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Definición de deflocculate en inglés:
verbo[with object] Chemistry
Break up the floccules (of a substance suspended in a liquid) into fine particles, producing a dispersion.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- Yeast strains grown to saturation in 10 ml liquid medium overnight and were deflocculated by two washes in sodium citrate.
- Under such conditions the stability of soil aggregates will decrease and clays will break down and deflocculate.
- The samples were rolled and then the total clay-rich sample was deflocculated and deslimed by continuous washing under gently running water.
- Oraciones de ejemplo
- Deflocculation may be acceptable during mixing, but strong deflocculation and over-deflocculation are not generally desirable in ceramic forming bodies.
- When using aqueous cleaning, several mechanisms such as dissolution, wetting, emulsification, deflocculation, saponification, and sequestration generally are employed.
- Proper deflocculation allows the use of less water to make the slip a liquid, this keeps the molds from getting too wet.
For editors and proofreaders
División en sílabas: de·floc·cu·late
Definición de deflocculate en:
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
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AH&LA Urges Passage of Bill to Change Full-Time Worker Status
Wednesday April 2nd, 2014 - 10:30AM
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WASHINGTON, DC—The American Hotel & Lodging Association (AH&LA) has urged the U.S. House of Representatives to pass The Save American Workers Act (H.R. 2575), introduced by Congressman Todd Young.
The vote on H.R. 2575, scheduled for April 3, comes immediately following the conclusion of AH&LA's 2014 Legislative Action Summit (LAS). Changing the full-time definition is one of three top priorities for the industry, and many hoteliers attending LAS are advocating for passage of this bill during their meetings with their congressional delegations.
"Changing the Affordable Care Act (ACA) definition of a full-time employee back to the traditional 40 hours is a crucial adjustment needed to ensure the law is made more workable for hoteliers—many of whom are small businesses—and their employees," said Katherine Lugar, AH&LA president, in a statement.
Tags: AHLA • LAS • affordable care act • Hospitality •
Well, it's halfway through 2016, and not much has changed since the beginning of the year. Despite the terrorism acts in Orlando, FL and Turkey, and the Brexit referendum, little has happened to affect the travel industry. Overall, things might have slowed a bit, but a majority of the fundamentals are holding steady, including occupancy, ADR and RevPAR. I've been asked why this cycle has lasted longer than those preceding it. As far as I am concerned, it's due to a single phrase: Never Again.
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EGG HARBOR CITY — School District officials passed a $10.4 million 2014-2015 budget Wednesday night, which keeps the school tax rate flat at $1.268 per $100 of valuation.
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Fixed-Price - Expert ($$$) - Est. Budget: $250 - PostedSkills: Software Documentation Android App Development C++ Embedded Linux
I'm looking for a professional game developer with the skills and expertise to draft me documentation for a custom game engine. I need detailed specifications of the engine's features. I will supply information to draft the documentation. This documentation will be used to develop a new 2D/3D casual game engine for hardware/software. Knowledge in Linux and C++ is a plus. Please provide reference of any game developed or documentation you wrote. The documentation should be under 5 to 8 pages and same basic code test model may be required. This engine will be a template that our algorithm can draw assets from to build a mix of different games. This engine should support overhead 2D aircraft games, 2D underwater games, and 2D race car games with a 3D option to create virtual worlds adventure game.


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I've been messing with Google's new Google Correlate tools this morning. It's a service that lets you see which Google searches… [cont.]
Latest Stories
Oil Prices and Finger Monkeys
By May 25, 2011 · ··
Would be nice to have RSS feed without these partial Bloomberg entries, as I (personally) don't read truncated blogs…
Edit: hell, it's easier just to unsubscribe.


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $9.10 (33% off)
Sorry, this product is no longer in stock.
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Kenai Peninsula
All meetings last for 1 hour unless otherwise specified.
See the Phone Meetings page for additional meeting options.
(B) Babysitting, (C) Closed, (H) Handicap Accessible
No meeting where you are? If there is no Al-Anon or Alateen where you live please contact Al-Anon World Service Organization for information on starting a meeting in your area, or ask for a "outreach" contact person or attend an online Al-Anon meeting.
If you are an Al-Anon member living in a community without a meeting, please contact Barbara, so that we can e-mail you about Al-Anon events, or to support you in starting a meeting.
Updated 06/02/2014


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Definition of arolla in English:
(also arolla pine)
A tall pine tree of the Alps and Carpathian Mountains, frequently planted in dense clumps as an avalanche break.
- Pinus cembra, family Pinaceae. Alternative name: Swiss stone pine.
Example sentences
- P. cembra, the Swiss stone pine, has a range which extends eastwards from the Alps; and P. gerardiana is a native of the Himalayas.
- Arc 2000 takes you from the imposing kingdom of arolla pines to the 'roof of the world'.
- The Aletsch forest with its very old Swiss stone pines is an experience well worth making.
Late 19th century: from Swiss French arol(l)e.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: arolla
Definition of arolla in:
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= trending


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One of our new members, Craig, is a member of the Houston Sierra Club chapter and suggested we might team up to do some maintenance on the Lone Star Hiking Trail together. I spoke with one of the leaders of these trail maintenance outings, and I think it would be a great experience.
This will be a wonderful way to give a little of ourselves to help others experience the same joy of hiking that we love. Trails don't take care of themselves, and the type of work we will be doing is crucial to their upkeep and safety.
Please make sure that if you sign up for this hike you actually go since we are partnering with another organization that is making accommodations for us.
