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Kerastase Oleo-Relax Serum
316 reviews
81% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.9
Price: $$$$
Package Quality: 3.9
Price: $$$$
INGREDIENTSCyclopentasiloxane, Dimethiconol, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Benzyl Salicylate, Linalool, Citronellol, Geraniol, Elaeis Guineesis/Palm Oil, Shorea Robusta/Shorea Robusta Seed Butter, Eugenol, Fragrance.
on 9/11/2015 5:17:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
This is one of the best oils i have ever used i have dry bleached blonde hair and when i put this stuff in before i blow dry it really hydrates and tames my frizz this left my hair feeling so soft! This peroduct is def perfect for a humid day. Also left the ends of my hair looking very healthy. This product left my hair smelling great after 2 days of not washing but the smell is not over powering.
on 8/24/2015 9:00:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
It is a good product and gets the job done, but for the reviews that say it makes their hair oily it's because you are putting on too much!! You just need a dollop!! And it's doesn't last over night. You need to wash it out at night after wearing the style for the day.
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on 8/24/2015 1:57:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
The thing I love the most about this is the scent: It makes my hair smell like a million bucks. It's a more-than-decent protectant when I use it before ironing my hair, and helps control the frizzies too when I use it sans heat. Bit expensive, but I'm picking Yes on repurchasing it for now, until I can find a cheaper serum that works as well and smells just as fabulous.
on 5/31/2015 1:19:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Black, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
loooove this!
leaves my hair feel light and silky smooth. ive noticed a significance in my hair and its quality!
on 1/6/2015 10:20:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
My hair: very dry, coarse, thick, wavy, colored (from grey).
How this product works on it: like a good hair perfume.
What it does not do: anything a hair serum is supposed to do.
What I recommend and buy instead: Joico K-Pak Color Therapy Oil or Matrix Biolage Oil.
If I wanted to stick with Kerastase I would buy instead: Elixir Ultime (original, golden)
on 1/1/2015 9:11:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Black, Other, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I see so many people compared this oleo relax serum with elixir ultime hair oil, which I think a totally different product. I bought both products though (which cost a lot x'D) First of all, this is a serum not a hair oil, therefore, of course, works differently. I have fine, natural dark brown, straight, virgin, bra strap-long hair, quite oily on the roots, and no split ends..
my hair is not frizzy yet I love to try hair products, lol.
This serum is made for people with frizzy and unmanageable hair, I applied this serum on damp hair, and it makes my hair really soft and frizzy-less, it also did not weight my hair down. however, this product makes my hair color slightly lighter (idk why) and my hair becomes a bit more oily on the night.
The elixir ultime hair oil in gold, tend to give more moisture to my hair (of course more oily) I love this product more as it gives the soft glossy healthy look, i use this right after styling my hair with a straightener, remember, apply only adequate amount, as if you apply more, your hair will be weighed down and terribly oily.
on 11/4/2014 12:12:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Normal, Olive, Warm
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Brown
I was super excited to try this serum since I haver dry, thick and super frizzy hair... well... this made it worse..it's like it was supposed to do the opposite. It didn't calm my hair down, it didn't smooth, and it made even MORE frizzier...
I would never purchase this again I have MUCH MUCH better magical results with the Kerastase - Elixir Ultime serum.
Save money on this oleo relax serum and get the elixir ultime!!
on 10/12/2014 6:50:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
The best hair serum I ever used! Better than any oil I used :macadamia,agadir,mythic oil,orofluido,elixir ultime... Hair is really silky,frizz free,shiny and bouncy :) I do not like the smell,it really floral and that makes me nauseous.I hate the fact that on the pump you do not have any arrows or marks indicating that you closed it.I wasted a lot of product because I didn't know it was still open.That's really annoying.
on 7/22/2014 9:52:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
you really are wasting your money if you buy this , though it may work , you can buy a much less expensive product and get the same results and btw it's made by loreal so what do you really think is going on , i'd suggest skinny serum by paul mitchell or even loreals products you can buy at Walmart or Target , just because you pay more doesn't always mean it's better , I have been a hair stylist for almost 20 years and I do know what I am talking about
on 7/8/2014 12:48:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Red, Curly, Medium
Eyes: Hazel
I'm on the fence about this serum. I have long, thick curly hair that I often blowout or have blown out, and I used to mix this together with Nectar Thermique prior to blowing dry. I found that my blowouts didn't last long, and my hair would get frizzy rather quickly. I switched to Moroccan Oil and it works like a charm.
That said, I do like this serum as a finishing touch to control fly-aways and adds shine, and it works very well for those purposes. It also smells fantastic. Not great for keeping my thick hair straight, but awesome for that glossy finish.
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McLaren has been keeping itself busy over the summer preparing for Pebble Beach – especially at the Special Operations and GT divisions. The former will roll in to the Concours d'Elegance this month with a pair of specially prepared supercars, but it's McLaren GT that's sure to steal the spotlight. Because it will not only unveil the P1 GTR in Monterey this year, but also the 650S Sprint you see here.
Mclaren Gt 650s Sprint
1 / 1
1 / 1
- Volvo shoots for self-drivers by 2021
- Jeep spends $1 billion on factories
- Find Parts & Accessories for your vehicle!
- Obama rolls out new EV plan
- Infiniti dealers ranked best, Tesla worst
- Compare Volvo XC90 and Lincoln MKX

subset: commoncrawl


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I've heard dozens of radio ads in Chicago area on most popular sports station
Sentiment: Strong Buy
bestbuy huge increase in online traffic
Sentiment: Strong Buy
saw that, around 1:00pm cst. He was from Mt. Sinai medical institute. Very positive
listen to CC.....no biggy. We passed with flying colors on the 27th...great job ARNA
probably old news for some but interesting that Cramer went to college with the head of the FDA...nice connection. Nice interview explaining how he missed the aggressiveness of the fda when it comes to obesity and diabetes. He mentioned 'fast track' the other night on his show. This interview is from May but now here we are.
Some speculation:
HMA purchased 11 systems last time around. It was announced toward the end of the quarter (3/30/11). HMA has over 60 hospitals and hundreds of clinics, not to mention the original 11 were referred to as "Mako Sites" so they might be doubling up on some...who knows.
In one of the videos referenced on this board, a very happy patient and surgeon were interviewed. The patient completely switched hospitals and doctors to go with MAKO...now that's a compelling business case. Also, the surgeon mentioned how aggressive HMA is in acquiring technology and the MAKO systems.
So we sell 6 machines instead of 11 or 12 in a traditionally slow quarter and lose $600,000,000 in value...ok
This is the 3rd or 4th time they've done a piece on CNN. Unlike before, she mentioned that the embryo would be destroyed with or without ACTC, and that she donated it. Co-host made a great point about how the embryo helped two people see better.
50 story tower going up in Chicago. Yes, unlike 2008, they are building! And a mammoth Grove doing all the heavy lifting.
I think they said on 6/23, the 1 year anniversary of it's launch, there will be upgrades in a greater effort to seemlessly integrate nuomi and renren. I've listened to a lot of these calls over the years. this team is very smart and insightful.
