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Welcome to Unicornicopia! A mystical place of never ending Spring, where unicorns with golden horns exist and all of your wildest pastel dreams come true. To get here, one must launch into the clouds and over a rainbow, never forgetting to have Kiss with Style by your side to sprinkle unicorn dandruff and create pure magic. Such an enchanted celebration that brings out the inner unicorn in us all. We can't get enough of the edible bark and
Unicorn Birthday Party
A kewpin' cute first birthday
On a scale of one to struck by cupid's bow, how heavenly is this first birthday styled by Tania for her cherub Zara. We can definitely feel the love that has been poured into this celebration, which was enjoyed by family and friends who were treated to face painting and DIY crown making. We adore the kitsch touches of kewpies and subtle polka dots throughout the venue. Vendors: Venue: The Stables of Como Stylist: Tania
A Monochromatic, Moody and Masculine 21st Birthday
Today we're sharing a seriously atmospheric celebration in the form of this perfectly styled 21st birthday by Temika of Florence Knows. With a predominately geometric aesthetic accented with faux marble and concrete textures juxtaposed by decadent desserts of a chocolate lovers wildest dream, this tablescape oozes masculinity and is bound to give you goosebumps. When discussing the design with Temika, she admitted 'the ideas of the structure all came from a picture I saw on Instagram of
Swan Party
Anything but a swan song is the amazingly delicate and textured second birthday we are sharing with you today. Styled by Frosted By Nicci, the swan theme is effortlessly eye catching with pops of black and metallic against the muted palette. We could not get past the dessert table – I mean look at that amazing array of treats! Vendors: Tassels: DD Brand Balloon: Boutique Balloons Melbourne Rose gold cake stand: Emerald and Ella Cupcake
A Pop of Colour Garden Party
The flowery feast below was designed by the talented Stephanie Luketic, Director of the Eventurer. With lush foliage and popping blooms of pink roses, yellow daliahs and orange tulips against the neutral tones, it is the touch of Spring we are patiently waiting for, also reminding us garden parties don't always need to take place outside. When discussing the shoot, Stephanie shared 'We wanted to have some fun with colour and our aim was to
From flowing gowns of ruffles to curve-hugging lace. Last week, home grown and international designers gathered in Sydney to exhibit on the Australian Bridal Fashion Week runway. With enough sparkle to banish any mid-Winter blues, and presented in the oh so industrial chic Technology Park. Oh It's Perfect not only attended the event, but went behind the scenes at intermission to give you an intimate feel to the day. Sitting front row center, the runway
Today on the blog a celebration so divine, we've decided to share it whilst talking in rhyme. A fairy-tale christening for princess Valentina, everyone was in attendance – even a ballerina! So come one and all and take a peek, for the event submitted by Natalie Nader is truly unique. With florals, adornments and desserts galore, it will surely make your pastel heart soar. Vendors: Christening Gown by Velani Natalie's Dress by Velani Daughters dressed
Holy Macaronut Launch Party
Ever struggled with the choice of a Macaron or Doughnut with your afternoon tea? Well, thanks to a collaboration between the Dessert Parlour and Macaron Sisters you'll never have that trouble again. OIP were recently treated to the dessert hybrid at the Macaronut Launch Party, hosted at the newly relocated Long Story Short café. Lovingly presented in three flavors including chocolate salted caramel, raspberry white chocolate and matcha. It was a perfectly decadent dessert we won't
Sharing this very cute Panda themed birthday shoot styled to perfection by Opulentcity Party & Buffet Styling. We are loving the colour palette and the unique props, which are certainly something that can be incorporated in your home as decor pieces after the party. There is lots to take inspiration from, enjoy the pictures. Here's what Jayne shared about styling his shoot; Styled shoot consisted of dessert bar and mini table styled sit down along with
If you are thinking of ways to spice up your kitchen tea, then pay close attention to all the beautiful details of this party we are sharing today. There is lots to take inspiration from in this colourful and festive set up, styled to perfection by Gold Act Events. Vendors: High Tea Crockery & Chairs by Elegant Tea Time Styling by Gold Act Events Catering by Westella Renaissance
Airplane themed events have always been a popular choice for boys' birthdays, but this party we are sharing today is one of a kind. Designed in an all white palette and styled to perfection by the very talented stylist Donna who put this together to celebrate her son Luca's second birthday. We'll let you fly through the beautiful pictures. Buckle up as we are ready to take off! Vendors: Styling: Donna Monique Balloon Installation: House Of Party
Every day is Mother's Day! Our Mothers and Mother figures are precious, one of a kind, and rare to each one of us. With this concept in mind, we based the theme around something we've been wanting to do for a long time – the natural underground beauty of gems and crystals, together with the catch-phrase, "Mum, You're A Gem!" Our colour palette were soft pinks, greens and lilac, inspired by the gem colours of
Today we are sharing this whimsical party filled with confetti, unicorns, pom poms and mouth watering desserts, all styled to perfection in beautiful pastels by one of our favourite dessert designers and stylists in Melbourne, Stylish Little Parties. Here's what Yvonne shared about planning this beautiful party; I wanted to create a special party for my daughters 5th Birthday. Being a busy time for us I still wanted to create something special. She absolutely loves Unicorns
Written by Janelle from A Stylish Affair Blog If your mum is anything like mine, it's a nightmare to buy her a gift. She's one of those people who buys what she wants and never needs anything. This year, I've made gift giving easy with an edit of 10 lust worthy, smiling inducing gifts. Instead of conventional gifts, gift something she wont necessarily need- but she'll definitely love none the less. Leather Pouch $99.95- The
I think it's safe to say I see on average more than a hundred cakes/desserts each day, and while I am blown away every day by the creativity and skill of the dessert designers, sometimes I spot something that literally stops the scroll (on Instagram), and this shoot that we are sharing today is one of them. I discovered Don't Tell Charles work via her instagram account, when it was still very new and her
We are completely smitten with this gorgeous Peach & Gold second birthday party styled to perfection by Elizabeth. Here's what Elizabeth shared about planning/styling this party; My inspiration came from the peach/gold/marble partyware from Harlow & Grey! I loved it!! I wanted it to be bright & pretty so I also added a touch of pink! Her little leotard tutu & shoes are from Tutudumonde. It was a very busy week leading up to the
The moment we saw this gorgeous party on Instagram, we knew we had to share it with our readers. It is simply stunning, styled to perfection by a very talented mum Tamika, to celebrate her daughter Celina's second birthday. There are so many details to love in this party, like the floral balloon arch, the soft pink and white colour palette, glitter crowns for all the kids, and to-die-for desserts and cake. We'll let the pictures


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The horned crag-and-tails of the Ungava Bay landform swarm, Quebec–Labrador, Canada
Abstract:Till lineations are widespread throughout the interior of Quebec–Labrador, Canada. We discuss a previously unrecognized lineation type, horned crag-and-tails, characterized by two till ridges at the lateral flanks of a bedrock crag. This lineation type appears to occur exclusively in the Ungava Bay lineation swarm and has not been reported from other glaciated shield areas. The morphology and spatial distribution of these peculiar landforms are analyzed in the context of Laurentide ice sheet dynamics in central Quebec–Labrador. We propose that a horned crag-and-tail ridge forms when the ice sheet is frozen to the summit of the crag, but basal melting occurs lower down on the crag. The lack of basal sliding at the summit of the crag inhibits till transport across the crag and prevents the accumulation of till in a direct lee-side position. The last phase of the formation is fossilization by basal freezing of the horned crag-and-tail system. This scenario requires that the ice sheet undergoes a transition from frozen-bed conditions to basal melting with frozen patches on topographical highs, and back to fully frozen-bed conditions. Horned crag-and-tails may thus indicate a unique sequence of basal thermal conditions over large areas of Quebec-Labrador.
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821896
Publication date: January 1, 1999
More about this publication?
- The Annals of Glaciology is a peer-reviewed, thematic journal published 2 to 4 times a year by the International Glaciological Society (IGS). Publication frequency is determined and volume/issue numbers assigned by the IGS Council on a year-to-year basis and with a lead time of 3 to 4 years. The Annals of Glaciology is included in the ISI Science Citation Index from volume 50, number 50 onwards.
Themes can be on any aspect of the study of snow and ice. Individual members can make a suggestion for a theme for an Annals issue to the Secretary General, who will forward it to the IGS Publications Committee. The IGS Publication Committee will make a recommendation for an individual themed Annals issue, together with a potential Annals Chief Editor for that issue, to IGS Council. The IGS Council will make the decision whether to proceed, taking into account the spread of topics and the overall capacity for publication of pages in Annals.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 3, 2004
|Filing date
|Aug 20, 2002
|Priority date
|Aug 21, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jerry F. Strissel, Michael John Stiefel
|Original Assignee
|Syngenta Seeds, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (7), Classifications (16), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to U.S. provisional application filed Aug. 21, 2001 and having Ser. No. 60/313,481.
