text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 16, 2003
|Filing date
|Mar 29, 2002
|Priority date
|Mar 29, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Marc Nantel, Dejan Grozdanovski
|Original Assignee
|Photonics Research Ontario
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (34), Classifications (7), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to an autofocus feedback method and system for laser processing of materials.
Laser processing, such as micromachining, is a technique that offers precise, non-contact and accurate machining of very small components, and is an emerging advanced manufacturing technology that is being adapted to widely diverse industrial applications. Conventional mechanical machining can produce work-pieces and assemblies with typical feature sizes larger than a few hundred microns. However, the steadily increasing demand for smaller sizes requires new tools and processes, of which laser micromachining is one.
When laser processing or micromachining a work-piece, the beam from a laser is focused onto the work-piece with a lens assembly. Typically, it is at the focal point of the lens, where the laser beam is the smallest and hence the most concentrated, that the machining is meant to occur. The focus of the beam is usually where the laser is most efficient at cutting, drilling or otherwise modifying the work-piece. The laser beam is considered to be "at focus" over a working distance called the confocal parameter, or working focal range, which is the distance around the focus along the laser beam where the energy density of the laser beam is close to that at the focus, and therefore good enough to do the work and/or to achieve required machining properties. The distance between the lens and its focal point is fixed by the dimensions and specification of the lens, and is constant for any given lens and any given laser beam. During the machining process, the work-piece is moved under the fixed laser beam such that the features are machined according to the wanted design. Alternatively, the work-piece can be stationary but then the laser focus has to move. Of critical importance for the best possible machining parameters is to have the work-piece at a constant distance from the lens to keep its surface within the working focal range. In most cases, laser micromachining is performed on flat work-pieces. If the work-piece has deformations along the laser beam axis that are greater than the working focal range of the laser, these deformations will cause the laser to go out of focus on the work-piece, such that the laser will not properly machine in that area. Even though the work-piece is fastened to a holder or substrate, deformations due to the heat damage of the laser or preexisting deformations may result in that region of the work-piece being unmachinable. Similarly, it becomes difficult to machine work-pieces that have a curved surface by design. Sometimes, it is preferred to process the work-piece with the laser focus intentionally below or above the work-piece surface, but the problem of keeping the focus at a constant distance with respect to the work-piece surface remains the same.
During laser machining, it thus becomes necessary to map the surface of the sample accurately and to correct the focusing of the laser beam on the fly. There exist several commercially-available autofocusing systems for laser machining features on large work-pieces (on metal sheets, for example), where the depth of focus is usually long. These typically are based on capacitance sensing, on lasers, on ultrasound ranging or even on touch. None of these are best suited for the breadth of applications typical of laser micromachining, which often involve very short depth of focus, and fragile, often non-metallic materials.
Capacitive sensors use changes in the electric field caused by a change in the relative dielectric coefficient of the material being sensed. The amount of material in close proximity to the sensor dictates the dielectric coefficient, as compared to air, which has a dielectric coefficient close to that of free space. While these sensors are capable of high reproducibility, they only work for metallic work-pieces, the sensing distance is very limited, and its function is usually limited to a proximity switch. In addition, capacitive sensors are not adequate for use in high-precision applications because the sensing region or spot may be large, of the order of centimeters.
Ultrasonic sensors work on ultrasonic waves being reflected from the surface of the work-piece and are not material dependent. A drawback to these types of sensors is they suffer from low precision (a resolution of 200 μm), and require near vertical positioning.
Fiber-optic lever-displacement transducers use two optical fibers, one to emit light and the other to receive light. The light intensity detected by the receiver increases with distance from the surface at first as the reflected amount increases (from a geometrical consideration having to do with the positions of the two fibers), but then decreases after a certain point (due to a distance-squared intensity drop-off relationship). These transducers offer very high resolution, but are very expensive, and may be sensitive to the plasma flame produced by the laser-matter interaction causing interference thus necessitating a protective shroud. In addition, incorrect readings can be obtained if the work-piece is not very smooth.
Laser sensors emit a light beam from a laser diode which strikes the object's surface reflecting a small spot onto a position-sensitive detector. Signal processing electronics translate the detector output into a voltage proportional to displacement. While laser sensors have a very high resolution of 10 μm, and a visible beam for easy alignment, the use of a highly-specialized position-sensitive detector makes them somewhat expensive. Also, if the small laser diode spot falls in a precut hole, the measurement is rendered completely unusable.
Contact sensors are mechanical in nature, and usually consist of a switch, potentiometer or transducer detection of change in magnetic field (primary winding and two secondary windings). The resolution is essentially infinite, these sensors are simple and relatively inexpensive, and they are not dependent on the surface being cut. On the other hand, these types of sensors are problematic in that they may damage the cutting surface since they are in physical contact. In many laser-processing applications, it is necessary to have a non-contact sensor since the material may be very delicate and require high accuracy because the consistency of the cut is very sensitive.
In addition to their particular limitations, all the above sensors suffer from geometrical limitations. Most involve positioning a piece of equipment (a capacitance sensor, an ultrasound system, a fiber assembly or a contact sensor) at the measurement site. By finding the work-piece position at a spot more or less near the machining spot, these methods are adequate to the general laser machining of large features with limited precision. But since laser micromachining concerns itself with micron-precision resolutions, it requires an autofocus system that measures the work-piece surface position at the very machining spot while not being sensitive to precut features in the work-piece. Due to the close proximity of the focusing lens and gas assist nozzle to the work-piece, this is not usually possible with the currently available methods mentioned above.
It would be very advantageous to provide an autofocusing system that will measure the position of the work-piece at the machining spot relative to the focal spot of the machining laser and provide constant adjustment to maintain the focal spot either at the surface of the work-piece or, in the case where a specific and constant vertical offset of the focal point from the surface is desired when working "off-focus", it would be advantageous for such a system to be able to hold the focal point at a pre-programmed distance from the surface of the work-piece. Such a system would allow the laser micromachining of work-pieces which are not flat and have surface variations, or develop surface variations during machining, with the autofocusing system being able to compensate for these variations.
The present invention provides an autofocusing system, for use in combination with a laser processing system, that measures the position of the surface of a work-piece being laser processed at the machining spot relative to the focal spot of the processing laser, and provides constant adjustment to maintain the focal spot either at the surface of the work-piece or at a specific offset from the surface. An advantage of the present autofocusing system is that it allows the laser processing of work-pieces which are not flat and have surface variations, or develop surface variations during machining, with the autofocusing system being able to compensate for these variations.
In one aspect of the invention there is provided an autofocus feedback system for a laser processing system, comprising:
a focusing and directing system disposed to receive a first laser beam for processing a work-piece and focus and direct said first laser beam onto a surface of the work-piece, an actuator connected to said focusing and directing system for controlling movement of the focusing and directing system for adjusting where the focused laser beam hits on the surface of the work-piece and for controlling a distance of a focal spot of said laser beam from the surface;
a light source and a light shaping and projecting system disposed to receive light from said light source and project a selected patterned beam of light onto a surface of said workpiece in a region of the surface being processed with said first laser beam, said light shaping and projecting system producing a light pattern including an elongate portion, said focusing and directing system and said light shaping and projecting system being disposed with respect to each other so that the focused first laser beam incident on the surface and the patterned beam of light incident on the surface are at a pre-selected angle with respect to each other;
image detection means for receiving an image of said patterned beam of light reflected from said surface; and
processing means for calculating a shift in position of said surface in a vicinity of the region of the surface being laser processed from said image of said patterned beam of light reflected from said surface, said processing means being connected to said actuator so that as the position of said surface shifts, said actuator moves said directing and focusing system to return said focal spot to a pre-selected distance from said surface.
