text:
Personal Website
John D. Gallemore studies financial institutions, financial reporting, corporate taxation, regulation and regulators, and internal information quality. His papers have been accepted for publication in the Journal of Accounting & Economics and Contemporary Accounting Research. He has presented at several accounting and banking conferences, including the UNC Tax Symposium and the FDIC Bank Research Conference.
Prior to his return to academia, Gallemore worked as a consultant for Navigant Consulting. During his time there, he worked on projects involving banks that failed during the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s. These projects provided Gallemore an appreciation for the interactions between accounting information, bank choices, and regulation, which has influenced his research and teaching.
Gallemore earned his Ph.D. in accounting from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. During his time in the Ph.D. program, Gallemore was awarded one of the ten 2012 Deloitte Foundation Doctoral Fellowship Awards, and was the American Accounting Association's representative at the 2013 European Accounting Association Doctoral Colloquium in Paris, France. Additionally, he holds a Master's in Business Administration (where he finished first in his class), a B.S. in Business Administration, and a B.A. in Political Science, all from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Outside of research and teaching, Gallemore enjoys playing and watching sports, reading, traveling, and spending time with his wife and daughters.
New: Banks As Tax Planning Intermediaries
Date Posted:
Jun 17,
We provide the first large-sample evidence of banks playing an important role in facilitating tax planning by client firms. Capturing bank-client relationships using lending contracts and measuring borrower tax avoidance with the three-year cash effective tax rate and the unrecognized tax benefit balance, we document the extent to which banks are associated with tax avoidance by corporate borrowers. In multivariate analyses, we find that the average tax avoidance of a bank's other borrowers is an economically important determinant of a client firm's own tax avoidance. In additional tests, we find evidence consistent with this result being driven in part by banks acting as tax planning intermediaries. Finally, we find that clients experience meaningful increases in tax avoidance when they begin a new relationship with a bank whose existing borrowers are substantial tax avoiders. Overall, our results suggest that banks, in addition to being financial intermediaries, also act as tax ...
New: Deposit Insurance and Bank Financial Reporting Transparency
Date Posted:
Mar 15,
This study examines the effect of deposit insurance on bank financial reporting choices. We exploit a change in the deposit insurance coverage of northeastern U.S. banks during the 2007-09 financial crisis and examine whether banks that experience an increase in deposit insurance coverage alter their financial reporting behavior relative to unaffected banks. We find that the deposit insurance coverage increase leads to greater financial reporting opacity: income smoothing is greater for treatment banks relative to control banks after the coverage increase. Furthermore, we find that the treatment effect is stronger for banks that are more reliant on deposit funding, have a greater proportion of deposits that are uninsured, and have lower capital ratios. These cross-sectional results are consistent with the deposit insurance coverage increase affecting reporting choices by weakening depositors' demand for transparency. Overall, our findings suggest that deposit insurance affects bank ...
REVISION: The Effect of Corporate Taxation on Bank Transparency: Evidence from Loan Loss Provisions
Date Posted:
Feb 16,
We examine how the corporate tax system, through the tax treatment of loan losses, affects bank financial reporting choices. Our identification strategy exploits cross-country and intertemporal variation in corporate tax rates and the tax deductibility of loan loss provisions. Using an international sample of banks, we find that the loan loss provision is increasing in the corporate tax rate for countries that permit the tax deduction of general provisions. Furthermore, we show that this effect is driven by the corporate tax system encouraging timelier loan loss recognition: the extent to which future and current loan portfolio quality deteriorations are incorporated in the loan loss provision is increasing in the tax rate when the provision is tax deductible. We also find evidence that the corporate tax system encourages provisioning by banks with capital ratios close to the regulatory requirement and in countries with relatively weak banking supervisors. Finally, we find that the ...
REVISION: The Importance of the Internal Information Environment for Tax Avoidance
Date Posted:
Sep 10,
We show that firms' ability to avoid taxes is affected by the quality of their internal information environment, with lower effective tax rates (ETRs) for firms that have high internal information quality. The effect of internal information quality on tax avoidance is stronger for firms in which information is likely to play a more important role. For example, firms with greater coordination needs because of a dispersed geographical presence benefit more from high internal information quality. Similarly, firms operating in a more uncertain environment benefit more from the quality of their internal information in helping them to reduce ETRs. In addition, we provide evidence that high internal information quality allows firms to achieve lower ETRs without increasing the risk of their tax strategies (as measured by ETR volatility). Overall, our study contributes to the literature on tax avoidance by providing evidence that the internal information environment of the firm is important ...
REVISION: Bank Executive Overconfidence and Delayed Expected Loss Recognition
Date Posted:
Oct 16,
While prior work shows that delayed expected loan loss recognition is related to lending propensity (Beatty and Liao, 2011), bank risk (Bushman and Williams, 2011), and bank risk taking (Bushman and Williams, 2012), we provide evidence that executive overconfidence is a potential driver of delayed expected loan loss recognition. We find that overconfident bank CEOs and CFOs recognize lower loan loss provisions and incorporate current and future deterioration in nonperforming loans in their loan loss provisions less than other bank CEOs and CFOs. Our evidence of delayed expected loss recognition is driven primarily by CFOs, consistent with CFOs being closer to the financial reporting function than CEOs. The study is important because it demonstrates that manager characteristics can have meaningful economic consequences for financial institutions through the reporting of asset risk.
REVISION: The Reputational Costs of Tax Avoidance
Date Posted:
Oct 07,
We investigate whether firms and their top executives bear reputational costs from engaging in aggressive tax avoidance activities. Prior literature has posited that reputational costs partially explain why so many firms apparently forgo the benefits of tax avoidance, the so-called "under-sheltering puzzle." We employ a database of 118 firms that were subject to public scrutiny for having engaged in tax shelters, representing the largest sample of publicly identified corporate tax shelters analyzed to date. We examine the reputational costs that prior research has shown that firms and managers face in cases of alleged misconduct: increased CEO and CFO turnover, auditor turnover, lost sales, increased advertising costs, and decreased media reputation. Across a battery of tests, we find little evidence that firms or their top executives bear significant reputational costs as a result of being accused of engaging in tax shelter activities. Moreover, we find no decrease in firms' tax ...
© Copyright 2004-2016 The University of Chicago Booth School of Business


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 29, 1988
|Filing date
|Sep 9, 1985
|Priority date
|Sep 9, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Lucien D. Yokana
|Original Assignee
|Sterling Extruder Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (27), Classifications (12), Legal Events (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the field of extruders for polymers and in particular to an improved extruder screw for extruder apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
The popularity of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) film is primarily based on its relative low cost and good mechanical properties such as tear strength, puncture resistance, tensile strength and environmental stress-crack resistance. The growth of LLDPE resin comes mostly from replacement of the polyolefin resins, low density polyethylene (LDPE) in particular.
The conversion of LDPE extruder lines to LLDPE extruder lines is not an easy proposition. LDPE screws, when used for LLDPE extrusion, require more torque and power than is available from most LDPE blown film extruder drives. This requires the LDPE extruder drive be regeared or supplied with a more powerful drive. The regeared or modified drive extruders tend to deliver melt temperatures much higher than desired for film blowing. This is due to the difference in the shear rheology of LLDPE as opposed to LDPE. LLDPE is more viscous in the range of extruder shear rates than is LDPE. Therefore it requires more energy to extrude. This energy manifests itself as increased heat causing higher temperatures.
