text:
Hilton Munich Airport, Oberding
- Free WiFi in lobby and free parking
Main amenities
- 389 smoke-free guestrooms
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Full-service spa
- Indoor pool
- Breakfast available
- Free airport shuttle
- 24-hour fitness center
- Valet parking
- Conference center
- Limo/town car service
- Terrace
- 24-hour front desk
What's around
- Franz Josef Strauss International Airport
- Freising Cathedral (7.1 mi / 11.4 km)
- Weihenstephaner Perennial Gardens (7.3 mi / 11.7 km)
- Erdinger Weissbrau Brewery (7.6 mi / 12.3 km)
- Weihenstephan Brewery (7.8 mi / 12.5 km)
- Erding Hospital (9.4 mi / 15 km)
For families
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Private bathroom
- Premium TV channels
- Free toiletries
Hilton Munich Airport, Oberding
Hotel Info: 855-239-9397from $190
- Business Suite, 1 King Bed
- Standard Single Room
- Studio Suite, 1 King Bed
- Family Room, 3 Single Beds, Smoking
- Deluxe Room, 2 Single Beds
- Deluxe Room, 1 King Bed
- Junior Suite, 1 King Bed, Non Smoking
- King Suite, Suite, 1 King Bed, Non Smoking
- Deluxe Room, 1 King Bed
- Executive Room, 2 Single Beds, Smoking
- Executive Room, 1 King Bed, Smoking
- Room, 1 King Bed
- Room, Accessible, Non Smoking
- Room, 2 Single Beds
- Suite, 1 King Bed, Non Smoking (Senator Suite)
- Suite, 1 King Bed, Non Smoking (Diplomat Suite)
- Standard Double Room
- Superior Single Room
- Superior Double or Twin Room
- Room, Accessible, Non Smoking
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 389 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 4 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
- Express check-out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed *
- Free WiFi in public areas
- WiFi in rooms *
- Free airport shuttle (available on request) *
- Free extended parking
- Valet parking *
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Five Star Oberding hotels
In the hotel
- Full breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Poolside bar
- 24-hour room service
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Indoor pool
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Full-service spa
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Spa tub
- Steam room
- Sauna
- Business center
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms 30
- Conference space size (feet) - 27986
- Conference space size (meters) - 2600
- Conference center
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Porter/bellhop
- Year Built 1994
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Garden
- Terrace
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Bathrobes
- Slippers
- Iron/ironing board
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Pillow menu
- Down comforter
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Soundproofed rooms
- Premium bedding
- In-room massage available
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 32-inch LCD TV
- Pay movies
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Oberding hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Oberding
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Nearby hotels
Hilton Munich Airport, Oberding's small print
Also known as
- Airport Kempinski Munich
- Munich Kempinski
- Hilton Munich Airport Hotel Oberding
- Hilton Munich Airport Hotel
- Hilton Munich Airport Oberding
- Hilton Munich Airport
- Hotel Kempinski Airport Munich
- Kempinski Airport Munich
- Kempinski Hotel Airport Munich
- Kempinski Hotel Munich
- Kempinski Munich
- Kempinski Munich Airport Hotel
- Kempinski Munich Hotel
- Munich Airport Hotel Kempinski
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Children under 12 years old are not allowed in the spa without adult supervision.
For transfers, guests must contact the property 24 hours prior to arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Reservations are required for massage services and can be made by contacting the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Self parking costs EUR 31.00 per day with in/out privileges
Valet parking costs EUR 31.00 per day
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 50 per day
Full breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 34,00 per person (approximately)
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of EUR 60 per pet, per stay
WiFi is available in guestrooms for EUR 20.00 per 24-hour period (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Excellent 4.3 /5 from 314 reviews
We chose Hilton Airport Munich because it was right next to the airport and so convenient. Our room rate was very good, as well. It was shocking to see the price, however, of purchasing a breakfast or using the WiFi.
Great hotel, fabulous location for an early morning flight departure. Couldn't have asked for anything more. Attentive and friendly staff, comfortable and very quiet room, great food and awesome workout/pool facility. Made my late night arrival and early morning departure a breeze. Would definitely do it again.
I had a layover for a flight leaving the next day and the hotel location was right at the airport, easy to find, close, convenient and first class environment and service.
Perfect place for an overnight layover. Silent, great for working...
We will fly into and out of Europe through Munich because of the airport and this hotel.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


text:
I have heard that google app engine can run any programming language that can be transformed to Java bytecode via it's
JVM. I wondered if it would be possible to convert LLVM bytecode to Java bytecode as it would be interesting to run languages that
LLVM supports in the Google App Engine
We started with Q&A. Technical documentation is next, and we need your help.
Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, you can contribute.
I have heard that google app engine can run any programming language that can be transformed to Java bytecode via it's
It does now appear possible to convert LLVM IR bytecode to Java bytecode, using the LLJVM interpreter.
There is an interesting Disqus comment (21/03/11) from Grzegorz of kraytracing.com which explains, along with code, how he has modified LLJVM's Java class output routine to emit non-monolithic Java classes which agree in number with the input C/C++ modules. He suggests that his technique seems to avoid the excessively long 'compound' Java Constructor method argument signatures usually generated by LLJVM, and he provides links to his modifications and examples.
Although LLJVM doesn't look like it's been in active development for a couple of years now, its still hosted on Github and some documentation can still be found at its former repository at GoogleCode:
LLJVM @ Github
I also came across the 'Proteuscc' project which also utilises LLVM to output Java Byte code (it suggests that this is specifically for C/C++, although I assume the project could be modified or fed LLVM Intermediate Representation (IR)). From http://proteuscc.sourceforge.net:
I've extended a bash script to compile the latest versions of LLVM and Clang on Ubuntu, it can found be as a Github Gist,here.
