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Irwin 1 ¼" Wood Chisel
Irwin 1 ¼" Wood Chisel
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Technical specifications
|Handle type
|Soft grip handle with metal striking cap
|1 ¼"
Alternative product
Irwin Marples Wood Chisel 1 ½"
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First of all, it's important to understand what planning and building regulations are. It's easy to think of them as restrictive, bureaucratic tools put in place purely to thwart your ambitions. However, they're essential safety mechanisms which have been designed to protect you, your neighbours and the local environment.
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This cold chisel is made from chrome vanadium steel for a high quality and hard wearing tool Chrome vanadium resists 'mushrooming' of the striking face even after prolonged use Chrome vanadium maintains a sharp cutting edge for longer than softer steels Epoxy painted to help prevent rusting Guarded handle ...
Chrome vanadium steel for durability, blade requires less sharpening Resistant to spalling and mushrooming Guarded for hand protection
Honing guide, aluminium alloy steel construction with angle setting gauge Diamond stone size: 150x50mm, single sided


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Wassup?........aaaaggghhhh........0.0hey we all like the three systyms right? well for me, Im all about Nintendoand also with am a huge fan of the Halo Series, But I am a HUGE fan of sonic too, and i know everything about any sonic game,(ALLMOST)Every Mario, Link,and allmost about any other nintendo game.So if you want to be my friend, please send me a e-mail and I will get to it as soon as I can.
If you can read this, it means I am upset that brawl wont be out until march 9th!
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5m @ 6.1g/t Au, 2m @ 13.9g/t Au, 1m @ 14.6g/t Au, 1m @ 9.5g/t Au
Catalyst Metals Limited (Catalyst or the Company) (ASX: CYL) is pleased to advise that initial gold assays from a RC Blade/Hammer programme carried out at the Company's Four Eagles Gold Project during May and June 2016 further confirms the presence of significant gold mineralisation. Although only 2,331 metres (17 holes) were drilled before the onset of wet winter weather, intersections of greater than 1g/t Au were present in fourteen (14) of the completed holes. Most of the drilling was done at the northern end of the Hayanmi Gold Zone and generally confirmed previously reported mineralised zones.
Catalyst retains a 50% interest in the Four Eagles Gold Project whilst Gold Exploration Victoria Pty Ltd (GEV) is earning up to a 50% interest from Providence Gold and Minerals Pty Ltd by spending $4.2 million on exploration. To date, GEV has already earned a 25% interest in the Four Eagles Gold Project by spending $2.1 million. The Four Eagles Gold Project is situated in the Whitelaw Gold Fault Corridor where Catalyst controls tenements over a 75 kilometre strike length north of Bendigo in Victoria (Figure 1).
This programme involved the drilling of angled large diameter air core holes (RC Blade/Hammer) on the Hayanmi Structure and was a continuation of the programme commenced in January 2016. The Hayanmi Gold Zone is one of three gold trends identified at the Four Eagles Gold Project (Figure 2a and 2b). The overall objective of the programme is to complete drill traverses every 50 to 100 metres along the mineralised corridor to enable geological modelling of the gold mineralisation.
Hayanmi Prospect
A programme of approximately 4,000 metres of RC Blade/Hammer was planned but only 2,331 metres was completed between 17 May 2016 and 7 June 2016 before successive rain events and grain sowing caused the programme to be curtailed. The following significant gold intersections have been recorded and are shown diagrammatically on the plan and longitudinal projection in Figures 3 and Figure 4.
44 Kings Park Road, West Perth WA 6005 PO Box 778, Claremont WA 6910 Telephone: (61-8) 6263 4423 Facsimile: (61-8) 9284 5426
www.catalystmetals.com.au ABN 54 118 912 495
The longitudinal projection in Figure 4 suggests that the gold mineralisation has a generally flat or gentle plunge, possibly to the south but this cannot be confirmed without diamond drilling. These flat or gentle plunges are a characteristic of the total Bendigo-Fosterville district because the mineralisation is generally related to the intersection of steep fault structures with gently plunging anticlines. It is informative to look at this early stage information at Hayanmi in comparison to known gold mineralisation structures at Bendigo and Fosterville. On Figures 5 and 6, the current longitudinal projection at Hayanmi is shown at the same scale as the Bendigo New Chum lode and Fosterville respectively. Each of these known ore deposits contained gently plunging shoots that contained greater than one million ounces of gold over similar strike lengths to that observed at Hayanmi. It is hoped that further drilling at Hayanmi will better define the ore shoots within this 2.9 kilometre long structure.
It is also likely that the Boyd's Dam and Discovery gold zones at the Four Eagles Gold Project will have similar plunging morphology but additional future drilling will be required to establish this.
All of the assays quoted above have been obtained using a 25 gram sub-sample and an Aqua Regia digest followed by ICP-MS analysis but anomalous assays are being re-assayed by bulk leaching the total
± 2 kilogram sample. This provides an excellent check of the variability of gold at the Four Eagles Gold Project which tends to be fine grained and shows a low "nugget effect" compared to the Bendigo Goldfield.
Mr Bruce Kay, Catalyst's Technical Director, stated, "It is disappointing that more drilling could not be completed before the start of the wet season but the Four Eagles Joint Venture will be well placed to resume drilling on this prospective trend after the crops have been harvested in December 2016".
Full location data on the 17 RC Blade/hammer holes is shown on Table 1 and a Summary of Sampling Techniques and Reporting of Exploration Results according to the JORC Code 2012 Edition are tabulated in Appendix 1. Previous intersections shown on Figures 2a, 2b and 3 have been reported under the 2004 JORC Code. Maximum gold values in each hole are tabulated in Appendix 1.