Nuomi, 1st combined social and group buying platform...these people are very very SMART
Before joining TheStreet.com in March 2001, Feuerstein covered business software for Upside.com. Prior to that he covered a variety of business beats, including technology and commercial real estate, at the San Francisco Business Times.
Not exactly an MD


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Formula E has reached a payment settlement with Wandsworth Council and has confirmed this year's races at Battersea Park will be its last
DS Virgin Racing's Jean-Eric Vergne denies Sebastien Buemi pole position for the Formula E Berlin ePrix by the slenderest of margins during the Super Pole session.
Reigning Formula E champion Nelson Piquet Jr saves his best effort until last to lead the FP2 standings ahead of Virgin Racing's Sam Bird at the Berlin ePrix.
Renault e.dams have re-signed driver pairing Sebastien Buemi and Nicolas Prost for the third season of the FIA Formula E championship


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posted on: 4/3/13
Hello, i'm looking for tutor because i want to improve my English language. i'm international student and i want to improve reading and writing so after that i can get the TEOFL or IELTS because i'm planing to start studying in the University next fall.- Majed from Greenville, SC
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Re: Prostate Cancer - If you, your spouse, or anyone you know has been diagnosed with it.
Uborrow-Upay wrote:
Thanks, imhotrodcrazy, digitaldiva and Mustanglvr2006!
I truly appreciate your kindness and support.
Hopefully, nobody you know will ever need treatment for this disease, but if somebody does, please remember this thread, and pass along this info about proton therapy for prostate cancer. You'll be saving somebody a lot of anguish in choosing his path of treatment.
Thanks again, my friends!
You are very welcome
I will definitely remember this thread if anyone I know ever has this disease.
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Reddit has become so big that people are no longer ashamed to admit they visit the site or that they get a majority of their daily news dose from it. People still do not disclose their usernames that easily but there is no shame in using the site. If you use Reddit and are particularly fond of the images and videos shared to it, Cast for Reddit is a free Android app that you might like if you have a Chromecast. The app lets you send any image or video from Reddit to your TV. You can use the app to browse the top content on Reddit and tap anything to send it to the Chromecast. Read More
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Luke Bryan, one of the reigning kings of country music, has been credited (or reviled) for being a prime instigator of the current trend toward "bro-country," a fuzzy designation built on lyrics about tailgate parties, beer, girls in daisy dukes, and trucks. Lots of trucks.
Artistic director Kerry Clarke calls it "the collective 'phew!'" Having mostly avoided bad weather over four days The Calgary Folk Music Festival rolled into its last day with temperamental clouds hovering above but a general feeling of relief. Despite the great flood of 2013 nearly washing away its home of Prince's Island, the folk fest survived and thrived with crowds inching toward sold-out status as of Sunday afternoon.
When it comes to artistic apparel, Shane Seib has always gone full metal jacket.
Ag-tivity in the City, South of the Agriculture building (open until 9 p.m.).


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Fri 8th Feb at 8:00pm
Roy Orbison & Friends 75 Special
@ Watford Colosseum, Watford
Featuring: Barry Steele, Peter Jackson, Boogie Williams as Jerry Lee Lewis, Paul Molloy as GI Elvis
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Roy Orbison & Friends 75 Special: Barry Steele + Peter Jackson + Boogie Williams as Jerry Lee Lewis + Paul Molloy as GI Elvis
"Barry Steele recreates the magic of Roy Orbison, backed by a fabulous 5 piece band.. ably assisted by the wonderfully talented class of 55, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, and Elvis Presley."
Info provided by the Event Organiser
Barry Steele as Roy Orbison
Barry Steele and Friends – The Roy Orbison Story
Barry Steele is widely recognised as one of the world's leading vocalists playing homage to legend Roy Orbison. He's stunned audiences across the globe with his uncanny similarity and ability to authentically revive the exquisite toe-tapping sound of this music giant.
Barry Steele is quite simply unmissable, as he takes you on this specially produced musical journey in time, from the early '60s right through to the late 80's and the internationally acclaimed concert 'The black and white night'. The show also pays homage to the time Roy spent with the Traveling Wilburys.
Add to the mix star our fabulous singers celebrating the music from legends Roy actually shared centre stage all backed by a big screen and phenomenally talented musicians and you have yourselves an incredible fusion of 60's solid gold classics and 80's contemporary musical genius all on one stage.
This production really is very special, so come along and celebrate the Big O's legacy with us!
True Identikit Brilliance - The Stage
Barry Steele as Roy Orbison tour dates
Boogie Williams in Barry Steele and Friends 'The Roy Orbison Story'
Piano maestro Boogie Williams celebrating the music of Jerry Lee Lewis as well as the stars who really who toured and performed with Roy,
Boogie Williams in Barry Steele and Friends 'The Roy Orbison Story' tour dates
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Venue Facts
Venue: Watford Colosseum
Website: watford-colosseum.co.uk
Bookings: 0845 075 3993
Disabled Bookings: 01923 571 102
Seating Plan: View the Seating Plan
→ Watford Junction 9 min walk


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Hotel Niagara, Varna - North Black Sea Coast
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 17 guestrooms
- Near the beach
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Breakfast available
- Children's pool
- Airport shuttle
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- TV in a common area
For families
- Children's pool
- Refrigerator
- Private bathroom
- Television
- Free toiletries
- Yard
What's around
- St. St. Konstantin and Elena Monastery (2.4 mi / 3.8 km)
- Aladzha Monastery (3 mi / 4.9 km)
- Ticha Stadium (3.9 mi / 6.2 km)
- Varna Archaelogical Museum (5 mi / 8.1 km)
- Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral (5.3 mi / 8.6 km)
Hotel Niagara, Varna - North Black Sea Coast
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $21
- Suite, 1 Bedroom, Balcony, Garden View
- Standard Twin Room, 2 Single Beds, Pool View
- Single Room, Pool View
- Junior Suite, Balcony, Garden View
- Triple Room, Pool View
- Double Room, Pool View
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 17 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 2:00 PM-12:30 AM
- Check-out time is 12:30 PM
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- RV/bus/truck parking
Nearby Three Star Varna - North Black Sea Coast hotels
In the hotel
- Cooked-to-order breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Poolside bar
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Children's pool
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Year Built 2009
- Television in common areas
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Slippers
- Soundproofed rooms
- Yard
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Cable TV channels
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
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DiningNiagara - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Reservations are required.