[UPDATE 31/03/14] - LLJVM has seemed to have been dead for somewhile, however Howard Chu (https://github.com/hyc) looks to have made LLJVM compatible with the latest version of LLVM (3.3). See Howard's LLJVM-LLVM3.3 branch at Github, here
I doubt you can, at least not without significant effort and run-time abstractions (e.g. building half a Von Neumann machine to execute certain opcodes). LLVM bitcode allows the full range of low-level unsafe "do what you want but we won't clean up the mess" features, from direct, raw, constructor-free memory allocation up to completely unchecked casts - real casts, not conversions -you can take
On the other hand, it seems that C can be compiled to Java bytecode and LLVM bitcode can be compiled to Javascript (although many features, e.g. dynamic loading and stdlib functions, are lacking), so it should be possible, given enough effort.
Read this: http://vmkit.llvm.org/. I am not sure that it will help you but it seems to be relevant.

subset: commoncrawl


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Video: Laura Gibson Sings Leonard Cohen
This week, we're featuring video performances of various artists singing the songs of Leonard Cohen. The video was recorded live at this year's South by Southwest music festival in Austin, Texas.
Laura Gibson's recent album, Beasts of Seasons, showcases the singer's stark narrative voice and flair for poetic songwriting. It's no wonder that she's attracted to the music of Leonard Cohen. At Waterloo Records, she performed a song from Cohen's 1988 album I'm Your Man. The track, "Take This Waltz," features accordion, a saw, some percussion and Gibson's gorgeous voice.
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The Art and Archaeology of the Moche: An Ancient Andean Society of the Peruvian North Coastby Steve Bourget
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 12/01/2008
Publisher: University of Texas Press
Renowned for their monumental architecture and rich visual culture, the Moche inhabited the north coast of Peru during the Early Intermediate Period (AD 100-800). Archaeological discoveries over the past century and the dissemination of Moche artifacts to museums around the world have given rise to a widespread and continually increasing fascination with this
Renowned for their monumental architecture and rich visual culture, the Moche inhabited the north coast of Peru during the Early Intermediate Period (AD 100-800). Archaeological discoveries over the past century and the dissemination of Moche artifacts to museums around the world have given rise to a widespread and continually increasing fascination with this complex culture, which expressed its beliefs about the human and supernatural worlds through finely crafted ceramic and metal objects of striking realism and visual sophistication.
In this standard-setting work, an international, multidisciplinary team of scholars who are at the forefront of Moche research present a state-of-the-art overview of Moche culture. The contributors address various issues of Moche society, religion, and material culture based on multiple lines of evidence and methodologies, including iconographic studies, archaeological investigations, and forensic analyses. Some of the articles present the results of long-term studies of major issues in Moche iconography, while others focus on more specifically defined topics such as site studies, the influence of El Niño/Southern Oscillation on Moche society, the nature of Moche warfare and sacrifice, and the role of Moche visual culture in decoding social and political frameworks.
Product Details
- 9780292718678
- Publisher:
- University of Texas Press
- Publication date:
- 12/01/2008
- Pages:
- 291
- Product dimensions:
- 8.60(w) x 11.20(h) x 1.00(d)
Table of ContentsPreface (Steve Bourget)
Introduction (Steve Bourget and Kimberly L. Jones)
Chapter 1. Iconography Meets Archaeology (Elizabeth P. Benson)
Chapter 2. Sacrifices and Ceremonial Calendars in Societies of the Central Andes: A Reconsideration (Anne Marie Hocquenghem)
Chapter 3. Ulluchu: An Elusive Fruit (Donna McClelland)
Chapter 4. Moche Masking Traditions (Christopher B. Donnan)
Chapter 5. Convergent Catastrophe and the Demise of Dos Cabezas: Environmental Change and Regime Change in Ancient Peru (Michael E. Moseley, Christopher B. Donnan, and David K. Keefer)
Chapter 6. Forensic Iconography: The Case of the Moche Giants (Alana Cordy-Collins and Charles F. Merbs)
Chapter 7. Moche Forms for Shaping Sheet Metal (Christopher B. Donnan, David A. Scott, and Todd Bracken)
Chapter 8. Moche Art Style in the Santa Valley: Between being "à la Mode" and Developing a Provincial Identity (Claude Chapdelaine)
Chapter 9. The Priests of the Bicephalus Arc: Tombs and Effigies Found in Huaca de la Luna and Their Relation to Moche Rituals (Santiago Uceda)
Chapter 10. The Moche People: Genetic Perspective on Their Sociopolitical Composition and Organization (Izumi Shimada, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Walter Alva, Steve Bourget, Claude Chapdelaine, and Santiago Uceda)
Chapter 11. Communality and Diversity in Moche Human Sacrifice (John W. Verano)
Chapter 12. Art and Moche Martial Arts (Jeffrey Quilter)
Chapter 13. Moche Textile Production on the Peruvian North Coast: A Contextual Analysis (Jean-François Millaire)
Chapter 14. Spiders and Spider Decapitators in Moche Iconography: Identification from the Contexts of Sipán, Antecedents and Symbolism (Néstor Ignacio Alva Meneses)
Chapter 15. The Third Man: Identity and Rulership in Moche Archaeology and Visual Culture (Steve Bourget)
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Nov 13, 2007
|Filing date
|Apr 4, 2003
|Priority date
|Apr 16, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Peter Schwalbach
|Original Assignee
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (25), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a telecommunication module having a system data processor for performing at least one telecommunication activity and a first connector for connecting the telecommunication module to an external electronic device.
Telecommunication modules of this kind are known from the prior art. In general, and also within the context of the present invention, telecommunication modules are defined as telecommunication terminals whose functionality is limited exclusively to setting up, carrying out and terminating telecommunication connections.
