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Book your room at Hampton Inn Houston I-10W/Energy Corridor
Get an overview of this hotelHouston hotel in Energy Corridor with free breakfast and outdoor pool
Located in Energy Corridor, this hotel is 1.8 mi (2.8 km) from Town and Country Village and 2.9 mi (4.7 km) from Memorial City Mall. TopGolf Houston and Bear Creek Pioneers Park are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Hotel Features
An outdoor pool, a fitness center, and a 24-hour business center are available at this hotel. Free buffet breakfast is provided, as well as free WiFi in public areas, free self parking, and a free shopping center shuttle. Other amenities include a meeting room, dry cleaning, and a 24-hour front desk.
Room Amenities
All 119 rooms provide free WiFi and free wired Internet, LCD TVs with cable channels, and conveniences like refrigerators and microwaves. Other amenities available to guests include coffee makers, free weekday newspapers, and hair dryers.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Hampton Inn Houston I-10W/Energy Corridor11333 Katy Fwy Houston TX 77079
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Hampton Inn Houston I-10W/Energy Corridor features an outdoor pool and a fitness center. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. Business-related amenities consist of a 24-hour business center and a meeting room. A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. Event facilities measure 400 square feet (37 square meters). This business-friendly hotel also offers multilingual staff, a picnic area, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Computer station
- Conference space size (feet) - 400
- Conference space size (meters) - 37
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Fitness facilities
- Free breakfast
- Free RV, bus, truck parking
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 4
- One meeting room
- Outdoor pool
- Picnic area
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free shopping center shuttle
- Total number of rooms - 119
Family Friendly Amenities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Microwave
- Outdoor pool
- Refrigerator
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking, Free RV, bus, truck parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Cable TV service
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free toiletries
- Free weekday newspaper
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Daily housekeeping
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Microwave
- Pay movies
- Phone
- Private bathroom
- Refrigerator
Where to Eat
A complimentary hot/cold buffet breakfast is served each morning between 6 AM and 10 AM.
Start your day with a free hot/cold buffet breakfast, available daily from 6 AM to 10 AM.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an outdoor pool and a fitness center.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
24-hour check-in
Hotel Name
- Hampton Inn Houston I-10W/Energy Corridor
- Hampton Inn I-10W/Energy
- Hampton Inn Houston I-10W/Energy Corridor Hotel
- Hampton Inn I-10W/Energy Hotel Houston Corridor
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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Hyster-Yale Materials Handling hy -0.21898951978726733% Hyster-Yale Materials Handling Inc. U.S.: NYSE USD63.79 -0.14 -0.21898951978726733% /Date(1469826121226-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 20209 AFTER HOURS USD63.79 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 2456 P/E Ratio 14.732101616628176 Market Cap 1045062379.77179 Dividend Yield 1.849819720959398% Rev. per Employee 465455 More quote details and news » makes the kind of products that you often see but seldom notice. Its forklifts are ubiquitous on construction sites, factory floors and in warehouses, but if you don't spend much time around these places, Hyster's name—and its shares—are invisible.
Spun off from industrial conglomerate NACCO Industries nc -4.008870692596384% NACCO Industries Inc. Cl A U.S.: NYSE USD56.27 -2.35 -4.008870692596384% /Date(1469826121779-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 14217 AFTER HOURS USD56.2684 -0.0016 -0.0028434334458859074% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1798 P/E Ratio 16.310144927536232 Market Cap 387111048.646217 Dividend Yield 1.9015461169362005% Rev. per Employee 248763 More quote details and news » (ticker: NC) last month, Hyster's shares (HY) are not even a blip on investor radar screens. Only one sell-side analyst covers the stock, and trading volume, at just 90,000 shares a day, is on the thin side.
But this is no marginal company. It is one of the leading makers of lift trucks in the world, with 25% of the U.S. market and 8% worldwide. Over the past four quarters, it took in $2.5 billion in revenue and earnings of $82 million, or $4.86 a share.
The newly independent company will be able to allocate its free cash flow—an expected $70 million-plus annually over the next few years—toward expanding the company and paying a dividend. And Hyster's shares give the company a new currency for acquisitions.
As management streamlines operations, making it more competitive, and as it lays out plans for the future, it could shake off its 20% discount to peers, including Cascade casc -0.9009009009009009% Cascadian Therapeutics Inc. U.S.: Nasdaq USD1.1 -0.01 -0.9009009009009009% /Date(1469826000346-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 415620 P/E Ratio N/A Market Cap 148733209.400463 Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee N/A More quote details and news » (CASC) and Columbus McKinnon cmco 2.851828890266584% Columbus McKinnon Corp. U.S.: Nasdaq USD16.59 0.46 2.851828890266584% /Date(1469826000208-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 79287 AFTER HOURS USD16.5867 -0.0033 -0.019891500904159132% Volume (Delayed 15m) : P/E Ratio 17.103092783505154 Market Cap 335051628.905639 Dividend Yield 0.9644364074743822% Rev. per Employee 206182 More quote details and news » (CMCO). The shares closed Friday at $39.51, for a price/earnings ratio of eight times trailing 12-month earnings. Over the next 18 months, they could climb 25% or more.
HYSTER GOT ITS START AS a maker of winches and lifting machines for the timber industry in 1929, expanding into forklifts five years later. Yale entered the forklift business in 1950. NACCO bought both in the 1980s and combined them. Hyster-Yale focuses on high-end electric and internal-combustion-engine forklifts used on construction sites, in warehouses, and on factory floors.
The company gets 80% of its revenue from new-forklift sales. The balance comes from aftermarket sales and services for its installed base of 785,000 Hyster and Yale forklifts, providing a steady stream of high-margin revenue in a highly cyclical business.
In 2009, revenue fell nearly in half, as customers canceled orders. Sales have since rebounded. In the company's prospectus, management guided for unit shipments and parts volumes to rise slightly in the second half of 2012.
HYSTER'S MANAGEMENT TEAM remains intact, with Alfred Rankin, chairman of NACCO since 1994, taking that role at the spinoff, as well. CEO Michael Brogan has headed the Hyster-Yale operating division since 2006. Top executives and board members own 24% of the company, so their interests are clearly aligned with those of other shareholders.
Management intends to expand its product lines to increase market share. Such efforts have already begun. Hyster has traditionally been strong at the high end of the market, but for the past few years, the company has been developing a range of lower-priced products aimed at developing markets.
One such product, the Utilev, a lift truck powered by an internal-combustion engine, is being built by an independent manufacturer in China using Hyster-Yale's design, an arrangement that lowers its unit cost. Acquisitions will also be part of the growth strategy.
Hyster-Yale Materials Handling
|Recent Price
|52-Week Range
|$43.75 - $37.68
|Shares Outstanding
|16.8 mil
|Market Value
|$664 mil
|TTM Revenue
|$2.54 bil
|TTM Net Income
|$82 mil
|TTM=Trailing 12 months
Sources: Bloomberg; company reports
With just 40% of revenue coming from outside the U.S., Hyster has ample room to expand in overseas markets, particularly in emerging economies.
A substantial opportunity exists for margin expansion, as well. In the June quarter, operating margins were 4.1%. That's well below average margins at competitors of 6.6%. Management feels that 7% operating margins are possible as it expands its product offerings.
THE COMPANY HAS A SOLID balance sheet, with $143.1 million in cash to $142.6 million in debt. Robert McCarthy of Robert W. Baird, the lone analyst on Wall Street covering the company, thinks it could initiate a $1-a-share annual dividend next year, for a 2.5% yield, in line with other machinery companies.
A dividend announcement or an acquisition could be a catalyst for the shares.
McCarthy forecasts earnings will come in at $4.40 a share this year on slightly lower sales. Though volumes are rising, the sales mix may be weaker. He expects earnings to fall to $4.20 next year before rebounding to $5 a share in 2014.
At 10 times that estimate, the stock could be worth $50. And even if earnings slip in the near term, expect Hyster-Yale's free cash flow to remain strong, providing plenty of flexibility for the company to grow.
E-mail: email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Free personalized radio that
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Features of This Trackmodern r&b stylings
electronica influences
a subtle use of vocal counterpoint
a subtle use of vocal harmony
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subtle use of fender rhodes
unusual vocal sounds
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Team NZ: 'We stopped the rot'
Team NZ tactician Ray Davis explains what went wrong today against Oracle in the light winds, and reacts to the Jimmy Spithill style of 'talking up' at the post race press conferences.