The present invention relates to the novel use of a new, low phosphorus, low-pigmented (xanthophyll), highly digestible white protein gluten meal to be used as an ingredient in feeding operations, especially aquaculture. It is derived from the wet milling of an identity preserved, white corn hybrid with distinct characteristics. The development of this novel product involves several selection criteria across a variety of disciplines involving plant breeding, industrial processing, feeding operations, and environmental issues.
The publications and other materials used herein to illuminate the background of the invention or provide additional details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference, and for convenience are respectively grouped in the appended Bibliography.
The goal of plant breeding is to develop new, unique, and superior corn inbred lines and hybrids. Typically, the development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: 1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools for initial breeding crosses; 2) the selfing of the selected plants from the breeding crosses for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, which, although different from each other, breed true and are highly uniform; and, 3) crossing the selected inbred lines with unrelated inbred lines to produce the hybrid progeny (F1). The breeder can theoretically generate billions of different genetic combinations via crossing, selfing, and mutations.
One of the most important tasks corn breeders have is to evaluate newly developed experimental materials. The difficulty in this task is to separate genetic and environmental effects. The usual procedure is to evaluate the material in performance trials conducted over two or three years at a minimum of six locations. More locations are preferred, but the resources available determine the number. Testing sites should be located in areas where the newly developed material is likely to be marketed.
Most plant breeders use a screening type of trial for eliminating genotypes that are obviously poor. Usually, large numbers of many genotypes are observed at a few locations. Sometimes, inoculations with prevalent leaf diseases and stalk rot pathogens are included. Those hybrids that survive rigorous testing are usually grown in larger strip tests for evaluation by farmers. If reaction is favorable, the selected hybrids are put into pilot seed production, and also entered in state variety trials before being placed into large-scale production.
Corn kernels can be altered by genetic means to give modifications in starch, protein, oil, pericarp thickness, kernel hardness, embryo size, kernel size, and color. This generates another set of testing parameters for products that are designed to be used by corn processors for specific value-added products or co-products.
Starch from normal dent or flint corn is composed of 73% amylopectin (the starch fraction with branched molecules) and 27% amylose (the fraction with linear molecules). Waxy corn (having the wx gene) was first found in China, but waxy mutations have also been found in American dent strains. Starch from this mutation is 100% amylopectin.
The endosperm mutant amylose-extender (ae) was found by R. P. Bear in 1950 (Vineyard et al., 1958). It increased the amylose fraction of the starch to 50% and above. The kernel of this corn is characterized by a tarnished, translucent, and partially full appearance. The ae gene, plus modifiers, gives a range in amylose content of 50-80%, but the amylose content can be stabilized at various intermediate levels.
Several endosperm mutants that alter the balance of amino acids have been identified. The most important of these is opaque-2. Mertz et al. (1964) reported that opaque-2 reduced zein in the endosperm and increased lysine. Other mutant genes with similar effects are floury-2 and opaque-7.
Kernels with the opaque-2 gene are characterized by a soft, chalky, nontransparent appearance, with very little hard vitreous or horney endosperm. This type of kernel is more prone to damage by kernel rots, insects, rodents, and harvesting machinery.
Another source of increased lysine and protein in single cross hybrids was discovered by Strissel et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,993). The increased nutritional levels were inherited in a dominant manner verses the recessive nature of the opaque-2 gene, and it was not a mutation. The inbred that was patented was derived from an exotic germplasm source, and not only increased protein levels, but the protein was also more digestible.
The mature corn kernel has four easily separable parts: tip cap, pericarp, endosperm, and germ. The major component of corn is starch, of which 98% is in the endosperm (Earle et al., 1946). On the whole kernel basis, starch content is 72-73%. The endosperm also contains 74% of the kernel protein, of which the majority is insoluble storage proteins.
The germ is the major depository of lipids, which amount to 83% of the total kernel lipids. The greater parts of the germ lipids are triacylglycerides, which, on extraction, give the well-known corn oil of commerce. The germ, being potentially metabolically active tissue, contains 70% of the kernel sugar and 26% of the kernel protein. Most of the germ proteins are albumins or globulins and probably are components of the enzymatic apparatus of the cells.
The corn germ is also rich in mineral elements that are essential for early growth of the embryo. The embryo contains 78% of the kernel minerals of which inorganic phosphorus is the most abundant. It is largely present as the potassium-magnesium salt of phytic acid-the hexaphosphate ester of inositol. Phytin is an important storage form of phosphorus (Hamilton et al., 1951; O'Dell et al., 1972), which is liberated by phytase enzymes to initiate embryo development. More than 80% of the phosphorus in corn is in the form of phytate. The corn germ contains nearly 90% of the phytate present in whole corn.
One of the problems associated with the use of grain and oilseed products in feed for monogastric animals, e.g. pigs, chickens, and fish, is the presence of phytate. Phytate phosphorus is nutritionally unavailable, and is excreted in the feces. It is then suspected of contributing to nutrient enrichment of several ecosystems when manure from confined animal rearing operations leaches into the ground and from there into lakes, streams, and bays.
In catfish rearing, excretion of phytate, which is degraded by microorganisms, thus releasing the bound phosphorus, contributes to algae growth in ponds. In trout farming, reducing the phosphorus levels of feeds over the past few years has greatly lowered the amount of soluble phosphorus excreted via urine, but little change has occurred in the amount of insoluble phosphorus excreted in the feces.
In trout feeds containing 1.6% total phosphorus, phytate phosphorus makes up 0.22% of total phosphorus. Feed manufacturers are reducing the amount of fish meal and replacing it with soy, wheat, and corn-based protein concentrates. These concentrates are lower in total phosphorus, but also lower in available phosphorus because of phytate. In a trout feed in which 2/3 of the fish meal is replaced with plant protein sources, phytate phosphorus could make up half or more of the total phosphorus in the feed, increasing fecal phosphorus loss.
Phytate has other possible effects on feed constituents mainly associated with its ability to interact directly and indirectly with certain minerals especially calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron to reduce their availability to animals (Underwood, 1962; Momcilovic and Shahl, 1976). For example, calcium-bound phytate increases chelation with trace minerals, especially zinc, to form co-precipitates that make the zinc unavailable to the animal or fish.
Richardson et al. (1985) showed that zinc availability was greatly reduced to juvenile chinook salmon when sodium phytate was added to their feed, and that the fish developed cataracts as a result. In channel catfish, just 1.1% supplemental phytate in the feed increased the amount of zinc in the diet necessary to prevent deficiency signs by 10� over the amount needed in a semi-purified diet (Gatlin and Wilson, 1984).
Phosphorus content of common fish feed ingredients is highly variable. Some practical ingredients contain limited amounts of P (e.g. 0.3% P in blood meal) while other contain very significant levels (4-5% P in meat and bone meal) (NRC, 1993). Phosphorus contained in organic compounds, such as phospholipids and nucleic acids, are apparently highly digestible for fish. Phosphorus contained in phytate (inositol hexaphosphate), also an organic compound, is not digestible to fish since they lack the necessary enzyme (phytase). The digestibility of mineral forms of P, such as dicalcium phosphate, monosodium phosphate and rock phosphate, varies with degree of solubility of the compound(s) and is, consequently, highly variable (Lall, 1991). The digestibility of P contained in bone (apatite) is variable between fish species and depends mostly on stomach pH of the animal (Lall, 1991). For rainbow trout, a fish with a true (acid) stomach, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of bone P appears to be between 40 and 60%. ADC of bone P appears to be much lower for stomachless fish, such as carp (Lall, 1991). Other factors, such as particle size, feed processing technique, and enzyme treatment, are also known to affect ADC of P (Lall, 1991).
Numerous studies have shown that dietary incorporation of microbial phytase improved the ADC of P of fish fed diets containing phytic acid (Rodehutscord and Pfeffer, 1995; Oliva-Teles et al., 1998; Vielma et al., 1998; Forster et al., 1999). The activity of this enzyme is affected by environmental temperature and its activity may be very limited at low water temperatures (Forester et al., 1999). Moreover, the enzyme is sensitive to heat and may be destroyed during pelleting and extrusion under standard commercial conditions.
Both digestibility and quantity will determine the fate of P fed to fish. The undigested fraction of the P of the diet is excreted in the feces by fish. The fraction of P digested by the animal is absorbed where it is deposited in the body of the fish (bones, scales, flesh, etc.) in the growth processes. A number of experimental evidences suggest that there is a requirement to maximize growth and maximize phosphorus deposition and bone mineralization. Phosphorus requirement of rainbow trout for maximum growth was 0.37% digestible P and 0.53% for maximum phosphorus deposition (Rodehutscord, 1996).
Fish receiving only the digestible P amount required to meet requirement for growth excrete only minute amounts of non-fecal P indicating that digestible P intake of the fish is directed almost completely toward deposition (Rodehutscord, 1996; Vielma and Lall, 1998; Bureau and Cho, 1999). There is evidence that efficiency of P utilization tends to decrease as digestible P level increase from the level required for maximum growth to the level required for maximum P deposition (Rodehutscord, 1996; Rodehutscord et al., 2000b). Interpretation of available data suggest that, while feeding a diet with digestible P at the level required to maximize growth results in minimal non-fecal P excretion, feeding with a diet with a digestible P level required that maximum P deposition results in significant non-fecal excretion.
