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Notes from an "alternate universe". Introduction to a new way of thinking.
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[quote:Chaol:MV84NzI1OTBfMzUzMjIwMTJfNTk3ODFFNzU=] [quote:Unit3:MV84NzI1OTBfMzUzMDQ4NTdfMUNDNjcyRkE=] [quote:Chaol:MV84NzI1OTBfMzUyODIwNThfNUMyREY5NkI=] [quote:Unit3:MV84NzI1OTBfMzUyNzM4NDlfNkNFNTlCMA==] [quote:Chaol:MV84NzI1OTBfMzUyNzExNDJfMzRDNDczM0M=] [quote:Unit3:MV84NzI1OTBfMzUyNDI3NzJfNEU3MTg5NzM=] AWESOME!!!!!! This is cool. Okay, so I'd also like to pick up a pen and write when I read stuff during dream time, so that I might have a better change of remembering it when awake. Hmmmmmm, so my taking notes from what we chat about here is an example of that, maybe? [/quote] Whatever you are doing now you are doing it both worlds. You interpret it in one way in one world, and an other way in an other world. As you write it down in your dream you are also writing it down in your waking world (however, this would probably be translated different in your waking world. Perhaps you'd take a boat ride and have a revelation whilst looking at the sheets of waves). [quote:Unit3:MV84NzI1OTBfMzUyNDI3NzJfNEU3MTg5NzM=] Also, are you talking about the dream where 3 of us in separate locations, in a 24 hour period experienced a similar type dream? And we haven't realized the value of that accomplishment? It was one event, right? See, I want to have that happen again and again until it's my reality!!!! [/quote] There are multiple such instances. Even one would be a world-changing feat. [b]But it may take some time to let it sink in.[/b] [/quote] Can write a genius or a word to help it sink in faster? [/quote] Sure. Come up with a word with a meaning of "shared dreaming" and use it. [/quote] And the sentence I use it in does not have to extend the meaning of the word? Correct? I chose LatKet for my word but I could say, Hey look, it's LatKet outside. And, are the words around the made up word considered interaction? Iow, is this a condensed Genius so to speak? [/quote] Perhaps it's better to make it a word like any other. For example, "latket". Yes saying, "Hey look, it's LatKet outside." would integrate the representation further into your reality. The words around it are interaction, yes :) clever... And, yes, it is the Genius at work. (So is speaking English or any other language. All using the elements in the same way.) [/quote]
Original Message
I have been living in this world for some time now.
I came from a place also named Earth, much like this planet. There are a number of differences between my home and yours.
I thought it would be interesting to share a few things with you that are relatively common knowledge where I am from. My reasons for doing so will probably be more apparent in the future.
* Consciousness does not exist (but relationships do)
* Matter is gravity that has been structured
* We are not human (we are perspectives)
* When the totality of something cannot be grasped, it appears infinite.
* Space is not physical
* There is no "now" or "here", but relationships.
We use a kind of language like you use numbers here. Numbers, representations of abstract concepts, were 'invented' to work more easily with the world around us. Our language is no different.
If it were invented today it would probably be thought of as existing in parallel with science. A new kind of science.
This language also enables the shifting of perspective like a kind of mental technology. Some of you may find it quite interesting.
If anyone is interested in learning more please let me know.
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Sovereignty in Transition
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more"Sovereignty in Transition" brings together a group of leading scholars from law and cognate disciplines to assess contemporary developments in the framework of ideas and the variety of institutional forms associated with the concept of sovereignty. Sovereignty has been described as the main organising concept of the international society of states - one which is traditionally central to the discipline and practice of both constitutional law and of international law. The volume asks to what extent, and with what implications, this centrality is challenged by contemporary developments that shift authority away from the state to new sub-state, supra-state and non-state forms.A particular focus of attention is the European Union, and the relationship between the sovereignty traditions of various member states on the one hand and the new claims to authority made on behalf of the European Union itself on the other are examined. The collection also includes contributions from international law, legal philosophy, legal history, political theory, political science, international relations and theology that seek to examine the state of the sovereignty debate in these disciplines in ways that throw light on the focal constitutional debate in the European Union. less
Hart Publishing Limited; Read online
Title: Sovereignty in Transition
Author: Neil Walker
Title: Sovereignty in Transition
Author: Neil Walker
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Roaring Twenties Wedding Theme
Whether its the Great Gatsby or the look of gangsters, a roaring twenties wedding theme can add a fun and unusual spin to any wedding. If you are interested in being united in the look of the twenties, here are some different ideas to get you started.
The 1920s had a style all its own and with a twenties wedding theme, planning will be enjoyable and memorable. Start by transforming your wedding party into an era of speakeasy with costumes resembling Eliot Ness, Al Capone, Lucky Luciano, Bugsy Malone, and John Dillinger. You and your future husband can also think about dressing yourselves up as Bonnie and Clyde.
The brides dress should fit into the twenties wedding theme. Have a seamstress design one with an intermission hemline, making it shorter in front and long in the back. Dropped waistline and pleated skirts were a popular look in the twenties and would make a beautiful wedding dress. For headdress, try a Juliet cap, coronet or a simple band of silk flowers worn lower on the forehead. Dont forget stockings (pantyhose) that have noticeable seams. These were a big look for women of the twenties.


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Gerald Webre
Published: Friday, July 10, 2009 at 12:35 p.m.
Last Modified: Friday, July 10, 2009 at 12:35 p.m.
Gerald Patrick Webre, 79, a native and resident of Thibodaux, died Wednesday, July 8, 2009.
Visitation will be from 8 a.m. to fuenral time Saturday at Landry's Funeral Home in Thibodaux. Service will be at 11 a.m. Saturday at the funeral home.
He is survived by two sons, James and Eric Webre; one brother, Rodney Webre; three grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.
He was preceded in death by his wife, Toyoko Webre; and his parents, Emile and Coralie Morvant Webre.
In lieu of flowers, memorial donations can be made to Webre Tomb Project c/o James Webre, 2800 N. Warren Ave., Oklahoma City, Okla., 73107.
Landry's Funeral Home is in charge of arrangements.
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Colorado's Hickenlooper Calls for School Cuts to Trim Budget Gap
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Colorado joined 11 states that previously forecast deficits in fiscal 2013 totaling $15.9 billion, according to a September report by the Denver-based National Conference of State Legislatures. The general-fund budget for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 2012, not including federal spending, is $7.3 billion, a 3.2 percent increase from the prior year.
In Colorado, the budget gap is driven largely by an 11.1-percent increase in Medicaid costs and a 3.7-percent jump in prison expenditures, said Henry Sobanet, director of the governor's Planning and Budgeting Office, in a briefing yesterday.


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The 2003 Tablas Creek Vineyard Mourvèdre is Tablas Creek's first bottling of its 100% Mourvedre. The wine shows the classically cherry, fig, mocha and spice flavors, medium to full body, and a spicy, appealing finish of saddle leather and loam of the Mourvèdre grape.
We use most of our Mourvèdre in our Esprit de Beaucastel each year. However, in 2003, we were so pleased by the Mourvèdre that we harvested that we reserved one foudre plus a few barrels of Mourvèdre for a single-varietal.
Our Mourvèdre grapes were grown on our 120-acre certified organic estate vineyard.
