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Aluminium (Al) toxicity is one of the factors limiting crop production on acid soils. However, genotypic differences exist among plant species or cultivars in response to Al toxicity. This study aims to investigate genotypic differences among eight cultivars of tatary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) for Al resistance and explore the possible mechanisms of Al resistance.
Al resistance was evaluated based on relative root elongation (root elongation with Al/root elongation without Al). Root apex Al content, pectin content and exudation of root organic acids were determined and compared.
Genotypic differences among the eight cultivars were correlated with exclusion of Al from the root apex. However, there was a lack of correlation between Al exclusion and Al-induced oxalate secretion. Interestingly, cell-wall pectin content of the root apex was generally lower in Al-resistant cultivars than in Al-sensitive cultivars. Although we were unable to establish a significant correlation between Al exclusion and pectin content among the eight cultivars, a strong correlation could be established among six cultivars, in which the pectin content in the most Al-resistant cultivar 'Chuan' was significantly lower than that in the most Al-sensitive cultivar 'Liuku2'. Furthermore, root apex cell-wall pectin methylesterase activity (PME) was similar in 'Chuan' and 'Liuku2' in the absence of Al, but Al treatment resulted in increased PME activity in 'Liuku2' compared with 'Chuan'. Immunolocalization of pectins also showed that the two cultivars had similar amounts of either low-methyl-ester pectins or high-methyl-ester pectins in the absence of Al, but Al treatment resulted in a more significant increase of low-methyl-ester pectins and decrease of high-methyl-ester pectins in 'Liuku2'.
Cell-wall pectin content may contribute, at least in part, to differential Al resistance among tatary buckwheat cultivars.
Aluminium (Al) toxicity is a major factor limiting crop production on acid soils worldwide (von Uexküll and Mutert, 1995). Although liming is effective for the amelioration of Al toxicity, the cost of lime application precludes it as an economic strategy in areas where a large proportion of farmers are poor. Furthermore, it is also ineffective in correcting subsoil acidity. However, among plant species or cultivars within the same species there is genetic variation in response to Al toxicity, which provides an alternative solution to improve crop productivity on acid soils by selecting and breeding Al-resistant cultivars. Therefore, an understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying Al resistance is essential to speed up the development of new Al-resistant cultivars. Identification of the major physiological mechanisms involved will also be valuable for the characterization of the major Al resistance genes. For example, only modest success has been made based on over-expression of genes associated with antioxidants (Ezaki et al., 2000), because oxidative stress is not a primary cause of Al-induced root growth inhibition in plants (Yamamoto et al., 2003).
Two strategies for the detoxification of Al by plants have been proposed (Taylor, 1991; Kochian, 1995): the exclusion of Al from the root apex (exclusion mechanism) and intracellular tolerance by sequestration of Al in the symplasm (internal tolerance mechanism). The latter is usually employed by Al-accumulating species such as Hydrangea macrophylla (Ma et al., 1997a) and buckwheat (Ma et al., 1997b). In most cases, exclusion of Al from the root apex via exudation of root organic acids is the most important mechanism of Al resistance (Kochian et al., 2004; Delhaize et al., 2007). However, Al resistance in some plant species cannot be explained solely by exudation of root organic acids. For example, in addition to Al-induced malate efflux from the root tip, constitutive phosphate exudation has also beenj related to Al resistance in the Al-resistant wheat cultivar 'Atlas' (Pellet et al., 1996). Also, efflux of organic acids is not responsible for Al resistance in signalgrass (Wenzl et al., 2001), maize (Piñeros et al., 2005) or buckwheat (Zheng et al., 2005). Therefore, it is likely that multiple mechanisms of resistance to Al are functioning in these plant species. Recently, a novel Al exclusion mechanism which relies on the exclusion of Al by root apex cell-wall pectin was proposed in rice, as rice does not show Al-induced secretion of organic acids (Yang et al., 2008). However, evidence supporting cell-wall pectin, in particular, as an important Al exclusion mechanism was weak as only two contrasting genotypes were compared in the above study.
Tatary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is an important economic crop in Asia. It is a member of the Polygonaceae and is related to common buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench). Although genotypic differences in Al responses (Yang et al., 2005; Zheng et al., 2005) and Al resistance mechanisms have been recognized in common buckwheat (Klug and Horst, 2010), no information is available for tatary buckwheat. This study therefore focused on screening of genotypic differences among eight tatary buckwheat cultivars, and investigating whether and how the Al exclusion mechanism is responsible for their different Al resistance. We demonstrate that cell-wall pectin contributes to the differential Al resistance in tatary buckwheat.
Eight tatary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) cultivars collected from four provinces of southern China, where acid soils predominate, were used (for list of cultivar names see figures). Seeds were surface-sterilized for 20 min in a 1 % (v/v) sodium hypochlorite solution, washed three times with de-ionized water and soaked in de-ionized water overnight. They were then transferred to an incubator at 25 °C for germination. The germinated seeds were transferred to a net tray floated on a container filled with 5 L of 0·5 mm CaCl2 solution at pH 4·5. The solution was renewed daily. After 3 d of culture, the seedlings were placed in a compartmental hydroponic system for various treatments according to Yang et al. (2005). All the experiments were conducted in a growth chamber with a 14-h/26 °C day and a 10-h/23 °C night regime, a light intensity of 300 µmol m−2 s−1 and a relative humidity of 60 %.
Al resistance was examined by measuring root elongation of primary roots of 3-d-old seedlings grown in 0·5 mm CaCl2 solution, pH 4·5, containing 0 or 25 µm AlCl3. Root length was measured with a ruler before and after treatments (24 h). Relative root elongation was defined as the percentage root elongation of the Al treatment to that of the Al-free control. We used a simple salt solution (0·5 mm CaCl2) that has been widely used for screening of genotypic Al resistance in many species, such as rice (Ma et al., 2005), wheat (Yang et al., 2005) and buckwheat (Zheng et al., 1998). Boron (B) is essential for cell-wall development, but because only 3-day-old seedlings were tested in our experiments, B contained in the seeds was sufficient to sustain root growth, and addition of 5 µm B to 0·5 mk CaCl2 solution also had no effect on root growth of F. tataricum (data not shown).
For determination of total Al of the root apices, the excised root apices (apical 10-mm root segments; ten apices per sample) were placed in a 1·5-mL Eppendorf tube containing 1 mL of 2 m HCl. The tubes were stood for at least 24 h with occasional shaking. Al concentrations in the extracts were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES; Thermo Jarrel Ash, San Jose, CA, USA).
Al content in roots and shoots was determined by digesting the roots and shoots, which were harvested after treating the seedlings with 25 µm Al for 24 h and dried in an oven for 2 d at 70 °C, in an HNO3/HClO4 mixture (4 : 1, v/v). The Al concentration was determined by ICP-AES after appropriate dilution.
For analysis of root exudates, about 200 germinated seeds were transferred to the net tray as described above. After 3 d of culture, the net tray was transferred to a container filled with 5 L of 0·5 mm CaCl2 solution (pH 4·5) for 3 h, and the solution containing root exudates was collected. The net tray was then transferred to another container filled with 5 L of 0·5 mm CaCl2 solution (pH 4·5) containing 25 µm Al for another 3 h, and the solution containing root exudates was also collected and the number of seedlings was counted. As 3-d-old seedlings of tatary buckwheat have only one seminal root, the number of root apices is equal to the number of seedlings. The collected solution was set to pass first through a cation exchange column (16 mm × 14 cm) filled with 5 g Amerlite IR-120B resin (H+ form; Muromachi Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) and then through an anion exchange column filled with 1·5 g Dowex 1 × 8 resin (100–200 mesh, formate form). The organic acid anions retained in the anion exchange resin were eluted with 15 mL of 1 m HCl, and the eluent was concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator at 40 °C. The residue was re-dissolved in 1 mL of 30 mm NaOH and filtered (0·2 µm) before analysis. The organic acid anions were detected by ion chromatography (ICS 3000; Dionex, Beijing, China) equipped with an IonPac AS11 anion-exchange analytical column (4 × 250 mm) and a guard column (4 × 50 mm). The mobile phase was 30 mm NaOH at a flow rate of 0·6 mL min−1.
Root apices (0–10 mm) were excised and collected in 96 % ethanol in Eppendorf reaction vials (four apices for each sample). Root samples were thoroughly homogenized in ethanol using a plastic grinder for 3 min. Homogenization was repeated twice. Cell-wall material was prepared as the alcohol-insoluble residue after repeated washing with ethanol. After every ethanol addition, the sample was centrifuged at 23 000g for 10 min and the supernatant was discarded. The remaining cell-wall material was dried at 60 °C, and hydrolysed according to Ahmed and Labavitch (1977) except that the incubation time was extended to 10 min in concentrated H2SO4 and 2 h after each water addition step. The uronic acid content was determined colorimetrically according to Blumenkrantz and Asboe-Hansen (1973). Galacturonic acid was used as a calibration standard, and thus the root pectin content was expressed as galacturonic acid equivalents (GaE).
For extraction of pectin methylesterase (PME), cell-wall materials were suspended in an extraction buffer containing 10 mm Tris buffer (pH 7·7) and 1 m NaCl at 4 °C for 1 h with repeated vortexing (20 s for 20 min each). Extracts were centrifuged (14 000g, 10 min) and the supernatant was collected. The protein was desalted using Microcon YM-10 centrifugal filter units (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) into 10 mm Tris buffer (pH 7·7). PME activity was determined according to Anthon and Barrett (2004).
