text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 6, 1992
|Filing date
|May 18, 1990
|Priority date
|May 18, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Michael P. Farella
|Original Assignee
|Creative Acoustics, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (13), Classifications (12), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a new and improved filtering circuit for a speaker, and also to a new and improved speaker system.
More particularly, the present invention is directed to a new and improved filtering network especially for a coaxial speaker system, and to such a new and improved coaxial speaker system, in which the filtering network, notably the inductance coil thereof, can be securely and successfully mounted coaxially upon a magnet of the coaxial speaker, with little or no disadvantage and with great improvement in audio reception and in structural balance of such a speaker system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Audio speakers for delivering sound reception from a source such as a microphone, radio, tape deck, etc. have been known for quite some time, and it has been desirable to mount such speakers in any number of different fashions, e.g., upon the ceiling or a ceiling panel, on a wall, or on part of an automobile. For example, Design Patent Nos. 238,185; 242,151; 247,562; and 255,234 illustrate designs for ceiling-mounted speakers, while U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,072,829; 4,143,249; and 4,439,643 illustrate mounting attachments for loudspeakers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,484,658 illustrates a support assembly for a speaker upon a ceiling panel.
Recently, multiple speakers containing a larger speaker component and a smaller speaker component have come into particular use to enhance sound delivery. For example, such multiple speakers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,837,839 and 4,672,675. U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,748 also discloses a mounting device for a car radio loudspeaker, as does U.S. Pat. No. 4,143,249. U.S. Pat. No. 2,070,977 also discloses a relatively primitive version of a sound reproducing speaker.
In particular, a coaxial speaker involves mounting a smaller speaker component within a larger speaker component along the same axis, which greatly enhances delivery of audio reception. Such a smaller speaker component is termed a "high frequency" speaker or tweeter, in that such a smaller component blocks out delivery of sound of a relatively lower frequency range, while the larger speaker component is termed a "low frequency" speaker or woofer, in that such larger component either blocks out only high frequencies or is designed to receive the entire frequency range of sound, including low, mid-range and high frequencies. Such coaxial speakers also encompass a triaxial speaker in which a midrange speaker and a tweeter are both mounted upon a woofer as disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,672,675 and 4,837,839.
Because of the nature of sound delivery, it has been necessary to provide such coaxial-type speakers with a filtering network such as RLC filtering circuitry (R=resistor, L=inductor, and C=capacitor), in order to properly filter the sound between the woofer and tweeter components, and also the midrange component in the case of the triaxial-type speaker, to avoid distortion as much as possible. In other words, if such speaker components are used without such appropriate RLC filter circuitry, then the sound delivery over a middle or overlapping range between the woofer and tweeter will be magnified or multiplied, resulting in distortion of sound and in undesirable noise and audio effect. Accordingly, such filter circuitry has been required, at the very least, to stop the higher frequency sound from reaching the woofer, and directing such higher frequency sound to the tweeter component which in turn is blocked from receiving all but the requisite high frequency audio delivery.
Such filter circuitry has generally comprised, as noted above, an inductor or inductance coil, a resistor, and a capacitor. In particular, the inductor coil generally requires several large turns or windings, e.g. on the order of about 50 to 250 such windings to provide adequate control or filtering of a coaxial speaker having two components and a basket of about 6.5 inches diameter. In other words, such an RLC filtering circuitry is quite expansive and bulky. Therefore, in previously-known speakers of the non-coaxial type, such RLC circuitry was either mounted within a large container for the speakers separate and apart from the actual speaker components and diaphragms thereof, or mounted remote from such units and provided with separate control lines leading to the speaker units.
In recent times, need for versatility in mounting of speaker components has increased. It has become desirable to mount such speaker components at specific locations in an automobile, along walls of a room, and notably upon ceiling panels or the ceiling within a room, to greatly enhance delivery of audio reception. In particular, conversion of pre-existing lighting fixtures to audio speakers has become of paramount interest in recent years, in order to enhance delivery of sound reception. There has been a great deal of interest in successfully mounting coaxial-type speakers upon a ceiling panel. However, it has not been previously possible to successfully mount such speakers and, at the same time, provide required audio reception, because it had not been possible to successfully mount a filtering network in conjunction therewith.
Since such RLC filtering network or circuitry is quite cumbersome and bulky, such circuitry would either have to be positioned upon a ceiling panel, greatly increasing the weight and the unwieldiness of the entire sound system, or such filtering circuitry would have to be mounted quite remote to the ceiling-mounted speaker, e.g. upon a wall of a room, and then coupled to the ceiling mounted speakers through separate lines or wires, also quite cumbersome and bulky, because, e.g., long connecting wires would be required between the filtering circuit and the speaker, resulting in increased potential failure of such circuitry.
Therefore, it had not been previously possible to feasibly mount a coaxial speaker with an adequate filtering system upon a ceiling panel, especially when such ceiling panel has been provided with a recessed baffle thereupon. If such speaker system was used without any RLC filter circuitry, then a tremendous amount of distortion resulted and sound quality emanating from the non-filtered speaker components was extremely poor or totally unacceptable.
However, it has now been found that it is possible to feasibly provide RLC filter circuitry in conjunction with a coaxial-type speaker, especially when such speaker is mounted upon a ceiling panel or a recessed ceiling baffle, securely and optimally providing the required filtering, while at the same time enhancing the overall structural positioning and arrangement of such a coaxial speaker system with maximum stability and reliability.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to improve delivery of sound, notably from an electrical audio system.
It is also an object of the present invention to improve mounting of filter speaker circuitry upon components.
