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A Tale of Two Languages
As soon as the interactive fiction (or text adventure) genre got started with the arrival of Will Crowther's Advent in 1975, people have been working on ways to make creating it easier.
The original Advent was programmed in FORTRAN. The expanded version, created by Don Woods, used PL/1. Both of these languages are general-purpose computer languages well suited for many tasks, but not particularly suited for creating interactive fiction. Many of the early fans of Advent wanted to create their own version of the game, and using FORTRAN or PL/1 was difficult to impossible, depending on the computer platform to which they were porting it.
One thing many of these early implementers realized about interactive fiction was that most of it was just text, and that the operating system-specific parts of a game amounted to only about 10% or less of the overall size. The solution many arrived at was to put all the operating system-independent text and logic into a story file and then create an interpreter or virtual machine that could play or run the story file. These story files first were written in a custom language designed for creating adventure games and then compiled into the proper format. This method allowed Zork, the most popular and commercially successful Advent-like game, to be available for 23 different platforms, a testament to the power of "virtualization" decades before it became a hot buzzword.
Infocom, like all the commercial publishers, had its own language. Infocom's language was called ZIL (for Zork Implementation Language). It was not public and had to be compiled on a mainframe. When compiled, it would run inside the Z-Machine (Zork-Machine). Ports of the Z-Machine were built for every platform Infocom supported. The ZIL language was powerful and had lots of features, but its proprietary nature, and the fact that a mainframe was required for compilation, put it out of the reach of hobbyists, so the community created its own languages. Six/Fant, DDL (Dungeon Definition Language), ADL (Adventure Definition Language), TADS (Text Adventure Development System), AGT, Hugo and others were created, enabling anyone to write interactive fiction.
Throughout Infocom's short lifetime, several versions of the Z-Machine were created. These versions differed in the complexity of the story files that they would support. For example, version 3 of the Z-Machine supports up to 255 objects, 32 attributes and a maximum story file size of 128K. Version 5 of the Z-Machine could handle up to 65,535 objects, 48 attributes and a maximum story file size of 256K. Version 8 of the Z-Machine is identical to version 5, with the added feature of supporting story files up to 512K in size. Version 5 was the one used by Infocom for most of its advanced games.
By the early 1990s, all the commercial publishers had gone out of business, so if you wanted to play a new piece of interactive fiction, you either had to write it yourself or hang out on the newsgroups dedicated to interactive fiction. The classic games from Infocom and others still could be found on various re-releases and Collector's Editions. The interactive fiction genre wasn't dead, but many consider the period between 1989 and the mid-1990s to be the "dark ages".
Despite progress, the Infocom games still were seen as the high watermark in interactive fiction, and creators had a hard time approaching them with the various community-developed systems. They just weren't powerful enough or were missing important features or were lacking a decent parser or all of the above.
It wasn't until after Graham Nelson successfully reverse-engineered the Z-Machine, and created a language and compiler that would produce story files compatible with any interpreter, that supported version 5 (and 6 and 8) of the Z-Machine, that the second golden age of interactive fiction began. He called his creation Inform, and he based the design of the language on ZIL.
Speaking of ZIL, here is a simple example:
<OBJECT SERVER (LOC SERVER-ROOM) (DESC "an ancient server") (FLAGS NODESC) (SYNONYM SERVER COMPUTER MACHINE ANCIENT OLD)>
Basically, when creating something in ZIL, you have objects, and those objects have properties and attributes. This format proved itself to be very flexible for Infocom's games, and the language was modified and improved as new versions of the Z-Machine were developed.
Inform has followed a similar path. Like the Z-Machine with which it is designed to be compatible, the Inform language has gone through several refinements over the years. The current versions of Inform are 6 and 7. Of the two, version 6 of Inform is very similar to ZIL. Here is a ZIL example in Inform 6:
Object server "server" server_room with description "an ancient server", name 'server' 'machine' 'computer' 'ancient' 'old', has scenery;
Everything is still an object, and most of the differences between them (at least in the example above) are in matters of naming. FLAGS has been renamed to has, SYNONYM has been renamed to name, NODESC has been renamed to scenery and so on. That's not to say that there aren't substantial differences—there are. Probably the main difference at this point is that Inform 6 can create far larger and more complex games than any of the ones Infocom created with ZIL.