The 2003 vintage was tremendous: warm and sunny, with cool nights that prolonged the hangtime of the grapes and led to wines with excellent acidity. A relatively early flowering, combined with a warm but not overly hot summer produced unusually long hangtime, and grapes with concentrated flavors and a distinct minerality. The extended harvest meant that we harvested varietals multiple times, with Mourvèdre (as usual our latest-ripening red varietal) harvested between September 25th and October 29th.
The Mourvèdre grapes were destemmed and then fermented using native yeasts in a balance of small open-top and enclosed stainless steel tanks. After three weeks, they were pressed, and moved to a balance of new and old French oak barrels to complete their fermentation. The red wines were assembled in June of 2004, and aged for an additional year in 1200-gallon foudres, before being bottled in May 2005. The wine underwent only a light filtration before bottling, and should be expected to throw a sediment over time.
The 2003 Mourvèdre displays a classic nose of roasted meats, cherries and spice. Juicy and full in the mouth, it features lingering notes of coffee, chocolate and leather, with a pronounced mineral finish.
[...more recent Tablas Creek press]
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October 14th - 16th, 2016
Celebrate Paso Robles Harvest Wine Weekend with Tablas Creek. Join us in the tasting room all weekend for a first look at our flagship Esprit de Tablas wines from the vibrant, powerful 2014 vintage. We will kick off the festival Friday night at McPhee's Grill in Templeton with a four-course, five-wine dinner. For reservations, call us at 805.237.1231 x230 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. On Saturday, join us in the cellar at Tablas Creek for a series of interactive harvest cellar tours throughout the day. Led by Executive Winemaker Neil Collins, guests will sample wines in various stages of the winemaking process and learn about the 2016 harvest and winemaking at Tablas Creek. Tours will be offered 10:30, 12:00, 2:00 and 3:30 (limited to 20 guests per tour; free to all guests). Details & more events »
We are excited for our inaugural release of our newest grape, of which the half-acre we planted is California's first. Details »
We were proud to learn that Tablas Creek Partner/GM Jason Haas was voted by his peers the 2015 Paso Robles Wine Industry Person of the Year. His father, our founder Robert Haas, wrote this appreciation on our blog.
In Robert Parker's Wine Advocate (Issue 220) 15 Tablas wines topped 90 points, including 2014 Esprit de Tablas (93-96), 2013 Panoplie (94-96), and 2014 Panoplie (95-97). Read the review » More press »
July 28, 2016
By Barbara Haas
Being in the wine business means being in the business of giving pleasure. We want our wines to taste good and to improve the moments in which they are served. In order for us to do this, we frequently depend on the shared experience of good food. The way that wine and food speak to each other is critically important to the appreciation of both. Think of musical instruments either in tune or not. Read More »


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Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Languageby Steven Pinker
View All Available Formats & Editions
In Words and Rules, Steven Pinker answers these and many other questions. Hi new book shares the wit and style of his classic, The Language Instinct, but explores language in a completely different way. In this book, Pinker explains the profound mysteries of language by picking a deceptively simple single phenomenon and irregular verbs - connects an astonishing array of topics in the sciences and humanities: the history of languages; the theories of Noam Chomsky and his critics; the attempts to duplicate human language using computer simulations of neural networks; the illuminating errors of children as they begin to speak; the peculiarities of as the English language; the sources of the major ideas in the history of Western philosophy; the latest techniques in identifying genes and imaging the living brain.
Editorial Reviews
Wall Street Journal
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Product Details
- 9780060958404
- Publisher:
- HarperCollins Publishers
- Publication date:
- 11/28/2000
- Series:
- Harper Perennial
- Edition description:
- Reprint
- Pages:
- 368
- Product dimensions:
- 5.31(w) x 8.00(h) x 0.82(d)
Read an Excerpt
Chapter One
Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over the world members of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen to others do the same. We do this, of course, not only because we like the sounds but because details of the sounds contain information about the intentions of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a means of sharing our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to speech, we can be led to think thoughts that have never been thought before and that never would have occurred to us on our own. Behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence. Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King without the help and support of the woman I love.
Language has fascinated people for thousands of years, and linguists have studied every detail, from the number of languages spoken in New Guinea to why we say razzle-dazzle instead of dazzle-razzle. Yet to me the first and deepest challenge in understanding language is accounting for its boundless expressive power. What is the trick behind our ability to fill one another's heads with so many different ideas?
The premise of this book is that there are two tricks, words and rules. They work by different principles, are learned and used in different ways, and may even reside in different parts of the brain. Their border disputes shape and reshape languages over centuries, and make language not only a tool for communication but also a medium for wordplay and poetry and an heirloom of endless fascination.
* * *
The first trick, the word, is based on a memorized arbitrary pairing between a sound and a meaning. "What's in a name?" asks Juliet. "That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." What's in a name is that everyone in a language community tacitly agrees to use a particular sound to convey a particular idea. Although the word rose does not smell sweet or have thorns, we can use it to convey the idea of a rose because all of us have learned, at our mother's knee or in the playground, the same link between a noise and a thought. Now any of us can convey the thought by making the noise.
The theory that words work by a conventional pairing of sound and meaning is not banal or uncontroversial. In the earliest surviving debate on linguistics, Plato has Hermogenes say, "Nothing has its name by nature, but only by usage and custom." Cratylus disagrees: "There is a correctness of name existing by nature for everything: a name is not simply that which a number of people jointly agree to call a thing." Cratylus is a creationist, and suggests that "a power greater than man assigned the first names to things." Today, those who see a correctness of names might attribute it instead to onomatopoeia (words such as crash and oink that sound like what they mean) or to sound symbolism (words such as sneer, cantankerous, and mellifluous that naturally call to mind the things they mean).
Today this debate has been resolved in favor of Hermogenes' conventional pairing. Early in this century Ferdinand de Saussure, a founder of modern linguistics, called such pairing the arbitrary sign and made it a cornerstone of the study of language. Onomatopoeia and sound symbolism certainly exist, but they are asterisks to the far more important principle of the arbitrary signor else we would understand the words in every foreign language instinctively, and never need a dictionary for our own! Even the most obviously onomatopoeic wordsthose for animal soundsare notoriously unpredictable, with pigs oinking boo-boo in Japan and dogs barking gong-gong in Indonesia. Sound symbolism, for its part, was no friend of the American woman in the throes of labor who overheard what struck her as the most beautiful word in the English language and named her newborn daughter Meconium, the medical term for fetal excrement.
Though simple, the principle of the arbitrary sign is a powerful tool for getting thoughts from head to head. Children begin to learn words before their first birthday, and by their second they hoover them up at a rate of one every two hours. By the time they enter school children command 13,000 words, and then the pace picks up, because new words rain down on them from both speech and print. A typical high-school graduate knows about 60,000 words; a literate adult, perhaps twice that number. People recognize words swiftly. The meaning of a spoken word is accessed by a listener's brain in about a fifth of a second, before the speaker has finished pronouncing it. The meaning of a printed word is registered even more quickly, in about an eighth of a second. People produce words almost as rapidly: It takes the brain about a quarter of a second to find a word to name an object, and about another quarter of a second to program the mouth and tongue to pronounce it.