It is an additional object of the present invention to minimize or eliminate distortion that would result from mounting of a coaxial-type speaker upon recessed mounting structure such as a ceiling baffle.
It is a further object of the present invention to improve sound delivery over the full frequency range of a coaxial-type speaker component, especially when such speaker component is mounted upon the ceiling or a ceiling panel or baffle.
These and other objects are attained by the present invention which is directed to a filtering circuit for a speaker, in which the filtering circuit comprises an inductance coil shaped and positioned to fit over the magnet of the speaker. When the inductance coil is shaped and positioned to securely fit upon the speaker magnet, then compensation of acoustical distortion that would be caused by a particular mounting structure for the speaker, such as a recessed ceiling baffle, is facilitated. It is now possible to use different shapes and forms of mounting structure for the speaker which was previously disadvantageous because such structure caused unnatural amplification of the midrange frequencies of such a speaker.
Additionally, a resistor and/or a capacitor can be included in the filtering circuitry to further enhance frequency response. The inductance coil can be shaped and positioned to be mounted about a permanent magnet of the speaker. Furthermore, a separate resistor, capacitor, and inductance coil may be mounted in series, to enhance filtering between speaker components of a coaxial speaker, with all such filtering components being mounted in close proximity to the coaxial speaker or directly upon the coaxial speaker itself.
It has now been found that when such an inductance coil of the RLC filtering circuitry is securely positioned upon a magnet of a speaker such as the permanent magnet of a coaxial speaker, the inductance does not markedly decrease, and in most cases just slightly decreases, e.g. on the order of about 5% or less. Positioning of such a coil upon the permanent magnet of the coaxial speaker, notably when such a speaker is mounted facing downwardly upon a ceiling panel or ceiling baffle, enhances the stability and space savings of such a system while at the same time improving the frequency response between the speaker components, enhancing the entire audio effect. The net result is that a stable, secure, balanced system can be feasibly positioned upon a ceiling panel or baffle, while sound delivery from such a system, notably from the ceiling of a room, is markedly enhanced. Such combined advantages were never previously attained with ceiling mounted speakers, much less speaker components of the coaxial type.
The present invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the present invention in which an inductance coil is mounted upon a magnet of a coaxial speaker which is, in turn, mounted on a baffle in turn positioned upon a panel such as a ceiling panel;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the present invention in the direction of arrow T in FIG. 1, more clearly illustrating the arrangement and mounting of various components forming the circuit of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an elevational view in the direction of arrow S in FIG. 2 illustrating positioning of the inductance coil upon the coaxial speaker magnet;
FIG. 4 is an exploded view similar to FIG. 3 and with component parts separated to enhance clarity of illustration;
FIG. 5 is a schematic, perspective view illustrating assembly of mounting or support structure for the inductance coil in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic, perspective view illustrating mounting of circuitry including the inductance coil about the support structure in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 6A and 6B are perspective views of alternative electronic components which can be utilized in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic, perspective view illustrating retention of the mounted circuitry about the supporting structure of FIG. 6, in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic, perspective view illustrating mounting of the assembled circuitry, including the supporting structure therefor, about a magnet of a coaxial speaker in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic, perspective view illustrating mounting of a protective grill about the coaxial speaker of FIG. 8, in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic, perspective view illustrating mounting of the assembled speaker of FIG. 9 including the filtering circuit therefor onto a supporting baffle in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic, perspective view illustrating assembly of a supporting ceiling panel on which the baffle, speaker, and filtering circuit of FIG. 9 are mounted in accordance with the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 12 is a schematic, diagrammatic view illustrating circuitry along with the various components thereof in accordance with the present invention as illustrated in FIGS. 2-4; and
FIGS. 13-16 are graphs illustrating the performance of the present invention as part of an audio system.
Referring to FIGS. 1-4, the present invention is applied in conjunction with a coaxial speaker 1, which comprises a low frequency or full range component 2, commonly termed a woofer and a component 3 responsive only to higher frequencies, commonly termed a tweeter. The speaker components 2 and 3 are contained within a conically-shaped basket 4 and are mounted upon a permanent magnet 5 for the woofer 2 (FIG. 4). The tweeter 3 has its own permanent magnet which is not illustrated. The magnet 5 creates a repulsive force of electro-mechanical energy that is generated in a voice coil (not illustrated) within the cone of the woofer 2, i.e. the cone or diaphragm of the woofer 2 goes into motion by virtue of the repulsion. The tweeter 3 operates in similar fashion. Reference numerals 6, 7, and 8 denote lead connectors to the woofer and tweeter circuits and which are mounted upon a terminal 79.
Any conventionally available speaker such as a coaxial speaker can be utilized in accordance with the present invention, e.g., coaxial speakers manufactured by Mitek, Inc. (MTX), Chicago, Ill. For example, one such suitable speaker is a Mitek MTX Polyplex 5.3 coaxial speaker having a largest conical diameter (at the diaphragm of the larger woofer) of 5.3 inches, having a resistance of 4 ohms and a power rating of 30 watts rms continuous power and 60 watts rms maximum power. Another suitable speaker is a Mitek MTX 6.5 coaxial speaker having a maximum conical diameter (at the diaphragm of the larger woofer) of 6.5 inches, a resistance of 4 ohms, in addition to a power rating of 30 watts rms continuous power and 60 watts rms maximum power. However, it is emphasized that any compatible coaxial speaker, e.g., biaxial or triaxial, can be utilized in accordance with the present invention herein.