However, even with a powerful and refined language at their fingertips, many of the top interactive fiction writers—including Graham Nelson, Emily Short, Andrew Plotkin, Sonja Kesserich and others—felt that writing interactive fiction in Inform 6 was not natural enough. Writing in Inform 6 feels like programming; there's no way around it. The flippant retort to such a statement is, "Well, yeah. You're creating a computer game. What did you expect?" Their response was that creating interactive fiction should be more like creating regular "non-interactive" fiction.
How radically different is Inform 7 from Inform 6? Well, here's the same example from above in Inform 7:
The ancient server is scenery in the server room. Understand "machine" and "computer" and "old" as the ancient server. The description of the ancient server is "an ancient server".
So, instead of statements, we have natural language paragraphs. However, while Inform 7 was in the planning stages, the decision was made that even though it was going in a radically new direction, it should still be built on top of Inform 6. What Inform 7 does behind the scenes during compilation is to parse what you write and translate it into Inform 6. The translation is done by machine, so it doesn't look like what a human would write, but it is valid Inform 6 and can be compiled by the regular Inform compiler. This allowed developers to focus on the design of the language instead of the design of a brand-new compiler.
To illustrate the differences between Inform 6 and Inform 7 I've created an example game in both languages. Due to space constraints, we can't print the full games here, but they are available on our FTP site at ftp.linuxjournal.com/pub/lj/issue174/10130.tgz.
The compiled version of each game also can be downloaded from the Linux Journal FTP site (available at the same address listed above). Even though the source code is very different, they both play the same.
As I refer to the two programs, I will use the Inform version (i6 or i7), followed by a colon (:) and the line number(s). So, if I refer to the Inform 7 version of the cd-tray object, I would write it as i7:094-095 (Listing 1).
The Link to the files
The link in the magazine was incorrect. The files are actually located here:
One other thing to keep in mind: if you want to compile the code, first remove the line numbering.
Looking for code...
I'm also curious where the code is!
The Link was incorrect
But is fixed now.
Katherine Druckman is webmistress at LinuxJournal.com. You might find her on Twitter or at the Southwest Drupal Summit
Ah... I had been trying to
Ah... I had been trying to get the code from the link within the article, not the link at the end. The link in the article should be updated as well.
Unavailability of sources issue 174
I know Linux Journal has been getting worse lately but this is the first time that the sources for an issue are entirely unavailable. The credit crash hitting linux journal already?
Trending Topics
Practical Task Scheduling Deployment
July 20, 2016 12:00 pm CDT
One of the best things about the UNIX environment (aside from being stable and efficient) is the vast array of software tools available to help you do your job. Traditionally, a UNIX tool does only one thing, but does that one thing very well. For example, grep is very easy to use and can search vast amounts of data quickly. The find tool can find a particular file or files based on all kinds of criteria. It's pretty easy to string these tools together to build even more powerful tools, such as a tool that finds all of the .log files in the /home directory and searches each one for a particular entry. This erector-set mentality allows UNIX system administrators to seem to always have the right tool for the job.
Cron traditionally has been considered another such a tool for job scheduling, but is it enough? This webinar considers that very question. The first part builds on a previous Geek Guide, Beyond Cron, and briefly describes how to know when it might be time to consider upgrading your job scheduling infrastructure. The second part presents an actual planning and implementation framework.
Join Linux Journal's Mike Diehl and Pat Cameron of Help Systems.