Therefore, telecommunication modules have, for example, no man-machine interface (MMI) of their own for direct input and output of data by and to a user. For operating a conventional telecommunication module of this kind, an external electronic device is necessary which is connected to the telecommunication module via a special interface. The telecommunication activities of the telecommunication module are controlled via the external electronic device which is generally termed a control unit or "controller." Data to be transmitted via the telecommunication connection set up is transmitted by the controller to the telecommunication module and data received by the module is, in turn, transmitted from it to the controller. There are telecommunication modules, for example, for interfacing with mobile telecommunication networks (e.g., GSM modules for connections to GSM networks) or to fixed telephone networks (such modules are generally referred to as modems).
External electronic devices may include personal computers (in particular, portable personal computers, such as laptops), as well as other devices such as measuring instruments (e.g., electricity meters, heating meters, weather stations) which can be controlled via the telecommunication module and/or transmit the measured values via the telecommunication module and the corresponding telecommunication network to a central facility.
The disadvantage of telecommunication modules of this kind is that their activities must be started by an external control device, the controller. To operate the telecommunication module, the controller therefore always must be switched on; i.e., even if only in a kind of "standby mode" in readiness for receiving an incoming call. This causes unnecessary power consumption which is undesirable, particularly in the case of battery-operated control equipment.
In order to be able to adapt particular telecommunication modules to specific user requirements, there is, for example, a programming environment and interface, the so-called "MUSE platform" (MUSE: Modular User Software Environment) for the Wavecom company's telecommunication modules (see e.g. http:\\www.wavecom.com\products\index.php). This allows a user to access the operating/system software originally implemented in the telecommunication module so that he/she can selectively modify it. Part of this "MUSE platform" is a software development environment, a so-called "OPEN AT" package which permits the implementation of new, user-created applications in the original module system software. Information about "OPEN AT" can be found, for example, in a Wavecom publication entitled "Take Command With OPEN AT" (Copyright Wavecom S.A. 10/2001) which is available on the Internet at "www.wavecom.com\products\docs\openATstec.pdf".
Using the "OPEN AT" software development environment, new applications can be designed by a user or operator of the telecommunication module, such as at a PC, integrated into the system software of the telecommunication module and then transmitted from the PC to the telecommunication module via a connection to the telecommunication module. This makes it possible to assign additional functionalities to the telecommunication module on a user-specific basis.
One disadvantage of this solution is that the new applications have to be translated into the special system language of the telecommunication module, which makes it costly to create the applications. Another disadvantage is that, by implementing the new applications in the system software of the module, the system software functionality may be changed and, in some cases, impaired (e.g., by modifying the jump instructions or memory addresses within the system software). More serious faults in this area even may, in some cases, touch on the operability of the entire telecommunication module. In some circumstances, such changes in the functionality of the system software may even jeopardize approval of the equipment by the relevant authorities and/or agencies.
Based on the prior art, an object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a low-cost solution for integrating into a telecommunication module additional functionalities and/or applications which can be easily created, set up, modified and/or deleted.
This is achieved by a telecommunication module having a system data processor for performing at least one telecommunication activity, particularly for creating and/or setting up and/or implementing and/or monitoring and/or terminating a telecommunication connection, a control data processor for automatically executing at least one control instruction sequence stored in the telecommunication module, the control instruction sequence initializing at least one telecommunication activity of the system data processor, and a first connector for connecting the telecommunication module to an external electronic device; in particular, an external control unit or controller.
In a telecommunication module of this kind, additional applications and/or functionalities are implemented in the module in the form of control instruction sequences in the control data processor which is logically separated from the system data processor. As such, there is no direct intervention in the system software in the telecommunication module and the basic telecommunication functionality of the telecommunication module remains unchanged. Moreover, when formulating a control instruction sequence, the internal design of the system data processor does not need to accounted for in detail or even modified. It is sufficient to be familiar with the basic functionality of the system and to know how the functions implemented therein can be initialized, started or triggered by control instructions. This considerably simplifies the integration of new user-specific applications implemented as a control instruction sequence.
For processing the control instruction sequence, the individual control instructions are executed by the control data processor. For this purpose, the control data processor are implemented, for example, in such a way that one or more telecommunication activities, such as establishing a telecommunication connection, reading out certain connection parameters, transmitting information, receiving information or terminating the telecommunication connection, are initiated with a control command. As part of the execution of this control instruction, the corresponding signals are transmitted from the control data processor to the system data processor. This process is comparable, in principle, to the initiation of this telecommunication activity by an external control device. In this way, additional functionalities, which in the case of conventional modules would require the involvement of an external unit, can be assigned to the telecommunication module by the control instruction sequence. According to the present invention, telecommunication modules offer the possibility of enabling telecommunication activities to be performed under the control of both the control data processor and the external controller.
In this way, the telecommunication module can, for example, independently monitor a connection, regularly request information concerning the surrounding base stations of a mobile communication network to determine the location, or regularly check a mailbox. This saves, for example, system resources of the connected control unit which, for example, can be in a switched-off or battery-saving standby state or even engaged in another task. For example, a telecommunication module according to the present invention, which has been set up to operate in a conventional mobile communication network (e.g., in compliance with the GSM or CDMA standard), also can be used to monitor the connected telecommunication network for incoming calls via an application (control instruction sequence) additionally set up by a user. During this time, the associated controller, such as a PC or measuring instrument, can be switched off. If a telecommunication connection is required from outside, the module is able to detect this and switch on the external control device for further operation of the telecommunication connection.
If the telecommunication module is to perform only very specific functions implemented or stored in it as a control instruction sequence (or sequences), it is possible to operate the telecommunication module, at least temporarily, without a controller. This could be implemented, for example, for regular reading of meters and measuring instruments (e.g., heating meters, electricity meters, flow measuring equipment, weather stations), in which case the telecommunication module could then, for example, read out the corresponding measured values at regular intervals and transmit them wirelessly to a collecting point. The meters and measuring instruments do not need to possess any controller characteristics for this purpose.