Steve Boston Bruce Kay
Chairman Technical Director
Telephone: +61 409 574 515 +61 400 613 180
Competent person's statement
The information in this report that relates to exploration results is based on information compiled by Mr Bruce Kay, a Competent Person, who is a Fellow of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Mr Kay is a non-executive director of the Company and has sufficient experience that is relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the activity being undertaken to qualify as a Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (the JORC Code). Mr Kay consents to the inclusion in the report of the matters based on his information in the form and context in which it appears.
Much of the historical information relating to the Four Eagles project was prepared and first disclosed under the JORC Code 2004. This information has not been updated since to comply with the JORC Code 2012 on the basis that the information has not materially changed since it was reported.
Catalyst Metals Limited published this content on 28 July 2016 and is solely responsible for the information contained herein. Distributed by Public, unedited and unaltered, on 28 July 2016 01:01:02 UTC.
Original documenthttp://www.catalystmetals.com.au/images/catalyst---nireishool.pdf
Public permalinkhttp://www.publicnow.com/view/1CBFED31DDD6197507C26282C67C9F9F36283366


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A&E Biography
John McCain (Election Update Edition)
A&E Home Video DVD Clearance Sale (series)
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DVD Features:
- Rated: G
- Run Time: 47 minutes
- Video: Color
- Encoding: Region 1 (USA & Canada)
- Released: August 5, 2008
- Originally Released: 2008
- Label: A&E Home Video
- Packaging: Keep Case
- Aspect Ratio: Full Frame - 1.33
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- (Unspecified) - English
Performers, Cast and Crew:
|John McCain
Product Description:
Long before his 2008 bid for the White House, John McCain served as a Navy pilot in Vietnam, and was infamously shot down and held as a POW in Hanoi in 1967. This entry in the A&E Biography series chronicles the Arizona politician's career since his harrowing days as a serviceman, including his "maverick" moves in both the House and the Senate, and his failed 2000 presidential campaign against George W. Bush.
Description by New Video Group:
Shot down in 1967 while flying a mission over Hanoi, navy pilot John McCain became a POW for over five years. After finally returning to the U.S. and serving in the navy for another eight years, he channeled his incredible life experiences into a flourishing career in politics.
Now for the first time, BIO offers the comprehensive story of the life and career of JOHN MCCAIN, from his transitory naval base childhood through the 2008 republican primaries. Follow Senator McCain through his student days at the United States Naval Academy, his early political career in Arizona, and finally, through the tumultuous months of his 2007-2008 U.S. campaign. Perhaps best known for his leadership skills, his fight for finance reform, and his "maverick" political style, McCain has overcome all personal and professional obstacles with characteristic strength, daring, and resolution.
Filled with intimate interviews and recent campaign footage, JOHN MCCAIN documents the life and political career of one of the most renowned Republican leaders in American history.
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Paul Colichman and Beverly Hilton Hotel - Paul Colichman and Matthew Breen Thursday 29th March 2012 The Advocate 45th presented by Lexus at The Beverly Hilton Hotel - Arrivals (5 Pictures)
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Randal Kleiser and Beverly Hilton Hotel
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Valentino and Beverly Hilton Hotel
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The 1969 session, including the only known recording of 'Sunshine Woman' by the band, will be included on a re-issue of 'The Complete BBC Sessions'...
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The BBC drama starring Aidan Turner returns to BBC One on September 4th.
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A squeaking noise coming from the front end of the car I have checked all my brakes and the wheel bearing`s are fine the noise only appeares when driving at slow speeds. I fixed the problems with my brakes it was a caliper piston siezed and thanks for the help. The noise is driving me crazy
Monday, January 23rd, 2012 AT 10:39 AM


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Pedhoulas Vacation Packages
Pedhoulas is situated about 35 miles (56 kilometers) southwest of Nicosia, the country's capital.
Vacationing in this popular region should be an adventure, so set aside some time to take a road trip and uncover some of the other fascinating natural and man-made attractions around Pedhoulas. Polemi, is 19 miles (31 kilometers) to the east, and Ayia Marina Chrysochous is located 20 miles (32 kilometers) to the southeast.
Organize some transport and head to Limassol, a regional center, located 20 miles (32 kilometers) away from Pedhoulas. The city offers a number of points of interest, for example Frederick University, Dasoudi Beach and Heroes Square. Amathus Beach, Zoo Garden Limassol and Limassol District Archaeological Museum are just a sample of the other visitor attractions in Limassol.
Religion is a fascinating element of every region's DNA, so why not visit the area's many churches and other important religious sites. Learn something new by spending a few hours at Cyprus' thought-provoking art museums.
Have a break from traveling and cool off with a spot of freediving or swimming.
World travelers know that food is a wonderful way to uncover a destination's personality. Fish and also fresh vegetables are regularly used as part of dishes in this area. Sample the local meals, like yemista (stuffed peppers) and kleftiko (goat or lamb baked in foil). Pastish (cookie), a popular way to finish your meal. If you are after a typical non-alcoholic beverage, try the flavors of triantafyllo (cordial made from Damascus rose).
All things have to end, but be rest assured, when you have to leave the region, you'll be leaving with plenty of wonderful memories to remember your time here.


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Lazing on a Sunday Crafternoon (Paperback)Eliza Muldoon
Paperback Published: 13/03/2014
- In stock
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Lazing on a Sunday Crafternoon is a beautiful collection of 52 simple Sunday afternoon craft projects for mums and their kids. From a child's head band, apron or skirt to peg dolls, felt toys and practical bags, Eliza Muldoon's projects are fun and easy to make, even for the most artistically challenged! With useful tips on reusing everyday household items and instructions for basic sewing and craft techniques, Lazing on a Sunday Crafternoon will have you creating delightful things using nothing more than your own time and ingenuity.