The arbitrary sign works because a speaker and a listener can call on identical entries in their mental dictionaries. The speaker has a thought, makes a sound, and counts on the listener to hear the sound and recover that thought. To depict an entry in the mental dictionary we need a way of showing the entry itself, as well as its sound and meaning. The entry for a word is simply its address in one's memory, like the location of the boldfaced entry for a word in a real dictionary. It's convenient to use an English letter sequence such as r-o-s-e to stand for the entry, as long as we remember this is just a mnemonic tag that allows us to remember which word the entry corresponds to; any symbol, such as 42759, would do just as well. To depict the word's sound, we can use a phonetic notation, such as [roz]. The meaning of a word is a link to an entry in the person's mental encyclopedia, which captures the person's concept of a rose. For convenience we can symbolize it with a picture, such as [flower]. So a mental dictionary entry looks something like this:
sound: roz
meaning: [flower]
A final component is the word's part of speech, or grammatical category, which for rose is noun (N):
sound: roz
meaning: [flower]
part of speech: N
And that brings us to the second trick behind the vast expressive power of language.
* * *
People do not just blurt out isolated words but rather combine them into phrases and sentences, in which the meaning of the combination can be inferred from the meanings of the words and the way they are arranged. We talk not merely of roses, but of the red rose, proud rose, sad rose of all my days. We can express our feelings about bread and roses, guns and roses, the War of the Roses, or days of wine and roses. We can say that lovely is the rose, roses are red, or a rose is a rose is a rose. When we combine words, their arrangement is crucial: Violets are red, roses are blue, though containing all the ingredients of the familiar verse, means something very different. We all know the difference between young women looking for husbands and husbands looking for young women, and that looking women husbands young for doesn't mean anything at all.
Inside everyone's head there must be a code or protocol or set of rules that specifies how words may be arranged into meaningful combinations. Modern linguists call it a grammar, sometimes a generative grammar to distinguish it from the grammars used to teach foreign languages or to teach the dos and don'ts of formal prose.
A grammar assembles words into phrases according to the words' part-of-speech categories, such as noun and verb. To highlight a word's category and reduce visual clutter often it is convenient to omit the sound and meaning and put the category label on top:
Similarly, the word a, an article or determiner, would look like this:
They can then be joined into the phrase a rose by a rule that joins a determiner to a noun to yield a noun phrase (NP). The rule can be shown as a set of connected branches; this one says "a noun phrase may be composed of a determiner followed by a noun":
The symbols at the bottom of the branches are like slots into which words may be plugged, as long as the words have the same labels growing out of their tops. Here is the result, the phrase a rose:
With just two more rules we can build a complete toy grammar. One rule defines a predicate or verb phrase (VP); the rule says that a verb phrase may consist of a verb followed by its direct object, a noun phrase:
The other rule defines the sentence itself (S). This rule says that a sentence may be composed from a noun phrase (the subject) followed by a verb phrase (the predicate):
When words are plugged into phrases according to these rules, and the phrases are plugged into bigger phrases, we get a complete sentence, such as A rose is a rose:
Other parts of the rules, not shown here, specify the meaning of the new combination. For example, the complete NP rule says that the meaning of the yellow rose of Texas is based on the meaning of rose, which is called the head of the phrase, and that the other words modify the head in various ways: yellow specifies a distinctive trait, Texas its location.
These rules, though crude, illustrate the fantastic expressive power made available by grammar. First, the rules are productive. By specifying a string of kinds of words rather than a string of actual words, the rules allow us to assemble new sentences on the fly and not regurgitate preassembled clichésand that allows us to convey unprecedented combinations of ideas. Though we often speak of roses being red, we could talk about violets being red if the desire came over us (perhaps to announce a new hybrid), because the rule allows us to insert violets into the N slot just as easily as roses.
Second, the symbols contained by the rules are symbolic and hence abstract. The rule doesn't say, "A sentence may begin with a bunch of words referring to a kind of flower"; rather, it says, "A sentence may begin with an NP," where NP is a symbol or variable that can be replaced by any noun, just as x or y in a mathematical formula can be replaced by any number. We can use the rules to talk about flowers and their colors and smells, but we can just as easily use them to talk about karma or quarks or floob-boober-bab-boober-bubs (who, according to Dr. Seuss, bounce in the water like blubbery tubs).
Third, the rules are combinatorial. They don't just have a single slot, like a fill-in-the-blank exam question; every position in the sentence offers a choice of words from a lengthy menu. Say everyday English has four determiners (a, any, one, and the) and ten thousand nouns. Then the rule for a noun phrase allows four choices for the determiner, followed by ten thousand choices for the head noun, yielding 4 x 10,000 = 40,000 ways to utter a noun phrase. The rule for a sentence allows these forty thousand subjects to be followed by any of four thousand verbs, providing 40,000 x 4,000 = 160,000,000 ways to utter the first three words of a sentence. Then there are four choices for the determiner of the object (640 million four-word beginnings) followed by ten thousand choices for the head noun of the object, or 640,000,000 x 10,000 = 6,400,000,000,000 (6.4 trillion) five-word sentences. Suppose it takes five seconds to produce one of these sentences. To crank them all out, from The abandonment abased the abbey and The abandonment abased the abbot, through The abandonment abased the zoologist, all the way to The zoologist zoned the zoo, would take a million years.
Many such combinations are ungrammatical of course, owing to various complications I haven't mentionedfor example, you can't say The Aaron, a abandonment, or The abbot abase the abbey. And most of the combinations are nonsensical: Abandonments can't abbreviate, and abbeys can't abet. Yet even with these restrictions the expressive range of a grammar is astonishing. The psychologist George Miller once conservatively estimated that if speakers keep a sentence perfectly grammatical and sensible as they choose their words, their menu at each point offers an average of about ten choices (at some points there are many more than ten choices; at others, only one or two). That works out to one hundred thousand five-word sentences, one million six-word sentences, ten million seven-word sentences, and so on. A sentence of twenty words is not at all uncommon (the preceding sentence has twenty words before and so on), and there are about one hundred million trillion of them in English. For comparison, that is about a hundred times the number of seconds since the birth of the universe.
Grammar is an example of a combinatorial system, in which a small inventory of elements can be assembled by rules into an immense set of distinct objects. Combinatorial systems obey what Miller calls the Exponential Principle: The number of possible combinations grows exponentially (geometrically) with the size of the combination. Combinatorial systems can generate inconceivably vast numbers of products. Every kind of molecule in the universe is assembled from a hundred-odd chemical elements; every protein building block and catalyst in the living world is assembled from just twenty amino acids. Even when the number of products is smaller, a combinatorial system can capture them all and provide enormous savings in storage space. Eight bits define [2.sup.8] = 256 distinct bytes, which is more than enough for all the numerals, punctuation marks, and upper- and lowercase letters in our writing system. This allows computers to be built out of identical specks of silicon that can be in just two states, instead of the dozens of pieces of type that once filled typesetters' cases. Billions of years ago life on Earth settled on a code in which a string of three bases in a DNA molecule became the instruction for selecting one amino acid when assembling a protein. There are four kinds of bases, so a three-base string allows for 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 possibilities. That is enough to give each of the twenty amino acids its own string, with plenty left over for the start and stop instructions that begin and end the protein. Two bases would have been too few (4 x 4 = 16), four more than needed (4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 256).