© Copyright 2016, NZME. Publishing Limited
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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
We Were Aborted
A breeze blew over exposing
A memory so small
What is it here for
A breeze blew over exposing
A memory so small
What is it here for
Features of This Trackelectric rock instrumentation
punk influences
a subtle use of vocal harmony
mild rhythmic syncopation
extensive vamping
mixed minor & major key tonality
a vocal-centric aesthetic
electric rhythm guitars
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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As part of dressing in costume on Purim is a person allowed to put on clothes normally worn by the opposite gender? If so, where does this heter come from in the face of the biblical prohibition against cross-dressing in Deuteronomy 22:5?
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See here.
Summary: Mahari Mintz writes that although it is usually forbidden to dress as the opposite gender, it is permitted in the context of the Purim celebration. (It seems, though, that he is trying to rationalize a behavior he has seen as being accepted.)
However, several earlier rishonim write that it is forbidden to cross-dress under any circumstances. Thus, R' Ovadia Yosef rules that it is forbidden even on Purim.
Not surprisingly, it is a Machlokes.. See http://doseofhalacha.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/lets-dress-up.html The earliest source (14th Century) permitting it was the Even Bochan. The Rema paskens lekula - allowing it.
Yalkut Yosef (pocket-size Moadim pg. 494. See Yabia Omer 5:14 Y"D and Yehave Daat 5:50) prohibits any cross-dressing on Purim (and certainly year-round).


text:
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
, Volume 160, Issue 5, pp 246-253
First online:
A New Type of Carbon Resistance Thermometer with Excellent Thermal Contact at Millikelvin Temperatures
- Nodar SamkharadzeAffiliated withDepartment of Physics, Purdue University Email author
- , Ashwani KumarAffiliated withDepartment of Physics, Purdue University
- , Gábor A. CsáthyAffiliated withDepartment of Physics, Purdue University
Rent the article at a discountRent now
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.Get Access
Using a new brand of commercially available carbon resistor we built a cryogenic thermometer with an extremely good thermal contact to its thermal environment. Because of its superior thermal contact the thermometer is insensitive to low levels of spurious radio frequency heating. We calibrated our thermometer down to 5 mK using a quartz tuning fork He-3 viscometer and measured its thermal resistance and thermal response time.
KeywordsCarbon composition thermometer Cryogenic thermometry Resistance thermometry Millikelvin thermometry
Page %P
Reference tools
- Title
- A New Type of Carbon Resistance Thermometer with Excellent Thermal Contact at Millikelvin Temperatures
- Journal
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
Volume 160, Issue 5-6 , pp 246-253
- Cover Date
- 2010-09
- 10.1007/s10909-010-0192-5
- Print ISSN
- 0022-2291
- Online ISSN
- 1573-7357
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Carbon composition thermometer
- Cryogenic thermometry
- Resistance thermometry
- Millikelvin thermometry
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Nodar Samkharadze (1)
- Ashwani Kumar (1)
- Gábor A. Csáthy (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2036, USA


text:
Robber forces driver to help him
Published: Tuesday, January 18, 2011 at 1:00 a.m.
Last Modified: Monday, January 17, 2011 at 9:57 p.m.
MANATEE COUNTY - A man who robbed a Sweetbay liquor store around noon Monday ran to a woman in the drive-through lane at a nearby McDonalds and made her his unwilling getaway driver, authorities said.
The Manatee County Sheriff's Office said that two men stole liquor from the store near the McDonalds at 5299 33rd St. E., then ran off.
One of the men then jumped into a 32-year-old Bradenton woman's silver van as she waited in the restaurant's drive-through.
The man showed the woman a handgun and told her to drive or he would shoot her. "He also told her he was just released from prison for shooting a person and he meant it," the Sheriff's Office report said.
The woman told the McDonald's pick-up window employees to call police, then drove the suspect to an area near Mixon Farms, in the 2700 block of 26th Avenue East. The man then wiped down the van with a T-shirt to hide his fingerprints. The woman later alerted authorities.
Deputies are still seeking the suspect, described as a black man, 6-foot-2, about 200 pounds, wearing a red T-shirt and black jeans.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


text:
Bladder Cancer Topic Guide
Bladder Cancer: Bladder cancer originates within the bladder. Though there are several types of bladder cancer, cancer is most likey to develop in the interior lining of the bladder. Treatment includes a variety of options, including radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and biological therapy.
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Cystoscopy Cystoscopy is a diagnostic procedure in which a tiny camera tool (cystoscope) is inserted into the patient's urethra to inspect the bladder for cancer or other abnormalities.
Expert Views and News


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Looking for a Used Ram 2500 in your area?
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For 2005, the Dodge Ram Pickup 2500 got a new Power Wagon trim with new electric locking front and rear wheel differentials, which will further reduce the wear and tear on your wheels when you corner. Power sunroof and Sirius radio now come as options. Finally, the Ram 2500 stands a couple inches taller and gets some new 33 inch off-road tires.
This powerful domestic pickup gives you plenty to choose from with its 20 trims. All 20 have an impressive standard 5.7 L, 345 hp V8 powertrain with available 4 and 5 speed automatic or 6 speed manual transmission. In addition, all trims come in either 2 door, 3 seat or 4 door, 6 seat configurations. Max towing capacity generally ranges from 11000 to just over 13000 lbs.
Overall, drivers like the Dodge Ram 2500's towing, engine power, smooth ride, and comfortable interior. On the other hand, the rear seat could use a little extra room and the Ram 2500 doesn't have enough variety for some when it comes to seating configurations. In any event, the 2005 Dodge Ram Pickup 2500 does pretty much everything you'd expect from an upper echelon domestic pickup truck.
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Chase The Wild Goose Hostel4
Banavie, Fort William, PH33 7LZ
Price FromView Rooms
- Very Good
- 1 guest reviews
"Great hostel, really nice and friendly staff!..."
About the hotel
With phase 1 refurbishment of bedrooms and shower rooms complete you are sure to enjoy your stay at this popular independent hostel near Ben Nevis in the Fort William area. Friendly environment, beautiful surroundings. Its located at Banavie, just outside the city centre, and has the best views of Ben Nevis.
Popular with walkers, climbers, and independent travelers. Visit Neptunes Staircase, climb Ben Nevis or ride the famous steam train featured in the Harry Potter films, as the 'Hogwarts Express'. Come and experience this amazing place. . . . Add breakfast (at 1/2 price for a limited time) and there's free wi-fi everywhere, too. . ! Phase 2 refurbishment next winter.
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- Parking (charges may apply)
- Car parking available onsite
- In room facilities
- Safety Deposit Box
- Business
- Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 17:00 hours
- Until 10:00 hours
- The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
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The partner of the Guardian journalist behind a series of stories on US surveillance tactics was detained for almost nine hours Sunday at London Heathrow Airport under British anti-terror legislation.
Metropolitan Police confirmed that David Miranda, husband of journalist Glenn Greenwald, was held up as he passed through the airport on his way home to Rio de Janeiro from Berlin.
"A 28-year-old man was detained at Heathrow Airport under Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000," said a police spokesman.
"He was not arrested. He was subsequently released," he added.
The Brazilian government said it had objected to the detention of one of its citizens and expressed "grave concern" about steps taken by the British authorities that led to Miranda being "held incommunicado" at the airport.
A statement from the foreign ministry in Brasilia said its embassy in London contacted British officials prior to Miranda's release and that Brazil would also be seeking an explanation from US officials about the incident.
Greenwald analysed and published information on documents released by former US security operative Edward Snowden, which revealed mass surveillance programmes by the US National Security Agency (NSA).
Some of Miranda's electronic equipment including his mobile phone, laptop, camera, memory sticks, DVDs and games consoles was confiscated, according to the Guardian.
"We were dismayed that the partner of a Guardian journalist who has been writing about the security services was detained for nearly nine hours while passing through Heathrow airport," said a spokesman for the paper.
"We are urgently seeking clarification from the British authorities."
Greenwald later wrote an article on the Guardian website in which he said he had received an early morning phone call regarding Miranda from someone identifying themselves as a security official at Heathrow.
"The security official told me that they had the right to detain him for up to nine hours in order to question him, at which point they could either arrest and charge him or ask a court to extend the question time," he stated.
"The official -- who refused to give his name but would only identify himself by his number: 203654 -- said David was not allowed to have a lawyer present, nor would they allow me to talk to him."
Greenwald, who called the Guardian after the phone call, wrote that the security officials "spent their time interrogating" Miranda about the NSA reporting which he and other contributors to the newspaper are doing.
Rights group Amnesty International, meanwhile, said Miranda was "clearly a victim of unwarranted revenge tactics."