Publisher: Murdoch Books
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"simple ideas for parent crafters"
A lovely book with lots of big pictures. The ideas are very simple. Would suit a mum (or dad) with children over the age of 5. Great for inspiration.
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Park Hotel dei Massimi
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Travel Blogs from Rome
Just roaming IN Rome....
... by the tour groups, it was for St Gregorius Maximus who I googled and found out was Pope Gregory I who died in 1607 and the Gregorian chants, or plainsong, are attributed to him. It was very detailed and worth a stop too. Also noted the huge doors as we went out, people were dwarfed.
We stopped at the obelisk in the middle of the square, there was another cache there so I took a photo for Chris to prove she'd found it, ...
May 16, 2000 (Tuesday)
... too bad! Church was very beautiful -- I remembered lots of it! St. Peter burned here, largest church in the world, floor shows where other churches have been I would have ended! We read Mona and walked around! Saw the Pieta (now behind bulletproof glass!). Could not get into the crypt or up to the Dome. Lines too long! Walked to Piazzo Novo ms to meat S&D but could not find them so we found a small, really cute, pizzeria and as we are eating our pizza, they walked by! ...
Italy and the Vatican- Week 9 (Part 4)
... in the store windows I needed to get one myself. I went with Becca and Kirsten, a new friend we met in the hostel to a recommended cannoli place and sat at the fountain in Piazza Repubblica as it just started getting dark. It was beautiful weather and the perfect last food I ate while in Italy.
We spent the rest of the evening talking with others in the hostel about our travels and things we have seen/done/learned/etc. There were people from all over the world there ...
When in, Rome? Nope...all OVER Italy!
... cool but kinda creepy because it mostly was a lot of mummified conjoined twin infants. Weird, irrelevant, kinda useless field lab and I'm upset that we wasted a day in Rome on it. I got to use my Italian with the tour guide though and he was surprised and pleased with my attempts and broken sentences.
That night I walked around with some of my friends into Civitavecchia which is the port we were in and we stopped at a place and ordered beers in broken ...
Rome of the ancients (Not us)
... everything you can so you can find a few mouthfuls of something tolerable. Why put a lot of little bits of inedible in front of someone instead of a couple of things that actually might be good! Anyhow---- the Emirates entertainment system is excellent.
We stopped briefly in Dubai and then on to Rome. We caught a bus into central Rome as the hotel I selected is located right next to the Termini Station- think Central. ...


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Good Morning.
This seams to maybe be a little off. Maybe another loan options Conv 30 or FHA 30 would be of help to you. We can also look at rehab loans too. Are you ... more
Good morning.
A couple questions. What was the date of the short sale? How much are you trying to get the HELOC for? How long have you lived in the home? I think we s ... more
FHA dont prohibit to rent basements, you can't use that income to qualify for an FHA loan,....
I have sold plenty of homes to Canadians and even Italians who only have a green card.
Call me to discuss if you aren't under contract with a Realtor currently :)
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I would be happy to help you with your Va loan if you have not been able to get it done yet.
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Three Franklin-area graduates – Rachael Acevedo, Brian Crupi and Angeline Herrick – are recipients of college scholarships from Northwestern Mutual, through its Foundation.
The mutual company has awarded 56 scholarships to southeastern Wisconsin high school graduates, who are children of Northwestern Mutual employees and retirees. The scholarship winners were chosen based on a number of criteria, including class rank, GPA, SAT/ACT scores, extracurricular involvement and employment history.
"Rachel, Brian and Angeline have demonstrated consistently strong leadership in both the classroom and the community," said John Kordsmeier, president, Northwestern Mutual Foundation. "The financial support from the company is not only an investment in each recipient's future, but it's also an investment in our future community leaders."
Since 1994, Northwestern Mutual, through its Foundation, has invested in the community with upwards of $6.1 million in scholarships to 742 high school graduates, all family sons or daughters of Northwestern Mutual employees and retirees. Students must enroll for full-time study at an accredited college, university or vocational/technical school. They are eligible to renew the scholarship for the remainder of their college career.
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The No. 1 Badgers and fourth-seeded Tar Heels face off in a West Region semifinal Thursday night at 7:47 p.m. ET in Los Angeles.
Wisconsin Badgers (33-3)
No. 1 seed, West Region
Coach: Bo Ryan (14th season)
Bid: Big Ten tournament champions
Starting lineup
G Bronson Koenig, 6-4, So., 8.6 ppg, 1.7 rpg, 2.4 apg
G Josh Gasser, 6-4, Sr., 6.8 ppg, 3.4 rpg
F Sam Dekker, 6-9, Jr.., 13.3 ppg, 5.4 rpg
F Nigel Hayes, 6-8, So., 12.6 ppg, 6.4 rpg, 2.1 apg
C Frank Kaminsky, 7-0, Sr., 18.4 ppg, 8.1 rpg, 2.7 apg
Story lines
— The Badgers could get a boost if senior guard Traevon Jackson returns to the lineup after missing 19 games with a broken foot. While Koenig probably will remain the starter, Jackson's experience off the bench definitely will be a bonus for the Badgers moving forward. He was averaging more than nine points and nearly three assists per game before his injury.
— Kaminsky is one of the 12 finalists for the Wooden Award. He was also the Sporting News Player of the Year. He's scored in double figures in all but one game this season. He leads the team in scoring, rebounds and assists. He scored a combined 43 points in Wisconsin's win over Coastal Carolina and Oregon. While he's been scoring, teams have seemed to figure out a way to slow him down by forcing him to go to his left in the post.