Fish meal has been the main protein source used in feeds for farmed carnivorous fish since fish farming began. Fish meal is produced from stocks of fish not harvested for human consumption, and annual global production is 6.5 million metric tons (mmt) per year (Hardy and Green, 1999). Peru and Chile have traditionally accounted for approximately 35% of annual global production, utilizing anchovies and horse mackerel. Periodically, production from Peru and Chile declines by over 80%, in El Nino years when ocean temperatures and currents cause the fish stocks to move offshore, out of reach of the fishery. In years when this occurs, world production of fish meal declines, generally to 4-4.5 mmt, and the cost of fish meal increases to over $600/mt, double its lowest value. If other fish meal-producing countries are experiencing declines in their fisheries during El Nino years, the supply/demand situation becomes even worse.
When global fish meal production declines, feed producers turn to alternative proteins, such as rendered products and protein concentrates from grains and oilseeds. Among rendered products, poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, and feather meal are utilized in animal and fish feeds. Soybean meal (de-hulled) is the main protein source from oilseeds that is used in animal feeds. Corn gluten meal is the main protein source from grains. Other substitutes include canola meal, soy protein concentrate, and wheat gluten, although price limits use of soy protein concentrate and wheat gluten (Hardy, 1999).
Feeds for aquatic animals now consume over 25% of global fish meal production each year, up from 10-12% eight years ago (Hardy, 1999). Poultry feeds use 50% of global production, swine 15%, and the remainder is used in pet feeds, rumen by-pass proteins, and minor species feeds. Continued growth of aquaculture is expected to increase the proportion of global fish meal used in feeds for fish and shrimp, according to projections. However, most observers assume the percentage of fish meal used in fish feeds will decrease. Underlying this assumption is the second assumption that alternative protein sources will substitute for fish meal. At present, feeds for three species groups in aquaculture account for 70% of fish meal use in aquaculture feeds: salmon, shrimp, and trout.
Yellow corn gluten meal has been evaluated as a fish meal substitute for fish with moderate success. Weede (1997) found that corn gluten could substitute for 25% of the fish meal in feeds for rainbow trout, but that 50% substitution or higher resulted in reduced feed intake and growth. Skonberg et al. (1998) reported that the use of over 15% corn gluten meal in trout feeds caused a yellowing of the flesh, and most trout feed manufacturers limit corn gluten meal to 5% in feeds or avoid it altogether. Corn gluten protein is reported to be relatively well digested by rainbow trout and Pacific salmon, but phosphorus availability is low (Sugiura et al., 1998), likely the result of phytate. Thus, what limits the use of corn gluten meal in feeds for salmonoids and shrimp is the presence of xanthophyll pigments and phytate. If these problems could be overcome, the potential market, at 25% use in the feed, is approximately 900,000 mt for salmon, shrimp, and trout. At least double this potential market exists in other species, notably European sea bass, gilthead sea bream, yellowtail, and various freshwater catfish species in Asia.
Yellow corn gluten meal is derived from the wet-milling process of corn. The primary products from the wet-milling process are food and industrial starches and sweeteners. Co-products include corn oil and the feed products corn gluten feed (CGF), corn gluten meal (CGM), corn germ meal, and condensed fermented corn extractives (steep liquor). The germ is solvent-extracted to recover oil, and the extracted germ meal is used in feed products. The gluten is separated from starch by centrifuges, giving a stream containing 69-72% (dry substance basis) total protein, which is dried to become 60% protein CGM. It is highly digestible, contains metabolizable energy (ME) of 4,131 kcal/kg of dry matter for the chick, and is rich source of available carotenes (49-73 mg/kg) and xanthophylls (244-550 mg/kg, dry substance basis). Its crude protein is highly digestible, a good source of methionine and cystine, but very low in lysine and tryptophan. The average phosphorus content of the yellow gluten meal is 0.78% (dry substance basis) (Corn: Chemistry and Technology, 1987). The solubles removed from the corn during steeping are concentrated by evaporation and are called steep liquor. The corn bran (fiber), corn germ meal, and the steep liquor are combined to form CGF with a typical protein content of 18-21%.
Normal yellow dent corn is the predominant corn processed. Its starch has 27% amylose, a linear glucose polymer, and 73% amylopectin, a branch-chain glucose polymer.
Flint corn, a variety of normal corn grown in South America, is processed successfully even though it does not soften much, even with 50-60 hours of steeping. Its starch yield is slightly less than regular corn, but its quality is good and the amylose-amylopectin ratio is the same as that of normal dent corn. No flint corn is processed in the United States.
Waxy corn, a genetic mutant, contains starch composed entirely of amylopectin. It can be processed in the same way as regular corn, with minor adjustments. The pasting temperature is lower, so the process must be cooler by about 3□ C. Separation of the starch and gluten is easier, but the starch yield is only 90% of that of regular corn. About 1.5% of the corn processed by wet milling in the United States is the waxy type.
Another genetic mutant variety that is processed commercially is high-amylose corn, with starch that is 60-70% amylose. Like waxy corn, the farmer must grow it in fields isolated from other varieties to prevent cross-pollination and then handle it separately after harvest to avoid contamination. Unlike the lower temperature for waxy corn, the processing temperature should be 3□ C. higher than that for regular corn. More steep time is required, starch-gluten separation and starch filtration are more difficult, and the starch yield is only 80-90% of that of regular corn. Only about 0.2% of the corn wet milled in the United States is the high-amylose variety.
White corn hybrids are mostly dry milled or used for other food products, and usually bred for hard endosperm, making them unsuitable for industrial wet milling purposes. A small quantity of white corn has traditionally been wet milled to produce specialty products with very bright whiteness. To be economically feasible, the value of the resultant specialty starch not only has to overcome the production premium but must also compensate for the decreased value of the gluten meal. A premium is paid in the U.S. market for gluten meal because the yellow carotenoids are desired by the poultry industry. The value of the pigmentation is considered to be $0.03-$0.07 per lb. of gluten meal or $0.08-$0.19 per bushel.
Traditionally, the dry and wet milling industries have selected varieties based on basic items such as kernel hardness, color, amount of stress cracks, thins, test weight, grit to germ ratio, density, and pericarp removal. All approved hybrids are typically collected and processed in a random manner.
The invention described herein relates to the novel use of a white protein gluten meal derived from the wet milling of one or more identity-preserved white corn hybrids with specific traits.
The present invention includes the use of a white protein gluten meal in the aquaculture feed industry with possible applications for additional livestock operations. The use of this new ingredient has implications on the quality of the meat, nutrient deposition in the meat, and potential positive environmental effects.
The present invention further includes selecting hybrid varieties of white corn that have specific grain components, for example, protein characteristics of the endosperm, starch characteristic, xanthophylls, phosphorus, and wet milling traits related to the separation and development of white protein gluten meal.
Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention is directed to white protein gluten meal having a phosphorus content in the range of about 0.30% to about 0.60%. The white protein gluten meal may also have a xanthophyll content of less than 80 mg/Kg in the range of about 2.5 mg/Kg to about 80.0 mg/Kg. The white protein gluten meal may further have a beta-carotene content of less than 3.0 mg/Kg with a range of about 0.03 to about 3.0 mg/Kg. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for the protein of the present invention are in the range of about 80.0% to about 96.0%. Finally, the white protein gluten meal has a crude protein content greater than 70% on a dry substance basis (DSB) in the range of about 70.0% to about 85.0%.
In a second aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for producing a white corn gluten meal comprising: a) selecting white corn grain having a total grain phosphorus content of less than 0.28%; and b) wet milling said grain to produce a white protein gluten meal. The white corn grain may also have a xanthophyll content of less than 5.3 mg/Kg with a range of between about 2.0 mg/Kg to about 5.3 mg/Kg. The white corn may further have a beta-carotene content of less than 0.10 ug/10 g with a range of between about 0.02 ug/100 g to about 0.10 ug/100 g. Finally, the white corn is selected such that the crude protein content after wet milling is greater than 70% (DSB) in the range of between about 70% to about 85%.
In a third aspect, the present invention is directed to an animal feed containing 1% to 60% white protein gluten meal. The animal feed preferably contains 12% to 24% white protein gluten meal. The animal feed more preferably contains 24% to 50% white protein gluten meal. The animal feed is particularly useful in applications that need a highly digestible protein source with increased availability of phosphorus, and the absence of xanthophyll pigments. One such application is aquaculture.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for animal husbandry which comprises feeding animal feed containing 1% to 60% white protein gluten meal to an animal. The animal feed preferably contains 12% to 24% white protein gluten meal. The animal feed more preferably contains 24% to 50% white protein gluten meal. In a preferred embodiment, the animal husbandry is aquaculture.
In a fifth aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for reducing loss of phosphorus in an animal feeding operation comprising feeding animal feed containing 1% to 60% white protein gluten meal to an animal. The animal feed preferably contains 12% to 24% white protein gluten meal. The animal feed more preferably contains 24% to 50% white protein gluten meal. In a preferred embodiment, the animal feeding operation is aquaculture.
