
#16 May 24, 2012
Looks like you might lose some of your anonymous internet bravery soon chicken Slew.
#17 May 24, 2012
It looks like it's in NY, but your consistent lying is really amusing... As for my honesty, I'm not worried... Gonna provide the pink slip, BEFORE you get in trouble ?
#18 May 24, 2012
Trolls <quoted text>
I have probably lied thousands of times in my life, care to elaborate on which one you are talking about?
Want a laugh today ???
Niether of the Above wrote:
<quoted text>You see, the problem is, The Post Office cannot/will not open their personnel files except if subpoenaed by the court.
Trolls wrote-".... I will post the copy of your pink slip from the post office....."
Why don't you "girls" figure out your lies and get back to me ??? LMAOROTFu~!!
(Funny part-your pals KNOW or they'd say produce the proof & shut me up!) LMAOROTFu~!
#19 May 24, 2012
Hope you noticed, it's censorship from the R right ! Bedroom, internet, and claiming small government hypocrisy... LMAOROTfu~
Since: Apr 12
#20 May 24, 2012
Oh no! I hope I don't "get in trouble" with the Slew. The same poster who "rode Irish", likes "little bois" and makes personal comments about other posters as often as he can. Yep, I'm terrified.
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You must not really know where the Mayor lives, cause I know where his house is and you can't even drink a cup of coffee going down any of the three roads to his house.Why don't everyone take a look at Scotty where he lives how nice his roads r and home that is where all our taxes r going in his pocket cause he is a crook
61 - 80 of 97 Comments Last updated Nov 18, 2015
#62 Nov 23, 2012
#63 Apr 18, 2013
In due time Scotty will get caught with his hand in the cookie jar. People are always complaining but doing nothing about it . Roads are bad Taxes are high all the while he makes 65,000 per yr . We have a $4,000,000 football field 2 new schools all for a county with under 2000 people .
#64 Apr 25, 2013
scotty dosent make 65,000 a year and there are about 5,000 people in delta county. and your taxes maybe high very few of the city employes do any work some of them are stealing gravel to make driveways at there homes the streets are a shame wes scott had one his employes on the square picking up garbage because the city workers wont work and have no supervision things aren't good folks.
#65 May 9, 2013
They only take action when someone calls to complain and then it takes forever. Otherwise,they turn a blind eye to the problems. Even the properties owned by the city do not get tended to like they should unless someone calls. Would love for some others to run for mayor, but until then we got what we got.
United States
#66 May 10, 2013
Bottom line Stegall is paid a salary of rediculous proportion. The city streets and side walks are riddled with craters and cracks yet this sorry excuse for a local leader sits on his hands in his office and roams about in his truck on city time not doing what is expected of him. I have only just recently began to vote. Yet I am at a loss of words as to how this man can continue to keep his job ad mayor..building inspector..AND code enforcement officer???? Have you seen the trash that lives in this town? Scotty does nothing to combat the growing problems and eye sores. I turn a corner and everywhere there is a problem. And how is it that a man can be paid to do three jobs...yet fails to follow through on any of them hes paid to do? Why wont the city hire a code enf officer and a bldg inspector so that Scotty can be complacent for just one paid posistion and not three? And what about the sheriffs dept? The sheriffs dept is stuck with the task of taking on all the citys calls as well as the county calls. If Scotty is being paid the sort of lop-sided pay that he is receiving then why not cut his pay and a fee other city employees pay just enough to afford to commission at least one city police officer to help take some of the calls for service within the city limits? I realize that I am ranting but damn people. I have lived here all my life and this place has not changed a single bit! And it will never get better so long as we have an army of reactive complacent good ol' boys running our county and keeping us one step behind our neighbors like Sulphur Spgs.
#68 May 12, 2013
It's ok to be unhappy with the way things are but that doesn't fix the problems. I would suggest you find someone you believe will make a difference. It needs to be someone with a proven track record. That being said, it may be someone new to the area or someone who lived here, moved off then came back to retire. The good ole boy way of thinking is alive and well. I applaud you for caring, now go out and find an answer.
#69 May 20, 2013
My, my....... all of you seem to have all of the answers. If you know so much , why don't you step up and run for office? Hmmmmmmmmm?
#70 May 20, 2013
Well if it was known when his term came up then someone could run against him.., you only hear that he won and its never posted in the newspaper as it is with the commissioners
Mccoy, CO
#72 May 20, 2013
The city fathers here do not want it posted in the paper like it is at other towns when it is time to run for council or mayor. They like to keep it as quite as possible. It is always the same ones year after year, and still nothing gets done, just more money going into some ones pocket. They get grant money but where does it go, some grant money was supposed to have been used on the city part, so far all I see is the tennis court redone, maybe a little used on the rodeo grounds, but who does that benifet except a very few. Like I say same ol same.
#73 May 31, 2013
there was $150,000 grant for the park $65,000 was spent on the rodeo arena and i guess the tennis court cost $85,000 to repair. (cough cough cough)
#74 May 31, 2013
What's the big deal, he's been taking advantage of grants and the cities money since the first time he was ever elected. In all actuality it just shows how dumb the people within the city limits are to keep voting him back in. Why is it the people in the county who have a cooper address can not run for mayor after all we pay school taxes. Do you realize it's rigged... It's called corruption!
#75 May 31, 2013
Scotty approves of Scotty as Mayor. I know that for sure!
#76 Jun 1, 2013
I don't live in the city but I do live in the county....and I have to say,... I try not to drive to Cooper to go ANY where. Why does Cooper have three Housing Authorities? It's not rocket science as to what kind of people it brings to Cooper.... and with the small Law Enforcement available to handle things there is no way to control it. So I ask those that may have an answer....What benefit is Cooper receiving from the State having three Housing Projects? Is money received from the State to help Cooper? And if so, where is that money going? Is any of it going towards Law Enforcement to handle three Housing Projects? And if they are receiving money...why doesn't Cooper have it's own Police to handle it? Just some thoughts I believe deserve to be answered.
#78 Jun 1, 2013
I just don't understand why so many pieces of property in town look so bad. Don't the people care how Cooper must look to the outside world?
#79 Jun 1, 2013
You obviously never attend any of the official Commissioners Court county meetings. If you had attended last Sept-Oct you would know exactly where every dime of the County Tax money is spent. It's not terribly exciting but, it is educational.
#80 Jun 1, 2013
The city also has an expensive insurance package. Not so with the people who work in the court house. It's just disgusting.
#81 Jun 1, 2013
You have to live within the city limits to run for a city office. In the same way you have to live within a precinct to run for County Commissioner.
#82 Jun 2, 2013
Perhaps I was misunderstood as far as my previous post. None of my questions would be answered in Commissioner's Court....but, the post was to spur others into wondering about the same things. They may be wondering already. Maybe you could shed some light on these questions I have posted?
Mccoy, CO
#83 Jun 2, 2013
Well its funny if you have to live in a precinct to run and be a county commissioner why does one of Delta County have one that lives in Lamar County and drives back and fourth everyday and the county pays for his gas.
#84 Jun 2, 2013
Which commissioner would that be?
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