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I sleep with my tzitzis on. Is there any part of the body the tzitzis should not touch?
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This is sort of an argument from absence, but...
Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chaim 8:16) describes a case where a person sleeps at night wearing his tallis, as to whether he has to recite a berachah on it the next morning. If there were indeed any problem with what parts of the body the tzitzis strings touch, then I would think this would be a logical place for one or more of the commentaries to point it out. Since I haven't found any that do so, I would assume that this is not an issue. (Unless someone else can find sources that talk about this explicitly.)


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LETTER: Rotary Club provided help to school
Published: Saturday, June 14, 2014 at 8:00 p.m.
Last Modified: Saturday, June 14, 2014 at 8:18 p.m.
Dear Editor: Northington Elementary School would like to publicly thank the Tuscaloosa Morning Rotary Club for the generous support it has provided our school for the last two years. We have benefited from their fundraising efforts with the purchase of projectors for our classrooms, laptops and Nooks for use by our students. The Nooks have allowed our fifth-grade students to experience downloading and reading e-books and are used as research tools. These gifts have a direct impact on student learning, engagement and achievement.
Thank you from the faculty, staff and students of Northington Elementary to the generous members of the Morning Rotary Club for your outstanding service to our school and community!
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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See what's happening in Our Community.
Latest News: Uplands Community Garage Sale
The Uplands Community Garage Sale will take place on Friday May 27, 2016 and Saturday May 28, 2016
The community map is now available!
We are in need of a number of volunteers in order to provide affordable and fun activities for the residents in our community. We are looking for a children's coordinator, adult coordinator and ice rink supervisors. If you are interested in any of these positions, please call Michelle Benrot-Carnie at (306)569-0250 for more information.


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If you cannot own a cat due to household restrictions, consider volunteering for a local shelter or animal rescue group. You'll meet new friends who share your fondness for felines, and you'll spend quality time with kitties.read more
BY: The Daily Cat expertsFew things are as troublesome to a cat owner as a litter box miss. Some cats will then repeat the error time and again, turning the mistake spot into a new litter destination.
Photo: Corbis Images
Cats reach full skeletal development when they are this old:


text:
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The favorite family game filled with wacky activities.
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While Cranium is easy to learn and easy to play, it is also provides a variety of tasks that should prove challenging to the average game team. What is your strength? Spelling? What is your weakness? Trivia? And your teammates? What about the other team(s)? Where one team looses ground, they are sure to pick it up when the tasks turn in their favour.
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We had a neighborhood party about 6 weeks ago and someone said "lets play a game" There were four couples there and someone came up with the great idea to make it men vs women. Big mistake. Huge mistake. My life will never be the same.
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A few more weeks go by and we could not avoid a rematch any longer, so we played again. One couple did not make it, but still another couple joined in. Much better result because of the three games we played, the women won 2 of them. It was kinda weird because they wanted to reset the games counter and kept saying the new score was women 2, men 1. But really it was men 7, women 2. Why is it that they could not see this?Read more ›
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Still stands to be one of my favorite board games, great for small parties, get togethers with friends.Published 28 days ago by Amazon Customer
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I bought one of these for 25-35$ a few weeks ago.. Now 53$, insane for a board game, I will never pay that much and anyone that does has too much money hahaPublished 12 months ago by Petty76


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^ ; also, people are willing to name just a little more slowly so that they think community service of any other way, but the very idea of seeing Farocki's and Bitomsky's films as One Plus One, British Sounds , grants fellowships thesis Vent d'Est and Tout Va Bien. EXAMPLE: Topic: Bankruptcy Main point: Topic sentence / Thesis: In the following sentence: MAIN POINT Young people are willing to pay attention.
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•January 1, 1970
Celebrity, television, film and music photos
Celebrity, television, film and music photos
Vincent: Dark vision? Well yes, the truth is dark if these evil people remain in power. They heckle and boo the minister delivering the opening prayer, they stage a "fart in" to demonstrate their dissatisfaction within their own party. They have more than doubled the national debt in under 8 years. They have ruined relations with many of our allies. Who in the world could ever reasonably think the Democrats have done good for America? For that matter, since Reagan, what Republican has done good for America? We need an outsider, someone not affiliated with the Illuminati, someone who will not bow to their call. God Bless America. God Bless you all.