In another aspect of the invention there is provided a laser processing system with autofocus feedback, comprising:
a first laser for processing a work-piece, a focusing and directing system disposed to receive a first laser beam from said first laser and focus and direct said first laser beam onto a surface of the work-piece, an actuator connected to said focusing and directing system for controlling movement of the focusing and directing system for adjusting where the focused laser beam hits on the surface of the work-piece and for controlling a distance of a focal spot of said laser beam from the surface;
a light source and a light shaping and projecting system disposed to receive light from said light source and project a selected patterned beam of light onto a surface of said work-piece in a region of the surface being processed with said first laser beam, said light shaping and projecting system producing a light pattern including an elongate portion, said focusing and directing system and said light shaping and projecting system being disposed with respect to each other so that the focused first laser beam incident on the surface and the patterned beam of light incident on the surface are at a pre-selected angle with respect to each other;
image detection means for receiving an image of said patterned beam of light reflected from said surface; and
processing means for calculating a shift in position of said surface in a vicinity of the region of the surface being laser processed from said image of said patterned beam of light reflected from said surface, said processing means being connected to said actuator so that as the position of said surface shifts, said actuator moves said directing and focusing system to return said focal spot to a pre-selected distance from said surface.
The present invention also provides a method for autofocus feedback for maintaining a focal spot of a processing laser at a pre-selected distance from a surface of a work-piece being laser processed, said pre-selected distance including said focal spot being coincident with said surface or at a specified distance from said surface, the method comprising the steps of:
focusing a processing laser beam to a focal spot and directing said focused processing laser beam onto a surface of a work-piece, projecting a patterned beam of light onto a surface of said work-piece in a region of the surface being processed at a pre-selected angle with respect to said focused processing laser beam incident on the surface, said patterned light beam including an elongate portion; and
capturing an image of the patterned light beam reflected from the surface and calculating a shift in position of said surface in a vicinity of the region of the surface being laser processed from said image of said patterned beam of light reflected from said surface and if said surface has shifted adjusting said focused processing laser beam to return said focal spot to said pre-selected distance from said surface.
The invention will now be described, by way of non-limiting examples only, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an autofocus feedback system for laser micromachining constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the surface of the workpiece and focal spot of the micromachining laser incident on the surface as viewed along the axis of the micromachining laser beam with the top surface of the workpiece located in the focal plane of the laser so the light line on the surface intersects the laser focal point;
FIG. 3 is a view of the relationship between the machining laser, workpiece surface at the focal point of the machining laser and light line showing how a vertical change in the workpiece surface in the vicinity of the laser spot size is translated into horizontal deflections in the light line; and
FIG. 4 is a top view similar to FIG. 2 but showing the effect on the light line projected onto the surface of the workpiece when the surface undergoes movement up and down relative to the focal plane of the micromachining laser as shown in FIG. 3.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a block diagram of a combined laser processing and autofocusing system is shown generally at 10. The laser processing system uses a processing laser beam 12 for processing the work-piece. A common type of laser processing involves laser machining or micromachining of a material. A beam splitter 14 is used to direct laser beam 12 onto the focusing optical component, shown as a focusing lens 16, which focuses the laser beam 12 down to the desired spot size on the work-piece which is positioned with its surface at the focal plane 32, and which is moved around in the horizontal plane using an X-Y positioning stage 42. It is noted that the focal spot of the focussed laser beam refers to the spot seen at the theoretical focal point of the lens.
The apparatus includes a light line projector including a light source 18 and associated optics, including a cylindrical lens 20 and mirror 28 for projecting a line of light 22 (which may have a wavelength in the red or other wavelengths) at a selected angle from the vertical with respect to the surface of the work-piece. This angle shown in FIG. 1 is 45� which is a preferred angle but those skilled in the art will appreciate that other angles may be used as well. Both the focusing lens 16 and the light line projector are fixed to a Z positioning stage 44 which moves both of them together up and down in the vertical direction. An actuator (not shown) is used to move the positioning stage 44 to re-position the focal spot of the processing laser beam at the desired position relative to the surface of the work-piece. Positioning stage 44 may include an adjustment mechanism (not shown) for adjusting the angle between the portion of patterned beam of light incident on the surface (beam portion 33 in FIG. 1) and the portion of focused processing laser beam incident on the surface (beam portion 35 in FIG. 1).
Any imaging detector, including but not limited for example to a charge coupled device (CCD) camera 24 such as shown in FIG. 1, is positioned to capture an image of the light line 22. Camera 24 has a filter 26 mounted in front of it in order to filter out the wavelengths of the machining laser beam 12 and those emitted by the plasma produced by the laser/material interaction, but not the wavelength of light line 22. Camera 24, which is shown operating through the focusing optics of the machining laser beam 12, is used to monitor the motion of the light line 22 with respect to its field of view. Associated electronics separates the video signal into usable components so that the position of the line 22 can be determined. The output of camera 24 can be shown on a video screen for ease of alignment by the operator. The light line 22 is fixed in a known position with respect to the machining laser beam 12 focal spot hitting the surface 32 so that when the work-piece surface is in the focal plane 32, this light-line/focal-spot configuration defines a calibration.
Using a pattern of light such as a long thin line of light rather than a point of light is the best mode of performing the present method and solves a major problem associated with autofocus systems based on reflection of points of light. Particularly, it is important that the light pattern not be a point of light in order to avoid the loss of a reflected light signal when the autofocus beam hits a precut feature such as a hole or slot. If a point of light is used and it falls into a hole already present in the work-piece, there will be little or no reflection from the work-piece and no light is detected at the detector which means the detector has no input from which to calculate the position correction for the processing laser beam. Another advantage of a long thin line of light is the fact that it is thin in one direction (width) which increases the resolution in that direction but long in the other direction to avoid completely disappearing into a hole as mentioned above. As long as the light pattern is elongate in one direction to avoid completely disappearing into precut features as discussed above, the light line does not necessarily have to be a perfect or simple straight line.
For generating a light line 22, the light line generator may comprise a laser (e.g. a Diode-Pumped Solid-State, Helium-neon or diode laser) as light source 18 and associated optics to produce a light line of desired length (usually a combination of spherical and cylindrical optics). Different lasers may be used to generate lines of different color or wavelength as different materials reflect differently. The important feature is that the CCD camera 24 can detect the light line 22 reflected off the work-piece near the point where the processing laser beam 12 contacts the work-piece to define the position of the light line in the field of view of the camera 24. The Camera 24 is rotated so that the orientation of the camera matches the orientation of the line 22 generated by the diode laser and optics comprising the light line projector.
While a laser is a preferred light source for generating the light line, it will be appreciated that other light sources may be used. A non-coherent light source may be used with a color filter and a line-shaped aperture to generate the light line. The main point is that the detection system be able to detect the reflected light line and use it to determine the position of the work-piece. An advantage of using a laser to generate the light line is that it will have better defined edges.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3, the autofocusing system functions by imaging laser line 22 which is projected down at an angle (45�, for example, or 30� for increased sensitivity) relative to the processing laser beam onto the work-piece surface which is being machined. While 45� is shown as the pre-selected angle it will be understood that increased resolution may be obtained using a much smaller angle, for example 10� from horizontal (so that it is almost grazing) may be used if a sufficiently thin line could be generated that did not spread appreciably.
In one embodiment of the apparatus, camera 24 is a Pulnix TM-200 CCD camera with two TV 2� expanders connected in series with a telephoto lens. The Pulnix imager is a �″ interline transfer CCD with 768 (H)�494 (V) pixels and a cell size of 8.4 μm�9.8 μm. The Tamron telephoto lens features a manually adjustable focal range from 60 to 300 mm.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, if the work-piece surface deflects up or down, the light line 22 moves correspondingly with respect to the laser focal spot. This is because while the point of intersection between the processing laser beam 12 on the work-piece surface is unchanged due to the vertical (perpendicular) incidence of the laser beam 12 on the surface, the position of the light line 22 does change due to its 45-degree angle of incidence on the work-piece. For example, as the surface 32 of the work-piece in the vicinity of the laser spot 34 deforms up and down, the light line 22 undergoes horizontal deflections with the amount of horizontal deflection being proportional to the vertical change in the surface of the work-piece. This change can be monitored on the imaging system on screen and processed by the autofocusing electronics. A proportional voltage set-point is produced by the electronics for feedback to a controller which uses this voltage reference to move the Z positioning stage 44 to correct accordingly so the surface of the work-piece is once again positioned at the focal point of the processing laser beam 12. Specifically, as the positioning stage 44 moves in such a way that the light line 22 returns to its original position in the field of view of camera 24 towards the calibration position, the laser focal spot is also moved to its preset distance from the surface which is either at the surface or offset from the surface. The result is a return to the optimal machining conditions defined by the calibration. This adjustment is conducted in real time, while the laser is cutting and the work-piece is moving, ensuring optimal machining condition at all time during the processing of the work-piece.