Free to Linux Journal readers.Register Now!
|Stunnel Security for Oracle
|Jul 28, 2016
|SUSE LLC's SUSE Manager
|Jul 21, 2016
|My +1 Sword of Productivity
|Jul 20, 2016
|Non-Linux FOSS: Caffeine!
|Jul 19, 2016
|Murat Yener and Onur Dundar's Expert Android Studio (Wrox)
|Jul 18, 2016
|Rogue Wave Software's Zend Server
|Jul 14, 2016
- Stunnel Security for Oracle
- SourceClear Open
- Murat Yener and Onur Dundar's Expert Android Studio (Wrox)
- SUSE LLC's SUSE Manager
- My +1 Sword of Productivity
- Managing Linux Using Puppet
- Google's SwiftShader Released
- Parsing an RSS News Feed with a Bash Script
- Non-Linux FOSS: Caffeine!
- SuperTuxKart 0.9.2 Released
Geek Guides
With all the industry talk about the benefits of Linux on Power and all the performance advantages offered by its open architecture, you may be considering a move in that direction. If you are thinking about analytics, big data and cloud computing, you would be right to evaluate Power. The idea of using commodity x86 hardware and replacing it every three years is an outdated cost model. It doesn't consider the total cost of ownership, and it doesn't consider the advantage of real processing power, high-availability and multithreading like a demon.
This ebook takes a look at some of the practical applications of the Linux on Power platform and ways you might bring all the performance power of this open architecture to bear for your organization. There are no smoke and mirrors here—just hard, cold, empirical evidence provided by independent sources. I also consider some innovative ways Linux on Power will be used in the future.Get the Guide


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Primates in Antiquity is a one-day multidisciplinary symposium conceived to explore and interpret the iconography of monkeys and apes in antiquity.
August 19
041 Haldeman
For more information and registration
Upcoming events:
Past events:
The newly emerging field of "medical humanities" offers opportunities for scholars in the humanities and humanities-oriented social sciences to be in dialogue with physicians and scholars in medicine and healthcare delivery science. The group meets to discuss a series of topics of relevance to both the humanities and to the study and practice of medicine, including such questions as:
Last Updated: 4/23/15

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Nov 14:
- Santa Cruz County police worry Prop. 47 will lead to more crime
- Nov 13:
- Prop. 47 overstep: Counties need to wait for certification
- Nov 11:
- Santa Clara County hears first crop of post-Proposition 47 crime-reduction petitions
- Nov 7:
- Prop. 47: Bay Area counties begin releasing inmates
- Nov 1:
- Byron Williams: Proposition 47 is another bad example of legislating through ballot box
- Oct 29:
- Prop 47 biggest hiccup for city council in choosing ballot positions
- Rabbi Melanie Aron, Beth Gonzales and Raj Jayadev: Prop 47 is an investment in people, not prisons
- Oct 23:
- Greg Munks and Steve Wagstaffe: Prop 47 will result in increased crime, less safety in neighborhoods
California voters soundly rejected two hotly contested propositions Tuesday night -- one that would have halted excessive health care insurance rates and another that would have raised the state's 39-year-old cap on medical malpractice damage awards.
An Indian gaming proposal also failed.
But voters passed a measure that requires misdemeanor sentences rather than longer felony sentences for six crimes.
Proposition 45 would have given the state insurance commissioner the power to reject health insurance rate hikes for about six million Californians who buy their own policies or who work for small businesses. It had trailed badly all night, as had Proposition 46, which would have raised the state's 39-year-old cap on medical malpractice damage awards, require doctors to take random drug tests and mandate use of a database designed to reduce prescription drug abuse.
"This was a battle worth fighting. But the battle doesn't stop here," Bob Pack, author of Proposition 46, said in a statement released late Tuesday night. He and his wife, Carmen, lost their two children Troy and Alana as a result of medical negligence.
"Our coalition will continue to press for changes to end that cycle of preventable death, to put a dent in prescription drug abuse, ensure our doctors aren't operating under the influence and give malpractice victims a better shot at justice," Pack said.
Spokespeople at Consumer Watchdog, which had sponsored both Proposition 45 and 46, said they weren't ready to give up on Proposition 45, hoping that absentee ballots would help them come from behind.
But by late evening, the numbers were overwhelmingly against it. Opponents said the battle was over.