The purpose of this invention was to develop a screw that would melt all thermoplastic materials at a lower and more controlled melt temperature, more uniform pressure and consume less power doing so.
The extruders currently used for LDPE have an elongated opening at one end of a barrel which may be heated or cooled at specified locations along its length. An extruder screw is positioned within the barrel and runs the length of the barrel. The screw has a helical thread or flight on its surface which is in close fit with the cylindrical surface of the barrel. The screw is rotated about its axis to work the plastic material and force it toward the outlet end of the extruder.
An extruder screw usually has a plurality of sections such as a metering section, a feed section and a transition section. The feed section is usually provided beneath the opening in the hopper which feeds the polymer to be extruded into the extrusion apparatus. The feed section will normally extend into the barrel of the extruder. The screw diameter, or "root", in the feed section is usually the smallest on the screw. This allows the feed section to pull large amounts of polymer powder or pellets into the extruder so they may be compressed in the forward screw portions. This overfill is desirable as the extruder obtains optimum performance when the space between two adjacent flights is completely filled with material with a minimal number of voids.
In a common extruder screw there is a transition section after the feed section. In the transition section the root increases thus decreasing the volume of space which is available for the polymer and thereby compressing it.
The transition section is followed by a metering section of constant root. A large part of the shearing and polymer melt occurs in the section as the polymer moves along the screw length.
The shearing of the material as it moves along the extruder screw through the barrel generates heat and melts the polymer. Most of the melting occurs at the barrel surface. As the polymer melts and the flight behind the polymer moves forward, the melted polymer flows down the face of the flight, forward along the root of the screw and up the back of the lead flight. This will sometimes cause a pocket of polymer solid to become encapsulated within the melted polymer pool which is flowing around the perimeter formed by the two adjacent flights, the screw surface and the barrel surface.
The conventional feed-transition-metering type of extruder screw was designed for the general extrusion of all thermoplastics. However, when the same type of extruder screw is used with LLDPE the power consumption and exit temperatures increase while maximum output or throughput decreases. In order to improve the performance of the extruder without regearing, a screw was developed having two transition sections and two metering sections. U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,291 to Miller et al. discloses such a screw. Such a screw provides a separate compression and metering section; however, there is no assurance of proper and complete melt as the solids bed may become encapsulated.
There has been proposed an extruder screw with a barrier flighted section. The barrier flight assists the extrusion process by separating the melt pool from the solids bed. This leaves the solids bed to be worked and heated to melt it.
The extruder screw and method of the invention provides a compression section which provides the polymer with a separation of the melt pool from the solid bed. At the same time, the screw of the invention reduces the power consumption of the extruder as compared with prior known extruders while maintaining or increasing throughput.
The extruder screw of the invention has a feed section associated with a multi-stage compression section followed by a metering section. The compression section has three portions, two transition portions with a barrier flighted portion disposed therebetween. The barrier flighted portion is actually comprised of two flights, a main flight and a barrier or moving flight. The barrier flight begins in the main flight and then separates from it. Thereafter it is disposed between the main flight and the flight in front of the main flight. The position of the barrier flight relative to the two surrounding flights changes at positions along the screw. The position changes to have the effect of moving the flight forward from the main flight until it connects with and blends into the forward flight.
The barrier flight is not as high as the main flight and therefore a gap between the barrel and barrier flight is provided. The melt pool flows back over the barrier while leaving the solids bed disposed between the barrier flight and the forward flight. This separates the melt pool from the solids bed and prevents unwanted encapsulation of the solids bed. The barrier flight also serves to compress the solids bed even though in one embodiment the root diameter of the screw in the barrier flighted section actually decreases. This serves to separate the melt from the solids and eliminate undesired voids in the solids bed which prevent the solids from being properly worked. This provides improved mixing and quicker melt of the polymer without excess melt temperature or increases in power consumption.
FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of the extruder screw of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a view of the screw of FIG. 1 with portions removed;
FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of an alternate embodiment of the extruder screw of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a view of the screw of FIG. 3 with portions removed;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing melt temperature versus head pressure in the prior art screw and the present screw at 40 RPM; and
FIG. 6 is a graph comparing output of the screw of the invention to the prior art screw at 40 RPM.
The screw 1 of the invention includes a screw body with differing root diameters as shown in FIG. 1 with the barrel represented schematically. Overall, there is a feed section 2, a compression section 3 a metering section 4 and a mixing head 6.
The screw 1 has a helical flight 5. The flight 5 is of constant pitch and outer diameter. The flight 5 terminates at a mixing head 6 of any suitable type known to those skilled in the art. In the feed section 2 the screw root diameter is the smallest of the root diameters on the screw. This provides a large zone defined by the screw root, two adjacent flight convolutions and the inner surface of the barrel. As described above, the feed section 2 is designed to receive the polymer powder or pellets for extruding. As the polymer passes along the feed section 2 it is worked by the friction and shearing caused by the relative movement between polymer, screw and barrel. This work creates heat which begins to soften and melt the solids.
The polymer then passes into the compression section 3 of the screw. The first portion in the compression section is the transition portion 7. This transition portion has a variable root diameter which increases in the direction of polymer flow. The transition portion 7 is of a length which constitutes about one-half turn or more of the flight. The root increases in size and thereby compresses the polymer slightly as it enters a barrier flighted portion 8.
The barrier flighted portion starts with a single main flight 9. A second flight called a barrier flight 10 separates from the main flight 9 and is disposed between two adjacent convolutions of the main flight 9. The barrier flight 10 is of a slightly smaller outside diameter than the main flight 9 and of a different pitch. The pitch of the barrier flight causes it to move further along the longitudinal axis of the screw per convolusion than the main flight. This allows the melt pool, that is the polymer which has already melted, to flow over the barrier and be contained in the space behind the barrier flight 10. The pitch of the barrier flight is such that its position between the two adjacent convolutions of the main flight is constantly moving toward the more forward of the two flights. This causes the space containing the solids bed to shrink while the space containing the melt pool increases thus separating the melt from the solid and eliminating voids in the solids bed which may occur. This assures that the melt pool will flow to a position behind the barrier flight leaving the solids bed segregated and unencapsulated. Because the solids bed is unencapsulated it is worked to a greater extent which creates more of a melt pool which flows over the barrier flight into the space 11 behind the barrier flight 10. If any of the solid polymer is forced over the barrier flight in solid form, it will be subject to intense shearing forces caused by the relative movement of the barrier flight 10 and the barrel. This assures that all the polymer is melted when it reaches the space 11.
At the end of the barrier flighted section the barrier flight joins the main flight ahead of it and space 11 becomes the space in front of the main flight between two adjacent convolutions of the main flight. In one embodiment the root diameter of the screw is constant throughout the length of the barrier flighted section. However, in an alternate embodiment (FIGS. 3 and 4) the root diameter actually decreases allowing the barrier flight to move more quickly across its path and thus providing melt over a shorter distance.
The last section in the compression portion is a second transition section 12. This transition section is similar to the first transition section 7. However, the variable root diameter in this section increases to the final, largest diameter of the screw. The rate at which the root diameter increases in the second transition section 17 may be greater than in the first transition section 7. This is especially true if the alternate embodiment is used where the root diameter actually decreases along the barrier flighted section.