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Godfrey Mwakikagile
|Godfrey Mwakikagile
|4 October 1949
Kigoma, Tanganyika
|scholar, writer
|Alma mater
|Wayne State University (1975)
|Notable works
|Africans and African Americans: Complex Relations – Prospects and Challenges (2009)
Africa 1960 – 1970: Chronicle and Analysis (2009)
Godfrey Mwakikagile (born 4 October 1949) is a prominent Tanzanian scholar, writer and specialist in African studies.
He was born in the town of Kigoma in western Tanganyika – what is now mainland Tanzania – on 4 October 1949.[1] Godfrey's father, Elijah Mwakikagile, attended Malangali Secondary School, one of the top schools in colonial Tanganyika. His classmates there included Jeremiah Kasambala, who became a member of the first independence cabinet under Prime Minister (later President) Julius Nyerere, and John Mwakangale, who in the 1950s became one of the leaders of the independence movement in Tanganyika.
As Godfrey stated in his autobiographical works, he moved to Rungwe District in 1955 with his parents when he was five years old after living in different parts of Tanganyika. Rungwe was the home district of his parents, and they were members of an ethnic group indigenous to that part of Tanzania.[2] His father Eijah worked as a medical assistant for the British colonial government, and also worked at the Amani Research Institute in Muheza District.
Education and early employment[edit]
Mwakikagile attended Kyimbila Primary School near the town of Tukuyu and Mpuguso Middle School in the Rungwe District of Mbeya Region in the Southern Highlands. He then attended Songea Secondary School near the town of Songea in Ruvuma Region and Tambaza High School (through Form Six) in Dar es Salaam.[3]
While still in secondary school, he joined the editorial staff of the Standard, later renamed the Daily News, in 1969 as a junior reporter.[4]
After finishing secondary school in November 1970, he joined the National Service in January 1971, which was mandatory for all those who had completed secondary school and college or university studies.
Sometime after leaving the National Service, he returned to the Daily News. His editor then was Benjamin Mkapa, who also helped him to go to school in the United States and years later became president of Tanzania, serving two five-year terms (1995–2005).[5]
He also worked as an information officer at the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (now known as the Ministry of Information, Youth, Culture and Sports) in Dar es Salaam before going to school in the United States in November 1972.[6]
Mwakikagile was president of the African Students Union while attending Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, USA. He graduated from that university in 1975.[7]
He then attended Aquinas College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1976. One of his professors of economics at this college was Kenneth Marin.[8] Marin had worked as an economist for the government of Tanzania in Dar es Salaam in the late-1960s and early-1970s.[9] Years later, Mwakikagile wrote about economics and other subjects, mostly about Africa.
Mwakikagile's first book, Economic Development in Africa, was published in 1999. He has maintained a steady pace since then, writing more than 40 books, mostly about Africa during the post-colonial period. He has been described as a political scientist, although his works defy classification. He has written about history, politics, economics, as well as contemporary and international affairs from an African and Third World perspective.
Book: Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era[edit]
He is known for his book Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era,[10] published not long after Nyerere died. The book brought Mwakikagile into prominence in Tanzania and elsewhere. He is considered by many experts to be an authority on Nyerere and one of his most prominent biographers.[11] Professor David Simon, a specialist in development studies at the University of London and Director of the Centre for Development Areas Research at Royal Holloway College, published in 2005 excerpts from the book in his compiled study, Fifty Key Thinkers on Development.[12] The book was reviewed by West Africa magazine in 2002.[13] It was also reviewed by a prominent Tanzanian journalist and political analyst, Fumbuka Ng'wanakilala of the Daily News, Dar es Salaam, in October 2002, and is seen as a comprehensive work, in scope and depth, on Nyerere.[14] The same book was also reviewed by Professor Roger Southall of the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), formerly of Rhodes University, South Africa, in the bi-annual interdisciplinary publication, the Journal of Contemporary African Studies (Taylor & Francis Group), 22, No. 3, in 2004. Professor Southall was also the editor of the journal during that period.
The book has also been cited by a number of African leaders including South African Vice-President Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka in one of her speeches about African leadership and development in which she quoted the author.[15]
Book: Africa and the West[edit]
Mwakikagile's 2000 book Africa and the West was favourably reviewed in a number of publications, including the influential West Africa magazine by editor Kofi Akosah-Sarpong, who described Mwakikagile as an author who articulates the position of African Renaissance thinkers.[16] The book has been described as an appeal to Africans to respect their cultures, values, and traditions and take a firm stand against alien ideas that pollute African minds and undermine Africa. A strong condemnation of the conquest of Africa by the imperial powers, it is also a philosophical text used in a number of colleges and universities in the study of African identity, philosophy, and history.
But in spite of his passionate defence of Africa, past and present, Mwakikagile is highly critical of some Afrocentric scholars who propagate myths about Africa's past and even reinvent the past just to glorify the continent, claiming spectacular achievements in the precolonial era in some areas where there were hardly any or none; for example, in advanced science, technology, and medicine. They also inflate achievements in some areas. He contends that true scholarship requires rigorous intellectual discipline and entails objective enquiry and analysis of facts and evidence including admtting failures and shortcomings, a position he forcefully articulates in Africa and The West and Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should be Done, among other works.
It is a position that led one renowned Afrocentric Ghanaian political analyst and columnist Francis Kwarteng to describe Mwakikagile as a "Eurocentric Africanist" in his article "End of the Dilemma: The Tower of Babel," on GhanaWeb, 28 September 2013.
It is a case of Africans themselves, especially the leaders, contributing to the underdevelopment of Africa. Bad leadership including corruption in African countries is one of the subjects Mwakikagile has addressed extensively in his books. He contends that bad leadership is the biggest problem most African countries have faced since independence, and everything else revolves around it.
Mwakikagile has written extensively about ethnicity and politics in Africa in the post-colonial era and how the two phenomena are inextricably linked in the African political context. He has used case studies in different analyses of the subject in different parts of the continent. One of his works, Ethnicity and National Identity in Uganda, has been described by Tierney Tully as "a great book, but very dense."
Mwakikagile's other books on the subject include Identity Politics and Ethnic Conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi: A Comparative Study; Burundi: The Hutu and The Tutsi: Cauldron of Conflict and Quest for Dynamic Compromise; Civil Wars in Rwanda and Burundi: Conflict Resolution in Africa; Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia; and Belize and Its Identity: A Multicultural Perspective, a scholarly work on the Central American nation founded by the British colonial rulers and African slaves as British Honduras and which, culturally and historically, is considered to be an integral part of the Afro-Caribbean region, hence of the African diaspora. Although written by an African, the book is an important part of Afro-Caribbean literature.
One American journalist who interviewed Mwakikagile described him as an independent scholar who was also a widely read and highly regarded author. Mwakikagile responded by saying that he was just an ordinary African, like tens of millions of others, deeply concerned about the plight of his continent.
In his book African Political Thought (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), Professor Guy Martin has described Mwakikagile as one of Africa's leading populist scholars who refuse to operate and function within the limits and confines of Western ideologies – or any other external parameters – and who exhort fellow Africans to find solutions to African problems within Africa itself and fight the syndrome of dependency in all areas and create a "new African."
Mwakikagile embraced Tanzania's independence, and the independence of the African continent as a whole, with fierce pride. 'I was too young to play a role in the independence movement, but old enough to know what Mau Mau in neighbouring Kenya was all about, and who our leaders were: from Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana to Julius Nyerere in Tanganyika; from Nnamdi Azikiwe in Nigeria to Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya and Patrice Lumumba in Belgian Congo' (Africa and the West, 2000). His experience also inspired his thinking regarding Africa and its relationship to the Western world, which led to several academic works dedicated to the subject.
Mwakikagile's early works focused on pressing issues in African studies, particularly the theory and realisation of development in Africa. Economic Development in Africa (1999) uses the rich case study of Tanzania's transition from socialism to free-market capitalism as a foundation for broader conclusions concerning the continent's development failures.
Mwakikagile writes about Africa as a whole in such a way as to suggest that he possesses not only a keen understanding of the way things are, but also a deep understanding of the way they should be. The acerbically titled Africa Is in a Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done reflects on the decades since independence with pragmatism and regret, observing the loss of both leadership and ingenuity as the continent's intellectual elite settle abroad, while suggesting how this process might be reversed.
In fact, as the years have passed, and as those early optimistic moments after independence have slipped away, Mwakikagile has taken it upon himself to write about why Africa has fallen short of its vision.
Mwakikagile has translated his experience as a youth in colonial East Africa and his adulthood in postcolonial Tanzania into provocative scholarship concerning topics vitally important to African studies.
Mwakikagile has been invited to give lectures at different universities and as a public intellectual has also been sought for interviews by BBC, PBS, and by Voice of America (VOA), among other media outlets.
Although he has been exposed to Western cultures, was educated in the Western intellectual tradition and lived in the United States for many years, Mwakikagile's perspectives and philosophical conceptions have undoubtedly been shaped by his African upbringing and are deeply rooted in African cultures and traditions. And he rejects the notion that Africa was a blank slate until Europeans came to write on it. He argues that the history written about Africa by Europeans when they first went to Africa and even during colonial rule as well as after independence is not African history but the history of Europeans in Africa and how they see Africa and Africans from their European perspective.
He also contends that traditional Africa has produced philosophers and other original thinkers whose knowledge and ideas – including ideas at a high level of abstraction – can match and even surpass the best in the West and elsewhere in the world. He forcefully articulates that position in his book, Africa and The West.[17]
And although he sees Africa as an indivisible whole, he argues that all nations, including those in Africa, have different national characters. He looks at the concept of national character in the African context in his book Kenya: Identity of A Nation, and makes a compelling case for this idea, which is sometimes highly controversial. The work is, among other subjects, a study of comparative analysis in which the author looks at the national characters of Kenya and Tanzania. Kenyans themselves have had to grapple with questions of identity, ethnic versus national, and how to reconcile the two for the sake of national unity, peace and prosperity.
Tanzania is one of the few countries on the continent to have been spared the agony and scourge of ethnic conflicts, unlike Kenya which Mwakikagile has used for comparative analysis in looking at the identities of the two neighbouring countries. In his books, including Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, he has also explained how Tanzania has been able to contain and even neutralise tribalism unlike other countries on the continent.
Mwakikagile has written extensively about tribalism, contending that it is one of the biggest problems Africa faces and is the source of instability in many countries on the continent, including civil wars.He expresses strong Pan-Africanist views in his writings and sees Africa as a collective entity and one organic body and has strongly been influenced by staunch Pan-Africanist leaders such as Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Ahmed Sekou Toure and Patrice Lumumba whom he also strongly admires.[18]
He also strongly admires Thomas Sankara as a man of the people like Nyerere and contends that among the new breed of African leaders, Sankara showed great promise but was eliminated by some of his so-called compatriots working for France and other Western powers before he could realise his full potential the same way Lumumba was, eliminated by the United States and Belgium. Mwakikagile has written about Sankara in Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties and in African Countries among other works.
But some of his critics contend that he overlooks or glosses over the shortcomings of these leaders precisely because they are liberation icons and played a leading role in the struggle for independence and against white minority rule in Southern Africa.[19]
He also seems to be "trapped" in the past, in liberation days, especially in the 1970s when the struggle against white minority rule was most intense. But that may be for understandable reasons.[20] He was a part of that generation when the liberation struggle was going on and some of his views have unquestionably been shaped by what happened during those days as his admiration for Robert Mugabe, for example, as a liberation icon clearly shows; although he also admits in Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era that the land reform programme in Zimbabwe could have been implemented in an orderly fashion and in a peaceful way and without disrupting the economy.
But his admiration for Mugabe as a true African nationalist and Pan-Africanist remains intact, a position that does not sit well with some of his critics although he does not condone despotic rule. He admires Mugabe mostly as a freedom fighter and liberation hero who freed his people from colonial rule and racial oppression and exploitation, and as a strong leader who has taken a firm and an uncompromising stand against Western domination of Africa.
By remarkable contrast, his contempt for African leaders whom he sees as whites with a black skin also remains intact. He mentions Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda as a typical example of those leaders. He has written about Banda and other African leaders, among other subjects, in Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood.[21]
Mwakikagile also contends that only a few African leaders – Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Ahmed Sekou Toure, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ahmed Ben Bella and Modibo Keita – strove to achieve genuine independence for their countries and exercised a remarkable degree of independence in their dealings with world powers; and Mugabe is the only African leader today who fits this category, in spite of his shortcomings.
Mwakikagile's background as a Tanzanian has played a major role in his assessment of many African leaders because of the central role his country played in the liberation struggle in the countries of Southern Africa.[22]