"Prop. 45 was an ill-conceived measure that would have been a step backwards against the progress made by the Affordable Care Act and our state's health exchange, by giving a politician power over health care decisions that should have involved doctors and their patients," Dr. John Maa of the San Francisco Medical Society, said in a statement.
"California voters saw through this deceptive measure motivated by self-interest, and opposed it wholesale."
Initial independent polling in June showed voters favored both measures by wide margins, before an onslaught of ads airing in late summer and into the fall urging no votes flooded California television and radio airwaves. Health insurance companies, doctors and others raised more than $100 million to defeat both measures.
Proposition 47, however, appeared to have won easily, as many expected.
"The passage of Prop. 47 is yet another clear signal that the majority of Californians want an end to mass incarceration and an increase in spending on social programs," Emily Harris, Statewide Coordinator of Californians United for a Responsible Budget, said in a prepared statement.
"The passage of this proposition is a clear signal that all planned prison and jail expansion should be halted immediately before any more public funds are squandered,'' Harris said.
Proposition 48 was a lost cause. The proposition asked voters to affirm or reject a tribal gaming pact that allows the North Fork Rancheria Band of the Mono Indians to build a casino 50 miles away from the tribe's headquarters, which is located in the environmentally sensitive Sierra foothills.
The pact had already won legislative approval, but was challenged by a New York hedge fund with a stake in another Indian casino located near the proposed site of the new one.


text:
Maze Leads Women's Skiing World Cup Combined After Super-G Race
Tina Maze of Slovenia had the top time in the Super-G to take a lead into this afternoon's slalom in the women's skiing World Cup super combined event in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
Maze finished the 43-gate course in 1 minute, 19.06 seconds, 0.01 seconds faster than Lara Gut of Switzerland. Germany's Maria Hoefl-Riesch is in third, another 0.05 seconds back, with American Lyndsey Vonn in fourth, 0.27 seconds behind Maze.
The second run starts at 1:30 p.m. local time in Switzerland.
Before it's here, it's on the Bloomberg Terminal. LEARN MORE


text:
Some useful information on these infographics and, if you're in the USA, the best cities to go running in.
Source: Fix.com
Tags » City Running
Urban Running
Some useful information on these infographics and, if you're in the USA, the best cities to go running in.
Running update
It's been a while, no?
But I'm still running. Still getting out and hitting the streets here in the Philly suburbs. It's odd, running in the suburbs, passing houses with manicured lawns and then, as I venture up into the hilly sections, large mansions with large yards and everything perfectly placed and color-coordinated. 558 more words
Looking back a year - taking my trainers to Budapest
"There are as many reasons for running as there are days in the year, years in my life. But mostly I run because I am an animal and a child, an artist and a saint. 1,770 more words
5K Race Tomorrow!
Deep in the doldrums of not feeling much like running it turns out I have a 5K race. The Andares Run for Us is a race I have run before, only the 10K distance a couple years ago. 236 more words
Running in St. Louis
Near the end of July I was able to travel with my husband, Josh, to St. Louis. He was attending the NASO Summit (an officials conference.) 299 more words


text:
We enjoyed two nights a this hotel during the recent pro cycle challenge. Location is ideal to downtown Aspen. We were able to walk to multiple restaurants and enjoyed easy access to bike trail on south side of town. The room was small but very nice. Beautiful wood floors, exceptional mattress, wonderful tub and shower. The service was exceptional. Nice pool and hot tubs. Next time I would request room on inner aspect of hotel overlooking pool. Only complaint would be the free breakfast, picked over and not great quality.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Hotels.com, Travelocity and Hotwire so you can book your Hyatt Grand Aspen reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Hyatt Grand Aspen Hotel Aspen
- Hyatt Aspen
- Aspen Hyatt


text:
We've taken some time to give the GoSquared "home" area a quick refresh. This is just a little screenshot of what you can expect, but it's full of nice little details. Go see what all the fuss is about!
As always, comments and feedback are more than appreciated.