Three-day-old seedlings were placed in a compartmental hydroponic system (Yang et al., 2005) containing 0·5 mm CaCl2 with or without 25 µm AlCl3. After 24 h of treatment, fresh roots were hand-sectioned from the root zone 1–3 mm behind the apex and localization of pectin via immunofluorescence was conducted as previously described (Yang et al., 2008).
Experiments were arranged in a randomized design and data were statistically evaluated by Duncan's multiple range test.
As relative root elongation (RRE) has been shown to be a suitable phenotypic criterion to assess Al resistance in a wide range of plant species, we used this parameter to screen tatary buckwheat cultivars for Al resistance (Fig. 1). As expected, there were genotypic differences in Al resistance among these cultivars. For instance, root elongation of 'Chuan' was inhibited by 36 % after 24 h exposure to 25 µm AlCl3, whereas the same treatment resulted in 57 % inhibition of root elongation in 'Liuku2' (Fig. 1). We thus termed 'Chuan' as an Al-resistant cultivar and 'Liuku2' as an Al-sensitive cultivar.
Al content in the root apex was measured to test whether the mechanism of Al exclusion accounted for the genotypic differences among these tatary buckwheat cultivars. There was a large difference in Al content (mean ± s.d.) in the root apices, ranging from 0·046 ± 0·002 µg per root apex in 'Weihei' to 0·133 ± 0·0098 µg per root apex in the most Al-sensitive 'Liuku2' after exposure to 25 µm Al for 24 h (Fig. 2A). Al content in the root apex of the most Al-resistant 'Chuan' was also lower (0·052 ± 0·0079 µg per root apex; Fig. 2A). The Al content of the root apex correlated negatively with RRE (Fig. 2B), suggesting an Al exclusion mechanism is contributing to the differential Al resistance in tatary buckwheat.
To determine whether the differences in Al exclusion in the root apex are due to the Al-induced secretion of organic acids, we analysed organic acids in the root exudates. Without Al treatment, a trace amount (in some cases below the lowest detection limit) of malate and citrate was detected, and oxalate was the most abundant organic acid (data not shown). Moreover, oxalate was the only organic acid whose response was dependent on the presence of Al. Al-activated oxalate exudation rates ranged from 33·4 ± 14·6 ng per root apex h−1 in 'Lijiang' to 98·3 ± 1·5 ng per root apex h−1 in 'Weihei'. The Al-activated oxalate exudation rates for 'Chuan' and 'Liuku2' were 56·1 ± 2·8 and 48·8 ± 7·1 ng per root apex h−1, respectively (Fig. 3). Overall, we could not establish a relationship between root Al-activated oxalate exudation and root apex Al content (Fig. 4).
The lack of correlation between Al-activated oxalate exudation and Al exclusion (Al content) implies that other exclusion mechanisms might be operating. In rice, exudation of organic acids does not respond to Al stress and is not responsible for Al exclusion (Yang et al., 2008; Famoso et al., 2010). Interestingly, cell-wall polysaccharides play an important role in exclusion of Al from the root apex of rice (Yang et al., 2008). Thus, whether the cell-wall polysaccharides also have a similar function in plants that show Al-induced secretion of organic acids will be of interest. As shown in Fig. 5A, the root apex pectin content ranged from 1·80 ± 0·39 to 3·38 ± 0·41 µg per root apex in the eight tatary buckwheat cultivars. In general, pectin content in Al-resistant cultivars was lower than that in Al-sensitive cultivars. However, a moderately Al-resistant cultivar, 'Dianning', had the lowest pectin content. Therefore, we could not establish a correlation between pectin content and Al content among the eight cultivars (dashed regression line in Fig. 5B), but a significant positive correlation could be established if 'Dianning' and 'Lijiang' were excluded (solid regression line in Fig. 5B). Among the cultivars, the pectin content of the most Al-sensitive 'Liuku2' (3·38 ± 0·41 µg per root apex) was significantly higher than that of the most Al-resistant 'Chuan' (2·38 ± 0·52 µg per root apex; Fig. 5A), indicating that pectin content could partly explain the differential ability of Al exclusion among tatary buckwheat cultivars.
Several lines of evidence indicate that not only does pectin content contribute to Al accumulation in plants but so too does its degree of methylation (Eticha et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2008). Therefore, we determined and compared PME activity between 'Chuan' and 'Liuku2', because these two cultivars exhibited the greatest genotypic difference and pectin content difference. First, we analysed PME activity using a sensitive colorimetric assay method based on determination of the amount of methanol released from pectin by PME extracts. As shown in Fig. 6, PME activity was not significantly different between 'Chuan' and 'Liuku2' in the absence of Al, but Al treatment resulted in a significant increase of PME activity especially in 'Liuku2'. Second, monoclonal antibodies (JIM5 and JIM7), which are specific for cell-wall pectin differing in the degree of methylation, were used for immunofluorescence localization of different cell-wall pectins. JIM5 stains low-methyl-ester pectins, and the intensity of JIM5 fluorescence did not differ between 'Chuan' and 'Liuku2' in the absence of Al (Fig. 7A, C). Fluorescence intensity was enhanced by Al treatment in the two cultivars, but was more evident in 'Liuku2' (Fig. 7B, D). JIM7 stains high-methyl-ester pectins, and the intensity of JIM7 fluorescence was not different in the two cultivars in the absence of Al (Fig. 7E, G). However, Al treatment resulted in a decrease of fluorescence in the two cultivars but was more evident in the Al-sensitive 'Liuku2' (Fig. 7F, H).
Given the relative importance of an internal tolerance mechanism in common buckwheat, a species closely related to tatary buckwheat, we measured Al accumulation in roots and shoots of 'Chuan' and 'Liuku2'. Table 1 shows the results for roots and shoots when grown in 25 µm Al for 24 h. The Al content in the roots of the two cultivars was quite similar, although the difference was significant at P < 0·05. The Al content in the shoots of 'Chuan' exceeded 100 µg g−1 d. wt. This cultivar was thus also ranked as an Al-accumulator.
One of the initial effects and visible symptoms of Al toxicity in plants is the rapid inhibition of root elongation (Kochian et al., 2004; Zheng and Yang, 2005). The extent of root growth inhibition has been used extensively as an criterion for Al toxicity (Foy, 1988) and thus RRE was applied in screening genotypic Al differences among plant species or cultivars within the same species (Yang et al., 2005). In the present study, we screened genotypic differences in Al resistance in terms of RRE among eight tatary buckwheat cultivars collected from southern China where acid soils are dominant. The RRE results clearly showed that there were significant genotypic differences in response to Al stress among the eight cultivars (Fig. 1). For instance, 'Chuan' was the most resistant cultivar, with RRE as high as 64 %, while 'Liuku2' the most sensitive cultivar, with an RRE of 43 %.
The genotypic differences in response to Al stress among cultivars could be attributed to two mechanisms (Taylor, 1991; Kochian, 1995). One is based on exclusion of Al from the root apex, the major site of Al toxicity (Ryan et al., 1993), whereas the other relies on the ability to tolerate symplastic Al. In studies of common buckwheat, it is clear that both exclusion of Al from the root apex and internal detoxification by forming an Al–oxalate complex in a molar ratio of 1 : 3 are operating to produce Al resistant (Ma et al., 1997b; Zheng et al., 1998, 2005). In the present study, less Al was generally found in the apices of Al-resistant cultivars than in Al-sensitive cultivars (Fig. 2A). And the degree of Al resistance for all eight cultivars was negatively correlated with the root tip Al content (Fig. 2B), indicating that an Al-exclusion mechanism most likely underlies Al resistance in tatary buckwheat too.
It is widely accepted that Al resistance relies on the secretion of organic acids from the root apex in a diverse range of plant species (Kochian et al., 2004). For example, a strong correlation was found between the degree of Al resistance and the magnitude of Al-activated root malate secretion in a large number of wheat genotypes (Ryan et al., 1995). However, Al-induced secretion of root organic acids may be inadequate to explain genotypic Al differences in certain plant species. For example, Piñeros et al. (2005) demonstrated that the magnitude of Al-induced secretion of root organic acids cannot explain the degree of Al resistance among six maize genotypes differing significantly in their genetic background. A recent study of common buckwheat, a closely related species of tatary buckwheat, has suggested that Al-induced root oxalate secretion could not fully explain the genotypic differences in Al resistance because the Al-sensitive buckwheat cultivar investigated also secreted oxalate in a similar pattern and comparable amount (Zheng et al., 2005). In the present study, we found that tatary buckwheat secreted oxalate from the roots in response to Al stress (Fig. 3). However, there was no correlation between Al-induced oxalate secretion and root apex Al accumulation (Fig. 4). For example, the most Al-resistant cultivar 'Chuan' had a similar oxalate secretion rate to the most Al-sensitive cultivar 'Liuku2'. Another Al-resistance cultivar 'Weihei' had a lower oxalate secretion rate than the Al-sensitive cultivar 'Zhaoku'. Therefore, the present results clearly suggest that secretion of root organic acids is not responsible for the genotypic differences in Al resistance among tatary buckwheat cultivars, and novel, as yet unknown, Al resistance mechanisms must be operating in certain plant species.