The desired position of the focal spot of the laser beam either at the surface of the work-piece or at a selected distance above it is selected by the user and may be pre-programmed. In many laser machining applications it is preferred to direct a fixed amount of laser energy into the material being processed, and in many situations this means concentrating the maximum amount of energy at the surface of the work-piece so that it is preferred to maintain the focal point of the focussed laser beam at the surface of the work-piece. However it will be appreciated that the present autofocussing method is not limited to maintaining the focal point per se at the surface but rather on keeping a fixed distance between the focal spot and the work-piece such that the laser fluence at the surface is constant, which may also be achieved using an out of focus setting in which the distance between the lens 16 and surface of the work-piece is not equal to the focal length so some other part of the focussed laser beam hits the surface rather than having the focal point right at the surface. Thus the present autofocus system provides constant fluence to the surface of the work-piece and keeps it constant by use of the autofocus system. It is typical for the processing laser to be oriented to be normal to the surface to be machined, particularly when the features being machined into the work-piece are to have walls perpendicular to the surface of the work-piece. However, it is sometimes desirable to have features such as holes that have walls which are not perpendicular with respect to the surface of the work-piece, in which case one would like to have the laser beam hitting the work-piece surface at the corresponding angle. This is often the case for example when cooling holes are drilled in turbine blades. Thus while the drawings show the processing laser at normal incidence to the surface of the work-piece which is the preferred orientation for use with the present autofocusing method, it will be understood that the machining beam does not have to be restricted to being normal to the work-piece surface as long as there is a known pre-selected angle between the processing laser beam and the autofocus light-line incident the surface. Thus the method is preferably implemented with the processing laser normal to the surface and the light line in line with the machining laser spot on the surface as shown in FIG. 2.
One non-limiting example of a processing laser is a Q-switched, diode pumped Nd:YLF running at 10 kHz with 80-ns pulses. This laser produces a beam that has a wavelength of 1,053 nm. The laser is always "on," and operates in conjunction with a mechanical "shutter" that either allows or doesn't allow the laser beam to pass through it.
In the embodiment of the autofocusing system in FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4, the light line 22 generated by the laser diode is a collimated rectangular beam approximately 1.6 mm�8 mm. This beam is focused through a cylindrical lens with a focal length of 150 mm. The mirror 22 attached to the Z-axis is used to reflect the beam at the 45-degree angle with respect to the focussed processing laser beam 12 which in this case is coming in normal to the surface.
Since the image of the reflected light line from the surface of the machined work-piece uses the same optical path as the machining laser, and because the plasma flame generated by the YLF processing laser emits light of a diffuse nature which is very intense and crosses many different wavelengths, including that of the laser diode, the bandpass filter 26 is necessary to pass light of wavelength corresponding to the light line but filter out all other wavelengths.
It will be understood that while the system shown in FIG. 1 shows the reflected light line imaged by the CCD camera 24 and the processing laser beam 12 normal to the surface being coaxial along the normal to the surface, which necessitates the need for interference filter 26, it will be appreciated that other optical configurations may be used. One such other configuration could involve having the machining laser focus and the light line hit the work-piece in different areas for the calibration, such that the CCD camera 24 would not include the bright plasma in its field of view. While this might enable the user to do away with the interference filter 26, it would also make the machining spot and diagnostic spot be in two different areas, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the technique. Another way to do without the filter would be to use software processing of the CCD camera 24 image to exclude the bright spot created by the emitting plasma from the processing when determining the position of the reflected light line. Generally, though, since the area being detected by the CCD camera 24 usually includes the machining laser plasma, some type of filter (optical, configurational, software or other) will be needed to ensure a well-working autofocus system.
The electronics associated with the autofocusing system is used to determine where on the video signal the image of the light line is located. It is with this information that the feedback voltage sent to the Z-axis controller is generated. The digital part of the circuit is used to determine whether the video signal from the camera is in the upper half or the lower half of the video raster or any predefined position on the screen (video raster). The horizontal and vertical synchronization timing information is detected from the video signal or from the sync generator and fed to the system and the camera. The content of the video signal is fed into the processing electronics and if laser beam falls in the upper portion of the split screen, the electronic circuit produces positive 10 volts, while if the laser beam falls in the lower part of the split screen, the electronic circuit will produce a −10 volt signal. Being exactly on the split line will generate a 0 volt signal.
Therefore, slight movement will generate anything between −10 and +10volts regarding position of laser line on the screen. The outputs of the digital part of the circuitry are connected to the analog part of the circuit, which is used to generate a signal of −10 to +10 volts proportional to the departure of the light line video position from the calibration position. Resistor-capacitor (RC) elements in the amplification stages are used to smooth out the signal to provide a DC voltage for the analog to digital converter in the Aerotech Z positioning stage controller.
A potentiometer in the analog circuitry provides a DC offset so the zero voltage point can be adjusted with the potentiometer. This is necessary to precisely position the light line on the screen for calibration. The circuit may be powered by a Xantrex power supply that is capable of providing the required +10 V, −10 V, ground, and +5 V for the circuitry. Recently autofocusing system has been tested with software signal processing using DVT Legend 530 intelligent camera. The camera provides digital outputs: in position, out of position (+), out of position (−) and out of range This system has been tested using a 6K controller from Parker-Compumotor, using jog inputs and high-speed jog. No additional software has been provided for the 6K controller.
The present autofocusing system may be adapted or retrofitted to current laser machining facilities, regardless of laser power or size of machining piece.
A non-limiting, example of software control of the apparatus comprises an Aerotech Unidex 600 MMI software 600.06.00.106, which has a command called AFCO which allows the user to configure the input of the Aerotech XYZ-stage controller DR 500 as an autofocus single axis control input on the Z positioning stage. Parameters which can be set by the AFCO command are:
Axis—the axis which tracks the analog input
ADC channel—analog input channel (0-7)
Speed—speed of the axis when the difference between the current analog input and the analog set-point is 10 volts
Dead-band—Minimum deviation from the analog set-point for motion to occur
Analog set-point—desired analog target value, range +/−10 volts
Anti-dive—value of the analog input beyond which no motion will occur, range +/−10 volts
The AFCO command works by converting the voltage difference from the set-point to a speed which is proportional to the voltage displacement.
As used herein, the terms "comprises" and "comprising" are to be construed as being inclusive and open ended, and not exclusive. Specifically, when used in this specification including claims, the terms "comprises" and "comprising" and variations thereof mean the specified features, steps or components are included. These terms are not to be interpreted to exclude the presence of other features, steps or components.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented to illustrate the principles of the invention and not to limit the invention to the particular embodiment illustrated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by all of the embodiments encompassed within the following claims and their equivalents.
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|Feb 21, 2013
|Precitec Kg
|Laser processing head and method for processing a workpiece by means of a laser beam
|Jul 26, 2012
|Jul 25, 2013
|Kataoka Corporation
|Laser processing machine
|Jun 23, 2005
|Oct 29, 2008
|Single wire trigger analysis olignment method of polar coordination laser writing system
|Jun 13, 2010
|Dec 22, 2010
|Optical sensors for combustion control
|May 3, 2011
|Jan 30, 2013
|Laser cutting head and method for cutting a workpiece by means of a laser cutting head
|May 3, 2011
|Mar 30, 2016
|Aug 27, 2014
|Nov 19, 2014
|Device and method for shocking and strengthening thin wall part edges through lasers
|May 3, 2012
|Dec 6, 2012
|Forest Line Capdenac
|Method for checking the play between strips deposited by a drape-forming head, and sub-assembly of a drape-forming head with an onboard checking device
|U.S. Classification
|250/201.4, 250/201.8, 356/609, 356/631
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 23, 2003
Owner name: PHOTONICS RESEARCH ONTARIO, CANADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NANTEL, MARC;REEL/FRAME:014306/0464
Effective date: 20030721
|Mar 16, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 25, 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 16, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 8, 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110916


text:
Digital Life
ALEX CHADWICK, host:
The Internet and financial worlds are still gaga over Google last week paying $1.6 billion to acquire the video Web site YouTube.
MADELEINE BRAND, host:
YouTube's rise from indie Web site to the Internet's top TV channel happened so fast that only the most obsessive surfers have kept up with its entire story.