Newspaper background[edit]
In those days, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, was the headquarters of all the African liberation movements, under the leadership of President Julius Nyerere, and Mwakikagile got the chance to know many of the freedom fighters who were based there when he worked as a young news reporter in the nation's capital.[23] They included Joaquim Chissano, who was the head of the FRELIMO office in Dar es Salaam, and later became the minister of foreign affairs and then president of Mozambique when his country won independence after 500 years of Portuguese colonial rule.[24]
In his seminal work Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, he has written extensively about the liberation struggle, and the liberation movements in Southern Africa in what is probably one of the best accounts of that critical phase in the history of Africa, as well as an excellent analysis of the Congo Crisis during the turbulent 1960s.
Mwakikagile has also written a book entitled South Africa in Contemporary Times (2008) about the struggle against apartheid and the end of white minority rule in South Africa and on the prospects and challenges the country faces in the post-apartheid era.
The years he spent on the editorial staff at the Standard and the Daily News were critical to his future career as a writer. Those were his formative years, and had he not become a news reporter, his life, and his career as an author, might have taken a different turn.
As he states in Nyerere and Africa, he was first hired by renowned British journalist David Martin who was the deputy managing and news editor of the Tanganyika Standard. The managing editor was Brendon Grimshaw, also British who, in the 1970s, bought Moyenne Island in the Seychelles and became its only permanent inhabitant. Brendon Grimshaw also played a major role in recruiting Mwakikagile as a member of the editorial staff at the Standard.[25]
It was a turning point in Mwakikagile's life. That was in June 1969 when he was a student at Tambaza High School in Dar es Salaam. He was 19 years old and probably the youngest reporter on the editorial staff at the Standard during that time.
The Standard, the largest English newspaper in Tanzania and one of the largest and most influential in East Africa, served Mwakikagile well, not only in terms of providing him with an opportunity to sharpen his writing skills but also – after it became the Daily News in 1970 – in helping him to attend school in the United States, where he became an author many years after he graduated from college.
David Martin, when he worked at the Tanganyika Standard and at the Daily News, and thereafter, was the most prominent foreign journalist in Eastern and Southern Africa in the 1960s and '70s, and wrote extensively about the liberation struggle in the region for the London Observer and the BBC. In Nyerere and Africa, Mwakikagile has written about the role Martin played as a journalist during the liberation struggle in Southern Africa. But Martin was also instrumental in opening the door for Mwakikagile into the world of journalism, writing every day, after which both became successful writers.[26]
As Mwakikagile has stated in his books, including Nyerere and Africa, Africa after Independence: Realities of Nationhood, The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties and in Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done, his background as a news reporter, which included meeting deadlines when writing news articles, prepared him for the rigorous task of writing books.
Criticism of post-colonial Africa[edit]
Mwakikagile grew up under the leadership of Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere, a staunch Pan-Africanist and one of the most influential leaders Africa has produced. In his writings, Mwakikagile has defended his socialist policies because of the egalitarian ideals they instilled in Tanzanians, despite the poverty they endured under ujamaa, Nyerere's African version of socialism.
Mwakikagile, however, has been highly critical in his writings of other African leaders from the same generation who led their countries to independence. He has contended that most of them did not care about the well-being of their people.[27]
Mwakikagile belongs to a generation that preceded independence and was partly brought up under colonial rule. He even wrote a book, Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, about those years.
Independence from Britain was very important to Mwakikagile. When he was 12 years old, his uncle took him to Tukuyu to participate in the independence celebrations when Tanganyika attained sovereign status under Nyerere. He witnessed the flags changing at midnight when the Union Jack was lowered and the flag of the newly independent Tanganyika went up. His recollections are stated in his book, My Life as an African: Autobiographical Writings.
Early in his life when he was a teenager, he developed strong Pan-Africanist views under the influence of Nyerere and other Pan-Africanist leaders such as Kwame Nkrumah and Ahmed Sekou Toure. He still holds those views today, crystallised into an ideology for a new African liberation and forcefully articulated in his writings.
As Professor Guy Martin states in his book African Political Thought (pp. 8, 6) about Mwakikagile and other Pan-Africanist theorists and thinkers, their individual national identities are secondary to their primary identity as Africans and even irrelevant when they articulate their position from a Pan-African perspective: "Note that all these scholars are dedicated Pan-Africanists and many would shun the reference to their nationality, preferring to be simply called 'Africans'.... Some of the most prominent Africanist-populist scholars include... Godfrey Mwakikagile...."
One of Mwakikagile's critics has described him as "a shrewd intellectual in defence of liberation icons" and accuses him of not being intellectually honest about leaders such as Nyerere, Nkrumah and Sekou Toure for not criticising them harshly for their failures because he admires them so much as staunch Pan-Africanists.[28]Some of the confusion among his readers about his position on African leaders of the independence generation has to do with his own background since he was an integral part of that generation in the sense that he witnessed the end of colonial rule and the emergence of the newly independent African states although he was not old enough to have participated in the independence struggle.[29]
He admires the leaders who led their countries to independence, yet he is highly critical of them in most cases for their failures during the post-colonial period. He became disillusioned with the leadership on the continent through the years, filled with broken promises, and not long after the countries won independence. He admires many aspects of Nyerere's socialist policies in Tanzania, yet concedes the policies were also a failure in many cases. And he strongly favours fundamental change in African countries, yet he is nostalgic about the past.[30]
His advocacy for fundamental change is articulated in many of his writings including The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, which was published in 2001 and which is also one of his most well-known books.
In his review of the book, Ronald Taylor-Lewis [born of a Sierra Leonean father], editor of Mano Vision magazine, London, described it as "a masterpiece of fact and analysis."[31]
The book has also been reviewed in other publications. Tana Worku Anglana reviewed Godfrey Mwakikagile's Modern African State: Quest for Transformation in Articolo and described it as "unbiased literature."[32]
Ethnic conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi between the Hutu and the Tutsi is one of the subjects Mwakikagile has addressed extensively in his book The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation.
In many of his writings, Mwakikagile focuses on internal factors – including corruption, tribalism and tyranny – as the main cause of Africa's predicament, but not to the total exclusion of external forces.
The union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar and the Zanzibar revolution are subjects Mwakikagile has also addressed in detail in two of his other books: Why Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form Tanzania and Africa in The Sixties.
And his diagnosis of – and prescription for – Africa's ailments has also been cited by scholars and other people for its relevance in other parts of the Third World. As Dr. Hengene Payani, a political scientist at the University of Papua New Guinea in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, stated in his review of Mwakikagile's book Africa is in A Mess on amazon.com, "the book is excellent, honest and thought-provoking and is relevant even in the context of Papua New Guinea, a country which has been ruined by greedy politicians."
Although he has written mostly about Africa, and as a political scientist or as a political analyst, his works cover a wide range of scholarship including American studies.
But there are limitations to the role played by people such as Godfrey Mwakikagile in their quest for fundamental change in African countries. Their contribution is limited in one fundamental respect: They are not actively involved with the masses at the grassroots level precisely because of what they are. They belong to an elite class, and the concepts they expound as well as the solutions they propose are discussed mainly by fellow elites but rarely implemented.
African writers such as Mwakikagile and other intellectuals are also severely compromised in their mission because most African leaders don't want to change. Therefore, they don't listen to them—in many cases the entire state apparatus needs to be dismantled to bring about meaningful change.[33]
In spite of the limitations and the obstacles they face, many African writers and other intellectuals still play a very important role in articulating a clear vision for the future of Africa, and Mwakikagile's writings definitely fit this category because of his analysis of the African condition and the solutions he proposes, although he is not a political activist like other African writers such as Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o in neighbouring Kenya or Wole Soyinka in Nigeria.
But even they had to flee their homelands, at different times, for their own safety, in spite of the courage they had to contend with the political establishment in their home countries, and sought sanctuary overseas although that has not been the case with Mwakikagile and many other Africans who once lived, have lived or continue to live in other countries or outside Africa for different reasons.
Writers including Mwakikagile and other members of the African elite have a major role to play in the development of Africa.[34] They affect constructive dialogue involving national issues. But it is not the kind of effect that reverberates across the spectrum all the way down to the grassroots level precisely because they are not an integral part of the masses, and also because they are not actively involved with the masses to transform society.
So, while they generate ideas, they have not been able to effectively transmit those ideas to the masses without whose involvement fundamental change in Africa is impossible, except at the top, recycling the elite. And while they identify with the masses in terms of suffering and as fellow Africans, many of them – not all but many of them – have not and still do not make enough sacrifices in their quest for social and political transformation of African countries. Mwakikagile is fully aware of these shortcomings, and apparent contradictions, in the role played by the African elite. He's one himself.
Yet, he has not explicitly stated so in his writings concerning this problem of African intellectuals; a dilemma similar to the one faced by the black intelligentsia in the United States and which was addressed by Harold Cruse, an internationally renowned black American professor who taught at the University of Michigan for many years, in his monumental study, The Crisis of The Negro Intellectual. The book was first published in 1967 at the peak of the civil rights movement, five years before Godfrey Mwakikagile went to the United States for the first time as a student.
But that does not really explain why he has not fully addressed the subject, the dilemma African intellectuals face in their quest for fundamental change, especially in his books – The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Done, and Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood – which are almost exclusively devoted to such transformation in Africa in the post-colonial era.
Still, Mwakikagile belongs to a group of African writers and the African elite who believe that the primary responsibility of transforming Africa lies in the hands of the Africans themselves, and not foreigners, and that acknowledgement of mistakes by African leaders is one of the first steps towards bringing about much-needed change in African countries; a position he forcefully articulates in his writings. For example, Political Science Professor Claude E. Welch at the State University of New York-Buffalo, in his review of one of Mwakikagile's books – Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties – published in the African Studies Review (Vol. 45, No. 3, December 2002, p. 114), described the author as being merciless in his condemnation of African tyrants.
In what is probably his most controversial book, Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done, Mwakikagile strongly criticises most of the leaders of post-colonial Africa for tyranny and corruption, and for practising tribalism, a common theme in the works of many African writers and other people including well-known ones and many African scholars in and outside Africa. But his book stands out as one of the most blunt ever written about Africa's rotten leadership.
Unfortunately, because of its vitriolic condemnation of most African leaders during the post-colonial era, the book has been cited by some people as a clarion call for the re-colonisation of Africa although the author says exactly the opposite in his work.[35]
Yet in spite of all that, Mwakikagile unequivocally states in Africa is in A Mess that he does not support any attempt or scheme, by anybody, to recolonise Africa, but also bluntly states that African countries have lost their sovereignty to donor nations and multilateral institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) dominated by Western powers including those who once colonised Africa and are therefore virtual colonies already.
He also contends that African countries have really never been free in spite of the instruments of sovereignty they are supposed to have. He also warns about the dangers of the Second Scramble for Africa by the industrialised nations which are busy exploiting Africa's resources for their own benefit and contends that globalisation is in many ways a new form of imperialism.
Yet he has wrongly been portrayed, along with some prominent African and European scholars including Professor Ali Mazrui, Christoph Blocher, Mahmood Mamdani, Peter Niggli, and R. W. Johnson, as someone who advocates the recolonisation of Africa.[36]
Mwakikagile says exactly the opposite in Africa is in A Mess. In fact, the title, although not the sub-title, comes from President Julius Nyerere who used exactly the same words in 1985: "Africa is in a mess." Mwakikagile explicitly states that he got the title from Nyerere's statement and felt it was appropriate for his work, although the tone and content might be disturbing to some people. He is brutally frank about the continent's deplorable condition.
And in the same book, Mwakikagile is also highly critical of Western powers for ruthlessly exploiting Africa even today in collusion with many African leaders.
His harsh criticism of bad leadership on the African continent prompted Ghanaian columnist and political analyst Francis Kwarteng to put him in the same category with George Ayittey, a Ghanaian professor of economics at The American University, Washington, D.C., and author of Africa Betrayed and Africa in Chaos, among other books.
Academic reviews[edit]
Mwakikagile's books have been reviewed in a number of academic publications, including the highly prestigious academic journal African Studies Review, by leading scholars in their fields. They include Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties, which was reviewed in that journal by Professor Claude E. Welch of the Department of Political Science at the State University of New York, Buffalo; and Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, reviewed by Nigerian Professor Khadijat K. Rashid of Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C.[37]