In a sixth aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for increasing phosphorus retention in animal flesh in an animal feeding operation comprising feeding animal feed containing 1% to 60% white protein gluten meal to an animal. The animal feed preferably contains 12% to 24% white protein gluten meal. The animal feed more preferably contains 24% to 50% white protein gluten meal. In a preferred embodiment, the animal feeding operation is aquaculture.
The invention includes the use of a new ingredient, white protein gluten meal, in aquaculture feeding operations to replace fish meal as an alternative protein source that lowers total phosphorus input and increases phosphorus retention in the flesh. In addition, this product is nearly devoid of xanthophyll pigments, and generates white fish fillets verses the yellow pigmented fillets wherever yellow gluten is used at levels greater than 6%.
The following definitions are used herein.
Beta-carotene content: The total amount of beta-carotene. Beta-carotene has a 40 carbon base, and is the dominant provitamin A carotenoid in corn.
Corn Gluten Feed (CGF): A feed ingredient with a medium protein level and is palatable to all classes of livestock and poultry. CGF does not contain any gluten. It is comprised of the fiber fraction (bran), steep liquor, and, where available, germ meal. It commonly contains a minimum of 21% crude protein and approximately 15% starch.
Corn Gluten Meal (CGM): A feed ingredient that is the dehydrated protein stream resulting from starch separation in the endosperm fraction of the grain. It has a high nutrient density and usually is sold containing a minimum of 60% total protein. It is highly digestible, and is a rich source of carotenes (49-73 mg/kg) and xanthophylls (244-550 mg/kg).
Crude Protein Content: The total nitrogenous material in the plant substance. Protein=N�6.25.
Dry Substance Basis (DSB): Measurements are based on a zero moisture content basis.
Feed Efficiency (FE): As used herein, the feed efficiency in a feeding study is determined by dividing the wet weight gain by the dry feed intake. Diets with the highest number would have the best and highest feed efficiency.
Identity Preserved White Corn Hybrid with Specific Traits: White corn hybrid grain produced by a system where corn growers purchase a specific white corn hybrid, grow it in isolation to prevent contamination from yellow or a different white corn, dry the grain with a lower temperature to keep the grain temperature less than 140□ F. and then store the grain in separate bins to maintain purity.
Phosphorus content: The total amount of the mineral element phosphorus. It is largely present as the potassium-magnesium salt of phytic acid—the hexaphosphate ester of inositol.
Phosphorus Deposition: The percent of phosphorus digested by an animal which is absorbed and is deposited in the body of the animal (bones, scales, flesh, etc.) in the growth processes. The undigested fraction of the P in the diet is excreted in the feces. "Phosphorus Deposition" has the same meaning as "Phosphorus Retention".
Protein Efficiency Ratio: As used herein, the protein efficiency ratio in a feeding study is the wet weight gain divided by the protein intake. The diets that utilized the protein in the diet the best would have the highest number.
Specific Growth Rate: As used herein, the specific growth rate is determined by dividing the weight gained by the number of days. Diets exhibiting the highest calculated number would have the best growth rate.
White Protein Gluten Meal: A protein feed ingredient derived by the wet milling of white corn hybrids in which the grain is typically separated into five separate segments consisting of protein, starch, fiber, embryo, and steep water. The white protein gluten meal is derived mainly from the endosperm fraction of the kernel and has protein levels higher than 70% (on a dry substance basis). This protein fraction is highly digestible, has low phosphorus with a range of about 0.30% to about 0.60%, and contains very low beta-carotene levels with a range of between about 0.03 mg/Kg to about 3.0 mg/Kg and/or low xanthophyll levels with a range of between about 2.5 mg/Kg to about 80 mg/Kg.
Xanthophyll content: The total amount of yellow carotenoid pigment.
The development of the white protein gluten meal is the result of identifying a specific white hybrid called 1851W that not only has special intrinsic grain traits, but also generates value-added co-products through industrial wet milling.
The corn hybrid, 1851W, is a proprietary single cross, white corn developed by Wilson Genetics, L.L.C. The hybrid was selected from various inbred crosses based upon one or more grain characteristics, e.g., color, yield, kernel hardness, cap smoothness, kernel size and shape uniformity, the protein characteristics of the endosperm, and the character of the starch. The intrinsic grain traits in 1851W includes higher grain protein levels ranges from about 9.3% to about 11.7%, dense starch that has a unique combination of 50.2% amylose and 49.8% amylopectin, increased endosperm protein (9.05%) that is very digestible, low endosperm phosphorus levels (0.07%), and high total dietary fiber (10.7%) on a dry substance basis. These traits can be selected in other white corn hybrids using conventional breeding techniques.
Contrary to the expectation that white corn performs poorly, if at all, in wet milling applications, the 1851W hybrid unexpectedly exhibited superior performance with standard wet milling methods. More specifically, the grain components of 1851W (starch, fiber, protein, and embryo) separated cleaner and easier than other white corn, and as well as many varieties of yellow dent corn, resulting in purer extracted products. It is believed that the superior performance of the 1851W hybrid with standard wet milling methods is due to the special grain traits of the 1851W hybrid. Other hybrids tested having these same special grain traits also have had superior performance with standard wet milling methods.
The deposition of minerals within the corn kernel is important when considering the separation of the kernel into components during the wet mill processing. In the 1851W grain, the endosperm contains 0.07% phosphorus while the embryo contains 0.79%. Consequently, if the embryo can be extracted intact and separated from the endosperm, then gluten, which is basically protein, derived from the endosperm, has a low phosphorus content.
The unexpected combination of the grain characteristics of 1851W, and with its wet milling attributes, has generated white protein products that have novel use applications in the feed industry.
Analysis of the white protein gluten meal of the present invention was prepared from wet milling 1851W at Colorado Sweet Gold, Johnston, Colorado and comparison to yellow corn gluten as shown in Table 1. This analysis was completed according to standard procedures used by the Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Mo., in accordance with AOAC standards. The white protein gluten meal of the present invention has higher protein, less phosphorus, and very low xanthophyll and beta-carotene levels. The results in Table 1 do not include the embryo as it is cleanly extracted prior to the formation of the gluten meal. The values shown in Table 1 are based on a 9% moisture basis.
Analysis of White Protein Gluten vs Standard Yellow Gluten
White Protein Gluten
Yellow Gluten
Crude Protein (%)
Crude Fat (%)
Crude Fiber (%)
Ash (%)
Cellulose (%)
Phosphorus (%)
Beta-carotene (ug/100 g)
Xanthophylls (mg/lb)
The phosphorus content of most fish meal sources ranges from about 2.7 to about 3.8% (Feedstuffs Ingredient Analysis Table: 2000 edition) while the phosphorus content of the white protein gluten meal of the present invention was 0.36%-0.58%. The white protein gluten meal of the present invention was incorporated into rainbow trout experimental diets at 6% incremental levels ranging from 0-36%. The effects of incorporating the white protein gluten meal on the phosphorus level of the diet are summarized in Table 2. In Table 2 and subsequent tables, the white protein gluten meal of the present invention is simply referred to as white protein.
Proximate Composition (%) of Experimental Feeds On An As-Fed-Basis
Fish Meal Control
White Protein - 6%
White Protein - 12%
White Protein - 18%
White Protein - 24%
White Protein - 30%
White Protein - 36%
The white protein gluten meal of the present invention was evaluated as a new feed inclusion ingredient in a replicated trial at the Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, University of Idaho. Rainbow trout (average weight of 51 grams) were selected from a larger population, counted in groups of 30 fish, weighed, and placed into thirty 150 liter fiberglass tanks, each supplied with 4-6 l/min of untreated, constant temperature (14.5 C.), spring water. A domesticated strain of rainbow trout (House Creek strain, College of Southern Idaho) was used. A fixed photoperiod, controlled by timers and fluorescent lights, was followed (14-hrs daylight: 10-hrs dark).
The white protein gluten meal was examined in feeding trials utilizing practical fish feeds produced by cooking-extrusion at the Bozeman Fish Technology Center following feed formulations for rainbow trout described by Lovell (1998). White protein gluten meal was formulated into experimental feeds to replace fish meal in 6% increments, from 0-36%, yielding seven experimental diets. Additional three experimental diets were produced using yellow corn gluten meal to replace 6%, 12%, and 18% fish meal. Fish were fed to apparent satiation, three times per day, six days per week. Each diet was fed to triplicate tanks of trout, and the arrangement of the diets among tanks was in a completely randomized design.
Fingerling rainbow trout in the feeding trial were bulk-weighed and counted every three weeks and fish growth rates and feed conversion ratios were calculated from this data. Samples were taken for proximate and chemical analysis at the start from the common pool of fish, and at the end from each tank (5 fish per tank, pooled). Fish from each tank were ground, dried, and analyzed. Phosphorus in samples was determined according to Taussky and Shorr (1953). Data was transformed as necessary and analyzed for statistical significance using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GraphPad Prism, version 2.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). A significance level of P<0.05 was used and tank mean values were considered units of observation for statistical analysis.