Perhaps the most vivid description of the staggering power of a combinatorial system is in Jorge Luis Borges's story "The Library of Babel." The library is a vast network of galleries with books composed of all the combinations of twenty-two letters, the comma, the period, and the space. Somewhere in the library is a book that contains the true history of the future (including the story of your death), a book of prophecy that vindicates the acts of every man in the universe, and a book containing the clarification of the mysteries of humanity. People roamed the galleries in a futile search for those texts from among the untold number of books with false versions of each revelation, the millions of facsimiles of a given book differing by a character, and, of course, the miles and miles of gibberish. The narrator notes that even when the human species goes extinct, the library, that space of combinatorial possibilities, will endure: "illuminated, solitary, infinite, perfectly motionless, equipped with precious volumes, useless, incorruptible, secret."
Technically, Borges needn't have described the library as "infinite." At eighty characters a line, forty lines a page, and 410 pages a book, the number of books is around [10.sup.1,800,000], or 1 followed by 1.8 million zeroes. That is, to be sure, a very large numberthere are only [10.sup.70] particles in the visible universebut it is a finite number.
It is easy to make a toy grammar that is even more powerful than the scheme that generates The Library of Babel. Suppose our rule for the verb phrase is enriched to allow a sentence (S) to appear inside it, as in Mary he was a fool, in which he was a fool comes after the object NP I told Mary:
Now our grammar is recursive: The rules create an entity that can contain an example of itself. In this case, a Sentence contains a Verb Phrase which in turn can contain a Sentence. An entity that contains an example of itself can just as easily contain an example of itself that contains an example of itself that contains an example of itself, and so on:
In this case a sentence can contain a verb phrase, which can contain a sentence, which can contain a verb phrase, which can contain a sentence, ad infinitum. For example, I think I'll tell you that I just read a news story that recounts that Stephen Brill reported that the press uncritically believed Kenneth Starr's announcement that Linda Tripp testified to him that Monica Lewinsky told Tripp that Bill Clinton told Vernon Jordan to advise Lewinsky not to testify to Starr that she had had a sexual relationship with Clinton. That statement is a Russian doll with thirteen sentences inside sentences inside sentences. A recursive grammar can generate sentences of any length, and thus can generate an infinite number of sentences. So a human being possessing a recursive grammar can express or understand an infinite number of distinct thoughts, limited in practice only by stamina and mortality.
* * *
The idea that the creativity inherent in language can be explained by a grammar of combinatorial rules is usually associated with the linguist Noam Chomsky. Chomsky traced the idea to Wilhelm von Humboldt, a nineteenth-century pioneer of linguistics, who explained language as "the infinite use of finite media." According to Chomsky, the idea is even older than that; Humboldt was the last in a tradition of "Cartesian linguists" dating back to the Enlightenment.
Enlightenment philosophers were captivated by the dizzying range of thoughts made expressible by a combinatorial grammar. In his book The Search for the Perfect Language the semiotician Umberto Eco recounts the many Promethean schemes these philosophers came up with to perfect and harness their power. Descartes noticed that the decimal system allows a person to learn in a day the names of all the quantities to infinity, and he suggested that a universal artificial language built on similar principles could organize all human thoughts. Leibniz, too, dreamed of a universal logical grammar that would generate only valid sequences of ideas, banishing irrationality and error forever.
Three hundred years later we still are fallible, and still take years to learn a Babel of local languages with their tens of thousands of arbitrary signs. Why has no modern language used the horsepower of combinatorial grammar to the fullest and abandoned the unprincipled, parochial, onerous-to-memorize laundry list called vocabulary? The answer becomes clear when we look at the most famous of the combinatorial schemes of the Enlightenment, the philosophical language of Bishop John Wilkins. The arbitrary name was an affront to Wilkins's sense of good design, and he strove for a way to eliminate it. He wrote, "We should, by learning ... the Names of things, be instructed likewise in their Natures."
Wilkins's system, laid out in a lengthy 1668 opus, offered the user a non-arbitrary name for every thing by dividing the universe into categories and subcategories and sub-subcategories, and assigning a vowel or consonant to every branch in the tree. The first syllable identified one of the forty categories into which Wilkins had sorted all thinkable thoughts. For example, Z stood for "sensitive species" (animals) and could be followed by i for "beasts" (quadrupeds). The next consonant picked out a subdivision; t, for example, stood for rapacious terrestrial European canines. A final vowel pinpointed the species, yielding Zita as the name for dogs. By similar computations one could deduce another two thousand names for things. Zana is a scaly river fish with reddish flesh, in other words, salmon. Siba is a type of public military relation, namely, defense. Deba is a portion of the first of the terrestrial elements (fire), to wit, flame. Coba is a consanguinous economic relation of direct ascendant, a.k.a, father.
Wilkins's philosophical language has been analyzed insightfully by Borges and Eco, and we can see why no one today speaks Wilkish. For one thing, it forces users to perform a chain of computations in their heads every time they want to refer to a dog. Every vowel and consonant is laden with meaning and acts as a premise in a lengthening deduction. Speakers of the language would have to play a game of Twenty Questions, inferring an entity from a description, for every word in a sentence. They could of course simply memorize the answers, such as that a portion of the first of the terrestrial elements is a flame, but that is not much easier than memorizing that the word for flame is flame.
A second problem is that there are more things in heaven and earth than were dreamt of in Wilkins's philosophy, which identified only two thousand concepts. Wilkins understood the exponential principle and tried to cope with the problem by lengthening the words. He provided suffixes and connectors that allowed calf, for example, to be expressed as cow + young, and astronomer to be expressed as artist + star. But eventually he gave up and resorted to using synonyms for concepts his language could not generate, such as box for coffin. Wilkins's dilemma was that he could either expand his system to embrace all concepts, which would require even longer and more unwieldy strings, or he could force his users to remember the nearest synonym, reintroducing the despised memorization process.
A third problem is that in a logical language words are assembled purely on information-theoretic principles, with no regard to the problems that incarnate creatures might have in pronouncing and understanding the strings. A perfect combinatorial language is always in danger of generating mouthfuls like mxyzptlk or bftsplk, so Wilkins and other language-designers of the Enlightenment all had to make concessions to pronounceability and euphony. Sometimes they defiled their systems with irregularities, for example, reversing a vowel and consonant to make a word more pronounceable. At other times they hobbled the system with restrictions, such as that consonants and vowels must alternate. Every even-numbered position in a word had to be filled by one of the nine vowels of English, and that restricted many categories, such as species in a genus, to nine apiece, regardless of how many species exist in the world.
Another problem is that Wilkins's words are packed tight with information and lack the safety factor provided by redundancy. The slightest slip of the tongue or pen guarantees misunderstanding. Eco catches Wilkins himself misusing Gade (barley) for Gape (tulip).
Finally, all that power is not being put to any sensible use. The beauty of a combinatorial system is that it generates combinations that have never before been considered but that one might want to talk about some day. For example, the combinatorial system known as the periodic table of the elements inspired chemists to look for hitherto unknown chemical elements that should have occupied the empty slots in the table. Combinatorial grammar allows us to talk about a combinatorial world, a world in which violets could be red or a man could bite a dog. Yet familiar objects and actions around us often form a noncombinatorial list of distinctive kinds. When we merely have to single out one of them, a combinatorial system is overkill. We never will have to refer to fish with an enmity to sheep or to military actions with scales and reddish flesh, and that's what a combinatorial system for words like Wilkins's allows us to do. To refer to everyday things it's easier to say dog or fish than to work through a complicated taxonomy that is just a fancy way of singling out dogs or fish anyway.