The final section is a metering section 4 which may have a constant root diameter or a slightly increasing root diameter. The extruder screw terminates in a common mixing head 6.
In a preferred embodiment, the extruder screw is is two and one-half inches in diameter and has a 30:1 length to diameter ratio. It is used in a common extruder apparatus with a 50 HP, DC drive geared to a top speed of 65 RPM. The feed section is nine flight lengths long; the first transition portion is three flight lengths long; the barrier flighted portion is seven flights long with the barrier flight itself having only six flights; the second transition portion is two flight lengths long; the metering section is seven flight lenghs and the mixing head is two flight lengths long.
Alternatively, the screws may have a 24:1 length to diameter ratio. In that case, the feed section is nine flight lengths long; the first transition portion is two flight lengths long; the barrier portion is five flight lengths long with only six barrier flights; the second transition portion is two flight lengths long; the metering section is four and one-half flight lengths long; and the mixing head is one and one-half flight lengths long.
In these two examples, there are fewer barrier flights than main flights in the barrier portion. This is because the barrier flight has a greater pitch and therefor travels more of the screw length per convolusion.
FIGS. 5 and 6 compare the melt temperatures and output efficiencies of a single transition barrier screw (screw A) and the screw of the invention (screw B), when extruding LLDPE at 40 RPM. As can be seen in FIG. 5, an average decrease in stock outlet temperature of 30� is encountered by using the screw of the invention as opposed to the prior art. This indicates less energy wasted in the extruder which manifests itself as excess heat. FIG. 6 shows that there is approximately a twelve percent increase in power efficiency between the screw of the invention (avg. 9.34 lbs/hr/hp) and the prior art screw (avg. 8.33 lbs/hr/hp).
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 11, 1971
|Oct 17, 1972
|Midland Ross Corp
|Extruder, or extruder-like melting apparatus
|Aug 10, 1972
|Feb 18, 1975
|Goodrich Co B F
|Apparatus for extruding polymeric material
|Feb 19, 1980
|May 18, 1982
|W. H. Willert, Inc.
|Plasticizing screw
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 14, 1988
|Jan 17, 1989
|Harry Chan
|Extruder screw with balanced flights of different functional sections
|May 12, 1988
|Oct 10, 1989
|Paul Geyer
|Extrusion apparatus
|Sep 14, 1988
|Jun 4, 1991
|Advanced Recycling Technology Ltd.
|Extrusion screw for thermoplastic matter
|Aug 30, 1991
|Aug 25, 1992
|Toshiba Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha
|Barrier screw
|Mar 8, 1991
|Jan 12, 1993
|Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
|Extruder screw mixing head
|Sep 29, 1993
|Sep 12, 1995
|Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
|Process and device for producing extrudates from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene
|Dec 14, 1995
|Feb 4, 1997
|The Black Clawson Company
|Extruder screw for plastic extruders
|Aug 29, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|General Electric Company
|On-line rheometer device
|Sep 25, 1998
|May 2, 2000
|Hpm Corporation
|Plasticating apparatus having a multichannel wave screw with a cross channel solids transition
|Sep 25, 1998
|Oct 17, 2000
|Hpm Corporation
|Multichannel wave screw with a slush channel barrier section
|Sep 3, 1999
|Jan 23, 2001
|Davis-Standard Corporation
|Extruder screw
|Sep 3, 1999
|Jan 30, 2001
|Davis-Standard Corporation
|Extruder screw
|Sep 25, 1998
|May 22, 2001
|Hpm Corporation
|Surge suppressor for vented injection molding machine screw
|Sep 11, 1999
|Jun 18, 2002
|General Electric Company
|Scaleless on-line rheometer device
|May 6, 2002
|Feb 15, 2005
|Berstorff Gmbh
|Extruder for processing rubber mixtures
|May 31, 2001
|Aug 16, 2005
|Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha
|Injection molding method
|Nov 8, 2000
|Nov 8, 2005
|Randcastle Extrusion System, Inc.
|Extruder mixer
|Dec 24, 2003
|Mar 21, 2006
|New Castle Industries, Inc.
|Plasticating screw and apparatus
|Aug 28, 2003
|Feb 12, 2008
|Lindauer Dornier Gesellschaft Mbh
|Plasticating screw for an extruder or extrusion press, having a narrower land width in the transition region
|May 15, 2012
|Chung Chan I
|Scientifically designed barrier screw
|May 6, 2002
|Dec 5, 2002
|Contitech Holding Gmbh
|Extruder for processing rubber mixtures
|May 31, 2001
|Jan 16, 2003
|Hiroshi Yamaki
|Injection molding method
|Dec 24, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|New Castle Industries, Inc.
|Apparatus for plasticating thermoplastics
|Aug 28, 2003
|Feb 2, 2006
|Friedrich Mueller
|Plastifying screw for an extruder or a forcing machine, having a narrower thread width in the tansition region
|Sep 8, 2011
|Chung Chan I
|Scientifically designed barrier screw
|Aug 25, 2010
|Apr 6, 2011
|Screw kneading block and screw
|Aug 31, 2005
|Mar 9, 2006
|Mayco Plastics, Inc.
|Blending device for co-extruding multilayer film laminate having at one least colored ionomeric layer and at least one additional layer bonded thereto
|U.S. Classification
|366/79, 366/89, 425/208
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 30, 1987
Owner name: STERLING EXTRUDER CORPORATION, 901 DURHAM AVENUE,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:YOKANA, LUCIEN D.;REEL/FRAME:004660/0403
Effective date: 19861210
Owner name: STERLING EXTRUDER CORPORATION, A CORP. OF NEW JERS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:YOKANA, LUCIEN D.;REEL/FRAME:004660/0403
Effective date: 19861210
|Dec 10, 1990
Owner name: APV CHEMICAL MACHINERY, INC., A CORP. OF NEW JERSE
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:BAKER PERKINS, INC., A CORP. OF MICHIGAN MERGED INTO;STERLING EXTRUDER CORPORATION, A CORP. OF NEW JERSEY, CHANGED TO;REEL/FRAME:005576/0186
Effective date: 19871214
|Jan 8, 1991
Owner name: CROMPTON & KNOWLES CORPORATION, ONE STATION PLACE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:APV CHEMICAL MACHINERY;REEL/FRAME:005557/0740
Effective date: 19901210
|Sep 30, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 31, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 22, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Mar 15, 2005
Owner name: CK WITCO CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:CROMPTON & KNOWLES CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015766/0983
Effective date: 19990901
|Mar 18, 2005
Owner name: CROMPTON CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CK WITCO CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015788/0676
Effective date: 20000427
|May 16, 2005
Owner name: KEYBANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:DAVIS-STANDARD, LLC;REEL/FRAME:016561/0287
Effective date: 20050429
|Aug 4, 2005
Owner name: SAVID, LLC, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CROMPTON HOLDING CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:016353/0468
Effective date: 20050427
Owner name: CROMPTON HOLDING CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CROMPTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:016353/0383
Effective date: 20050427
Owner name: CROMPTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC., CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CROMPTON CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:016353/0351
Effective date: 20050427
|Feb 2, 2006
Owner name: DAVIS-STANDARD, LLC, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:SAVID, LLC;REEL/FRAME:017105/0415
Effective date: 20050429
|Apr 18, 2007
Owner name: KEYBANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, OHIO
Free format text: COLLATERAL ASSIGNMENT AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:DAVIS-STANDARD, LLC;REEL/FRAME:019280/0757
Effective date: 20061030
|Dec 28, 2011
Owner name: DAVIS-STANDARD, LLC, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:KEYBANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION;REEL/FRAME:027452/0839
Effective date: 20111223
|Dec 29, 2011
Owner name: DAVIS-STANDARD, LLC, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:KEYBANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION;REEL/FRAME:027458/0627
Effective date: 20111223

subset: commoncrawl


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Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: HTC One X, White 16GB (AT&T)
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5.0 out of 5 stars
stop whining about locked bootloaders!