"It is utterly improbable that David Michael Miranda, a Brazilian national transiting through London, was detained at random, given the role his husband has played in revealing the truth about the unlawful nature of NSA surveillance," said Widney Brown, senior director of international law and policy at Amnesty.
"David's detention was unlawful and inexcusable. He was detained under a law that violates any principle of fairness and his detention shows how the law can be abused for petty vindictive reasons," he added.
Former NSA contractor Snowden received asylum in Russia on August 1, after spending more than five weeks stranded in a Moscow airport avoiding extradition to the United States.
He is wanted by Washington on espionage charges linked to his media disclosures about the secret details of US surveillance programs.
Miranda's detention sparked a furore on Twitter, with several prominent British voices weighing in.
"Holy CRAP - what is our government up to?" the actor Stephen Fry wrote on the microblogging website, attaching a link to Greenwald's Guardian article about Miranda's detention.


text:
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Southern Comfort Furniture - Columbus, TX - Phone: (979) 732-2140
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Office furniture and equipment are used in offices and business establishments. Office furniture consist of a range of furniture starting from office desks to chairs, comfortable seating for the employees. Computer tables, storage cabinets, shelves, etc, are also part of office furniture. Office equipment in Columbus may range from computers, to microphones for conferencing, to iPod casting, removable drives, MP3 players, etc.
There are a large number of office furniture and equipment companies in Columbus which supply high quality office equipment to various office and business organizations. The organizations contact the dealers in Columbus when the requirement for office furniture and equipment arises. It is the responsibility of the companies involved in the supply business of office furniture to provide furniture which reduce health risks of the employees.
Alliance for Green Heat and NYSERDA Announce Seven Finalists in International Pellet Stove Competition
Two New York teams are among the finalists (Long Island, NY) Alliance for Green Heat and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) today announced that seven pellet stoves have been chosen as finalists in the Pellet Stove Design Challenge. This international competition, administered by the Alliance for Green Heat, identifies innovative low emissions and high efficiency..


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Front left in red press is Farmhouse Chive Cheddar. Front right in silver press is Pepper Jack. Back left in aluminum pan is Lagunitas Brew-Curds Cheddar. Back right in aluminum pan is Ace Cider-Curd Cheddar. This was the end result of our flavored cheeses make day.
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text: Kate Locke is a shameless anglophile who wrote her first book at age 12. Fortunately, that book about a British pop band is lost forever. During 'off' hours Kate often screeches along to Rock Band (being a rock star was her second career choice if the writing thing didn't work out), watches BBC America, or plays with makeup. She loves history, the paranormal, horror, and sparkly things. Find out more about Kate Locke atwww.katelocke.com and on twitter @KLockework.


text:
Create a Focus-Stacked Image Using Melicon Remote
Creating a focus stacked image using Helicon Remote
In the last movie, you saw how I was able to shoot multiple images, each focused in a different place, and then combine them in Photoshop using some layer masking. That works great for a simple subject. But if you really want deep depth of field all the way through a subject, with a lot of depth to it, then you are going to need to resort to a more sophisticated process. And, that's what I am going to do here. I've got a flower here that is much deeper than what I shot before. It's got all the stamens on it. There's a lot of detail in it that I like. Let me give you a quick shot, just showing you how . . . what I can get with my 100 millimeter macro and a single shot.
So, I framed up something here. What you just saw me do is switch the lens to Manual, because I want to make sure that I focus on a particular location. I am going to put it at f/11. Much further than that, I might get some softening from diffraction. I just want to see how deep the depth of field can go. And, her...
Creating a focus stacked image using Helicon Remote provides you with in-depth training on Photography. Taught by Ben Long as part of the Foundations of Photography: Macro and Close-Up
- Subject:
- Photography
- Software:
- Photoshop
- Author:
- Ben Long
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text: One of the things we accomplished while in Romania was a visit to Reghin, the violin-making capitol of the country. We ended up buying my son a lovely handmade instrument from Simon József, whose family are into their fifth generation as luthiers (his grandfather was the first, and his grandson now helps with the work). Since [Read More…]


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 14, 1995
|Filing date
|Mar 20, 1995
|Priority date
|Jun 1, 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Robert W. Volke, Debashish Chakravarthy
|Original Assignee
|Variseal Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (36), Classifications (28), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation in part application of Applicant's earlier filed application Ser. No. 276,443 filed Jul. 18, 1994, pending which is a division of Applicant's earlier filed application Ser. No. 069,784 filed Jun. 1, 1993, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to an adhesive composition suitable for use in wound dressings and other medical applications. More particularly, the present invention relates to a hydrocolloid adhesive composition suitable for a wound dressing which will not disintegrate upon use and thereby leave at least part of the adhesive composition in the wound bed. Specifically, the present invention relates to a hydrocolloid adhesive composition comprising a mixture of a low molecular weight polyisobutylene and a random copolymer of styrene and butadiene having a high styrene content (hereinafter referred to as "styrene-butadiene rubber" or "SBR") or a halogenated butyl rubber (hereinafter referred to as "halobutyl rubber"), the mixture having at least one hydrocolloid powder dispersed therein. The adhesive may also be utilized to dispense medication to the wound site.
Wound dressings have long been used in the art to protect and help heal wounds or skin eruption on areas of the body that have been injured. Generally, it is well known to combine an adhesive material with a plastic layer or film or with a foam layer or both. For instance, Volke U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,499, owned by the assignee of record, is directed toward a hydrocolloid laminate which comprises a lower layer of hydrocolloid adhesive and an upper layer of flexible open-cell polymer foam. A first film layer is interposed between the adhesive layer and the foam layer while a second film layer is provided on the foam layer on the side opposite the first film layer.
With respect to adhesive compositions used for wound dressings, various compositions have long been known in the art. For example, Chen U.S. Pat. No. 3,339,549 discloses a blend of rubbery elastomer such as polyisobutylene and one or more water soluble or water swellable hydrocolloids such as a powdery mixture of pectin, gelatin, and carboxymethyl-cellulose. The adhesive mass has a water insoluble material applied to one surface. Such a dressing is commercially available from E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. under the trademark Stomadhesive and is used as a skin barrier around stomas to prevent skin breakdown by the corrosive fluids discharged by the stoma.
Similarly, Cilento U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,051 discloses an ostomy composition for use around the stoma consisting of a homogeneous mixture of a pressure sensitive adhesive component such as natural rubber or polyisobutylenes, as well as mineral oil, and one or both of a hydrocolloid gum or cohesive strengthening agent. The mineral oil is noted as permitting the composition to be easily shaped according to the particular need.
Pawelchak et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,080 discloses a medical grade adhesive composition comprising a homogenous blend of one or more pressure sensitive adhesive materials and one or more natural or synthetic polymers which are capable of developing elastomeric properties when hydrated such as gluten and long chain polymers of methyl vinyl ether/maleic acid. The composition also preferably includes one or more water soluble hydrocolloid gums and/or one or more water swellable cohesive strengthening agents.
In hydrocolloid adhesive compositions of these types, the polyisobutylene is hydrophobic but provides the adhesive properties required of the dressing. The hydrocolloid powders are hydrophilic, and therefore, when the adhesive composition is placed in contact with an exuding wound, the water from the wound, upon penetrating the adhesive, is absorbed by the hydrocolloid particles.
However, a major problem with these compositions is their susceptibility to breakdown and fragmentation upon exposure to the wound exudate and body fluids. Notably, the hydration of the hydrophilic hydrocolloid particles begins at the adhesive/wound interface and progressively hydrates deeper into the adhesive composition. The hydrocolloid particles typically hydrate to 20 or 30 times their weight in water, producing large domains of water or fluid suspended in the polymer phase. Thus, with time, due to the large difference in the surface tension between the polymer phase and the liquid phase, there is a phase reversal at that part of the adhesive near the adhesive/wound interface wherein the water or fluid phase becomes dominant and has small fragments or pieces of pure polymer therein.
At this point, the adhesive composition has disintegrated such that it no longer is a solid polymer adhesive, but rather, becomes a paste or gel on the surface of the wound. Hence, when the dressing is removed, a residue remains in the wound requiring removal, typically by irrigation or washing. Furthermore, when this phase reversal occurs, the dressings have been known to lift off the wound and allow leakage of exudate.