* * *
The languages of Wilkins and other Enlightenment thinkers show that combinatorial grammar has disadvantages as well as advantages, and that illuminates our understanding of the design of human language. No language works like Wilkins's contraption, with every word compiled out of meaningful vowels and consonants according to a master formula. All languages force their speakers to memorize thousands of arbitrary words, and now we can see why. Many bodily organ systems are made from several kinds of tissue optimized for jobs with contradictory specifications. Our eyes have rods for night vision and cones for day vision; our muscles have slow-twitch fibers for sustained action and fast-twitch fibers for bursts of speed. The human language system also appears to be built out of two kinds of mental tissue. It has a lexicon of words, which refer to common things such as people, places, objects, and actions, and which are handled by a mechanism for storing and retrieving items in memory. And it has a grammar of rules, which refer to novel relationships among things, and which is handled by a mechanism for combining and analyzing sequences of symbols.
To a parsimonious scientific mind, however, two mental mechanisms can be one too many. The poet William Empson wrote of the Latin philosopher,
Lucretius could not credit centaurs;
Such bicycle he deemed asynchronous.
Today's skeptics also might wonder about a two-part design for language. Perhaps words and rules are two modes of operation of a single faculty. Simple, familiar thoughts need short noises, which we call words, and complicated, unfamiliar thoughts need long noises, which we call phrases and sentences. A single machine might make either short or long noises, depending on the kinds of thoughts it is asked to express. Or perhaps there is a gradual continuum between memory and combination rather than two distinct mechanisms, with words at the memory end of the continuum and sentences at the combination end.
To show that words and rules are handled by different machines we need to hold the input and output of the putative machines constant. We need side-by-side specimens in which the same kind of thought is packed into the same kind of verbiage, but one specimen shows the handiwork of a word regurgitator and the other shows the handiwork of a rule amalgamator. I believe that languages do provide us with such specimens. They are called regular and irregular words.
English verbs come in two flavors. Regular verbs have past tense forms that look like the verb with -ed on the end: Today I jog, yesterday I jogged. They are monotonously predictable: jog-jogged, walk-walked, play-played, kiss-kissed, and so on. (Regular nouns, whose plurals end in -s, such as cats and dogs, are similar.) The list of regular verbs is also open-ended. There are thousands, perhaps tens of thousands, of regular verbs in English (depending on how big a dictionary you consult), and new ones are being added to the language all the time. When fax came into common parlance a decade or so ago, no one had to inquire about its past-tense form; everyone knew it was faxed. Similarly, when other words enter the language such as spam (flood with E-mail), snarf (download a file), mung (damage something), mosh (dance in roughhouse fashion), and Bork (challenge a political nominee for partisan reasons), the past-tense forms do not need separate introductions: We all deduce that they are spammed, snarfed, munged, moshed, and Borked.
Even young children do it. In 1958 the psychologist Jean Berko Gleason tested four- to seven-year-old children with the following procedure, now known as the wug-test:
[diagram omitted]
The children could have refused to answer on the grounds that they had never heard of a wug and had never been told how to talk about more than one of them. Instead, Berko Gleason wrote, "Answers were willingly, and often insistently, given." Three-quarters of the preschoolers and 99 percent of the first-graders filled in the blank with wugs. Similarly, when shown a picture of a man who knows how to rick or bing or gling and did the same thing yesterday, most children said that he ricked or binged or glinged.
The children could not have heard their parents say wugs or binged before entering the lab, because these words had been coined especially for the experiment. Children therefore are not parrots who just play back what they hear. And the children could not have been previously rewarded by parents for uttering those forms, because the children did not know the words before entering the lab. Children therefore are not like pigeons in a Skinner box, who increase or decrease the frequency of responses in reaction to the contingencies of reinforcement. Noam Chomsky and Eric Lenneberg, pioneers of the modern study of language and contemporaries of Berko Gleason in the Harvard-MIT community, pointed to children's ability to generalize constructions such as the regular past tense in support of their theory that language is actively acquired by a special rule-forming mechanism in the mind of the child.
As it happens, all children are subjects in a version of Berko Gleason's experiment. Children often make up words or mangle them and are happy to put their new verbs in the past tense. Here are some examples:
byed (went by)
eat lunched
cut-upped egg
All children also make creative errors in their speech like these:
I buyed a fire dog for a grillion dollars. Hey, Horton heared a Who. My teacher holded the baby rabbits and we patted them. Daddy, I stealed some of the people out of the boat. Once upon a time a alligator was eating a dinosaur and the dinosaur was eating the alligator and the dinosaur was eaten by the alligator and the alligator goed kerplunk.
Such errors bring us to the second flavor of a verb in English: irregular. The past-tense form of an irregular verb is not simply the verb decorated with an -ed ending. For example, the past tense of buy is not buyed, but bought. Similarly, the past tense of hear, hold, steal, and go are heard, held, stole, and went.
Meet the Author
One of Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World Today," Steven Pinker is the author of seven books, including How the Mind Works and The Blank Slate—both Pulitzer Prize finalists and winners of the William James Book Award. He is an award-winning researcher and teacher, and a frequent contributor to Time and the New York Times.
Brief Biography
- Hometown:
- Boston, Massachusetts
- Date of Birth:
- September 18, 1954
- Place of Birth:
- Montreal, Canada
- Education:
- B.A., McGill University, 1976; Ph.D., Harvard University, 1979
- Website:
- http://stevenpinker.com/
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I was in the language section of my local bookstore, and I saw this book on the shelf. I bought it and took it home. I read it cover to cover in a single night. This book is WONDERFUL. It starts out fairly dryly, giving a list of the irregular verbs of English (there are 180 of them) and their irregular past and past perfect forms. It groups them into categories according to the nature of their irregularity (spring-sprang-sprung vs. think-thought-thought, for example) and describes the linguistic evolution of them since the times of Anglo-Saxon (now referred to as Old English). To make the text more readable and light-hearted, Professor Hadbeen, a linguistic detective, is introduced. He explains some of what happened and makes occasional jokes. Prof. Hadbeen becomes more and more involved, however, and by the third chapter he's developed into a story of his own. He's investigating a murder mystery --- someone has killed the Duke of Donegone, heir to the throne of Iswasbeenia, and Prof. Hadbeen is now receiving anonymous letters indicating that he is to be the next victim. The book becomes a race against time as Hadbeen fights for his life and the protection of his beautiful girlfriend Andrea. The action comes to a climax in chapter eight, entitled 'The Horrors of the German Language' --- both a literary allusion to Mark Twain and a clever hint about the storyline. Naturally, I won't give away the ending, but I will say that I literally clung to the edge of my seat (incidentally, 'cling' is an irregular verb, with the past tense form being 'clung' instead of 'clinged'). After the story is over, Pinker tries to get back to the linguistic stuff, but I got bored with that and skipped to the end. Worth checking out, however, is the appendix entitled 'Glossary', which is actually a hilarious, biting commentary on North American social values and politics. I would also recommend the section 'Index', which contains a delicious recipe for buttermilk pancakes.