Referring, in particular, to FIG. 12, the electronic circuitry of the filtering network for the woofer and tweeter 3 is illustrated. More specifically, the filtering network comprises an inductance coil 9 connected in series with the woofer 2, and a resistor 10 and a capacitor 11 connected in parallel with the inductance coil 9. Basically this filtering circuit, commonly termed an RLC filtering circuit, functions in the following fashion.
Inductance is a property of electrical circuitry opposing initiation, termination, or alteration of current flow. In alternating current, the higher the frequency, the more frequent the current flow change. Therefore, the larger the inductance coil, the lower the frequency of current flow that will be affected, i.e., blocked by the coil. The resistor and capacitor serve to permit certain frequencies to bypass the effects of the inductor and enter the woofer. The smaller the capacitance, the higher the cutoff frequency, i.e. frequency cut off from entering the woofer. The higher the resistance, the lower the amplitude (db level) of frequency permitted to pass through the capacitor. Therefore, the inductance coil 9 blocks high range frequencies from reaching the woofer 2, the capacitor 11 blocks lower range frequencies, and the resistor 10 controls the amplitude of the higher range frequencies reaching the woofer 2.
Such blocked higher frequencies are then directed to the tweeter 3 which is coupled in parallel to the woofer 2 as illustrated, optionally through second and third capacitors 13, 113 with a second inductance coil 14 optionally being provided in parallel to shunt off lower frequencies away from the tweeter 3. The second and third capacitors 13, 113 and inductance coil 14 operate in similar fashion to the first capacitor 11 and coil 9 to allow only higher frequency current from an input 15 (e.g. an audio source) to reach the tweeter 3.
The proper inductance coil, capacitor, and resistor can be optimally selected for particular speaker components. In one preferred embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 12, the woofer 2 and tweeter 3 each have a respective resistance of 4 ohms, with the first inductance coil 9 providing an inductance of 2.5 mh, the resistor 10 providing a resistance of 15 ohms, the first capacitor providing a capacitance of 25 uf and, when required, the second and third capacitors providing respective capacitance of 12 uf and 6 uf, and the second inductor 14 providing an inductance of 0.17 mh. However it is noted that these values of the RLC filter circuitry can conveniently vary depending upon the size, the output of the coaxial speaker, and the shape of the structure upon which the speaker is mounted e.g., a ceiling baffle.
In accordance with the present invention, the magnetic inductance coil 9 is positioned upon the magnet 5 of the coaxial speaker 1, as illustrated in FIGS. 2-4, and is coupled through terminal 16 to wire 114 (not illustrated in FIG. 2) leading from input source 15 and at connection or welded junction 20 to wire 19 leading to the woofer 2. In this regard, resistor 10 and capacitor 11 are coupled along a separate line 18 to input terminal 16 at one end thereof and at an opposite end, to line 19 leading from inductor coil 9 to the woofer 2 at connection or welded junction 20. Line 19 is coupled to lead connector 8 of woofer 2, in turn coupled to a lead wire (not illustrated) leading into the woofer 2. Line 21 leads out of woofer 2 from connector 6 back to output terminal 17.
Additionally, if desired, RLC filter circuitry can be coupled to the tweeter 3. Basically, this is accomplished by a separate line 22 being coupled to input terminal 16 and leading from input terminal 16 through second and third capacitors 13, 113 to the tweeter 3. Line 22 is coupled to a line (not illustrated) leading to the tweeter 3 at the connector 7 in FIGS. 3 and 4 (third capacitor 113 and second inductance coil 14 are not illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4). Furthermore, output line 23 leading from tweeter 3 is coupled to line 21 leading back to the input source 15 from the woofer 2, externally of a cover 26 for mounting of the RLC circuitry, as illustrated by the dotted lines in FIG. 12 and as explained further below. The inductance coil 9 is mounted within a cover 26 shaped and formed to snugly and securely fit upon the magnet 5 of coaxial speaker 1 as illustrated e.g., in FIGS. 2-4. More specifically, this cover 26 is annularly or concentrically shaped as illustrated, e.g. in FIGS. 2 and 4, having an outer diameter D and an inner diameter d substantially equal to the diameter d' of the speaker magnet 5 (the inner edge 27 of the cover 26 and the outer edge 28 of the magnet 5 are substantially complementary with one another to provide a snug fit). It should be noted that while the cover 26 is illustrated as having substantially circular cross section, the cover 26 may take any shape, e.g. oval, oblong, so long as the inner edge 27 of the cover 26 and the outer edge 28 of the magnet 5 are substantially complementary.
Any conventionally-available components can be used for the various components forming the RLC filtering network. For example, a TRW ceramic PW10 15 ohm 10% resistor and a capacitor having a value of 25 uf can be used in various combinations to provide the required resistance and capacitance as described above, while standard 18 gauge magnetic coil copper wire e.g., coated with enamel can be utilized as the inductance coil.
The cover 26 itself is designed to provide an annular receiving channel of about one inch in width for receiving the inductance coil 9. The cover 26 is also provided with an outer edge 30 for shielding the inductance coil positioned therewithin and a continuous top edge 31 for enhancing seating of the cover 26 upon the magnet 5. In this regard, the need for a continuous top edge 31 of the cover 26 is optional. In other words, the inner concentric area 132 for receiving the magnet 5 can be completely open or exposed, if desired. The cover 26 itself can be manufactured from any suitable electrically insulative material such as acrylic plastic or Bakelite (in the illustrated embodiment, the cover 26 is transparent).