Several attempts have been made heretofore to improve the integrity of the hydrocolloid adhesive composition. For example, a mixture of low and high molecular weight polyisobutylenes, mixed so that both polymers are in a continuous phase, has been used as a wound dressing and is available from the assignee of record under the tradename Duoderm. Similar to the composition described in Chen U.S. Pat. No. 3,339,549, this composition includes a blend of gelatin, pectin (citrus), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose embedded in the matrix of the dressing at approximately 40 percent by weight. The ingredients are not in a continuous phase, but are powders in their particulate form.
Chen et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,785 describes incorporating into the adhesive composition a cohesive strengthening agent such as natural or synthetic fibrous material, finely divided cellulose, cross-linked dextran, and cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose or a starch-acrylonitrile graft copolymer. The cohesive strengthening agent is reported to control the rate of hydration of the composition thereby increasing resistance to disintegration by body fluids.
Doyle et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,490 also discusses the use of cohesive strengthening agents to control the rate of hydration of the composition. Moreover, the patent indicates that styrene radial or block type copolymers such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (S-B-S) and styrene-isoprene-styrene (S-I-S) block type copolymers may be used as a component of the pressure sensitive composition. These block type copolymers are available from Shell Chemical Co. under the tradename Kraton. No reason is given for their use.
A composition similar to the adhesive composition disclosed in Doyle et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,490 is available from the assignee of that patent, E.R. Squibb and Sons, Inc., under the tradename Control Gel Formula (CGF). This composition is a mixture of polyisobutylene, a thermoplastic polymer such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (S-B-S) block copolymer, and hydrophilic powders. The S-B-S block copolymer is reported to create a thermodynamically stiff, three-dimensional matrix with embedded polyisobutylene and hydrophilic powders. This three-dimensional matrix is said to be resistant to phase reversal as described hereinabove because of its three-dimensional structure and the polarity of the S-B-S block copolymer moiety.
Neperud U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,335 also discloses an adhesive composition consisting essentially of a homogeneous mixture of one or more polyisobutylenes and a styrene copolymer such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (S-B-S) or styrene-isoprene-styrene (S-I-S) block copolymers as well as a tackifying resin, mineral oil, and a water insoluble, but water swellable hydrocolloid. However, it further includes ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer which is noted to increase the dimensional stability of the final composition.
Olsen U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,618 is directed toward a hydrocolloid adhesive composition comprising a rubbery elastomer having water soluble or water swellable hydrocolloid particles dispersed therein, at least a portion of which are polycationic hydrocolloid particles. The patent teaches that the compositions have an absorbency value of at least 180 percent and an integrity value of at least 60 percent.
Thus, none of the known art has heretofore provided an adhesive composition which maintains the integrity of the composition through the use of polyisobutylene and the addition of styrene-butadiene random copolymer (SBR) or halobutyl rubber.
It is therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an adhesive composition adaptable for use in wound dressings and other medical applications such as ostomy care and incontinence.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an adhesive composition, as above, having increased resistance to breakdown or disintegration upon exposure to wound exudate and/or water.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an adhesive composition, as above, employing a rubbery elastomer base which strengthens the matrix of the composition to improve the integrity of the adhesive composition.
At least one or more of the foregoing objects of the present invention, together with the advantages thereof over the prior art relating to wound dressings, which shall become apparent from the specification which follows, are accomplished by the invention as hereinafter described and claimed.
In general, the present invention provides an adhesive composition comprising a rubbery elastomer base comprising a mixture of polyisobutylene and a polymer selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene random copolymer (SBR) and halobutyl rubber, and at least one hydrocolloid dispersed therein.
The present invention also provides a wound dressing comprising a plastic film/foam layer and an adhesive bonded to one side thereof, the adhesive comprising a mixture of polyisobutylene and a polymer selected from the group consisting of styrene-butadiene random copolymer (SBR) and halobutyl rubber, said adhesive mixture having at least one hydrocolloid dispersed therein.
The present invention further provides a wound dressing comprising a plastic film/foam layer and an adhesive bonded to one side thereof, the adhesive comprising a mixture of polyisobutylene and a polymer selected from the group consisting of solution polymerized random copolymers of styrene and butadiene.
The adhesive composition of the present invention is suitable for a variety of medical applications and, in particular, is suited for use in wound dressings. As is well known, a wound dressing generally comprises a plastic layer or film or a foam layer having a medically effective adhesive material bonded to one side thereof. Such dressings may be useful in treating wounds, skin lesions, burns and stomas regardless of the cause.
The adhesive composition of the present invention generally comprises a homogeneous mixture of one or more polyisobutylenes and either styrene-butadiene random copolymer (SBR) or halobutyl rubber, at least one water soluble or water swellable hydrocolloid gum or cohesive strengthening agent, and optionally, fillers such as pigments, tackifiers, or pharmaceutical agents. Such a composition has been found to have an increased resistance to disintegration and fragmentation upon exposure to significant amounts of wound exudate.
The mixture of polyisobutylene and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) or halobutyl rubber form the rubbery elastomer base of the composition. This mixture functions to provide the adhesive properties for the composition. That is, it provides dry tack and holds the entire composition together. Notably, it is believed that the mixture forms a crosslinked matrix which is three dimensional in character as detailed hereinbelow.
Preferably, the polyisobutylene rubber employed in the composition has a low viscosity average molecular weight, on the order of from about 36,000 to 58,000 (Flory). Such polyisobutylenes are commercially available under the trademark VISTANEX from Exxon as grades LM-MS and LM-MH.
The SBR which may be employed in the composition is preferably a random copolymer of styrene and butadiene containing relatively high amounts of styrene as compared to other random copolymers of styrene and butadiene. From about 23 to about 50 percent by weight of styrene in the SBR is preferred. The random copolymers of styrene and butadiene may be either emulsion polymerized or solution polymerized, although solution polymerized random SBR is preferred for reasons explained hereinbelow.
One emulsion polymerized random SBR, having about 48 percent by weight of styrene, is commercially available from The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company under the tradename Plioflex 1028. This SBR is a food grade SBR manufactured in an emulsion type polymerization process and is, therefore, typically referred to as an emulsion SBR. The polymerization process employed to make this SBR involves the use of organic fatty acid-based or rosin acid-based emulsifiers and coagulants. Consequently, the final product has about 4 to 5 percent of this acid distributed in the polymer matrix.
Because non-rubber excipients such as fatty acid emulsifiers and coagulants remain in the polymer matrix, emulsion random styrene-butadiene rubbers such as Plioflex 1028 typically possess a faint acrid odor. Depending upon the application, use of components having an acrid odor may be unsatisfactory or even unacceptable in some instances.
Furthermore, it has been found that the acrid odor intensifies upon sterilization of the wound dressing by gamma radiation, the preferred means for sterilizing wound dressings in medical applications as is detailed hereinbelow. In fact, the odor may reach unacceptable levels in some cases. Moreover, since wound dressing are typically packaged in air tight containers, it is possible that the odor might build up with the age of the product and subject the ultimate user of the product to an intense acrid odor as soon as the package containing the wound dressing is opened.
While the odor should not be seen as necessarily eliminating the use of emulsion random styrene-butadiene rubbers in every instance, it is believed that all random copolymers of styrene and butadiene made by the emulsion process possess the odor. Emulsion processes by their very nature require the use of fatty acid or rosin acid based emulsifiers and the use of coagulants.
Solution polymerized random styrene-butadiene rubbers do not have this acrid odor. Two solution polymerized random styrene-butadiene rubbers, having about 48 and 35 percent by weight of styrene, are commercially available from Housmex under the tradename Solprene 303 and from Firestone under the tradename Duodrene 709, respectively. These SBRs are thermoset materials and are produced by a solution polymerization process. In that process, the polymerization reaction is conducted in a homogeneous solution in a hydrocarbon solvent. The process uses no excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers or coagulants.
The halobutyl rubber which may be employed in the composition is preferably bromobutyl rubber having a bromine content of from about 0.9 to about 3 percent by weight in the bromobutyl rubber. Similar to styrene-butadiene rubber, halobutyl rubber is a highly polar rubber which may be effectively blended with the non-polar polyisobutylene rubber. One such bromobutyl rubber, having a bromine content of about 2.1 percent is commercially available from Polysar under the tradename BB2030.