Hotel Niagara, Varna - North Black Sea Coast's small print
Also known as
- Hotel Niagara Varna
- Niagara Varna
Optional extras
Cooked-to-order breakfast is offered for an extra charge of BGN 6 for adults and BGN 6 for children (approximately)
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of BGN 20 per vehicle
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
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text: 8-Pack Starter Men's Low-Cut Socks $4.74 at Deal Genius retail: $12 $4.74 Today only. Deal Genius has an 8-pack of Starter Men's Low-Cut Socks (white) for $5 - 5% off with coupon code LOYAL5 = $4.74 with free shipping. Fits shoe sizes 6 to 12. It's $13 for a 6-pack on Amazon. Deal has expired SET DEAL ALERT EXPIRED Posted 1176 days ago by AgentK Report Report this deal Report an Error Close 8-Pack Starter Men's Low-Cut Socks $4.74 at Deal Genius Deals can expire unexpectedly at any time. Problem: Out of Stock Deal Expired Other Error (please explain) Comments: (Optional) Submit


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...I also learned and used combinatorics and discrete probability theory in graduate school for research. However, I am not familiar with some topics in discrete mathematics such as information theory and graph theory. I was a GRE test-prep tutor at Kaplan.
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...Having witnessed ?learned helplessness? and math phobias, both in school settings and beyond, I strive to help students to develop positive attitudes regarding mathematics. Mathematics is a stepping stone, not just a frustrating high school class. I use my energy and enthusiasm to promote positivity and active learning, helping all students access the mathematics curriculum.
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text:
McCarthy Not Getting Carried Away
Friday, 30th Nov 2012 09:00
Town manager Mick McCarthy says the Portman Road dressing room was buzzing after Tuesday's 3-1 victory over Nottingham Forest but is keen to make sure no one gets carried away with the Blues climbing out of the bottom three.
McCarthy said: "They were buzzing because they've won and they played well. They all think 'We're out of the bottom three', but it's not May 4th, we could actually go back into it.
"We've had a nice little run, but we've got to keep it going, still be professional and still do the things which have got us the results.
"It was a nicer feeling [on Wednesday] having won [the previous night]. But the position doesn't really bother me as yet, I have to be honest. The other psychological effect is what happens if we drop back into it, which is a possibility as well."
While 10 points in six games have got the McCarthy era off to a good start, the manager won't need reminding that his side have shipped 11 goals in their last two away matches.
He says their defending has improved since the Leicester and Crystal Palace matches: "What you do [as a manager and staff] is to give them a base from which to play, an organisation, which has been getting better and better.
"We can't give goals away like we did against Leicester. However they played, our defending was really poor. However Crystal Palace played, our defending was really poor.
"It looks to me like it's getting better and we're more solid in terms of being a team. So, you hope you can absorb that into your team, not just individually, it's how you play and then when mistakes are made or they get chances.
"On Tuesday night, Hendo made a great save when the ball fortuitously gets to Billy Sharp [just before half-time]. He made a fabulous save.
"It's like repairing the damage that someone else has done rather than compounding it with another mistake. You get tougher by winning games, you get team spirit and solidity."
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It is true, Ipswich have spent 14 consecutive years in the second tier of English football. Some would be quite proud of this achievement but others view this as abject failure, point to others' successes and believe a change at top is the answer.
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Synonyms of kibosh in English:
put the kibosh on
- his boss put the kibosh on the dealput a stop to, check, curb, stop, halt, bring to an end, put an end to, nip in the bud, quash, block, cancel, scotch, thwart, frustrate, prevent, quell, suppressinformal squelch, put paid to, scupper, spike, stymie
Definition of kibosh in:
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Search Results: 'William Muldoon'
Master of Men: the Life's Work of William Muldoon, Champion and Trainer of Champions
Paperback: $20.00
Prints in 3-5 business days
"Master of Men" is an anthology of books, articles and essays about the remarkable Irish-American combat athlete and coach, William Muldoon. Muldoon learned the basics of wrestling as a... More > soldier in the Civil War. After numerous adventures as one of "New York's finest", he left the police force to become one of the first American professional wrestlers, taking on all comers in rough and tumble saloon matches and working as an actor/stuntman on the vaudeville stage. In 1889, Muldoon's radical training methods brought the out-of-shape, alcoholic bare-knuckle boxing champion John L. Sullivan back into form for his legendary title fight with Jake Kilrain. Muldoon later became the inaugural chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission and a personal trainer for some of the richest and most powerful men in America. Includes 29 rare illustrations and a special bonus interview with Scott Burt of the Bare Knuckle Boxing Hall of Fame.< Less
A Redhead Acts Up
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In torrential rain, John rescues Gwener, cult TV actress, walking and very wet. She has escaped traffickers selling her for a million to Fyodor, Russian oligarch. At Corselow Hall she meets Sir... More > Andrew, John's father, younger brother Edward, and housekeeper Emma. By next morning Gwener has been abducted and a man floats dead in the lake. Inspector Wolfe investigates. Gwener escapes from Muldoon, trafficker boss, by arson. Fyodor wants his million back, and she becomes his reluctant ally. The murder hunt goes on, and Emma's terrible past is revealed. Gwener, recaptured again by Muldoon, faces a grim fate. At last, Muldoon gets his deserts, when Clive, his side-kick, plays a strange role. DI Wolfe learns where to draw the line. Daniela, sexy blonde Polish maid with a past, helps things along, as does the Patriarch of Antioch. Sir Andrew, John and Edward become happy men, and Fyodor gets his heart's desire. And is Gwener in a good place? She is in two.< Less
Health, Exercise, and Amusement (1895)
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William Miller was one of the best athletes of the late 19th century. He held, at one time or another, titles in Greco-Roman wrestling, boxing, saber fencing, long distance walking, and... More > weightlifting, taught courses in club swinging, and was an accomplished gymnast. He faced all of the top athletes of his day--Muldoon, Ross, Dinnie, Whistler, Goss, Pennell, and countless others. This book is a result of his years of experience in every aspect of Victorian physical culture.< Less
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Intramural Basketball League
Start Date: February 6, 2012
End Date: February 6, 2012
Time: 7:00 pm to 10:00 pm
Intramural Basketball League
7pm – Boston 508 vs. The Bronx Bombers
8pm – Kenny vs. Joe C
9pm – #BallGang vs. Becker Baseball
Worcester Campus, Gym
Games are played Sunday nights at 7pm and 8pm in the Leicester gym and Monday nights at 7pm, 8pm, and 9pm in the Worcester Gym.
Organized by
David Bostick
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact the Organizer
Event Categories: All and Student Activities.
Related Events
Independence Day - No Classes
Starts 07/04/2016
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Starts 08/28/2016Ends 12/31/1969 at 2016-08-28:
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IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
eBooks, and eLearning courses.
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GaAs/AlGaAs Pnp heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) were fabricated and tested on (100) Si substrates for the first time. A common-emitter current gain of β=8 was measured for the typical devices with an emitter area of 50×50 μm2 at a collector current density of 1×104 A/cm2 with no output negative differential resistance up to 280 mA, highest current used. A very high base-collector breakdown voltage of 10 V was obtained. Comparing the similar structures grown on GaAs substrates, the measured characteristics clearly demonstrate that device grade hole injection can be obtained in GaAs on Si epitaxial layers despite the presence of dislocations
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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Skip to Main Content
IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
eBooks, and eLearning courses.
