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The control of gene expression governs all life. Some of that control—maybe even a fair amount of it—depends on microRNA (miRNA). These single strands of 21–25 nucleotides come from DNA that was once called junk. Nonetheless, it is junk no more. Instead, scientists now know that miRNAs regulate the expression of genes, and appear to be involved in an ever-expanding range of biological pathways in animals, plants, and viruses.
Moreover, miRNA takes part in a wide range of today's research. In fact, a recent search of PubMed turned up 3,266 hits for articles on these molecules. Still, research scientists know that today's knowledge of and applications for miRNA are only the beginning of these areas of research. Consequently, getting the most from miRNA—in terms of unraveling its natural roles and finding more ways to use it in research—depends on the development of standardized miRNA-based tools.
Already, research shows that miRNAs participate in fundamental biological processes, including apoptosis, development, and differentiation. In other words, these molecules orchestrate the on-and-off patterns of genes that work from life's beginning until its end. In addition, malfunctions in the expression of miRNA genes themselves lead to misregulation that plays some role in a range of diseases including various cancers and heart disease.
As the list of natural jobs performed by miRNA increases, the number of known miRNAs rises even faster. In mid-2007, for example, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute's miRBase consisted of just over 5,000 miRNAs. By April 2008, when Sanger brought out Release 11.0, it contained nearly 6,400 miRNAs.
Given the emergent nature of miRNA-based studies, the research often runs ahead of the technology that supports it. As a result, researchers need ready-to-use miRNA technologies that simplify their research.
The general mechanism behind miRNA sounds simple enough: These single-stranded RNAs are complementary to some section of a mRNA, and binding between the two blocks the mRNA from making its protein. As a result, the miRNA reduces the output of that protein.
The details behind the miRNA pathway, though, get more complex. First, an miRNA's gene and RNA polymerase II produce a string of RNA nucleotides—a primary transcript called pri-miRNA—that includes a double-stranded stem topped with a loop.
An enzyme complex, composed of Drosha and Pasha, cleaves the pri-miRNA to leave only the stem-and-loop section. This so-called pre-miRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where Dicer, another enzyme, clips off the loop. Further processing leaves only a short, single-stranded molecule, miRNA.
Despite unraveling these steps of the biochemical pathway from DNA to miRNA, many details remain unresolved. Beyond the protein complexes that participate in shaping miRNA, other molecules coordinate the cellular translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Moreover, the RNA can get edited along the way. In fact, some miRNAs must be edited to be turned on, and others stop working after editing. In addition, mature miRNA might get stored in specific cellular compartments, even going back to the nucleus.
To really understand how miRNAs control gene expression under normal conditions, researchers must refine their knowledge of the mechanism behind this regulation.
For example, scientists want to know the details of how a particular miRNA regulates a specific target, because it might block some targets and merely modulate others. In addition, a better understanding of normal miRNA processes will help scientists understand what causes miRNA regulation to go wrong in a disease and how that problem might be treated or repaired.
In using miRNA as a research tool, though, researchers face further obstacles. For one thing, the short stretch of an miRNA allows it to bind with many mRNAs. In addition, to find out what miRNA does in a specific tissue, a scientist needs a way to get miRNA to the right location. The right spot is not enough, however; it must also avoid the wrong places.
This is particularly crucial in developing miRNA-based therapeutics. For instance, if a scientist developed an miRNA that battles cancer but is also toxic to the liver, it is a useless therapy.
In studying the normal mechanisms of miRNA, researchers must pay attention to tissue-specific functions as well as functions related to a specific developmental stage. Consequently, researchers must note place and time in miRNA-based studies.
For various forms of miRNA research, scientists need two general tools: mimics and inhibitors. An miRNA mimic can be used to investigate the effect of a specific miRNA—essentially turning on the process that this specific miRNA causes, whether in normal or disease states. On the other hand, an miRNA inhibitor turns off a specific miRNA, which can be used to see what happens when that miRNA is not working.
Recently, Qiagen developed miScript miRNA Mimics and Inhibitors, which are synthetic molecules that are ready for transfection. The mimics are double-stranded RNAs that act like an endogenous miRNA of the same sequence. In other words, these mimics slip into the normal miRNA pathway after the Dicer-catalyzed step, just before the double-stranded miRNA gets turned into single-stranded molecules.
Qiagen scientists have used their miRNA mimics in many experiments such as ones with histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), which can modify histones that are involved in the regulation of development and the cell cycle. Transfecting HeLa S3 cells with a mimic for miR-1—an miRNA that targets HDAC4's mRNA—reduced the levels of this protein (Figure 1).
The miR-1 did not reduce the HDAC4 transcript, however, which indicates that the mimic acts at the translation step (Figure 2).
Qiagen's miScript miRNA Inhibitors are single-stranded RNAs that block endogenous miRNAs. For instance, HeLa S3 cells were cotransfected with miRNA inhibitors and a reporter construct containing a luciferase gene that was regulated by an endogenously expressed miRNA, and Qiagen scientists found that miScript miRNA Inhibitors impede this endogenous miRNA for at least 96 hours, leading to a regular translation of the luciferase (Figure 3).
To deal with the ever-growing list of miRNAs, Qiagen keeps both mimics and inhibitors updated to the current miRBase for human, mouse, and rat. Qiagen also offers custom mimics and inhibitors.
These mimics and inhibitors can be used with a variety of techniques, like detecting and isolating miRNAs. Such standardized tools also simplify functional studies of miRNAs. Moreover, these mimics and inhibitors can enhance downstream applications such as reporter assays, real-time PCR, microarray analysis, and protein analysis.
With real-time PCR, for example, Qiagen used the complete miScript System to quantify miRNA with SYBR Green in HeLa S3 cells. Transfecting these cells with a Qiagen inhibitor dramatically reduced detectable levels of miR-16 miRNA (Figure 4A), and the PCR amplification plot (Figure 4B) also showed the progression of this reduction.
As work on miRNA continues, more applications and tools will be developed. Moreover, the availability of synthetic mimics and inhibitors that work in complete miRNA systems will accelerate this research.
Constanze Kindler, Ph.D. ([email protected]
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MDMA (commonly known as the empathogen "ecstasy") is classified as a Schedule 1 drug, which is reserved for compounds with no accepted medical use and a high abuse potential. Two researchers from Stanford, however, call for a rigorous scientific exploration of MDMA's effects to identify precisely how the drug works, the data from which could be used to develop therapeutic compounds.Do you agree that ecstasy should be studied for its potential therapeutic benefits?