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Show and tell for designers
What are you working on? Dribbble is a community of designers sharing screenshots of their work, process, and projects.
Copyright © 2009–2016 Dribbble LLC. All screenshots © their respective owners. Shipped from Salem, Mass. USA.


text:
Williams Place Car BootToday
Weekly Sunday Car Boot Sale in Porth CF39 9RY
The Muni Project - Veterans Support01/08/2016
Delivering advice and support to veterans in the community
EGH Judo01/08/2016
EGH Judo is a friendly yet competitive judo club based in the Rhondda Cynon Taff area of South Wales. We cater for all ages and abilities.
thebestof Business Breakfast02/08/2016
We're changing things up for our business breakfast, and we'd like to invite you to join us!
thebestof Business Breakfast - 2nd August02/08/2016
We're changing things up for our business breakfast, and we'd like to invite you to join us!
Cilfynydd Art Society02/08/2016
Come and join us for a free cuppa and to see who we are.
Free Walking Group02/08/2016
Fancy a stroll? Come along with The Walking Group at Feel Good Factory
Little Stars Stay and Play03/08/2016
Little Stars Stay and Play at The Feel Good factory every Wednesday morning
Princess and Pirate Day - Ponty Park03/08/2016
Come and join us for a fantastic day!
Snuffle along to build your own spiny hedgehog


text:
Top Definition
Haley and Dillon- they make a perfect couple they're ok with each others friends and always tell each other everything but when it comes down to it all they'd ever need is each other. They both enjoy music and will stand up for family. They also want a lasting relationship.
Haley and Dillon make the best couple.
بواسطة Rtr <3 ديسمبر/كانون الأَوّل 16, 2012
Trending Now


text:
Craig Alexander | Cyclist on Strava
Craig Alexander. Baldivis, Western Australia, Australia. Follow on Strava. x3 Ironman finisher...born again Roadie in Oz. Share this profile Twitter Facebook ...
Who can match Alexander this year?
25.10.2010 [Sydney Morning Herald] - TRIATHLETE Craig Alexander won the Hawaii Ironman - his sport's most prestigious and painful event - twice. But the 37-year-old says that winning last
Jacobs to race at Ironman WA
26.10.2010 [Sydney Morning Herald] - Jacobs' Hawaii performance was overshadowed by the wins to compatriots Chris McCormack and Mirinda Carfrae, while Craig Alexander took fourth.
Dibens wins again: Ironman 70.3 Boise - Tri247
Posted on: Sunday 13th June 2010. Boise | Craig Alexander | Julie Dibens | Linsey Corbin ... All talk pre-race was of a Craig Alexander / Chris Lieto re-match from 2009. ...
Craig Alexander wins third Ironman championship
Craig Alexander ran away with the Ironman World Championship on Saturday, setting a course record to win the event for the third time.
Craig Alexander Pictures - Geelong Half Ironman Triathlon - Zimbio
Craig Alexander of New South Wales leads the pack during the ride leg of the Geelong Half Ironman Triathlon at Eastern Beach on February 8, 2009 in ...
As the Crow Flies: My Journey to Ironman World Champion by Craig...
Available in: Hardcover. When he became just the fourth man to win three Ironman® World Championships, Craig
Craig Alexander - Book Depository
As the Crow Flies: My Journey to Ironman World Champion by Craig Alexander, Paul Robbins, 9781934030943, available at Book Depository with free delivery ...
BlinkX Video: Triathlon Training Tips with Craig Alexander
Orca wetsuits present Training Tips with Ironman World Champion Craig Alexander. Visit http://www.orca.com for more information about their new range of wetsuits for 2009 and... - Blip
BlinkX Video: Pro Interview: Craig Alexander
Prior to the 2008 Ford Ironman World Championship in Kona, Hawaii. - YouTube
BlinkX Video: Ironman 70.3 Singapore: It's showtime Chris McCormack vs. Craig Alexander
Today was race day, a hot and humid day. In the morning lightnings were brightening the pitch dark morning at 6:00 am. Chris (Macca), Kjell and myself spent ... - Veoh
Three time Ironman Champ Craig Alexander talks about not racing Lance...
http://www.EverymanTri.com ) Three time Ironman World Champion Craig Alexander has a new book that's been in the making for over a year. "As the Crow Flies ...