One or more hydrocolloids are dispersed within the composition. The hydrocolloids may include compounds such as water soluble hydrocolloid gums and/or water swellable cohesive strengthening agents. These compounds perform the dual function of controlling the rate of hydration of the adhesive composition by absorbing fluids and strengthening the composition by preventing erosion of the adhesive composition by biological fluids. The hydrocolloids may also function as drug delivery agents to dispense medication to the wound area. Suitable hydrocolloid gums may include, but are not necessarily limited to, pectin, gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, salts of alginic acid, guar gum, locust bean gum, gum karaya, and mixtures thereof. A mixture of these non-soluble gums are preferably used as the hydrocolloid. Suitable cohesive strengthening agents include finely divided cellulose, alginate fibers, crosslinked dextran, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, starch-acrylonitrile graft copolymer or mixtures thereof. Biodegradable cross-linked dextran is preferred as a cohesive strengthening agent for the adhesive composition and is prepared by crosslinking dextran with cyanogen bromide. Fillers such as tackifiers, pigments, and other ingredients may be added in suitable amounts as needed. Where the hydrocolloid is used as a drug delivery agent, a pharmaceutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent can also be added. The hydrocolloid carries the pharmaceutical agent within the adhesive as required.
The adhesive compositions of the present invention desirably include from about 60 to about 90 parts by weight polyisobutylene and from about 10 to about 40 parts by weight of a polymer selected from the group consisting SBR and halobutyl rubber to comprise 100 parts by weight of the rubber elastomer base. The hydrocolloids comprise from about 12 percent to about 50 percent by weight of the adhesive.
With reference to Table I, eleven such adhesive compounds have been shown. The first six compounds (Compounds A-F) employed emulsion polymerized random SBR as an ingredient to form the elastomeric rubber base. The last five compounds (Compounds G-K) employed bromobutyl rubber as an ingredient to form the elastomeric rubber base. The last two compounds (Compounds L-M) employed solution polymerized random SBR as an ingredient to form the elastomeric rubber base. The adhesive compositions in Table I are based upon parts by weight, rather than parts per hundred rubber, and accordingly, the numerical values provided are different than the ranges provided hereinabove. However, it will be appreciated that the values do fall within the percentage ranges provided hereinabove upon proper calculation.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Adhesive Composition (parts by weight) A B C D E F G H I J K L M__________________________________________________________________________SBRa 20 20 20 20 20 20 -- -- -- -- -- 30 30BBR -- -- -- -- -- -- 20 20 20 20 20 -- --Polyisobutyleneb 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 34 38Butyl Hydroxy Toluene 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5Pectin 12 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 12 12 6Gelatin 12 7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 7 10Carboxymethyl Cellulose 4 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 7 5Starch-Acrylonitrile Graft -- -- 17 -- -- -- -- -- -- 17 -- -- --CopolymercDextran Beads -- -- -- 17 -- -- -- -- 17 -- -- -- --Aliginate Salts -- -- -- -- 10 -- -- 10 -- -- -- 9 10Aliginate Fibers -- -- -- -- 1.5 -- -- 1.5 -- -- -- -- --Carrageenand -- -- -- -- 10 10 10 10 -- -- -- -- --Glucomannine -- -- -- -- -- 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --__________________________________________________________________________ .sup. a Compounds A-F are emulsion SBRs (Plioflex 1028); Compounds L-M ar solution SBRs (L = Durodene 709; M = Solprene 303) b Vistanex LMMH c D-242 from Grain Processing, Inc. Muskateen, Iowa d K Carrageenan HGP e Konjac (dietary root)
To manufacture the adhesive composition, the polyisobutylene and SBR are mixed on a two roll mill to effect a completely homogeneous mixture of the two polymers where the two polymer phases are continuous but separate. When halobutyl rubber is substituted for SBR, the same manufacturing process may be employed, the two polymer phases being continuous but separate. The hydrocolloid gum and/or cohesive strengthening agents are then added in a blade type mixer such as is commercially available from Baker Perkins.
For use in any medical application, the adhesive composition should be sterilized. Preferably, the sterilization process is performed by means of gamma radiation. However, this sterilization process has a pronounced effect on the polyisobutylene rubber. The polyisobutylene polymers are degraded by chain scission to yield a lower average molecular weight composition. This degraded adhesive has an even poorer ability to resist phase reversal and cold flow.
According to the present invention, the addition of the SBR with a high stryene content or halobutyl rubber to the polyisobutylene tends to offset the degradation of the polyisobutylene during sterilization. The SBR or halobutyl rubber is crosslinked by a free radical carbon-carbon bridge, inducing sufficient crosslink density to offset the chain scission induced into the polyisobutylene phase. SBR or halobutyl rubber also provides a lightly crosslinked matrix, three-dimensional in character, which exhibits increased resistance to phase reversal and disintegration and cohesiveness as indicated by a reduction in the cold flow of the composition. It is believed that this is due to the fact that the SBR and halobutyl rubber are film formers and have a more hydrophilic backbone than do the polyisobutylenes. The difference in surface tensions between the elastomer base mixture of polyisobutylene and SBR or halobutyl rubber and the hydrophilic hydrocolloid particles is much less than when other elastomer bases are employed.
As noted hereinabove, the adhesive composition of the present invention may include a pharmaceutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent which can be dispensed directly to the wound site. The pharmaceutical agent is carried by the hydrocolloid dispersed within the composition. More particularly, a suitable hydrocolloid or cohesive strengthening agent such a dextran microspheres cross-linked with cyanogen bromide can be employed as the delivery agent.
In order to demonstrate practice of the invention, pigs of like age, gender and weight were provided with six to eight wounds. These wounds were then treated using five distinct dressings, two of which employed the adhesive compositions of the present invention. The other three dressings used three other well known adhesive compositions. Each wound was approximately 2.5 centimeters in diameter and was generally circular. Each pig was treated with at least two of the dressings. Histological evaluations were performed when the wounds were initiated and at 3, 6, 10, 14 and 18 days when the wound dressings were being changed.
More particularly, adhesive compositions A and D from Table I were used in two of the dressings, hereinafter noted as Dressings 1 and 2, respectively, employed to treat the pigs. As noted in Table I, both dressings employ an adhesive composition comprising a mixture of polyisobutylene and a random copolymer SBR and one or more hydrocolloids.
The other three dressings, hereinafter described as Dressings 3, 4 and 5, respectively, were also used to treat the pigs. While the exact composition of each of these dressings are unknown inasmuch as they are considered proprietary by their manufacturers, it is known that none of these dressings include the adhesive composition of the present invention. That is, none of the three other dressings include a mixture of polyisobutylene and random copolymer SBR. It is also believed that none of the three other dressings include a halobutyl rubber. Accordingly, the adhesive compositions of the present invention can be clearly distinguished from the other three dressings.
Furthermore, while the exact compositions of Dressings 3, 4 and 5 are unknown, it is known that Dressings 3 and 4 include a thermoplastic polymer such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (S-B-S) block copolymer commercially available under the tradename Kraton. Moreover, while hydrocolloids such as pectin, gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose are believed to be used in the adhesive compositions of both Dressings 3, 4 and 5, none of the adhesive compositions are believed to include biodegradable cross-linked dextran beads as discussed hereinabove and which are employed in Dressing 2.
With respect to the tests, histological evaluations were performed on each of the wounds to identify (i) the presence of eschar, (ii) the completion of re-epithelization, (iii) the thickness of the epithelium, (iv) incision width, (v) collagen organization, (vi) the presence of neovascularity, (vii) the absence of acute inflammation, (viii) the absence of chronic inflammation, (ix) the absence of foreign material, and (x) the absence of giant cells.
With respect to Dressing 1, sixteen (16) sections representing eight wounds from three pigs were histologically reviewed. The majority of the sections showed complete re-epithelization with a thin to moderately thick non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium which appeared histologically immature. Where present, chronic inflammatory cells were identified superficially around mildly dilated vessels. Acute inflammation was scant. Neovascularity was minimal and superficial. Small areas of foreign material and foreign body reaction were present. Collagen was well organized and minimally cellular. Four sections had small to moderately sized foreign body reaction centers present in the deep dermis with presence of scant amounts of foreign material. Four other sections had a more mature and thicker stratified squamous epithelium.
Eighteen (18) sections representing eight wounds from three pigs were reviewed after having been treated with Dressing 2. The majority of the sections demonstrated complete re-epithelization with a mature appearing keratinized squamous epithelium. Collagenization was very organized, interrupted only by small collections of foreign body type giant cells. Where inflammation was present, it was scant and mononuclear. Neovascularization was, as well, scant and superficial. Two sections showed re-epithelization without eschar formation. The denuded areas showed moderate number of polymorphonuclear cells within the superficial epidermis penetrating approximately one-quarter of the depth of the section. Two other sections were well re-epithelized but had pronounced foreign body type reactions in the deep dermis. Collagenization was preserved.