As noted above, it was previously thought that mounting of an inductance coil about a magnet, especially a permanent magnet, would hinder inductance. However, it has now been found that such inductance is not greatly hindered if at all, and that improved sound reception emanates from the coaxial speaker, especially when the speaker is mounted upon the ceiling, through a ceiling baffle 32 such as illustrated in FIG. 1. As a practical matter, it has been found that when the inductance coil 9 is mounted upon the magnet 5, the inductive magnetic field drops by about a few tenths of a millihenry, e.g. about a quarter of a millihenry, which can be compensated by increasing the number of windings of the inductance coil 9 within the cover 26. For example, if the coil 9, by itself, would provide inductance of about 21/2 millihenry, then the coil would have to be wound for about 23/4 millihenry to compensate for the loss of 1/4 of a millihenry.
In this regard, it is emphasized that in the structure of the present invention, it is quite easy to simply increase the number of windings of the inductance coil 9 within the cover 26 to compensate for any loss of inductance. Such additional windings can quite easily fit within the cover 26 because the entire structure is extremely well-balanced as described further below. The amount of increase in windings itself is not too great. For example, if about 120 windings would be required, in and of itself, then the increase in windings would be about 10-20 or less to compensate for the inductance loss. The number of windings of the coil 9 will vary depending upon the desired frequency curve.
As noted above, the system and structure of the present invention is extremely well-balanced and can easily be mounted upon and secured to a panel such as a ceiling panel, especially through a ceiling baffle 32 as illustrated in FIG. 1. This ceiling baffle 32 itself can be constructed of any suitable material, such as aluminum. For example, such a baffle 15, conventionally available from ATLITE, Brooklyn, N.Y., one such baffle being denoted as ATLITE model A149. The baffle 32 itself is modified to accept the speaker, i.e. is shaved, chamfered, or otherwise cut down to provide requisite mounting therefor.
Installation of the filtering circuit upon a coaxial speaker and then mounting of the entire system onto a baffle, will now be described with reference to FIGS. 5-11. Initially, the cover 26, i.e. mounting or supporting structure for the inductance coil 19, is assembled by arranging cover 31, spindle 40, ad base 41 as illustrated in FIG. 5 with respect to one another and then joining these three sections together, e.g. by welding or applying appropriate adhesive.
Then, the appropriate number of windings of magnetic inductance coil 9 are wrapped around the spindle portion 40 as illustrated in FIG. 6. Ends 9', 9" of coil 9 are welded or soldered to appropriate lines 42, 43 as illustrated by the dotted lines in FIG. 6, with lines 43, 44 and 45 also being positioned within the cover 26 as illustrated in this figure. These lines 42, 43, 44 and 45 each carry insulation as illustrated. Resistor 10, capacitor 11, and second capacitor 13 are joined together to respective lines 42, 45, and terminal 16 as illustrated by the dotted lines and arrows in FIG. 6, with terminal 17 also being provided and connected as illustrated. These two terminals 16 and 17 are secured to base 41 by nuts 16', 17', and washers 16", 17". Capacitor 11 and resistor 10 can be replaced by an appropriate parallel pair 11' of capacitors and parallel pair 10' of resistors respectively, as illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B.
Then, the entire mounted covering 26 with the three lead lines 21, 22 and 19 protruding therefrom, is affixed within an outer sleeve or collar 45, also transparent as illustrated in FIG. 7, to form the final mounting or supporting structure 26 for the filtering circuitry, which is then mounted upon the magnet 5 of the speaker 1 as illustrated in FIG. 8, with lead lines 21 and 19 connected to appropriate connectors 6 and 8 and lead line 21, in this instance, lead directly to the tweeter 3. Reference numeral 23 in FIG. 8 denotes exit line 23 leading directly out of the tweeter 3. An appropriate grillwork shield 47 is then affixed to the speaker 1 by appropriate nuts 48 and bolts 49 as illustrated in FIG. 9 to protect the respective speaker cones.
The entire speaker system is then mounted upon the baffle 32 as illustrated in FIG. 10, the baffle 32 having been appropriately cut or trimmed at a top edge 51 thereof, to receive the speaker system. The baffle 32 and speaker system are secured together with appropriate bolts 52. An inner conical shield 53 an also be snapped into the baffle 32 as illustrated in FIG. 10. A ceiling panel 100 formed, e.g. of metal, is erected as illustrated in FIG. 11. More specifically, brackets 101 are appropriately affixed to the ceiling panel 100, e.g., by screws (not illustrated), and can then be secured to a cross beam 102 within the ceiling by appropriate screws 103 as denoted by the dotted lines in FIG. 11. Flanges 104 are punched out and bent up from panel 100 as illustrated in FIG. 11 for securing the baffle 32 as part of the entire speaker system as illustrated in FIG. 1. More specifically, the baffle 32 is secured from within by bolts 105 and washers 106 directed outwardly and through holes 107, as denoted by the dotted lines in FIG. 1.
In this regard, it is especially emphasized that with the present invention, lighting baffles in a ceiling can be easily converted to speaker baffles because the present system is extremely well-balanced and will stably seat on top of the ceiling baffle 32. Previously, it wa not at all practical to directly incorporate RLC circuitry upon a ceiling mounted speaker having severely limited space such as the new "designer" type baffles because it was structurally unsound to do so. The only possibility involved mounting an extremely remote RLC circuit in a separate box, e.g. on a wall in a room, which was totally impractical and inadequate for filtering the sound. Therefore, the present invention provides improved filtering of sound in addition to space savings, to be discussed further below. The cover 26 can be attached to the magnet 5 by screwing thereonto, or by affixing with an adhesive.