CHADWICK: So a few milestones may help put YouTube into context. Here is Slate contributor Paul Boutin with a primer.
PAUL BOUTIN: Launched in August of last year, it wasn't the first video site. But YouTube cut through the clutter by making it head-slappingly easy for non-techies to upload video, no harder than attaching a file to an e-mail message.
(Soundbite of video clip)
Mr. JON STEWART (The Daily Show): Your partisan - what do you call it - hacks.
BOUTIN: YouTube's slogan may be "broadcast yourself," but a huge component of the site's appeal comes from TV and movie fans who rebroadcast other people's clips.
(Soundbite of "Crossfire")
Mr. STEWART: If you want to compare your show to a comedy show, you're more than welcome to.
BOUTIN: Jon Stewart's October, 2005 stop-hurting-America plea on Crossfire became the shot heard, or rather seen, around the world. More viewers watched the clip online than saw it on CNN.
(Soundbite of TV show "Saturday Night Live")
Mr. ANDY SAMBERG (Comedian): (Rapping) Lazy Sunday, wake up in the late afternoon...
BOUTIN: In December, the site was flooded with bootlegs of the Saturday Night Live short Lazy Sunday.
(Soundbite of clip)
Mr. STEPHEN COLBERT (Comedian): Tonight it is my privilege to celebrate this president.
BOUTIN: And Stephen Colbert's over-the-top roasting of President Bush at the White House correspondent's dinner in April seemed to be written for YouTube, rather than for the room full of journalists and the president, who endured Colbert's act in nervous near-silence.
(Soundbite of clip)
Mr. COLBERT: The president makes decisions. He's the decider. The press secretary announces those decisions, and you people of the press type those decisions down.
BOUTIN: Reporters who were there said it wasn't funny, but on YouTube the next morning it was hilarious.
(Soundbite of clip)
Mr. COLBERT: Make, announce, type. Just put them through a spell check and go home.
BOUTIN: Far and away the most-watched clip on YouTube is Evolution of Dance, a six-minute comedy dance routine by Cleveland-based motivational speaker and comedian Judson Laipply that's pulled more than 35 million views since Laipply posted it in April.
(Soundbite of "Evolution of Dance")
BOUTIN: Watching the balding, cherubic Laipply flawlessly mime Elvis, the Village People and M.C. Hammer in rapid succession is funny and impressive, but is this really the best video online?
(Soundbite of YouTube video)
Unidentified Woman #1: I love all you (unintelligible) YouTubers, and I love you, YouTube.
BOUTIN: YouTube's audience size surpassed CNN.com in May, and the site's ease of use has spawned a sort of citizen journalism. But it's not the muckraking, truth-outing investigative journalism promised by futurists. The site's hits are first-person memoirs like Telling it All, an autobiographical series by a British 70-something. His member name: geriatic1927.
(Soundbite of video)
GERIATRIC1927: Hello, YouTubers. Grandpa's back in his chair...
BOUTIN: His goal, when he began posting in August, was to, quote, bitch and grumble about life in general.
(Soundbite of YouTube video)
GERIATRIC1927: I am still being bothered by television people who want me to do things, and I have to tell them to - I was going to swear then. Oh, that would spoil my image, wouldn't it?
BOUTIN: But not every YouTube self-documentarian is real. In September, diligent YouTubers cracked the cover of actress Jessica Rose, who had begun posting over the summer as Bree, a supposed real-life teenager with the username lonelygirl15.
(Soundbite of video)
Ms. JESSICA ROSE (Actress): Hi. So I'm up here in my room again because I'm grounded.
BOUTIN: Since her outing, Rose has appeared on The Tonight Show. But once revealed as a fictional creation, her popularity on YouTube plunged.
(Soundbite of video)
Ms. ROSE: That's a juicer, for juicing things. Anyway...
(Soundbite of song "Hey" by the Pixies)
BOUTIN: With 100 million videos played every day, you'd think YouTube has no trouble attracting advertisers. But just a few months ago, CNET reported that ad experts were skeptical whether advertisers would buy placement on a site known for bloody fistfights, half-dressed teenagers gyrating in their bedrooms, or spectacular car and plane wrecks. Today, you can see a teaser for Diddy's next album.
(Soundbite of video)
P. DIDDY (Rapper): Let's play a game. Let's pretend for a second you don't know who I am and what I do. Let's just put it to the side...
BOUTIN: Give him credit. YouTube founders Steve Chen and Chad Hurley announced their acquisition by Google with their own home-grown clip.
(Soundbite of video)
Unidentified Man #4 (Co-founder, YouTube): The king of search and the king of video have gotten together. We're going to have it our way.
(Soundbite of laughter)
BOUTIN: Fans have posted dozens of their own analyses, but the general take is that a Google/YouTube pairing doesn't have the Orwellian overtones of, say, GE buying NBC. Instead, it gives the Internet's largest TV station a relatively hip, permissive corporate parent, capable of paying its fast-growing bandwidth bills.
CHADWICK: Paul Boutin writes about technology for the online magazine Slate, and you can see the video examples mentioned in his story at our Web site, npr.org. And stay with us, there's more to come on DAY TO DAY.
Copyright © 2006 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 19, 2005
|Filing date
|Mar 2, 2001
|Priority date
|Mar 2, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|William T. Freeman, Alexei Efros
|Original Assignee
|Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (43), Classifications (7), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to the field of computer graphics, and more particularly to texture synthesis and transfer for pixel-based images.
In the past decade, the field of computer graphics has experienced numerous advances in the field of processing images. Researchers and developers have described how to sample real world images, and using the samples to synthesize novel views of the real world in a virtual environment, rather than recreating the physical world from scratch.
In turn, this has generated interest in texture synthesis methods. In computer graphics, "texture" is a digital representation markings on a surface of an object. In addition, texture captures other qualities, such as color and brightness. Texture can also encode transparent and reflective qualities. After a texture has been defined, the texture can be "wrapped" around a 3D object. This is called texture mapping. Well-defined textures are very important for rendering realistic images. However, textures generally require a lot of storage and take time to acquire, therefore, synthetic texture generation is an important field.
Texture synthesis should be able to take a small sample of texture, ideally as small as possible, and generate an unlimited amount of image data. The synthesized texture may not be exactly like the original, but most viewers should perceive it as such.
Furthermore, the method should be able to map the synthesized texture to any arbitrary model or object.
While the problem of texture analysis and synthesis from real images has had a long history in the field of computer vision and statistics, it was not until recently that the quality of results reached a level acceptable for use in computer graphics, see David J. Heeger and James R. Bergen, "Pyramid-based texture analysis/synthesis," SIGGRAPH '95, pages 229-238, 1995. They described a texture model in terms of histograms of filter responses at multiple scales and orientations. It turned out that matching these histograms iteratively at different spatial scales was enough to produce impressive synthetic results for stochastic textures. However, their method did not capture important relationships across scales and orientations because the histograms measure marginal, not joint, statistics. Thus, their method failed for highly structured textures.
Several attempts have been made to extend their model to capture a wider range of textures, including J. S. De Bonet, "Multiresolution sampling procedure for analysis and synthesis of texture images, "SIGGRAPH '97, pages 361-368, 1997. De Bonet sampled from conditional distribution over multiple scales. Bonet was extended by Portilla et al., see Javier Portilla and Eero P Simoncelli, "A parametric texture model based on joint statistics of complex wavelet coefficients. International Journal of Computer Vision, 40(1):49-71, December 2000. They matched both first and second order properties of wavelet coefficients. While important from a theoretical point of view, neither method was successful at capturing local detail of many structured textures.
A different approach was to directly model pixels given their spatial neighborhoods, see Alexei A. Efros and Thomas K. Leung, "Texture synthesis by non-parametric sampling," International Conference on Computer Vision, pages 1033-1038, September 1999. They described a simple method of "growing" texture one pixel at a time. The conditional distribution of each pixel, given all its neighbors synthesized so far, was estimated by searching the sample image and finding all similar neighborhoods. That method produced very good results for a wide range of textures. However, a full search of the input image was required to synthesize every single pixel, which made the method very slow.