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Whirlwind Necklace made with Swarovski Elements£9 instead of £58 (from Evoked Design) for a whirlwind love necklace made with Swarovski Elements - save 84%
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Boulder, COUSA
June 19, 2009
I have three product ideas for the iPhone and need someone to develop, market and support the product(s). All I want is a small royalty.
I think you (we?) need to open the group up to include Android and Blackberry... maybe later the new Microsoft phone OS. Of course, if that happens, a much bigger meeting place would be needed.
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Oct. 23–25 | Indianapolis, Ind.
Nonconformist Scott Stratten will challenge your approach to marketing and social media when he addresses the International Conference on Tuesday, Oct. 25 at 9:30 a.m. In his humorous, plainspoken manner, Stratten will help you re-examine the commonly held wisdom about branding and relationship building to enhance customer engagement and build better relationships.
With more than 175,000 Twitter followers, Stratten has been named one of the top five social media influencers in the world by Forbes.com. His clients' viral marketing videos have been viewed over 60 million times and he was selected as one of "America's 10 Marketing Gurus" by Business Review USA.
Read more about Scott Stratten here.
Former White House Chief Information Officer Theresa Payton will deliver a compelling wake-up call regarding the world of cybersecurity during the Monday morning General Session at the Public Relations Society of America 2016 International Conference in Indianapolis, Oct. 23-25.
In the aftermath of headline-making, debilitating cyberattacks at Anthem, Sony Pictures, Home Depot and Target, Payton will spotlight ways that PR professionals can address the risks of data breaches and communicate proactively on this key subject.
Read more about Theresa Payton here.
Pioneering NASA Astronaut Scott Kelly will launch The Public Relations Society of America's (PRSA) 2016 International Conference with a thrilling account of his record-breaking odyssey aboard the International Space Station. In Capt. Kelly's Opening Keynote Address on Sunday, Oct. 23, he will remind us all that "The Sky Is Not the Limit: Lessons from a Year in Space."
Capt. Kelly, who also served as a fearless U.S. Navy test pilot, will inspire us with his account of these truly out-of-this-world adventures. Drawing on the challenges of spending a year in zero gravity, orbiting 229 miles above the Earth's surface, he will share valuable advice on pushing one's own limits.
Read more about Scott Kelly here.


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Researchers have found alterations in respiration gene expression in the white blood cells of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Since CKD has been linked to oxidative stress caused by dysregulation of the genes that control mitochondria, they believe that CKD patients may have an impaired mitochondrial respiratory system.
"This condition may be both the consequence and the cause of enhanced oxidative stress," explains Gianluigi Zaza from the renal unit of University of Bari, Italy. The research is published in BMC Genomics. The paper is titled "Mitochondrial dysregulation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney patients."
The researchers found 44 genes that were upregulated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CKD patients compared to normal controls. Of these, 11 genes were involved in the oxidative phosphorylation system. Further tests revealed that the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly higher in the CKD group.
Zaza and his colleagues suggest that these species are part of a vicious circle of respiration dysregulation that ultimately results in CKD. "Our hypothesis is that an increased production of ROS due to the effect of pro-inflammatory mediators may cause a profound inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation system leading to a compensatory hypertrophy of its components. In addition, a hypertrophic and impaired oxidative phosphorylation system may prime a vicious circle, causing a continuous release of ROS."
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MDMA (commonly known as the empathogen "ecstasy") is classified as a Schedule 1 drug, which is reserved for compounds with no accepted medical use and a high abuse potential. Two researchers from Stanford, however, call for a rigorous scientific exploration of MDMA's effects to identify precisely how the drug works, the data from which could be used to develop therapeutic compounds.Do you agree that ecstasy should be studied for its potential therapeutic benefits?
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Archive for Army Corps of Engineers
Heavy Rainfall Activates Early Flood Fight on Lower Mississippi RiverJanuary 8, 2016 | Posted by Elizabeth Van Cleve in 2011 Mississippi River Flood, Army Corps of Engineers
By Alisha Renfro, Staff Scientist, Restore the Mississippi River Delta Coalition, National Wildlife Federation
As the Mississippi River high water event continues, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will soon open the Bonnet Carré Spillway, and potentially the Morganza Floodway, to help relieve pressure on river levees and prevent catastrophic flooding. During high-water events like this one, the river contains more water and carries more sediment than usual. Without restoration projects like sediment diversions in place to capture sediment, much of this essential component for restoring our coast is lost. In the future, when sediment diversions are in place, we'll be able to utilize the increase in sediment carried by the river during high water events and capture it for coastal restoration. This blog is the first in a series that examine management of the Mississippi River for flood protection and the opportunities that exist to do so for coastal restoration.
Unusually heavy winter rainfall throughout much of the Mississippi River's drainage basin has led to early flood conditions on the Mississippi River. Deaths of at least 29 people and loss of property in Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma are a stark reminder of how dangerous floods can be.
On the lower Mississippi River, the Mississippi River and Tributaries (MR&T) project uses levees and floodways, among other measures, to manage river floods, like the one happening now, to protect people and property.
Prior to the disastrous 1927 flood, attempts to prevent flooding along the lower Mississippi River relied on levees along the river built to withstand the previous flood of record. The MR&T project, authorized through the Flood Control Act of 1928, is a more comprehensive U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' flood control program. It relies on levees along the river to control flood flows, floodways to lessen pressure on critical points in the river levee system, improvements and stabilization of the river channel for navigation, and improvements to major tributary drainage basins, such as dams and reservoirs. Combined, the features of the MR&T system are designed to handle the largest flood that is reasonably expected to occur, known as "project flood."[i],[ii]
In Louisiana, river floods rely on protection provided by levees along the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers, the Old River Control Complex, the Bonnet Carré Spillway and the Morganza and West Atchafalaya Floodways.
- The Old River Control Complex is designed to send 30 percent of the combined flow of the Mississippi and Red Rivers down the Atchafalaya River, and the remaining 70 percent of the flow down the main stem of the Mississippi River. During this current river flood, the U.S. Army of Engineers began operating the Old River Overbank Structure on December 30 to reduce the risk of damage to Old River Control Complex sill structures.