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User talk:Mtmelendez/Archive 5
|This is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page.
|Archive 4
|Archive 5
|Archive 6
- 1 GA Sweeps Reassessment of Single Audit
- 2 Re: Natalia Estemirova
- 3 Executive Airlines photo request
- 4 Nice to you see here
- 5 Opinion request
- 6 Regresa
- 7 PR's in World War I
- 8 Fantastic pictures
- 9 Orphaned non-free images
- 10 Welcome back
- 11 RfD nomination of What is wikipedia
- 12 Ping
- 13 Deletion of Puerto Rican images
- 14 User:Mtmelendez/Salt of the Earth
- 15 GA reassessment of Compliance requirements
GA Sweeps Reassessment of Single Audit
As you are a significant contributor to the article, I just wanted to make certain you were aware of the GA Sweeps review of Single Audit, which can be found here. The article has been placed on hold for seven days to allow time for the issues raised to be addressed. --Malleus Fatuorum 00:37, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
Re: Natalia Estemirova
I'm checking the sources, and the first source is listing only 1959, while the second source is listing that she was 40 years old in 2005, which is why someone listed "c. 1965" as the alternate date. For the second source, you actually have to go to that link then click "Biography of Natalya Estemirova" on that page. I'm not sure why the incorrect page was listed in the references; I didn't add this ref myself. Can you indicate where you are seeing the 1958 DOB?. — \`CRAZY`(lN)`SANE`/ (talk • contribs) 02:08, 24 July 2009 (UTC)
- Actually, my mistake, the Times actually listed her DOB as both February 1958 and 1959 in the same article; so we have three different claimed DOBs from three sources (Feb. 1958, two for 1959, and c. 1965). — \`CRAZY`(lN)`SANE`/ (talk • contribs) 02:11, 24 July 2009 (UTC)
Executive Airlines photo request
Hello! Do you take photographs for Wikipedia? If so, would you mind fulfilling a photo request? I would like to have a photograph of Executive Airlines's headquarters, which should be in or around San Juan. Thanks WhisperToMe (talk) 18:39, 2 August 2009 (UTC)
- Thank you :) WhisperToMe (talk) 16:13, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
Nice to you see here
- It is great to see you around here again. Tony the Marine (talk) 20:46, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
Opinion request
When I first wrote the Flag of Puerto Rico article years ago, it was titled "The flags of Puerto Rico" and was intended to be just that, an article about the flags of Puerto Rico. However, with time someone (who made a mess with the edit history) came along and changed the title to the current one.
I am thinking of two options per consensus.
1. Leaving the current title, "spliting" the article, keeping only the story of the "Flag" and it's evolution and creating separate articles about the "municipal" and "political" flags and have them interwiklinked in the "See also" sections.
or ....
2. Changing the title back to "Flags of Puerto Rico", its original title and keeping the article as it is, which would be less troublesome.
or ....
3. Just leave it as it is.
Your thoughts will be highly appreciated. Tony the Marine (talk) 01:04, 7 August 2009 (UTC)
We really need you here, at least help keep an eye on things. Did you see my Intentona de Yauco? You know, I'm a Yauocano Corsican and a Mattei from my mother's side of the family (smile). Tony the Marine (talk) 03:37, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
PR's in World War I
So, did you really like it? There is absolutely nothing like it in the Internet, don't you agree? It makes me happy when likes what I write. Tony the Marine (talk) 03:38, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
Fantastic pictures
You have got to check out the fantastic pictures of old-Puerto Rico here: [1]. The good thing is that the majority of them are pre-1923, when there were no copyright laws and can be used by anyone in our project. Tony the Marine (talk) 20:04, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
- Oh by the way, if you ever feel sick make sure that your doctor is not like Dr. Rhoads, (smile). Tony the Marine (talk) 21:39, 29 August 2009 (UTC)
Saw that you're one of the administrators on the PR group. Regardless of political preferences, recent edits to the Governor's Spanish wikipedia article were nothing short of slanderous and insulting. Please let the other administrators know so they can monitor changes to this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 15:40, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
Orphaned non-free images
Hi, File:CaribbeanBusiness.jpg, File:Prwow.jpg, File:CBWhitePages.jpg, File:CBBookofLists.jpg, File:Imagen Magazine.jpg, File:BuenaVida.jpg, File:AgendaDecoracion.jpg, File:AgendaParaMama.jpg, File:AgendaParaLaNovia.jpg, File:TravelTourismPuertoRico.jpg, and File:VidaActual.jpg are nominated for deletion. Regards Hekerui (talk) 15:48, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
Welcome back
Oh man, its good to see you back. I see that you came just in time to help Tony when Joel and I went inactive. Anyways, during this year the project has slowed down, I'm trying to get the ball rolling again by expanding a few of the articles using some books. One of our best GAs during this year was Currencies of Puerto Rico, we are also pilling DYKs at a solid rate lately. - Caribbean~H.Q. 19:09, 1 November 2009 (UTC)
- Hmmm... That's the story of my life as well. Regards, - Caribbean~H.Q. 02:33, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
RfD nomination of What is wikipedia
I have nominated What is wikipedia (edit | talk | history | protect | delete | links | watch | logs | views) for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. December21st2012Freak Talk to me at ≈ 21:09, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
I have sent you an e-mail. --Tenmei (talk) 07:25, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
Deletion of Puerto Rican images
As you all know, certain situations among which are included my personal health, have led me take a leave of absence from Wikipedia, however I believe that the idea proposed by Angusmclellan is an excellent one. Instead of nominating Puerto Rican related images by the masses, the images which have problems will first be listed in the page which I just created: Wikipedia:WikiProject Puerto Rico/Images with problems. We will be given more then sufficient time as a "team" to find sources and make what ever fixes need be in order to keep them from being deleted. This is a Wiki-community team effort regardless of who uploaded the image. I ask all those who really care about the images related to Puerto Rico to post the link "Wikipedia:WikiProject Puerto Rico/Images with problems" in your "watchlists". Tony the Marine (talk) 01:42, 12 January 2010 (UTC)
User:Mtmelendez/Salt of the Earth
I see you have a cascade protected page, User:Mtmelendez/Salt of the Earth, used to prevent pages from being recreated. For your information, it's now possible to accomplish this by protecting the pages directly. Please delete the page, after protecting any titles which still need to be protected. עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 10:08, 17 February 2010 (UTC)
GA reassessment of Compliance requirements
I have conducted a reassessment of the above article as part of the GA Sweeps process. You are being notified as you have made a number of contributions to the article. I have found some concerns which you can see at Talk:Compliance requirements/GA1. I have placed the article on hold whilst these are fixed. Thanks. Jezhotwells (talk) 19:04, 19 February 2010 (UTC)


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A YouTuber nails the Pokérap tone while accurately describing what it's like to collect Amiibos.
The daunting Forbidden Woods is the subject of an awesome new lithograph.
We may be witnessing the first shot fired in a King of Kong-like battle between Lego builders who are determined to build the largest model of The Lord of the Rings' Tower of Orthanc.
The @Meowshawn_Lynch twitter account specializes in cat costumes, and its latest creation imagines a feline who has survived the nuclear fallout.