Learn more about:
IEEE membership
IEEE Xplore subscriptions
We consider the problem of optimally designing sensors for observation of a class of distributed parameter systems. The design of sensors concerns the choice of measurement conditions so that the information provided by measurements is maximal. This problem has been posed as a deterministic optimal control problem for a system equation of the Riccati type which governs a filter covariance. In the present study we introduce a functional called a sensitivity criterion by extending the Fisher information matrix to function spaces. It is shown that maximizing this criterion leads to a suboptimal solution of the sensor design problem associated with an infinite-dimensional state estimation problem. The existence theorem for a type of measurement control problem is proved and some numerical results are presented.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


text:
All images on this site are copyrighted to Eimear Kavanagh unless otherwise stated.
They must not be reproduced without permission.
*Portrait with Owl photography by Evgenia Markova
Selected as Liverpool's Artist of The Week
archive interview with Art in Liverpool
Coming soon 'Small World'
Cabinet of Curiosities
with Review Textiles
I asked most of the men I know 'what are the first three things that spring to your mind, which symbolise masculinity? '
In response to some of my favourite answers, I have created miniature delicate artworks onto tea bags. Using techniques & materials which are considered to be traditional 'women's' handicraft (such as sewing & glitter) the feminine and the masculine are combined & constructed into curious objects which take on androgynous form
-with a bit of wit & charm.
Fuel for Fire
Conceptual artwork made for Threshold Festival 2016 exploring Hridaya transformation
see here for more info
(photography by Tony Knox)
Later this year I will be taking Artists Residency in Ireland at
Backwater Artists stuidios, Cork. Here I will exchange studios
for one month with artist Éilis Ní Fhaoláin
We will each take on our own project of individual experience.
A synopsis will be given in the form of a joint- weekend exhibition
on completion of our residencies, at Road Studios Liverpool


text:
Alternative Titles
Japanese: 宇宙の騎士テッカマンブレード
Type: OVA
Episodes: 1
Status: Finished Airing
Aired: Nov 30, 1999
Producers: None found, add some
Licensors: None found, add some
Studios: Tatsunoko Production
Source: Unknown
Duration: 9 min.
Rating: R - 17+ (violence & profanity)
Score: 6.811 (scored by 453 users)
1 indicates a weighted score. Please note that 'Not yet aired' titles are excluded.
Ranked: #40522
2 based on the top anime page. Please note that 'Not yet aired' and 'R18+' titles are excluded.
Popularity: #6491
Members: 1,066
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18 reviews | 4.8 out of 5
Immediate relief, but does not last a real long time. Only drawback is you can only use it 4 X a day.
The spray is so convenient ...though for me my eyelid skin reacted badly to the spray being in the air, but if your eyes dont react, get the spray. I am using the rest to rub on to my sore hip with my hands and then washing hands very thoroughly. This was recommended to a friend by an anesthesiologist friend. The skin where I apply it is not bothered by it at all. Dries very quickly and non greasy. I use it 2-3 times a day.
both my husband and I use this and it really works great!
Stop Pain in spray form is excellent for hard to reach places like lower back, because you can even spray it upside-down....
Very good for temporary joint relief and $4.000 cheaper than other drug stores.
I know everyone likes the extra strength best. However, I have old dry skin and I find this one burns. I prefer the regular strength which I have not been able to find. This is great if you have tough skin.
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best spray for pain i have ever used, so cold it will take your breath, amidatley soothes pain.
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I use this in a roll on but there are places on my back I cannot reach and this spray hits the area just great.
This works just as its name - stops pain. Would recommend for aches and pains of old age. Finally found relief.
My mom loves it. She just sprays the back or legs and instant relief. She has given this to lots of other people.


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Outdoor Dining & Parties: Part I
Spring has arrived here in Miami, although it feels more like summer because some days it is unbearably hot. On the really hot days I must remind myself of all the cold days during our measly winter - when I longed for the heat. The heat is here alright, so I shouldn't complain - HA!
Now that the weather is warm, it's the perfect time for lots of outdoor events such as pool parties, gardening parties, shower/wedding parties, and brunch/lunch/dinner parties. There is also the more common event of enjoying ones space alone - or with your significant other - letting the sounds of nature wash over you. It's a soothing experience and a time to think.
Anyway, keeping that in mind, I set out into the world wide web to gather inspiration images of many different outdoor dining areas. Suffice it to say I was quickly overwhelmed! There are so many gorgeous and creative ideas out there! If you've ever wanted to set up an outdoor dining table for your party guests, look no further, for I have compiled lots of inspirational images with plenty of ideas to help you create your own unique setting! On the other hand, if you have hosted an outdoor party with a dining table setup, I would love for you to share any ideas or tips you may have for making it the best that it can be!
image via This Old House
Outdoor movie theater party!!! LOVE it!
image via Martha Stewart
image by Robert and Kathleen Photographers
image via House and Home
image via This Is Glamorous
image via House Beautiful
image via Domino Magazine
(All images found via Google image search, Pinterest, or where otherwise noted. Not all original sources could be found, if you know any of the missing sources please e-mail me or comment so I may update the post. Thank you!)
6 comments
the 'toadstools' are kind of funky, actually all of these pictures are. Over in Sydney the weather's cooling down, and I'm looking forward to rugging up by the fire watching the rain fall with a cup of tea in my hands. :)ReplyDelete
it's too bad you don't have the applicable image credits - i would've been happy to link back to you but now cannot. : (ReplyDelete
Awesome, Every single photo has a unique and embellishing detail of its own.ReplyDelete
~Aansy Stone
Wondering if you've figured out the image credit for the 5th picture down? The one with the logs and cushion "toadstools" in it? I'd like to contact them and see about using the image...if you know please email me at email@example.com
Good ideas!!! Very romantic photo.ReplyDelete


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Feb 11, 1941
|Filing date
|Jun 21, 1939
|Priority date
|Jun 21, 1939
|Publication number
|Bollman John H
|Original Assignee
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (7), Classifications (16)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Feb. 1l, 1941,
J. H. BOLLMAN l2,231,558 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION' V Filed June 21V 1939 L s' l/f/c. Y R
r4 L RA L 7 :z: /PA 20 Ir-- v-l 9 vvv ff- T( @I Q. HG2 P #WMM-'MT 4 E [4) .9 '""l /3 INPUT/N DH.
s T F/G. .y F/a4 INVENTOR By .J. H. HOLLA/AN Wwf@ Arr-ORN V Patented Feb. 11, 1941 SIGNAL TRANSMIIS SION John H. Bollman, Rutherford, N. J., .assigner to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of` New York Application June 21, 1939, Serial No. 280,269
14 Claims.
This invention relates to electrical signaling systems and more particularly to the control of amplification in long distance transmission systems.
pensating adjustment in the gain of repeater ampliers in a wire line transmission system as the line attenuation fluctuates in response to changes in temperature or other factors.
In long wire line signaling systems it has been the practice to provide means for automatically changing the gain of the repeater amplifiers to compensate for fluctuations in the attenuation of the line arising from variations in temperature and in the condition of the dielectric medurn separating the conductors. The intensity of the signal arriving at a repeater station affords no measure of the variations in the attenuation of the preceding line section, inasmuch as the initial signal intensity is `not xed but varies with such factors as the speech level of the talkers voice.