Rainbow trout grew at a normal rate during the 12 week feeding trial, gaining about five times their initial weight in treatment groups exhibiting the highest weight gain. No significant differences were observed in weight gain between the fish fed the fish meal control diet (Diet 1) and those fed experimental diets containing white protein gluten meal up to 24% inclusion rate (Diet 5) as shown in Table 3.
Weight Gain of Rainbow Trout Fed for 12 Weeks
Dietary Treatment
Weight Gain (g)
Diet 1—Fish Meal Control
Diet 2—White Protein-6%
Diet 3—White Protein-12%
Diet 4—White Protein-18%
Diet 5—White Protein-24%
Diet 6—White Protein-30%
Diet 7—White Protein-36%
Diet 8—Yellow Corn Gluten-6%
Diet 9—Yellow Corn Gluten-12%
Diet 10—Yellow Corn Gluten-18%
Unexpectedly, phosphorus retention values exhibited a progressive and significant increase as herring meal was replaced by white protein gluten meal as shown in Table 4. Phosphorus retention in the fillets was the highest at the 36% white protein gluten meal inclusion rate at 50.4% that was significantly better than the fish meal control. It is significant to remember that the 36% white protein gluten meal inclusion diet had significantly less phosphorus than the control, but yet deposited more phosphorus. This clearly indicates that the phosphorus in the white protein gluten meal is more available and comes closer to the fish nutritional needs for deposition versus using fish meal.
Phosphorus Retention Values for Fish Fed Experimental Diets
Dietary Treatment
Phosphorus Retention (%)
Diet 1—Fish Meal Control
32.1 � 1.3a
Diet 2—White Protein-6%
33.0 � 1.8a
Diet 3—White Protein-12%
40.3 � 4.4ad
Diet 4—White Protein-18%
38.5 � 4.6ad
Diet 5—White Protein-24%
41.9 � 2.8ad
Diet 6—White Protein-30%
47.0 � 8.9bcd
Diet 7—White Protein-36%
50.4 � 4.3bd
Diet 8—Yellow Corn Gluten-6%
33.4 � 4.7a
Diet 9—Yellow Corn Gluten-12%
35.7 � 1.6ac
Diet 10—Yellow Corn Gluten-18%
40.0 � 1.7ad
Surprisingly, marked differences were noted in the color of fish fillets between fish fed diets containing yellow corn gluten meal and those fed diets containing white protein gluten meal or the control diet. Minolta color readings of fish fillets supported visual observations of a distinct yellow hue in fillets of fish fed yellow corn gluten as shown in Table 5. Yellow coloration was noted throughout the fillets, from head to tail, and intensity of yellow color in fillets increased with the percentage of yellow corn gluten included in the diet.
Minolta Colorimeter Values of Rainbow Trout Fillets
Fillets from selected dietary treatment groups at the end of the
feeding trial. Each fillet was read at three positions (head, middle,
tail) above the lateral line (higher values indicate increased yellow
Dietary Treatment
Diet 1—Fish Meal Control
Diet 1—Fish Meal Control
Diet 1—Fish Meal Control
Diet 2—White Protein-6%
Diet 2—White Protein-6%
Diet 2—White Protein-6%
Diet 2—White Protein-6%
Diet 7—White Protein-36%
Diet 7—White Protein-36%
Diet 7—White Protein-36%
Diet 7—White Protein-36%
Diet 8—Yellow Corn Gluten-6%
Diet 8—Yellow Corn Gluten-6%
Diet 9—Yellow Corn Gluten-12%
Diet 9—Yellow Corn Gluten-12%
Small batches of each experimental diet were ground, mixed with 1% chromic oxide and water, re-pelleted, and air-dried. Each diet was fed to two replicate tanks of fish for two weeks, and fecal samples were collected by stripping fish for three days per week, pooling fecal samples from each tank. Samples from each tank were analyzed, giving two replicate analyses per diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for dry matter of diets containing white protein gluten meal of the present invention varied from 76.6% to 84.3%, with no particular trend associated with the level of white protein gluten meal in the diets as shown in Table 6. In contrast, ADCs for protein unexpectedly increased as the level of white protein gluten meal increased in the diets. ADCs for dry matter and protein of diets containing yellow corn gluten exhibited decreasing trends as the level of yellow corn gluten in the diet increased.
In Vivo Apparent Digestibility Coefficients (ADCs) for the
Experimental Diets
ADC Dry Matter
ADC Protein
Fish Meal Control
White Protein-6%
White Protein-12%
White Protein-18%
White Protein-24%
White Protein-30%
White Protein-36%
Yellow Corn Gluten-6%
Yellow Corn Gluten-12%
Yellow Corn Gluten-18%
In a digestibility study, the same 1851W white protein gluten was compared directly to a Mexican source of corn gluten. Again, the results shown in Table 7 clearly indicate that the protein was unexpectedly highly digestible (97.5%), especially in comparison to the other source of gluten (80.9%).
Apparent Digestibility Coefficients (ADCs) for 1851W Gluten verses
Mexican Corn Gluten
Mexican CG
Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid
The white protein gluten meal of the present invention offers novel characteristics which are particularly useful as an alternate protein source in feeding operations that need a highly digestible protein source with increased availability of phosphorus, and the absence of xanthophyll pigments. One such feeding operation is in aquaculture. Currently there are no feeding systems that have access to a product with the above combination of traits.
Although the uses of the present invention have been disclosed primarily with respect to feeds for aquaculture, this is not deemed to limit the scope of this invention. The present invention may be used in other feeding operations where alternate protein sources are needed, where phosphorus utilization is important, and where there is potential to reduce phosphorus in the waste or effluents.
Bureau, D. P. & Cho, C. Y. 1999. Phosphorus utilization by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Estimation of dissolved phosphorus output. Aquaculture 179:127-140.
Earle, F. R. 1977. Protein and oil in corn: Variation by crop years from 1907 to 1972. Cereal Chem. 54:70-79.
Forster, I. et al. 1999. Potential for dietary phytase to improve the nutritive value of canola protein concentrate and decrease phosphorus output in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) held in 11 degrees C. fresh water. Aquaculture 179, 109-125
Gatlin, III, D. M. and Wilson, R. P., 1984. Zinc supplementation of practical channel catfish diets. Aquaculture 41, 31-36.
Hamilton, T. S. et al. 1951. The dependence of the physical and chemical composition of the corn kernel on soil fertility and cropping system. Cereal Chem. 28:163-176.
Hardy, R. W., 1999. Aquaculture□s rapid growth requirements for alternate protein sources. Feed Management, 50 (1): 25-28.
Hardy, R. W. and Green, J. A., 1999. How much feed does the world need? Aquaculture Asia, IV (1): 4-8.
Lall, S. P. 1991. Digestibility, metabolism and excretion of dietary phosphorus in fish. In: Nutritional Strategies and Aquaculture Waste (ed. by C. B. Cowey & Cho, C. Y.), pp. 21-36. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Nutritional Strategies in Management of Aquaculture Waste, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Lovell, R. T., 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fish, 2nd Edition, R. T. Lovell (ed). Kluber Scientific Publishers, Boston, 267 pp.
Mertz, E. T. et al. 1964. Mutant gene that changes protein composition and increases lysine content of maize endosperm. Science 145:279-280.
Momcilovic, B. and Shahl, B. C. 1976. Femur zinc, magnesium, and calcium in rats fed tower rapeseed (Brassica napus) protein concentrate. Nutr. Rep. Int. 13:135-142.
O'Dell, B. L. et al. 1972. Distribution of phytate and nutritionally important elements among the morphological components of cereal grains. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:718-721.
Oliva-Teles, A. et al. 1998. Utilization of diets supplemented with microbial phytase by seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquatic Living Resources 11, 255-259.
Richardson, N. L. et al. 1985. Influence of dietary calcium, phosphorus, zinc and sodium phytate level on cataract incidence, growth, and histopathology in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). J. Nutr. 115, 553-567.
Rodehutscord, M. 1996. Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growing from 50 to 200 g to supplements of dibasic sodium phosphate in a semi purified diet. Journal of Nutrition 126, 324-331.
Rodehutscord, M. and Pfeffer, E. 1995. Effects of supplemental microbial phytase on phosphorus digestibility and utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Water Science Technology 31,143-147.
Rodehutscord, M., Gregus, Z. & Pfeffer, E. (2000). Availability of phosphorus to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. 1. Methodological considerations. IX International Symposium on Nutrition and Feeding of Fish, 21-25, Miyazaki, Japan. (Abstract 052).
Skonberg, D. I., Hardy, R. W., Barrows, F. T. and Dong, F. M., 1998. Color and flavor analyses of fillet from farm-raised rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed low phosphorus feeds containing corn or wheat gluten. Aquaculture, 166: 269-277.
Sugiura, S. H. et al. 1998. Apparent protein digestibility and mineral availabilities in various feed ingredients for salmonid feeds. Aquaculture, 159: 177-202.