- The Morganza Floodway is operated during flood events to shunt excess floodwater from the Mississippi into the Atchafalaya Basin. This structure has only been operated twice, 1973 and 2011, since construction was completed on it in 1954. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is monitoring the river gage at Red River Landing to determine if this structure will be needed during the current high water event.
- The Bonnet Carré Spillway is located upriver of New Orleans. When opened, this structure can shunt up to 250,000 cubic feet per second of sediment-laden water from the river into Lake Pontchartrain, to reduce pressure on the river levees by keeping water flow below 1.25 million cubic feet per second. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will open this structure during this flood event beginning on Sunday, January 10.
- The West Atchafalaya Floodway is the last feature of the flood control system and has not been used to date.
The MR&T project has been successful in managing river flood risk during several flood events, most recently in 2011. The water levels in the river are expected to continue to rise over the next week and features of the project, such as the Bonnet Carré Spillway, will be used to manage the floodwaters and protect people and property along the lower Mississippi River.
Up next in this blog series, Alisha Renfro will examine sediment levels in the Mississippi River during high flood conditions and what implications this could have for coastal restoration.
[i] Mississippi River and Tributaries Project (Accessed 1/7/2016).
[ii] The Mississippi River and Tributaries Project: Controlling the Project FloodNo Comments
Funding for Louisiana Coastal Area Program Included in Omnibus Spending BillDecember 17, 2015 | Posted by jhebert in Army Corps of Engineers, coastal restoration, Congress, Federal Policy, Louisiana Coastal Area (LCA), Media Resources, Water Resources Development Act (WRDA)
Emily Guidry Schatzel, National Wildlife Federation, 225.253.9781, email@example.com
Jacques Hebert, National Audubon Society, 504.264.6849, email@example.com
Elizabeth Van Cleve, Environmental Defense Fund, 202.553.2543, firstname.lastname@example.com
Jimmy Frederick, Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana, 225.317.2046, email@example.com
John Lopez, Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation, 504.421.7348, firstname.lastname@example.com
Funding for Louisiana Coastal Area Program Included in Omnibus Spending Bill
Money Will Help Advance Critical Coastal Restoration Projects
(WASHINGTON—Dec. 17, 2015) Yesterday, the U.S. Congress unveiled a year-end spending bill that includes more than $10 million in funding for the Louisiana Coastal Area (LCA) Program. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 is expected to be approved in coming days by the full Congress. This funding includes $10 million for LCA Beneficial Use of Dredged Materials (BUD Mat) Construction and $50,000 for LCA General Investigations and reflects a request in the President's FY 16 budget. These levels were previously included in both U.S. House and U.S. Senate versions of FY 16 Energy and Water Appropriations bills.
National and local conservation groups working together on Mississippi River Delta restoration – Environmental Defense Fund, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation and Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana – released the following statement:
"We commend Congressional leaders and the House and Senate Appropriations Committees for including critical funding for the Louisiana Coastal Area Program in this year-end spending bill. LCA projects will help restore critical wetlands throughout the Mississippi River Delta, which will protect Louisiana's vital coastal infrastructure and natural resources. We would especially like to thank the Louisiana Congressional delegation for their bipartisan efforts and dedication to Louisiana's coast.
"The Mississippi River Delta is home to more than 2 million people and countless wildlife and birds, and is an economic engine for the entire nation, providing billions of dollars in economic activity. Ten years after Hurricane Katrina and five years after the Gulf oil disaster, this funding provides a critical opportunity to advance much-needed coastal restoration. We are gratified by the commitment to restoration the Obama Administration and Congress have shown in advancing the restoration program in fiscal year 2016, and we look forward to continued progress in the years ahead.
"The state of Louisiana has included many LCA projects in its 2012 Coastal Master Plan, and this funding is an important down payment in the effort to move that important suite of projects forward along the path to completion. Our organizations look forward to working with the state of Louisiana and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on seeing these Louisiana Coastal Area Program projects through from engineering and design to implementation."
The Restore the Mississippi River Delta Coalition is working to protect people, wildlife and jobs by reconnecting the river with its wetlands. As our region faces the crisis of threatening land loss, we offer science-based solutions through a comprehensive approach to restoration. Composed of conservation, policy, science and outreach experts from Environmental Defense Fund, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana and Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation, we are located in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Washington, D.C.; and around the United States. Learn more at MississippiRiverDelta.org and connect with us on Facebook and Twitter.No Comments
Expert panel discusses diversions as a coastal restoration toolJanuary 17, 2014 | Posted by Delta Dispatches in 2012 Coastal Master Plan, Army Corps of Engineers, Diversions, Meetings/Events, Restoration Projects, Science
By Alisha A. Renfro, Ph.D., National Wildlife Federation
Last week in Baton Rouge, The Water Institute of the Gulf hosted the inaugural meeting of the Expert Panel on Diversion Planning and Implementation. The panel – comprised of 12 experts in natural and social sciences, engineering and economics – was selected from more than 60 nominees from across the country. Panel members are all from outside Louisiana, in order to foster critical and constructive review of work being led by Louisiana-based experts. Under the direction of The Water Institute of the Gulf and meeting up to three times a year, this independent panel will provide technical review, input and guidance as the state moves forward and refines its plans for diverting fresh water and sediment from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to build, maintain and sustain coastal wetlands. For this first meeting, the panel was asked to consider the most suitable approaches to addressing current or perceived uncertainties in the planning and design of sediment diversions.
The first day of this meeting was open to the public and included a series of presentations outlining the urgent need for restoration in coastal Louisiana as well as various perspectives on sediment diversions. Kyle Graham, Deputy Executive Director of the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA), summarized Louisiana's 2012 Coastal Master Plan. In his presentation, Graham pointed out that there was no single restoration project type that can address the state's land-loss crisis in one fell swoop, but that a suite of restoration projects are needed, including barrier island restoration, marsh creation, oyster barrier reefs, shoreline protection, hydrologic restoration and sediment diversions. Barrier island restoration and marsh creation can mechanically create land in strategic locations, but sediment diversions convey sediment to not only build new land but also to maintain existing wetlands that would otherwise be lost.