An advantage of a telecommunication module according to the present invention is that, due to the separation of the control data processor from the system data processing means, the processing of a control instruction sequence (e.g. a subsequently implemented user-specific application) need not be performed inside the system data processor. As the system data processing means is controlled via the control data processor, for developing the control instruction sequence the emphasis has to be placed exclusively on the coherence of the control instruction sequence per se, the linking with the system data processor being assumed by the control data processor. As such, it is comparatively easy for new kinds of applications to be incorporated in the telecommunication module, modified or deleted.
A telecommunication module also may contain a number of control instruction sequences which either can belogically interlinked or performed independently of one another. The control data processor assumes and coordinates the processing of the individual control instruction sequences. This can be performed, for example, either serially (control instruction sequences are processed one after the other) or in parallel (in accordance with a multi-tasking method that is known, per se).
The instructions which can be executed by the control data processor can be represented in a way that is freely selectable by the telecommunication module manufacturer. However, the control instruction sequence advantageously includes at least one Java byte code instruction; in particular, a Java 2 MicroEdition byte code instruction or at least one BASIC instruction. These are essentially standardized instruction sets. An advantages of this is that a telecommunication module user does not first need to learn the module's specific control command language but can use the generally known standardized instruction sets. This simplifies the creation of applications and shortens the familiarization time for the application manufacturer or developer. The latter then only has to concern himself/herself with the features or characteristics of the telecommunication module and how specific actions are initiated.
Efficient execution of stored control instruction sequences and efficient production of the telecommunication module can be achieved if the control data processor includes a storage area for storing the one or more control instruction sequences and an execution part for executing the one or more control instruction sequences. As such, the application area of the telecommunication module is separated from the system data processor, and the actual application (i.e., the stored control instruction sequence and the associated execution part), are demarcated from the system data processor. The transition between application and system area is provided by a connection between the execution part and the system data processor. When designing a telecommunication module, for example, this separation has the advantage that one and the same system data processor can be used, irrespective of whether a module with or without the possibility of implementing external control instruction sequences is provided. This reduces the development cost/complexity of such modules.
In order to enable the one or more control instruction sequences stored in the telecommunication module to be formulated, at least partially, in one of the essentially standardized programming languages, the execution part for executing the command sequence may include an execution part for executing Java and/or BASIC program instructions. In this way, the above-mentioned advantages of using a standardized programming language can be used for creating the control instruction sequence.
In particular, the execution part for executing the user-specific application can be implemented as a Java virtual machine and/or BASIC interpreter. A Java virtual machine is an equipment-specific execution unit for programs in the so-called machine-independent Java byte code (generally designated by the suffix .class). A Java byte code of this kind is obtained if a program consisting of the actual Java programming instructions (generally designated by the suffix java) is translated by a translation program (Java compiler). This is the normal procedure for writing Java programs and generally takes place in the development environment for the Java program, in most cases a PC (personal computer), a workstation or a mainframe. After translation, the machine-independent Java byte code is then transferred; e.g., to the telecommunication module.
The Java virtual machine also may be designed specifically for executing Java instructions associated with the above-mentioned Java 2 MicroEdition. This is a modification of the Java programming language specifically for small data processing devices such as microcomputers, palmtops, organizers or even mobile telecommunication terminals.
In addition, the execution part can be implemented as a BASIC interpreter; i.e., for processing instructions associated with the BASIC programming language. Furthermore, the execution part also may be a combination of Java virtual machine and BASIC interpreter. In this case, the execution part can recognize the instruction family to which an individual control instruction belongs and then process it accordingly. In this way, the advantages of the individual programming languages can be combined in a particularly favorable manner.
The execution part may include electronic circuits and possibly software components stored therein, these being of the type commonly used in data processing devices such as personal computers or minicomputers for comparable applications.
In order to be able to flexibly adapt the telecommunication module to the user's needs, the control instruction sequence can be advantageously created and/or modified and/or deleted by the external electronic device via the first connector. In this respect, the electronic device can be, for example, a personal computer (PC) on which the user-specific control instruction sequence can be developed and from which it then can be transmitted to the telecommunication module. If required, the PC also can read out again and modify or even delete the control instruction sequences/applications stored in the telecommunication module. In addition, the external electronic device can be a measuring instrument containing facilities for implementing, modifying or deleting applications in the telecommunication module. These can, in turn, be set up there, for example, by a computer which can be connected to the measuring instrument, and transmitted to the telecommunication module by operating elements on the measuring instrument or deleted or modified from there.
The above-described object likewise may be achieved by a method for controlling a telecommunication module wherein the telecommunication module includes a system data processor for performing at least one telecommunication activity, a control data processor, a first connector for connecting the telecommunication module to an external electronic device and a second connector for connecting the control data processing means to a system data processor, a control instruction sequence being additionally stored in the telecommunication module which is autonomously executed and implemented in such a way that, when executed, it initiates the one or more telecommunication activities of the system data processor.
The method described enables telecommunication activities of a telecommunication module, which are performed by the system data processor present in the telecommunication module, to be initiated by a control program (control instruction sequence; e.g., user-specific application) which remain stored in the telecommunication module.
The stored control instructions are interpreted by the control data processor which then initiates appropriate actions such as starting a telecommunication activity. This method employs the advantageous principal described above of implementing control data processing which remain separate from the system data processing of the telecommunication module and which execute the control instruction sequences stored in the telecommunication module. The fact that access to the system data processor takes place according to the present invention via the control data processor has the advantage that, when creating the control instruction sequence, the details of the system data processor do not need to be taken into account. This makes user-specific applications considerably easier to produce.
The controlling of conventional telecommunication modules via external control devices or controllers generally takes place via so-called AT control commands. With these AT control commands, the control unit or controller initiates the required telecommunication activities in the telecommunication module. In order to optimize the development time for the telecommunication modules according to the present invention and subsequent applications therefor, AT control commands likewise may be used, from the control data processor, for controlling the system data processing means. These are then transmitted by the control data processor to the system data processor via the second connector as part of executing a control instruction sequence/application. As the system data processor is generally already set up for executing the AT control commands (for control by the external controller), in some cases the configuration of the system data processor can be taken over from conventional modules, with only slight modifications, for developing telecommunication modules according to the present invention. This optimizes the development cost/complexity for modules according to the present invention. A combination of AT control commands and other control commands also may be used for controlling the system data processor. This enables the functionality of the module to be additionally extended.