Taussky, H. H. and Shorr, E., 1953. A micro calorimetric method for the determination of inorganic phosphorus. J. Biol. Chem., 202:675-685.
Underwood, E. J. 1962. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 2nd ed. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
Vielma, J. and Lall, S. P. 1998. Control of phosphorus homeostasis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 19, 83-93.
Vielma, J. et al. 1998. Effects of dietary phytase and cholecalciferol on phosphorus bioavailability in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 163, 309-323.
Vineyard, M. L. et al. 1958. Development of □Amylomaize□-Corn hybrids with high amylose starch: I. Genetic considerations. Agron. J. 50:595-598.
Weede N. 1997. Low phosphorus plant protein ingredients in finishing diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 147 pp.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 20, 1977
|Aug 15, 1978
|Archer Daniels Midland Company
|Continuous steeping of corn for wet processing to starches, syrups and feeds
|Aug 30, 1989
|Mar 17, 1992
|Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
|Inbred corn line PHW20
|Nov 24, 1997
|May 4, 1999
|Optimum Quality Grains, L.L.C.
|Synthetic corn hybrid P55
|Jul 12, 1999
|Jun 5, 2001
|Optimum Quality Grains, L.L.C.
|Synthetic corn hybrid P129-WX
|Feb 11, 1999
|Nov 6, 2001
|Cargill, Incorporated
|Extraction of corn oil from flaked corn grain
|Apr 23, 2001
|Aug 16, 2001
|Cargill, Incorporated A Delaware Corporation
|Corn processing
|Stiefel, M., Z-Brand Gram; Fresh Facts about White Corn, vol. 1, Issue 1 [online]. Originally published Jan. 2000 [retrieved from the Internet: http://www.zimmermanbrand.com/ZGram/zgram1.htm].
|Z-Brand Gram; Meet Our Specialty White Corn Team, vol. 1, Issue 1 [online]. Originally published Jan. 2000 [retrieved from the Internet: http://www.zimmermanbrand.com/ZGram/zgram2.htm].
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 3, 2005
|Nov 9, 2006
|Robert Jansen
|Grain wet milling process for producing dextrose
|May 3, 2005
|Nov 9, 2006
|Robert Jansen
|Grain wet milling process for producing ethanol
|Jul 20, 2005
|Jan 25, 2007
|Robert Jansen
|Corn wet milling process
|Jul 15, 2008
|Apr 16, 2009
|John Kerr
|Cereal Refining Process
|Jan 29, 2009
|Aug 13, 2009
|Monsanto Company
|Aquaculture feed, products, and methods comprising beneficial fatty acids
|Jan 22, 2009
|Sep 24, 2009
|Robert Jansen
|Corn Wet Milling Process
|Jul 14, 2006
|Oct 15, 2009
|Robert Jansen
|Corn Wet Milling Process
|U.S. Classification
|426/635, 426/805, 800/320.1, 426/807, 426/2
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 14, 2003
Owner name: SYNGENTA SEEDS, INC., MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STRISSEL, JERRY F.;STIEFEL, MICHAEL J.;REEL/FRAME:014693/0602;SIGNING DATES FROM 20030823 TO 20031028
|Apr 20, 2004
|Request for reexamination filed
Effective date: 20040312
|Jul 6, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 11, 2008
|Reexamination decision cancelled all claims
|Sep 12, 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 3, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 27, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120203


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Several new methods for faulted transmission line parameters estimation in phasor and time domain are proposed, that eventually improve the overall performance of numerical distance relays. The concept of dynamic phasors is introduced to accommodate the time-variant nature of the current and voltage signals during transients and faults. Based on dynamic phasor transmission line models, direct and indirect estimation methods are derived. For the proposed indirect estimation method, stability of prediction error dynamics is assured by using the Lyapunov direct method. Presented estimation techniques are compared with a conventional stationary phasor solution as well as with a recursive least-square estimator derived in the discrete time domain. In the evaluation, more realistic assumptions are considered with regards to distortion of the input voltage and current signals along with the variable fault resistance because of arcing faults. Simulation results and actual field measurements are included for performance evaluation of the proposed estimators.


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23 Sep 2015, 03:35pm by Aaron Schatz
Football Outsiders has always been absurdly negligent when it comes to our Facebook presence, but we're trying to change that, slowly but surely. Starting this season, we've been posting links to most of our new content through both Facebook and Twitter. So if you get a lot of your news and links through Facebook, please make sure to Like our Facebook page. You can just search for Football Outsiders, or click the link here.
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22 Sep 2015, 10:33pm by Aaron Schatz
The Arizona Cardinals have dominated the NFL through two weeks. But if we don't know how good (or, more likely, bad) their opponents are, how much does that mean in the long run?
85 comments, Last at 25 Sep 2015, 5:19pm by LyleNM
22 Sep 2015, 09:44pm by Aaron Schatz
In this week's ESPN Fantasy Football Weekly, Anita Marks and I discuss which quarterbacks are best to cover for your injured starters over the next few weeks. The players with the easiest schedules through the end of October may surprise you. Plus, we look at hot receivers and running backs, asking who's for real and who is likely just a flash in the fantasy football pan.
1 comment, Last at 23 Sep 2015, 9:07am by smutsboy
22 Sep 2015, 09:31pm by Aaron Schatz
In a not ridiculous move, the Dallas Cowboys traded for quarterback Matt Cassel today, dealing a 2017 fifth-round pick to Buffalo for Cassel and a 2017 seventh-round pick. (Because of previous trades, the Cowboys didn't have a 2016 pick past the fourth round to offer in a deal.) Cassel offers good insurance in case Brandon Weeden is terrible as the new Dallas starter, although it's expensive insurance because Cassel has a $2 million contract. Yes, Cassel is mediocre at best, but that mediocrity may be better than Brandon Weeden's best.
58 comments, Last at 03 Dec 2015, 6:19am by fest201620
20 Sep 2015, 11:39am by Aaron Schatz
Michael McKnight wrote a great piece for the Sports Illustrated NFL preview issue about how messed up tackling stats are. I'm quoted in here, along with the guys from PFF. There are problems with tackling stats that can't be fixed by the league -- the league isn't going to ever track "tackle opportunities" or "broken tackles," let's be real. The biggest problem with tackling stats that the league can actually fix is the fact that the NFL is depending on official scorers to get them right on game day. The official scorers are only human.
4 comments, Last at 17 Jan 2016, 5:54am by fest201620
17 Sep 2015, 02:25pm by Aaron Schatz
The second weekly edition of our new Off the Charts podcast breaks down the basic ideas behind DVOA and DAVE then dives into what we've learned about the AFC South and AFC East after surprisingly dominant Week 1 wins from Buffalo and Tennessee. Scott Spratt and I also look at the NFC West, with some interesting charting stats on Carlos Hyde and how the 49ers running game succeeds despite facing constantly loaded boxes.
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17 Sep 2015, 12:20pm by Aaron Schatz
Don't jump to conclusions over just one week, but Peyton Manning's Week 1 struggles echoed some of the negative trends from his second-half decline in 2014. And if Peyton isn't the Peyton of old, then that Denver offensive line is a bigger problem than we thought.
2 comments, Last at 17 Sep 2015, 4:44pm by cjfarls
15 Sep 2015, 10:54pm by Aaron Schatz
Using just one week of stats, all the winning teams rate as better than all the losing teams, which is stranger than you think. Tennessee and Buffalo had the best Week 1, but a longer-term view still favors New England and Green Bay.
99 comments, Last at 20 Sep 2015, 5:21pm by WeaponX
15 Sep 2015, 10:00pm by Aaron Schatz
In the second edition of my new fantasy football podcast for ESPN, Anita Marks and I discuss impressive first weeks for a number of tight ends and less impressive first weeks for a number of stud wide receivers, plus what players will benefit from injuries in Dallas, Arizona, and Indianapolis.
2 comments, Last at 27 Nov 2015, 4:57pm by AyoubTab
11 Sep 2015, 11:52am by Aaron Schatz
Here's a look at the five players from our Top 25 Prospects list who are available as boosted Football Outsiders players in Madden 16 Ultimate Team this week. (Click to read more.)
4 comments, Last at 18 Feb 2016, 6:23am by loveworthy


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WCS Canada Weighs in on Species at Risk
Once a species is "listed" by government as at risk of extinction, it becomes eligible for additional protection measures, particularly those related to safeguarding affected habitats. The Recovery Strategy is where the real work begins. Its purpose -- based on the best available scientific knowledge -- is to set goals for the recovery of a species, including identifying critical habitat, and what measures will be required to protect it as well as individuals of the species from harm. Depending on how complex the threats are, the set of actions required to reverse or mitigate impacts can be multifaceted and challenging to implement. Nevertheless, given government commitments to improve the fate of species once they become imperiled, it is necessary for that recovery plans have a solid scientific foundation.