Brigadier General Duke DeLuca, Commander of the U.S Army Corps of Engineers' Mississippi Valley Division, presented the Corps' perspective on sediment diversions. DeLuca discussed some of the questions that the Corps would like to see answered as sediment diversions move from plan to implementation. Many of these outstanding questions should be directly addressed through the Mississippi River Hydrodynamic and Delta Management Study, a joint project being conducted by the State of Louisiana and the Corps. The study will use historic and field data, along with models, to do an assessment of large-scale restoration features to address sustainability of the Mississippi River Delta.
Additional presenters included Jim Tripp from Environmental Defense Fund, Michael Massimi from the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program, Dr. Ehab Mesehle from The Water Institute of the Gulf and Dr. Alaa Ali from South Florida Water Management District.
In a late afternoon panel, Mark Wingate and Martin Mayer of the Corps' New Orleans District, John Ettinger of the Environmental Protection Agency and Ronnie Paille of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, discussed their federal agencies' views on diversions. Afterwards, the public was given the opportunity to voice their thoughts and concerns about coastal restoration directly to the panel.
The following day, panel members met in private to discuss the uncertainties discussed and the science that needs to be done to address these uncertainties. A report on that meeting will be given at a CPRA meeting in the coming months.
Bold solutions are needed to halt the rate of catastrophic land loss in coastal Louisiana. Every year, communities throughout the coast inch closer to disaster, becoming more and more exposed to the destructive forces of storm events. Infrastructure, which is vitally important to the economy of Louisiana and the nation, becomes more vulnerable, and important habitat for wildlife, fish and birds vanishes.
Limited by money and sediment resources, there is no one type of restoration project that is a cure-all solution. A suite of restoration projects that strengthen and sustain the landscape is necessary. Sediment diversions use the natural power of the river to build new land and help maintain the existing wetlands. To do nothing or to only implement the least challenging types of restoration projects would doom the resource-rich Louisiana coast.No Comments
The Billion Dollar Question: Who pays for MRGO ecosystem restoration?December 10, 2013 | Posted by Delta Dispatches in Army Corps of Engineers, Community Resiliency, Hurricane Katrina, Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, Water Resources Development Act (WRDA)
By Amanda Moore, National Wildlife Federation
Last Tuesday, the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority authorized the state attorney general to file suit against the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in an effort to get the federal government to pick up 100 percent of the expense for the federal plan for ecosystem restoration of damage caused by the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO). Since 2008, there has been an ongoing dispute between the state and the Corps involving interpretation of Water Resources and Development Act (WRDA) of 2007 legislation, in which Congress directed the Corps to develop a plan for restoration of the MRGO ecosystem at full federal expense.
The $3 billion plan, mandated for completion by May of 2008, was finally completed in 2012. Yet, there is still disagreement over what cost share Congress intended, leaving this critical federal restoration effort at a standstill. The state contends that construction is a 100 percent federal expense, while the Corps contends that the typical cost share on restoration projects, 65 percent federal and 35 percent state, applies. This billion dollar question will now be determined by a judge.
The MRGO Must Go Coalition, a group of 17 conservation and neighborhood organizations working since 2006 to see the MRGO closed and the ecosystem restored, has researched this cost share issue for several years. We believe that Congress intended for the MRGO projects under WRDA to be at 100 percent federal cost for construction, responding to the catastrophic flooding of New Orleans and St. Bernard Parish during Katrina and the devastating role the MRGO played in this event.
Given the extent and urgency of the restoration needs, however, we call on the state of Louisiana, the Corps and potentially other federal agencies to work together to identify all available funding sources and ensure restoration moves forward in a timely manner. All parties involved should be present to work, first and foremost, to ensure timely implementation of comprehensive MRGO ecosystem restoration, as mandated by Congress. We are painfully aware that, every day, the MRGO ecosystem further deteriorates and communities remain at risk.
We welcome this opportunity for the federal court to resolve the cost share dispute. But no matter how the ruling comes down, the bigger question remains: Where will the funds come from to pay for the $3 billion in restoration projects outlined in the MRGO ecosystem restoration plan? Billions of dollars will have to be appropriated by Congress. It is our job, as stakeholders in the resiliency and safety of the Greater New Orleans Area and as citizens who care about justice being served for the communities and ecosystem torn apart by the MRGO, to ensure that our leaders in Congress clearly understand the importance of this restoration effort and that they find the will to get it done. Learn more and take action at www.MRGOmustGO.org.No Comments
Recap of Wednesday's Mississippi River Hydrodynamic and Delta Management Study Technical MeetingOctober 25, 2013 | Posted by Delta Dispatches in Army Corps of Engineers, Diversions, Meetings/Events, Restoration Projects, Science
By Alisha Renfro, Coastal Scientist, National Wildlife Federation
The Mississippi River is one of the most managed river systems in the world. However, that management has focused on navigation and flood control needs to the detriment of the economically and ecologically important coastal Louisiana landscape. This week, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Louisiana's Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) hosted a public meeting in New Orleans to present information and preliminary results of their joint effort on the Mississippi River Hydrodynamic and Delta Management Study. This large-scale, long-term study is developing tools to evaluate different combinations of restoration projects in an effort to address the long-term sustainability of the Mississippi River and its delta while balancing the needs of navigation, flood protection and restoration.
The scope of the study extends from Vicksburg, Miss. south to the Bird's Foot delta. The study is actually comprised of two coupled, but somewhat distinct, efforts. The hydrodynamic portion of the study will focus on characterizing the dynamics in the river and developing models that can be used to evaluate river-side changes due to proposed freshwater and sediment diversion projects. It will also inform location and design of these projects to maximize their effectiveness and minimize the potential for shoaling in the river's navigation channel. The delta management part of the study will focus on the basin-side benefits and changes caused by these restoration projects. The delta management portion of the study has not yet begun. Currently, the state of Louisiana and the Army Corps are working to define the depth and breadth of that part of the study.
The afternoon session of the meeting focused on detailed technical presentations on the study. The different tasks of the Mississippi River Hydrodynamic and Delta Management Study include a geomorphic assessment, data collection and an extensive modeling effort. The geomorphic assessment focuses on compiling historical river data, dredging records and satellite imagery to document the historical trends in the river. The data collection effort will compile existing data and conduct field work to fill in gaps in understanding of the water and sediment dynamics that currently exist in the river. The historical data and present data will be integrated into the modeling work to inform the models and to ensure that the models capture the dynamics of the river system. The modeling effort includes a suite of models that each has different strengths and weaknesses. These models will be used to forecast the large-scale, long-term and shorter-term regional changes expected in the river in both a future without river diversions and a future that includes different combinations of diversion projects.