Jennifer's Number: [masked]
As some of you experienced at Pedernales when we were bushwhacking our way along the river, it doesn't take long for a trail to get overgrown and nearly impassable. Much of the LSHT is in bad shape due to fallen and sick trees that have not fared well in the drought. We will be going through a section of the trail clearing any debris that has fallen across it and opening up sections that have become overgrown while closed to the public.
There are 3 options to choose from for this adventure. If you are looking for a good workout without a ton of mileage, the first 2 options will be good. It will be a good chance for some of you to show off those muscles. :-)
1. Hike about a mile carrying in 2x4 lumber to make water bars on the Little Lake Creek to help keep water off the trail. One of the volunteers is marking where the water bars need to be.
2. Hike in less than half a mile and create anti-erosion steps along a washed out section of trail. This will also require 2x4's
3. I will lead a hike along the North Wilderness Loop so that we can clear brush and obstructions from the trail. This will be about 8 miles. You can choose to go as far as you like and turn back if you aren't up for the full 8. Since we will be carrying some tools (extra weight), this will be a good precursor for the Beginner's Backpacking Trip coming up.
Trail Map: http://lonestartrail.org/maps/simple/01wilderness.pdf
Bring your daypack, two quarts of water, lunch, hiking shoes, hat, insect repellent, and clothes to fit the weather. Also, if you have some useful tools like a hacksaw, lopper, hammer, sledgehammer, shovel, etc, you can bring those as well. If you don't have tools, Betty will have some.
We will meet at 8:00 am in the parking lot behind the International House of Pancakes (IHOP) at I-45 North and Greens Road. Look for the gold Toyota Matrix (Betty's Car). To reach the parking lot, enter the feeder off I-45 North, via the Greens Road exit, and then pass through the traffic signal at Greens Rd. Turn right into the first strip center you come to (look for Brown Sugar's Barbecue) and drive to the end of the strip center. The parking lot behind IHOP is on the right. We will then head out to the TH#2 parking lot off of Bethel Road where we will get started at 9am.
Thanks for the idea, Craig! The events that I am posting have all been inspired by members of this group. If you have something you would like us to do, let me know, and I will try my best to make it happen.
Once again, my number is[masked]-0936. Last minute reminders...wear layers that are easy to take off as it gets warmer, bring water, and bring a snack. If you don't have tools, don't sweat it. We'll see you in a little while!
0 · January 19, 2013
I'm surprised we aren't talking more about carpools. Possible locations to leave from: Galleria, Medical Center, Sugar Land, Katy, Spring...
0 · January 14, 2013
My phone number is[masked], but once in the forest I won't have reception. Please make sure to take the directions with you. Before each hike I get a dozen people calling me for directions because they never looked at the map. This takes me away from people who have real issues and need to reach me, and it kills my phone battery before I even start the hike. Thank you! :-)
0 · January 18, 2013
I don't have much in the way of tools..
0 · January 18, 2013
Hi Again, There is plenty of parking for carpoolers (at least 20 - 25 rarely ever utilized spots) right behind the I-HOP at Greens Road and I-45. There are no threatening signs there to prohibit all-day parking. I will be "truck-pooling" with a couple others from Clear Lake area directly to the Forest, or I would go there myself.
Also, I would not bother to bring a lot of sledgehammers. If Jane Prentiss requested it, I would think a 3 lb. mallet or reg. hammer would suffice. I personally can't envision the need for anything larger unless you all are planning to tear down and rebuild an old bridge or something.
0 · January 17, 2013
Hi, I would like to further note that parts of this area where I think that some of you all will be hiking or working is not strictly in the Little Lake Creek Wilderness Area where hunting is technically prohibited. Therefore, I would suggest that people consider wearing a bright orange hunting vest. I am not sure if it's required, as the main deer hunting season has ended, but deer hunting season for muzzle-loaded guns is still going on thru this weekend. Also, hog-hunting season is year-round. Nonetheless, it's a good precaution at this time of year to wear the orange vest and possibly an orange cap. Just a suggestion. In fact the parking lot and adjacent gravel road are not strictly in the Wilderness Area. A nearby trail is on the boundary of the Wilderness Area and I have heard shots in the woods adjacent to that trail in the past. Check maps at: Lonestartrail.org
Finally, I would note that the I-HOP at Greens Road and I-45 has a lot of unused parking in the back.
0 · January 17, 2013
Hi, I have done maintenance many times before on this trail and worked with Jane (Betty Jane) who is organizing some of the projects this weekend. For tools, I would suggest some loppers or small hand-clippers (very useful) and some light cotton gloves.
A light handsaw that fits in a backpack also comes in handy. I will be working a project myself nearby at a Creek the same day, but will have all materials I need and probably some limited help. For Jane's projects, a shovel and hoe might come in handy. If anyone sees the need for a specific type of sign on the trail (post and sign), besides those already in place, please let Jane or myself know about it, as we have installed a lot in this area during the last couple of years, with permission from the Forest Service.
0 · January 16, 2013
I've been speaking with the Sierra Club leader who will be partnering with us on this. With the people from my other group joining us, we have 57 people signed up right now. This is the most they have ever had on one of these trail maintenance adventures. Sierra Club is extremely excited and has called in more of their own to join us. This should be a fantastic experience. Thank you all!
0 · January 15, 2013
Is the I HOP location not for carpooling? I wondered about that, since it is a business & possibly towable location?
0 · January 14, 2013
This sounds fun.
0 · January 14, 2013
I need hiking boots any suggestions? Want to purchase them within the next 2 days so I can break them in before Saturday.
0 · January 13, 2013
0 · January 13, 2013
I have just posted more details for this trip above. There are 3 project options for you to choose from, so there should be something for everyone!