The latest episode of Did You Know Gaming looks at the history and bizarre marketing of the PlayStation 3.
In a new video from YouTube user aryoksini, who has been working on a Super Mario 64 remake project for a few years, Mario explores a series of realistic Unreal 4 environments.
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Huntsucker Family History & Genealogy
Find Huntsucker recordsSearch for Huntsucker records
Latest Huntsucker Photos
These photos contain people with the Huntsucker last name.View all Huntsucker photos Add your Huntsucker photos
Huntsucker Last Name History & Origin
We don't have any information on the history of the Huntsucker name. Have information to share?
Name Origin
We don't have any information on the origins of the Huntsucker name. Have information to share?
Nationality & Ethnicity
We don't have any information on the nationality / ethnicity of the Huntsucker name. Have information to share?
Early Huntsuckers
These are the earliest records we have of the Huntsucker family.
- Walter I Huntsucker born 1907
- Kenneth E Huntsucker born 1914
- Vanessa D. (Huntsucker) Maxwell born 1959
- Vanessa D. (Huntsucker) Garrington born 1959
- Kim K. (Huntsucker) Wallace born 1967
- Elwood Huntsucker born 1912
- Joseph T Huntsucker born 1909
- Lillian L Huntsucker born 1912
- Dolly B Huntsucker born 1920
- Laura Maye Huntsucker born 1909
Huntsucker Biographies & Family Trees
Find birth, death records, and obituaries of Huntsuckers on AncientFaces:
Most Common First Names
- James 3.2%
- Martha 3.2%
- Scottie 3.2%
- Ray 3.2%
- Tracy 3.2%
- Clyde 3.2%
- M.m. 2.1%
- Ira 2.1%
- Vanessa 2.1%
- Kenneth 2.1%
Huntsucker Death Records & Life Expectancy
According to our database of 50 people with the last name Huntsucker that have a birth and death date listed:
Life Expectancy
Oldest Huntsuckers
These are the longest-lived members of the Huntsucker family on AncientFaces.
- Helen Margaret Huntsucker lived 102 years
- Minnie L Huntsucker lived 102 years
- Bessie Abell Huntsucker lived 101 years
- Winnie Huntsucker lived 96 years
- Martha O Huntsucker lived 95 years
- Lawrence E Huntsucker lived 88 years
- Joseph T Huntsucker lived 92 years
- Lillian L Huntsucker lived 97 years
- Tracy Huntsucker lived 87 years
- Carl Huntsucker lived 96 years
Other Huntsucker Records
Find Huntsucker recordsSearch for Huntsucker records
Leave a message to start a discussion about the Huntsucker family with other AncientFaces Members.


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This paper presents an energy storage system based on ultra-capacitor to absorbing the regenerating energy of urban rail transit and releasing the energy when the train starts, which can cut down the energy waste. A modular power conversation scheme is proposed to accommodate the application of different electric supply system, with several module connected in series to endure high supply voltage. Multiphase power conversion circuit is adopted to share the high current, and a dual-loop control system is proposed to realize the bi-directional energy flow and achieve input voltage equalization in series modules. A voltage equalizer scheme is also introduced to guarantee that the ultra-capacitor works reliable and efficient, which consists of equalizer for cells in groups and voltage equalizer between the groups. At last, a small-scale prototype is build and the experiment results validate the feasibility of power conversion strategy.
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text:
West African
OT Africa Line Appoints a New Spanish Agent
OT Africa Line (OTAL), the specialist West African shipping line, has appointed a new Spanish agent, Isamar. Isamar, like OTAL, is part of the Bolloré Group. It shares common goals with OTAL and benefits from the added security of being part of a large, financially strong and well integrated transport organization. Founded in 1993, Isamar is a logistics company with a specific focus on maritime transport. It has offices in nine Spanish cities including, Alicante, Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Las Palmas, Seville, Tenerife, Valencia and Vigo. Isamar also acts as agents for OTAL in Portugal where it has offices in Lisbon and Leixoes. The strengthening of OTAL's agency network in Spain is both a logistical and strategic move. Spain is an important export partner for many West African countries including: Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Mauritania and the Gambia. In addition, Spain's prime location in the Mediterranean, neighbouring both France and Portugal, makes it an important transport hub.
Guinea To Pay Compensation In Shipping Dispute
A U.N. maritime court reportedly ordered the West African state of Guinea to pay St. Vincent and the Grenadines in the Caribbean more than $2.1 million for firing at sailors on the oil tanker Saiga.
OTAL Upgrades West African Shipping Services
OT Africa Line (OTAL) has announced a number of developments to its West African Ro-Ro and container services designed to give customers access to a greater number of ports. The changes will also provide improved transit times and more frequent sailings to ensure even more extensive transport coverage of the trade to and from this region. OTAL continues to operate its established multipurpose Ro-Ro service but with the addition of a restructured improved all-round schedule called the
SAL Heavy Lift Completes Africa Move
AL Heavy Lift's Frauke has completed a six-month project transporting oversize cargoes for a West African offshore development. Two empty carousels - each measuring 12 m high by 26 m wide and tipping the scales at 620 tonnes - were loaded onboard the heavy lift vessel in Netherlands and exported to the USA. Stateside, more than 2,000 tonnes of umbilicals were spooled onto the carousels. The carousels, now weighing 1,465 tonnes and 1,875 tonnes respectively
Pirated Tankship Found Off West Africa Coast
An oil tanker missing for a week off the coast of West Africa was attacked by pirates who stole its cargo, the company that managed the ship said on Thursday after speaking with its captain. The Liberia-flagged MT Fair Artemis had last made contact with its manager, Fairdeal Group SA, on June 4 when it was off the coast of Ghana. "The ship was boarded by a number of pirates who have stolen the cargo and other items on the vessel
First S. African Oil and Gas Shipyard Opens
South Africa's first shipyard to construct oil and gas production platforms was recently opened, according to a Reuters report. The shipyard will provide a foothold for the country to take advantage of a booming oil sector in Angola and other West African countries. South Africa is hoping the $30.4m plant, part of a $258.3m investment by Germany-based MAN Ferrostaal AG, will act as a service hub for Africa's burgeoning oil industry.
Pirates Kidnap Four Off West African Coast
Pirates attacked the German-owned Liberian-flagged container ship 'Hansa Marburg' off the coast of Equatorial Guinea. Citing the Hamburg-based shipping firm Leonhardt and Blumberg, owners of the vessel, Reuters report that the the four hostages - two Ukrainians, a Russian and one from the Pacific island nation of Kiribati - were taken when the Liberia-flagged Hansa Marburg was attacked on Tuesday by armed men. The raid took place around 130 nautical miles off the coast of the small West
"Old Ship" Fears Drive Tanker Markets Higher
North Sea crude markets held steady mid last week, as a combination of high freight rates and absences at industry functions subdued trade. Dated Brent was assessed near last deal done at April Brent +95 cts, with Brent CFD swaps for this week also in that area. Next weeks CFDs are seen around April Brent +90 cts. Institute of Petroleum week in London is keeping trade to a minimum, as are high freight rates caused by an exodus of older vessels out of Europe in the wake of the Erika spillage
Chinese Petroleum Corp. Exercises VLCC Tender
Taiwan's state-owned Chinese Petroleum Corp (CPC) has bought two very large crude carriers (VLCC) of West African crudes via its September tender, a company official said on Thursday. The volumes were below CPC's usual purchase of three to four VLCCs per month. Each VLCC can load up to two million barrels each. "We have high inventories and not so much requirement," the CPC official said. The details of the tender, which closed on Monday, were still unclear.