It has been proposed heretofore, however, that the signal wave be supplemented initially with a pilot wave, lying in a portion of the frequency spectrum not occupied by the signals, which is so varied in amplitude that the average intensity of signal and pilot combined is substantially constant.
average intensity of the two, as received at a repeater station, is then dependent only on the attenuation of the preceding line section, and
the repeater amplier can be made self-adjusting with respect to gain to maintain the two at their initial intensity level or some other suitable predetermined level.
The present invention is importantly featured by new` and improved means for producing the variable amplitude pilot Wave and by the `selfadjusting gain-controlling means provided at the repeater amplifiers whereby the pilot wave and the repeater gain are both controlled in accordance with a power function.
. ytrolling the gain of the amplifier.
The gaincontrolling circuit operates-to maintain the total power output of the amplifier substantiall-y constant so that a change in signal power level automatically produces an equal and opposite change in pilot power level. In another aspect, 5 the gain of the amplifier is held constant and the oscillations of pilot frequency are variably attenuated by a thermistor that is under the joint control of signal output `and pilot wave output, so that the `sum of the signal output and l pilot output remains substantially constant. At "each repeater station the total power output of the repeater amplifier is maintained constant at a predetermined power level through a selfadjusting gain control which also comprises a l thermistor element to which both signals and pilot waves are applied. I
The nature of the present invention and its various objects and features will' appear more fully in the following detailed description of the typical embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawing: Fig. 1 shows schematically a wire line transmission system embodying certain features of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a diagram to which reference will be made in the description of Fig. 1;
Figs. 3 and 4 show a terminal circuit and a repeater circuit, respectively, for effecting more accurate control of the gain-frequency characteristics of the repeaters; and
Fig. 5 shows schematically a preferred form of pilot wave generator in accordance with the invention.
Referring now to Fig. 1, there is represented a system for the transmissionof signals from a source S' on the left to a receiver R on the vright through the medium of a wire line that vhas one or more signal repeaters therein. The
signals may be of substantially any character, 40 but it will be assumed for purposes of exposi- .tion of the invention that the source S represents the transmitting terminal circuits of a multiplex carrier telephone system providing, for specific example, twelve carrier channels spaced apart in the frequency range from 12 to 60 kilocycles per second. The total wave output of the source S, regardless of the number of channels in use at any particular time, constitutes the signal. The signal receiver R, in the specific example assumed, represents theV receiving terminal circuits of the system and it may be adapted to separate the carrier telephone signals received and translate them into individual voice frequency circuits. A dupliyso GTI
cate system` may be provided for transmission of signals in the opposite direction.
The transmission medium is represented as being a wire line and it may take any of a variety of forms, such as an open-wire line, a pair of coaxial conductors, or a pair of conductors in a multipair shielded cable. In all of these cases the attenuation suffered by the signal tends to vary, for changes in the ambient temperature affect the resistance of the conductors, and rain. and ice, for example, further affect the attenuation of exposed lines. To compensate for such changes in attenuation and to maintain the transmission equivalent of the system constant despite such changes is one of the objects of the present invention. It should be borne inY mind, however, that the invention has application also to radio transmission systems, where the ether constitutes the transmission medium and fading and like effects give rise to variable attenuation of the radio frequency signals. l
In general outline the specific embodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig. 1 involves the generation of an auxiliary or pilot wave of varying amplitude at the transmittingV terminal station, concurrent transmission of pilot wave and signal over the line to the receiving terminalstation, and automatic regulation of the gain of the' repeater amplifiers under the joint control of pilot wave and signal. More particularly, the pilot wave is caused initially to fluctuate in intensity in such relation to the normal fluctuations in the intensity of the signal that the pow- Y.er of signal and pilot wave combined is maintained substantially constant at the point where -th'e two are applied to the first section L1 of the transmission line. At the rst repeater station the two are amplified in the repeater amplifier RAand the gain of the latter is automatically adjusted under the'control of the total wave power outputV therefrom in such manner that the total wave power output is maintained substantially constant, independent of Variations `in the wave power applied to it, at some predetermined level, as,- for example, the constant power level obtaining at the input end of line section L1. From the rst repeater station, the waves are transmitted over another section L2 of the line, which may include other repeaters of the Vself-regulatingtype described, and eventuallly to the receiving terminal station R. which also may include a self-regulating amplifier of the same type to compensate for the variable attenuationv of the line `section next preceding it. The pilot wave may lie in any suitable portion of the frequency range not occupied by the signal channels and either within or outside the 12 to 60 kilocycle signa-ling range, but the fre- .quency should be such that any change in line `attenuation at that frequency is approximately `the same as the corresponding average change in attenuation over the signaling range. In a -typical case where vthe line comprises a multipair shielded cable,` a pilot frequency of 61 kilocycles per second may be found to satisfy this requirement.
The pilot wave is derivedl from a constant frequency constant amplitude source P at the transmitting terminal station, as illustrated in Fig. 1, passed through a pilot wave amplier PA and applied to the main signaling path along with the signal fromsource S. Both signal and pilot wave are concurrently amplied in Vto the cathode of that tube.
what may be called a transmitting amplifier TA of fixed gain before they are applied to the line L1. The desired initial variation in the intensity of the pilot wave is effected by varying the gain of the pilot wave amplifier PA, as by varying the bias applied to a gain-controlling grid of a variable mu tube 3' in that amplifier, in response to changes in the total power of signal and pilot wave combined as the total power appears, for example, in the output circuit of transmitting amplifier TA. For this purpose a fixed portion of the wave power output of amplier TA is diverted toA the primary winding 4 of a threewinding transformer connected across the output circuit of that amplifier. One secondary Winding 5 of the transformer is connected to the input terminals of a voltage-doubling half-wave rectifier comprising a pair of copper oxide rectier units 8 and a pair of condensers 9. One output terminal of the rectifier is connected directly to the gain-controlling grid of the variable mu tube 3, and the other output terminal is connected through battery 6 and series resistor 'I The other secondary winding II is connected across the heater element I2 of an indirectly heated thermistor unit I3, and the thermistor I4 itself is shunted vacross the series combination of battery B and resistor 1. The thermistor I4 is a resistance element having a high temperature coeflicient of resistance, of which lamentary silver sulphide is a familiar typical example, and of which beads of uranium oxide and of boron are other examples. In the operation of the circuit described, there is applied to the gain-controlling grid a control voltage comprising a small fluctuating unidirectional voltage component from the rectifier and another fluctuating voltage component due to the battery 6. .The net control voltage applied is dependent principally on the shunting elfect of thermistor I4, which, in turn, depends on the heat generated in, and the wave power applied to, heater I2` Thus, the control voltage depends on the intensity of the wave output of the amplifier TA, being a function of the average amplitude and the average power combined of that wave output. By proper lproportioning of the various circuit elements, the power of the wave output of amplifier TA can be maintained substantially constant, so that a given change in signal power is accompanied by an equal and opposite change in the power of the pilot wave.