— Wisconsin is a No. 1 seed for the first time in 20 NCAA Tournament appearances. Should the Badgers reach the Final Four for the second straight year, Hayes could be the key. He got the Badgers off to a hot start against Oregon on Sunday, scoring 12 of his 14 points in the first half of the 72-65 win. Hayes scored 15 points in the opening-round win over Coastal Carolina.
MORE: Ranking the Sweet 16 teams | 21 interesting tourney facts | LINEMAKERS: Sweet 16 odds updated
North Carolina Tar Heels (26-11)
No. 4 Seed, West Region
Coach; Roy Williams (12th season)
Bid: At-large/ACC
Starting Lineup
G Marcus Paige, 6-1, Jr., 14.1 ppg, 2.9 rpg, 4.5 apg
G/F Justin Jackson, 6-8, Fr., 10.6 ppg 3.7 rpg
F Brice Johnson, 6-9 Jr., 12.9 ppg, 7.9 rpg
F Kennedy Meeks, 6-9, So., 11.6 ppg, 7.4 rpg
F J.P. Tokoto, 6-6, Jr., 8.4 ppg, 5.6 rpg, 4.3 apg
Story lines
— Meeks sprained his left knee during Saturday's 87-78 win over Arkansas and is questionable against the Badgers. Without Meeks, the Tar Heels might have a hard time matching up against Kaminsky and an even more difficult time staying with the athletic Dekker and Hayes. Meeks missed a game during the ACC tournament while battling an illness.
— With 11 losses, the Tar Heels may have been overseeded, but Williams says his team is gaining confidence and peaking at the right time. Tokoto and Jackson may be playing their best basketball of the season. Paige is the clear leader of the group and scored 20 of his 22 points in the second half against the Razorbacks.
— Williams has improved his lifetime tournament record to 65-22. The Tar Heels have not been to the Final Four since winning the national championship in 2009, but are in the Sweet 16 for the 31st time in school history.


text:
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Delayed Data
As of Jul 28
| -0.19 / -0.64%
Today's Change
Today|||52-Week Range
The 16 analysts offering 12-month price forecasts for BHP Billiton have a median target of 29.81, with a high estimate of 38.70 and a low estimate of 18.00. The median estimate represents a +0.84% increase from the last price of 29.56.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 2, 1995
|Filing date
|Nov 15, 1993
|Priority date
|Nov 15, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Stephen J. Bennison, Kurt R. Mikeska
|Original Assignee
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (10), Classifications (17), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the use of ceramics as functional materials in highly-corrosive environments, and more particularly to the use of alumina-based ceramic compositions as surface materials for environments containing hydrogen fluoride.
Alumina, has many desirable intrinsic physical properties including mechanical strength, temperature resistance, and electrical resistance, which are primarily determined by the crystal structure. Most processes used to obtain functional ceramic materials, such as alumina, consist of sintering (at a sufficiently high temperature) compressed particulate-porous compacts of fine, crystalline grains of appropriate starting materials to form strong polycrystalline products. During sintering, the particulate-porous compact undergoes changes in its structure which are common to porous fine-grained crystalline materials. There is an increase in grain size, there is a change in pore shape, and there is change in pore size and number. Sintering usually produces a decrease in porosity and results in densification of the particulate compact. The sintering process can be adjusted to control final grain size and density.
Reactions and thermal transformations that take place during sintering result in structures composed of an assembly of crystalline grains having irregular shapes and different orientations (polycrystalline). Depending on the starting materials and thermal treatment, more than one phase can develop during sintering. Polycrystalline structures with more than one phase are commonly called multiphase materials. The final properties of a polycrystalline structure are dependent on the interfaces or grain boundaries, and the presence or absence of multiphase material.
Additives may be used in the sintering of ceramic alumina compositions for several purposes. These purposes may include: grain growth repression or acceleration, reduction in sintering temperature, alteration in porosity and removal of impurities. In the preparation of alumina, if MgO is used as an additive, or if sufficient Mg impurity is present, spinel (MgAl2 O4) can form between grains and at triple points. (See Haroun, N. A. and Budworth, D. W., "Effects of Additions of MgO, ZnO and NiO on Grain Growth in Dense Alumina" Transactions of the British Ceramic Society, 69 (1970) 73-79. ) This is especially so when the amount of Mg in the alumina exceeds the solubility limit at the sintering temperature. Coble, R. L., U.S. Pat. No. 3,026,210 discloses a composition and method of preparation of transparent alumina, wherein the alumina is doped with up to 0.5 weight percent magnesia present primarily as an alumina-magnesia spinel.
The majority of commercially available aluminas are deliberately sintered via a liquid phase route through the use of additives such as oxides of silicon, calcium, sodium and potassium, often added in the form of minerals or clays. These additives enhance formation of silicate liquid phases, and the presence of these liquid phases during sintering aid densification at relatively low firing temperatures. They also form glassy (silaceous) grain boundary films on cooling which are readily attacked by aqueous HF acid. This attack of grain boundary films results in a rapid in-service disintegration of liquid phase sintered polycrystalline alumina components.
Even when liquid-forming additives are not used, sufficient impurities are generally present in the starting alumina powder to result in trace liquid formation upon sintering. Typical impurities include SiO2, CaO, Fe2 O3, TiO2, K2 O and MgO.
Additionally, Genthe, W. et al., "Influence of Chemical Composition on Corrosion of Alumina in Acids and Caustic Solutions", J. Eur. Ceramic Society 9 (1992) 417-425, specifically addresses the corrosion resistance of alumina doped with MgO and concludes that alumina samples doped with less than approximately 11,500 ppm Mg2+ to Al3+ ions, do not demonstrate any appreciable resistance to HF.