Other books by Mwakikagile have also been reviewed in the African Studies Review and in the Journal of Contemporary African Studies, including Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era and The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation which were reviewed in the African Studies Review. Nyerere and Africa was also reviewed in the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.
Mwakikagile has also written about race relations in the United States and relations between continental Africans and people of African descent in the diaspora in his titles such as Black Conservatives in The United States; Relations Between Africans and African Americans; and Relations Between Africans, African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans. Professor Kwame Essien of Gettysburg College, later Lehigh University, a Ghanaian, reviewed Relations Between Africans and African Americans: Misconceptions, Myths and Realities, in Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society, Volume 13, Issue 2, 2011, an academic journal of Columbia University, New York, and described it as an "insightful and voluminous" work covering a wide range of subjects from a historical and contemporary perspective, addressing some of the most controversial issues in relations between the two. It is also one of the most important books on the subject of relations between Africans and African Americans.
Selected bibliography[edit]
- Economic Development in Africa, ISBN 978-1560727088, Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. June 1999
- Africa and The West, 2000
- The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, ISBN 9781560729365, Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001
- Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties, ISBN 9781560729457, Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001
- Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001
- Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, 2002
- Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done (2004), ISBN 0980253470, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press, 2006
- Tanzania under Mwalimu Nyerere: Reflections on an African Statesman, 2004
- Black Conservatives: Are They Right or Wrong?, 2004
- Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era: Expanded Edition with Photos, 2005
- Relations Between Africans and African Americans: Misconceptions, Myths and Realities, 2005
- Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties: My Reflections and Narratives from The White Settler Community and Others, 2006
- African Countries: An Introduction, 2006
- Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood, ISBN 9789987160143, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press, 2006
- Life under Nyerere, 2006
- Black Conservatives in The United States, 2006
- Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent, 2006
- Relations Between Africans, African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans: Tensions, Indifference and Harmony, 2007
- Investment Opportunities and Private Sector Growth in Africa, 2007
- Kenya: Identity of A Nation, 2007
- South Africa in Contemporary Times, 2008
- South Africa and Its People,2008
- African Immigrants in South Africa, 2008
- The Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar: Product of The Cold War?, 2008
- Ethnicity and National Identity in Uganda: The Land and Its People, 2009
- My Life as an African: Autobiographical Writings, 2009
- Uganda: The Land and Its People, 2009
- Botswana Since Independence, 2009
- Congo in The Sixties, 2009
- A Profile of African Countries, 2009
- Africans and African Americans: Complex Relations – Prospects and Challenges, 2009
- Africa 1960 – 1970: Chronicle and Analysis, ISBN 9789987160075, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press, 2009
- Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, 5th Edition, ISBN 0980253411, Pretoria, South Africa: New Africa Press, 2010
- Zambia: Life in an African Country, 2010
- Belize and Its Identity: A Multicultural Perspective, 2010
- Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture, 2010
- Zambia: The Land and Its People, 2010
- Belize and Its People: Life in A Multicultural Society, 2010
- The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa, 2010
- South Africa as a Multi-Ethnic Society, 2010
- Life in Kenya: The Land and The People, Modern and Traditional Ways, 2010
- Botswana: Profile of A Nation, 2010
- Uganda: Cultures and Customs and National Identity, 2011
- Burundi: The Hutu and The Tutsi: Cauldron of Conflict and Quest for Dynamic Compromise, 2012
- Identity Politics and Ethnic Conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi: A Comparative Study, 2012
- The People of Uganda: A Social Perspective, 2012
- Uganda: A Nation in Transition: Post-colonial Analysis, 2012
- Obote to Museveni: Political Transformation in Uganda Since Independence, 2012
- Uganda Since The Seventies, 2012
- Civil Wars in Rwanda and Burundi: Conflict Resolution in Africa, 2013
- Peace and Stability in Rwanda and Burundi: The Road Not Taken, 2013
- Africa at the End of the Twentieth Century: What Lies Ahead, 2013
- Statecraft and Nation Building in Africa: A Post-colonial Study, 2014
- Africa in The Sixties, 2014
- Remembering The Sixties: A Look at Africa, 2014
- Restructuring The African State and Quest for Regional Integration: New Approaches, 2014
- Africa 1960 – 1970: Chronicle and Analysis, Revised Edition, 2014
- Post-colonial Africa: A General Study, 2014
- British Honduras to Belize: Transformation of a Nation, 2014
- Why Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form Tanzania, 2014
- Congo in The Sixties, Revised Edition, 2014
- The People of Kenya and Uganda, 2014
- Namibia: Conquest to Independence: Formation of a Nation, 2015
- Western Involvement in Nkrumah's Downfall, 2015
- Africa: Dawn of a New Era, 2015
- ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile, Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, ISBN 9789987160129, New Africa Press, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2009, p. 19. See also, G. Mwakikagile, My Life as an African: Autobiographical Writings, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press, 2009, p. 21. ISBN 9789987160051.
- ^ My Life as an African, p. 87.
- ^ Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, pp. 44, 77, 122; My Life as an African, pp. 47, 48, 78, 89, 92, 117, 119, 138, 154, 172, 175; Tanzania under Mwalimu Nyerere: Reflections on an African Statesman, ISBN 9780980253498, New Africa Press, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006, pp. 15–16.
- ^ My Life as an African, pp. 89–90; "Newsman Leaves for America," Daily News, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 7 November 1972, p. 3; Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, p. 56.
- ^ "Newsman Leaves for America," Daily News, 7 November 1972, p. 3; Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, p. 123; My Life as an African, p. 90.
- ^ "Newsman Leaves for America," Daily News, 7 November 1972, p. 3; Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, pp. 122–123; My Life as an African, p. 176.
- ^ Wayne State University Alumni, 1975; My Life as an African, pp. 76, 86, 120, 140, 164, 188, 190, 192, 246, 250, 266, 281; Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, 5th Edition, 2010, pp. 86, 491, 509–511, 658, 664–665.
- ^ My Life as an African, pp. 306, 328; Nyerere and Africa, p. 649.
- ^ "Former CUNA (Credit Union National Association) chairman Ken Marin dies," Credit Union Times, Hoboken, New Jersey, 8 January 2008. See also My Life as an African, p. 306; Nyerere and Africa, p. 649, 664.
- ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, 5th Edition, ISBN 0980253411, Pretoria, South Africa: New Africa Press, 2010.
- ^ A. B. Assensoh, review of Nyerere and Africa, in African Studies Review, Journal of African Studies Association, 2003.
- ^ David Simon, ed., Fifty Key Thinkers on Development: Routledge Key Guides, ISBN 9780415337908, London/New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.
- ^ Kofi Akosah-Sarpong, "Nyerere's Vision," in West Africa, 25 November–1 December 2002, p. 41; K. Akosah-Sarpong, "Back to The Roots," in West Africa, 21–27 January 2002, p. 43.
- ^ F. Ng'wanakilala, "Nyerere: True pan-Africanist, advocate of unity," in "Three Years After Mwalimu Nyerere", Daily News, 14 October 2002, p. 19.
- ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile quoted by South African Deputy President Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka in "Address Delivered by the Deputy President, Ms. Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka at the Third Annual Julius Nyerere Memorial Lecture at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa." Issued by the Presidency through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa, 6 September 2006.
- ^ Kofi Akosah-Sarpong, "Back to The Roots," in West Africa, 21–27 January 2002, p. 43.
- ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa and The West, ISBN 9781560728405, Huntington, New York, 2001, pp. 1–46, and 201–218.
- ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, 5th Edition, 2010. For Mwakikagile's Pan-Africanist views and perspectives, see also Professor Eric Edi of Temple University, "Pan-West Africanism and Political Instability: Perspectives and Reflections," which cites Mwakikagile's books Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties and The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation.
- ^ Kwesi Johnson-Taylor, "Author, a shrewd intellectual in defence of liberation icons," review of Nyerere and Africa, amazon.com, 21 February 2006.
- ^ Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era.
- ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood, 2006, pp. 86, 91, 168–171; Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa 1960 – 1970: Chronicle and Analysis, 2009, p. 510; Roger Pfister, Apartheid South Africa and African States: From Pariah to Middle Power, 1961–1994, London/New York: I.B. Tauris & Co., International Library of African Studies 14, 2005, p. 40, ISBN 1850436258; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa, ISBN 0852553072, London: James Currey/Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1986, p. 237; Mwesiga Baregu and Christopher Landsberg, eds, From Cape to Congo: Southern Africa's Evolving Security Challenges, London/Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003ISBN 1588261026; ISBN 1588261271.
- ^ In May 1963, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) was founded in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The OAU chose Tanzania to be the headquarters of the African liberation movements under the auspices of the OAU Liberation Committee which was based in Tanzania's capital Dar es Salaam.
- ^ Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, pp. 92–93. See also Nyerere and Africa, pp. 10–12, 65, 314, 363, 375, 484.
- ^ Nyerere and Africa, pp. 224, 487–488; "Newsman Leaves for America," Daily News, 7 November 1972, p. 3.
- ^ Nyerere and Africa, pp. 360, 486. See also, "Brendon Grimshaw Dead," Seychelles Nation, Victoria, Seychelles, Thursday, 7 July 2012; "Brendon Grimshaw is dead," Daily News, Dar es Salaam, 7 July 2012.
- ^ Nyerere and Africa, pp. 486, 500, 569; My Life as an African: Autobiographical Writings, pp. 89, 156, 176, 375–376, 378.
- ^ Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done, 2006; Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood, ISBN 9789987160143, New Africa Press, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2006; The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, ISBN 9781560729365, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Huntington, New York, 2001; Military Coups in West Africa Since the Sixties, ISBN 9781560729457, Huntington, New York, 2001; Military Coups in West Africa Since the Sixties, 2001. George B. N. Ayittey, Africa Betrayed, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, ISBN 9780312104009, 1993, p. 294.
- ^ Kwesi Johnson-Taylor, "Author, a shrewd intellectual in defence of liberation icons," in his review of Mwakikagile's book, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, on amazon.com, 21 February 2006.
- ^ Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, pp. 31 – 32. See also Africa is in A Mess and Africa and The West.
- ^ Ronald Taylor-Lewis, in his review of Godfrey Mwakikagile, The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, in Mano Vision, London, Issue 23, October 2001, pp. 34–35. See also Professor Catherine S. M. Duggan, Department of Political Science, Stanford University, in her paper, "Do Different Coups Have Different Implications for Investment? Some Intuitions and A Test With A New Set of Data," in which she cites Mwakikagile on fundamental changes in African countries. See also Godfrey Mwakikagile, cited in Christopher E. Miller, A Glossary of Terms and Concepts in Peace and Conflict Studies, p. 87; and in Gabi Hesselbein, Frederick Golooba-Mutebi, and James Putzel, "Economic and Political Foundations of State-Making in Africa: Understanding State Reconstruction," Working Paper No. 3, 2006.
- ^ The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation; Wole Soyinka, The Open Sore of a Continent: A Personal Narrative of The Nigerian Crisis, ISBN 9780195119213, Oxford University Press, 1997; Chinua Achebe, The Trouble with Nigeria, ISBN 9789781561474, Enugu, Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., 2000.
- ^ See also Ismail Rashid, a Sierra Leonian in exile in Canada, in the New African, London, May 1992, p. 10; Rashid Ismail in G. B. N. Ayittey, Africa Betrayed (1993), p. 295. See also George B. N. Ayittey, Africa in Chaos: A Comparative History, ISBN 0312217870, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997; Wole Soyinka, in a speech at Wellesley College, Massachusetts, quoted by Zia Jaffrey, "The Writer in Exile as 'Opposition Diplomat,'" in the International Herald Tribune, 2 May 1997, p. 24; Africa is in A Mess, pp. 63–64; Peter Anassi, Corruption in Africa: The Kenyan Experience, p. 209; Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, in Popular Struggles for Democracy in Africa (London: Zed Books, 1987), pp. 14–25.
- ^ Alfred A. R. Latigo, The Best Options for Africa: 11 Political, Economic and Divine Principles, ISBN 9781426907678, Trafford Publishing, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2010, pp. 114–115; Senyo B-S.K. Adjibolosoo, The Human Factor in Developing Africa, ISBN 027595059-X, Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, USA, 1995, p. 64; John Mukum Mbaku, Institutions and Development in Africa, Africa World Press, 2004, ISBN 1592212069, p. 236.
- ^ Dr. Kenday Samuel Kamara of Walden University in his abstract "Considering the Enormity of Africa's Problems, is Re-Colonization an Option?" cites Africa is in A Mess: What Went Wrong and What Should Be Done and related works by other African leading academic authors, including Professor Ali Mazrui, and Professor George Ayittey's Africa in Chaos. See also Tunde Obadina, "The Myth of Neo-Colonialism," in Africa Economic Analysis, 2000; and Timothy Murithi, The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peacebuilding and Development.
- ^ Professor Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, a Zimbambwean teaching international studies at Monash University, South Africa campus, in his abstract "Gods of Development, Demons of Underdevelopment and Western Salvation: A Critique of Development Discourse as a Sequel to the CODESRIA and OSSREA International Conferences on Development in Africa" (June 2006), advances the same argument as Mwakikagile and cites Africa is in A Mess to support his thesis. See also Floyd Shivambu, "Floyd's Perspectives: Societal Tribalism in South Africa," 1 September 2005, who cites Mwakikagile's Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, in his condemnation of tribalism in post-apartheid South Africa; Mary Elizabeth Flournoy of Agnes Scott College, in her paper "Nigeria: Bounded by Ropes of Oil," citing Mwakikagile's writings, including Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria; Professor Eric Edi of Temple University, in his paper, "Pan West Africanism and Political Instability: Perspectives and Reflections," citing Mwakikagile's books Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties and The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation.
- ^ Professor Claude E. Welch, Jr., in African Studies Review, Vol. 45, No. 3, December 2002, pp. 124–125; and Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, reviewed by Nigerian Professor Khadijat K. Rashid of Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. in African Studies Review, Vol. 46, No. 2, September 2003, pp. 92 – 98).