The presentations from the technical meeting indicate that this collaborative state of Louisiana and Army Corps effort has moved forward significantly since it began. The geomorphic assessment has been completed and a final report on its results is expected by the end of this year. The data collection effort is ongoing, having captured the low discharge of the river last year and the higher flow discharge from this past spring. Many of the preliminary model simulations have begun, and the preliminary results presented at this meeting emphasized the dynamic nature of the Mississippi River system, where water discharge, sediment transport and deposition can not only vary greatly from year to year, but also from week to week. The preliminary results also point to the importance of appropriate size, location and operation of sediment diversions in order to maximize sediment conveyance into adjacent wetlands and to reduce potential riverside impacts.
The Mississippi River has been a key feature in the growth and development of the U.S. However, for more than 80 years, the management of the river has focused on balancing the needs of navigation and flood control. A shift away from that management scheme towards one that balances navigation, flood control and restoration is absolutely critical for the survival of the delta ecosystem and, ultimately, the communities and navigation industry that depend on the Mississippi River Delta. The Hydrodynamic and Delta Management study is poised to be the effort that changes the way we think about management of the river and how we build a more sustainable, holistic system for our future.No Comments
City of New Orleans, National Wildlife Federation host coastal restoration public forumMarch 14, 2013 | Posted by Delta Dispatches in 2012 Coastal Master Plan, Army Corps of Engineers, BP Oil Disaster, Clean Water Act, Meetings/Events, Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA)
By Amanda Moore, Greater New Orleans Program Manager, National Wildlife Federation
Last Thursday evening, the City of New Orleans hosted their 2nd in a series of coastal restoration public forums. Community members came to hear Drue Banta, Counsel to the Louisiana Governor's Office of Coastal Activities, talk about ways to advance coastal restoration in Louisiana through use of BP oil disaster funds. Ms. Banta spoke to a crowd of about 75 people, including neighborhood leaders, parish officials, landowners, fishermen, legislators, academia and non-profit leaders. The forum explored topics such as the difference between the Natural Resource Damage Assessment and the Clean Water Act, the process through which those dollars will be coming to Louisiana, and who is responsible for planning and implementation of projects with each source of funding.
Since July 2012, the coastal restoration forums, held in partnership with National Wildlife Federation, have brought New Orleans community members face to face and in direct dialogue with coastal decision-makers from the Army Corps of Engineers, the governor's office, and staff from U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu's office. As coastal restoration efforts continue to build momentum, National Wildlife Federation and the City of New Orleans will continue to provide these opportunities for public engagement, in an effort to inform not only the community about the latest developments, but also to inform officials closely tied to the restoration process about community concerns and interests. This communication is critical for strong project planning and a healthy coast.
Charles Allen, Director and Advisor for Coastal and Environmental Affairs with the City of New Orleans, explains the purpose of the public outreach effort. "Our goal is to keep the people in the New Orleans area informed and engaged about the many complexities of coastal restoration and the urgency of advancing the Louisiana Coastal Master Plan to protect our communities for generations to come. There is a great promise that new funding sources will eventually start to flow into our state to address this need. As a result, we feel our community should be kept informed so they can further shape the state's coastal restoration agenda as it evolves and moves forward."
Check back for information on future coastal restoration public forums.1 Comment
The People Have SpokenOctober 1, 2012 | Posted by Delta Dispatches in Army Corps of Engineers, Congress, Hurricane Katrina, Mississippi River Gulf Outlet
By Amanda Moore, National Wildlife Federation
On September 6, restoration along the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO) passed another important milestone with completion of the final public comment period for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' planning process. It's a milestone worth honoring, because almost 49,000 people commented on the plan and the need to prioritize restoration of the area. These comments were collected through nonprofit organizations affiliated with the MRGO Must Go Coalition, and since last year, over 75,000 people have shared their voice of support for the Coalition's recommendations for MRGO ecosystem restoration during the public comment process. That is, by far, a record for the Corps of Engineers New Orleans District and goes to show how important this restoration effort is for the Greater New Orleans area.
"The corps needs to listen to the will of the people and address the ecosystem damaged by the MRGO. It's time for the corps to step up to their responsibility and move on this work," said John Koeferl, member of the Holy Cross Neighborhood Association in the Lower Ninth Ward.
Despite this loud demand for urgent and comprehensive restoration, the Corps of Engineers is considering a recommendation of no further action on the MRGO ecosystem restoration report, due to a dispute over who will pay for the projects. A formal decision is still being made on the recommendation by the Chief of Engineers and is expected this week.
Of course, the need for restoration transcends a policy dispute. The MRGO report, which is more than four years beyond its congressional deadline, contains the corps' plan to restore a portion of more than 600,000 acres of coastal wetlands and waterways impacted by the MRGO shipping channel. The MRGO has been directly linked to intensifying the destruction of Hurricane Katrina by destroying the wetlands that once buffered the Greater New Orleans area from storm surge.
In addition to the Coalition's recommendation that the Corps of Engineers move forward on plan implementation, other major recommendations were offered to the corps, including prioritizing the 19 projects listed in the corps' report that are also addressed in Louisiana's 2012 Coastal Master Plan, as well as expeditiously moving forward the Violet Freshwater Diversion. The majority of marsh creation, marsh nourishment and swamp creation features depend on river reintroduction, and the Violet Diversion project will allow for salinity control, sediment delivery to the Central Wetlands area, and better adaptation to sea level rise.
To learn more about the MRGO Must Go Coalition and our recommendations, please visit www.MRGOmustGO.org.No Comments
Statement: Army Corps Should Act Quickly to Restore MRGO DamageSeptember 27, 2012 | Posted by Delta Dispatches in Army Corps of Engineers, Media Resources, Mississippi River Gulf Outlet
Amanda Moore, National Wildlife Federation, 504-442-2702
John Lopez, Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation, 504-421-7348
For Immediate Release:
(September 26, 2012—New Orleans) The U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals reversed its March decision on Army Corps liability for catastrophic flood damage related to the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO) during Hurricane Katrina, giving the Army Corps immunity under the discretionary-function exception of the Federal Tort Claims Act. Still, the Court acknowledged the MRGO "greatly aggravated the storm's effects on the city" and the Corps "abused its discretion."