Improved materials of construction which can withstand acid, especially hydrofluoric acid (HE), exposure are needed in industry. The choice of materials for HF environments is limited as HF (especially aqueous HF) is corrosive to most metallic and many non-metallic materials. This narrows the choice of materials of construction for articles such as reaction vessels and handling equipment. The material choice is further limited as process temperatures increase, since corrosion is typically a reaction requiring energy to activate. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is often used in HF-containing environments, which limits processing temperatures to about 100� C. Therefore, the extension of existing processing temperatures is an important additional factor influencing the synthesis of new materials for use in HF environments. The principal advantage offered by ceramics in these environments is the ability to increase process temperatures with attendant improvements in process efficiency.
The present invention provides HF resistant articles comprising HF contact surfaces consisting essentially of a sintered, single phase, polycrystalline, solid solution alumina (Al2 O3) and magnesia (MgO) ceramic having a magnesia content no higher than the solubility limit of magnesia in alumina at the sintering temperature for said ceramic. A process is provided in accordance with this invention wherein solid surfaces are contacted with HF. The process is characterized by providing HF contact surfaces consisting essentially of sintered, single phase, polycrystalline, solid solution alumina and magnesia ceramic having a magnesia content no higher than the solubility limit of magnesia in alumina at the sintering temperature for said ceramic.
This invention involves HF contact surfaces of sintered, single-phase, polycrystalline alumina containing Mg. By single-phase is meant the presence of one chemical phase (excluding porosity). By polycrystalline is meant a structure composed of an assembly of crystalline grains having irregular shapes and different orientations. By HF contact surfaces, is meant any surface of an article which is contemplated for contact with or exposure to an HF containing environment. This includes inside surfaces, outside surfaces and exposed surfaces in porous articles. For example, an inside surface is the internal surface of a cylindrical containment or reaction vessel where the HF containing environment contacts the inside surface of the vessel. An example of an outside surface is an external surface of a heat exchanger tube where an HF containing environment contacts the inside surface of the tube. In a porous article, all surfaces exposed to the environment would be in contact with the HF containing environment.
This invention employs a sintered single phase alumina material which is fabricated to avoid the formation of siliceous grain boundary and spinel phases. Spinel and silica phases have been found by the applicants to readily dissolve in HF and detrimentally affect the corrosion resistance of sintered aluminas containing those phases. Single crystal alumina (sapphire) has demonstrated excellent corrosion resistance in aqueous HF, but the commercial use of sapphire is not considered feasible due to its limited formability and its prohibitive cost. To achieve a single phase polycrystalline alumina which approaches the corrosion resistance of sapphire in aqueous HF, MgO is added as a sintering aid in accordance with this invention because other liquid phase sintering aids typically result in residual grain boundary phases that are readily attacked by HF and inhibit corrosion resistance. The addition of MgO acts as a solid-solution sintering aid which promotes densification, controls (retards) grain growth and has been suggested to redistribute silica impurities (see Bennison, et al., "A History of the Role of MgO in the Sintering of α-Al2 O3 ", Ceramic Transactions, 7 (1990) 13-49). Based on the present findings, it is contemplated that since single-phase, polycrystalline alumina approaches the corrosion resistant behavior of single crystal sapphire, other materials fabricated as single-phase and polycrystalline would also be resistant in fluorine active environments, as long as the single crystal form possessed intrinsic resistance.
To minimize the formation of spinel, the solubility limit of MgO in Al2 O3 should not be exceeded. Therefore the upper limit of μmoles of Mg2+ per mole of Al3+ for the composition of the present invention depends on this solubility limit. The solubility limit will vary depending on many factors, most important of which is the sintering temperature (see Coble, R. L. and Roy, S. K., "Solubilities of Magnesia, Titania and Magnesium Titanate in Aluminum Oxide" Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 5[1] (1968) 1-6). The solubility limit is also affected by the impurity level in the starting alumina as well as the sintering atmosphere. Additionally, a reducing sintering atmosphere increases the solubility of Mg in alumina and an oxidizing atmosphere decreases the solubility. When the solubility limit is exceeded, spinel is readily formed during sintering.
Normally, the contemplated sintering temperature will range from about 1450� C. to about 1950� C. Generally in this range, the solubility limit of Mg2+ will vary from about 60 to about 3300 μmoles of Mg2+ per mole of Al3+, as approximated by the following formula for magnesia solubility under vacuum (see R. L. Coble et al., referenced above):
where X is the atomic fraction Mg/Al, and T is the absolute temperature.
The sintering temperature is preferably no more than about 1450� C. for porous bodies, but is usually above about 1550� C. (approximately 160 μmoles of Mg2+ per mole of Al3+) for dense materials. The sintering temperature should not exceed 2050� C. which is the melting point of alumina. This corresponds to an upper limit of about 6000 μmoles of Mg2+ per mole of Al3+. Preferably, the magnesia content corresponds to at least about 10 μmoles of Mg2+ per mole of Al3+. The preferred concentration level of magnesia for a given sintering temperature is the concentration at the solubility limit.
In the process of making articles of the proposed invention, use of a high purity starting alumina and semi-clean processing are key to avoiding formation of silicate based liquid phases. The higher the purity of the starting alumina, the less impurities present and therefore the lesser the amount of MgO needed to avoid formation of the liquid phases. Less pure alumina requires more MgO to achieve the demonstrated acid resistance, but only to the point the solubility limit is not exceeded. Generally the starting alumina should be at least 99.900% pure and this purity level must be maintained during processing. Sumitomo AKP-30, available from Sumitomo Chemical America, New York, N.Y., (which was indicated to be 99.995% pure) having a 0.5 μm crystallite size and 50% of agglomerates below 1 μm, was found to be a suitable starting alumina. The powder is derived from an alkoxide route and although the metal ion impurities are on the order of 10 ppm, the powder contains carbon residue of the order of 100 ppm.