Al easily binds to the cell wall of roots and the majority of Al resides in the cell wall (Horst, 1995; Horst et al., 2010). Therefore, it is logical to speculate that the cell wall plays a critical role in Al resistance. Recent molecular evidence also supports the view of cell-wall properties affecting Al resistance (Horst et al., 2010). For example, a map-based clone technique has led Huang et al. (2009) to isolate two genes, STAR1 (sensitive to Al rhizotoxicity 1) and STAR2, which encode two interacting proteins that form an ABC transporter complex. The STAR1–STAR2 complex had efflux transport activity for UDP-glucose into the apoplast, which led the authors to speculate that cell-wall modification may play a role in rice Al resistance (Huang et al., 2009). Al forms electrostatic bonds preferentially with oxygen donor ligands such as carboxylate and Pi (Macdonald and Martin, 1988). As the primary cell-wall component, pectin with its carboxylate groups is considered as a major binding site of Al (Chang et al., 1999; Taylor et al., 2000), and thus pectin content may be related to accumulation of Al. We analysed pectin content in eight tatary buckwheat cultivars, and found that the pectin content of the root apex differ significantly among these cultivars. In general, the Al-resistant cultivars had lower pectin content than the Al-sensitive cultivars. However, two cultivars with moderate Al sensitivity had the lowest pectin content (Fig. 5A). Nonetheless, a strong positive correlation could be established between the pectin content and Al content of tatary buckwheat cultivars except 'Dianning' and 'Lijiang' (Fig. 5B), suggesting that the pectin had a significant effect on root Al accumulation in tatary buckwheat. Schmohl and Horst (2000) also reported that salt-adapted maize suspension cells contained more pectin and were more Al-sensitive than normal cells, while pectolyase-treated cells were more tolerant.
However, the quantity of pectin is not the only factor determining its Al binding ability as the degree of methylesterification affects the number of free carboxyl groups in pectin. For example, Schmohl et al. (2000) reported that the Al sensitivity of Zea mays cell suspension cultures was negatively related to the degree of pectin methylesterification and they concluded that the degree of pectin methylesterification and the activity of PME are important in the expression of Al toxicity and resistance. Using immunofluorescence localization of pectins, Eticha et al. (2005) also found that an Al-sensitive maize cultivar had a higher proportion of low-methylated pectin than an Al-resistant cultivar. Yang et al. (2008) found that pectins in sensitive rice cultivar root tips had a higher degree of de-methylesterification that might result in a greater ability to bind Al. Here, we found that PME activities were not significantly different between the 'Chuan' 'Liuku2'cultivars in the absence of Al (Fig. 6), although Al treatment resulted in an increase of PME activity in both (more evident in 'Liuku2'). Using immunofluorescence localization of pectin with two kinds of antibodies to detect both low- and high-methyl-ester pectins, we found that the Al-resistant cultivar 'Chuan' had similar amounts of both low- and of high-methyl-ester pectins to those of the Al-sensitive cultivar 'Liuku2' in the absence of Al (Fig. 7). These results suggest that it is pectin content rather than the degree of methylation that contributes to the initial Al accumulation in the root apex of tatary buckwheat cultivars. With greater exposure time, the Al-sensitive cultivar accumulated increasing Al, and consequently more pectin, setting up a vicious circle. The greater sensitivity of PME activity to Al stress in Al-sensitive 'Liuku2' could be the result of more Al binding to the cell wall and thereby more severe Al toxicity.
Multiple Al resistance mechanisms have been proposed in several plant species (Kochian et al., 2004). Apart from the well-known Al-activated exudation of root organic acids, there is little information on the nature of other Al resistance mechanisms. Recently, accumulating evidence supports the view that root apoplast, especially cell-wall pectin, plays an important role in Al resistance or toxicity in plants (Horst et al., 2010). For example, an interesting correlation between root apex pectin content or the degree of pectin methylation and root apex Al content has been observed in maize and rice (Eticha et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2008). Furthermore, Li et al. (2009) reported that the disorganized distribution of pectin epitopes was related to Al-induced root growth inhibition in maize. These results imply that cell-wall pectin could play a major role in determining not only the extent of Al binding but also root growth inhibition at least in monocotyledonous plants. In this study, we provided evidence that cell-wall pectin could play an important role in Al exclusion in tatary buckwheat, a dicotyledonous plant species. This reinforces the view that cell-wall properties could be considered as a novel Al resistance mechanism at least at a given growth stage (Yang et al., 2008), even though Al-induced organic acid secretion coexists in tatary buckwheat.
It is interesting to note that tatary buckwheat was able to accumulate a substantial amount (about 100 µg Al g−1 d. wt) of Al in shoots (Table 1) after 24 h of exposure to 25 µm. The ability of tatary buckwheat to accumulate Al was similar with that of common buckwheat, a known Al accumulator (data not shown). Why therefore is Al exclusion important for Al-accumulating plants? Al strongly interacts with the negative binding sites of the apoplast of either Al excluder or Al accumulator species, and binding of Al to cell walls will decrease the extensibility of the cell wall (Tabuchi and Matsumoto, 2001; Ma et al., 2004). A recent review by Horst et al. (2010) stated that even in an Al accumulator, detoxification of Al apoplastically is still important for protecting roots from Al injury. The most representative example is common buckwheat, an Al accumulator, in which both exclusion and internal tolerance mechanisms cooperate to detoxify Al (Ma et al., 1997b).
In summary, eight cultivars of tatary buckwheat showed genotypic Al differences and an Al exclusion mechanism was shown to be involved in Al resistance. Although Al-induced exudation of root organic acids is well established as an Al resistance mechanism in a diverse range of plant species, this could not explain the different Al resistance in tatary buckwheat. Instead, root apex cell-wall pectin was, in general, associated with accumulation of root apical Al.
We are grateful to Dr J. Paul Knox (Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, UK) for kindly donating the monoclonal antibodies specific for pectins (JIM5 and JIM7). This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 30830076 and J20090207), Changjiang Scholarship and China Postdoctoral Science Special Foundation (Grant no. 20081474).
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Welcome to the
North Texas Romance Writers of America Web Site
Chapter #33, Region 5 of the Romance Writers of America ® was organized in March 1983 and offers educational programs, an informative monthly newsletter, a friendly atmosphere for networking, and access to the latest information on agents, editors and publishers of romantic fiction. NTRWA's mission is to educate, support, and mentor published and unpublished members in the profession of romance writing.
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The Ins and Outs of Hiring a Freelance Editor
How do you recognize an editor? Aside from a love of finding typos in menus, guessing plots while halfway through movies, and an insatiable curiosity about the how and why, an editor will often be adaptable, flexible, know the rules—and know when to ignore them because it makes a better story.
Mary-Theresa Hussey--also known as Matrice--knew from the start she loved the stories found in books—and that she didn't want to be a writer. Some courses in Villanova University where classmates critiqued each other's papers made her intrigued by the role of the person behind the author.
A native New Yorker, she worked with Harlequin for over 25 years, editing nearly a thousand titles. As editor, senior and executive editor she read, acquired, revised, rejected and critiqued triple that. Now she's bringing her experience to the freelance world.
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Parameters in Place: Senate Appropriators Approve FY 2016 DOE Office of Science Funding Bill
Funding parameters for the Department of Energy for FY 2016 are largely in place with the approval last Thursday of a $35.4 billion Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bill. This action follows passage of the counterpart bill by the House of Representatives on May 1.
Threat of Sequestration to U.S. Defense Technological Superiority Highlighted at Senate Hearing
"We urge you to support all of this valuable work" said Frank Kendall, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, when discussing various programs to maintain U.S. military superiority. "But most of all, we urge you to permanently repeal the threat of sequestration. Removing this specter would do more than any other single act to spur innovation and preserve our military technological superiority."
Balancing Act: Senate Appropriations Subcommittee Hearing on FY 2016 NASA Request
Yesterday afternoon the Senate Commerce, Justice, Science Appropriations Subcommittee met to review the FY 2016 budget request for NASA. The hearing was friendly and low-key, with NASA Administrator Charles Bolden as the only witness to discuss the $18,529.1 million request, up $518.9 million or 2.8 percent over the current budget.
Coalition Urges Full Funding of FY 2016 NSF Budget Request
Among the major agenda items that Congress will consider when it returns to Washington next week are the FY 2016 appropriations bills. House and Senate appropriators have held many hearings on the Obama Administration's request, with more hearings planned in coming weeks.
Senate Appropriators Review FY 2016 Department of Energy Request: ITER, Nuclear Waste
"The Chairman and I were seeing little benefit from our participation in ITER" Senate Energy and Water Development Appropriations Subcommittee Ranking Member Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) said at a hearing on the Department of Energy's FY 2016 budget request. Feinstein's remark was addressed to Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz, referring to misgivings she and Chairman Lamar Alexander (R-TN) have had about the experimental fusion reactor during last year's development of the FY 2015 appropriations bill.
Senate Letter Supporting National Science Foundation Funding
Appropriators in the House and Senate are moving quickly in their review of the Obama Administration's FY 2016 budget request. Simultaneous hearings are being held on many department and agency requests as the appropriators look toward the drafting of their funding legislation. They have a difficult job this year in finding money for the budget increases because overall funding is being kept essentially flat.
House and Senate Appropriators Review FY 2016 Request for National Nuclear Security Administration
"I'm encouraged based upon where we were two or three years ago in terms of the big projects" said Senate Energy and Water Development Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman Lamar Alexander (R-TN) as he wrapped up a hearing on the FY 2016 request for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). Alexander's subcommittee and the counterpart House subcommittee held hearings on the overall NNSA request on March 4 and 11.