An advantageous embodiment of the control data processor emerges if the one or more control instruction sequences contain at least one Java byte code instruction; in particular, a Java 2 MicroEdition byte code instruction or at least one BASIC instruction. As Java, Java 2 MicroEdition and BASIC are essentially standardized programming languages, these are particularly easy to learn or already known by the user. The use of such instructions saves user time and effort for programming the control instruction sequences and allows a degree of portability of newly developed applications between different modules.
In addition, the control data processor may be suitable for transferring data to the external electronic device via the first connector. In this way, for example, an application running in the telecommunication module can then transfer data, which the telecommunication module has received via a telecommunication connection, to the connected external electronic device. This might be, for example, text, image or control data received via the telecommunication network. In this context, control data can be, for example, instructions to be executed directly or even program sections, modifications or entire applications to be implemented in the electronic device. In this way, for example, a remote user can control the external electronic device directly via the telecommunication device and initiate specific activities thereat. Moreover, the data transmitted from the control data processor to the external electronic equipment also may be data which has been generated in the telecommunication module itself. This may be data relating to the existing telecommunication connection (e.g., transmission rates, transmit power, nearest base station, present call duration) but also, for example, control instructions; e.g., for switching the external device on or off.
The control instruction sequence stored in the telecommunication module can be run in various ways. For example, it can be initiated by the external electronic device. In addition, execution of the user-specific application can be initiated by establishing a connection from the telecommunication module to a power supply device. As such, for example, when the telecommunication module is plugged into the appropriate mounting facility of a computer or measuring instrument, an application such as searching for a connection to a communication network is executed automatically. It is also possible for a corresponding application to be initiated both when establishing a connection to a power supply device and by the external electronic device.
In addition, the control instruction sequence can be implemented in such a way that the instruction sequence, or part thereof, can, if necessary, be repeated at least once after a specified intervening time period has elapsed. This multiple execution of an application, or part thereof, is suitable, for example, for monitoring a telecommunication connection or for implementing a standby mode in which the telecommunication module, for example, regularly checks only whether a connection request from the telecommunication network to the module is present.
Another possible application for using telecommunication modules in wireless communication networks such as, for example, a GSM network, is for the independent regular checking of the connection data to the surrounding base stations by the module. This data then can, for example, continue to be transmitted to the external electronic device or be transmitted by SMS (Short Message Service) to a particular receiver in the telecommunication network for determining the location of the module. In the second case, the external electronic device would not be involved in the application in any way.
Additional features and advantages of the present invention are described in, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description of the Invention and the Figures.
The telecommunication module 10 illustrated is a telecommunication module 10 for a wireless mobile communication network to which the telecommunication module 10 is or can be connected via the antenna 50.
Via an external control unit 42, such as a PC, a new application for the telecommunication module can be transferred via the connection 44, the serial interface 40 and the connections 36 and 34 to the memory area 32 for the control instruction sequence. If the external electronic device then sends a start instruction to the script interpreter 30 to execute the control instruction sequence, or if the script interpreter 30 starts the control instruction sequence itself, the latter loads the relevant control instructions from the memory area 32 via the connection 34 and executes them accordingly. If the control instruction indicates, for example, that a particular telecommunication activity is to be initiated via an AT command, the script interpreter 30 transmits the corresponding AT command via the connection 26 to the AT command interpreter 20. The latter, in turn, forwards the data corresponding to the AT command via the connection 24 to the system area 22 of the telecommunication module. The module system then performs the corresponding communication activities via the antenna 50. Data received in this process can, in turn, for example, be fed back via the connection 28 from the system area to the script interpreter area. This can either process the corresponding information or forward it via the serial interface 40 to the external unit 42.
Using a telecommunication module 10 as shown in
The outputting of strings to an external display unit, for example, also may be implemented in a similar way.
In addition, for example, an application which, at least among other things, forwards control instructions received via the telecommunication network for controlling the external unit 42 to the external unit 42 can be set up in the memory area 32 of the module 10.
The present invention describes a telecommunication module and a method for operating a telecommunication module which includes a control data processor for automatically executing at least one control instruction sequence stored in the telecommunication module, the one or more control instruction sequences being implemented in such a way that, when executed, they initiate at least one telecommunication activity of the system data processor of the telecommunication module. Through the possibility of integrating and running applications in the telecommunication module independently of the operating system of the telecommunication module, the possible uses of telecommunication modules are significantly increased. This additionally makes it possible, in particular, for simple monitoring activities of the controller normally connected to the telecommunication module to be transferred to the telecommunication module, thereby reducing the controller workload. In this way, the actual activity of the controller (e.g., measuring instrument or PC) may be speed up and the energy resources of the controller protected. For standard applications it is additionally possible to dispense with an external controller and to implement the control activities via control instruction sequences within the module.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, those of skill in the art will recognize that changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the hereafter appended claims.
It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.
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|Bellsouth Intellectual Property Corporation
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|U.S. Classification
|455/418, 455/575.7, 709/217
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 15, 2004
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StartUpHire is the place to find Corporate Development Manager jobs. Review the list of Corporate Development Manager career opportunities to the left. These Corporate Development Manager jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
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The Impact You'll Have at RPReturn Path is searching for an experienced Corporate Events Manager to plan and execute top-tier exhibitions and internal conferences that drive maximum value for the company, supporting our strategic initiatives, delive7/14/2016 Broomfield, CO Save This Job
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D&D Podcast Season II: Rise of Tiamat Part 14
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E-commerce orders, especially clothing, increase retailers' return rates. More than $20 billion worth of merchandise purchased online in November and December will be returned, one analyst firm says.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 14, 1989
|Filing date
|Jul 1, 1986
|Priority date
|Jul 9, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Antoine G. Roederer
|Original Assignee
|Agence Spatiale Europeenne
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (35), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to an antenna for receiving or transmitting electromagnetic waves with circular polarisation or, in certain configurations with linear polarization.