Additionally, in the process for preparing the alumina and magnesia-precursor powder for making articles of the invention, all processing should be carried out in the cleanest conditions possible to avoid contamination of the powder and green body (material prior to sintering). Glassware and metalware should be avoided in the preparation and a clean hood should be used to minimize contamination by airborne-silica-containing dust. The preparation process preferably employs Teflon� beakers, stirrers and spatulas. If green processing aids such as binders or surfactants are employed, they should be of the clean-burning variety, leaving essentially no residue on heat treatment.
The preferred method to prepare a suitable alumina and magnesia-precursor powder for use in fabricating articles of the proposed invention, can be accomplished using the steps of (1) preparing a solution of Mg-containing precursor in a solvent in which Mg-containing precursor is soluble; (2) preparing a slurry of high-purity alumina in the same solvent used in step (1), the alumina being at least 99.900% pure, preferably at least 99.995% pure; (3) mixing the appropriate amounts of solutions (2) and (3) to achieve the desired ratio of Mg2+ to Al3+ ions; and, (4) heating the mixture until it is dry. In preparing the solution of step (1), any solvent for which Mg is soluble can be used. Such solvents include methanol, water or ethanol. The solvent should be of the highest purity available to again minimize contamination which could detrimentally affect the performance of the resulting product. The precursor can be a magnesium nitrate, acetate or stearate (as discussed in Cohen, A. et al., "Effect of MgO Dopant and Dispersant Method on Density and Microstructure of Alumina Ceramics", Advances in Ceramics: Structure and Properties of MgO in Al2 O3 Ceramics, 10 (1984) 780-790) or any other form that will decompose to MgO upon sintering.
In making articles of the proposed invention, the alumina and magnesia-precursor powder can be compacted by any compacting process yielding green densities of at least about 40%, preferably on the order of 55% or greater, of theoretical. During green processing, essentially clean-burning binders should be employed in order to minimize sources of contamination to the article. Appropriate compacting methods include slip casting, tape casting, double-ended die pressing, isostatic pressing and foreseeably, injection molding if a clean-burning binder is employed. The method will vary depending on the desired article to be fabricated. Useful articles within this invention include: pipes; tubes; cylinders; disks; plates; washers; liners; reaction and containment vessels; pump components (e.g., seals, casings, impellers); valve components (e.g., balls, gates, seats, trim); contact surfaces of instrument probes (e.g., thermowells, electrochemical and electromagnetic probes); column packing; catalyst support media; porous articles (filters or permeable media for liquids and gases); and transparent windows for ultraviolet, infrared, and/or microwave applications.
By way of a non-limiting example, the alumina and magnesia-precursor powder can be compacted by first lightly single-end die pressing a compact (at, for example, about 75 MPa). The pressure should be just sufficient to fabricate a green compact that can be easily handled; and a high purity graphite die, such as Poco Graphite AXF-5Q1 grade, as well as a steel tool die are considered suitable for such compacting. The green compact is then placed in a clean rubber isostatic pressing bag, evacuated with vacuum, and iso-pressed to say, about 224 MPa. The iso-pressing removes large scale defects produced by pressure gradients during single-end die pressing.
When sintering the green article, it is preferable to surround the article with material of the same composition and purity. This prevents contamination from the furnace and minimizes the loss of MgO. Effectively surrounding an article, such as a green compact described above, can be accomplished by using a covered crucible fabricated from the same starting material, or simply burying the green compact in a bed of the starting powder from step (4) of the powder preparation procedure described above.
The sintering atmosphere can be oxidizing, reducing or inert. Preferably, the temperature is ramped at 100� C./hr to 1000� C. and held for two hours. This effectively calcines the compact, distributing and decomposing the magnesium nitrate to the oxide and also removes carbon impurities through pyrolysis and oxidation. The heat treatment is continued by ramping at 500� C./hr to the sintering temperature (say, approximately 1650� C.) with a 1 hour soak, and the furnace cooled to ambient naturally under a power-off condition. Generally, the resulting sintered article of the preparation method discussed above has high (approximately 99%) density and a grain size of about 5 to 10 μm.
Most importantly, the resulting article of this invention is essentially devoid of spinel and second phases as demonstrated by its corrosion resistance.
Regarding commercial utility, the tolerable limit on corrosion for use in metallic vessels would be approximately 25 mils of metal/year, equivalent to approximately 635 μm of metal/year. More stringent corrosion requirements are needed for applications such as gears or valves, and thus could demand a tolerable limit lower than 25 mils/year.
The articles of this invention are useful in various processes in which HF contact is required. Such processes include processes involving a halogenation or dehalogenation reaction where HF is used as a reactant or is produced as a byproduct. Of note are fluorinations where halogenated hydrocarbons (typically halogenated hydrocarbons containing chlorine and/or bromine) are reacted with HF, and chlorofluorinations where halogenated hydrocarbons are reacted with chlorine and HF. U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,537 provides an example of a fluorination process where a saturated halogenated hydrocarbon containing chlorine (i.e., 1,1,1-trifluorochloroethane) is reacted with HF to form a saturated fluorinated hydrocarbon (i.e., 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane). U.S. Pat. No. 4,766,260 provides an example of a fluorination process where an unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbon containing chlorine (e.g., tetrachloroethylene) is reacted with HF to form saturated halogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine (e.g., 1,1,1,2-tetrafluorochloroethane and 1,1,1-trifluorodichloroethane). U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,791 provides an example of a liquid phase process wherein unsaturated starting materials (alkenes) are reacted with HF to produce fluorinated products. Also of note are dehalogenation processes for the production of vinylfluoride along with HF byproduct; and processes involving a reaction where HF is a reactant for producing a fluoroaromatic product (e.g., fluorobenzene and meta-difluorobenzene). The articles of this invention are also useful for processes where halogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine are reacted with hydrogen in the presence of HF. U.S. Pat. No. 5,136,113 discloses an example of catalytic hydrogenolysis of fluorohalocarbons (e.g., 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and fluorohalohydrocarbons (e.g., 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) to produce less halogenated products (e.g., 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) including some products containing fewer fluorine substituents (e.g., 1,1,1-trifluoroethane). The articles of this invention are also useful for processes involving HF production, storage and/or shipping.