Senate Appropriations Hearing on the Department of Interior - USGS
The Senate Interior, Environment Appropriations Subcommittee meet for two hours on March 4 to review the FY 2016 budget request for the Department of the Interior. A number of topics were discussed with Interior Secretary Sally Jewell; however there were no questions about the Administration's request for the U.S. Geological Survey.
Important Hearings on FY 2016 Commerce Department Request – NOAA and NIST
House and Senate appropriators have held important hearings in the last two weeks on the FY 2016 budget request for the Department of Commerce. Among the topics discussed at these hearings were the weather satellite program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and manufacturing programs of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
In Perspective: FY 2015 S&T Budget Outcomes
FYI's review of the FY 2015 appropriations cycle is complete. See Latest Congressional Budget Action - FY 2015 for appropriations outcomes for federal science agency and department programs providing significant support for physical sciences and STEM education.
Congress and the Obama Administration crafted the FY 2015 budgets under very tight constraints. Total discretionary spending rose just 0.2 percent over last year.


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Spencer Fedora Hat
|Made in the USA Inspired by nature, the Bailey of Hollywood Spencer Hat keeps the style in, the rain out, and the sun constantly shining. This toyo litestraw fedora has a fresh new feel that's amazingly comfortable and water repellent. Bailey's new Litestraw finish will forever alter your perception of straw hats and just how comfortable and functional they can really be. Woven in a unique and timeless pattern for effortless elegance and comfort, the Spencer additionally sports a state-of-the-art Dri-Lex Sweatband. So get out on your vacation there in the extreme humidity, because you're as prepared as you've ever been. Approx. 3 3/4" Tearddrop crown. Approx. 2 5/8" brim. Made of: 100% Water resistant LiteStraw. Dri-lex sweatband. Bailey side pin. 1 1/8" Grosgrain Hat band
Salem Braided Fedora Hat
|Classic styling and skilled craftsmanship make the Bailey of Hollywood Salem Braided Fedora a style to be proud to own. As featured on GQ.com, the soft/packable sewn braid construction, pinched front crown, with striped grosgrain band of the Salem qualify this fedora as a carryover classic. This fantastic, unlined selection is sewn together for a unique look on today's modern man. Approx. 4" crownApprox. 2" snap brim Made of: 55% paper 45% polyester Cotton sweatband Bailey side pin
Cutler Panama Straw Fedora Hat
|Body handwoven in Ecuador, blocked and finished in the USA. The Cutler is a most excellent and stylish Cuenca weave Panama. This beauty from Bailey is the perfect casual summer fedora. It comes complete with a stunning leather band and Bailey hatpin. Approx. 4" crown.Approx. 2 7/8" Pre-snap brim. Made of: 100% Panama Straw, Cuenca weave. Woven Polyester Sweatband.Genuine Leather Panama Patch.
Blackburn Shantung Fedora Hat
|Made in the USA Another gorgeous piece to join the shantung collection is the Blackburn Shantung Fedora Hat. This is a great classic piece to add to your collection. It's lightweight and comfortable and everyone will look great wearing it. Approx. 4" CrownApprox. 3" Snap Brim Made of:Shantung Litestraw, water repellent Unlined.Bailey Side Pin.Grosgrain Hat Band.Cotton Sweatband.
Sydney Panama Fedora Hat
|Bodies hand wover in Ecuador, Finished in the USAThe Bailey of Hollywood Sydney Hat owns the summer with a strong straw weave that should stand the test of several Summers. Undeterred by the season's bright sun and general wear and tear, quality and style are heavily featured in this stingy brim genuine Panama fedora. Featuring hand-woven fibers that provide for years of stylish comfort, this stingy brim straw hat is easy to wear. Stingy fedoras are quickly becoming a staple for anyone in the fashion know, and the Sydney is a confident straw shape to be enjoyed. Approx. 4" c-crown. Approx. 1 1/2" brim.
Fernley Lite Shantung Fedora Hat
|Made in the USA Introducing the Bailey Fernley Shantung Straw Fedora. This is a great piece for those that prefer a wider brim and lighter straw. You will get flexibility with this item but it should be handled with care because of it being a lighter straw is it more delicate. Approx. 3 1/2" Crown Approx. 3 1/2" Brim Made of:100% Shantung Litestraw. Unlined.Cotton Sweatband.Bailey Side Pin.Grosgrain Hat Band.Side Feather.
Crase Premium Shantung Straw Fedora Hat
|Made in the USA Introducing the Bailey Crase Premium Shantung Straw Fedora. This piece is light weight and extremely comfortable. You almost feel like you don't have it on your head but you are getting great sun protection at the same time. It is a very classic style that will continue to be timeless. Approx. 4" CrownApprox. 2 1/2" Snap Brim Made of:100% Shantung Litestraw, water repellent. Unlined.Cotton Sweatband.Bailey Side Pin.Grosgrain Hat Band.Side Feather.
Chaplin Panama Bowler Hat
|Made in the USA Have you ever wanted to sport the style of the late and great Charlie Chaplin but didn't want to sweat through summer in a wool hat? Well now you don't have to. Introducing the Bailey Chaplin Panama Bowler with the heart of a bowler but the ability to keep you comfortable during the summer days. Approx. 4" Bowler CrownApprox. 2" Bowler Brim Made of:100% Panama Straw,Brisa Weave UnlinedGrosgrain Hat BandBailey Side PinGrosgrain bound brim
Thurman Center Dent Panama Fedora Hat
|Bodies handwoven in Ecuador, blocked and finished in the USA. Another gorgeous piece to join the panama collection is the Bailey Thurman Center Dent Panama. This piece screams classic and casual what more could you ask for in a hat. Approx. 4" Center pinch crown.Approx. 2 3/8" Snap brim. Made of:100% Panama straw, Brisa weave Unlined.Bailey Side Pin.Grosgrain Hat Band.
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Car got hot as I was pulling into my driveway. I shut it off let it cool and added coolant. Now it wont start, it turns over and sometimes acts like it is going to fire off but doesn't. I checked plugs and wires and disconnected the battery put battery cables back on and it still wont start. What else could I try.
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Admission is FREE the first Sunday of the month!
The museum is convenient to the Metro Center exit at 13th and G Street NW. The museum address is: 1250 New York Ave NW. We will tour the exhibits, including a new exhibition featuring works by Judy Chicago (Jan 17-April 13th). Afterwards we can grab coffee or a quick bite to eat. The museum is not huge so we can cover most of the exhibits within 1.5-2 hours.
**We will meet at the main desk at 1 pm. Please be on time. Be sure to update your RSVP if your plans change!!!
I look forward to getting involved with this group in the Spring. Unfortunately my schedule will not allow for the next few weeks
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We have stayed here before and will again. Location is close to beach, watching ships/boats come/go into port and to great restaurants on the water. Continental breakfast is super good, a real plus for us. Staff at the front desk is very friendly and helpful. We really like this motel!
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text: Photos of the Day: Feb. 12 Updated Feb. 12, 2014 3:56 p.m. ET fullscreen FLOCKING TOGETHER: Migrating starlings moved as a flock before landing near the village of Tidhar, Israel, in the Negev desert, on Wednesday. Menahem Kahana/AFP/Getty Images … FREEZER BURN: Terry Gillis scraped ice off his car's window Wednesday in Fort Payne, Ala. Hal Yeager/Associated Press … ANKLE DEEP: Matt Beesley looked out of the window of his flooded living room that faces onto the River Severn on Wednesday in Worcester, England. Rob Stothard/Getty Images … WRECKAGE: Forensic investigators inspected the wreckage of a C-130 Hercules aircraft in Mount Fertas, Algeria, Wednesday. An Algerian military transport plane slammed into a mountain Tuesday in the country's rugged eastern region, killing 77 people and leaving one survivor, the country's defense ministry said. Farouk Batiche/AFP/Getty Images … BEST IN SHOW: Sky, a wire fox terrier, held by her handler Gabriel Rangel, kissed judge Betty Regina Leininger, left, after winning 'Best in Show' at the 2014 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in New York Tuesday. Keith Bedford/Reuters … SEATING CHART: Staff members of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts placed photographs of BAFTA awards attendees on seats at the Royal Opera House in London on Wednesday as they arranged the seating plan ahead of the coming awards ceremony. Andrew Cowie/Agence France-Presse/Getty Images … SINKHOLE: A sinkhole opened under the floor of the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, Ky., sending eight vintage cars plunging into the ground. National Corvette Museum/Handout/Reuters … APPEAL: An ultraorthodox Jewish man raised his hands during a protest against construction of a new housing project at a site that protesters claim contains ancient graves in Beit Shemesh, Israel, Wednesday. Jewish law prohibits the desecration of graves. Ariel Schalit/Associated Press … WINTER GAMES? A spectator rested on the grass at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, on Wednesday. Temperatures hit 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Ben Pelosse/QMI Agency/Zuma Press … EVACUATION: A UNICEF worker carried a child at a shelter in Homs, Syria, Wednesday. Aid workers evacuated 217 civilians from Homs in central Syria, hours before a local humanitarian truce was due to expire. European Pressphoto Agency … SHARING GOLD: Slovenia's Tina Maze kissed the ground after she completed her downhill run at the Rosa Khutor Alpine Center during the Olympics on Wednesday in Sochi. Ms. Maze and Switzerland's Dominique Gisin tied for the fastest time--the first alpine skiers in history to tie for Olympic gold. Leon Neal/AFP/Getty Images … PILOT'S-EYE VIEW: Brunei's Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah looked into the display of a Republic of Singapore Air Force Lockheed F16-D Fighting Falcon at the Singapore Air Show Wednesday. Edgar Su/Reuters … THE WAY TO A COW'S STOMACH: A fistulated cow was photographed at the Agroscope agricultural research center in Posieux, Switzerland, Wednesday. An aperture of around 20 centimeters in diameter on the right side allows access to the rumen for research on the stomach and the digestive system of the cow. Maxime Schmid/European Pressphoto Agency … BARE FEET: Students' shoes sat in a line as children played on the beach at Galle Face Green in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Wednesday. Dinuka Liyanawatte/Reuters … Replay Photos of the Day: Feb. 12 More Slideshows Photos: Sen. Tim Kaine, Hillary Clinton's VP Pick Photos of the Day: July 22 of SHOW CAPTION HIDE CAPTION fullscreen Show More Archives


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Marcus & Millichap Sells WI GrandStay for $4.4M
Thursday April 17th, 2014 - 10:16AM
These are shortcuts to your favorite social networking and bookmark sites. Add this story to your Facebook page, del.icio.us, DiggIt, and many others!