Under the Species at Risk Act: Wood Bison (Bison bison athabascae) and Bats (Myotis lucifugus, Myotis septentrionalis, Perimyotis subflavus)
Under the Ontario Endangered Species Act: Wolverine (Gulo gulo) and Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus)
The 16th North American Caribou Workshop was held in May in Thunder Bay - the first time in 20 years it was hosted in Ontario. This year's workshop theme is Connections: exploring the link between people, disciplines and ecosystems to further caribou conservation and management. More than 250 people from science, academia, indigenous communities, NGOs, government, and practitioners – drawn by their common interest in caribou – will assemble to share their knowledge, ideas, stories, and most recent discoveries. This conference will provide a discussion forum to confront these challenges and fill gaps in knowledge and understanding of this fascinating animal.
BatCaver, an ongoing WCS Canada program, has recently discovered two new bat hibernacula - places where bats hibernate during winter months - in the Alberta foothills. Bats hibernate underground for a large portion of each year, and these newly discovered locations help shed light on the mystery of where many species of bats go each winter. To address these critical knowledge gaps, the BatCaver program has deployed over 50 roostloggers - equipment used to record bat ultrasound - underground across western Canada. WCS Canada research into bats in western Canada aims to improve our understanding about the behaviour and ecology of 14 Canadian bat species prepare for the arrival of a deadly fungal disease, White Nose Syndrome.
First Whale Detected by Newly Deployed Acoustic Buoy in New York Bight, and Scientists Say It's a Big One! (Source: WCS News)
International Efforts Needed to Save World's Largest Mammals, Scientists Say (Source: WCS News)
WCS Chile's Education Program For Conservation Among the Best Environmental Projects in Latin America (Source: WCS News)


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- Grouping and Descriptive Categories (2)
- Linux (2)
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- Modern (2)
- Windows (2)
- Emulation and API Compatibility (1)
Scientific/Engineering Software
Applications of Linear Algebra
Matlab, Maple and C/C++ applications of Linear Algebra in many domains, including curves in many dimensions, Cryptography and Chaos etc.3 weekly downloads
Divine Logic
The future of information technology will be based on controlling the flow of natural light. This project is an attempt to establish the code (or software) that will enable this to happen. It involves rewriting an OS from the ground up.


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Email this article from PlasticsNews.com
Axium investing $8.9M to expand Ohio facility
NEW ALBANY, OHIO (Dec. 21, 12 p.m. ET) — Blow molder Axium Plastics LLC is planning an $8.9 expansion at its New Albany plant. The company is building a 900,000-square-foot addition to its Ohio facility, said Scott McAfee, a spokesman for the city of New Albany.
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PE pipe making potable inroads
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C3 wants to add jobs and recycling in Flint, Mich.
NEWS Thursday, July 28


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The Fear. Charlie Higson
The Fear. Charlie Higson
Puffin Books, Hardcover, 9780141384665
Publication Date: September 1, 2011
List Price: $21.39*
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HE DOESN'T KNOW IT BUT DOGNUT IS ABOUT TO SET OFF A CHAIN OF EVENTS THAT WILL AFFECT EVERY KID IN THE CITY. The sickness struck everyone over the age of fourteen. Mothers and fathers, older brothers, sisters and best friends. No one escaped its touch. And now children across London are being hunted by ferocious grown-ups . . . they're hungry. They're bloodthirsty. And they aren't giving up. DogNut and the rest of his crew want to find their lost friends, and set off on a deadly mission from the Tower of London to Buckingham Palace and beyond, as the sickos lie in wait. But who are their friends and who is the enemy in this changed world?


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R.I.P. and thank you Prince.
Need a little boost to get through the rest your week?
Check out the newest video from our Edge Sessions at Pickathon featuring Summer Cannibals.
ps - did you see the already released the full Pickathon schedule?
Check it out...http://pickathon.com/schedule/
Edge (S02E01) Summer Cannibals - Full Of It @Pickathon 2015
Edge Series - Season 2 - Episode 1 Outside Magazine presents Summer Cannibals in this episode of the Pickathon Edge Series. Visit Outside Magazine (http://ww...
Here's the first episode from our Pickathon Pumphouse Sessions 2015, presented by Vox culture. It was an absolute blast working with A Giant Dog from Austin, TX. This group has some serious energy! Enjoy! Check out the full article from Vox below.
Pumphouse Sessions (S01E01) - A Giant Dog - Sex & Drugs @Pickathon
Pumphouse Series - Season 1 - Episode 1 Vox presents an infectious performance by A Giant Dog in this episode of the Pickathon Pumphouse Series. Filmed in th...
Featured Session
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Pickathon is the original Indie-Roots Music festival held twenty minutes outside Portland, Oregon on the 80-acre grounds of Pendarvis Farm. We spent 3 days recording over 24 amazing Pickathon musicians in a 10x10 Pumphouse in the middle of the woods.
We'll be adding more artists to this session soon, so make sure you check back!
- Anais Mitchell
- Black Lillies
- Breathe Owl Breathe
- Casey MacGill's Blue 4 Trio
- Chatham County Line
- David Moore & Jeff Ratner
- Dr. Dog
- Elliott Brood
- Eric D. Johnson
- Frank Fairfield
- Jill Andrews
- Langhorne Slim & the Law
- Little Wings
- Megafaun
- Ryan Boldt
- Sallie Ford & The Sound Outside
- These United States
- Woody Pines
Other Sessions
Bristol Rhythm and Roots Reunion is the 3 day music festival held in celebration of Bristol's heritage as the birthplace of country music. Our sessions took place in an old train depot (rumored to be haunted) just 500 yards over the Virginia state line.
We'll be adding more artists to this session soon, so make sure you check back!
Just a short drive outside of Knoxville there's a single bedroom log cabin known amongst friends as "The Dacha". It's on this isolated 60-acre farm overlooking the French Broad River where these sessions were filmed, some in a barn that had just been cleared of rusted farming tools and others at a simple kitchen table.
We'll be adding more artists to this session soon, so make sure you check back!
One of the many beautiful things about a show is the reason it gives musicians to come together for camaraderie and collaboration. This particular occasion was The Avett Brothers New Years Eve show at the Asheville Civic Center where we set up shop in the backstage dressing room. In our Shower Sessions you'll hear covers and originals by some of the most dedicated musicians you can find.
We'll be adding more artists to this session soon, so make sure you check back!


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Grades 7-9
Grades 7-9
TELUS World of Science offers special Science Programs to help you teach specific topics to students using a fun, exciting and hands-on approach. Length - 60 minutes & 90 minutes
Group Size - Max 36 students for Science Programs & Max 30 for Science Labs and Robotics Labs
Available - Monday through Friday Science Programs: 9:30 a.m., 10:45 a.m., 12 noon, 1:15 p.m., 2:30 p.m.
Science Labs: 9:30 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1:30 p.m.
Minimum 1 supervisor for every 10 students for Grades 7-12.
Exploration Generation (Grade 9)Program Connections: Space Place, Space Station 3D, Hubble 3D
Best Curriculum FitLength: 90 minutes
Grade 9 Unit E: Space Exploration
DescriptionCome and learn more about how we can explore the universe; without ever leaving Earth! Students will be engaged in problem-solving and hands-on activities to give them a better understanding of the challenges involved in space travel. Discover space theories from the past and technologies that have helped us overcome the challenge of space travel, as well as what new challenges we face on our way to Mars and beyond.
Heat it Up! (Grade 7)
Best Curriculum FitLength: 60 minutes
Grade 7 Unit C: Heat & Temperature
DescriptionArmed with infrared laser thermometers, students will investigate thermal energy. While exploring the particle model, students will learn about the difference between conduction, convection, and radiation. Spark their interest with experiments on thermodynamics.
Mechanics in Action (Grade 8)Program Connections: Robotics Lab
Best Curriculum FitLength: 90 minutes
Grade 8 Unit A: Mix & Flow of Matter
Unit D: Mechanical Systems
DescriptionGet your students pumped up about hydraulics and pneumatics in this hands-on exploration of the science of fluids in motion and under pressure. Students will investigate the scientific principles underlying fluid mechanics, manipulate hydraulic devices to learn how they work, and then problem-solve the construction of their own challenges using LEGO® pneumatic kits. Laboratory Safety: For the safety of all participants in our science laboratory, all students must wear long pants and closed shoes while participating in TELUS World of Science Lab Programs. Please, no skirts, shorts or sandals
Power Up! (Grade 9)Program Connections: Electric Car Garage (Grade 5)
Best Curriculum FitLength: 90 minutes
Grade 9 Topic D: Electrical Principles & Technologies
DescriptionCircuit boards and glowing pickles will keep your students absorbed in this charged program. They will investigate circuitry, resistance, and the rules of electrical flow. Multimeters and other electrical devices are used by the students as they learn what sparks electricity.
Robotics Lab (Grade 8)Program Connections: Mechanics in Action (Grade 8)
Best Curriculum FitLength: 90 minutes
Grade 7-9 General Science, Technology Application,
and Problem Solving
Grade 8 Unit D: Mechanical Systems
DescriptionYour students will experience machines on a whole different level with our new EV3 robots. Our LEGO® MINDSTROMS ™ CENTER will have students working through a series of challenges as they learn how to program their robot. Students will use sound sensors, light sensors, and many more to finish tasks and beat our obstacle courses. Come experience the next generation of LEGO® robots.