That method was accelerated by about two orders of magnitude by using a multi-scale image pyramid, and clustering pixel neighborhoods, see Li-Yi Wei and Marc Levoy, "Fast texture synthesis using tree-structured vector quantization," SIGGRAPH 2000, pages 479-488, 2000, based on work described by Kris Popat and Rosalind W. Picard, "Novel cluster-based probability model for texture synthesis, classification, and compression," Proc. SPIE Visual Comm. and Image Processing, 1993. However, with these optimizations, the best matching neighborhoods were frequently not found. Therefore, many textures, especially these with high frequency structure, such as images of text, were not well synthesized.
Another very simple method took random square blocks from an input texture and placed the blocks randomly onto a synthesized texture, see Xu, B. Guo, and H.-Y. Shum, "Chaos mosaic: Fast and memory efficient texture synthesis," Technical Report MSR-TR-2000-32, Microsoft Research, April 2000. That method included alpha blending to avoid edge artifacts. While their method failed for highly structured textures, e.g., a checker-board pattern, due to boundary inconsistencies, it worked no worse than other more complicated methods for most semi-stochastic texture methods.
One curious fact about the one-pixel-at-a-time synthesis method of Efros et al. was that for most complex textures very few pixels actually had a choice of values that could be assigned to them. That is, during the synthesis process most pixels had their values totally determined by what had been synthesized so far. For example, if the pattern was circles on a plane, then soon after the synthesis of a particular circle was started, all the remaining pixels of that circle, plus some surrounding ones, were completely determined. In this extreme case, the circle would be called the texture element. This same effect persisted to a lesser extent even when the texture was more stochastic, and there were no obvious texels. This meant that a lot of searching work was wasted on pixels whose "fate" had already been determined.
It could be possible that the units of synthesis should be something bigger than a pixel. If these units could some how be determined, then the process of texture synthesis would be akin to putting together an M. C. Escher jigsaw puzzle of illusory and seamless improbable tessellations. Of course, determining precisely the size and shapes of these units, for a given texture, and how to put the units together hits at the heart of texture analysis—an open problem in computer vision.
Therefore, there still is a need for a simple texture synthesis and transfer method. The method should allow one to synthesize unlimited amounts of new textures from existing textures, and to map the synthesized textures in a consistent manner. It should be possible to synthesize textures in a fast and reliable way, and in a way that lets one control the texture synthesis. For example, it should be possible to cut and paste material properties. It should also be possible to gather data for a particle texture "style" in which something should be rendered, for example, an orange peel, and then to render some other object in that style as shown in FIG. 1.
The invention provides an image-based method for generating novel visual appearance in a new image. Synthetic texture is stitching together from small patches in existing images. First, we use a least cost path determination to determine the local boundaries between the patches. Second, we perform texture transfer by rendering an arbitrary object with a synthetic texture taken from a different object. More generally, we provide methods for rendering entire images in styles of different images. The method works directly on pixel images, and does not require 3D information.
More specifically, the invention provides a method for generating texture for a pixel image. The pixel image is partitioned into a plurality of blocks in a predetermined order, and for each block further processed by the following steps. A set of texture blocks is searched for a next block that best matches an adjacent previous block in a region where the previous and next block overlap. A least cost path is determined in the overlap region, and the next block is inserted adjacent to the previous block according to the least cost path to synthesize texture.
Texture Synthesis
With our invention, we provide a patch-based texture synthesis and transfer method.
The idea of our invention is developed as shown in FIG. 2. Our unit of synthesis is Bi 201, a square block, of user-specified size, selected from a set SB of all such blocks in an input texture image 202. To generate a new synthetic texture image, as a first step, we simply tile the synthetic texture image 231 with blocks taken randomly 211 from the set SB, to what ever size desired. In this simple case, the blocks (B1-B2) 212 abut each other. The larger synthetic texture image already looks somewhat reasonable, and for some textures will perform no worse than many previous much more complicated methods. However, the result is not completely satisfactory. For most structured textures, no amount of smoothing can completely hide the fact that the texture at the edges of the randomly selected blocks does not match.
As a refinement, we overlap 221 the selected blocks (B1-B2) 222 while tiling a synthetic image 232. With respect to each block, the overlap can be considered to be to the left and top of a previous block, when selecting blocks in a raster scan order. Note, for any blocks in the top row, there is no top overlap to be considered, the same for each first block of each row with respect to the left overlap. The very first block can be randomly picked, since there is no overlap. Now, instead of picking a random block from the input texture image 201, we search the set SB for a block (B2) 222 that agrees in the region of overlap, by some error measurement. However, the edges between the blocks are still somewhat noticeable. Smoothing across the edges will lessen this problem.
We solve this problem in a more principled way in our final refinement. Here, we select and tile with overlap as above. But now, we let the blocks (B1-B2) 232 have "ragged" edges in order to better approximate the features in the input texture image. Now, before placing a selected block into a synthetic image 233, we measure an error surface in the ragged overlap region. We determine a minimum cost path 234 through that error surface, and declare that to be the boundary between the blocks.
We scan 320 the partitioned image 321, in steps of one block 331, minus overlap. The scan can be left-to-right for each row of blocks in a top-to-down raster scan order 321.
For each scanned block 331, search an input texture image 332, for a set of blocks SB 333 that satisfy some constraint in the overlap region, within some error measurement, as described above. Select 340 one block Bi 341 from the set SB 331. In one embodiment, the block is selected randomly, in another embodiment the best matching block is selected. For texture transfer, as described below, the selection 340 is further constrained.
Determine 350 an error surface between the randomly selected next block and each previous block in the overlap region. Find a minimum cost path 351 along the error surface. In the preferred embodiment, the minimum cost path is determined by dynamic programming. Make the minimum cost path the "ragged" edge between the blocks. Insert the block 360 into the synthetic image 311 according to the ragged edge, with optional alpha blending, and repeat for the next block, until all blocks are done.
In the preferred embodiment, the amount of the overlap is ⅙ of length of a side of the block. The difference between two blocks in the overlap region can be expressed with a suitable error metric, for example, the sum of the squares (L2-norm) of the pixels, or the sum of the absolute values (L1-Norm). The error tolerance is set to be within 0.1 times the error of the best matching block. Because we constrain the search region, we can optimize the search process by using a multidimensional search (k-d) tree without compromising the quality of our results.
Texture Transfer
In order to provide texture transfer, we can augment our synthesis method 300, as shown in FIG. 4. From a small input texture image (rice) 401 we synthesize 300 a synthetic image 402 that is large enough to match an image of an object to which we transfer texture, in this case a man's face. We transfer texture 400 by requiring each block of synthetic texture to satisfy correspondence maps 403, as well as to satisfy the texture synthesis requirements. The correspondence maps can be obtained by low-pass filtering the images to remove high frequency components in the images.
For example, from the sample input rice texture 401, our synthesis method 300 synthesizes the larger synthetic texture image 402. The correspondence map 403, of the male face, is used to constrain the texture transfer. The textured transferred image 404 show texturing of the correspondence map 402 with the synthetic texture image 402. Bright patches of the face and bright patches of the rice are defined to have a low correspondence error. The synthesized rice texture conforms to this second constraint, yielding the image 404 where the man's face image appears to be rendered in rice.
For texture transfer 400, our method respects two independent constraints. First, the textured transferred image 404 is constrained locally by the synthetic texture image 402, and second, the image 404 is also constrained globally by the correspondence map 403.
In order to do this, the step 340 selecting the block Bi is modified as follows. In addition to ranking the blocks of the set BS on how well they satisfy the overlap constrains with the texture image synthesized so far, now we also rank the blocks in the set by how well they match the destination texture patch in the final image according to the correspondence map 403. The two ranking are merged with a user-specified parameter β, which determines the tradeoff between the local and global constraints, and the block is selected as described above.
Sometimes, one synthesis pass may be insufficient to produce a visually pleasing results because of the added global constraint. In such cases, as shown in
Iterating generally improves the method 300. The method 300 starts by using large blocks to roughly assign texture to the synthetic image, and then uses smaller blocks to make sure textures in neighboring blocks fit well together. Typically, three to five iterations are sufficient, reducing the block size by a third each time.
As shown in
3D Solid Models
So far, the invention has been described with respect to texturing surfaces of 3D object. It should also be understood that the invention can also be extended to texture solid objects. In this case, the overlap region between, e.g., two cubes, is a parallelepiped, and the least cost path becomes a least cost surface.