Structurally, the antenna is flat and is suitable for manufacture using printed circuit techniques, so that the antenna may be inexpensive and of low weight.
The antenna of the invention may be designed to have a wide frequency pass band compared to other printed circuit type antennas and a medium gain.
The invention also relates to various preferred applications of the antenna, as a function of the configuration produced.
The invention may advantageously be applied to mass-production equipment of mobile earthbound terminals or television receivers for satellite communications.
The invention also relates to an advantageous method of producing such an antenna.
Two flat antennas which are described in the prior art are a "rampart" antenna, which is shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings, and a "chain" antenna.
An article by NISHIMURA Sadahiko entitled "cranktype circularly polarized microstrip line antenna" appeared in the 1983 International Symposium Digest ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, HOUSTON 23 a 26 Mai 1983 at pages 162 to 165 and an article by J. R. James entitled "Some recent developments in micro-strip antenna design" appeared in the IEEE TRAN SACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION of January 1981 at pages 124 to 127. These articles disclose a "rampart" antenna comprising a straight line of cranks connected in series with each other. The cranks have a height of λg/2, a width of λg/4 and are connected to the next one by linear elements whose length is 3 λg/4. The line of cranks is disposed in a single plane which is mounted parallel to and above a conductive plate. λg corresponds to the guided wave-length for the waves propagated between the wire of microstrip conductor forming the line of cranks and the conductive plate.
A preferred method of producing this known antenna consists of etching with acid one face of a double-sided printed circuit board so as to leave apparent the line of cranks, the other face serving as the conductive plate associated with the line of cranks to form the wave-guide.
The disposition and length of each of the cranks enables a circularly polarized electric field to be generated when the line is energized by current of a suitable frequency. However, this type of antenna presents at least two disadvantages:
the efficiency of the antenna is low since in each 3 g/4 link segment, the current, flowing is equal and opposite to that flowing at the other end so that the radiation from the two ends cancel each other out. The link segments are therefore ineffective as far as radiation is concerned;
because of the relatively extended linear configuration of the rampart antenna, which has been made in a configuration where each line comprises 16 aligned cranks, the radiation pattern is very elliptical, which limits the sweep field of an array of rampart antennas and causes parasitic array lobes to appear adjacent to the radiation axis.
The "chain" antenna is described in an article by J. HENRIKSON entitled "A circularly polarized travelling wave chain antenna" published in THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9th EUROPEAN MICROWAVE CONFERENCE BRIGHTON, 17 a 20 September 1979 page 174 a 178.
In fact, it appears that the chain antenna presents the same disadvantages referred to above with respect to the rampart antenna.
Another known method of making a flat antenna comprises using sub-arrays of ordinary elements (crossed dipoles, spirals, microstrip elements) energized by a splitter. One known configuration of the kind disclosed in the J. R. James article referred to above is shown in FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings, and comprises a circularly polarized sub-array comprising four square flat elements placed on a common substrate. This type of sub-array is complex and expensive and its pass-band is very narrow. Moreover, the feeding circuit used is the source of major losses, to the extent that it is usually disposed behind the ground plane and not printed on the same plane as the antenna elements so as not to perturb the radiation.
An object of the present invention is to avoid some or all of the disadvantages of the prior art referred to above.
Another object of the invention is to provide a flat antenna of wide frequency pass-band and medium gain. More specific objects are to enable main operation in a circularly polarized mode and to offer a reduced manufacturing cost. The object of obtaining medium gain is explained by the usefulness of limiting the number of feed points for the antennas and hence the complexity as well as the losses likely to appear in arrays of the antenna elements.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an antenna of this kind which can radiate in a solid angle defined by a cone of at least 10� half-angle.
A complementary object of the invention is to provide an antenna of this kind which can be printed and, more particularly, produced by means of printed circuit technology.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide independent antenna elements which may be used in isolation or in arrays.
Still another important object of the invention is to provide a flat antenna which, according to its energization mode, is capable of transmitting or receiving either circularly polarized radiation or linearly polarized radiation, with the supplementary feature in each case of being able to operate selectively with one given circular or linear polarization and alternatively with the opposite circular polarization or orthogonal linear polarization respectively.
The present invention provides an antenna element comprising a conductive plate, and at least one elongate conductive member presenting first and second ends disposed adjacent each other, said elongate member being juxtaposed with said plate with a dielectric layer therebetween, whereby to form a radiative transmission line, and said elongate member forming a loop between said ends, said loop outlining a shape comprising N branches extending outwardly from a common centre, N being a number at least as great as three, each branch comprising first and second lateral elements extending outwards from said centre and an end element remote from said centre connecting said lateral elements, the lengths of said end elements being substantially equal to λg/2 and the lengths of said lateral elements being substantially equal to λg/N, where λg is the guided wave-length in said transmission line.
It is to be noted that any odd multiple of λg/2 and λg/N is suitable for the length of the end elements and lateral elements of the antenna, respectively.
The expression radiative transmission refers to a transmission line which radiates if energized; it will equally pick up radiation in the case of a receiving antenna.
In a preferred embodiment, said conductive plate extends in a first plane and said elongate member extends in said loop in a second plane parallel to said first plane.
In a particular embodiment, said loop passes at least twice round said shape, with successive turns being in the same plane and disposed one within the other with a small interval therebetween.
In another embodiment, said loop passes at least twice round said shape, with successive turns being superimposed one on the other perpendicularly to said plane.