C. Wang
on May 13, 2012
I'm tech savvy, but I am also aware that 99% of the users will never bother boot loading their phones, and it's not fair to see the complaints of the remaining 1% occupying 50% of the reviews here, making this excellent phone seem utterly worthless.
Now, for the remaining 99%:
I like new phones, and I've recently moved from a iPhone 4 to Galaxy SII, now to this HTC One X.
First of all, the screen is gorgeous. I loved the Retina Display on the iPhone, and although the Galaxy SII has a vivid OLED display, the resolution is significantly lower, and is further worsened by the larger screen. After getting used to the iPhone 4, I simply can no longer stand pixelation when reading! Another thing about the Samsung OLED is that the color looks a lot more saturated than normal. Therefore the pictures simply look inaccurate - a "normal" looking picture on the phone looks washed out on the computer, and a color-balanced picture on the computer simply looks too saturated on the phone. The HTC One X has a color-accurate IPS screen (so does the iPhone 4), but at the whopping 1280x720 resolution (compared to 960x640 on the iPhone). I simply cannot see how anyone will claim this screen is worse than the iPhone's. HD video simply looks amazing on it.
Did I mention HD video? Youtube HD looks great, but the phone does get a bit hot, and drains quite some battery when doing so. The screen is bright enough for usage under sunlight, but does drain more battery. The screen itself can account for >50% of power consumption. Without watching video, I can get a full day of normal usage with about 30% battery left at the end of the day. But if you are one of those who isn't always on your phone, 10 hours of stand-by drains the battery by only 10% (no kidding! I tried that today).
Another point people love to whine about is its lack of a quad-core processor, available in its Asia market. The fact is, this dual-core is more than sufficient, and I would take a power-efficient dual-core LTE processor anyday, over a power-hogging quad-core without LTE, and without a significant performance improvement. Trust me, you do not need quad core, but you WILL wish you can get 25 Mbps of download speed. Living in Los Angeles, I've been consistently getting LTE in most places. Download speed varies from 25+ Mbps (5 bars) to 8 Mbps (3 bars).
I regretted giving up the iPhone right after I got my Galaxy SII, but the One X has made me a believer in Android. Thank you HTC!
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3.0 out of 5 stars
Binary Spin
on August 9, 2012
Update 9/23/12: I just downgraded my review of this phone from 5 to 3 stars for two reasons:
1. Battery life is worse than advertised and battery is non-replaceable.
2. This phone does not have an SD card slot and only about 8GB of space is available for storage. I knew this when I bought it, but wasn't concerned because the AT&T sales rep who sold me the phone in an AT&T store showed me in the HTC USER MANUAL where it comes with 23GB free space on dropbox (for two years), and dropbox is integrated into the latest HTC Sense operating system.
According to the manual, after setting up dropbox, photos and videos are automatically uploaded to dropbox after capture. Had also read several reviews that mentioned HTC was doing this due to the lack of an SD card slot. So when I recently started running out of space after several minutes of HD videos (one of the phone's best features) I went to claim my 23GB free space on dropbox (supposedly automatic after completing the "getting started" steps). But it was not to be. HTC & dropbox now say that AT&T is "not participating in this promotion" and only the 2GB free storage is available (with a little more if you jump thru dropbox hoops and invite friends, etc.).
The problem is that the user manual says NOTHING about any "promotion" or required carrier participation. The dropbox storage is depicted as a feature of the phone in the user manual (even the manual currently on the AT&T site), which makes sense due to the miniscule and non-upgradeable on-board memory. And now I see that AT&T is offering a competing online storage plan that you is PAY after 5GB. Maybe that's the reason AT&T?
In any case, this is unseemly, cheap and probably illegal, since it is advertised and sold as a feature of the phone, and is further depicted in the user manual as such. It also makes a phone that does excellent 1080p video virtually useless for events (sports/outdoor activities, weddings, parties, etc), with 8GB or less usable storage. Really wanted a phone that does great pics & video (which it does) so I wouldn't have to carry another camera along.
AT&T and HTC should correct this oversight now, or stop with the false advertising! With only 8GB of storage available, this phone is much less appealing and much less useful.
I've had this phone for almost 2 weeks - upgraded from a HTC Inspire 4g. Wasn't going to bother since I really liked the 4g and didn't think it would be that much of an improvement. I was very happily surprised! HTC really hit the sweet spot with this phone, because:
- The SCREEN is just absolutely gorgeous! Much deeper colors, much brighter than the 4g and I can see it perfectly fine in bright sunlight (one drawback of the Inspire 4g). And the colors are ACCURATE (unlike Samsung screens), which is great for photos and videos.
- I've now totally given up on carrying a digital camera for anything. The camera on this phone is simply amazing - photos and video are at least as good as most point-and-shoot digital cameras. You'll be surprised how good it is.
- The larger screen size is just right - wasn't sure I wanted to go larger than the Inspire 4.3" screen, but now I love the One X 4.7" screen. The extra size makes texting, email and videos much easier to do.
- The phone itself is not much larger (screen goes closer to the edge), but it is very noticeably lighter than the 4g.
- No problem at all running Ice Cream Sandwich, which is much easier to use than Gingerbread. Everything happens much faster.
- Does everything faster - only have 4g where I live, but I get about 30% faster speeds than with the Inspire 4g, and web pages load about 3x faster due to the speed and better CPU.
- Battery life is excellent. It seems even better after the update which downloaded about a week ago (will prompt you and will only download over wi-fi).
- The beautifully sculpted body and gorgeous screen make iPhone 4 owners jealous.
If you're eligible for an upgrade, get one. You won't regret it.
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5.0 out of 5 stars
Beautiful Design. Screen, and great performance.
Dan Levy
on June 3, 2012
Color: Grey
Hey guys. Writing this review as an android enthusiast, coming from an Atrix 4G.
As far as this phone goes, the design is beautiful. Unibody construction, fluid design, smooth surface, semi-gripped outer finish, and glass curved into the design of the phone.
Two buttons, a single lock button, and volume control. Aux jack on top.
Front Facing camera's slightly embedded into the phone, pushed back a few mm.
Back of the phone is very minimal-single LED Flash with camera, Speaker grille on the bottom center, under the removable sticker with your Serial/etc on it.
Nonremovable battery (unfortunately), and micro-sim slot next to the lock button.
Three touch buttons on the bottom; no menu.
The screen is again, absolutely beautiful. IPS display, highest resolution on the market today. Colors are clear, perfectly saturated, and the brightness on this screen (the maximum) is blinding. Easily viewable in sunlight, or at any (yes, any) angle.