0 · December 31, 2012
Will we need to bring our own tools (machetes, clippers, saws, etc.)? Will the park be providing us with guidelines on what they prefer we do/don't do to their trails? Have the sections that need maintenance been figured out yet? How many miles of trail will we be attempting to cover?
0 · December 31, 2012
Quick note...please make sure that your RSVP is correct. Since we are partnering with Sierra Club, we don't want them to expect 20 people and only get 5. Thanks! See you there!
0 · December 26, 2012
Hi. Where is Sam Houston National Forest located? Am unfamiliar w/Houston. I'm trying to figure out if it's a day excursion, or overnight.
0 · December 12, 2012
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Anaheim Ducks Playoffs Round 3 Home Game 3 (No Game)Sun, May 19, 2013 - TBAHonda Center in Anaheim, CA
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Useful Linux commands
Linux folder structure Linux uses a nested folder structure to store different files. The top-level directory is considered the root directory, and is designated by /. Folders beneath the root level are separated by slashes.
Linux folder structure Linux uses a nested folder structure to store different files. The top-level directory is considered the root directory, and is designated by /. Folders beneath the root level are separated by slashes.
If you think your site is safe because it doesn't have any content worthwhile to hackers, think again, because the vast majority of security breaches aren't aimed at stealing your data or defacing your site. Hackers generally
Es la forma de navegar más segura y que supuestamente no deja rastro, al tratarse de una sesión temporal que no guarda la información sobre las páginas que visitamos, ni contraseñas, ni historial, ni
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These useful tips were found at https://malwaretips.com/ Browser Redirect Virus – Removal Instructions This article is a comprehensive guide, which will remove any browser redirect infections that may reside on your computer. And if you are
Jugando con la gravedad 🙂 Anteriores: OK Go – I Won't Let You Down OK Go, nuevo videoclip espectacular This Too Shall Pass – un vídeo para tomar
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In This Section
Journal Forum
A Meta-Analysis of High Resolution Audio Perceptual Evaluation - June 2016
2 comments
Synthetic Reverberator - January 1960
3 comments
Sound Board: High-Resolution Audio - October 2015
4 comments
AES E-Library
Longitudinal Digital Recording of Audio
This paper describes a two channel digital recording system intended for highest quality audio use. A criterion for the system has been the achievement of all the potential improvements promised by the application of digital techniques to audio; such as dynamic range expansion, elimination of wow and flutter, eliminating the need for noise reduction systems, and elimination of tape hiss, while avoiding the major difficulties typical of this application. Most of these goals have been met in this system by the application of existing technology and theory.
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Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
The Cubs have sent RHP Casey Weathers outright to AAA Iowa.
The Cubs MLB Reserve List (40-man roster) now stands at 39 (one slot is open), and the 2012 Spring Training roster has been cut to 57.
Injured players who accrued no MLB Service Time the previous season and who were not Rule 5 Draft picks can be sent to the minors anytime up to 15 days prior to MLB Opening Day, so this move may have been made to preclude having to put Weathers on the MLB DL (where he would be making $480K) in the event that he suddenly turns up with a sore arm. (The Cubs can now pay him at the minor league split rate even if he ends up on the DL at Iowa).
Of course, it wasn't necessary to outright Weathers to the minors (he could have just been optioned), but the Cubs might be looking ahead to having to add some players to the 40-man roster by Opening Day (perhaps RHP Rodrigo Lopez and LHP Trever Miller, plus possibly OF Jorge Soler, too), and this will give them the roster flexibility they will need to do that.
A 1st round pick of the Rockies out of Vanderbilt in 2007 and the closer for Team USA in the 2008 Olympics, Weathers has not been able to come back from 2009 TJS. He battled control issues post-TJS in the minors in 2010 and 2011, he struggled in the AFL last fall, and he has pitched poorly so far this spring.
The 26-year old Weathers was acquired with 3B Ian Stewart from the Colorado Rockies for OF Tyler Colvin and INF D. J. LeMahieu this past off-season.
Weathers is not eligible to be a Rule 55 minor league free-agent (6YFA) until post-2013.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Soooo... can we just forget about him for the rest of the year?
and down to 1
Colston resigns with Saints.
Joe Mather
Caridad sent to minor league camp
as well today.
I just noticed the Houston Texans released Eric Winston yesterday. He's a pretty good offensive tackle that I wouldn't mind seeing in a Bears uniform.
Lineup for Tues
DeJesus 9, Barney 4, Castro 6, Soriano 7, LaHair 3, Mather 5, Clevenger 2, Sappelt 8, Volstad 1.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Jay Glazer @JayGlazer
Major scoopage! The Chicago Bears have agreed to terms of a trade w Miami for pro bowl WR Brandon Marshall in exchange for 2 third-rounders.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
that's it?
never liked Vincent Jackson :)
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
A wide receiver, FINALLLY!
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
And he's only 27.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Kind of... he turns 28 next week. But yes, still young enough to be good a few years.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
And he's a typical #1-style diva, but they had to upgrade.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Ya, he is your prototypical diva. I'll take it.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Get Mike Wallace and you have a O comparable to Green bay.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Excellent start to the off-season. Now sign an offensive lineman, and draft defense.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
As I mentioned a few comments above, they could get Winston, maybe, for a good price, free agent-wise. I think there are a couple other good offensive linemen out there, too. I'd rather they beef up that secondary than go after Williams, myself, although a Williams/Peppers combo would be pretty scary
Re: OL
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Thanks, Rob.
Sign 'em all!!