The invention also includes antenna apparatus including an array of a plurality of said antenna elements with a common conductive plate and coupling means coupling the elongate members.
The invention also includes a method of making the antenna element.
Other features and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description of some preferred embodiments thereof, given by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a rampart antenna according to a prior art design;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic plan view of a sub-array in a prior art antenna comprising four square patches connected together;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic plan view of an antenna element in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, with arrows indicating the phase conditions of the travelling wave propagated therein at a given instant;
FIG. 4 is a sectional side-view of the antenna element of FIG. 3;
FIGS. 5a to 5d are diagrammatic plan views of antenna elements in accordance with other advantageous embodiments of the invention, obtained by varying the number of branches of the array and the number of loops of the conductor;
FIG. 6 is a diagram representing the calculated radiation field corresponding to the antenna element of FIG. 5d;
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic plan view of a group of cruciform antenna elements in accordance with an embodiment of the invention and forming array or sub-array;
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic plan view of an antenna element in the shape of a cruciform with angled corners; and
FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic plan view of an antenna element in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention comprising two independent superposed loops of cruciform shape.
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, a simple method of making an antenna in accordance with the present invention comprises mounting. a wire or micro-strip conductor in a branching loop, as seen in plan view in FIG. 3, at one face of a dielectric support 2 parallel with a conductive plane 3 disposed at the other face of the dielectric layer.
It will be appreciated that the dielectric layer may simply be air.
In another method, the cruciform loop 1 is produced by photographic printing or etching or another suitable technique on a thin dielectric skin applied to a flat honeycomb or foam insulator structure, itself applied to a conductive plate.
Yet another method comprises taking a triple sandwich board comprising a central dielectric layer and two outer conductive layers of copper or other suitable metal, one of the plates being etched, by acid for example, to define one or more loops of the desired branching shape.
The connection to the antenna element may be obtained by lines comprising cylindrical or rectangular coaxial cables, the antenna loop being connected to an extension of the central conductor of the cable.
As shown in FIG. 3, the branching loop 1 comprises a single wire or micro-strip conductor 10 extending around the outline of a cross with four branches 11, 12, 13 and 14. The loop forms the shape of an empty cross of which only the peripheral edge is conductive over a narrow width, the width of the wire or micro-strip.
The conductive loop is interrupted for a short distance in the end portion 21 of one of the branches 11 of the cross at the ends 5 and 6 of the conductor.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, which is only one possible configuration for the antenna element, the wire or printed strip conductor 10 follows an almost closed cruciform outline and forms a travelling wave transmission line with the conductive plane 3 from which it is separated by the dielectric layer 2.
The characteristic dimensions of the antenna element are the sizes of the branches 11, 12, 13 and 14 of the cruciform loop, and the depth of the dielectric layer separating the cruciform loop 1 from the conductive plane 3.
In an advantageous embodiment, the conductor 10 follows the outline of a regular cross, each of whose branches comprises two lateral segments, which may be parallel or non-parallel, and an end segment. The length L of each of the lateral segments is preferably equal to half the guided wave-length in the transmission line of the radiation to be transmitted or received (L=λg/2). The length of the end segment of each branch is preferably equal to this wave-length divided by N, where N is the number of branches in the branching loop formed by the conductor 10. In the cruciform example shown in FIG. 3, there are four branches, and the end segments of the branches 11, 12, 13 and 14 each have a length L equal to one quarter of the wavelength.
The depth H separating the cruciform loop 1 from the conductive plane 3 is chosen so that the travelling wave line defined by the loop 1 and cooperating plane 3 radiates part of the travelling power. More precisely, the depth H is calculated so that when an alternating potential difference is applied between one end 5 of the branching loop 1 and the conductive plane 3, the attenuation of the wave propagated along the line is sufficient for the power arriving at the other end 6 of the line is negligeable, for example being less than 5% of the power at the input end 5. In this way, the efficiency of the antenna element is optimized to the extent that the power is substantially all dissipated in radiation.
When the dielectric layer 2 is air, the depth H is preferably between 1/10 and 1/5 times the transmitted or received wavelength.
If the loop is energized in the mode described above, by applying an alternating potential difference to one end 5 only of the cruciform loop 1 and the conductive plane 3, a particular current distribution along the line is obtained.
Thus, this energization mode produces a travelling wave of wave-length λg which is propagated along the transmission line. The currents flowing at a given instant in each of the segments of the loop produce electromagnetic fields which cooperate with each other. At the point in time illustrated in FIG. 3, the lateral segment 31 of the branch 11 of the cruciform loop 1 is, for example, at phase 0� or 180� (open arrow). The lateral segment 41 of the same branch 11 is simultaneously at phase 90� or 270� respectively (closed arrow) and the end segment 21 is at phase 225� or 45� respectively (semiclosed arrow). The semi-closed arrow also represents the phases 315� or 135� respectively in the end segment 22 of the branch 12 of the cruciform loop, for example.
The phase distribution of the travelling wave can be obtained readily by representing along the line the sinusoid representing the current therein at a given moment.
It will then be appreciated that, for the configuration of FIG. 3, resultant electro-magnetic fields appear due to the cooperation of the joined lateral segments of each adjacent pair of branches (11, 12; 12, 13; 13, 14; 14, 11). The electric fields thus created have components represented by arrows 51, 52, 53 and 54. It is clear that these components are the components that the electric field adopts at a particular moment in the periodic cycle of the propagation of the wave along the line. In fact, since the antenna forms a radiating travelling wave transmission line, the electric field, which gives the polarization, rotates in the plane of the branching loop.
It will be appreciated that when an antenna in accordance with this embodiment of the invention is energized by one end 5 only, it radiates in a circularly polarized mode. It will be noted that, if the branching loop is energized by its other end 6 instead, the circular polarization of the radiation is the opposite of the radiation when it is energized by the end 5.
Moreover, the mechanism obtained of radiation by travelling wave has a wide band-width.