Two-time Ironman World Champion Joins Pro Line-Up at Laguna Phuket
02.11.2010 [ASIATravelTips.com] - Craig Alexander, the world's most successful Ironman and Ironman 70.3 athlete of recent years, will contest the Ironman 70.3 Asia-Pacific Championship at
Google News: Phuket Fears Floods' Rise; Patong Resorts Brand Switch; Elephants to Rescue ...
02.11.2010 [Phuketwan] - CRAIG Alexander, the world's most successful Ironman and Ironman 70.3 athlete of recent years, will contest the Ironman 70.3 Asia-Pacific Championship at
Google News: To lift, or not to lift? It's OK for amateurs
30.10.2010 [San Angelo Standard Times] - The picture was of the baddest triathletes on the planet — Ironman winners and world-class athletes such as Craig Alexander, Crissie Wellington
Who can match Alexander this year? Have your say
26.10.2010 [Bay Post/Moruya Examiner] - TRIATHLETE Craig Alexander won the Hawaii Ironman - his sport's most prestigious and painful event - twice. But the 37-year-old says that winning last
Google Groups: FW: CompuTrainer News - Free DVD Offer
21.10.2008: It also contains interesting comments by Craig Alexander (2008 Ironman World ... Check out our 75-second clip of the video highlighting Craig Alexander's ...
Google Groups: [rm tri club] could ironman champion craig alexander make you ...
09.07.2009: joe walker ... rmtriclub very cool!!! where in ruby hill park does the club
Google Groups: Macca wins 2007 Ford Ironman World Championships
16.10.2007: By mile 20 he had a gap of 2:20 on fellow Aussie Craig Alexander and
Wikipedia: Craig Alexander - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Craig Alexander (22 de junio de 1973, Cronulla, Australia) es un triatleta profesional que es tres veces campeón del mundo de la modalidad Ironman.
Mile posts: Follow Iowans' progress at Hawaii Ironman World Championships
09.10.2010 [DesMoinesRegister.com (blog)] - Tollakson has ridden with Normann Sadler to break away from the chase group that includes Craig Alexander and DeBoom. Spotters on the course are saying
Craig Alexander s Top Triathlon Tips - Banzai from Yahoo!7
Craig Alexander's Top Triathlon Tips. September 27, 2011, 11:52 am Gill Dear Yahoo!7. Just ahead of the Ford Ironman World Championships in Kona, Hawaii, ...
Two-time Ironman World Champion joins stellar pro line-up at ...
02.11.2010 by Grant Craig Alexander, the world's most successful Ironman and Ironman 70.3 athlete of recent years, will contest the Ironman 70.3 Asia-Pacific Championship at...
Phuket Ironman: No Rust for the Quickest - Phuket Wan
01.11.2010 by Media Release CRAIG Alexander, the worlds most successful Ironman and Ironman 70.3 athlete of recent years, will contest the Ironman 70.3 Asia-Pacific Championship at Laguna Phuket on December 5 - the latest addition to a stellar line-up of elite ...
Chocolate Milk TV Spot, 'Built' Featuring Craig Alexander - iSpot.tv
Ironman World Champion, Craig Alexander, uses chocolate milk to rebuild and refuel with the vital nutrients and protein it provides.
John Segesta | Photographer | Can Craig Alexander Win Number Four? |...
Australian Triathlete Craig Alexander will be racing the Ironman World Championship this Saturday at age 40. Can he win his fourth title?
Australian triathlete Craig Alexander back in Boulder ...
Australian triathlete and three-time world Ironman champ Craig Alexander, who turned 40 Saturday, spends his summers in Boulder with his ...
Craig Alexander Announces Retirement From Ironman Distance
Three-time Ironman world champion Craig Alexander announced his retirement from Ironman-distance racing.