Typically, in these processes, surfaces are contacted with HF at a temperature between about 0� C. and 700� C. Often temperatures are between 0� C. and 200� C., particularly for liquid-phase reactions. Nevertheless, the ceramic surfaces of this invention may be used advantageously at relatively high temperatures (e.g., a temperature between about 350� C. and 700� C.).
The present invention can be further understood by reference to following non-limiting examples, wherein all temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius (�C.), corrosion is expressed as μm/yr and mils/yr, and the amount of MgO present in a given sample is expressed in molar ppm, that is, as μmoles of Mg2+ per mole of Al3+.
A compact was prepared in the following manner:
(1) Approximately 125 g of Sumitomo AKP-30 (0.5 μm), available from Sumitomo Chemical America, New York, N.Y., Al2 O3 was weighed and placed in a Teflon beaker with a graphite bottom for hotplate use.
(2) Approximately 0.4 g of Mg(NO3)2. 6H2 O was added to high-purity methanol and stirred until dissolved into solution.
(3) The Mg (NO3)2. 6H2 O/methanol solution was then added to the Al2 O3.
(4) This mixture was heated to 40� C. and stirred with a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) stirrer until the slurry thickened.
(5) The stirrer was removed and the remaining solvent was allowed to evaporate off. A perforated plexiglass cover was used over the container to prevent contaminants from entering solution.
(6) When dry, the powder was crushed using a jar rolled over the sample which was contained within a plastic bag.
(7) The powder was pressed into pellets using 6500 psi (44.8 MPa) pressure. These pellets were placed on a bed of unpressed sample powder, covered with additional sample powder and placed in a covered container.
(8) The assembly was then placed into a furnace and sintered in air to 1650� C. as follows: 2� C./min up to 1000� C. and held at 1000� C. for 2 hours; 8� C./min to 1650� C. and held at 1650� C. for 1 hour; then cooled. The resulting pellet was flat, tan in color, having no large cracks.
(9) Corrosion testing was accomplished by first weighing the sample and then placing it into a 37% HF solution heated to 90� C. The sample was weighed at the 1 week and 2 week interval.
Corrosion results are tabulated in Table I.
Samples were prepared by dry pressing at 6500 psi (44.8 MPa) the powders as received from the vendors (listed below) without the addition of processing aids such as surfactants or binders. The powders were pressed into approximately 0.5 inch (1.27 cm) diameter and approximately 0.375 inch (0.95 cm) thick pellets.
Sumitomo AkP-30 was obtained from Sumitomo Chemical America, New York, N.Y.
Alcoa A16 was obtained from Alcoa Industrial Chemicals, Box 300, Bauxite, Arz. 72011.
Showa A145-1 and A145-H was obtained from Showa Denko, Alumina Division; 10-12, Shiba Koen 2-chome; Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105, Japan.
The materials of Comparative Examples A through D were subjected to corrosion testing in the manner described above for Example 1. Results are shown in Table I.
These samples were tested for corrosion as described in Example 1 as is, that is, in sintered compact form supplied by the vendor. Results are shown in Table I.
Coors AD 99.9, AD 99.5, AD 94.0 and Optical Grade Spinel were obtained from Coors Ceramic Company, Structural Division, 600 9th Street, Golden, Colo. 80401.
Cercom 99.99 Al2 O3 was obtained from Cercom Inc., 60 Watson Way, Vista, Calif. 92083.
Sapphire was obtained from Saphikon, 33 Powders Street, Milford, N.H. 03055.
Haynes Alloy No. 242 (65% Ni, 25% Mo, 1% Fe, 1% Co and 8% Cr) and Hastalloy B2 (69% Ni, 26% Mo, 3% Fe, 1% Co, 1% Cr) were obtained from Haynes International, Inc., 1020 West Park Ave., P.O. Box 9013, Kokomo, Ind. 46902-9013.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________EXPERIMENTAL CORROSION DATA(Aqueous HF, 90� C.) Prep. Sintering μm/ mils/Ex Composition Method Temp �C. year year__________________________________________________________________________1 Al2 O3 Sumitomo/500 ppm MgO Solution/Dry Press 1650 53 2.1A Sumitomo AkP-30 Dry Press 1700 3822.2 150.5B Alcoa A16 Dry Press 1550 ConsumedC Showa A145-1 (1.8 μm) Dry Press 1700 55335.1 2178.5D Showa A145-H (3.0 μm) Dry Press 1700 2494.9 98.2E Coors AD 99.9 (Nom. 99.9% Al2 O3) Vendor N/A ConsumedF Coors AD 99.5 (Nom. 99.5% Al2 O3) Vendor N/A ConsumedG Coors AD 94.0 (Nom. 94.0% Al2 O3) Vendor N/A ConsumedH Cercom 99.99 Al2 O3 Vendor N/A 7826.5 308.1I Saphikon Sapphire Vendor N/A 6.7 0.3J Coors Optical Grade Spinel (MgAl2 O4) Vendor N/A 1897.5 74.7K Haynes Alloy No. 242 Vendor N/A 4115.0 162.0L Hastalloy B2 Vendor N/A 13259.0 522.0__________________________________________________________________________
The corrosion information in Table I was calculated from weight loss data taken after two weeks of exposure and is given as the corrosion rate, D, in mils/yr and μm/yr. The corrosion rate, D, is determined by: ##EQU1## where ΔW=Wo -Wi (Wo is the initial sample weight and Wi is the instantaneous sample weight), ρ is material density, Sa is surface area and t is time. D can also be viewed as the rate of material thinning or the rate at which the material is being corroded away at its exposed surface. D is also used to predict material life.