APPLETON, WI—Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment Services sold the 80-room GrandStay Hotel & Suites here.
According to Gregory A. LaBerge, national director of the firm's National Hospitality Group, the asset sold for $4,425,000, or more than $55,000 per room.
"This transaction really highlights the continued movement of investment capital into non-core markets, particularly from investors located in core markets," stated LaBerge.
Scott D. Brash, a senior director in Marcus & Millichap's Chicago Downtown office, had the exclusive listing to market the property on behalf of the seller, a private investor. Matthew Fitzgerald assisted in closing this transaction.
The seller built the hotel in 2007 as a Wyndham Garden Inn and then converted to GrandStay Suites in 2010.
The property features large guestrooms with several alternative floor plans, including fireplaces, spa tubs and luxury beds. Amenities include a fitness center, lobby bar, wellness pool, shuttle service and business center. It is located at 300 Mall Drive, south of the Fox River Mall and west of the interchange of U.S. Highway 41 which encircles the city and connects Appleton with Green Bay to the north, as well as Fond du Lac, Oshkosh and Milwaukee to the south.
Tags: Marcus & Millichap • GrandStay Hotel & Suites • Appleton • WI • Hospitality • Brokers • Ownership •
Well, it's halfway through 2016, and not much has changed since the beginning of the year. Despite the terrorism acts in Orlando, FL and Turkey, and the Brexit referendum, little has happened to affect the travel industry. Overall, things might have slowed a bit, but a majority of the fundamentals are holding steady, including occupancy, ADR and RevPAR. I've been asked why this cycle has lasted longer than those preceding it. As far as I am concerned, it's due to a single phrase: Never Again.
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Jump to content
a bump at 9 weeks?!
Started by Spring Chickadee , Apr 03 2012 11:58 AM
16 replies to this topic
Posted 03 April 2012 - 11:58 AM
Last night I thought I would start my 'before pictures' of my bump so every 2 weeks I can take a new one to track the growth. I'm about 9 weeks weeks now.
When I was 10+kgs heavier I had a protruding belly often being mistaken for a pregnant belly. When I lost that weight it flattened a fair bit, it wasn't completely tonned but it certainly didn't look pregnant. I'm only 1.5kgs above a normal BMI.
Since falling pregnant this time around I've lost a few Kilos unintentionally, my measurements have gotten smaller around my underbust and butt but larger around my belly. I have been feeling quite bloated and my belly has protruded more and more over the past few weeks. it initially wasn't looking like an actually 'bump', more just flabby and soft. It also had a bit of a muffin top so you could clearly see where my underwear usually stops. But now It's firm and nice and round. ATM the difference between my underbust and belly is 17cms and I'm seeing an increase in the measurement just above my underwear line the most each week (where all the growth should actually be).
But as for the whole bump, this has got to be all bloating this early right?
I *Think* I can feel the uterus towards to bottom of the bump which is firm and round. When should I expect a real bump rather than all bloating?
Posted 03 April 2012 - 12:07 PM
I was bigger at 7 weeks from bloating than I was at 13 weeks! I didn't have a real bump until quite late, but I was definitely thickening through the middle by about 13 weeks.
I did notice that I was much, much more bloated during the pregnancy after my m/c. I was bigger second time around from 5-9 weeks than I was at 12 weeks the first time, and then the bloating eased before the real bump started.
Congratulations on your pregnancy.
Posted 03 April 2012 - 12:16 PM
I definitely had bloating for ages when I was pregnant with DD.
My actual bump didn't start showing until around 20 weeks.
Right now I'm not sure if I'm bloated or if its just the excess weight left over from DD
Posted 03 April 2012 - 12:48 PM
I had a BUMP at 8 weeks with my DD.. no mistaking it and it certainly wasnt bloating...
but she was my second pregnancy so the tummy is always looser etc...Everyone is different... I have a friend that is 22 weeks and her tummy is smaller than what yours is now...
Posted 03 April 2012 - 01:21 PM
Thanks Ladies, I guess we'll see if it just keeps getting bigger or gets smaller first.
This is my 4th pregnancy but the previous one's miscarried earlier so I'm not sure if that makes a difference.
Posted 03 April 2012 - 04:15 PM
I had a bump due to bloating from about 8 weeks, but it's now turned into an actual baby bump at 12.5 weeks. I think it popped out a bit overnight almost!
My belly now is the same as it was with DD at 17 weeks.
Posted 03 April 2012 - 05:14 PM
Bump at 9 weeks is from organs being misplaced upwards to accommodate growing uterus. With subsequent babies our muscle tone isn't usually as good so therefore unlike with first pregnancy they have more 'give' in them and you pop earlier.
Unless you are 12 weeks+ or having multiples your uterus is still quite a way down behind the pelvic bone and not able to be felt abdominally.
If you can feel your uterus SC then I'd be checking dates etc
It's a very cute bump even if it isn't baby yet...good luck.
Posted 03 April 2012 - 07:16 PM
Unless you are 12 weeks+ or having multiples your uterus is still quite a way down behind the pelvic bone and not able to be felt abdominally.
If you can feel your uterus SC then I'd be checking dates etc original.gif
It's a very cute bump even if it isn't baby yet...good luck.
Maybe It's not my uterus then! it feels firm and round about where my underwear line is. This area is also starting to protrude slightly. I just assumed it was my uterus but then I thought your uterus stayed behind your pelvic bone until you 'pop'.
Posted 03 April 2012 - 07:32 PM
QUOTE (Spring Chickadee @ 03/04/2012, 07:16 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
Maybe It's not my uterus then! it feels firm and round about where my underwear line is. This area is also starting to protrude slightly. I just assumed it was my uterus but then I thought your uterus stayed behind your pelvic bone until you 'pop'.
Sometimes you can feel the firm outline of your bladder if it is a bit full too.
If you want to find out if it is uterus then have a pee and lie down and the bump will usually disappear in the first trimester.
People usually do 'pop' earlier with subsequent babies, not always from bloating but just from organ displacement so it is 'really' caused by the baby in an indirect way
I have seen women having subsequent babies who have quite a little pot belly at 6 weeks I love seeing a photographic account of the belly as it grows during the pregnancy.
Posted 03 April 2012 - 08:11 PM
I have had a bump since 9 weeks too (now almost 11). It's okay if I wear loose clothes but if I wear something a little tighter, it definitely looks like I have something going on. I'm sure people at work have noticed that I am somewhat rounder. I've only put on a small amount of weight, but the bloating makes me look like I've stacked on at least 5 kilos.
Posted 04 April 2012 - 12:37 AM
At 8 weeks your uterus is about the size of a large orange and 'shouldn't' be palpable abdominally.
It is still a pelvic organ.
If I palpated someone at 8 weeks and found I could feel a fundus I'd be sending them off for an ultrasound.
It could be the top of you bladder...or maybe there is more than one in there
Having said that we don't all have exactly the same sized uterus but calculating the size via palpation was always an important part of assessing the gestation in pre Ultrasound day so there are some pretty standard landmarks.
Posted 04 April 2012 - 12:47 AM
well whatever it's called (bloating, baby belly, whatever) I am more than happy to have it (when I'm pregnant, that is lol).
and yes, that early. Whatever it's called if I don't fit my normal pants then I'm in maternity ones.
here's 7 and 11 weeks with the 7 week one actually being fuller if you watch it all the way to the pubic bone ie where the pants are, and 13 weeks
Edited by KristyMum-, 04 April 2012 - 12:49 AM.
#13 Guest_Buy Me A Pony !_*
Posted 04 April 2012 - 07:28 AM
I have huge numbers of uterine fibroids and with no pregnancy my uterus apparently measures at about 12 weeks despite having a flat abdominal area. I've been measured at 20 weeks from 6 weeks+ but didn't start to show a belly until 9 weeks and it may have looked similar to yours OP but with greater definition at the hips. The number of clueless women who've told me it's not possible to have a belly at my gestation is ridiculous. I've even been told by nurses and doctors that it's "just not possible" to appear to be 20 weeks+ at first trimester and that I am mistaken - even with my explanation of a bulky uterus and my diagnosis. Being told I was miscarrying despite not knowing I was pregnant with and A&E nurse insisting it was 20+ weeks was a bit of a worry.
pp's pics (above) look more like bad posture to me than bump but it's amazing the way my own posture has changed through this pregnancy and not for the better. I've started trying to be conscious of it to try to correct it as it's a bit of a concern for me.