The resistance of thermistor I4 cannot change instantaneously with changes in the power applied to it, and ifit is very sluggish in this respect a sudden increase in signal intensity may not give the thermistor time to change resistance and to reduce the intensity of the pilot wave sufliciently to avoid overloading of the transmitting amplier TA. A feature of the circuit shown in Fig. 1 avoids this possible diculty, however, for the rectifier circuit responds substantially instantaneously to changes in signal intensity and of itself effects immediately a reduction in the gain of amplifier PA and a ycorresponding reduction in the intensity of the pilot wave.
In due course the thermistor assumes the proper temperature and resistance and it resumes its proper function of controlling the gain of the pilot wave amplifier.
The repeater is illustrated, purely schematically, in Fig. 1 as comprising an amplifier RA of the stabilized negative feedback type, in which the gain-frequency characteristicis determined `power output of the amplifier.
bythe gain-attenuation characteristic of ther vfeedback `or beta circuit. The beta circuit includes the usual phase shifting, equalizer .and other circuits, represented by the network NW,
-whichgive the amplifier `a `rising gain-frequency of .which comprises a self-heated thermistcr 20 that .normally receives a fixed fractional portion of the wave power output of the amplifier. If the power output of the amplifier `should tend, say, to increase, as by reason of a temporary reduction in the attenuation of the line L1, the temperature of the thermistor would tend to rise and its resistance to fall thereby tending to reduce the beta circuit attenuation, to decrease the gain of the amplier and to reduce the wave 'I'he thermistor and the other arms of the resistance pad may readily be proportioned so that fora wide range of variation of the input power to the amplier the output power remains substantially constant.
Fig. 2 shows qualitatively the relation between the wave power applied to the input circuit of the repeater amplifier RA and the wave power appearing in its output circuit. The operating range falls within the horizontal portion of the curve representing substantially constant power output.
Whereas the system illustrated in Fig. 1 is adapted to compensate for changes in the. average attenuation of the line over the signaling frequency range, Figs. 3 and 4 show schematically an extension of the invention adapted to compensate also for changes in the shape of the attenuation-frequency characteristic of the line due,
for example, to changes in temperature. It is known that, as the temperature of a line changes, the primary effect is a change in attenuation that is substantially uniform over the frequency range, but that there are also secondary effects which may be resolved into a change in the `slope or tilt of the characteristic and a change in the curvature or bulge The primary effect is; corrected in Figs. 3 and 4 by substantially the same means employed in Fig. 1. The two secondary effects are corrected by providing two additional amplitude-modulated pilot waves and respective means in the repeater amplifier for automatically adjusting the gain-frequency characteristic of the amplifier. The two additional pilot waves are differently modulated in such manner that the average intensity of the wave output of the transmitting amplifier TA, when weighted in two different manners according to frequency, is maintained substantially constant. At the repeater the gain characteristic of the repeater amplifier is automatically varied so that the two weighted intensity averages, as observed at the output of the repeater, are also maintained substantially constart.
Referring now to Fig. 3, which shows the apparatus and circuits at the transmitting terminal, three pilot wave sources, Pi, P2, Pa, are provided, each connected through a respective variable gain amplifier, PAi, PAZ, PA3, to the input circuit of the transmitting amplifier TA. Across the output circuit of the latter are connected three devices, F1, F2, F3, each of which diverts. a fixed portion of the wave output of the amplifier, and each of which is connected to a respective control device CC that is adapted to `obtain' a measure of the average intensity of `the waves applied to it. The several measures thus derived are then utilized to control the gain of the respective pilot Wave amplifiers. The latter and the control devices CC may be identical with the correspondingly functioning elements in Fig.
1. Assuming that pilot wave source Pi is to be associated with the flat gain controlling function, the `device F1 should be designed to introduce no frequency weighting, that is, to transmit all frequencies applied to it without discrimination. Device F2 should have a non-uniform transmission-frequency characteristic so as to introduce frequency weighting; device F3 should 'have a different frequency weighting characteristic. By proper proportie-ning of the variousV circuit elements, the average intensity of the wave output of amplifier TA can be maintained substantially constant, not only as regards the unweighted average but also with respect to the average as determined after weighting in the manner provided by devices F2 and F3, respectively.
A repeater amplifier suitable for cooperation with the terminal apparatus of Fig. 3 is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 4. The amplifier is of the negative feedback type and its amplification characteristic is determined by the attenuation characteristic of its beta circuit. The beta circuit includes, as illustrated, a series thermistor 3E of the self-heated type which functions as the thermistor 20 in Fig. 1 to control the hat gain of the amplifier. Instead of the singie network provided in Fig. 1, two networks, 3! and 33, are included in the beta circuit and separated from each other and the thermistor by shunt resistors. Connected in operative relation to each of the two networks is a respective thermistor 32, 3Q, of the self-heating type, which is supplied with current from the beta circuit and which modives the beta circuit characteristics of its asso-` ciated network as its temperature and resistance change. By appropriate design of the networks, the heating current supplied to each of the thermistors 32, 34 can readily be weighted in accordance with the same weighting function as is introduced b-y a respective corresponding one of the devices F2, F3 at the terminal station. By further appropriate design, any change in the resistance of, say, thermistor 32, can be translated through the network 3l into a change in the tilt of the gain. characteristic of the amplifier such that the output of the amplifier weighted in accordance with network 3l tends to be maintained substantially constant. Similarly, any change in the resistance of thermistor E@ can be translated through network 33 into a change in the bulge of the gain characteristic whereby the output of the amplifier weighted in accordance with network 32 tends to be stabilized. With the networks thus designed, any change in the tilt or bulge characteristics of the transmission line tends to introduce a corresponding change in one or the other of the weighted intensity averages at the input of the repeater station, which tendency gives rise to an opposing or compensating change `in the gain characteristic of the amplifier.
Fig. 5 shows a preferred embodiment of the Apresent invention as adapted and applied to the provides negative feedback and constitutes the amplifier a stabilized negative feedback amplifier having substantially equal gain over the frequency range occupied by the signal to be amplified. The other path providesy positive feedback over a relatively narrow band of frequencies and allows the generation of self-sustaining oscillations at the desired pilot frequency. The amplifier includes a thermistor which is heated by the signal current and the locally generated oscillations and which operates to so vary the intensity of those oscillations that a change in the power content of the signal gives rise to an equal and opposite change in the power of the pilot frequency oscillations whereby the total power output of signal and pilot combined is held substantially constant. v
More specifically, as it appears in Fig. 5, the input circuit of the amplifier includes a pair of tandem connected transformers 4|, 42 constituting a bridge circuit to which one end of the positive beta circuit 45 is connected and the output circuit includes a similar pair of tandem connected transformers 43, 44 to which the other end of the positive beta circuit is connected. Between each pair of transformers there are connected series resistors which are so proportioned in known manner in relation to the points of connection of circuit 45 that the latter circuit is in conjugate relation to the source S and to the line L1 but in energy transfer relation with the circuit connecting transformers 42 and 43. A multistage amplifier section 45, of which only the first and last stages are indicated, is interposed between the transformers last mentioned. The amplifier may be of any suitable type adapted for stabilized negative feedback operation. The amplifier shown is of a usual type in which specifically one secondary terminal of transformer 42 is connected to the grid of the vacuum tube in the first stage; the other secondary terminal is connected through a blocking condenser 48, a resistor 49, inductance 50, and blocking condenser 5l to ground, which is the potential of the cathodes of the several amplifier tubes; one primary terminal of transformer 43 is connected to the anode of the vacuum tube in the 'last stage and the other primary terminal is connected through resistor 52 and condenser 53 t0 gro-und; and a connection comprising resistance device 4B extends between the respective high potential ends of resistors 49 and 52. The device 45 and the several elements 48 to 53 are so proportioned as to constitute an output circuit bridge and negative feedback circuit such that the signal amplifier has substantially uniform gain over the frequency range occupied by the signal and the pilot wave.