Corrosion resistance in aqueous HF was tested in the following manner. Samples were weighed before and after exposure to the corrosive environment. The corrosion conditions consisted of a 38.26% HF/61.74% water (48% reagent grade aqueous HF diluted to 38%) solution at a temperature of 90� C. and atmospheric pressure. Samples were exposed to these conditions for a total of two weeks. Sample dimensions to determine surface areas were also measured prior to exposure.
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|Gen Electric
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|Dec 16, 1969
|Jacques Maurice Paris
|Methods of manufacturing metallic oxides and in particular mixed metallic oxides and their solid solutions
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|Kali-Chemie Ag
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 16, 1996
|Feb 17, 1998
|Saint Gobain Industrial Ceramics Corporation
|Process for analyzing analytes using HF-resistant ultrasonic nebulizer components
|Nov 4, 1996
|Aug 3, 1999
|Rutgers, The State University
|Hydrofluoric acid resistant ceramic mortar
|Jul 7, 2001
|Sep 30, 2003
|W. C. Bradley/Zebco Holdings, Inc.
|Non-wear drag washer for fishing reels
|Nov 23, 1998
|Oct 28, 2003
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Plasma fluorine resistant alumina ceramic material and method of making
|Jul 27, 1999
|Nov 9, 2004
|Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited
|Alumina sintered body and process for producing the same
|Mar 23, 2006
|Apr 6, 2010
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Ink jet printing of etchants and modifiers
|Oct 11, 2007
|Jul 30, 2013
|Synchron Laser Service Inc.
|Micro-machining of ceramics using an ytterbium fiber-laser
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|Waldrop Robert P
|Ink jet printing of etchants and modifiers
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|U.S. Classification
|106/14.05, 106/287.17, 501/119, 106/286.6, 501/127, 106/286.5, 501/153, 106/286.8
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 4, 1994
Owner name: E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BENNISON, STEPHEN JOHN;MIKESKA, KURT RICHARD;REEL/FRAME:006850/0518
Effective date: 19931115
|Nov 2, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 4, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 15, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 2, 2007
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 26, 2007
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20070502


text:
I think my generic summary would be very different from my truest "core" self. If I say I'm a happily married, sane, well-educated, environmental engineer, I practically put myself asleep, not to mention boring most of the women I would best get along with. My other side is as a long haired, athletic, self-effacing, helpless romantic and hedonist, with a barbed wit who writes bloodly awful poetry without apology. I'm looking for a woman who is confident, open minded, and able to laugh with and at others and herself with equal abandon.
I am sarcastic, smart, and silly
This year I decided that 20 years as an environmental engineer is enough, and that I have enough time for a second career. I recently completed anatomy, physiology, and microbiology classes and if they are any indication, it looks like I have the interest and aptitude for a second career in medicine. Looking forward to the learning ahead and in getting myself into a career where i can help people more directly, rather than pushing papers all day....
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As for food-I have pretty broad palette for good food, which is one of the reasons I love the bay area. Sushi is high on the list. I love a lot of international food. Fruits and veggies that come from the farmers market (nothing better than a tomatoe fresh off the vine and nothing worse than some hard thing from the supermarket). I tend to eat simple hearty fare, as opposed to the restaraunts where the garnish size exceeds the food size. I'm a substance over flash kinda guy.
The Sierras (especially Tuolumne Meadows)
Daily Play


text:
World Bulletin/News Desk
Nigeria's finance ministry said on Friday it would not pay subsidies to fuel importers it was investigating for fraud, listing 21 local firms and pledging not to back down despite union strike threats.
A presidential committee, led by Access Bank chief Aigboje Aig Imoukhuede, is verifying all fuel marketers' claims before the finance ministry pays them any subsidy, it said.
Nigeria is among the top 10 crude oil exporters in the world but due to decades of corruption and mismanagement it has to import most of its refined fuel needs.
A parliamentary probe in April uncovered a $6.8 billion scam in the fuel subsidy administration, one of the biggest corruption scandals in Nigeria's history.
It found that marketers were claiming subsidy for fuel they never delivered or that they sold to the country's neighbouring states.
Unions, which are largely controlled by the companies, threatened to strike unless payments were released.
There were fuel shortages in the capital Abuja this week, as some marketers withheld deliveries, and Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala condemned what she called "blackmail" in a news conference on Thursday.
"It is clear that those behind the strikes are marketers being investigated for possible fraud," a finance ministry statement said on Friday.
"These elements have now resorted to hiding behind the unions to unnecessarily antagonize government and create hardship for Nigerians ... No degree of blackmail will stop the government from doing its work."
Another investigation by a committee President Goodluck Jonathan set up found that fuel traders fraudulently collected 382 billion naira ($2.38 billion) last year in subsidy payments.
In January Jonathan tried to end the fuel subsidy, which economists say is wasteful and corrupt, but a week of strikes and protests over petrol prices forced him to partly reinstate it.
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