In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 5-11, the baffle 32 has a length of about three inches from the panel 100 on which the baffle sits to the diaphragm of the speaker 1. The baffle 32 may take any convenient length as required, however it is noted that this length of the baffle 32 will affect the quality of the sound emitted from the speaker for the following reason. The filtering circuitry should be tuned to compensate for any range of frequency that is adversely affected by the baffle length or depth. This is accomplished by adjusting capacitance and/or resistance of the filtering circuitry. However, as noted above, it was never previously feasible to reliably and effectively incorporate the RLC filter circuitry directly upon the speaker 1, and such filter circuitry had to be provided remotely to the speaker 1, if at all, so that sound quality emanating from a ceiling mounted coaxial speaker, especially one situated upon a ceiling baffle, never provided optimum quality.
Such required tuning can be accomplished in easy fashion with an audio frequency spectrum analyzer and generator. Basically, this involves coupling a spectrum analyzer, a microphone which receives output from the speaker, resulting in a visual presentation of the frequency response of the speaker as a sign wave or a bar graph. Analysis range should start at low frequencies, e.g. around 20 Hz., and range up to high frequencies, e.g. around 20,000 Hz. If the amplitude is objectionably pronounced or high for any particular frequency range, then the filtering circuit should be tuned to compensate for it.
In this regard, attention is directed to accompanying graphs in FIGS. 13-16 illustrating frequency response over various ranges of frequencies, for different kinds of speaker constructions. FIG. 13 illustrates frequency response of a particular speaker alone while FIG. 14 illustrates the frequency response for that same speaker when provided with a baffle (6.5 in. denotes the diameter of the woofer basket 4). As can be seen, the amplitude actually rises over the midrange frequency of 95 Hz to 6,000 Hz, resulting in exaggerated midrange amplitude.
When an RLC filtering network of FIG. 12 was coupled to the speakers, then as illustrated in FIG. 15, the midrange response drops below low and high frequency amplitude. When filtered speakers are mounted on a baffle, then as illustrated in FIG. 16, the midrange amplitude rises back to a desired level, i.e. over about 0-1 db. Loudness and concomitant distortion over these midrange frequencies are minimized or eliminated altogether.
Accordingly, the present invention provides enhanced, improved audio reception from a coaxial speaker, especially when such speaker is mounted upon a ceiling baffle. The ceiling baffle may have any desired length or depth dimension which was previously considered unusable, because the speaker components can be easily tuned by the filtering network to compensate for any distortions caused by the baffle.
The preceding description of the present invention is merely exemplary and is not intended to limit the scope thereof in any way.
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|Eric Alexander
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 18, 1990
Owner name: CREATIVE ACOUSTICS, INC., NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:FARELLA, MICHAEL P.;REEL/FRAME:005316/0418
Effective date: 19900517
|May 14, 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 6, 1996
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 17, 1996
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19961009


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Okay , now i have been able to remove the SID from the url and everything works as they share the same cookie domain, now i noticed if i accessed my link like welspot.com?_store=default, the main site opens without a redirect to the subdomain, i was hoping then that anybody could help me redirect all incoming requests under my main domain to mydomain.com?_store=default.
As i still have the problem of cookie redirect, i have hard-coded
$_GET['store']="default"; into my index.php file at the head in the main magento installation and now everything works right but there is another problem, when i go to the categories field and i try to select any categories it doesn't select, it just displays create new category instead of selecting and editing the click category and i think it has something to do with adding
$_GET['store']="default"; in my index.php because when i remove it everything works but when i remove it and visit my site as welspot.com, based on the recent subdomain i visited it redirects there and i seriously need to solve this problem.


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Latest article from our Blog, "Redemption's Road"It's Not What You Say; It's How You Say It
"It's not what you say, it's how you say it," one spouse will say to another in my office. I have wished that I had a dime for every time I've heard someone say it. Then I think, "Oh …
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The Psychology of Yoga
Integrating Eastern and Western Approaches for Understanding the Mind"Psychoanalysis itself and the lines of thought to which it gives rise," said C. G. Jung, "are only a beginner's attempt compared to what is an immemorial art in the East"—by which he was referring to the millennia-old study of the mind found in Yoga. That tradition was hardly known in the West when the discipline of psychology arose in the nineteenth century, but with the passing of time the… Read More
Paperback$19.95+ Add to Bag
Blossoms of Friendship
Yoga Wisdom ClassicsBlossoms of Friendship introduces the Yoga Wisdom Classics series. This book is a collection of talks given by Vimala Thakar in 1973 in Mount Abu, India. In the style of Krishnamurti, she describes the subtle differences between the states of concentration, attention, awareness, and meditation, and discusses the roles of guide, teacher, master, and guru. In the foreword, publisher Donald Moyer writes that Vimala Thakar's insights "provide a clear exegesis… Read More
Paperback$12.95+ Add to Bag
Living at the Source
Yoga Teachings of VivekanandaRead More
Paperback$20.00+ Add to Bag


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Acrylic & Resin Movado for Men
Honored as the first watch company to have its design selected as part of the New York MoMA permanent collection, Movado is revered for sleek lines and a luxe, modern minimalism.
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I used the very convenient eighty dollar mid-week-stay coupon found on the Tripadvisor site and enjoyed a spacious second story room with a pretty view of the distant hills. The well-kept room and bathroom were very clean, as were the furniture and king bed. A sign in the bathroom notes that the hotel's water source is an artesian well and may have a sulfur odor - I did notice a slight smell when showering but it wasn't a concern. Only the Jacuzzi looked tired and in need of a face lift.