The details of the negative feedback circuit are relatively unimportant to the principal objects of the present invention excepting for the resistance device 40 and its operation. This is a thermistor of the self-heating type so that its resistance is a function of the heating effect of th-e current traversing it. It may be enclosed in a heatinsulated chamber and provided otherwise with means for insulating it from or compensating for the effect of variations in the ambient temperature. 'I'he thermistor 40 is assumed to have a negative temperature coefiicient of resistance as does, for example, filamentary silver sulphide or a bead of boron, so that by its series connection in the negative feedback circuit it tends to reduce the attenuation of the feedback circuit, thereby decreasing the over-all gain of the amplier, if the currents traversing it tend to increase as by reason of an increase in the wave power output of the amplifier. Conversely, if the wave powerin the output circuit of the amplifier tends to decrease thereby decreasing the amount of power diverted to the negative feedback circuit through the output circuit bridge, the temperature of thermistor 40 tends to fall and its resistance to increase, this effect in turn tending to increase the attenuation of the negative feedback circuit, to decrease the amount of wave power fed back in negative phase relation to the input circuit, and to increase the n-et gain of the amplifier. The consequence in either case is that the thermistor 4D operates to oppose or reduce the extent of any change in the wave power in the output circuit of the amplifier. By proper proportioning of the characteristics of thermistor 4U, in fact, the wave power output of the amplifier readily may be, and is, held substantially constant.
The positive feedback circuit 46 includes a device, such as a piezoelectric crystal 55, which blocks or substantially impedes the transmission through that circuit of waves of all frequencies excepting the frequency of the desired pilot wave. Inv the same feedback circuit, but nearer the output circuit of the amplifier, is a balanced resistance pad or attenuator 56 and a transformer 51. The latter is merely representative of Whatever phase shifting means, if any, may be required to insure that the circuit 46 functions as a positive feedback circuit.
Considering the positive mu-beta loop comprising the crystal 55, and supposing that there* is no signal from source S, it is evident that oscillations will tend to appear in this loop at the substantially single frequency passed by the crystal if there is a. net circuit gain around this loop, that is, if at that frequency the gain in the mu circuit of the amplier exceeds the loss in the beta circuit, which loss is substantially that of the pad 56. Once oscillations appear they tend to increase indefinitely in intensity, but as they do the fixed portion of the oscillatory power diverted to the negative feedback circuit likewise increases, the temperature of thermistor 40 is thereby raised and its resistance reduced. Consequently, the attenuation of the negative feedback circuit is reduced thereby permitting a, greater proportion of the oscillations to be transmitted through it and combined in phase opposition with the oscillations from circuit 46. The tendency described will continue to the point where the attenuation of the two feedback paths is alike, for then if a voltage is applied from any source to the mu circuit it will continue to cause current to flow with unchanged amplitude when the source is removed.
From a different point of view one may note the relation of the mu circuit and the negative feedback path on the one hand, treated as constituting together a negative feedback amplifier in which the over-all gain is equal to the attenuation of the negative feedback path, and the posivmistor maintain the total until at the outputof theamplifier the oscillation power reaches the aforesaid predeterminable value and thereafter remains constant. At .this point. the gain of the. negative feedback amplifier is equal. to the loss of the positive feedback circuit and there is zero net gain around the loop.
The circuit illustrated in. Fig. 5, as above described,` constitutes an oscillator having a power output that is constant and that. is fixed by the characteristics of the thermistor in the negative feedback loop.
When` a signal is applied to the input terminals of the amplifier in Fig. 5 it is amplified and then finds its way into the two feedback circuits. In the positive feedback circuit it is stopped, or substantially so, inasmuch as the crystal 45 will pass at most only a very narrow range of frequencies. In the negative feedback circuit, the amplied signal tends to. raise the temperature of thermistor di) and thereby to reduce the attenuation of that feedback circuit and to decrease theoverall gain of theamplifier. Accompanying thi-s tendency is the tendency of the intensity of the locally generated oscillations and their heating effect onl thermistor d to decrease with the decrease in the over-al1 gain of the amplier. The equilibrium condition is finally reached at which the total power output of the amplifier, signal plus local oscillations combined, is substantially constant at the original power output level, the termistor is at its original temperature and resistance value, and the gain of the amplier is at its original value and equal to the loss in the positive feedback circuit, at least at the frequency of the local oscillations. The net result is that at any point in the negative mu-beta loop as well as at the output terminals of the amplifier the change in the power of the local oscillations is equal and opposite to the change in signal power so.v that the power of signal and local oscillations combined remains constant. The locally generated oscillations therefore constitute a signal-modulated wave suitable for use as the pilot wave required in Fig. 1.
From the point of view first adopted in describing the operation of Fig. 5, it may be noted that introduction of the signal tends to reduce the attenuation of the negative feedback circuit and to allow a greater proportion of the local oscillation to flow through that circuit and be combined in phase opposition with the oscillatio-ns from the positive feedback circuit, thereby tending to reduce the local oscillations.
It may be noted that the circuit shown in Fig. 5 constitutes also a pure product modulator. in which the locally generated oscillations have impressed on them power fluctuations corresponding to the signal. The effectiveness of the combination as a modulator depends on the rapidity of the signal fluctuations and the sluggishness in the response of the thermistor to changes in applied power. A fast operating thermistor and a comparatively low frequency signal permit the greatest effectiveness. It may be noted also that the circuit embodies an amplifier of variable gain in which the gain is controlled by oscillations of adjustable intensity, or power, specifically, affecting the attenuation of a negative feedback circuit, or, more particularly, one in which the gain is fixed by and equal to the loss in a positive feedback circuit.