--Performance (OS and Camera)--
The phone runs a dual-core 1.5 GHZ S4 setup, unlike the global version. Personally, I've seen little to no lag going through every process, from setting up the phone, to installing new apps, to performing root operations.
Opening and closing applications is quick, no lag.
The multitasking built into sense (by HTC) works very well. I've heard of complaints about it being too aggressive, but it seems to work quite well, and memory is managed efficiently between sense, background apps, and foreground-running apps.
Sense 4.0 is the cleanest version of sense i've ever seen, and the fastest running too. No bugs yet, and all of the widgets and effects are flawless. Just the way i'd expect ICS to run.
The one flaw I had with the phone is the lack of the menu button. Using all apps, a small bar is added on the bottom of all apps running that can be used to hit menu. This is decently annoying because this shrinks the actual usable screen area, though not by much. This is also especially frustrating with third party launchers; the bar takes up valuable space.
The camera on this device is BEAUTIFUL. It shoots very fast, with a good continuous shot amount. The aperture of the lens is f/2.0, which is great. Haven't had any experience shooting lower light photos, but i'd imagine this kind of aperture performing very well in combination with the added graphics chip for the camera.
1080P Video looks very good, and photos are crisp and minimally saturated/minimally noisy. Best camera on a phone i've seen (though, iPhone 4S comes very close to beating it).
No FPS issues as displayed in some YouTube videos.
--Data Speeds, Connectivity, Calls, Speakerphone--
As far as data speeds go, I can only comment on HSPA+ connectivity. I live in an area that does not yet have LTE (at least, AT&T LTE), Long Island, NY. HSPA speeds have always been up and down on the various HSPA devices i've owned (Inspire 4G, Atrix 4G, this phone).
I can get anywhere from 1.3MBPS on an average day, to 7.9MBPS (DOWNLOAD) on a great day (or at 5AM any day of the week). Upload speeds are usually around 1MBPS, never lower than 0.9MBPS.
At the time of this review, data was measured to be: 5.97MBPS DOWN, 1.21MBPS UP, WITH 68MS PING ON HSPA at 3:24AM on 6/3/2012.
On this phone, I am getting a constantly higher data speed than on my other previous phones. The ping also appears to be lower in the various apps i've tested with; a good 50ms faster.
Connecting to data is usually snappy, though, loading some applications can be a drag. That's AT&T though, not the phone.
As soon as LTE comes into my area i'm hoping for around 20MBPS+ (DOWNLOAD) as many people have been getting not too far from me (NYC).
Signal strength on this phone seems to be very good, as many other reviewers have said. It rarely ever drops, and data connection seems to stick. SMS, MMS, and Calls are VERY FAST. Calls connect within two seconds, on average. Text messages are sent within three to five seconds (which is average) but MMS messages are sent much quicker than on any other phone i've tested. And i've owned "a few" smartphones (Backflip, Atrix, Inspire, iPhone 4, HTC One X).
Calls sounded very clear on my end, with no distortion.
On speakerphone, voices and treble did seem a bit muffled. It doesn't get very loud, and it isn't powerful at all. But it's tiny, as the back grille shows you. This phone's more of a music phone (as in headphones, using the aux jack) than speakerphone. So I understand HTC's cutting corners here.
-----Final Thoughts-----
This screen is huge. Coming from an Atrix, this phone is totally different. Though, because of how beautiful it is, I can CONFIDENTLY say I have no regrets. One suggestion I do have, for consumers- get a case. And a good one, apparently this screen breaks easily if dropped.
Other than the size, everything about this phone is beautiful.
The following things are rated from 1-10.
Design: 10
Weight: 10
Price: 10
Connectivity (Data): 9
Speed (Data at Time of Review): 8
OS and Software (Preloaded): 10
Storage Space Available: 7
Expandability (Space): 6 [No SD Slot, though the 23GB of DropBox is GREATLY appreciated]
Camera (Photo/Video): 10
Carrier: 7
Calls, Audio: 10
Battery: 8
******* *******
Overall Rating, out of 100: 93%
If you have any questions about my review, or this phone in specific, feel free to leave a comment on this review.
Good luck.
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2.0 out of 5 stars
Replacement #3 in 6 months
on January 15, 2013
Color: White
I have always been a die hard HTC fan but this model is making me think it is time to change. I was tickled when I fist bought this model, but now 6 months later, I am awaiting warranty replacement #3 as I do this review. Here are the combined issues I have had with this model:
1. Lighted buttons on the phone work intermittently.
2. Sim card reader burned out on first phone.
3. Problems with intermittent sim card errors on second phone.
4. Launcher occasionally resets itself when unlocking phone.
5. 4g data quit working on 2nd phone.
I usually do not carry phone insurance and did not on this one. Although all these problems I have had so far are under the 1 year manufacturer warranty, I am now worried that I have a high likelihood of having to by a new phone at full price after warranty runs out. Not because of my handling of the phone, because I am always extra careful, but because I have a strong chance that replacement #3 will not make it until my 2 year At&t renewal discount.
This phone is great in day to day use, but the reliability has been terrible for me. perhaps you will have better luck? or maybe not?? Buyer beware.....
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4.0 out of 5 stars
Best Android Phone on ATT - some poor choices
Amazon Customer
on May 8, 2012
Color: White
I've switched to the OneX from a Samsung Captivate that I had from the first day it was released. I do know my way around Android and then some (I'm a software engineer by profession). Here's my impressions of the phone after a couple of days of use - hope it helps others to make an informed decision :
** Snappy and responsive - and very good specifications. I know most people dont care but here's the deal : If you buy your phone on contract you want it to last at least a year and a half without it becoming obsolete. I had the experience with Captivate - I was able to resist switching to the latest and greatest as my phone was great when it first arrived and was good enough at the end of the upgrade cycle.
** Great camera - the best you can find in today's market (under carrier contract).
** Sleek design - the 4.7" screen just melts away. My wife's iPhone 4s feels chunky beside it. Have no problems having this in trouser pockets or jeans and no - it doesn't show an inappropriate bulge.
** Some poor design choices by HTC - they may not all be an issue for everyone but as an end user we pick and choose what WE want - not what is jammed down our throats. The battery size is small for the screen size (1800 mAh) and would not last more than 20 hrs for light to moderate use or 8-12 hrs for heavy use. Also, the battery is not user replaceable. There is no memory expansion slot for plugging in our own micro-SD card. I can live with both these design choices but others may find it a dealbreaker.
** Software has a learning curve - this is minor though. In fact I do like the look and feel of HTC Sense 4 after a couple of days. There sure a a few quirks about the interface that I'm still getting used to.
** Locked Bootloader and "crippled" Google Wallet - I know this is a touchy subject and people would rant over taking off a star just because it is the fault of AT&T (I'm sure its only speculation but I do feel its true) but please understand that we are talking about the AT&T version of the phone so I feel it valid. I'll go into more details below.