Posted 04 April 2012 - 07:42 AM
You have a lovely bump Spring Chickadee. I love baby bumps and we should be proud of them. In my first pregnancy I was the second to be pregnant amongst my friends and was always told how huge I was and hated it! I'm having a baby people, it is growing!
I'm 10 weeks pregnant with twins and have a small baby bump. My usual clothes are lose fitting so can get away with it but if I wear any winter tops (which are more slim fitting) you can definately see it. My jeans and skirt are also getting tighter so I'll think I'll get to 12 weeks max and then have to wear maternity clothes.
GOod luck with your pregnancy.
Posted 04 April 2012 - 03:59 PM
Hey OP I def couldn't hide it with DD4 I started to show very early. I think at 9 weeks there was a def bump you could see. Like another PP I have some issues and durning some months I can look like I am 12 weeks pregnant without trying.
Posted 04 April 2012 - 05:59 PM
QUOTE (*howls* @ 04/04/2012, 12:47 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
Thanks STBG. It's probably just bladder then. My 2yo DD says it's just one, so I'm going with that.
QUOTE (Buy Me A Pony ! @ 04/04/2012, 07:28 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
I have huge numbers of uterine fibroids and with no pregnancy my uterus apparently measures at about 12 weeks despite having a flat abdominal area. I've been measured at 20 weeks from 6 weeks+ but didn't start to show a belly until 9 weeks and it may have looked similar to yours OP but with greater definition at the hips. The number of clueless women who've told me it's not possible to have a belly at my gestation is ridiculous. I've even been told by nurses and doctors that it's "just not possible" to appear to be 20 weeks+ at first trimester and that I am mistaken - even with my explanation of a bulky uterus and my diagnosis. Being told I was miscarrying despite not knowing I was pregnant with and A&E nurse insisting it was 20+ weeks was a bit of a worry.
pp's pics (above) look more like bad posture to me than bump but it's amazing the way my own posture has changed through this pregnancy and not for the better. I've started trying to be conscious of it to try to correct it as it's a bit of a concern for me.
Fibroids sure do make a huge difference to uterine size. They often making it really hard to estimate the gestation and palpate the baby later in the pregnancy.
Stupid people for not taking any notice of you.
Posted 07 April 2012 - 03:26 PM
I've always quite liked the arch in my back lol and I've just gone and looked now (out of curiosity) and it's pretty much the same (ditto wedding pics and you're definately NOT trying to poke out a belly then lol). I wonder if too many backflips and backwalkovers as a kid made a difference..? Generally (when I'm not slouching), my posture's pretty good. oh and I tried it then and if I attempt (I tried it then) to 'overarch' or poke my (non-pregnant atm) gut out, I get that 'crease' in the skin.
Geez Buy Me a Pony! even after you told them, they still didn't get it... that is a bit of a worry.
OP best wishes for a wonderful pregnancy and birth
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|Episode Info
Episode number: 1x32
Airdate: Tuesday April 01st, 2014
Director: Dave Diomedi
Writer: A.D. Miles, Jimmy Fallon, Jon Rineman
Alternate Airdates:
Mario Batali
As Himself (Walk On)
Billy Dee Williams
As Himself (Walk On)
Billy Dee Williams
As Himself (Walk On)
As Himself
Samuel L. Jackson
As Himself
Samuel L. Jackson
As Himself
Minnie Driver
As Herself
Minnie Driver
As Herself
Jimmy Fallon
As Host
Steve Higgins
As Announcer
The Roots
As House Band
|• Executive Producer
|Lorne Michaels
|• Producer
|Michael Shoemaker  | Gavin Purcell  | Josh Lieb
|• Associate Producer
|Alice Michaels  | Katie Hockmeyer
|• Line Producer
|Brian McDonald
|• Head Writer
|A.D. Miles
|• Segment Producer
|Marc Liepis  | Rob Crabbe  | Jim Juvonen
|• Series Director
|Dave Diomedi
|• Music Director
|Ahmir-Khalib Thompson
|• Written By
|Jimmy Fallon
|• Created By
|Sylvester Weaver, Jr.
|• Writer
|Jon Rineman
|• Production
|Broadway Video
|• Costume Design
|Mario Martines
|• Theme By
|Jimmy Fallon
|• Developed By
|A.D. Miles  | Jimmy Fallon


text:
I'm frequently facing this issue, as an Oracle user, playing around with MySql.
Be the following situation:
- a list of ids (1, 2, 3, ..., n)
- a list of values ('val1', 'val2', 'val3', ..., 'valn') [The values are obviously totally different than these]
- The 2 previous lists are passed ordered. It means the value passed first corresponds to the id passed first.
The objective is to update all the
value of the table
value having the corresponding
id: val1 should update id 1, val2 should update id 2 etc... In only ONE query.
The easy solution is to update n times:
UPDATE `value` SET `value`='val1' WHERE id = 1;
UPDATE `value` SET `value`='val2' WHERE id = 2;
UPDATE `value` SET `value`='val3' WHERE id = 3;
UPDATE `value` SET `value`='valn' WHERE id = n;
But I would love to bulk update all this.
sqlfiddle to play a bit: http://sqlfiddle.com/#!2/d02e8


text:
The room was dirty, the tolit had poo stains in it. There were no outlets to plug a charger in by the bed. I followed the lamp plug on the night stand only to be scared of how much trash was behind the bed. It looked like it hadnt been cleaned in years. I ate breakfast at the hotel. It was a very bad experience. I was seated right away and then asked what I would care for to drink. I asked for a cup of coffee with creamer. There was only one employee waiting on tables and it was very busy. The other employee was actually mopping the floor around guests that were eating. Nobody wants to smell mop water while they are eating. The waitress asked the girl mopping the floors for some help so she went over and picked up my cup of coffee and placed the creamer dish ON TOP of the cup (she didn't wash her hands first either), then delivered the cup of coffee with the creamer dish still sitting on top of the cup of coffee. When the waitress brought out my order she had one plate sitting on TOP of the food that she was brining to me. When she put them down you could see the ring of the bottom of the plate impressed on top of my pancakes. Very pour service and very pour food sanitation skills. I will never visit your establishment again.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Please allow the staff at the Best Western Baraboo Inn the opportunity to show you true Midwestern hospitality the next time you find yourself in the Baraboo area. This hotel, nestled on the north side of Baraboo on Highway 12, is conveniently located near some of Wisconsin's most treasured natural areas and preserves: the International Crane Foundation, The Aldo Leopold Center, and Devil's Lake State Park. The hotel also offers close proximity to the Wisconsin Dells (Waterpark Capital of the World), where guests get to see a completely different face of Wisconsin tourism. A complimentary hot breakfast buffet is provided to all registered hotel guests in our Atrium each morning. This property is 100% smoke-free. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Hotels.com, Priceline, Hotwire, Travelocity, Odigeo, Orbitz and Best Western + Iniative so you can book your BEST WESTERN Baraboo Inn reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Best Western Baraboo Hotel Baraboo
- Baraboo Best Western


text:
Student groups at more than 60 college and universities hosted events to raise awareness and push for fossil fuel divestment as part of 350.org's #FossilFreedom Day of Action.
Disputes over intellectual property (IP) rights have been around as long as faculty members have been producing ideas. Whether it's a cure for a disease, a textbook, or even a syllabus, ownership and IP rights are dictated by a policy at every college and university in the United States.
There are seven areas of oversight that trustees of higher education institutions should consider as fiduciaries. Mistakes in any of these areas can negatively impact the expected growth and risk profile of the portfolio, and in turn, the institution's financial well-being.
Mistake #1: Not Tracking Total Investment Portfolio Performance
The pace of change in the business offices of universities has never been faster. All eyes are on how institutions will manage the challenges of cost containment pressures, lower federal and state support, and the changing marketplace for higher education. With more demands on your resources—including personnel, capital and time—you have to ensure you are getting the most out of your business partnerships.
The Rutgers (N.J.) spying case and the Penn State abuse scandal, among others, highlight the liability risks of all types facing colleges and universities. From the other end of the risk spectrum, Tulane University's (La.) long struggle to rebuild and recoup losses stemming from Hurricane Katrina illustrates the complexity of property damage risk management.
While voters across the nation were glued to their screens last night counting electoral votes, the higher education community was holding its breath awaiting the answers on a number of important ballot initiatives, proving this year's election was truly about more than blue and red for higher ed.
Finding funding for new technology investments in higher education can often seem overwhelming and stressful given the current economic environment. However, there are strategies available to support new technological initiatives. Administrators just need to do their homework and remain persistent to secure the funding needed to deploy these essential advancements.
Video is changing the way we teach, learn, and do business on campus. How can you harness the power of online video—from lecture capture to campus events to student-generated content—to create new value? That was the focus of the Future of Video in Education Summit preceding UBTech 2012. Sponsored by Sonic Foundry, the summit examined those questions in a series of presentations and panel discussions.
A third of all colleges and universities in the United States are in a weaker financial state today than before 2005, according to a new study. Colleges have more liabilities, higher debt service, and increasing expenses without the revenue or cash reserves to back them up, as well as limited ability to pass costs onto families, according to Boston-based Bain & Co.
Proving that few higher ed institutions are immune from the effects of the economy, schools such as Yale and MIT are included on Bain's list.
What single key thing must campus administrators keep in mind when considering audio options?