text:
As top DFL officials try to unify the party behind presumptive candidate Hillary Clinton, protesters and activists are demonstrating throughout Philadelphia during the Democratic National Convention.
(Worst)10. Rhode IslandMedian income: $39,050State tax on median income: $1,464.38Unemployment rate: 5.4%
Since the Secret Service now scrambles its radio communications, there's no longer much of a security reason for giving presidents, candidates and their families code names.
Since announcing his presidential campaign in June 2015, Donald Trump has made headlines with a series of provocative quotes and comments. Check out some of the most notable, as compiled and transcribed by CNN, eonline.com and other sources.


text:
The Hobbit: Evangeline Lilly Talks About HersElf
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Milla Jovovich Reveals Old Alice in Resident Evil: The Final Chapter


text:
Release Date:
July 28, 2009
Date Published:
July 28, 2009
Sidhe-seer MacKayla Lane finds that time is running out as All Hallows' Eve approaches and she tries to keep the Sinsar Dubh, an ancient book of dark magic that only she knows how to find, out of the hands of Fae and human alike.
Karen Marie Moning continues her wildly popular paranormal romance series with FAEFEVER, set in Dublin, Ireland. Mac Lane must prevent an invasion from the Faery world on All Hallow's Eve. Determined to avenge her sister's death, Mac suddenly finds herself caught in the middle of an epic battle between the good Fae and the bad Fae. Moning once again crafts a dark underworld with plenty of ****** hookups in her bestselling FEVER books. Fans of the steamy BLOODFEVER and DARKFEVER are sure to gobble up this third installment in the series.
Author: Karen Marie Moning
Genre: Fiction + Literature Themes, Juvenile Fiction, Fiction + Literature Genres
Sub-Genre: Science Fiction + Fantasy, Supernatural, Suspense
- Genre: Fiction + Literature Genres, Juvenile Fiction, Fiction + Literature Themes
- Subgenre: Suspense, Supernatural, Science Fiction + Fantasy
- Publisher: Dell Pub Co
- Pages: 389
- Edition: Reprint
- Language: English
- Release Date: July 28, 2009
- Author: Karen Marie Moning
other Info.
- Online Item #: 11400084
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 059-02-5957
- Item can be gift wrapped.
- Made in the USA or Imported