"Locked Bootloader":
Most reviewers claim this is a non issue and it doesn't matter to the general public. But here's my take on this coming from personal experience. Android phones in general tend to lag behind in updates from carriers and companies due to the nature of the business and other factors. meanwhile the software ecosystem around Android keeps moving forward creating an unpleasant user experience as time goes along and we still cannot "upgrade" the phone as we are stuck in the contract cycle. I had this happen to me with Samsung Captivate - the phone came with "Eclair" version of Android and took 8 months after the release to move to Froyo and then another 6 months to Gingerbread. Meanwhile the user experience around Android apps was moving towards ICS. The only thing that kept me happy was that at the end of my official warranty period I could visit a development community and "upgrade" my phone unofficially to ICS. I also noticed that most of my coworkers who weren't software geeks had done that to their Sprint EVO phones too and claimed that that was the only thing keeping them on the phone long enough for the next best thing to arrive while not tied to a contract.
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2.0 out of 5 stars
I bought this phone in May 2012
Kelly Randall
on March 25, 2014
Color: Grey
I switched over from Sprint to AT&T in May 2012. I had been using an iPhone 4s on Sprint's network and wanted a change. I had preferred Droids as my previous smartphone had been a Droid, and my friend who worked for AT&T suggested I buy the OneX or The Galaxy S3. I had heard good things about both companies, though at the time Samsung was not quite as big of a player in the market as HTC and due to the shortage of One X's (this was during Apple's let's sue everyone campaign) I decided on the One X. I thought why not get a phone that was not as available to the public as the S3 and when I first got the phone and started playing with it/setting it up I fell in love.
I was not off put by the fact that I needed a computer to change/set up the way the phone looked, in fact I thought it made the profile look crisper and better and more personalized. I would say for about the first three months I had this phone I loved it. It was after about three months that I started noticing some features on other phones that were quite a bit more impressive than my own. To me it was as though I had bought this phone after it had been out some time and not virtually right after it was released. I will state the pros and cons I feel. These are just my opinions.
Speakers: Although the beats audio is a nice feature unless you have those specific headphones the sound has no detectable difference. What is detectable, however is how quiet the speakers are. This makes watching videos or showing a song/video to a friend quite difficult, I have also missed calls, texts and alarms due to simply not hearing my phone.
Body/design: When I first got this phone it was a giant on the industry, now it is average or dare I say small. I personally love the design of this phone. It is sleek, modern and attractive. I still think the design is one of the best things about this phone. However, the white one (the one I purchased) has a tendency to show every speck of dirt and grime and unless you use a case (which will cover up the cool "boat" design) your phone will likely become dirty quick.
Cameras: The front facing camera is poorly engineered at best. It is embedded deeply into the front and collects dirt and dust like a magnet. I have to clean it out with a q-tip at least once a month just so I can see the low quality pictures it takes. The back camera was great when it first came out, but now it is nothing special. Plus side the flash is very bright.
Speed: This phone has no external storage and 8GB is nothing. The phone will fill up quickly and slow down quickly. I notice a lot of lag as swipe between screens.
Battery life: And now here we are, the reason I gave this guy two stars. The reason I called AT&T and got them to give me a free upgrade early. The wonderful battery life or the "HTC Curse". When you first buy this phone you will likely not notice anything about the battery life. In fact it will seem like an average phone to you. However as the months go by you may notice you are having to charge it a lot more, in fact it seems as though you are continually charging it throughout the day. Eventually you will need to keep it on a charger just to keep it turned out. Eventually the phone commits suicide and if you're like me you use your insurance to get another one. Phone two, same pattern. Phone three same pattern. Phone four same pattern and I am getting upset. Phone five. I did not plug it in overnight, o well it was at 90% when I went to to bed and I have all my background apps/back lights off. Check phone upon waking up-5%. Yeah time for a new phone.
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3.0 out of 5 stars
Short term solution
Kristen K
on July 5, 2016
Color: Grey
Verified Purchase
It's an okay phone for the short term but I have found that there are often "bugs" when getting a refurbished one. I've had two and neither has made it 7 months without significant issue. (volume and headphone problem; will not charge)
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5.0 out of 5 stars
What's all the fuss about?
on June 3, 2012
Color: Grey
Most of the things that people are deducting 2-3 stars for are petty compared to the overall quality of this phone.
Fits perfectly in your back pocket. The phone is super slim, but doesn't feel fragile.
The screen is incredible.
As you can guess, the dual-core processor makes this phone incredibly fast. I run 4-5 things at once without a problem.
Android 4.0 is good, not great. It is what it is.
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5.0 out of 5 stars
Bought both Samsung S3 and the HTC One X: HTC wins
on June 18, 2012
Color: Grey
As I work for an Android development firm we got a selection of devices recently. Included in the selection was both the HTC One X (the X) and the Samsung S3 (the S3). Both devices run the Android operating system or a flavour tweaked by either HTC or Samsung. Overall, the performance differences between the two devices are limited. Visually the two devices are quite different to look at. But just feel, the HTC wins easily. Feels much better in the hand than the S3. Personally I prefer the unibody build which HTC have used in this phone. Both devices have ARM-based Quad processors. Pixel density in the screen is higher in the X than the S3. One must remember that Samsung are in the display market in a major way. But again the difference in display density is small (312pixels per inch vs 302 for the S3). I didn't see any difference between the screens, even though they definitely use different technology. Find the HTC Android cleaner and more vanilla than the S3. But you can always put your own Android on a device or tweak the interface. S3 has a lot of bloatware included. Found it irritating to flip through all the apps and prefer the HTC Sense UI. The HTC Sense UI does integrate a lot of services I use, like Dropbox and Skype. You can add these yourself with the S3 but again, its not as intuitive. In terms of camera, the HTC wins for me. Should be noted that both are 8MB. Recording video with the HTC was definitely better. Battery wise, my HTC was running on average 28 hours without a charge. The S3 was running 31 hours on average without a charge and normal daily use. In a normal day, I usually charge at two points anyway - the office and at home. So battery shouldn't be such an issue. There have been some complaints that the S3 doesn't read some NFC tags. The HTC worked with all tags we had.
The HTC to me is a better build and HTC have enhanced Android far better than Samsung. It feels strong, like it'll last a long time with the chassis. The S3 feels a bit too fragile and I did scratch the S3 quite easily by mistake. Both phones are very similar. Best to go out and get a feel for both of them. My recommendation is the HTC. Really have to tip my hat to the guys developing it. Really great device. The HTC just won it for me.
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2.0 out of 5 stars
Nice phone with bad battery and software bugs
on September 12, 2012
Color: White
Looks and works great when it is all charged. However battery dies rapidly. No convenient way to carry extra battery!!
With LTE, Wifi, GPS and Bluetooth turned off, it easily lasts all day. GPS seems to drain the battery the most.
Bugs in wifi and switching tasks were fixed but there are still issues with power management.
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5.0 out of 5 stars
iPhone 4 to HTC one x
Amazon Customer
on November 24, 2012
Color: White
We have a few Apple products in our household - 2 iPads,2 iTouches, but only 1 iPhone now. I just was not excited to upgrade to the iPhone 4s or even the 5. I guess I got bored. I think Apple makes great products and I actually feel a bit guilty, though I am not sure why. I researched phones for several days, it was between this phone and the Galaxy S3. When I went to the store to try the phone out in person, I just liked the look and feel of the HTC one x better ($100 less in price is good also). I have absolutely no regrets. I am even more excited than when I went from the Blackberry to the original iPhone! My favorite upgrade is the big and beautiful screen. I haven't had any trouble transitioning to my first Android phone, the time learning the phone has been fun. I am really impressed with the functionality of this operating system. It is blazing fast, good battery life, great design. I don't have a problem with the amount of storage, I use cloud for my music and streaming pandora is smooth. The only thing I haven't liked so far is the default mail app, I am using the google mail app instead, which is not a problem. I will love it even more when I stop expecting that home key to work like my iPhone's did. Great phone! The BEST smartphone I have owned so far!