I want to see a wall of steel around Cutler this coming season and see what this guy can really do. If it turns out he can't get to the next level, I want to know it isn't because of the crap around him.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
If you watched his games last season, he was at the next level. The production was all him and Forte. Him by creating ridiculous situations out of nothing by scrambling, throwing off balance passes, etc. He was a huge case in point that stats in football must be seriously contextualized.
I have zero doubts that he was an elite QB for us comparable to the other elite QBs in the league and better than the one who won the SB.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Oh, don't mistake me for a Cutler hater at all. I have always liked him. I'll be REALLY surprised if, given even a reasonable cast of characters around him, he doesn't kick some serious ass. Martz had no clue how to use the guy. That didn't help things.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Cutler gets his man
Flaherty update
hit a 2-out, 2-run HR to tie a game today...
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
Tues Update vs. Giants
Volstad with 3 scoreless innings
Vitters with an RBI triple off Bumgarner, RBI's for Castro and Barney as well and a SB for Castro
Maine with a scoreless inning
3-0 in the top of the 5th
Soriano with a 2-out check swing bloop hit, tries for 2nd and gets Brandon Belt to throw it away.
Tues Update vs. Giants
Rizzo 2-run HR off Sergio Romo
J. Jackson 2 IP, 1 ER, 2 H, 0 BB, 0 K
-edit- Jackson still going for a 3rd inning
5-1 Cubs through 6 and a half...
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
The jockey said it was a bomb
Paul Sullivan @PWSullivan
Rizzo hits one that would've landed on Sheffield sidewalk if we were at Wrigley Field. Apartment window power.
more Bears
pursuing Jason Campbell for backup QB
Re: Campbell
done deal for Campbell...
next up is DE Jeremy Mincey and S LaRon Landry is scheduled for a visit.
kind of nice how NFL gets free agency out of the way in about a week.
Re: Cubs Outright Casey Weathers to Iowa
NHL free agency is the model that MLB GMs should look to. If you sleep in, you'll miss it!
marshall/cutler highlights
marshall is pretty good in the open field
just turn down the volume if you don't want to listen to the screaming trying to pass off as music
Jacob Turner
shut down with a dead arm.
Recent comments
trevor clifton (high-A) could be interesting in a couple seasons...could even become a high/middle rotation guy. he's got a lot of pluses in his pitching except control.
eric leal's (high-A) progression through the minors should be worth watching even if only projects to be an mid/end-rotation starter.
we also gotta keep a long-distance eye on guys like jose paulino (ss-A) and preston morrison (A).
As Johnny Bach used to say when it was time for the MJ Bulls to crank up the defensive pressure: "Release the Dobermans!", and Jordan, Pippen, Rodman and Harper would just suffocate the other team.
I'd love to add Carl Jr. to that group - he's got the stuff.
Historically, the Moneyball guys have been great at identifying productive hitters. Not so much with pitchers.
Wow - Pierce Johnson with an ERA of 8.01 in 42IP!
What a stud prospect! Must be pitching with a pierced johnson.
Looks like Ryan Williams is the only legit prospect there. That is sad...
Well it would seem that's all they need now. "Stropy" can have his moments, but he's been more consistent post-asg.
Take THAT, Cardinals -- you beat Fernandez, we beat Sale.
I really like Lackey as a 6-inning pitcher.
Three amigos? Because the Dominican, the Venezuelan, and the Cuban?
Maybe the three-headed dragon?
Who says Contreras can't frame? Stone cold robbery of Eaton with that called third strike for the first out in the eighth
Three amigos time?
he should hit more of those. that would be an ideal outcome. /moneyballs
Russell with 19 RBI in July so far. Grand Slams help.
...and Familia with back-to-back blown saves. Blows a one-run lead vs. Rockies today, gets his 2nd consecutive loss.
I am OK with the Mets missing the playoffs and suffering crushing losses at home --- just want them to beat St. Louis.
He played with fire twice agains the Cubs -- unfortunately, the Cubs couldn't stop swinging.
How about Kyle Farnsworth? I know he was consistently upper 90s.
If he puts up Soriano numbers I will be ecstatic
I think Javy is learning--but he's learning to make contact, not learning to lay off pitches out of the zone. A quick glance at his plate discipline numbers on Fangraphs shows that his contact rate is up, especially his contact rate out of the zone, but his swing rate is up too, especially his swing rate out of the zone.
I definitely saw ballpark radar guns go up to 102 on Kerry Wood back when he was still a starter, but who knows how accurate they were.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 19, 1990
|Filing date
|Feb 2, 1989
|Priority date
|Feb 8, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Larry Futch, Kevin R. Hrebenar, Michael E. Hayes
|Original Assignee
|501 Petroleum Fermentations N.V.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (63), Classifications (25), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 153,637, filed on Feb. 8, 1988, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
2. Background of the Invention
3. Summary of the Invention
4. Brief Description of the Figure
5. Detailed Description of the Invention
5.1. Rosin Flux Cleaning and Residue Removal
5.2. Screen Ink Cleaning and Residue Removal
6. Examples
6.1. Rosin Flux Cleaning
6.2. Screen Ink Cleaning
The present invention relates to non-toxic, environmentally safe compositions for use in removing organic residues from contaminated surfaces. Dibasic ester compounds are utilized with or without dibasic ester emulsifying surfactants to achieve a variety of objectives, among which are the removal of solder flux, oils, waxes and greasy substances from metal surfaces, as well as removing uncured inks and resists from printing screens and stencils.