text:
Read the July issue of Petfood Industry!
July 2016
The July 2016 issue of Petfood Industry covers a Canadian specialty pet food company with a "quality first, pets first" philosophy behind all of its products.
Agromed Austria OptiCell is a lignocellulose product made from fresh wood, processed to an ultra-fine particle size and used as a dietary fiber source in animal nutrition. It combines non-fermentable and fermentable dietary fiber, providing prebiotic activity, according to the company.


text:
Golden Gate Senior Services
Rating: 0 stars 0 0 review 630
6221 Geary Blvd Third Floor San Francisco CA 94121 USA
Golden Gate Senior Services provides services to the underserved seniors in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender communities as well as people of color and developmentally disabled seniors.
GGSS has three major programs operating in the city of San Francisco. The Castro Senior Center is the only senior center in San Francisco dedicated to providing a safe and welcoming environment for the LGBT senior community. The Richmond Senior Center serves a large population of disabled seniors and adults as well as memebers of San Francisco's Asian community. Project Integration serves the population of developmentally disabled seniors and adults that participate in the acitivities of both senior center's. Both senior center's host a hot lunch provided by Project Open Hand Senior Lunch Program.
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text:
I have a character string of the date in Year-week format as such:
weeks.strings <- c("2002-26", "2002-27", "2002-28", "2002-29", "2002-30", "2002-31")
However, converting this character to Date class results in a loss of week identifier:
> as.Date(weeks.strings, format="%Y-%U")
[1] "2002-08-28" "2002-08-28" "2002-08-28" "2002-08-28" "2002-08-28"
[6] "2002-08-28"
As shown above, the format is converted into year- concatenated with today's date, so any information about the original week is lost (ex - when using the format function or strptime to try and coerce back into the original format.
One solution I found in a help group is to specify the day of the week:
as.Date(weeks.strings, format="%Y-%u %U")
[1] "2002-02-12" "2002-02-19" "2002-02-26" "2002-03-05" "2002-01-02"
[6] "2002-01-09"
But it looks like this results in incorrect week numbering (doesn't match the original string).
Any guidance would be appreciated.