Seventeen (17) sections representing eight wounds from three separate pigs receiving Dressing 3 treatment were reviewed. The majority of the sections showed complete re-epithelization with squamous epithelium thinner and less mature than that described in the Dressing 2-treated group. Neovascularity was scant but present in the superficial and mid-dermis. Chronic inflammation was patchy. Collagenization was organized but more cellular than the Dressing 2-treated group. Foreign body giant cell aggregates were focal in some sections. Despite the lack of re-epithelization, acute inflammation was not appreciable. Four sections had more pronounced foreign body reaction than the remaining sections. In these sections, medium to large sized aggregates of foreign body type giant cells were identified from the superficial to the deep dermis. Collagenization, in these sections, was less organized.
For Dressing 4, seventeen (17) sections representing eight wounds from three pigs were histologically reviewed. The majority of the sections showed complete re-epithelization with a thin non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. Neovascularity was mild and present superficially and in the deep dermis. Vessels were focally dilated. Chronic inflammation was moderate and located in the upper one-half of the tissues. Acute inflammation was localized within and around reactive foreign body centers located in the deep dermis. These were present in some but not all of the sections and were small to moderate in size. Foreign material was easily identified. Collagenization was patchy but appeared to be more organized than cellular. Two sections had large confluent necrotizing foreign body granulomas present just below the superficial dermis and extending into the deep dermis. Four sections showed incomplete re-epithelization.
Finally, twelve (12) sections representing six wounds from two pigs receiving treatment using Dressing 5 were reviewed. The majority of these sections showed minimal to no greater than 50 percent re-epithelization without eschar formation. On the whole, neovascularity was increased and diffusely present from the superficial to deep dermis. These sections demonstrated striking necrotizing granulomatous foreign body reactions present in the superficial to deep dermis. These were so great in number to be focally confluent. Most sections contained identifiable foreign body material. Collagenization was weak. Three sections were similar in all respects except for the presence of an eschar.
Based upon the results of these evaluations, the dressings were rated as compared to each other in each of the ten identifiable categories. The ratings for these dressings are found in Table II below.
TABLE II______________________________________RATINGS FOR DRESSINGS(1 = BEST/5 = WORST) DressingEvaluation 1 2 3 4 5______________________________________Eschar 1 3(tie) 3(tie) 2 5Re-Epithelization 1 2 3 4 5Thickness of Epithelium 2 1 4 3 5Incision Width 4 2 3 1 5Collagen Organization 1 2 4 3 5Neovascularity 4(tie) 3 2 4(tie) 1Acute Inflammation 1 2(tie) 2(tie) 4 5Chronic Inflammation 2 1 3 4 5Foreign Material 3 2 1 4 5Giant Cells 2 1 3 4 5TOTALS 21 19 28 33 46______________________________________
Based upon the results of these evaluations, it should be clear that both Dressings 1 and 2 performed better overall than did the other three dressings. One of the two dressings of the present invention was rated the best as compared to the other dressings in all but three of the categories evaluated.
For Compounds L and M, skin irritation screens were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) Regulations, 16 C.F.R. �1500 et seq., but were modified to three rather than six animals (rabbits). In the test, 1�1 inch sections from each of these compounds as wound dressings were topically applied to the intact and abraded skin of three rabbits and left in place for a 24-hour period. The test sites were then graded for erythema and edema at 24 and 72 hours after the single application. Typically, commercial wound dressing compounds cause only slight irritation. To evaluate and compare skin irritations, a primary irritation index (P.I.I.) is utilized which is generally based on the sum of various scored reactions and divided by a factor representing the number of scoring intervals multiplied by the number of test parameters. An index number less than 5.00 is sufficient to not be considered a skin irritant, but commercial wound dressing typically are scored below 2.00. For example, the well known dressing Duoderm CGF (Convatec) scored 1.33. Compounds L and M received an P.I.I. score of 1.33 and 1.00, respectively, which indicates that wound dressings prepared from these compounds are at least as safe as commercially available wound dressings with respect to skin irritation. Additionally, toxicity tests preformed on Compounds L and M showed the absence of any systemic toxicity.
In addition to the histological, skin irritation, and toxicity evaluations detailed hereinabove, tests were performed to determine the integrity or resistance to disintegration of the adhesive compositions employed in the dressings. In particular, a 9 percent saline absorption test was performed. In order to perform this test, samples pieces of the adhesive compositions A through G and L through M in Table I were prepared to a thickness of approximately 0.04 inches. One surface was laminated with a 1.0 mil Berteck Nucril plastic film then cut into 1"�1" squares. These test pieces were then immersed in approximately 40 milliliters of 0.9 percent sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for approximately 24 hours. At the end of the 24-hour immersion period, the sample pieces were removed from the test solution, blotted dry and weighed. The weight increase was recorded as the 24 hour absorption. Other weight measurements were made at 1, 2 and 5 hour increments by drip-drying the samples.
The samples were returned to the original 40 mls of test fluid and a magnetic stirrer rod was placed on the bottom of the beaker and stirring started at 100 RPM to erode the swollen adhesive composition. At the end of 6 minutes, the samples were extracted from the beaker, blotted dry and weighed again. This final weight was recorded as the eroded weight.
As a result of these tests, it is clear that Dressings 1 and 2 performed much better inasmuch as their resistance to fragmentation and disintegration were substantially higher than that of the other three dressings. The results of the tests are found in Table III below.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________0.9% SALINE ABSORPTION (1" � 1" � .040") A B C D E F G L M__________________________________________________________________________Original Weight 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.001 Hour 1.32 1.73 1.56 1.11 1.25 1.47 1.09 1.26 1.352 Hours 1.40 2.16 1.91 1.20 1.40 1.56 1.20 1.49 1.555 Hoursa 1.71 3.22 3.12 1.41 2.12 2.11 1.59 2.36 2.4124 Hoursb 2.68 6.68 4.64 2.76 3.93 4.20 3.71 3.37 3.57Start 2.68 6.68 4.64 2.76 3.93 4.20 3.71 3.37 3.576 minutes 2.65 6.57 4.56 2.73 3.85 4.13 3.66 3.32 3.49% Eroded 1.1% 1.5% 1.7% 1.0% 2.0% 1.7% 1.2% 1.5% 2.2%__________________________________________________________________________ a For Compounds L and M, measurements taken at 6 hours. b For Compounds l and M, measurements taken at 22 hours.
Thus it should be evident that the mixture of polyisobutylene and random copolymer SBR or halobutyl rubber is highly effective in helping to maintain the integrity of the composition. The invention is particularly suited for wound dressings, but is not necessarily limited thereto. The adhesive composition of the present invention can be used separately in other medical applications and with other medical appliances such as may be used in the fields of incontinence, ostomy care, and burn dressings.
Based upon the foregoing disclosure, it should now be apparent that the adhesive composition described herein will carry out the objects set forth hereinabove. It is, therefore, to be understood that any variations evident fall within the scope of the claimed invention and thus, the selection of specific component elements can be determined without departing from the spirit of the invention herein disclosed and described. Moreover, the scope of the invention shall include all modifications and variations that may fall within the scope of the attached claims.
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|External nasal dilator and methods of manufacture
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|Xennovate Medical Llc
|Resilient band medical device
|Feb 8, 2001
|Oct 11, 2001
|Jean-Louis Gueret
|Composite structure having an adhesive matrix containing one or more active agents
|Mar 28, 2002
|Oct 3, 2002
|Treatment device and method of using the same
|Jun 5, 2002
|Dec 5, 2002
|Gueret Jean-Louis H.
|Fiber and device for applying a product, and method of manufacturing device
|Sep 3, 2002
|May 1, 2003
|W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn
|Novel two-phase compositions
|Jan 16, 2003
|May 29, 2003
|The Penn State Research Foundation & Respironics, Inc.
|Chest brace and method of using same
|May 19, 2004
|Dec 2, 2004
|Lipman Roger D. A.
|Multi-dressing system for managing skin wounds
|May 19, 2004
|Dec 2, 2004
|Lipman Roger D. A.
|Fluid absorbing adhesive paste
|May 19, 2004
|Dec 2, 2004
|Lipman Roger D. A.
|Facial masks for managing skin wounds
|Dec 21, 2005
|Jul 13, 2006
|Wiercinski Robert A
|Vapor permeable liquid-applied membrane
|Aug 30, 2007
|Mar 6, 2008
|Smith David W
|Method of imparting a mono-axial or multiaxial stiffness to extruded materials and products resulting therefrom
|Nov 8, 2010
|Mar 3, 2011
|Glaxosmithkline Llc
|External nasal dilator and methods of manufacture
|Apr 24, 2012
|Aug 16, 2012
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Water Swelling Rubber Compound for Use in Reactive Packers and Other Downhole Tools
|Jun 19, 2012
|Smithkline Beecham Corporation
|Nasal dilator
|Aug 22, 2000
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|Process for molding a make-up composition
|Jul 2, 1997
|Jul 14, 1999
|Coloplast A/S
|Adhesive agent and use of such agent
|Jul 13, 1999
|Feb 2, 2000
|Cosmetic or dermopharmaceutical patch
|Nov 21, 1996
|May 29, 1997
|The Penn State Research Foundation
|Negative pressure chest brace
|Nov 20, 1998
|Jun 3, 1999
|Sherwood Services Ag
|Hydrocolloid wound dressing and the method of making and using the same
|Mar 17, 2000
|Sep 21, 2000
|Coloplast A/S
|A pressure sensitive adhesive composition
|Mar 17, 2000
|Jan 18, 2001
|Coloplast As
|A pressure sensitive adhesive composition
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 15, 1995
Owner name: VARISEAL CORPORATION, OHIO
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text:
His true name is….