For regulating the gain of a wire line transmission system it is not essential that the therwave power at a constant value at every instant inasmuch as the changeswhich the regulating system is designed to compensatev may benand ordinarily are comparatively. gradual changes. It willusually be entirely sufficient therefore that the sluggishness, thermal inertia, or lag of the thermistor 40 be such as to recognize and compensate for changes in the average heating current appearing in successive ten-second intervals, for example. vPreferably, however, the thermal lag is small enough that the thermistor resistance follows the variations in signal power that occur from syllable to' syllable or 'at equivalent frequency. When substitiltingl the terminal circuit shown in Fig. 5 for that in Fig..l, it is desirable that the thermistor in the repeater circuit be-made atleast as sluggish as that in the terminal circuit. so that the repeaterwill be substantially non-responsive. to such minor variations in wave power as the terminal circuit may permit to appear on the line.
Although the present invention has been ldescribed with relation to various specific appli-l cations and embodiments thereof, it is evident that the various novel features are capable of other embodiments and of use for other purposes within the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
l. In combination, a source of signals of variable average power content, means for amplifying the signals from said source, a feedback path local to said amplifying means for generating therein substantially single frequency oscillations, and means for changing the power of said oscillations in equal and opposite relationv to changes in the average power of said signals, whereby the total output power co-ntent of the two combined is maintained substantially constant.
2. In combination, a source of signals of variable. average power content, means for amplifying the signals from said source, a feedback path local to said amplifying means for generating therein substantially single frequency oscillations, athermistor connected in such relation to said feedback path as to variably control the amplitude of said oscillations, and means for applying heating power to said thermistor in proportion to the total wave power output of said amplifying means.
3. In combination, a source of signals of variable average intensity, an amplifier connected thereto having two mu-beta loops, one of said loops providing negative feedback over the frequency range of said signals, and the other of said loops providing positive feedback, the transmission-frequency characteristics of said loops being so proportioned that substantially single frequency oscillations appear in said other loop within the frequency range of said one loop, a thermistor connected to introduce a variable transmission loss in said one loop, and means for heating said thermistor in proportion to the total output power of said oscillations and said signals.
4. A combination in accordance with claim 3 in which said thermistor is so proportioned and arranged in said one loop that the said total output power is maintained substantially constant.
5. In combination, a source of signals of variable intensity, an amplifier connected thereto having two mu-beta loops, one of said loops providing negative feedback over the frequency range of said signals and the other of said loops providing positive feedback of such magnitude over at least a narrow frequency range that oscilla- :in said negative feedback tions are generated in said other loop within said narrow frequency range, a variable transmission controlling element in one of said loops, said element being controlled in accordance with the total wave power output of said amplifier.
6. A combination in accordance with claim in which said element is a thermistor.
7. In combination, a source of electric signals of varying intensity, an amplifier connected thereto having a positive feedback circuit and a negative feedback circuit, said negative feedback circuit having a transmission band embracing the frequency range occupied by said signals, said positive feedback circuit having a narrow transmission frequency band such that oscillations are generated therein within said transmission band of said negative :feedback circuit, a self-heatingr thermistor connected in amplifier gain-controlling relation in said negative feedback circuit, said feedback circuits and said thermistor being so proportioned that the total Wave power output of said amplifier, comprising said signals and said oscillations, is maintained substantially constant.
8. In combination, an amplifier, a negative feedback circuit and a positive feedback circuit for said amplifier, means inhibiting oscillations in said positive feedback circuit except over a narrow frequency range, and resistance means circuit variably controlled by said oscillations for stabilizing said oscillations.
9. An oscillatory system comprising an ampliiier having a negative feedback circuit, a posi- .tive feedback circuit, transmission means in said positive feedback circuit selectively passing only a narrow range of frequencies, and a thermistor for controlling the amplitude of oscillations traversing said positive feedback circuit, said `thermistor being operatively connected in the mu-beta loop comprising said negative feedback circuit.
10. A system in accordance with claim 9 in which said thermistor is connected in gain-controlling relation insaid negative feedback circuit.
11. In combination, an electric wave amplifier having input and output circuits, a positive feedback circuit local to said amplifier for generating oscillations, a source of electric waves, and means for modulating said oscillations with said waves comprising a connection from said source to the input circuit of said amplifier and means for regulating the total wave intensity appearing in said output circuit.
12. In combination, an electric wave amplifier, a local oscillatory transmission loop comprising said amplifier, means for applying signals to said amplifier for transmission therethrough and means continuously maintaining the total wave power output of said amplifier substantially constant, said output comprising said signals and the oscillations generated in said loop.
13. A combination in accordance with claim 12 in which said last-mentioned means comprises a thermistor heated by said signals and said oscillations.
14. In a system for the transmission of signals of normally varying power content from a sending station to a geographically distant receiving station through a transmission medium that variably attenuates said signals, the method which comprises transmitting a pilot wave concurrently with said signals from said sending station to said receiving station, varying the amplitude of said pilot wave so that the average total power content of said signalsv and pilot wave combined is maintained substantially constant at said sending station, and at said receiving station amplifying said signals and pilot wave and varying the amplification under the joint control of said signals and pilot wave so that the average total power content of the two combined is maintained substantially constant, whereby the variable attenuation of said transmission medium is compensated.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 18, 1945
|Jul 24, 1951
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Volume limiting amplifier
|Aug 9, 1956
|Jun 14, 1960
|Intron Int Inc
|Stabilized oscillator
|Jan 29, 1952
|Aug 22, 1961
|Nolle Alfred W
|Method and apparatus for controlling the relative gains of a plurality of amplifiers
|Jul 31, 1958
|Oct 23, 1962
|Sheffield Corp
|Amplitude stabilized oscillator
|May 5, 2004
|Oct 17, 2006
|Powerwave Technologies, Inc.
|Feed forward amplifier employing positive feedback pilot generation
|May 5, 2004
|Dec 16, 2004
|Braithwaite Richard Neil
|Feed forward amplifier employing positive feedback pilot generation
|Jul 10, 1943
|May 31, 1955
|Vielkanal-Nachrichtenuebertragungssystem, insbesondere fuer drahtlose Strecken
|U.S. Classification
|333/16, 330/52, 330/104, 331/183, 330/110, 330/86
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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About Youth of Spirit Word Ministries
1 Tim 4:12
Let no one despise or think less of you because of your youth, but be an example (pattern) for the believers in speech, in conduct, in love, in faith and in purity.
Have you ever thought there is more to life than what you are experiencing now, but you're not quite sure where you fit in with all the rest of the world? God made us to stand out… The world will see us differently because of what we believe. It is time for the Youth to stand up for Christ with no compromise.
Here at Spirit Word Youth we have one goal, and that is to share the love of the Father as we worship him with our Youth band, and then receive a word from the Lord by Quintis Jacobs, the youth pastor.
We invite all youth from age 13 and up to join us every Friday night at 19h00, where we spend time in the very presence of Jesus Christ, who is among and in each and every one of us.
Youth Pastor
Quintis Jacobs is an anointed young man of God that always had a passion for the youth ministry. He joined AFC ( Alive for Christ) in 2010 and has been with us ever since. Now he is leading the Spirit Word Youth into new spiritual places of worship and understanding the Word of God with simplicity.
From 'dress like your favorite superhero' to theme based events, week after week he brings in new, fun and entertaining activities in which everyone takes part in. There is never a dull moment with him behind the mic…
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