"The one thing that needs to be understood for an audio solution across a campus is how to implement a simple solution for all environments that will need audio. The different classroom settings make it very difficult for an administrator to come up with a one-size-fits all type of solution." —Tim Root, CTO and executive VP of new business development, Revolabs
The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education revealed that an audit shows California University of Pennsylvania inappropriately used university employees to raise money for its private foundation and improperly diverted nearly $6 million to the same nonprofit.
The audit led to the firing of university President Angelo Armenti, who led the institution for nearly 20 years. Armenti says the audit findings are "baseless" and "unfounded."
Americans are increasingly choosing donor-advised funds (DAFs) as their preferred charitable giving vehicle. They have become the fastest growing vehicle in philanthropy, outnumbering private foundations by more than two-to-one. In 2010 (the most recent available data), grantmaking from DAFs totaled more than $6.1 billion, according to the "2011 Donor-Advised Fund Report" from National Philanthropic Trust.
Higher education costs are skyrocketing at a rate much higher than inflation. While states have drastically reduced public university budgets, those universities are constrained from raising tuition costs appreciably. Add to this the fact that higher education is a labor-intensive enterprise, and you begin to understand the dilemma in which we college administrators find ourselves.
Until recently, many 403(b) employee retirement plans were viewed not as actual plans but as clusters of individual employee contracts with different vendors. Higher ed institutions were like middle men, with their role limited to passing through employee contributions to individual plans. Administrators saw little need to pay much attention to their 403(b) plans or to exercise much oversight of third-party mutual funds or insurance companies managing employee funds.


text:
Valuation Workbook: Step-by-Step Exercises and Test to Help You Master Valuation / Edition 3by McKinsey & Company Inc., Tom Copeland, Tim Koller, Jack Murrin
Pub. Date: 01/28/2000
Publisher: Wiley
"A 'how-to' guide for corporate executives who want to get at the unrealized shareholder values trapped in public companies."
—New York Times
THE #1 guide TO CORPORATE VALUATION IS NOW BETTER THAN EVER!
"The book's clarity and comprehensive coverage make it one ofthe best practitioners'/b>/i>/b>
Completely Updated, Over 200,000 Copies Sold!
"A 'how-to' guide for corporate executives who want to get at the unrealized shareholder values trapped in public companies."
—New York Times
THE #1 guide TO CORPORATE VALUATION IS NOW BETTER THAN EVER!
"The book's clarity and comprehensive coverage make it one ofthe best practitioners' guides to valuation."
—Financial Times
"Should serve very well the professional manager who wants to do some serious thinking about what really does contribute value to his or her firm and why."
—The Journal of Finance
"Valuation is like a Swiss army knife . . . you will be prepared for just about any contingency."
—Martin H. Dubilier, Chairman of the Board, Clayton & Dubilier, Inc.
"This book on valuation represents fresh new thinking. The writing is clear and direct, combining the best academic principles with actual experience to arrive at value-increasing solutions."
—J. Fred Weston, cordner Professor of Money and Financial Markets, Graduate School of Management, UCLA
System Requirements:
Pentium II PC or greater
Windows 98 or later
20MB Hard Disk Space
Excel 97 / 2000 (Alone or part of Office 97 / 2000) w/Report Manager & Analysis ToolPak installed and enabled.
(Note: Formulas & Computations are not guaranteed in later versions of Excel)
Video Display: 800 x 600 recommended
Product Details
- 9780471397519
- Publisher:
- Wiley
- Publication date:
- 01/28/2000
- Series:
- Frontiers in Finance Series, #83
- Edition description:
- Older Edition
- Pages:
- 272
- Product dimensions:
- 6.05(w) x 9.01(h) x 0.71(d)
Table of Contents
- The Value Manager
- Fundamental Principles of Value Creation
- Metrics Mania: Surviving the Barrage of Value Metrics
- Cash Is King
- Making Value Happen
- Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures
- Frameworks for Valuation
- Analyzing Historical Performance
- Estimating the Cost of Capital
- Forecasting Performance
- Estimating Continuing Value
- Calculating and Interpreting the Results
- Multibusiness Valuation
- Valuing Dotcoms
- Valuing Cyclical Companies
- Valuing Foreign Subsidiaries
- Valuation Outside the United States
- Valuation in Emerging Markets
- Using Option Pricing Methods to Value Flexibility
- Valuing Banks
- Valuing Insurance Companies
- Appendix
- Index
- Fundamental Principles of Value Creation
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews >


text:
Avon Appoints Color Director
October 19, 2006 | Contact Author | By: Katie Schaefer
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- Article
- Keywords/Abstract
Branded Content
Introducing BASF's new Experiential Skin Care – BASF Introduces Experiential Skin Care
What are Oligomers for LED Curable Nail Gel Coatings? – Dymax Corporation
Formulation Friendly and Effective BioTransformed Natural Extracts – BCR
Brightness, High Chroma Effects Focus for New High-Performance Pigments – BASF
A Tailor-made Approach for Achieving a Fair and Even Complexion – Sederma
Avon has announced the appointment of Jillian Dempsey as the global creative color director. She joins the Avon team with experience in the makeup artistry field.
Supplied By
Z-Cote LSA
Z-COTE LSA provides broad-spectrum protection from long wave UVA rays and medium wave UVB rays by physically scattering, reflecting and absorbing solar radiation.
- Zinc Oxide
- Triethoxycaprylylsilane
- UVA, UVB Sunscreen
- UVA Protection
- UVB Protection
Supplied By


text:
Crazy Substitute Teachers
Enjoy, NG4.05 / 5.00 1,579 Views
Vacuum Salesman
This dude and his Megazord vacuum cleaner3.99 / 5.00 2,448 Views
Markiplier Animated | Mark Of The Survey Corps
This took far too long to make...3.90 / 5.00 4,104 Views
Was... was that a screaming face in the furnace next to Salad Fingers bed? Oh man, that was super creepy though... I love your work, Doki!
what the actual hell is going on here.... i thought the one where he ate jeremy fisher was freaky THIS beats that... in fact i wanna go take cover somewhere in the forest... with slender man and the stuff from alan wake
So 3 more years I guess till the next one?
So I guess Ill see you in 2014...
Salad Fingers in my heart
This is one of the best things I've seen in a long time..


text:
13 Parks near Hope Hull, Alabama
Maxwell Gunter AFB, Alabama 10.22 miles N
Montgomery, Alabama 11.86 miles NE
Lowndesboro, Alabama 15.41 miles NW
Pike Road, Alabama 15.91 miles NE
Hayneville, Alabama 17.51 miles SW
Hope Hull, Alabama (map) | (334) 220-1175
Sites: 23 | Latest Rate: $21.00 | 48 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2016 - $21.00
The owner was super friendly and helpful. Always a nice way to start a stay. Camp ground is right off of Hwy 65 so easy access, and a good stop over while heading North or South. Also, makes for a fair amount of road noise, with the heat all our windows were closed so couldn't really hear it inside. Easy drive in but your GPS will stop you just a little short of the entrance, at the neighbors driveway, so make sure you look for the RV's and cabins before turning in. There are about 30 sites, some are permanent residents, but they are all well maintained. There are also cabins to rent. Sites are about average width and long enough for our 37-foot RV and tow-dolly. All sites are gravel with a cement patio, a picnic table and fire ring. Water pressure was great, in fact it is so strong you really need a regulator for your hose. The water is very soft, so go light on the soap and shampoo! Wi-Fi was good, our Verizon phone strength was good, and there is not a tree in sight so if you use a satellite you should have no problem. Laundry room and bathrooms were very clean. On one side of the camp is a large field that worked out great for walking the dog, if your dog is good off leash it is the perfect place for a game of fetch. They are a Passport America park, but we got the weekly rate of $150. - BarrettsHappyTrails
Apr 2016 - $26.00
This park is located just off I-65, 8-10 miles south of Montgomery. It is a lovely setting near some nice farms with cows, goats and horses. The driveways and RV sites are gravel with some grass areas in between. There are full hookups and decent WiFi included. The bathrooms are OK but should be cleaned more carefully and more frequently. The lady who checked us in was very nice and provided helpful information about visiting Montgomery. We paid a Passport America rate of $26 per night. - Coopsecondact
Mar 2016 - $26.00
We stayed here one night on our way to Florida. The office personnel were very friendly and efficient. You can tell this campground is a "work in progress". We had a pull-through site, nice and long, and didn't even disconnect our tow vehicle. The site was level gravel, new sod, and had 30/50 amp service, sewer, and water. There is no cable at this campground, however the channel selection from nearby Montgomery came in loud and clear. This campground is located adjacent to I-65 and when we saw the close proximity, were a little worried about the interstate noise at night. We didn't hear a thing. There were what appeared to be "full timers" at this campground and several fellow campers left in their trucks between 6:00 & 6:30 - heading to work? This campground has a lot of potential and is fine for an overnight stay. - Sloopie1
Montgomery, Alabama (map) | (334) 288-0728
Sites: 114 | Latest Rate: $30.00 | 7 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Mar 2013 - $30.00
The park is quite old and the entrance roads and tarmac at the office are in need of attention. The site was a pull through, hard surface and level. Quite a few permanent residents. Adjacent to Interstate. - W Howard
Oct 2010 - $31.00
This park was in the Good Sam parks book as a Good Sam park, however it is NOT a good Sam Park any longer. It is very run down, dirty with poor hook ups. We will not stay there again. - racomarley
Jun 2010 - $34.00
Can you say Deliverance? Live and learn - I will never stay in a park without referring to RV Park Reviews again. This place was reviewed last in 2007 and nothing has changed. I did have 50 amp that worked fine, but there is nothing to recommend the park other than it is easy on and easy off the interstate, and there is a easy in and out diesel place outside the gate. The park was quiet, eerily so. Several mildew covered permanent trailers on either side. Close the door and turn on the AC. Glad to say good-bye. Very unfriendly dude checked us in. Stay away. Pretty trees, and the power worked, otherwise a zero. - Tiny Beast
Montgomery, Alabama (map) | (334) 356-1887
Sites: 105 | Latest Rate: $27.00 | 103 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
May 2016 - $27.00
This was hard for us to find. Be sure to turn by Arby's! Level gravel sites. Good power, water, and sewer hook ups. Quiet location, nice staff. Good roads in & out. Numerous restaurants and shopping nearby. Would stay again. - DBKings
Apr 2016 - $22.00
Cannot reserve a spot with Passport America. We arrived about 3pm and had no problem getting a spot, fairly full by 6 pm.