The room included a new flat screen TV with extensive cable coverage plus a DVD player for the many movie titles available at no cost from the front desk (whose staff was always friendly and helpful). Sure, the fabric styles and lighting fixtures are dated, but I wasn't expecting the latest in fashion. The hotel was extremely quiet and I had a great night's sleep before an early rise to hike the Catskill high peaks.
I appreciate a hotel like the Vienna where the staff works to keep the rooms and grounds in order. Not everything here is brand new, but I enjoyed a clean, friendly and quiet stay and will return if I'm back in the Cats.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- European Styled Chalet located one mile from Windham Mtn, 1/4 mile from the Windham Country Club and 8 miles from Hunter Mtn Ski Area and NY ZipLine adventure. Each room has 32" LCD TV w/DVD, Ipod docking radio, refrigerator, in room phone, private bath, private balcony, A/C, blow dryer. Continental Breakfast served daily, and the pool and Jacuzzi are open year round 10am to 10pm. Wifi available through the entire hotel, computer for guest use, living room with fireplace and TV. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Orbitz, Expedia, Odigeo, Hotwire, Hotels.com, Travelocity and Agoda so you can book your Hotel Vienna reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Vienna Hotel Windham
- Hotel Vienna Windham, NY - Catskill Region


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The Ocean City High School girls basketball team will play for its fourth South Jersey Group III championship in six years today.
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Looks great, easy to configure and really flexible to use - especially with the shortcode for custom page placement. A true 5 star plugin.
Looks great, easy to configure and really flexible to use - especially with the shortcode for custom page placement. A true 5 star plugin.
Hello Camtheman,
this should be only valid for first time access of a specific page for calculation of the count. When the shares are stored in transition cache the plugin should be very fast and you should notz notice any drop in performance.
Can you send me some screenshots of your speedtests to admin [at] xsimulator.net?
please do two tests in a row. First do a p3 profile run, check the results and than run another test within the cache time you set up in the admin panel, e.g. 5min
I did it so, and the result is like expected that mashshare is only "slow" (we are talking here about 0,1s) for the first page load, than on all further runs mashshare loads in 0,0049s on my test platform. When the cache expires, you get the same loading times as before:-)
I developed mashshare as fast as possible. And the main benefit of it is his very fast loading time once the shares are calculated.
Increase the cache time to a hour or more to get it fast as hell:-)
Hi Rene
Thanks for replying so quickly and for explaining the optimisation work you did on the code. I see that althoug it shows up on P3 on the initial pass the actual impact to load times id practically invisible.
I'll update my review to 5 stars :)
Keep up the good work and I hope Mashshare gets the attention it deserves!
Thank you very much Camtheman,
great that you updated the review, i appreciate it very much:-)
All the best to you,
This topic has been closed to new replies.


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Military Discount: Marc by Marc Jacobs sunglasses are designed for to a young. and fashion savvy generation. By combining practical urban style with a wry twist, this vintage inspired collection is perfect for those who are sure of their own style. Marc by Marc Jacobs uses only quality products to help you express your style without draining your wallet.
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Most physicians are always looking forward to what is "coming down the pike"; mainly the old look backward to what was new when they were young. Sometimes I am disappointed that at Yale the medical students know so little about what went on at our school 100—or even 20—years ago. Few current gastrointestinal fellows can even identify William Beaumont (only gratuitously and posthumously connected with New Haven). Almost no one knows of John Peters, who helped bring German biochemical measuring to America and made possible the careers of many prominent men (and a few women) in metabolism and nephrology.
Dr Frederick B. Wagner has put together a large and elegant history of his medical school. Yale needs someone like him to record and order its history. "A relentless searcher for old records, stories, and photographs" he is called in the foreword to his new book. In part I, Dr Wagner
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Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism: Teaching Writing in the Digital Ageby Martha Vicinus
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 03/10/2008
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
"At long last, a discussion of plagiarism that doesn't stop at 'Don't do it or else,' but does full justice to the intellectual interest of the topic!"
---Gerald Graff, author of Clueless in Academe and 2008 President, Modern Language Association
This collection is a timely intervention in national debates about what constitutes original or plagiarized/i>
"At long last, a discussion of plagiarism that doesn't stop at 'Don't do it or else,' but does full justice to the intellectual interest of the topic!"
---Gerald Graff, author of Clueless in Academe and 2008 President, Modern Language Association
This collection is a timely intervention in national debates about what constitutes original or plagiarized writing in the digital age. Somewhat ironically, the Internet makes it both easier to copy and easier to detect copying. The essays in this volume explore the complex issues of originality, imitation, and plagiarism, particularly as they concern students, scholars, professional writers, and readers, while also addressing a range of related issues, including copyright conventions and the ownership of original work, the appropriate dissemination of innovative ideas, and the authority and role of the writer/author. Throughout these essays, the contributors grapple with their desire to encourage and maintain free access to copyrighted material for noncommercial purposes while also respecting the reasonable desires of authors to maintain control over their own work.
Both novice and experienced teachers of writing will learn from the contributors' practical suggestions about how to fashion unique assignments, teach about proper attribution, and increase students' involvement in their own writing. This is an anthology for anyone interested in how scholars and students can navigate the sea of intellectual information that characterizes the digital/information age.
"Eisner and Vicinus have put together an impressive cast of contributors who cut through the war on plagiarism to examine key specificities that often get blurred by the rhetoric of slogans. It will be required reading not only for those concerned with plagiarism, but for the many more who think about what it means to be an author, a student, a scientist, or anyone who negotiates and renegotiates the meaning of originality and imitation in collaborative and information-intensive settings."