This invention is described using specific terms and examples. It is to be understood that various other adaptations and modifications may be made within the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it is the object of the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Interpolation apparatus and method, and image generation apparatus including such an apparatus
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|Method and apparatus for classifying and identifying images
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|Visibility splatting and image reconstruction for surface elements
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|May 23, 2002
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|Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.
|Method for retargeting images
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|Oct 5, 2010
|Upek, Inc.
|Image normalization for computed image construction
|Mar 16, 2007
|Dec 20, 2011
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|System and method for providing two-scale tone management of an image
|Apr 17, 2012
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Independent resizing of multiple image regions
|Oct 13, 2008
|May 15, 2012
|Adobe Systems Incorporated
|Seam-based reduction and expansion of images using parallel processing of retargeting matrix strips
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|Jul 10, 2012
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|Patch jittering for visual artifact correction
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|Methods and apparatus for directional texture generation using sample-based texture synthesis
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|Seam-based reduction and expansion of images with table-based priority
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|Seam carving and expansion of images with color frequency priority
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|Banded seam carving of images with pyramidal retargeting
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|Seam carving using seam energy re-computation in seam neighborhood
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 2, 2001
Owner name: MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FREEMAN, WILLIAM T.;REEL/FRAME:011646/0160
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|Jul 5, 2001
Owner name: MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES, INC., M
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text:
If you have troubles since the update to WordPress 4.5 please read this post before opening a new thread.
I am really new to this, so please help me out. My home page is full width. I would like it to be "framed" like this : http://payalebar-square.com/
Really appreciate the help.
Thank you.
The topic 'How do I make a "Frame" in my homepage' is closed to new replies.


text:
Epson VS335W Projector Review
The Epson VS335W has a 1 year parts and labor warranty for the projector itself while the lamp carries a 90 day warranty.
Epson Road Service Program
Replacement programs associated with warranties are the fastest and usually the easiest way to get back up and running if a projector has a issue while still under warranty. The Epson Road Service replacement program ships out a replacement projector the next business day, if you don't call in too late in the afternoon. That's fast! Epson pays the shipping fees for your replacement and to return your original projector with the issue.
Bottom Line on this Epson projector's warranty: Overall, the warranty and support program has to be considered well above average but is limited to the included 1 year duration.
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Steps on the Stone Path
Steps on the Stone Path
Working with Crystals and Minerals as a Spiritual Practice
North Atlantic Books, Paperback, 9781556438981, 144pp.
Publication Date: July 20, 2010
List Price: $15.95*
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Through myths and legends, knowledge of the power of certain gems and crystals has been preserved over innumerable generations. However, the practical aspects of how to use precious stones to promote spiritual development have been lost to all but a few initiates. In "Steps on the Stone Path, " Robert Sardello offers strategies and rituals for recapturing that lost power. Sardello starts with guided meditations and rituals for developing awareness of, and the ability to experience, stone qualities such as deep silence, form, transparency, and color as modes of spiritual consciousness. Entering these modes of silent, creative consciousness requires befriending the elemental angelic beings embodied in stones. The author develops these initial practices into a sensory yoga of stones, in which the connection between the self and the Divine Self manifests through the medium of stone-awareness. He encourages us to wear certain gems or to keep specific crystals close to the body, allowing us to enter the world of spirit. "Steps on the Stone Path" explores the possibility of uniting our soul being with the soul of specific stones and reveals unknown inner qualities and dimensions of humankind, presenting a dazzling theory of stones as critical tools in the making of a New Heaven and a New Earth.
Praise For Steps on the Stone Path…
" … It was not the sun but Sardello's book that set me on the path of healing. … I recommend that all my readers and friends discover Sardello's work."
—Robert Simmons, author of The Book of Stones and Stones of the New Consciousness


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This article contains a training material (in PDF format) on Intel® MKL Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) which includes details of MKL DFTI API, example code and parallelization.


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Marvel Assembles an Official Title for Third "Avengers" Movie
Comic Books, Film
Film, Comic Books
Comic Books
The Buy Pile
The Buy Pile
The Buy Pile
Comics Should be Good
Robot 6
Comics Should be Good
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Robot 6
Comics Should be Good
Jul 29, 19:24pm
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Cupertino, CA
Whether it's beginning the new flagship team of the Marvel Universe in "Uncanny Avengers" or concluding the saga of Marvel's most popular black-ops team in "Uncanny X-Force," writer Rick Remender has the entire spectrum covered. Remender came by the CBR Tiki Room high above the show floor at New York Comic Con to discuss his career, the developments in "Uncanny Avengers," creator-owned comics and his new project with Dynamite Entertainment.
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Liberal blames loss on 'dishonest' GetUp!
Ousted Liberal MP Andrew Nikolic has taken to social media to accuse left-wing lobby group GetUp! of running a "dishonest, nasty, personal campaign" that cost him his seat.
Senior Writer
Ousted Liberal MP Andrew Nikolic has taken to social media to accuse left-wing lobby group GetUp! of running a "dishonest, nasty, personal campaign" that cost him his seat.
The Liberal Party is poised to claim the seat of Melbourne Ports from Labor for the first time, helped by sitting MP Michael Danby rejecting a directive to always preference the Greens.
Arguably the most visible election posters in Hobart are for a woman who - according to conventional wisdom - has no chance of winning. But does she?
Andrew Nikolic – ex-senior army officer, right-wing Tony Abbott loyalist and MP for economically challenged northern Tasmania – is a fighter. He's going to need to be.
The Greens want a new national body to protect the rights of renters and improve the standard of rental properties after a survey on the party's website revealed "thousands of horror stories".
Former Greens leader Bob Brown is trying to get backing for a development in pristine Tasmanian wilderness – in order to save it.
Bill Shorten seized the chance to emphasise his man-of-the-workers roots under dark skies at a pub 50 kilometres outside Launceston.
It is not every day business leaders and welfare groups line up to give the government the same message, but before the budget they were in lock-step on a key point – that the dole should be increased.
Malcolm Turnbull has used a memorial service for the victims of the Port Arthur massacre to promise to defend Australia's gun laws.
CSIRO is at war – at the heart is the question of whether engaging in meaningful "science for science sake" is anachronistic for a national agency in a cash-strapped, innovation focused world. Adam Morton reports.
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Brisbane, CBD & Inner Suburbs, Full Time
09 Jul, 2016
Workers Compensation, Commercial. Mon- Fri, Business Hours, Excellent hourly rate. Highly regarded employer with strong values.
Job Category: Insurance & Superannuation
Customer Advisor roles, Mon- Fri, Business Hours, Excellent hourly rate plus super. Case and relationship management focus
Sydney, CBD, Inner West & Eastern Suburbs, Full Time
08 Jul, 2016
Team Assistant sought after for this permanent, full-time role within CBD based insurer - Competitive Salary- Experience needed....
Sydney, All Sydney, Full Time
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Sought after opportunity to secure a Senior Case Management role within a self/specialised insurer.
Melbourne, CBD & Inner Suburbs, Full Time
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Join a highly regarded Australian organisation in a busy and rewarding role. Use your skills to lead the business in managing a complex portfolio.
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Be part of a driven and passionate team during an exciting time. Use your case management skills to own your portfolio and drive outcomes.
Manage litigated workers compensation matters for a leading WorkCover agent in a leadership position with strong technical focus.
Melbourne, CBD & Inner Suburbs, Full Time
30 Jun, 2016
Manage your own portfolio, mentor the staff, be a part of this fantastic team by joining this leading self-insurer. Opportunity of a lifetime!!


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Sunday 10:00am Dharma Talk: Furyu Nancy Schroeder Jul 31, 2016
Green Gulch
- Calendar
- About Us
- Apprenticeship Programs
- Conference Center
- Family Programs
- Farm & Garden
- Green Gulch Watershed
- Visits & Stays
- Volunteers
- Way of Tea
- Zen Meditation & Practice
Upcoming Events
Releasing the Habit of Fear: An Exploration in Zen, Yoga, and the Alexander Technique, GGF 8/12 – 8/14 Aug 12, 2016 - Aug 14, 2016
Releasing the Habit of Fear: An Exploration in Zen, Yoga, and the Alexander Technique, GGF 8/12 – 8/14 Aug 12, 2016 - Aug 14, 2016
Visits & Stays
The Green Gulch Welcome Center is open:
Monday through Saturday, 9 am - noon and 1:30 - 5:45 pm
Sundays, 9 am - 5:45 pm
Guest Accommodations
Green Gulch Farm offers a variety of overnight accommodations in a meditative retreat space dense with trees and foliage just 10 miles north of San Francisco.