The Society of Blood is much more benign than its name sounds. Initially created as an award of valor for common foot soldiers, membership. The SOBs decided to make themselves a benevolent, protective order for all veterans. They quickly united informally and, without any bloodshed or even any overt threats, restored order and fairness for veterans through all the lands.
A demon that feeds on good feelings, causing those around to feel upset or angry all the time.


text:
, Volume 127, Issue 3, pp 435-446
First online:
"No harvest was reaped": demographic and climatic factors in the decline of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Adam W. SchneiderAffiliated withDepartment of Anthropology, University of California-San DiegoResearch Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Koç University Email author
- , Selim F. AdalıAffiliated withResearch Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Koç University
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In the 9th century BC, Assyrians based in northern Iraq started a relentless process of expansion that within two centuries would see them controlling most of the ancient Near East. Traditional explanations for the decline of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 7th century BC have emphasized the role of military conflict, and especially the destruction of the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, by a coalition of Babylonian and Median forces in 612 BC. However, it remains unclear how the Assyrian state, the most powerful military machine of its age and the largest empire the Old World had ever seen up to that time, declined so quickly. In this paper, we highlight two potential factors which may have had some influence upon the Assyrian decline that have not been previously explored. The first is a major increase in the population of the Assyrian heartland area at the dawn of the 7th century BC, which substantially reduced the drought resilience of the region. The second factor is an episode of severe drought affecting large portions of the Near East during the mid-7th century BC. We propose a series of testable hypotheses which detail how the combination of these two factors may have contributed to the development of considerable economic and political instability within the Assyrian Empire, and argue that these demographic and climatic factors played a significant role in its demise.
Reference tools
- Title
- "No harvest was reaped": demographic and climatic factors in the decline of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Journal
Climatic Change
Volume 127, Issue 3-4 , pp 435-446
- Cover Date
- 2014-12
- 10.1007/s10584-014-1269-y
- Print ISSN
- 0165-0009
- Online ISSN
- 1573-1480
- Publisher
- Springer Netherlands
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Adam W. Schneider (1) (2)
- Selim F. Adalı (2)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Anthropology, University of California-San Diego, Social Sciences Building Room 210, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0532, USA
- 2. Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Koç University, İstanbul, Turkey


text:
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After being deprived of anything that resembled "decent" shut-eye for 12 months on end, exhaustion turned me into someone I barely recognised. It was time for my baby and I to get some real sleep.
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Palmerston Council unanimously passes a motion for "breastfeeding friendly" stickers and signs that has attracted interest across Australia.
Topics: breastfeeding, breast-feeding, parenting, local-government, discrimination, palmerston-0830
Signs that Palmerston Council might use if a motion is passed in July 2016.
Topics: breast-feeding, breastfeeding, feminism, local-government, pregnancy-and-childbirth, palmerston-2913
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A deputy mayor who has found herself receiving "a few dirty looks" since giving birth 12 weeks ago hopes to help breastfeeding mothers with stickers and screens.
Topics: breastfeeding, breast-feeding, pregnancy-and-childbirth, local-government, feminism, human-interest, women, womens-health, palmerston-0830
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Dozens of breastfeeding mothers stage a protest at a Bendigo shopping centre after a woman is asked to leave the food court for breastfeeding.
Topics: community-and-society, breast-feeding, law-crime-and-justice, breastfeeding, family-and-children, parenting, bendigo-3550
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A breastfeeding mother describes her emotional interaction with two orangutans who watched her nursing her baby son during a visit to Melbourne Zoo.
Topics: animals, human-interest, zoos, family-and-children, babies, community-and-society, breastfeeding, breast-feeding, parkdale-3195
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Politicians who breastfeed will be allowed to bring their children into the chamber as part of new rules for a "family friendly" Parliament, Leader of the House Christopher Pyne announces.
Topics: government-and-politics, women, breast-feeding, australia, parliament-house-2600
Posted| Updated
One of the Government's up-and-coming frontbenchers Kelly O'Dwyer was asked whether she had considered expressing more breast milk to avoid missing her parliamentary duties.
Topics: federal-parliament, federal-government, breast-feeding, breastfeeding, australia
The Australian Breastfeeding Association launches a Friendly Workplace Program in effort to increase national breastfeeding rates.
Topics: breast-feeding, work, act, canberra-2600
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A NSW Federal Court judge has banned a mother who got a tattoo from breastfeeding despite test results which say she hasn't contracted Hepatitis A or HIV.
Topics: breast-feeding, breastfeeding, popular-culture, contemporary-art, aids-and-hiv, hepatitis, courts-and-trials, judges-and-legal-profession, australia
Posted| Updated
A judge says a woman exposed her 11-month-old baby to an unacceptable risk of harm by breastfeeding after getting a tattoo.
Topics: breast-feeding, breastfeeding, women, womens-health, australia
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A study that followed 3,500 newborns over 30 years finds that babies who are breastfed are more intelligent and that the boost in intelligence persists into adulthood.
Topics: breastfeeding, breast-feeding, health, australia, brazil
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Sunshine Coast mother Jacci Sharkey was stunned when an image of her breastfeeding son Alek at her university graduation ceremony went viral on Facebook with more than 100,000 likes.
Topics: breast-feeding, breastfeeding, education, maroochy-river-4561
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Like a lot of first time mothers, film producer Anna Kaplan thought breast feeding would happen instinctively. When it didn't, she turned to the internet for answers, only to find a virtual world rife with conflicting information, emotive debates and media hype. Now she is creating an online resource about breast feeding in Australia - filming families, health professionals, academics and even the modern wet nurses who swap breast milk via social media.
Topics: reproduction-and-contraception, breast-feeding, breastfeeding, australia
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Wearable technology is set to help new mothers with breastfeeding by offering real-time remote advice.
Topics: reproduction-and-contraception, breast-feeding, breastfeeding, australia
A new report says baby formula is unsafe and voluntary regulation of marketing is not working.
Topics: reproduction-and-contraception, breast-feeding, breastfeeding, babies, australia
Finding ways to increase breastfeeding initiation is easier than finding ways to increase breastfeeding duration. It's the long haul that's tricky.
Topics: parenting, family-and-children, breast-feeding, breastfeeding
Formula has a place for the few babies who need it, but more Australian babies are on formula than should be.
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Five new breastfeeding drop-in centres have opened across Victoria, including two in the Mitchell Shire.
Topics: breast-feeding, womens-health, healthcare-facilities, programs-and-initiatives, seymour-3660, kilmore-3764, shepparton-3630, wodonga-3690
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Unicef is using World Breastfeeding Week to restate the critical role of breastfeeding in reducing child mortality.
Topics: breastfeeding, breast-feeding, pacific, asia
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New research finds children who are solely breastfed in the first six months of life are at greater risk of developing a nut allergy.
Topics: breast-feeding, health, diseases-and-disorders, allergies, medical-research, australia
A hospital in Geelong has apologised for a mix-up where two mothers were given the wrong newborn babies to feed and nurse.
Topics: babies---newborns, family-and-children, healthcare-facilities, breast-feeding, vic
Mothers who breastfeed are being cautioned to limit their use of painkillers containing codeine to four days.
Topics: breastfeeding, health, reproduction-and-contraception, breast-feeding, sydney-2000, australia, nsw
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New mothers are advised that breast is best when it comes to feeding their infants, which presents a dilemma for some who find it difficult to breastfeed.