The use of fluxes, particularly rosin fluxes, is a virtually inescapable aspect of processes requiring soldering, i.e., the making of mechanical, electromechanical or electronic connections with metal. Fluxes may be applied to the metal surface separately or as part of the solder paste. Several functions are achieved by flux application: the flux chemically and/or physically combines with undesirable "debris" on the metal surface, such as oxides and sulfides, and prevents oxide formation during the solder heating process. It also aids in reducing surface tension of the molten solder. After soldering is complete, however, the flux residues must be removed, since they may be corrosive, or interfere with the normal functioning of the apparatus to which they have been applied. The removal of these compounds is frequently not a routine matter, and usually cannot be achieved by a simple water wash. For example, in the fabrication of printed wiring boards and/or printed circuit boards, soldering fluxes are first applied to the substrate board material to ensure firm, uniform bonding of the solder. These soldering fluxes fall into two broad categories: rosin fluxes and non-rosin, or water soluble, fluxes. The rosin fluxes, which are generally less corrosive and have a much longer history of use, are still widely used throughout the electronics industry The water soluble fluxes, which are a more recent development, are being used increasingly in consumer products applications. Because they contain strong acids and/or amine hydrohalides and are thus corrosive, the water soluble soldering fluxes can cause circuit failure if residual traces of the material are not carefully removed. For that reason military specifications require the use of rosin fluxes. Even the use of rosin soldering fluxes, however, can lead to premature circuit failure due to decreased board resistance if traces of residual flux are not removed following soldering.
Fabrication of circuit boards is just one example of the use of fluxes. Other processes in which flux residues are produced, and in which removal is necessitated, include circuit board assembly, component packaging, and board clean-up after in-service maintenance. The joining of interconnect devices, e.g. computer connections with cables, also may require the use of solder and solder flux. More traditional uses of course include pipe-fitting, or any other procedure which requires the joining of metal surfaces. The most common flux used in both electronic and electromechanical joining are rosin fluxes, and in such uses, the removal of the flux is strongly preferred, if not absolutely necessary.
While water soluble fluxes can be easily removed with warm, soapy water, the removal of rosin flux from printed wiring boards has traditionally been carried out with the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents such as 1,1,1,-trichloroethane, trichloromonofluoromethane, methylene chloride, trichlorotrifluoroethane, or mixtures or azeotropes of these solvents. These solvents are undesirable, however, because they are toxic or otherwise environmentally objectionable. Thus, their use is subject to close scrutiny by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or other regulatory bodies, and stringent containment equipment must be used. Moreover, if released into the environment these solvents are not readily biodegradable and are thus hazardous for long periods of time.
Alkaline cleaning compounds known as the alkanol amines, usually in the form of monoethanolamine, have been used for rosin flux removal as an alternative to the toxic halogenated hydrocarbon solvents. These compounds chemically react with rosin flux to form a rosin soap through the process of saponification. Other organic substances such as surfactants or alcohol derivatives may be added to these alkaline cleaning compounds to facilitate the removal of such rosin soap. Unfortunately, these compounds, like the water soluble soldering fluxes, have a tendency to cause corrosion of the surfaces and interfaces of printed wiring boards if they are not completely and rapidly removed during the fabrication process.
In another approach, Bakos et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,186) have used mixtures of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and a water miscible alkanolamine to remove solder flux and solder flux residue from integrated circuit modules. These mixtures were also said to be useful for removing various cured synthetic organic polymer compositions such as cured polyimide coating compositions from integrated circuit chip modules.
Another alternative to the use of halogenated hydrocarbons has also been described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,719 to Hayes et al. Described therein is a method for cleaning circuit boards which employs terpenes as cleaning agents. Due to the above noted environmental conditions, there is an increasing commercial demand for highly effective circuit board cleaners having a variety of desirable characteristics, such as non-toxicity, high flash point and low environmental impact which enhance their usefulness under a variety of circumstances. The compositions of the present invention, comprising dibasic esters, provide the desired characteristics in their low toxicity relative to halogenated hydrocarbons, as well as having a relatively high flash point. Moreover, the present compositions do not have a harmful effect on the earth's stratospheric ozone layer; depletion of the ozone layer is another problem which is encountered with the use of halogenated hydrocarbons. Further, esters of the present invention generally have a relatively low vapor pressure, and are therefore less volatile, providing the advantage of lower volatile organic compound (VOC) pollutant emissions, than prior art compositions. These compositions are also useful in removing other difficult organic residues, such as printing inks and resists. Thus, the present method and compositions provide cleaning ability equivalent to those known in the art, while also providing advantageous characteristics which have not generally been found in most prior art methods and compositions.
It is an object of the present invention to provide compositions and methods for the safe and effective removal of organic residues from contaminated surfaces without otherwise adversely affecting the surfaces being cleaned.
This invention provides cleaning methods and compositions for the removal of solder fluxes, and is particularly useful for rosin flux removal, which cannot be achieved by water rinse. By use of the present method, the possibility of premature circuit failure that might occur on electronic circuit boards in the absence of such cleaning is eliminated or greatly reduced. The compositions can also be used to clean other surfaces in which solder is used, in conjunction with flux, to form metal-to-metal contacts.
Additionally, the compositions can be effectively employed in the removal of uncured or partially cured printing inks from screens and stencils, as well as uncured resists used in etching, plating or soldering, from soldermasks and photomasks. As used in the present specification and claims, the phrase "printing inks" is intended to encompass thermally curable inks (e.g., one- or two-part epoxy inks) and U-V curable inks (e.g., acrylate-based inks). The term "resist" is intended to encompass alkaline soluble and other thermally curable resists, and UV curable resists.