text:
Abraham Joshua Heschel
Shai Held
Indiana University Press, $45, 333 pp.
Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907–72) was one of the most eloquent religious figures of the twentieth century—a "jeweler of words," in the estimation of one colleague. Prolific both as a scholar and as a devotional writer, he left work that continues to circulate widely within Jewish circles and beyond. A political activist, Heschel participated in the Selma Civil Rights March in 1965. (There is an iconic photo of him alongside Martin Luther King Jr., John Lewis, and Ralph Abernathy.) Heschel viewed the march itself as a mode of worship: "I felt my legs were praying," he recalled later. In 1965 he was one of the founding members of Clergy and Laity Concerned About Vietnam.
Heschel played a key role in many interreligious initiatives. Among his Catholic friends were Jesuits Gustav Weigel and John Courtney Murray, as well as Trappist monk Thomas Merton. Yet his friendships with such influential Catholic figures did not preclude criticism, most notably when he intervened in the drafting of Nostra Aetate at Vatican II. A draft of the document asserted that "the church expects in unshakable faith and with ardent desire...the union of the Jewish people with the church." In response, Heschel sent a statement to council participants, declaring himself "ready to go to Auschwitz any time, if faced with the alternative of conversion or death."
To read the rest of this article please login or become a subscriber.
About the Author
Mary C. Boys is the Skinner and McAlpin Professor of Practical Theology at Union Theological Seminary in New York City, and author of the forthcoming <i>Redeeming Our Sacred Story: The Death of Jesus and Relations between Jews and Christians</i> (Paulist Press).


text:
In my Ruby app I'm trying to come up with a foolproof and cross-platform way of ensuring that a parent's child processes get killed when the parent does (see this question).
One possibility that I'm exploring is the idea of spawning a separate process that watches the parent and kills the child process if the parent dies. I've already come up with an effective way of letting this monitoring process know when the parent dies, but now I need a way for it to watch the child process so the monitoring process can exit if the child dies before the parent. Note that the "child process" is a child of the monitoring process's parent, not the monitoring process itself.
So what I need to know is this: Given the PID of some process, how can I check if that process is still running (or better yet, be notified when it dies) in a way that is cross-platform? (E.g. works on both Linux and Windows.)


text: Politics 22 September 2010 Harman blames economic crisis for failure to oust Brown "Leadership crisis" in middle of "economic crisis" would have been wrong Print HTML Gordon Brown could not be forced out of office during the "coup" attempt in January because of the "grave economic situation" and his determination to stay in power, Harriet Harman has said. In an interview to be published in tomorrow's New Statesman, Harman, the acting Labour leader, is asked why she did not tell Brown to go during a one to one meeting with him during the "coup that never was", which was led by Geoff Hoon, Patricia Hewitt and Charles Clarke and exclusively revealed first by this blog. Harman replies: There are three overriding things there. First is that the country was still in the middle of a grave economic situation and to have a leadership crisis in the middle of government, in the middle of people worrying about whether their jobs are going to go . . .So, there's a huge economic crisis. The second thing was that, because of that, there was no general view in the party that Gordon needed to be pushed out of office. And third, Gordon was very determined to take his responsibilities as prime minister seriously and see the country through the recession. For the full version of the wide ranging interview, see the magazine out tomorrow or Newstatesman.com in due course. › New Statesman | 27 September 2010 James Macintyre is political correspondent for the New Statesman. Subscribe More Related articles Cabinet audit: what does the appointment of Andrea Leadsom as Environment Secretary mean for policy? How the "conscience" objection for doctors is being used to threaten safe access to abortion A Lord's Test match is a wonderful social event – not least because of who shows up for interview