Topics: breastfeeding, community-and-society, women, health, reproduction-and-contraception, breast-feeding, womens-health, australia
Posted| Updated
The Australian Breastfeeding Association says the culture of breastfeeding in Australia needs to change if health benefits, such as the prevention of metabolic disease in mothers, are to be fully felt.
Topics: breastfeeding, health, breast-feeding, australia


text:
Construction on Columbia Nitrogen Road
Posted: 05/14/2009 - Road work on the railroad crossing on Columbia Nitrogen Road begins Friday, May 15.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - Road work on the railroad crossing on Columbia Nitrogen Road begins Friday, May 15.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - The FBI is requesting the public's assistance in identifying and apprehending a man thought to be responsible for at least 19 armed bank robberies over a two-year period in Tallahassee, Perry, and Lake City, Florida, as well as the Dothan, Alabama, area, and several locations in the southern part of South Carolina.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - Tregory Tyler, the man wanted for allegedly threatening the Wagner-Salley High principal is in jail in Lee County, Florida.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - Preliminary numbers show improvement for first time test takers.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - Major Todd Johnson, spokesperson for the Newberry County Sheriff's Office, says they are treating the death as a homicide.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - In a Thursday post on its Web site, the Mountain View-based company reports that a "small subset of users" hasn't been able to get into their e-mail accounts.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - Lauderdale County District Court Judge Carole Medley set bail Wednesday for 27-year-old Jermaine Anwar Jefferson and set an 11 p.m. curfew for him and ordered that he not leave the state.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - The nonprofit group tells The Associated Press the gift from J. Ronald Terwilliger will help it build 60,000 homes worldwide. It's the largest individual contribution in Habitat's history.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - South Carolina legislators have approved a resolution that might help them deal with legal challenges that could arise in forcing Gov. Mark Sanford to request $700 million in federal stimulus cash.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - Walter Edward Stuckey, Jr, age 52, of Martinez, Georgia, pled guilty to one count of mail fraud in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Section 1341, in connection with a mortgage fraud scheme.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - Deputies say $160,000 elderly man received in Graniteville settlement is gone.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - South Carolina prison officials say regular inmate visits will resume this week after they had been halted because of worries about swine flu.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - South Carolina has borrowed another $20 million to cover unemployment checks and Gov. Mark Sanford wants legislators to do more to head off a tax increase on employers.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - Chrysler LLC has told a bankruptcy court it plans to eliminate 789 of its dealers -- or about 25 percent of them . News 12 has learned three are in the local area.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - Pfizer will provide more than 70 prescription drugs – from Lipitor to Viagra -- at no cost to unemployed, uninsured Americans.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - May is Foster Care Month, and as the number of foster kids gets bigger, the need for more parents grows too.
Posted: 05/14/2009 - I had a small brush with skin cancer, and I want to make sure nobody ever goes through that. My friends and family will tell you; I am on them about wearing sunblock and getting checked and I want to make sure you are cancer-free too.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - The sound of fire trucks starting is the sound that former Clearwater Fire Chief Mike Toole loves to hear inside the fire station. But since being dismissed from his position, it's a sound he'll only hear from the outside.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - A grand jury indicted a man for murder, aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm during a crime.
Posted: 05/13/2009 - South Carolina's top prosecutor says he'll continue to push Craigslist to remove all sex-related ads from its Web site.
Posted: 05/13/2009 - Tregory Tyler, who is wanted by the ACSO for threatening to come to Wagener Salley High School and kill the principal, says he will turn himself in, in the next few days.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - Ex-cons are on the run and wanted by police. But, some people say jail overcrowding is the reason why these criminals are still free tonight.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - Business owner Frank Griffin is speaking out with hundreds of thousands of dollars missing from Dent's Undertaking Establishment and the questions keep piling up.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - Some students learned about what a tech school can offer in today's economy at Aiken Tech's Career Expo.
Updated: 05/14/2009 - The local economic forecast is looking up this weekend. People from across the country are expected in Augusta. Between hosting a national tournament and receiving national honors, Augusta is expected to reel in millions.


text:
Originally posted on UM Hoops | Last updated 3/6/13
Dustin Johnston Michigan's teetering Big Ten title hopes were rejuvenated on Tuesday evening as Ohio State won at Purdue. Michigan has to win at Purdue and against Indiana on Sunday to claim a share of the title for the second consecutive year. The Indiana game will draw the headlines but tonight's match-up at Purdue won't come easy. The Wolverines have lost four consecutive games on the road and face a Boilermaker team that enters play after a marquee victory at Wisconsin over the weekend. Tip off is scheduled for 7:00 p.m. eastern on the Big Ten Network with with Shon Morris and Eric collins handling broadcasting duties. Join in the discussion below before, during and after the game to share your thoughts, predictions and observations. Pre-Game Reading: Game 30: Michigan at Purdue Preview Breaking down Michigan's points in the paint against Michigan State Pick to Click: Michigan at Purdue Notebook: Caris LeVert could see increased role
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Internet Explorer
by BERNETTE FORD
|August 12, 2014
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Ducky has a new game he'd like to share with his friend: peekaboo! Piggy wants to play, but every time he tries to smile or call out "I see you!" his pacifier gets in the way. Will Piggy forget about his pacifier … or forget about having fun?…
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Bernette Ford and Sam Williams, the creators of No More Diapers for Ducky! , No More Bottles for Bunny! , and the other "No More" books, are back with another sweet entry in their popular series. It's Billy Goat's first day at school, and he feels…
by Bernette Ford
|January 10, 2014
Board Book
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Ballet Kitty returns in a fresh and fun interactive format, with flaps to lift and textures to feel on every page. Where oh where could Kitty's ballet slippers be? They're lost and she needs help finding them! As kids join in the search, they'll…
No more diapers for me! That's what toddlers will proudly proclaim after they hear this appealing tale of a lovable duck who takes the big step. When Piggy can't come out to play because he's busy sitting on the potty, Ducky realizes it's time to grow up,…
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First go the diapers; now it's time for bye-bye to bottle! Adorable Pig and Ducky, who first appeared in No More Diapers for Ducky! , return with an equally appealing new friend. Bunny always sucks on his bottle. But now he has an invitation to Piggy's lovely…
Giving up a security blanket can be hard—but since it was first released, No More Blanket for Little Lamb has helped little ones make that developmental leap! Although little Lamb has lots of things to play with, all she wants is her small, soft, dirty…
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In this sweet tale, Puppy is a princess who learns about friendship. Bernette Ford and Sam Williams team up once again to bring a princess story all about makebelieve and play - topics just right for the princess in your life. Puppy is a real princess - there's…
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Ballet Kitty wakes up in the pinkballerina pink, of courseuntil she realizes she can't find her slippers anywhere. Suddenly her leaps aren't as lighthearted or her pirouettes as pretty. Where could they be? she mumbles and grumbles. How…
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Encore! Young dance fans will clap and cheer as the enormously popular star of Ballet Kitty returns for a repeat performance. And this time, she's embarking on a brand new adventure: her very first real ballet class. Dressed in their prettiest slippers and…
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A new board book version of a holiday favorite! It's Christmas—and for Ballet Kitty, that means The Nutcracker . She hopes to perform the Sugar Plum Fairy, her favorite role, at a real recital. Kitty's so excited! But when her very best friend wants to…
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Giving up a security blanket can be very hard for a child—but since it was first released a year ago, No More Blanket for Lambkin has helped little ones make that developmental leap. Now, this delightful story is in the popular board format and with an…
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We propose architectural mechanisms for structuring host communication software to provide QoS guarantees. We present and evaluate a QoS sensitive communication subsystem architecture for end hosts that provides real time communication support for generic network hardware. This architecture provides services for managing communication resources for guaranteed QoS (real time) connections, such as admission control, traffic enforcement, buffer management, and CPU and link scheduling. The architecture design is based on three key goals: maintenance of QoS guarantees on a per connection basis, overload protection between established connections, and fairness in delivered performance to best effort traffic. Using this architecture we implement real time channels, a paradigm for real time communication services in packet switched networks. The proposed architecture features a process per channel model that associates a channel handler with each established channel. The model employed for handler execution is one of "cooperative" preemption, where an executing handler yields the CPU to a waiting higher priority handler at well defined preemption points. The architecture provides several configurable policies for protocol processing and overload protection. We present extensions to the admission control procedure for real time channels to account for cooperative preemption and overlap between protocol processing and link transmission at a sending host. We evaluate the implementation to demonstrate the efficacy with which the architecture maintains QoS guarantees on outgoing traffic while adhering to the stated design goals
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