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5.0 out of 5 stars
Best smartphone I have ever used
Amazon Customer
on August 12, 2012
Color: White
I have owned an iPhone 4 and most recently a Samsung Galaxy S 2 (both on AT&T). While I didn't care for the small screen of the iPhone or the Apple control freaks, I really grew to detest the Galaxy. In the year that I owned it, it was plagued with hardware and software problems which Samsung and AT&T were unable to fix. After AT&T replaced the Android Gingerbread OS with Ice Cream Sandwich OS things got worse. Sometimes I couldn't even make or receive calls. Since the Galaxy was under warranty, AT&T was willing to replace it with a HTC One X. I have used the One X for a week now and can report that it is a vast improvement over the Galaxy and even the iPhone. Basically, it operates flawlessly. Speed of operations is excellent. Applications operate reliably without crashing.
The screen is big and provides beautiful color rendering and, while it doesn't have the high contrast of the Galaxy, it doesn't oversaturate colors like the Galaxy did. Conversation audio quality is great. Unfortunately, the speaker is on the flat surface of the rear panel, so both audio quality and volume decrease when the phone is placed on its back. The volume and power buttons are almost flush mounted so activating either is a bit challenging. Based on other reviews I had concerns about battery life but, even with moderate use, it lasts two days between charges. Finally, the HTC Sync Manager makes synchronizing files and information with your PC a real pleasure and a vast improvement over iTunes.
Overall, this is the best smartphone I have ever used.
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Community Status Updates
Puffy Snivy → Admin
Please fix the driver error. Me, Oranda, Savy, Zach and Pixie all have driver error now.Mar 02 2013 11:26 AM
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National Distribution
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Global Range: Mahonia aquifolium has two divergent ranges in North America; Alberta south through California and northern Mexico and Ontario south through Kentucky. It is native in Alberta south through California, but an escaped landscaping plant in the eastern portion of the U.S. and Canadian range.
Physical Description
Diagnostic Description
Comments: Relatively dry to moist rocky sites in open coniferous forests, and forested slopes from 400-2,100 m (Pojar and MacKinnon 1994, Vance et al. in press).
Foodplant / saprobe
epiphyllous, dimorphic conidioma of Ceuthospora coelomycetous anamorph of Ceuthospora mahoniae is saprobic on dead leaf of Mahonia aquifolium
Remarks: season: 3-4
Foodplant / parasite
aecium of Cumminsiella mirabilissima parasitises live leaf of Mahonia aquifolium
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, covered then erumpent stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Cytospora foliicola is saprobic on dead leaf of Mahonia aquifolium
Foodplant / parasite
Erysiphe berberidis parasitises Mahonia aquifolium
Foodplant / feeds on
pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma mahoniae feeds on leaf of Mahonia aquifolium
Foodplant / spot causer
scattered, smoky-ochraceous, often barren pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta mahoniae causes spots on fading leaf of Mahonia aquifolium
Remarks: season: 9-3
Foodplant / feeds on
scattered to loosely gregarious pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta mahoniana feeds on fading leaf of Mahonia aquifolium
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / parasite
pycnium of Puccinia graminis parasitises live, fresh leaf of Mahonia aquifolium
Other: minor host/prey
General Ecology
Berries and leaves are browsed by ungulates and rodents (Tilford 1998).
Life History and Behavior
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Mahonia aquifolium
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Berberis aquifolium
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
National NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N4 - Apparently Secure
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
Reasons: Mahonia aquifolium is native and relatively common in western North America, from Alberta south through California into northern Mexico. Roots, stem, and leaves of this species are wild-collected for medicinal use and are traded in the medicinal, herbal, and landscaping markets. M. aquifolium is reportedly used as a substitute for an herb that is heavily commercially traded. It is also the preferred species in this genus for commercial collection due to its large root size. This species may be threatened over time by increased interest in its medicinal properties if wild-collection is not monitored.
Comments: Mahonia species are reportedly used as a substitute for goldenseal (Tilford 1998). Some experts in the medicinal plant industry have suggested that trade is medium to large and demand has increased over the past ten years (Robbins 1999). According to Michael McGuffin, president of the American Herbal Products Association, current demand is relatively modest. But increased interest is possible. Therefore, trends in commercial interest and collecting activities should continue to be monitored even though it is relatively common in its native range. This species is traded in the medicinal, herbal, and landscaping markets (Vance et al. in press). Mahonia aquifolium is the preferred species in this genus for commercial collection due to large root size (Vance et al. in press). See Vance et al. (in press) for suggested guidelines for sustainable harvesting techniques.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Economic Uses
Uses: MEDICINE/DRUG, LANDSCAPING, Cultivated ornamental
Production Methods: Cultivated, Wild-harvested
Comments: This species is cultivated and wild-collected; seeds and plants are commercially available (Vance et al. in press).
Mahonia aquifolium
Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon-grape[4] or Oregon grape) is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to western North America. It is an evergreen shrub growing to 1 m (3 ft) tall by 1.5 m (5 ft) wide, with pinnate leaves consisting of spiny leaflets, and dense clusters of yellow flowers in early spring, followed by dark bluish-black berries.[5]
The specific epithet aquifolium means "holly-leaved", referring to the spiny foliage.[6] The common name is often (always in the UK) left un-hyphenated as Oregon grape, though doing so invites confusion with the true grapes. Some writers avoid this confusion by using "Oregon grape-holly", or "Oregon holly-grape" as a vernacular name for any species of mahonia. It also occasionally appears in print as Oregongrape. There are several common species of Oregon-grape, many with numerous cultivated varieties (cultivars). Among these are tall Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium); Cascade, low, dull, or dwarf Oregon grape (M. nervosa); and creeping Oregon grape (M. repens).
M. aquifolium grows to 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in–6 ft 7 in) tall by 1.5 m (5 ft) wide, with pinnate leaves up to 30 cm (12 in) long, each leaf made up of spiny leaflets. The leathery leaves resemble holly and the stems and twigs have a thickened, corky appearance. The flowers, borne in dense clusters in late spring, are yellow, and are followed by spherical dark dusty blue berries, which give rise to the common name "Oregon grape".[7]
Some authors place Mahonia in the barberry genus, Berberis. [8][9][10][11] The Oregon-grape is not related to true grapes, but gets its name from the purple clusters of berries whose color and slightly dusted appearance are reminiscent of grapes. .
Mahonia aquifolium is a native plant in the North American West from Southeast Alaska to Northern California, and eastern Alberta to southern Colorado, often occurring in the understory of Douglas-fir forests (although other forest types contain the species) and in brushlands in the Cascades, Rockies, and northern Sierras.