Roller Coaster Science (Grade 7)
Best Curriculum FitLength: 90 minutes
Grade 7 Unit D: Structures & Forces
DescriptionCreativity is in full throttle as your students design and build their own model roller coaster! Students will examine the various forces that cause the roller coaster to behave the way it does. Actions of the coaster will be described using the principles of potential and kinetic energy, velocity, inertia, gravity, and friction.


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Finishing up a run of new cases based on the Prodigy, BitFenix has started shipping their Colossus M. Taking its name from one of BitFenix's first full-tower enclosures, the Colossus M inherits the original's distinctive lighting and combines it with the familiar internals of the micro-ATX Prodigy M. Offering a different approach from the smooth lines of the Phenom and the airflow of the Prodigy, the Colossus M wraps an angular, soft-touch shell around familiar internals while adding a few new tricks in the process. Have they saved the best for last? Benchmark Reviews has the micro-ATX Colossus M on hand (model BFC-CLM-300-KKLS1-RP), so let's take a closer look at the unique traits that define this mini-Colossus.
Tag Archive: BFC-CLM-300-KKLS1-RP
BitFenix Colossus M MicroATX Computer Case Review
21 February 2014
by Tom Jaskulka
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Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel is a 2009 American live-action comedy film directed by Betty Thomas. It is the second installment in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film series, the film stars Zachary Levi, David Cross and Jason Lee with the voices of Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler, Jesse McCartney, Amy Poehler, Anna Faris and Christina Applegate. It was written by Jon Vitti, Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger, distributed by 20th Century Fox, and produced by Fox 2000 Pictures, Regency Enterprises and Bagdasarian Company. The film is a sequel to the 2007 film Alvin and the Chipmunks and was released in theaters on December 23, 2009 by 20th Century Fox. The film has received generally negative reviews from critics and it earned $443,140,005 on a $70 million budget. Wikipedia
Toby: You guys should ask someone who isn't me.
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Edgy ankle boots from Matiko with chukka-style lace-up front and hidden wedge. Features all over black pony pair with metallic paint accents throughout, and flat sole.
• Chukka-style ankle boot
• Lace-up front
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• Faux pony hair with metallic splatter paint
• Hidden wedge with flat sole
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1186 Highway 45 Bypass
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Trinity Baptist College, TBC, is a small private college located in Jacksonville, Florida. It was founded in 1974 by Trinity Baptist Church. It has been accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools since 1997. The college is currently under the leadership of Pastor Tom Messer, Mac Heavener…
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It's Time to Give Up on a Career Path That's a Straight Line
In the past, career plans were often simple. You decided what you wanted to be when you grew up, pursued education and training in that field, and the...
How to Make Jobs Come to You
Looking for a job is hard work, but what if you didn't have to pound the virtual pavement to find your next gig? Passive candidates are always p...
4 Social Entrepreneurs Who Changed Careers and Changed the World
By nature, humans are problem solvers. We see something that's broken and want to fix it. Some people take this urge to problem-solve and create...
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- Miss Florida 2017 stripped of crown days after win - US Weekly
- Lindsay Lohan steps out amid relationship drama - TMZ
- Was Taylor Swift snubbed by the VMAs? - Gossip Cop
- Rachel Platten sings "Fight Song" with lots of stars - Just Jared Jr
- Farrah Abraham sizzles in a revealing bikini - Radar
- New pics from the Clooneys' Italian summer - Lainey Gossip
- Fox News snubs major DNC moment - The Hollywood Reporter
11 November 2012 at 3:01 AM
Leonardo DiCaprio: TAG Heuer Event with Cameron Diaz!
About this photo set: It's a Gangs of New York reunion! Leonardo DiCaprio makes his first appearance since his split with girlfriend Erin Heatherton at an event for TAG Heuer on Saturday… Read More Here
Photo #: 2755161
Posted to Cameron Diaz, Leonardo DiCaprio
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Albert John DeRogatis
Position: DT-T
6-4, 238lb (193cm, 107kg)
Born: May 5, 1927 in Newark, NJ
Died: December 26, 1995 in Neptune, NJ
College: Duke
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (15060th overall since 1960)
Draft: New York Giants in the 2nd round (14th overall) of the 1949 NFL Draft.
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Glow Skin Care and WaxingRead MoreAt Waco's Glow Skin Care and Waxing, you can indulge in a full-service salon experience and leave feeling refreshed and relaxed. Receive a moisturizing and exfoliating facial from this salon and leave feeling silky smooth. Chemical peel are just some of the skin care treatments that Glow Skin Care and Waxing has to offer. Delay hair regrowth with a hair removal treatment, such as waxing, laser hair removal, electrolysis, and epilation. This chic salon offers upscale hairstyle services that aim to please. This salon's amazing services are ready for you. Just be sure to make an appointment first. Payment is only a swipe away at Glow Skin Care and Waxing with any major credit card. Glow Skin Care and Waxing is centrally located near many parking lot options. So if it's time to treat yourself, enjoy a day of pretty pampering at Glow Skin Care and Waxing.213 Mary AvenueWaco, TX US
Salon Wabi SabiRead MoreFor professional and affordable hair care services, head to Salon Wabi Sabi in Waco. Looking for make up application? Head to Salon Wabi Sabi for all of your beauty and cosmetic needs. Bring your hairstyle and color to the next level with a hydrating hair treatment, such as hair cuts and color and highlights. Heading to this salon? Make sure you make an appointment beforehand since this establishment is strictly by-appointment. Salon Wabi Sabi understands some of us live in a cashless society. Guests are invited to pay with any major credit card. Street parking is the only parking option close to Salon Wabi Sabi. Salon Wabi Sabi carries all of the best beauty lines, so stop in and see what great products you'll want to add to your makeup bag.610 Austin AvenueWaco, TX US
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Various kinds of kitchen counter top alternative materials have their benefits and drawbacks. They likewise have another factor in keeping. All of them require special installation methods. Regardless of what type of counter top you devote, problems may come up.
Plastic Laminate
Many home owners do this kind of kitchen counter top alternative themselves. In the end, laminate is simple to chop and frequently comes preformed using its own readymade backsplash. You will find a few issues with setting up laminate. First, individuals with allergic reactions have to be especially careful and employ protective equipment. Second, laminated flooring are often broken, and they're virtually impossible to correct. If one makes a small ding within the surface while setting up, you'll have to begin again with another piece.
Solid Surface
Solid surface kitchen counter top alternative systems are beautiful. Their color lasts since it goes through the counter top material. The solid surface can extend in to the sink to create a smooth, even surface. The issue with solid surface counter tops for any do-it-yourselfer is they shouldn't be installed by anybody other an authorized installer. It is because the entire process of investing in a good surface counter top is labor intensive. The top should be developed in steps instead of applied simply and directly.
Stainless sinks happen to be popular for age range, but stainless kitchen counter top alternative projects may also be done. They've a beautiful look and cleanup well. They might require some kind of special attention throughout installation, however. First, the installer needs to put lower a strong underlayment. Second, he needs to be extra careful to not damage the fabric because he puts it into position. It scratches easily, particularly when it is not installed yet.
Porcelain Tile
Porcelain tile offers a range of options in style and color. Additionally, it enables you freedom to find the designs you utilize. Many home owners may wish to undertake tile kitchen counter top alternative projects, but it may be an awful idea. Unless of course you're very experienced when controling ceramic tiles, you are able to encounter trouble. Cutting the tiles to suit can be challenging, and using the grout properly is really a challenge for most of us. A specialist remodeler can continue to follow your selected design, however with more expertise.
You will find a number of different stone counter top materials to select. Typically the most popular will always be granite and marble, but various kinds of stone, in addition to designed stone, are available on the market as counter top now. These possess a lasting beauty, and they're ideal for making pastries along with other cooking chores. They ought to be fitted and installed with a professional, though. You can easily break them within an unwanted part while attempting to cut them. They're also hard to cut and may consume the rotor blades of regular saws. Stone counter top, in addition to most kitchen counter top alternative, is better left to professionals.


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Why Google can't stop making messaging apps
Speculate to accumulate.
Google isn't abandoning Hangouts for its new chat apps
The company's various messaging apps are meant for different kinds of users.
Google updates Hangouts on iOS to ease file sharing
Now iOS Hangouts users can send photos, files and more without being chained to the app.
Sean Parker revives Airtime as group video chat app
The company believes its video tech trumps Google and Skype.
Hangouts gives you better call quality by skipping Google
Direct audio and video chats come to Hangouts on Android.
Google Hangouts for Android update adds quick replies
But could SMS and MMS support be killed?
Google is reportedly making an AI-powered chat assistant
The search giant could soon have an answer to Facebook's 'M.'
Google Hangouts finally supports Apple Watch
Just don't speak in all caps when you talk to it.
Google now lets you join Hangouts as a guest, no account needed
You don't need a Google account to use Hangouts anymore