"MRGO operation followed a multi-decadal pattern of failed policy and inadequate execution, which blithely ignored the egregious wetland loss and ominous threat the MRGO posed to St. Bernard Parish and New Orleans," said Dr. John Lopez, executive director of the Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation. "Due to the Corps' failure to correct the issue, the MRGO destroyed communities and cost lives."
Today, the MRGO damage remains unmitigated. Over 600,000 acres of coastal habitat were impacted by the MRGO, including tens of thousands of acres of protective wetlands that surround the Greater New Orleans area. Despite a call to action by Congress in 2006, an Army Corps plan for environmental restoration along the MRGO is still incomplete and facing a recommendation of "no further action" by the Corps due to a policy dispute over who will pay for the restoration projects.
"The stakes are too high for this to end here. The government must do what is right and fix the damage caused by the MRGO before the next catastrophe," said Amanda Moore, greater New Orleans program manager for National Wildlife Federation.
This statement is supported by National Wildlife Federation, Environmental Defense Fund, National Audubon Society, Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation, Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana, Gulf Restoration Network, Sierra Club, Levees.org, American Rivers and Global Green.No Comments


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Ultimate Spider-Man: Swarm Vs. Spider-Man and Iron Man
June 7, 2013
Ultimate Spider-Man: Make Way for Iron Man!
April 20, 2012
About This Character
- Summary
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A character from the Marvel Comics universe.
Also Known As: Swarm
First Appearance: Champions #14 (July 1977)
A character from the Marvel Comics universe.
Identity: Fritz von Meyer


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Pokémon GO has been released for Android and iOS in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, most of Europe, Canada, and Japan with more countries on the way soon! Need help learning Pokémon GO? Take a look at our Pokémon GO Player's Guides
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Out-of-battle effect item
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Reason: How much Cleanse Tag decreases encounter rate outside of Gen IV.
Out-of-battle effect items are held items that take effect outside of battle.
List of out-of-battle effect items
In the anime
A Soothe Bell first appeared in the anime in Showdown At Linoone as one of the items Tokin had picked up.
Soothe Bells appeared in Smells Like Team Spirit! as the prize for winning the Hearthome City Tag Battle Competition; due to being a Tag Battle competition, the prize was two Soothe Bells, one for each winner. Ash and Paul won them; however, Paul did not want his, so Ash is in possession of both. Ash's Soothe Bells made an appearance at the start of In The Shadow of Zekrom!, on Ash's desk along with various other gifts and prizes he received in the Sinnoh region.
In Stopped in the Name of Love!, Dawn gave an Everstone to her Piplup to prevent him from evolving until he changes his mind.
Virgil used a Soothe Bell in Lost at the League! to calm down a Garbodor and a group of Trubbish.
The Soothe Bells from Smells Like Team Spirit!
The Everstone that Dawn gave to Piplup in Stopped in the Name of Love!
In the manga
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In the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure! manga
In (Violent) Earthquake! Cyrus's Consuming Ambition!!, it was revealed that Mitsumi secretly attached an Everstone to Hareta's Piplup before he started his journey, because she had thought Hareta would learn faster with weaker Pokémon. After Mitsumi removed it, Piplup immediately evolved into Prinplup, then into Empoleon.
In the TCG
A Soothe Bell appeared in the artwork for Pikachu (BW-P Promo 120).
This is artwork of the items as seen in the Sinnoh Underground
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These are artwork of the items as seen in the Pokémon Dream World.
|Cleanse Tag
|Soothe Bell
- If a Pokémon holding the Everstone has an evolutionary stone used on it, it will still evolve.
In other languages
Cleanse Tag
Soothe Bell
|Held items
| In-battle effect items
Berries • Drives • EV-enhancing items • Evolution-inducing held items • Experience-affecting items
Gems • Incense • Plates • Mega Stones • Stat-enhancing items • Type-enhancing items
Out-of-battle effect items
EV-enhancing items • Evolution-inducing held items • Incense • Mail • Scarves
|This item article is part of Project ItemDex, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on all items.
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text: I visited the Fish Market Friday evening, November 11, 2005. First, the parking situation in Old Town Alexandria. Virtually all parking on the street is parallel and metered. Seven o'clock on Friday evening, there just wasn't any spaces available. I parked in the parking deck on union street. Plenty of spaces and plenty expensive. Eleven dollars for less than three hours. However, very convenient to the Fish Market and The Torpedo Factory. Now the Fish Market. There was no waiting line. Seating was fast and our waiter was efficent. My party of three ordered a variety of fried seafood and by far, the shrimp was the best. I ordered the clam chowder. It was pretty good, until it cooled a little and was stirred and then it became excellent. The tab for three came to 51.00 including tax. After dinner walk was fun. Lots to see in Old Town. Disappointed that the Torpedo Factory was closed at seven. Maybe next time.


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Saint Vitus
Before Venom came along to combine the sludgy, dark psychedelia of Black Sabbath with the aggression of punk, there was Los Angeles's Saint Vitus. Although clearly taking some cues from Tony Iommi in its guitar sound, Saint Vitus also cited Black Flag as an influence. (Anyone more than casually familiar with the latter knows those guys learned a thing or two from Sabbath, as well.) In the second half of the '80s, former Obsessed singer Scott "Wino" Weinrich joined the band, resulting in an especially fruitful period that yielded much of the classic Vitus oeuvre, including the 1986's Born Too Late. After an influential and somewhat turbulent career, the outfit split in 1996, only to reconvene in 2008. Saint Vitus's's recently released Lillie: F-65 is its first with Wino in over twenty years.
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Hometown: Arlington
July 7, 2008
I am experienced in solos, expeditions, day hikes, backpacks, rock and ice climbs. I try to get out hiking, climbing, and cycling as much as possible.
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For me without question, Denali on summit day. 20 hours up and back, resulting in hypoxia and dehydration.
I have organized hikes and climbs for several Meetup groups in the past. I am certified WFA, AIARE 1, AMC co-leader, lead 5.7 rock, lead WI3 ice.
I've been hiking and climbing since the '80's. While I have been to many places worldwide, my heart is in the White Mountains.