The compositions used in the present method of the invention are characterized by low toxicity, biodegradability and non-corrosiveness, unlike the halogenated hydrocarbon solvents and alkaline screen cleaners that have heretofore been employed for solder flux and ink removal. These compositions also have a relatively high flash point, providing greater safety when used under conditions of high temperature, as well as in transportation. As a result, the need for costly containment equipment is eliminated.
More particularly, the present invention utilizes compositions comprising dibasic ester compounds, including aliphatic dibasic acid esters, such as dimethyl succinate, dimethyl adipate, or dimethyl glutarate, or aromatic dibasic acid esters such as diethyl phthalate, or mixtures of any of these. These compounds which have the ability to dissolve or otherwise remove rosin solder fluxes, oil, waxes, greasy substances, printing inks and resists could be used as such and removed, e.g., with clean absorbent materials. Preferably, however, the dibasic ester compounds of the present invention are combined with appropriate emulsifying surfactants to facilitate removal by water.
One embodiment of the present invention may be more readily understood by reference to FIG. 1, wherein a flow chart shows a representative printed circuit/wiring board fabrication process.
The compositions of the present invention contain aliphatic or aromatic dibasic acid ester compounds that have the ability to dissolve soldering flux, particularly rosin flux that is commonly used in the fabrication, assembly and maintenance of printed circuits or wiring boards. In addition, these compositions are also useful in cleaning surfaces which have been exposed to printing inks and resists. The compounds of the invention have the formula:
wherein R1 and R2 are C1 -C6 alkyl, and may be the same or different, and R3 is --(CH2)n --, wherein n is an integer from 2-8, or a C6 -C10 aromatic ring.
Although longer chain compounds may be as effective as shorter chain components, they are also more viscous; therefore, for convenience purposes, the preferred compounds of the present invention are those of the above formula in which n=2, 3, or 4. Particularly preferred in the present compositions are the compounds dimethyl succinate, dimethyl adipate and dimethyl glutarate, or any combination thereof. A particularly useful combination is available from E. I. DuPont (Wilmington, Del.) under the name DBE, and consists of a mixture by weight of about 15-25% dimethyl succinate, about 55-75% dimethyl glutarate, and about 10-25% dimethyl adipate. Other dibasic ester products, also available from DuPont, containing one or more of the aforementioned esters in different proportions, are DBE-2, DBE-3, DBE-4, DBE-5 and DBE-9. Alternately, dibasic esters are easily synthesized by methods well known in the art.
The compositions of this invention are characterized by low toxicity and environmental biodegradability, unlike the halogenated hydrocarbon solvents that had been used prior to this invention for printed wiring board cleaning.
The useful compounds of the present invention are insoluble, or very slightly soluble in water, and are also slightly viscous. The dibasic esters may be used alone to clean a contaminated surface, but are relatively difficult to flush off a surface with water. Therefore, in practice, the preferred compositions contain an emulsifying surfactant in combination with the dibasic esters. A thoroughly cleaned circuit board, from which substantially all traces of the cleaner are also removed, is necessary to meet the stringent military specifications for, such as the MilP28809A standard, for low conductivity after cleaning. Similarly, screens, masks and stencils which have been cleaned to remove inks or resists frequently are degraded by the types of solvents that are currently in use for this purpose; therefore, use of a noncorrosive cleaner, as well as thorough removal, can extend the useful life of these products.
Among those emulsifying surfactants which are useful for the present purposes are nonionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants, and preferably nonionic surfactants such as condensation products of alkylene oxides, for example ethylene oxide, with any of a variety of hydrophobic moieties, as are well known in the art. Examples of these products are ethoxylated aliphatic alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated amines, amides, and the like. Sulfated, sulfonated, phosphated and carboxylated hydrophobes, such as alcohols, can also be used, as can the salts of each. Particularly preferred as surfactants are ethoxylated aliphatic alcohols and their derivatives. The combination of the dibasic esters with these surfactants facilitates the removal of the cleaning composition from the printed wiring board by simple flushing with water. The quantity of the combined emulsifying agent in the present composition will vary, depending on the particular ester or combination of esters used. Generally, the added emulsifying agent will range, on a weight basis, from about 0-40% of the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises a mixture of dimethyl adipate, dimethyl succinate, and dimethyl glutarate in a total amount of about 90-100%, and an ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol, in an amount of about 0-10%.
The compositions of the present invention are characterized by low toxicity and environmental biodegradability, unlike the halogenated hydrocarbon solvents that have been used prior to this invention for printed wiring board cleaning. The dibasic esters of the invention also provide the desirable characteristic of a high flash point. In addition to their rather low toxicity, biodegradability, and cleaning effectiveness, the present dibasic esters also have a much higher flash point than many currently available compounds, providing an added element of safety to the use of the present compositions, as well as relatively low vapor pressures. Any compound having a vapor pressure below 0.1 torr is considered by most states to be a non-volatile organic compound, and thus not subject to stringent regulation. Certain of the dibasic esters have vapor pressures as low as 0.06 torr.
In another embodiment of the invention, both terpenes and dibasic esters are combined to provide an effective cleaning composition. The terpene compositions are quite effective cleaners, the flash point of which can be readily increased, by the addition of a dibasic ester. Terpene compounds useful for this purpose are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,719, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. As used in the present specification and in the claims, the term "terpene" is intended to be understood as one terpene, or more than one terpene; when a specific terpene compound is referred to, both the pure compound, as well as mixtures in which the named compound predominates, are encompassed. Preferred terpenes are limonene and dipentene. Enhancement of cleaning effectiveness may also be achieved by the combination of esters and terpenes.