Guest Student Stays
Guest Students reside in student housing and participate in the full meditation and work schedule and attend classes, lectures, and ceremonies. This program offers short-term residency to those interested in beginning or deepening Zen practice with the support of a community.
Apprenticeship Programs
Apprentices may stay and work either in the farm and garden or elsewhere on the campus at Green Gulch Farm Zen Center.


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Welcome to Aberdeen
Aberdeen is the powerhouse of the northeast, fuelled by the North Sea petroleum industry. Oil money has made the city as expensive as London and Edinburgh, and there are hotels, restaurants and clubs with prices to match the depth of oil-wealthy pockets. Fortunately, most of the cultural attractions, such as the excellent Maritime Museum and the Aberdeen Art Gallery, are free... Read More
Top experiences in Aberdeen
Sights in AberdeenSee all sights
Amazing hotels and hostels
We've pre-picked the best hotels, hostels and bed and breakfasts to make your stay as enjoyable as possible.


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Ratings based on 1,162 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.0 Room cleanliness
4.0 Service & staff
4.0 Room comfort
3.8 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified ReviewsThey paid and stayed. We double-checked.
by A verified traveler from Madison Wisconsin
Great Place to visitPosted Jul 14, 2016
Pros: Staff was friendly
Cons: Hotel is somewhat dated.
Location: Good Location
Everything in walking distance, friendly Clevelanders!
by A verified traveler from Rochester, NY
Short stayPosted Jul 9, 2016
Pros: The staff, however, were very courteous, which was greatly appreciated. It was also within walking distance to the ballpark.
Cons: Room availability at check-in time. Parking space for self-parking.
Location: We only went to a ballgame so didn't have time to do anything else.
It was okay for one night; however, what happened to the pool...I don't think that was the one on the website. Check-in time was supposed to be 3 pm and we arrived at almost 4 pm. As the family we were with had their room ready, we were able to go there; we were told to check back at 5:30 pm. After at least 15 minutes at the desk, she was able to ascertain a room was ready; however, it was 2 floors below our family and maids were still cleaning other rooms on that floor. As we were there for a ballgame, we didn't have time for a meal before game time. I realize that this was a busy time because the Yankees were in town, but the staff should have been aware of this ahead time and planned accordingly. We also wish there had been self-parking available to avoid a higher fee. We were basically told there was no choice.
by A verified traveler from michigan
Totally disappointedPosted Jul 8, 2016
It started off wrong. The room told me over the phone I could get a roll away bed For my double room. I get there lady at front desk tells me no they don't do that. The room wasn't clean I had to ask for clean pillow cases I had to clean bathroom with antibacterial wipes, carpets was nasty had to sleep with socks on. I asked for more towels when I first got there at 3:30 pm got after third shift got there after midnight Jacuzzi wasn't working nasty looking water. I can go on and on. But I will say the lady on third got me more towels and a roll away bed after midnight. The lady on first was very rude
by A verified traveler from Cleveland Ohio
Great location! The Worst Service!Posted May 12, 2016
Pros: location
Cons: hire better staff--some that are service oriented. The front desk staff were awful!
Location: playhouse square
We reserved a room for our anniversary. We arrived and waited for a valet but none arrived. After we came inside at 3pm sharp (the time it says checkin on our reservation) and the rude front desk person told me that the policy is "as early as 3pm", and that our room wouldn't be ready for half an hour or longer. I'm sitting there with my hands full of luggage ready while guest after guest checks in... Then, we come back from our concert at 10:45pm on a Saturday night. We head to the bar for some fries or nachos to take to our room. The bartender hands me a menu, and when I try to order, he tell me the kitchen is closed. I them wait for a manager for 28 minutes... So they can whip up a cold plate of nachos. So, I call the head manager of the hotel and leave multiple messages. He left one message and said he would call me back--but never did, even after leaving him 2 messages since... Terrible experience for our anniversary.
by A verified traveler
Hotel staff not friendlyPosted Apr 29, 2016
I had issues with this hotel and when i complained hotel staff said we can't do anything and that is end of story. Very rude personnel. Do not recommend. Also the hotel does not look as good as what you see in the photos. Old worn furniture.
by Jennifer
Quick Business TripPosted Apr 26, 2016 on Hotels
Was only in Cleveland for a couple days, but had a nice stay at the Wyndham. The location was very convenient and close to plenty of restaurants and shops. All of the staff were very nice as well. The only issue I had was that I was unable to connect to the hotel wifi from any of my devices, so I am not sure if it was down or if their instructions were missing something. It's also good to note that the "free" wifi only includes a slow connection speed (around 500kbps). You need to pay extra if you want a fast enough speed to stream content.
by John
Posted Apr 26, 2016 on Hotels
by Cortez
Posted Apr 26, 2016 on Hotels
by A verified traveler from Ohio
Posted Apr 24, 2016
Nice and comfortable. Staff very attentive. Would stay again.
by Sean from Brockport ny
Ok butPosted Apr 20, 2016 on Hotels
Disappointed that the room did not have a mini fridge, shower head was cheap and the dust behind the bed well not good. The pool area was dark and boring.


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Courses developed in partnership with business leaders
Professor David Percy
Professor of Mathematics
- Maxwell 619
- E: firstname.lastname@example.com
- SEEK: Research profile
Office Times
Appointments available on request
I am a Professor of Mathematics, Associate Director of the Centre for Sports Business, Chair of the Staff and Postgraduate Research Ethics Panel, and Member of the Ethics Committee. I deliver lectures and tutorials for undergraduate and postgraduate students, and have experience as visiting professor, external examiner, reviewer, editor, referee, research committee member, academic investigator, research convenor, doctoral supervisor, programme leader, module leader, internal examiner, industrial placements tutor and admissions tutor. I hold honorary positions for the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications as Member of Council, Chair of the Mathematics Today Editorial Board, Chair of the Conferences Committee, Member of the Finance Committee and Past Chair of the North West Branch Committee. I am a Member of the Mathematical Methods in Reliability Joint Research Group and the MathSport International Conference Committee, and a Past Chair of the General Applications Section of the Royal Statistical Society.
Business Statistics
Data Analysis for Business
Applied Business Research and Analysis
Business Innovation Project
Doctoral Training Programme
Research Interests
My research involves mathematical modelling in sport, reliability and healthcare. Original contributions include hybrid intensity models, generic handicapping systems, roulette combination bets, new randomness tests, efficient car park designs and an optimal dartboard, with developments in prior elicitation, multivariate analysis, stochastic processes and predictive inference. I have organised research meetings, hosted international visits, presented many conference papers, seminars and public lectures, published 75 refereed articles, received 26 grants, supervised 2 postdoctoral researchers and graduated 13 research students. Project collaborators include the National Health Service, Trauma Audit and Research Network, National Lottery Commission, Detectronic, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, International Paralympic Committee, Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre, Smith Institute for Industrial Mathematics and System Engineering, Malaysian Ministries of Transport and Health, Winmau, Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, and various academics, surgeons and solicitors.
PhD Supervision
I recently supervised doctoral students on the following topics:
mathematical modelling in reliability and healthcare, particularly applied probability, statistics and operational research.
I would be interested in supervising future doctoral students in:
mathematical modelling in sport, especially if the student proposes an original application or has access to a novel data set.
Qualifications and Memberships
Bachelor of Science (first class) in Mathematical Studies (Loughborough)
Diploma in Industrial Studies (Loughborough)
Doctor in Philosophy (Liverpool)
Chartered Mathematician
Chartered Scientist
Fellow of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
Member of the London Mathematical Society
Percy DF (2015) A mathematical analysis of badminton scoring systems. Operational Research Applied to Sports (Wright M), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 181-200.
Percy DF [writing as A. Townie] (2015) Urban maths: car park mayhem. Mathematics Today, 51, 175-177.