In some areas outside its native range, M. aquifolium has been classified as an invasive exotic species that may displace native vegetation.[12][13]
M. aquifolium is a popular subject in shady or woodland plantings. It is valued for its striking foliage and flowers, which often appear before those of other shrubs. It is resistant to summer drought, tolerates poor soils, and does not create excessive leaf litter. Its berries attract birds.[5]
Numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
- M. × wagneri 'Pinnacle'[14] (M. aquifolium × M. pinnata)
- 'Apollo'[15]
Other Uses[edit]
The small purplish-black fruits, which are quite tart and contain large seeds, are included in smaller quantities in the traditional diets of Pacific Northwest aboriginal peoples, mixed with Salal or another sweeter fruit. Today they are sometimes used to make jelly, alone or mixed with salal.[16] Oregon grape juice can be fermented to make wine, similar to European barberry wine folk traditions, although it requires an unusually high amount of sugar.[17] The inner bark of the larger stems and roots of Oregon-grape yield a yellow dye; the berries give purple dye.[18] As the leaves of Oregon-grape are holly-like and resist wilting, the foliage is sometimes used by florists for greenery and a small gathering industry has been established in the Pacific Northwest.
Medicinal use[edit]
Some Plateau Indian tribes used Oregon-grape to treat dyspepsia.[19]
Certain extracts from Mahonia aquifolium may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis,[20][21][22][non-primary source needed] although side effects include rash and a burning sensation when applied.[20]
Recent studies indicate that M. aquifolium contains a specific multidrug resistance pump inhibitor (MDR inhibitor) named 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin (5'-MHC) which works to decrease bacterial resistance to berberine in vitro.[23]
Oregon grape is the state flower of Oregon.[24]
- ^ Tropicos
- ^ The Plant List
- ^ Flora of North America vol 3
- ^ "BSBI List 2007" (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ a b RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1-4053-3296-4.
- ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-84533-731-5.
- ^ Michael P. Williams (2012). "Berberis aquifolium, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora". Retrieved 2013-08-08.
- ^ Flora of North America, vol 3
- ^ Loconte, H., & J. R. Estes. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565-579.
- ^ Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 30(1):53-55.
- ^ Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.
- ^ North Carolina Botanical Garden / Conservation / Plants to Avoid in the Southeastern United States
- ^ Plants to Avoid in the Southeastern United States Tennessee Invasive Exotic Plant List
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Mahonia × wagneri 'Pinnacle'". Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Mahonia aquifolium 'Apollo'". Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy, eds. (1994). Plants of Coastal British Columbia: including Washington, Oregon & Alaska, rev. ed. Vancouver: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-55105-532-9.
- ^ Henderson, Robert K. (2000). The Neighbourhood Forager. Toronto, Ontario: Key Porter Books. p. 111. ISBN 1-55263-306-3.
- ^ Bliss, Anne (1993). North American Dye Plants, rev. and enl. ed. Loveland, Colorado: Interweave Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-934026-89-0.
- ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 352. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
- ^ a b Donsky, Howard; Don Clarke. "Relieva, a Mahonia Aquifolium Extract for the Treatment of Adult Patients With Atopic Dermatitis". Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ Rackova L, Oblozinsky M, Kostalova D, Kettmann V, Bezakova L (2007). "Free radical scavenging activity and lipoxygenase inhibition of Mahonia aquifolium extract and isoquinoline alkaloids". J Inflamm (Lond) 4: 15. doi:10.1186/1476-9255-4-15. PMC 1994948. PMID 17634120.
- ^ Bernstein, Steve et al. "Treatment of Mild to Moderate Psoriasis with Relieva, a Mahonia aquifolium Extract-A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study". Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ Stermitz FR, Lorenz P, Tawara JN, Zenewicz LA, Lewis K (February 2000). "Synergy in a medicinal plant: antimicrobial action of berberine potentiated by 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin, a multidrug pump inhibitor". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (4): 1433–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.030540597. PMC 26451. PMID 10677479.
- ^ "State Symbols: Flag to Motto". Oregon Blue Book. Oregon Secretary of State. 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Berberis piperiana
Berberis piperiana is a shrub native to the mountains of northern California and southwestern Oregon. It is found in open and wooded slopes at elevations of 900-1700 m (3000-5700 feet).[2]
Berberis piperiana can attain a height of up to 80 cm (30 inches). Leaves are evergreen, pinnately compound with 5-9 leaflets. Berries are dark blue and waxy. The species is related to the more common Oregon-grape, B. aquifolium, but distinguished by its shorter stature and broader leaflets.[2][3][4]
The compound leaves place this species in the group sometimes segregated as the genus Mahonia.[2][5][6][7]
- ^ Tropicos
- ^ a b c Flora of North America vol 3
- ^ McMinn, Howard Earnest. Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs 125. 1939.
- ^ Abrams, LeRoy. Phytologia 1: 91. 1934.
- ^ Loconte, H., & J. R. Estes. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565-579.
- ^ Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 30(1):53-55.
- ^ Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.
Berberis aquifolium is resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis .
Medicinally, various root preparations of Berberis aquifolium were used by Native Americans for stomach trouble, hemorrhages, and tuberculosis; as a panacea, a tonic, a gargle, and an eye wash; and to purify blood. Leaves and roots were used in steam baths to treat yellow fever; karok was used as a poison; and the tips of stems were used to treat stomach aches (D. E. Moermann 1986).
Names and Taxonomy
Comments: Classified in the genus Mahonia by Kartesz (1994) and many other sources; also sometimes treated in the genus Berberis as B. aquifolium. LEM 20Aug01.
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Kapistec HotelMile Pop Jordanov 3 St. Skopje Skopje 1000
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text:
Problems at Rev. Wright 's Church
Joyce Bristow has attended Trinity United Church of Christ for ten years. She tells Madeleine Brand that the Jeremiah Wright controversy is negatively affecting her spiritual life and is overtaking the work of her congregation.
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text:
Scientists think they have solved the mystery of how planets form around a star born in a violent supernova explosion, saying they have detected for the first time a swirling disk of debris from which planets can rise.
The discovery is surprising because the dusty disk orbiting the pulsar, or dead star, resembles the cloud of gas and dust from which Earth emerged. Scientists say the latest finding should shed light on how planetary systems form.
"It shows that planet formation is really ubiquitous in the universe. It's a very robust process and can happen in all sorts of unexpected environments," said lead researcher Deepto Chakrabarty, an astrophysicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Details appear in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature.
Using NASA's infrared Spitzer Space Telescope, MIT scientists observed bright radiation released by a disk of rubble around a young pulsar 13,000 light years from Earth. The pulsar was once a giant star that collapsed in a supernova explosion about 100,000 years ago.
While researchers didn't directly see planets forming in the disk, they believe the building blocks are present.
In 1992, another team of scientists found planets circling a different pulsar, but they didn't observe a disk and couldn't tell how the planetary system formed.
Chakrabarty said the debris disk most likely formed from metal-rich material that failed to escape the supernova. The disk resembled that seen around sun-like stars, leading researchers to conclude it might spawn a new planetary system.
If planets did exist in the recently discovered debris disk, they wouldn't be habitable because of the violent process that gave rise to the disk, said astronomer Charles Beichman of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
"This is more Chernobyl than Malibu," said Beichman, who had no role in the research.
Scientists have long believed that planets like Earth were formed when dust particles surrounding a young star began to clump, smashing and fusing into one another.
By Alicia Chang
Planet Formation Mystery Solved?
© 2006 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.