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Pat Williams is the senior executive vice president of the Orlando Magic basketball franchise. He is widely recognized throughout the sports world as a consummate promoter and astute talent scout. His zany antics and endless imagination have inspired the Magic's phenomenal success from their very first NBA season. No other general manager in professional sports has both wrestled a bear and traded Pistol Pete Maravich. While Williams enjoys a widespread reputation in world wide sporting circles, many consider him to be one of this country's premier motivational and humorous speakers. Pat and his wife Ruth, currently reside in Winter Park, Florida. They have nineteen children. Fourteen of the children have been adopted. Four are from South Korea, four are from the Philippines, two from Romania and four from Brazil. Their age range is 11-25.
Free-lance writer Jim Denney has written more than 40 books with a number of different authors, including Super Bowl champion Reggie White, Star Trek actress Grace Lee Whitney, supermodel Kim Alexis, and Orlando Magic executive Pat Williams. He lives in California with his wife and two children.


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Hostess to close, cites nationwide worker strike
IRVING, Texas (AP) – Hostess, the maker of Twinkies and Wonder Bread, is going out of business, closing plants, laying off its 18,500 workers and putting its brands up for sale.
The Irving, Texas, company said a nationwide worker strike crippled its ability to make and deliver its products. Its brands also include Ding Dongs, Ho Ho's and Dolly Madison.
Hostess had warned employees that it would file a motion in U.S. Bankruptcy Court to unwind its business and sell assets if plant operations didn't return to normal levels by Thursday evening. The privately held company filed for Chapter 11 protection in January, its second trip through bankruptcy court in less than a decade.
"Many people have worked incredibly long and hard to keep this from happening, but now Hostess Brands has no other alternative than to begin the process of winding down and preparing for the sale of our iconic brands," CEO Gregory F. Rayburn said in a letter to employees posted on the company website.
He added that all employees will eventually lose their jobs, "some sooner than others."
Thousands of members of the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union went on strike last week after rejecting in September a contract offer that cut wages and benefits. Hostess had already reached a contract agreement with its largest union, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.
Hostess has said that production at about a dozen of the company's 33 plants has been seriously affected by the strike. Three plants were closed earlier this week.
The company, founded in 1930, was fighting battles beyond labor costs. Competition is increasing in the snack space and Americans are increasingly conscious about healthy eating. Hostess also makes Dolly Madison, Drake's and Nature's Pride snacks.
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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Almost all chemically modified fats are as bad for you as they sound. Hydrogenation, the process that turns liquid oils into solid fats, creates trans fat. For years manufacturers used partially and fully hydrogenated oils to prolong the shelf life and stability of processed foods. According to the American Dietetic Association, foods containing industrially derived trans fat should be minimized and the American Heart Association recommends that we eat no more than 2g of trans fat per day. Now that we know the dangers of trans fat, many manufacturers have reduced or eliminated it. But even some foods that claim to have 0g of trans fat are allowed to contain up to 0.49 grams per serving. If you eat several servings per day of these foods, you can easily exceed the AHA recommended daily limit for trans fat of 2 grams. How can you tell if a product has trans fat? If partially hydrogenated oils are on the ingredient list, it has trans fat.
Another process called interesterification alters the melting point and shelf life of margarines and spreads. While interesterification doesn't create damaging trans fat, the long-term effects of consuming interesterified fats have yet to be fully evaluated.
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Get ready for back to school while you have the time to do it. From shopping and haircuts to dentists and auto repairs.
If you see your airbag light on, there could be an issue that prevents the bags from deploying. Find out what's wrong with your ve…
Oil change prices vary among professionals, but it's easy to do this task yourself. Find out all the information you need to properly maintain your vehicle.
There are more than 700,000 auto service technicians and mechanics in the U.S. Finding the right one to repair a dent in your car door or fix an engine that won't start can be overwhelming, especially when it's an emergency. Review a few important facts about auto repair professionals and what you can do to get the best possible mechanic working on your vehicle's issues for a fair price.
Looking For Reliability
Unlike home repair services that evaluate a property, meet with homeowners and have time to prepare before their physical work begins, auto repair businesses are often asked to make fixes on the spot. If you come into a garage with a tire issue, the expectation is the mechanic will know how to correct that problem quickly.
That is why reliability is so vital when searching for a trusted auto repair shop. It may take going to several different mechanics before you find one you are truly comfortable with. Pose questions to this professional to find out what approach they will take to repair your car or what alternatives are available. Shopping around also gives you the best opportunity to find the cheapest rate or the fastest service, as some garages may be backed up with other vehicles that need repair first.
A recommended way to locate a trustworthy auto repair professional is to seek out customer reviews. Online sites offer honest opinions from real customers who have used a business. Read through this feedback to learn how a business operates and what you can expect if you were to take your vehicle there. Look for reviews about how quick maintenance was completed and if prices were fair. By learning what other people have said about a garage, you can gain a better idea if it's the right place to go when you have a car problem in need of fixing.
It can be difficult to know which automotive problems are serious enough to require expert assistance. A ripped seat cushion or broken radio don't involve safety and will not warrant enough of a problem that going into a garage is required. However, setbacks with brakes, lights and other parts that are vital to the safety of your car's driver and passengers, as well as others on the road, necessitate quick fixes. Many modern automobiles will notify drivers of an issue, in the form of a signal on the dashboard or a noise within the vehicle.
In the event of an accident, even if your vehicle does not appear to have any damage on the outside, it is generally recommended that you see a trusted auto repair professional. Internal damage may have occurred, or an important part may have been knocked out of place. Fixing these issues before driving much further can prevent further vehicle breakdowns in the future. In the case of a serious accident, a body shop can assess the problems and determine the best course of action for repairs, as well as evaluate how much they will cost.
Beyond that, regular checkups are recommended. Tires must be rotated, fluids needs to be replaced and the engine must be evaluated. After driving 25,000 miles, most auto dealers suggest having the vehicle checked out to ensure everything is running smoothly. Taking the car into the auto repair professional you trust will protect you from further problems down the road.
Not every type of auto repair work needs to be done by a certified mechanic. You can fix some of a vehicle's issues just by paying attention to how the automobile is running and having a basic understanding of auto repair. Look over the ways weather may impact your car and what preventative measures you can take to avoid having to take it into the shop. At the same time, be aware of mechanic scams that can impact your experience.