The relative proportions of the combination will vary depending upon the temperature at which the work is to be conducted. For example, at temperatures of about 140� F., a combination containing about 80% dibasic ester, and up to about 20% terpene will provide both the effectiveness and safety factor desired. Adjustment of the ratios in accordance with the preferred temperature is a routine modification well within the ability of one skilled in the art, as is the selection of an appropriate emulsifying surfactant, should such be desired.
The utility of the compositions of the invention in various aspects of the printed circuit/wiring board fabrication process can best be understood by reference to a representative process flow chart, which is shown in FIG. 1.
The assembly manufacturing process involves the placement of components such as integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors, diodes, etc. on the surface of the board or their insertion through pre-drilled holes. The components are then secured by soldering by manual or automatic means. Interspersed with the soldering operations are cleaning procedures and inspections to ensure that contaminants such as solder flux residues that could lead to premature circuit failure do not remain. Certain points in the fabrication process to which the compositions of the invention apply will be identified below.
In a second embodiment, the compositions are useful in cleaning various surfaces which are utilized in electronic printing of circuit boards, particularly screen process printing and photomechanical methods. The screen or stencil process involves the application of a stencil, which represents the non-printing areas, to a silk, nylon, stainless steel, polyester, or metallized polyester fine mesh screen, to which ink is applied and transferred to the surface to be printed. The stencils and screens used in this process accumulate a substantial amount of ink which must be periodically removed. The photomechanical processes rely on exposure of photooptic images on light-sensitive coatings that, on exposure to light, undergo changes in physical characteristics so that they can be developed to produce images that serve either as printing images or as resists for printing images. When the hardened coatings are used as resists, for example, in deep etch or metal plates, they must subsequently be removed after the images have been produced. There are many compositions which are currently used for removal of such compounds, such as xylene, toluene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, lacquer thinner, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), chlorinated solvents, or caustic solutions. However, materials such as halogenated or caustic compounds present substantial safety concerns. Some of these materials, such as NMP, are not readily biodegradable, and also chelate metals, so that contaminating metals are also washed into the waste water with which the solvents are removed. Additionally, certain of these materials also attack the screens or stencils they are used to clean, and are therefore only marginally acceptable for cleaning purposes. The present method, utilizing dibasic esters, avoids the environmental problems, while providing an equivalent or better level of cleaning of these organic contaminants.
For the removal of rosin soldering flux deposits during printed circuit/wiring board fabrication, the compositions of the invention may be applied to the boards by immersion in dip tanks or by hand or mechanical brushing. Alternatively, they may be applied by any of the commercially available printed wiring board cleaning equipment. Dishwasher size units may be employed, or much larger continuous belt cleaning machinery such as Total Systems Concept's Dual Process Cleaning System models 31-218, 31-418, 31-224 and 31-424 (Total Systems Concept, St. Louis, Mo.). Depending upon their design, these washers may apply the compositions of the invention by spraying with mechanical nozzles or by rolling contact with wetted roller surfaces. The temperature at which the compositions may be applied can range from room, or ambient, temperature (about 70� F.) to about 150� F. A dibasic ester-emulsifier composition may be used full strength or, in certain applications, diluted with water to as low as about a 2 volume percent concentration. The compositions should contact the boards for about 1 to about 5 minutes.
The points at which the compositions of the invention would be applied for solder flux removal in a typical printed wiring board fabrication process are indicated in FIG. 1 by the term "post clean", referring to the post solder cleaning process.
Once the flux has been loosened and solubilized during a period of contact which typically ranges from about 1 to about 5 minutes, the compositions of the invention are removed. Removal of the compositions can be carried out by flushing with a non-toxic, miscible solvent or by absorption into appropriate materials. In the preferred embodiments of the invention, which contain dibasic ester emulsifying surfactants, the boards may simply be flushed with water for a period of up to about 2 minutes. Deionized water is preferred. In the absence of an emulsifying surfactant in a composition, a suitable solvent, such as an alcohol, could be used for flushing. The optimal rinsing time varies according to the kinds of surfactants and their concentrations in the ester formulations used and can easily be determined by routine experimentation.
The cleaned boards are then dried, preferably with forced air. Drying is expedited if the air is warmed, preferably to above about 100� F. Variations of the foregoing method for use with removal of flux from other surfaces, such as pipe joints, will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art.
In removing ink or resists from screens, excess ink is usually scraped from the screen by hand. The screen may be optionally washed in the DBE screen wash product to loosen any partially cured material. The screen wash product is then high pressure-sprayed (e.g., 50-80 psi) onto the entire screen, and allowed to stand for 30 to 60 seconds. The screen is then reversed, and high pressure sprayed again over its entire area, and let stand for 30 to 60 seconds. The screen is then rinsed in a high pressure water rinse for a short time (e.g., 60-120 seconds). If the screens have not been presoaked, and partially cured screen inks remain, this step may be repeated. The stencil or image is then ready for removal; the stencil is removed chemically, usually with sodium periodate, which is hand-applied to the screen. Finally, a high pressure spray water rinse is applied and the screens air dried or air-blow dry.
To test the cleaning ability of the present dibasic ester containing compositions, a dibasic ester composition was prepared as follows:
______________________________________DuPont DBE ™ solvent 90.0%Shell Neodol ™ 91-6 5.0%Shell Neodol ™ 25-9 5.0%______________________________________
A test coupon was cut out of the center of a large, unpopulated circuit board. The board substrate chosen was ordinary laminate and already had its circuit tracings and through-holes tin-plated. The coupon was rectangular and about 3.5�6.5 inches. The board was coated with Alpha 711 flux (Alpha Metals, Inc., Jersey City, N.J.), an RA type flux with about 57% solids. The board was then allowed to air dry for about 15 minutes.