Hussain Z, Higginson M, Pickering V and Percy DF (2015) Responding to the needs of students who are carers on an undergraduate occupational therapy programme at one UK university. Student Engagement and Experience Journal, doi: 10.7190/seej.v4i1.92.
Samat NA and Percy DF (2013) Numerical analysis of the SIR-SI differential equations with application to dengue disease mapping in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. International Journal of Mathematical, Computational, Statistical, Natural and Physical Engineering, 7, 642-651.
Percy DF (2015) Strategy selection and outcome prediction in sport using dynamic learning for stochastic processes. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 66, 1840-1849.
Percy DF (2013) Generic handicapping for paralympic sports. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 24, 349-361.
Bell SA and Percy DF (2012) Modelling uncertainty in preventive maintenance scheduling. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 28, 604-615.
Samat NA and Percy DF (2012) Vector borne infectious disease mapping with stochastic difference equations: an analysis of dengue disease in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Statistics, 39, 2029-2046.
Percy DF (2012) The optimal dartboard? Mathematics Today, 48, 268-270.
Perrin RN, Richards JD, Pentreath V and Percy DF (2011) Muscle fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and its response to a manual therapeutic approach: A pilot study. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 14, 96-105.
Chadwick EA, Sandiford KJ and Percy DF (2011) Assessing student teams developing mathematical models applied to business and industrial mathematics. MSOR Connections, 11, 22-24.
Kearney JR, Percy DF and Kobbacy KAH (2011) Modelling preventive maintenance as a decay process for a two-state system. Ingenieria y Gestion de Mantenimiento, 74, 20-25.
Percy DF (2011) Prior elicitation: a compromise between idealism and pragmatism. Mathematics Today, 47, 142-147.
Percy DF (2011) Interactive shrinkage methods for class handicapping. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 22, 139-156.
Hussain Z, Pickering V, Percy DF, Crane J and Bogg J (2011) An analysis of the experiences of radiography and radiotherapy students who are carers at one UK university. Radiography, 17, 49-54.
Percy DF, Kearney JR and Kobbacy KAH (2010) Hybrid intensity models for repairable systems. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 21, 395-406.
Iswaran N and Percy DF (2010) Conflict analysis using Bayesian neural networks and generalized linear models. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 61, 332-341.
Percy DF (2015) Strategy selection and outcome prediction in sport using dynamic learning for stochastic processes. Journal of the Operational Research Society.
Alghamdi SM and Percy DF (2015) Reliability equivalence factors for a series-parallel system of components with exponentiated Weibull lifetimes. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, doi: 10.1093/imaman/dpv001.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Aaron Kimball (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Commented: (HADOOP-5240) 'ant javadoc' does not check whether outputs are up to date and always rebuilds
|Fri, 13 Feb 2009 21:54:59 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-5240?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=12673388#action_12673388 ] Aaron Kimball commented on HADOOP-5240: --------------------------------------- Failing core test is org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TestTaskLimits.testTaskLimits experienced a timeout; not sure how this could be related. No new tests because we don't have a unit test framework for the buildfile itself. > 'ant javadoc' does not check whether outputs are up to date and always rebuilds > ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: HADOOP-5240 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-5240 > Project: Hadoop Core > Issue Type: Improvement > Components: build > Reporter: Aaron Kimball > Assignee: Aaron Kimball > Attachments: patch > > > Running 'ant javadoc' twice in a row calls the javadoc program both times; it doesn't check to see whether this is redundant work. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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Its a good food GET IT!
Type: Posts; User: logy
Its a good food GET IT!
Thanks! Lots of good information shared.
It will stay on the dog fine............. BUT it will bounce around meaning the camera will tilt some
Captainjack - I followed smartworks so... i did pattern blinds, bird boy blinds, and zig zag drill. The other of your suggestions I am doing because I got a copy of the new DVD Dennis Voight came...
That is what I was thinking. I just wanted to make sure I was on the right track. The problem I am having is a little bit of popping on cold blinds.
I am thinking that is because her confidence...
What about problems on land?
I have a mid level transition dog I am working with. My question is what problems would you guys try and correct with revisiting FTP?
Captain jack
You said after you get done running the swimby as you described it, you would go to another pond and request a swimby. Could I move on to the swimby tune up drill instead of doing...
do you mean to cast her to the exit point where the pile of bumpers are? then cast her out to open water?
Thanks Captain!
Gotcha thanks!
It is not rock lined. Actually has a liner.. I got lucky!
Could you draw a picture of what you mean?
After searching high and low for a pond that would work for swimby I found this channel. My question is how do you go about teaching swim by using a channel?
Do you throw the bumper out towards...
normal for them to be confused.. gradually lower the bumper to the ground. As you get lower and lower to the ground, start working your hand back from the bumper by first holding the eyelet, then...
teej89- I was in your shoes not to long ago and I ended up with a dogtra 280. It is a solid product, but i hated using the LCD screen during training. After a while I switched to a TT pro 500. I...
What program are you following?
Ya that is a concern with it being close to the road. In both pictures there is a channel on the right hand side. So it would be a back pile and right over pile. Would that work?
Could these work as swim by ponds?
I second the furminator idea.
I am following evan grahams program
When will you know when that you are done with the double tee? Example: today during the drill my pup popped. I gave her a Back Nick Back and she proceeded to the back pile without any problems. ...
Thanks for the offer Evan. I know what I was doing wrong and I know what I need to do. Mix up the casts and teach when I see confusion.
Thanks for the help.
How often do you stop the dog at the apex and give a L or R back cast? Or are we only doing overs and then you line to the back pile?
I have done all the forcing. She is taking casts accurately and if she takes the wrong one I'll resit and cast again. She is going as sent. The last session we had a little bit of a popping issue,...


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"Whether they're the fierce undercurrent of a poet's musings or simply jammin' on their own, the Jeff Robinson Trio exhibit a power and confidence that flirts with perfection." Patricia Smith
July 24
Five Team Regional Poetry Slam
This Sunday we will have a regional poetry slam with five teams from the New England area. We will have the Nuyorican Poetry Slam Team (New York, NY), Mill City Poetry Slam Team (Lowell, MA), Verbal Slap Poetry Slam Team (New Haven CT), Brooklyn Poetry Slam Team (Brooklyn NY), and the Lizard Lounge Poetry Slam Team (Cambridge MA). All of these teams are preparing for the 2016 National Poetry Slam. The winning team will get $200! Come out and support.
"The Lizard Lounge is the Blue Note of spoken word. Backed up by The Jeff Robinson Trio, my words felt held, or rather anointed, in the garb of jazz, which, of course, they were. I cannot wait until I can get back!" Award-winning poet Taylor Mali


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Tumbi Blaster (Instrumental Mix)
Features of This Trackheavy use of samples
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effected synths
an electro-synthetic sonority
subtle use of white noise
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We stayed here for 3nights in total but with a 2 day trip in the middle for Maccu Picu. The staff were really accommodating, friendly and welcoming and offered to let us keep our luggage in the room whilst we went on our trip.
The breakfast was delicious with fruit yoghurt drinks, fresh bread and scrambled eggs (the best out of all the hotels you stayed at!)
Good location only about 15mins walk from Plaza de Armas. Set in a less touristy area which gives more of a Peruvian flavour.
It seemed safe at night even though the streets were quiet after 11pm.
Useful they have a computer for flight check ins and bookings.
Free taxi transfer to the airport. There is a karaoke bar just down the road and you could hear the music from our room - however it wasn't loud and didn't go on too late.
Would stay here again, great value and really lovely staff
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Unumizu Cusco Hotel, with our strategic location and close proximity to the Center of the city of Cusco. Enjoy the best hospitality and quality service in Unumizu Cusco Hotel. Our name, Unumizu, means 'water' in the native Andean language Quechua (unu) and in Japanese (mizu). It signifies the convergence of two cultures, the Inca and the Orient, and the tenacity of preserving the environment. Unumizu is a concept that allows us to put into practice our vision of sharing and preserving the Inca and Peruvian cultures while sustaining tourism and a great respect for our natural environment. All of these are expressed with water, Unumizu, one of the essential elements of life. ... more less
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- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, Expedia, Despegar.com, Orbitz, Hotwire, Agoda, Travelocity, Priceline and Odigeo so you can book your Hotel Unumizu Cusco reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.