Preventing Trips To The Professional
Some fixes to your car can be done without paying a specialist. Issues like replacing oil and air filters are relatively simple, with instructions provided in the owner's manual on how to make these changes. The same goes for replacing broken windshield wipers or burnt-out headlights. Such issues should be repaired quickly to guarantee safety, but don't require a visit to a garage. By handling these types of tasks on your own, you'll gain a better understanding for how your car operates and save time and money.
Along with understanding how to fix manageable vehicle issues that may arise, taking preventative measures to avoid future problems is a valuable time saver. Many problem-solving best practices are related to the seasons. Your vehicle will be in different conditions in the winter than in the summer, meaning it requires a different type of preparation.
In the spring and summer, you want to be sure your air conditioner and cooling systems work correctly. Given the high temperatures the vehicle will be exposed to, overheating is a common problem. Look over the system by ensuring there is enough coolant available. If it needs to be refilled, it is best to open the hood and add more to the car before it gets too warm out. Also, clean out fan ducts and other ventilation sources necessary for summertime driving.
For winter driving, features such as the defroster, heater and exhaust system are paramount. Look in your owner's manual for specific directions on how features should be checked and repaired. Many newer cars have a cabin air filter that can be replaced when needed, allowing warm air to continue to flow in. Also, check your tires before winter driving, as they need to be at the proper pressure to perform well on snow and ice.
Avoiding Scams
There is a common worry among many people that auto repair professionals take advantage of the general public. Because so many people are unaware of how to fix the problems in their vehicle, they are nervous of being overcharged by mechanics or worried that the improper work is being done.
While the great majority of professionals in the industry are honest, hard-working people, a few bad apples can ruin everything. You should be extra careful when first visiting a mechanic to guarantee that the price you're charged and maintenance the vehicle receives are fair.
Among the common scams pulled are needless repairs, where a garage charges you for work that isn't necessary. Another popular one is attracting customers through a cheap oil change or tire pressure check. Then, when you are in the shop and your car is being repaired, they give you a long list of other corrections they'd like to make, therefore boosting the total cost of your bill.
The best way to combat these types of problems is getting a written estimate before work is done. That way, you can see how much repairs are expected to cost. If the final bill is higher than the estimate projected, ask to specifically see the work. Make sure information is put in writing as well. If a problem remains, you can have proof that work was not done to your satisfaction.
By working closely with an auto repair professional and doing some of the tune-up work on your own, you will be less likely to fall for these scams. At the same time, you'll be able to drive out with a clean and healthy vehicle, thanks to the repairs made by a trained professional.


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Environmental Health and Safety Audits / Edition 9by Lawrence B. Cahill, Raymond W. Kane
View All Available Formats & Editions
Pub. Date: 03/16/2011
Publisher: Government Institutes
This new edition of Environmental Health and Safety Audits not only will help you put your company on course toward effective environmental compliance, but also now brings you up to date on changes in EPA and OSHA auditing policies, issues currently confronting auditing programs, and state-of-the-art strategies for managing and conducting audits. In this book,
This new edition of Environmental Health and Safety Audits not only will help you put your company on course toward effective environmental compliance, but also now brings you up to date on changes in EPA and OSHA auditing policies, issues currently confronting auditing programs, and state-of-the-art strategies for managing and conducting audits. In this book, author Lawrence B. Cahill, a veteran with over 25 years of industry experience, provides all the information needed to conduct audits and manage an EH&S auditing program. He discusses new developments in information generation and availability, including ISO 14000 auditing guidelines, auditing dilemmas, and auditing tips. He provides several tools for building a successful audit program, including an EH&S audit program manual, a pre-audit questionnaire, a pre-audit checklist, an EH&S audit opening conference presentation, an environmental audit report, an EH&S audit appraisal questionnaire, and a management report. In addition to updates to most chapters, several new chapters address conducting third-party evaluations, and include a number of quick, practical reference guides on all aspects of performing an EH&S audit, from preparation to reporting findings. A new appendix also models a conference closing presentation.
Product Details
- 9781605907086
- Publisher:
- Government Institutes
- Publication date:
- 03/16/2011
- Edition description:
- Ninth Edition
- Pages:
- 686
- Sales rank:
- 998,700
- Product dimensions:
- 7.20(w) x 10.10(h) x 1.90(d)
Table of Contents
Part I. Managing a Program
Chapter 1. Perspectives in EH&S Auditing
Chapter 2. Government Perspective
Chapter 3. Legal Considerations
Chapter 4. Elements of a Successful Program
Chapter 5. Impact of International Standards on EH&S Audit Programs
Chapter 6. The Challenges of Meeting ISO 19011 Auditing Guidelines: Audit Program Gaps
Chapter 7. A Review of Some Typical Programs
Chapter 8. Benchmarking EH&S Audit Programs: Best Practices and Biggest Challenges
Chapter 9. Competencies, Characteristics and Training of EH&S Auditors
Chapter 10. Conducting Third-Party Evaluations of Environmental, Health and Safety Audit Programs
Chapter 11. Information Management
Chapter 12. Managing and Critiquing an Audit Program
Part II. Conducting The Audit
Chapter 13. Conducting the EH&S Audit
Chapter 14. Typical Compliance Problems Found During Audits
Chapter 15. Conducting Effective Opening and Closing Conferences
Chapter 16. Auditing Dilemmas
Chapter 17. Preparing Quality EH&S Audit Reports
Chapter 18. Environmental Auditing: A Modern Fable
Chapter 19. Achieving Quality EH&S Audits: Twenty Tips for Success
Part III. EH&S Audit Practical Guides
Chapter 20. EH&S Audit Guidance: Pre-Audit Preparation
Chapter 21. EH&S Audit Guidance: On-Site Activities
Chapter 22. EH&S Audit Guidance: Audit Findings Writing Guide
Part IV. Special Auditing Topics
Chapter 23. Property Transfer Assessments
Chapter 24. Top Ten Reasons Why Phase I Environmental Assessment Reports Miss the Mark
Chapter 25. Waste Contractor Audits
Chapter 26. Waste Minimization or Pollution Prevention Audits
Chapter 27. Evaluating Management Systems on EH&S Audits
Chapter 28. International EH&S Audits
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Copyright: 2008 ? Baldivis
Children's Forest Inc.


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