---Mario Biagioli, Professor of the History of Science, Harvard University, and coeditor of Scientific Authorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science
"This is an important collection that addresses issues of great significance to teachers, to students, and to scholars across several disciplines. . . . These essays tackle their topics head-on in ways that are both accessible and provocative."
---Andrea Lunsford, Louise Hewlett Nixon Professor of English, Claude and Louise Rosenberg Jr. Fellow, and Director of the Program in Writing and Rhetoric at Stanford University and coauthor of Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing
digitalculturebooks is an imprint of the University of Michigan Press and the Scholarly Publishing Office of the University of Michigan Library dedicated to publishing innovative and accessible work exploring new media and their impact on society, culture, and scholarly communication. Visit the website at www.digitalculture.org.
Product Details
- 9780472070343
- Publisher:
- University of Michigan Press
- Publication date:
- 03/10/2008
- Pages:
- 280
- Product dimensions:
- 6.10(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.10(d)
Table of Contents
Introduction Caroline Eisner Martha Vicinus 1
Choosing Metaphors Jessica Litman 13
On Ethical Issues in Publishing in the Life Sciences Gilbert S. Omenn 27
Reviewing the Author-Function in the Age of Wikipedia Amit Ray Erhardt Graeff 39
Internet and Open-Access Publishing in Physics Research Gordon Kane 48
Do Thesis Statements Short-Circuit Originality in Students' Writing? Anne Berggren 53
Cloud Gate: Challenging Reproducibility Jeff Ward 64
Genres as Forms of In(ter)vention Anis Bawarshi 79
When Copying Is Not Copying: Plagiarism and French Composition Scholarship Christiane Donahue 90
The Dynamic Nature of Common Knowledge Amy England 104
Instinctual Ballast: Imitation and Creative Writing Christina Pugh 114
The Anthology as a Literary Creation: On Innovation and Plagiarism in Textual Collections Christopher M. Kuipers 122
Economies of Plagiarism: The i-Map and Issues of Ownership in Information Gathering Kim Walden Alan Peacock 133
"Fair Use," Copyright Law, and the CompositionTeacher Martine Courant Rife 145
History and the Disciplining of Plagiarism Michael Grossberg 159
Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement: The Costs of Confusion Laura J. Murray 173
Plagiarism, a Turnitin Trial, and an Experience of Cultural Disorientation Lisa Emerson 183
Academic Plagiarism and the Limits of Theft Stefan Senders 195
Insider Writing: Plagiarism-Proof Assignments Lynn Z. Bloom 208
Plagiarism across Cultures: Is There a Difference? Joel Bloch 219
Framing Plagiarism Linda Adler-Kassner Chris M. Anson Rebecca Moore Howard 231
Selected Bibliography 247
Contributors 253
Index 259
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Stitches West 2015
A little tease!
A little tease!
We sure have been talking about it for long enough, but Ashley and I have finally published the first of our patterns in our new collaboration Little Woolens.
You probably know of Ashley's great efforts on her blog and podcast Woolful, where she shares with us interviews from wonderful and inspiring people within the fiber world, and showcases small flock and pure breed fibers in the Woolful Mercantile.
Ashley and I met through our love of knitting, and the fact that we both have young children, and Little Woolens grew over time from long conversations on lazy weekends about everything we know and love about wool. Each Little Woolens pattern is purposefully created, using yarns we admire and support companies we respect.
Today I released my first contribution; Winter Hoodie. It is also the first in a set of patterns 'A Seasonal Collection', showcasing yarns from Green Mountain Spinnery. Each of the four seasonal designs will feature a different construction and come with a girl or boy option. You can purchase the entire collection and have each new pattern arrive in your inbox when it is released, or the individual patterns will always be for sale just by themselves.
This pattern was quite the feat, mainly because I worked up both samples myself, and at quite the pace! The colourwork is surprisingly simple, and with use of the helpful link included in the pattern I now have my weaving of floats mastered!
The boy option in this wintery knit features a classic body with no shaping, which could also work for a girl, however there is a more feminine girl version with a longer, more tunic-like body and bellowing hemline.
A lot of the hard work in getting this design to you came down to Ashley, who compiled the pattern in a clear and beautiful pattern layout, with amazing photos, charts and schematic. And our logo! Again, that is down to her her amazing illustration skills – I'm so grateful to be working alongside Ashley, and VERY excited to see where Little Woolens takes us.
Many months ago I had fun with a little experiment in trying to exhaust a dye bath. Often with natural dyeing there is a little pigment left in the water and, when I can, I try to use it up, or "exhaust" the pot by dyeing other bits and pieces. I had a madder root dye bath with still quite a bit of colour left and entered some mordented, but dry, 100% Cormo wool to the pot. Because the fiber was dry, the rate at which the yarn absorbed the water across the skeins was staggered and the pigment was picked in an uneven way, creating this highly tonal yarn.
Always looking for a project for Louella I fell in love with the R&R Hoodie pattern, written by Tanis Lavallee, and published on her Son's first birthday. This sparked a little goal that I would have the hoodie finished by Louella's first birthday, which I met, except for the zip. I am no stranger to sewing a zip into sewn clothing, but this is the first time my knits had met a zip. What do you know – the hoodie sat zip-less for the next 6 months. Luckily the Cormo I used was a little heavier than the weight of yarn the pattern called for, and although I worked the appropriate size for her, it came up a bit big for Louella at the time. Of course when I finally sat down, with the help of pinterest, to sew in the zip, it only took me about 20 minutes! The result is one of my favourite things I have knit for Louella. It is still a little bit big, but just perfectly so. We are going to be getting the best amount of wear from this hoodie. The yarn is soft but pretty densely knit for a warm and cosy wear. And the colour! The madder root and the way I dyed the yarn has created the most one-of-a-kind project which makes it even more special. The colour is subtly 'girly' and on a very unisex pattern it is the perfect match for my rugged little farm girl.