Gulf of Guinea Nations to Boost Maritime Surveillance
The AP reported that ministers from across Africa's oil-rich Gulf of Guinea agreed at a U.S.-sponsored meeting Wednesday to establish surveillance systems to try to stamp out illegal activity in their largely unpoliced waters. Representatives from 11 agreed in a statement to start using tools such as radar and locator transponders on ships to monitor activity off their coasts. The statement was issued during a three-day meeting in Cotonou, Benin, sponsored by U.S
Two more Cranes for APM Terminals Cotonou
APM Terminals Cotonou, operating as Coman SA at Benin's primary port, adds two new cranes, the largest mobile cranes in the Benin port. Cotonou, Benin- Coman SA, operated by APM Terminals Cotonou in Benin's primary port, has commissioned two new Mobile Harbor Cranes (MHC) at a
Pipelay, Construction Work Completed for Chevron in Nigeria
A pipelay and construction campaign for the Sonam Field Development Project for Chevron Nigeria Ltd. has been successfully completed, announced Sea Trucks Group. The contract for the project was awarded to West African Ventures Ltd, Sea Trucks' principle Nigerian business in June
Offshore Oil Oscillations In West Africa
Global excess oil supply still looks likely to average 0.5m bpd in 2016 – sufficient, it would seem, to stop oil prices rising much above $50/bbl and therefore to forestall a recovery in E&P activity and the offshore markets, Clarksons Research.
Guinean Sailors Arrested after Clash with Sierra Leone Navy
Sierra Leone was holding 11 Guineans including military personnel in custody on Wednesday following a confrontation at sea involving the two West African neighbours' navies, Sierra Leonean officials said. The incident occurred early on Monday morning off the coast of northern Sierra Leone
Nigeria: What are the Implications for Tanker Demand?
Nigeria's crude oil production and exports have been hit by severe outages as a result of attacks on oil infrastructure by rebel fighters in the Niger River Delta. Various sources report that Qua Iboe Terminal has shut down operations until further notice
Ten Terex TFC 45 H Reach Stackers Delivered to Benin
Terex Port Solutions (TPS) delivered ten Terex TFC 45 H reach stackers to Benin. The machines were put into operation in March 2016 by Société Béninoise des Manutentions Portuaires (SOBEMAP). With the robust reach stackers
South Africa's Transnet Steams Into Rest of Africa
South African state rail-freight operator Transnet is embarking on a major expansion drive in the rest of the continent, offsetting a slowdown at home caused by the slump in commodity prices, chief executive Siyabonga Gama said on Wednesday.
CMA CGM Launches Baltic Levant Express Service
CMA CGM's new Baltic Levant Express service offers direct connection between Saint Petersburg and the Eastern Mediterranean region Starting May 9, container shipper CMA CGM has launched the new Baltic Levant Express service, offering a direct connection between Saint Petersburg and
Harkand North America Salvaged by MBO
Ethos Offshore Completes Harkand North America Management Buy Out A team led by AJ Jain, Harkand North America Managing Director, has agreed to a management buyout (MBO) of Harkand's North American and African business. The new company, to be named ETHOS OFFSHORE LIMITED
Asia Tankers-VLCCs Rates Ease as Tanker Jams Fade
Port congestion eases at Basra and Chinese ports; tanker demand set to expand on lower oil prices. Freight rates for very large crude carriers (VLCCs), hurt by slower-than-usual release of cargo, could slip further next week as more tonnage becomes available with the easing of recent tanker
Gulf of Guinea Piracy a 'Deep Concern' -UN Security Council
Rising crime in Gulf of Guinea contrasted with declining East Coast pirates; Presidential statement condemns murders, kidnappings, hostage-taking, as UN Security Council expresses deep concern over piracy The United Nations Security Council on Monday expressed its deep concern over piracy
Asia Tankers-VLCC Rates Face Pressure
Number of MidEast charter fixtures less than usual; Basra crude exports set to fall in May. Freight rates for very large crude carriers (VLCCs) will come under further pressure next week if the current sluggish chartering activity continues, ship brokers said on Friday.
Algerian Crude Returns to US East Coast
Phillips 66 has purchased a cargo of Algerian crude oil for its Bayway refinery in New Jersey for the first time since 2013, two sources said, the latest U.S. refiner on the East Coast to shun domestic crudes in favor of cheaper imports.
Asia Tankers-VLCC Rate Direction Uncertain
MidEast VLCC rates rise by more than $24,000 per day; China and Saudi Arabia fuel chartering surge. Freight rates for very large crude carriers (VLCCs), which hit a two-week high on Thursday, face an uncertain direction next week, brokers said.
VLCC Segment Shows Modest Growth
In the Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC) segment, which showed modest growth in overall volume from 2014 to 2015, the main changes were concentrated in the eastern hemisphere, says a report by Tanker Research & Consulting department at Poten & Partners.


text:
Season 4, Episode 15 Another Episode of All of Us
First Aired: February 19, 2007
A store manager catches Bobby stealing sneakers, which he wanted so he could fit in with the popular kids at school. Meanwhile, Neesee babysits her neighbor's newborn niece and realizes how much she enjoys caring again for an infant. Michelle: Toni Trucks. Brenda: Kristina Hayes.
Guest Cast
Robert Neary Robert Neary Ranger Johnny
Scott Michael Morgan Scott Michael Morgan Store Manager
Carol Kiernan Carol Kiernan Mrs. Calhoun
Toni Trucks Toni Trucks Michelle
Zachary Gordon Zachary Gordon Richie
Kristina Hayes Kristina Hayes Brenda
Cast & Details See all »
- Premiered: October 1, 2006
- Rating: None
- Premise: An entertainment reporter raises his young son while coping with his ex-wife and pursuing a relationship with his girlfriend. (more)
Trending TonightSee all »
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Popular Shows
- 1. Orange Is the New Black
- 2. UnReal
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- 4. Game of Thrones
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Popular Movies
Popular Celebrities
- 1. Rami Malek
- 2. Taylor Schilling
- 3. Constance Zimmer
- 4. Emilia Clarke
- 5. Tom Hiddleston
- 6. Kit Harington
- 7. Gina Rodriguez


text:
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|flower <flo...@intercel.com.pl>
|Servlet mapping - url pattern with *
|Sun, 31 Jul 2005 21:22:26 GMT
Hello, Let's consider situation like this: We have got some servlets responsible for genereting galery page. We want group galery pages by use common part in uri (/galery/): http://x.com/galery/galery_id/firstpage.html http://x.com/galery/galery_id/secondpage.html firstpage.html is generated by servlet1 , secondpage.html by servlet2. So we must url-pattern like this: /galery/*/firstpage.html and /galery/*/secondpage.html but this url-pattern doesn't work. question: why ? ( I use version 5.5.9 ) Some people, with I was talking about this, said that patterns like this was work with previously version and that version 5.5.9 is "crazy" ;] Is any way to obtain behaviour like above with latest version ? Greatings flow --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
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