WI-FI worked good and cable also, did not use restrooms. Long pull thru's good for overnight. Camped with 40' motorhome pulling a car. - 210george
Apr 2016 - $27.00
Good for overnight. Easy to access from interstate. Large sites. - Chuck333
Montgomery, Alabama (map) | (334) 269-1053
Sites: 142 | Latest Rate: $24.00 | 62 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2016 - $24.00
Gunter Hill is a fantastic campground. We have stayed on the Catoma side twice. The sites are very long, level and nicely spaced out. There is a gravel patio with a picnic table and fire ring. The restrooms and showers were clean, with hot water. The shower heads were VERY low, which was kind of an annoyance but OK. We used the laundry facility, which had very clean/probably newer washer and dryers. Two of each. It was $1 per wash and $1 per dry. This campground is very quiet, with lots of trees. There is a racetrack near the campground. We could hear the motorcycles (outside) on a Friday night, but they didn't go on late, and we couldn't hear them over our AC unit. We would definitely stay here again. - UnderTheStars
Apr 2016 - $20.00
I can't say too many nice things about this campground. The slots were spacious with long level concrete pads. There was a graveled "patio" with a picnic table. The bathhouse was a 30 yard walk behind our site. - Threepdr
Apr 2016 - $13.00
We have stopped here several times to an from Florida. A little off the interstate but a nice quiet park. We will return again when we pass through Montgomery. - hoganc
Maxwell Gunter AFB, Alabama (map) | (334) 953-5161
Sites: 56 | Latest Rate: $20.00 | 14 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Feb 2016 - $20.00
Quiet hours at this park are from 10pm-7am. It is now after 11pm and one of my nearby neighbors (a homesteader) has been blasting his stereo inside his motorhome for the past 3 hours. I don't know how the people in the RVs next to him stand it. We're here overnight and our stay cannot end soon enough for me. I hope to get at least a decent night's sleep. No one is around to enforce quiet hours and it's apparent the permanent residents here know that and take advantage of it.
We made reservations yesterday and were assigned a site, #52. When we pulled up to the site, someone was already parked there. They were overnighting too and hoping we would be a no-show. They left and found a different site. As we were hooking up our utilities, we noticed the resident in site #51 next to us had strapped his satellite receiver to the top of the grill on our site. We asked him to remove it and he asked if we were using the grill right then. We insisted he remove it and he came out 15 mins later and grudgingly did it.
The park is full of homesteading residents with all their stuff spread out around their rigs and spilling over to the empty sites (like the satellite receiver I mentioned earlier). There's a definite trailer park feel to this place. Many sites are so close together, you can hear your neighbor yawning (as we did).
The cement pads are nice - long and level. Hookups are in the middle. Water pressure is in the red zone so use pressure regulator. WiFi is non-existent and there's no cable. There's trains passing nearby. And neighbors who play loud music late into the night. I can't wait to leave and never return to this trailer park. - Flippitti
Feb 2016 - $20.00
This is a typical military campground with a number of semi-permanent residents who apparently have business on the base. Although it is an Air Force base, airplane noise is not a problem. The park and facilities are clean and well maintained and the hosts are friendly and helpful. The only thing we wished for was a dog park but there is a lot of open spaces for dogs to run. Just have to be on a leash. Sites are concrete pads closer together than usual on a military rv park, but not a problem for us. - Bojangles
Jan 2016 - $20.00
We stayed for a night passing through. We were placed in the newer section of the park at a nice long pull thru with cement pad. The park is very nice and seems to be kept up. However there are quite a few long term residents that have lots of stuff around their sites that to me makes it feel like a trailer park. Site was level, close to neighbors but not on top of each other. No cable, but plenty of over the air channels. WiFi was pretty much useless. They recommend using a water pressure valve, which we did along with our filter and pressure was still good. A very nice park that we would like to see in the summer with all of the available gear rentals by the lake. Only heard one plane during our stay so can't complain about the noise. However we did hear quite a few trains during our short stay. Laundry was 75 cents per wash and dry cycle. We would definitely return. - pfogleboch
Prattville, Alabama (map) | (334) 361-3999
Sites: 37 | Latest Rate: $30.00 | 1 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Oct 2014 - $30.00
Small campground with dirt sites. Good utilities. Most sites have no shade. Close to train tracks, but not many trains. Friendly staff. Lots of full time residents. OK for a short stay, but not a destination campground. Close to downtown Prattville. - chezhead
Millbrook, Alabama (map) | (334) 285-5251
Sites: 94 | Latest Rate: $22.00 | 3 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
May 2012 - $22.00
This is possibly the WORST campground I've ever stayed in, although it is more a trailer park rather than a campground. Most of the sites are occupied by permanent campers. Many have broken or ill fitting sewer hoses, leaving sewer smells. There are many wild cats running around, which drove my dog crazy. I had to leave the campground grounds in order to find grass to walk the dog. I will never stay here again, but if I did, I'd bring extra shirts to hand to the permanent residents who spend most of the day walking around shirtless. - Florida Nick
Jul 2011 - $24.00
Nice friendly place to stay! Late check in available! Would definitely recommend! - BFamily
Jan 2009 - $20.00
This was good for an overnight stay, but I wouldn't want to stay more than a night or two. There is a single restroom that the campground shares with gas station customers. The bathroom is attached to the gas station, there is no shower and it closes at 9p.m.. There are a lot of permanent campers here. - TigerPaw
4655 Old Wetumpka hwy Montgomery, Alabama 36110 (map) | (334) 271-8063
Sites: 88 | Latest Rate: $30.00 | 96 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2016 - $30.00
Very nice Good Sam park with friendly staff and wide gravel spaces and exceptionally wide gravel roads. Be careful, as the roads have speed bumps which will rock a large motorhome. There is a very large fenced dog park with seating. All parts of the park are well maintained. Free WiFi and cable. All sites have a round metal picnic table but no chairs. Verizon 4G signal was average strength. Power was running 118 in the 80-degree afternoon; very good considering all the A/C units running. Your GPS may send you to the wrong area. It is on the east side of the road at a traffic light just before you cross the river if you are going north. You don't see the park from the traffic light as it is about 1,000' east of the light. We did not see any signs announcing the park direction. Most of the rigs in the park are well maintained newer equipment; we found only one exception. We have stayed at well rated Good Sam parks that obviously were improperly rated. This park should be the standard for a very good rating across the Good Sam system. We would return here. - Workamper04
Apr 2016 - $21.00
Big rig friendly with level sites. Easy on and off from I65. Showers and laundry were good. Large dog park but did not provide doggy bags. The campground was easy to ride bicycles. Wi-Fi was okay. No problem using our satellite. No swimming pool. - Fulltimersrv
Mar 2016 - $27.00
We stayed here a couple of years ago and came back for a 2 night stay. The owner of the campground was very friendly and informative. The grounds were clean and neat and so were the restrooms. The sites were spaced nicely apart and the site was a pull-through, easy to get in and out. We needed some RV repair work done and the owner referred us to a place right up the street (they did a great quick repair)! Park is quiet at night and they do monitor traffic speed through the park. Great location in the city too! We'll go back there next time we visit Montgomery for sure! - Betty2016
Montgomery, Alabama (map) |
Sites: 25 | Latest Rate: $15.00 | 1 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Aug 2004 - $15.00
Campground is just off US 231 on the banks of the Tallaposa River, some sites have carport covers tall enough for any RV, but no longer than 30', narrow road down to the park, beware to swing wide on the left turn back up the road on leaving (we scratched our paint on some metal stantions hidden in the weeds), many permanent residents, this campground is nothing fancy, but we have had a pleasant stay both times we have stayed there for a week each time. - AFChap
Montgomery, Alabama (map) | (334) 215-0380
Sites: 20 | Latest Rate: $10.00 | 2 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Mar 2012 - $10.00
Prior reviews tell it all. One note for prior visitors, the campsite numbers have been changed. For example our wonderful site last year was 27, this year it is 102. TV reception last year was good, this year we only got PBS. Our Verizon phone was marginal, Verizon data service OK. The rate is for Golden Age card. - rncordy
Aug 2008 - $25.00
This park is now run by AWA properties and does NOT have any amenities except basic cable TV is provided (no bath house/laundry). We loved it being close to shopping yet woodsy and out of site of traffic. We lived here fulltime for nearly a year. The electric is not metered: included in the rent. There are only 2 pull through sites. Mrs Watson still lives in big house behind park. I'd highly recommend this park for someone working in the Montgomery area. - slawrence