Tanis, you are a genius, I will be making this one again for sure!!
PS. Photographing toddlers is some kind of joke! 🙂
Turns out facebook makes it really hard to find out who has liked your page, maybe a good thing, but either way….with help from random.org the winner of my little 2015 giveaway is Sarah!! Congratulations! I will make sure to send you a free copy of every pattern I publish this year.
Thank you all for joining in the fun with me! Now, back to the knitting…
In the little break I took between Christmas and New Years I worked on a selfish project – my Nordic Wind as part of the Woolful January KAL. This is a most satisfying and rhythmic pattern from cabinfour, and worked up with the wonderful Lopi farm yarn from Green Bow Farm. I wrote more notes in my previous post here, but in the spirit of trying to share more about my FOs (and keeping my ravelry project page up to date) I wanted to round off this shawl with a final entry. There are some beautiful shawls popping up in the KAL thread over on ravelry, and great support from lovely folk. It is has me looking forward to Ashley's February KAL which features a Little Woolens pattern! We sure have been talking about Little Woolens long enough… the wait will soon be over!
Now, I have a bit more of this Lopi left, and I was to kindly gifted this hat pattern by the clever lady herself…. we might not have the weather for a super warm chunky hat, but I sure have the needles to make one!!
Well here it is! 2015.
As I wrote on instagram yesterday, the end of this year is little bitter sweet as I cannot believe how fast this year has gone by. With a growing and ever changing toddler, and a farm that doubled its herd size, it is overwhelming the pace that we traveled through 2014.
However, I know 2015 will be just as good, if not better! Hopefully my attempts to slow things down a bit, and be ever more present, will come to something and I won't be bringing this feeling into the following New Year! I have lots of things planned for the months ahead of us, some patterns are ready to go, lots almost there, always a few at the swatching stage, and plenty in the sketch books or sitting there in skein form.
So how about a little fun to bring in the New Year? – a chance to receive a free copy of every pattern I release in 2015*! To play the game all you need to do is like by Annie Claire over on Facebook, and, if you want to double your chances join us in our ravelry group right here! I will let this run for a fortnight and pick out the lucky winner end of day Wednesday 14th January!
Good luck and HAPPY NEW YEAR!
*only patterns released through 'by Annie Claire' and 'Little Woolens'
This morning I had the incredible fortune of waking up before the kiddo. It's a rare and special treat (often due to a growth spurt on her part) and I try to absorb as much of them as possible. It also happened to be one of the coldest nights of our rainy winter so far, which brought a sparkly frost. After knitting and coffee, and the sun rising up through a cloudless sky, it poured through the windows and danced around the kitchen, bounced off ice capped water and burst through leaf-bare branches. I couldn't help but get outside .
I am enjoying a bit of selfish knitting before the New Year. This past year has been a bit different for me with my knitting, digging into new designs more heavily, and working with deadlines more than ever before. Although I didn't do much gift knitting at all, I still felt in the run up to Christmas that I wanted a bit of a breather and enjoy some downtime knitting – to knit whatever I want, and preferably someone else's pattern! I've been working away on Mister's sweater (more about that one soon!), I've already completed a Prim hat for myself, a pattern by Andrea Mowry – and currently working with some incredible bulky Lopi from Green Bow Farm in Washington and the Nordic Wind shawl by Deneise (Cabinfour). It is also my contribution to a KAL put on my friend Ashley over at Woolful.coml (more info here). I hope to explain more about the wonderful efforts Ashley is putting into supporting small flock and pure breed yarns, but she has made this amazing yarn available in her new online store WoolfulMercantile.com (although at this point it is sold out, sorry!)
I'm not usually a triangle shawl fan, and almost went ahead with my plans to adjust the placement of the increases for a crescent type shawl, but I am enjoying how this huge and bulky blanket-like project is coming along. I think the gradient of the natural fleece colours will be more dramatic within the triangle shaping. Becuase the yarn is thicker than the Lopi called for in the pattern, I went up to US11/8mm needles to maintain an open gauge and some drape. I am updating my notes as I go on my project page.
I cannot wait to get this project about my shoulders – most likely only one more night of work!
Which will bring me almost into 2015…. already?! I hope your way into the New Year is peaceful and inspired!


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Definition of like a ripe plum or ripe plums in English:
like a ripe plum (or ripe plums)
Used to convey that something can be obtained with little or no effort: the country is likely to fall into the enemy's hands like a ripe plum
More example sentences
- In actuality, however, it was one of the components of Karl Marx's dual strategy for world revolution: Debase the language and the money, and capitalism will fall like a ripe plum.
- He disposes of the ruler so that the throne falls into his hand like a ripe plum.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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You might not think it, looking at the ribbon UI and the missing Start button in Windows 8, but Microsoft has one of the largest R&D departments in the world. Like IBM, Samsung, Intel, and other high-tech companies, though, Microsoft's R&D is rarely publicized. We know that these companies have received hundreds of thousands of patents over the last 50 years, but it is very unusual to see bleeding-edge prototypes in action because these inventions ultimately form the trade secret lifeblood of a company.
Scooped by
Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
onto Amazing Science