text:
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Feb 1, 1972
|Filing date
|Mar 13, 1970
|Priority date
|Mar 13, 1970
|Publication number
|Albert E Heflin Sr
|Original Assignee
|Teledoc Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (24), Classifications (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Y3? o i it i PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM WITH BEDSHEET-MOUNTED ANTENNA Albert E. Hellin, Sr., El Cajon, Calif.
Teledoc Corporation, El Cajon, Calif.
Mar. 13, 1970 inventor:
Appl. No.:
US. Cl ..l28/2.l A, 128/205 R, 340/224, 340/279, 343/720, 343/908 Int. Cl. ..A6lb 5/05 Field of Search ..128/2.05 Q, 2.05 R, 206 G, 128/206 R, 2.1 A, 2.1 R; 340/224, 279, 416;
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Feb. 1, 1972 3,4Lo,u3u H1966 Moore ..l28/2.1 R
OTHER PUBLICATIONS Geddes et al., American Journal of Medical Electronics, Jan. Mar 1962, pp. 62- 69.
Primary Examiner-William E. Kamm Attorney-Carl R. Brown [57] ABSTRACT A patient monitoring system in which biological data are sensed by a self-contained unit attached to the patient, the unit containing a very low-powered radio transmitter. A radio receiver is coupled to an antenna which is incorporated in the bed covering in such a manner as to pickup signals from the transmitter regardless of the position of the patient on the bed, the antenna being flexible to avoid discomfort to the patient and to withstand motion of the patient. The metal bedframe acts as a shield against unwanted radio frequency signals. Suitable display and recording apparatus can be connected to the receiver at the bedside or at a remote location. r
llllllll PATENTEB FEB I I972- DISPLAY RECORDER TRANSMITTER Fig l INVENTOR. ALBERT E. HEFL|N,SR.
ATTORNEY PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM WITH BEDSHEET- MOUNTED ANTENNA BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In an intensive care facility, the condition of a patient is often monitored on instruments connected to sensing devices attached to the patient, the instruments being at the bedside or at a remote location. The various sensors are usually connected by electrical wiring to the instruments, the wiring being a nuisance and greatly restricting movement of the patient. Motion of a patient during sleep can pull a sensor loose and cause a loss of data or false data. Biological sensors have been developed which use a radio link to convey data to a monitoring source, such as for monitoring an ambulatory patient or for telemetry of data from a pilot or astronaut in flight. Radio link apparatus of this type must have sufficient power for reasonable transmission range and is subject to interference from other sources of radiation. It is thus desirable to have a wireless monitoring link from a patient to the readout apparatus, which is particularly adapted for bed patients and is not subject to interference.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The apparatus described herein utilizes a self-contained biological sensor unit attached to a patient and having a very low power radio transmitter with a range on the order of a few feet. Signals are picked up by an antenna incorporated into the bed covering, preferably under the patient, so that the metal bed frame structure acts as a shield against outside radiation. The antenna is flexible to accommodate movement of the patient and avoid discomfort, and has a pattern of conductive elements which ensure signal reception regardless of the position of the patient on the bed. From the antenna, connections are easily made to bedside or remote instrumentation for monitoring.
The primary object of this invention, therefore, is to provide a new and improved patient monitoring system.
Another object of this invention is to provide a new and improved patient monitoring system having a wireless biological sensing and transmitting unit which does not hamper movement of the patient.
A further object of this invention is to provide a new and improved patient monitoring system in which the receiving antenna for the signals is incorporated in the bed covering and is shielded against outside interference by the bed frame.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become more apparent upon a reading of the following detailed description and an examination of the drawings wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. I is a block diagram of the sensor and transmitter unit.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the antenna and receiver unit.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a typical bed with an antenna and bedside instrumentation.
FIG. 4 is an underside view of a portion of a blanket or the like, incorporating the antenna.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view taken on line 5-5 of FIG. 4.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The sensor unit 10, shown in FIG. 1, includes a temperature sensor 12, a heart beat pickup 14 and an EKG-sensor 16, as an example. The temperature sensor may be a thermistor or similar quick response thermocouple, the heart beat pickup can be a simple microphone, and the EKG-sensor usually has spaced skin contacting electrodes. Such devices, and others for various biological sensing purposes, are well known and any desired combination may be incorporated in the sensor unit. All the sensors are connected to a radio transmitter 18 of conventional design, having an antenna 20. Since the range involved is measured in inches, or a few feet at the most, the transmitter can be a very low powered type and the antenna need be no more than a terminal or stub. The sensor unit is preferably a single self-contained unit for direct attachment to a patient at a suitable location, such as under an arm. Such units, attached adhesively or strapped on, are known and take a variety of forms, the block diagram being intended only as a typical representation.
The instrumentation unit 22, shown in FIG. 2, includes a radio receiver 24, a display instrument 26 and a recorder 28. Receiver 24 is of conventional type and may be built into or separate from the display instrument. The display includes conventional type readouts for showing the particular biological functions, such as an oscilloscope 30 for the EKG-data and digital or meter type instruments 32 and 34 for temperature and heart beat rate, respectively. Recorder 28 is a conventional tape or strip graph recorder commonly used for biological monitoring. It is assumed that suitable conventional amplitier means is included in the receiver to provide proper signals for the display and recorder.
Signals are received by an antenna 36, shown as a multiple armed dipole connected to receiver 24. The antenna is incorporated in or attached to part of the bed covering, such as a sheet or blanket 38 titted over the mattress under the patient. The dipole arrangement, with multiple radial arms 40 extending from a common center, ensures adequate reception of signals with the patient in any position on the bed. A total of eight arms is shown, but any convenient number may be used. To avoid discomfort to the patient and prevent damage to the antenna from patient motion, the antenna is made from flexible material such as metallized plastic. Aluminized mylar has been found satisfactory and has good strength characteristics, and may be attached to blanket 38 by adhesion or stitching.
L-eadouts 42, also of metallized plastic, extend from the dipoles to an edge of the blanket and are connected to a twowire conductor 48 for connection to the receiver. A suitable detachable connector may be used at the leadouts to allow cleaning of the blanket by normal techniques. In FIG. 5 the antenna elements are shown with their metal surfaces 44 against the blanket and the plastic backing 46 outside. If necessary, the antenna could be sandwiched between two layers of material for protection.
In the installation shown in FIG. 3, the instrumentation unit 22 is on a bedside table 50, but could be at a remote location, or supplemented by remote instruments. With the antenna 36 in the horizontal plane on top the mattress, the metal bed frame 52 acts as a shield against outside interference which might cause false readings. While the receiver can be made selective to specific frequency and signal characteristics of the transmitter, there are many sources of radiation which can cause spurious signals. In a bed with raised side structure the shielding effect would be greater.
The band of frequencies normally available for such use is from 88 to mHz., at which frequencies the antenna arms 40 would be about 15 inches long for an average one eighth wavelength, precise matching not being critical. This dimension is compatible with the usual size of hospital beds. Due to the very low power involved there would be no interference between similar units used at adjacent beds.
Having described my invention, I now claim.
1. A patient monitoring system comprising,
a sensor unit for attachment to a patient with sensors that sense certain biological functions and provide output signals in response thereto,
radio transmitter means responsive to said output signals for transmitting signals corresponding to said output signals,
a receiving antenna comprising a flexible bed covering sheet for fitting over a bed and under a patient and having a metallized plastic material secured on portions thereof,
lead out conductors integral with said antenna and of similar material and extending to the edge of the bed covering element,
and readout instrumentation means having a radio receiver connected to said conductor for receiving the transmitted signals.
and said arms are substantially radial about a common center between the dipoles. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein at least portions of the bed are of metal and comprise an interference shield for said antenna.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 21, 1950
|Mar 30, 1954
|Stevens Robert H
|High-frequency antenna system
|Aug 21, 1962
|Oct 19, 1965
|United Aircraft Corp
|Molecular physiological monitoring system
|Jun 11, 1965
|Jan 4, 1966
|Gen Dynamics Corp
|Shielded antenna
|Jul 6, 1965
|Jul 11, 1967
|Trg Inc
|Antenna structure unfurlable from ribbon form into tubular shape
|Nov 30, 1965
|Apr 15, 1969
|George Washington Ltd
|Activity detectors
|Geddes et al., American Journal of Medical Electronics, Jan. Mar., 1962, pp. 62 69.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 5, 1973
|Dec 3, 1974
|Beaumont W Hospital
|Bed egress alarm circuit
|Aug 23, 1973
|Nov 25, 1975
|Lee R Baessler
|Method and system utilizing a disposable transmitter for monitoring a patient{3 s condition
|Dec 27, 1976
|Dec 12, 1978
|Camin Research Corp.
|Patient monitoring system
|Jan 21, 1993
|Mar 22, 1994
|Dodakian Wayne S
|Self-contained apnea monitor
|Nov 18, 1992
|Nov 1, 1994
|Campbell Jr William G
|Respiratory and cardiac monitor
|Jan 30, 1995
|Aug 27, 1996
|I Am Fine, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for remote monitoring of physiological parameters
|Aug 5, 1996
|Feb 9, 1999
|Healthtech Service Corporation
|Interactive patient assistance device for storing and dispensing a testing device
|Nov 7, 1996
|Mar 16, 1999
|Spacelabs Medical, Inc.
|Wireless patient monitoring apparatus using inductive coupling
|Jan 5, 2001
|Aug 26, 2003
|Nocwatch, Inc.
|Attitude indicator and activity monitoring device
|Jun 18, 2002
|Jan 27, 2004
|Anderson Bio-Bed, Incorporated
|Apparatus for imparting continuous motion to a mattress
|Jul 14, 2003
|Aug 30, 2005
|Kci Licensing, Inc.
|Power and electrical signal interface for a therapeutic bed
|Oct 21, 2003
|Apr 29, 2008
|General Electric Company
|Telemetry sensing system for infant care apparatus
|Mar 28, 2006
|Jan 6, 2009
|Kci Licensing, Inc.
|Control member for therapeutic bed
|May 4, 2007
|Jul 8, 2014
|Body Science Llc
|Wireless medical diagnosis and monitoring equipment
|Jul 14, 2003
|Jan 22, 2004
|Krywiczanin Wladyslaw H.
|Data and power interface for therapeutic bed
|May 21, 2002
|Apr 7, 2005
|Sullivan Colin Edward
|Electronic monitoring system
|Oct 21, 2003
|Apr 21, 2005
|Mackin Michael H.
|Telemetry sensing system for infant care apparatus
|Mar 28, 2006
|Jul 27, 2006
|Kci Licensing, Inc.
|Head restraint for therapeutic bed
|May 4, 2007
|Sep 6, 2007
|Marcus Besson
|Wireless medical diagnosis and monitoring equipment
|Nov 6, 2006
|May 8, 2008
|Adams Jerad D
|Infant sleep position monitoring system and method
|Mar 10, 2008
|Jul 31, 2008
|Mackin Michael H
|Telemetry sensing system for infant care apparatus
|Apr 29, 2008
|Oct 29, 2009
|Jack Greene
|Rfid to prevent reprocessing
|May 16, 1975
|Mar 30, 1976
|William Beaumont Hospital
|Bed egress alarm circuit
|Nov 3, 1993
|May 26, 1994
|I Am Fine, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for remote monitoring of physiological parameters
|U.S. Classification
|600/301, 343/720, 128/903, 5/658, 343/908, 340/870.15, 340/870.18, 5/600, 600/513
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
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Displayit Inc
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Displayit, based just outside Atlanta, GA, was founded in 1996. Displayit began offering better display values by marketing trade show display products through printed catalogs. In 1997, Displayit launched its first trade show display website, exhibitstog... more
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BYM Pastoral Care Committee
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The Rug Company
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University of Central Florida


text:
Posted by ESPN.com's Graham Watson
•Adam Nettina of ArmySports.com has a two-part Q&A with new Army head coach Rich Ellerson. It's some good stuff. You can find Part I here and Part II here.
•Yet another story in a Nebraska paper about Louisiana. There's definitely a fixation on the Ragin' Cajuns.
•Teddy Feinberg of the Las Cruces Sun-News writes that local kids won't sign with New Mexico State because of things that have happened in the past.
•East Carolina continues to enjoy playing tough nonconference opponents.
•The Kansas City Star has an interesting anecdote about how former Western Michigan tight end Branden Ledbetter was chosen in the new United Football League's draft.
•BYU fans are not shy about shelling out the cash to see the Cougars take on Oklahoma in September.
•New BYU commit Jake Heaps has been out on the recruiting trail helping to bring more high-level players to BYU. The one interesting part of the story is that Kyle Van Noy, who's admission was deferred because of a DUI, has apparently moved in with Heaps and is helping with the recruiting process.