In an attempt to mimic the "burning" effect which occurs to the flux during the soldering operation, the board was baked in an oven for 2 hours at 155� C. The boards were then allowed to cool, and then weighed on a 3-place toploading balance.
About 600 ml of the cleaning formulation was placed in the bottom of 9�13 inch stainless steel baking pans. The formulation was heated to 110� F. on a hotplate. The board to be cleaned was laid flat in the bottom of the pan, which was then agitated gently by rocking it slowly back and forth. After one minute of rocking, the board was turned over to permit the other side to have equal contact with the cleaner. The cleaning process proceeded for a total of about 2 minutes.
The board was removed from the tray and immediately rinsed under cold flowing tap water. The board was rinsed briefly with deionized water, and oven dried at 60� C. for 15 minutes. The board was then weighed again to determine the amount of flux removed by the cleaning process.
The board was then cleaned in an ultrasonic bath with methylene chloride to remove all traces of residual flux. The board was rinsed with deionized water, oven dried, and reweighed to determine the amount of flux residue left on the board. The results of this test are presented in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________ (DBE)______________________________________Tare (g) 52.386Flux coated (g) 53.418Cleaned (g) 52.576MeCl2 extracted (g) 52.383Flux wt. after baking 1.032Wt. of flux removed 0.842by cleaningFlux remaining 0.190after cleaning% flux removed 81.6%% flux remaining 18.4%______________________________________
(b) A similar test was undertaken with a small, 31/4" square, populated board to determine if the dibasic ester composition could effectively clean under small spaces. THe procedure for the test is identical to the one described in (a), with the exception that the board was baked for 17 hours at 120� C. to harden the flux. The results of this test are shown in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________ Populated Board Cleaned with DBE______________________________________Flux coated (g) 25.868Cleaned (g) 25.213MeCl2 extracted (g) 25.147Flux wt. after baking 0.721Wt. of flux removed 0.655by cleaningFlux remaining after 0.066cleaning% flux removed 90.8%% flux remaining 9.2%______________________________________
The foregoing results plainly demonstrate that the cleaning compositions of the present invention are extremely effective in removing flux and cleaning printed circuit boards.
Two screens used to apply Hysol SR 1000 (Hysol Electronic Chemicals Division, Industry, Calif.) ink were cleaned, one with a commercial screen cleaner product, comprising a mixture of NMP and surfactants (85% NMP, 15% surfactants) and the other with a dibasic ester-surfactant mixture, Bioact�EC-8, comprising 90% DBE (DuPont) and 10% Tergitol NP-10 (Union Carbide). The respective cleaners were left on the screen for about 5 minutes, then both were water rinsed. Both products removed ink with approximately equal efficiency; however, a visual and physical examination showed that the DBE composition did not attack the screen material, whereas NMP did attack the screen.
Many modifications and variations of this invention may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will become apparent to those skilled in the art. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the invention is limited only to the terms of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|134/40, 510/498, 134/2, 510/178, 510/506, 510/488
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 3, 1989
Owner name: PETROLEUM FERMENTATIONS N.V., SCHOTTEGATWEG OOST 1
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:FUTCH, LARRY;HREBENAR, KEVIN R.;HAYES, MICHAEL E.;REEL/FRAME:005059/0820;SIGNING DATES FROM 19890320 TO 19890321
|Sep 24, 1991
|Certificate of correction
|Feb 26, 1992
Owner name: PETROFERM INC., FLORIDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:PETROLEUM FUMENTATIONS INC., A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:006024/0203
Effective date: 19920211
|Oct 12, 1993
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 14, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 6, 1998
|Surcharge for late payment
|Mar 6, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 20, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Made in the USA
Please supervise children at all times; Not intended as food.
Don't baby your imaginative tot, nurture their latent knack for creative expression with this starter finger-paint set. These powdery paints are made out of garden-fresh organic ingredients, like spinach, pumpkin, and blueberries, and are 100% safe for your pint-sized painter. Just add water, shake, and squirt to let baby get his or her hands dirty and have a blast mushing, splashing, and smearing their own abstract expressionist artwork. Since these vegan colors are made out of 100% organic ingredients, accidental ingestion is no longer a risk of your youngster's creative process; it's just a harmless act of expression! Created by artist and mom Sarid Ditton in Eugene, Oregon.
We are sorry, but this item cannot be shipped outside of the US.
Veggie Finger Paint - Set of 5 has been discontinued. When it sells out, it will no longer be available.


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The Chicago Tribune: Delivering a Better Chicago, 4
A 21-gun salute is a sign of honor. 21 shootings in a neighborhood is a cry for help.
Advertising Agency: Juniper Park, Toronto, Canada
Chief Creative Officers: Terry Drummond, Alan Madill, Barry Quinn
Sr. Copywriter: Tom Greco
Sr. Art Director: Colin Brown
Print Producer: Mark Prole
President: Jill Nykoliation
Group Account Director: Agatha Wronecka
Account Director: Dion Aralihalli
7 comments
This particular headline is struggling to make sense. The only thing a 21 gun salute has in common with 21 shootings in Chicago is the number "21". Thinking could have been a little deeper.
Kind of a weak headline. I like the art direction though. To be more constructive....I'm just saying that there's no tie between the reference to a 21-gun salute and the 21 shootings other than the number "21". The headline could have just as easily been "21 is a great card game. 21 shootings in a neighborhood is a cry for help."
Agreed@Pedestrian.....but love the art direction..........