If both ends 5 and 6 of the branching loop 1 are energized simultaneously, either in phase or with phase opposition, the radiation obtained is polarized linearly.
In fact, unlike a rampart antenna, in this case there is no partial cancellation of the radiation by opposed currents and the radiation pattern is symmetrical about the normal to the antenna. According to the energization phase of the two ends 5 and 6, either a given linear polarization, or the orthogonal linear polarization is obtained. The usage of this type of antenna is accordingly very flexible.
In the case of use in circular polarization, the end of the branching loop opposite to the energized end may be terminated by a suitable load where 5% to 10% of the input power may be dissipated. In different cases, it is also possible to leave this end open-circuit or to short-circuit it.
FIGS. 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d illustrate other embodiments of the branching loop of an antenna element in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 5a shows an element of cross shape with four branches and a triple loop.
FIG. 5b shows a cruciform element with four branches and a double loop in the shape of a Maltese cross.
FIG. 5c shows an element with three branches and a triple loop, the inner end of each branch being wider spaced than the outer end, which is the contrary of the Maltese cross shape of FIG. 5b.
FIG. 5d shows an element with six branches and a double loop.
It is clear that, provided the principle of sizing the branches is respected, with the length of the lateral elements substantially equal to λg/2 and the length of the end elements substantially equal to λg/N, N being the number of branches, with an angular separation of 2π/N between each branch, any suitable value of N may be chosen.
The element may also be a branching loop such as shown in FIG. 8, in which the corners 80, 81, 82 and 83 of the branches are angled as shown, or rounded.
The radiation pattern of an antenna element with six branches and a double loop is shown in FIG. 6. It will be seen that it comprises essentially a main lobe 60 which is symmetrical about the normal to the antenna plane passing through its centre, and two side lobes which are much smaller and are centred substantially at an angle of about 45� to 50� relative to the normal.
The antenna elements in accordance with the invention may be grouped in a subarray or an array as shown in FIG. 7. In the sub-array shown, four cruciform antenna elements 71, 72, 73 and 74 are disposed so that their respective energizing ends are grouped at the centre of the sub-array. This especially enables perturbations which would be introduced into the radiation to be limited.
Preferably, the antenna elements 71, 72, 73 and 74 are energized by means of a power splitter, advantageously mounted at the rear of the conductive plane, the energization point of each element being chosen symmetrically relative to the centre of the sub-array. The fields radiated by each element of the sub-array are therefore also symmetrical with respect to the centre.
Such a sub-array may of course be used either along or in cooperation with other sub-arrays. There is no limitation to the number of sub-arrays in the array. The antenna elements in each sub-array or array may be formed with any suitable number of branches, number of loops and shape.
FIG. 9 shows an antenna element in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention including a plurality of independent conductors forming the same shape of branching loops. In the example illustrated, two wire or micro-strip conductors 91 and 92 form two continuous, almost closed, flat cruciform loops placed in the same plane parallel to a conductive plate (not shown), the first loop following externally with a small gap the same cruciform outline as the second loop, so that the inner loop 91 is inscribed exactly within the outer loop 92. The ends 101, 201 of the conductor 91 and the ends 102, 202 of the conductor 92 are disposed symmetrically opposite each other. The energization is effected so that the currents flowing in adjacent portions of the two loops are parallel and flowing instantaneously in the same direction.
The antenna elements and arrays of different embodiments of the invention are described above by way of illustration and without the list being exhaustive. Various advantageous application of the antennas are described below.
The antennas described above are particularly suitable for use in mobile terminals, such as cars, trucks and ships, for satellite communication links. They are also suitable for receiving signals from television broadcasting or distribution satellites. These antennas can also be used in satellites designed for communication with earth-based mobile terminals, either as a direct radiation antenna or as a source antenna of a reflector system.
The antenna may also be used for radiofrequency angualr trashing operations, when it is made in the form of an array of four cruciform loops or a multiple of four cruciform loops, the loops being energized to form one "sum" channel and two "difference" channels. As an illustration of this, the tracking could be performed with the arrangement shown in FIG. 7, in which the sum pattern would be obtained by feeding elements 71, 72, 73, and 74 with equal amplitudes and phases respectively at 0�, 90�, 180�, 270�, one difference pattern using instead phases 0�, 90�, 0�, 90�, and the other difference pattern using phases 0�, 270�, 0�, 270�. The feeding arrangement to create these three laws can be realized using 3 dB power dividers as is classically done in "monopulse" systems. A model of antenna with a uniform loop shape with eight branches has been produced and subjected to tests. The impedance of the antenna was designed for operation at 3GHz. It was found that the power remaining at the non-energized end of the loop, whose length was nine wave-lengths, was 10.3 dB less than the input power. The radiation of this type of antenna is therefore quite remarkable.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 8, 1986
Owner name: AGENCE SPATIALE EUROPEENE, 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS 75
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Assume $\kappa > \omega$ is a cardinal of uncountable cofinality and $S$ is a stationary set in $\kappa$. If $\alpha < \kappa$ is a successor ordinal then the set $S+\alpha=\{\sigma+\alpha : \sigma \in S\}$ is not stationary in $\kappa$ because it does not intersect the subset of limit ordinals in $\kappa$ (which is club in $\kappa$). Is $S + \alpha$ stationary in $\kappa$ if $\alpha < \kappa$ is a limit ordinal? What about the set $\{\sigma + \sigma : \sigma \in S\}$?
If $\kappa$ is regular and uncountable, then no set of the form $S = A + \alpha$ can be stationary (for any $A \subseteq \kappa$ and $\alpha \in \kappa$) by Fodor's lemma. The function which sends each $\beta \in S$ to the least $\gamma$ such that $\gamma + \alpha = \beta$ is regressive.
A similar argument shows that no set of the form $\{\alpha + \alpha : \alpha \in A\}$ is stationary (again, for regular $\kappa$).