Craig Alexander
Craig Alexander. The Ironman World Champion. Look far and wide and you're unlikely to find a more humble athlete at the top of his professional game than ...
Craig Alexander - Stages Cycling
Craig Alexander, aka "Crowie," earned his nickname because he looks like Australian Surf Ironman, Jonathan Crowe, a legend in that sport. In 2011, Alexander ...
Craig Alexander On His Last Race In Kona | TriRadar.com
Three-time Ironman World Champion Craig Alexander says 2013 will be his last appearance at Ironman Hawaii - 11/10/2013
Craig Alexander Ironman Victory - Mike Trees Training
Craig Alexander is crowned Ironman World Champion for a second year with an impressive win, Craig wears Newton Running shoes, designed to promote forefoot...
Craig Alexander Talks JMF Kids 4 Kids
Craig Alexander, 3 times World IRONMAN Champion encourages all kids to register for JMF Kids 4 Kids and help raise money for little Aussies in Wheelchairs.
Craig Alexander | WordPress Theme Design
Five time world champion triathlete Ironman Craig Alexanders official website
Craig Alexander's summer training schedule - Triathlon tips and...
Ironman world champion Craig Alexander talks us through his triathlon training schedule. Strength training, swimming and tempo running are a must! Read more at...
Craig Alexander | Babbittville
Craig Alexander is the three-time Ironman World Champion and the course record holder. It's always a treat to get to chat with Crowie about the ...
Pro Bike: Craig Alexander's Specialized Shiv
Get a close-up look at the Specialized Shiv Craig Alexander will ride in pursuit of his fourth Ironman World Championship title.
Op Ed: Why I'm Glad Craig Alexander Has Retired From Kona
In the aftermath of this year's Hawaii Ironman, Craig Alexander announced his retirement from Kona. It wasn't much of a stunner. At the pre-race ...
Racing Like a Champion: Craig Alexander's Kona Power Data -...
The 2013 Ironman World Championships did not go as Craig Alexander had hoped. The 40-year old, three-time world champion no doubt wanted to be racing for a...
Elite advice: Craig Alexander on why you should only try to control...
Three-time Ironman world champ Craig 'Crowie' Alexander, famed for his meticulous preparation, tells Paul Moore about his measured approach
All web results to the name "Craig Alexander"
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text:
After the Bell
Before the Bell
Jim Cramer's Daily Booyah
Midday Bell
Top 10
Winners & Losers
Here are Wednesday's top research calls, including upgrades for Coach and Alaska Air, and downgrades for Southwest Airlines and Twitter.
Heading into the second half of 2016, many companies remain resilient.
CNBC's 'Fast Money Halftime Report' Panel debates whether Coach is a buy after its upgrade to outperform its price target from Robert W Baird &Co.
Coach (COH) stock rating was increased to 'outperform' from 'neutral' at R.W. Baird Monday morning.
©1996-2016 TheStreet, Inc. All rights reserved.
Action Alerts PLUS is a registered trademark of TheStreet, Inc.


text:
Mark Bittman
Revolving Door
Who's coming and who's going. Tell us about your job move! Receive the Revolving Door Newsletter with expert analysis by email twice a week.
January 24, 2011: Mark Bittman has been named opinion columnist at The New York Times. He had been food columnist there. (FBNY)


text:
2014 Mazda3: Live Reveal
2014 Mazda3 2.0L Hatchback officially rated at 40 mpg highway
- Jonathon Ramsey
- Jul 11, 2013
First 2014 Mazda3 ad appears
- Seyth Miersma
- Jun 29, 2013
If we judge by your comments on our recent announcement post about the new Mazad3, you Autoblog readers approve, pretty wholeheartedly, about the redesign efforts happening over at Mazda. Pressed for an opinion, we'd be forced to admit that we find the new 3 quite fetching our own selves.
Mazda3 diesel under consideration for US, hybrid not so much
- Chris Paukert
- Jun 27, 2013
It's been a long time coming, but we finally clapped our eyes on the real deal, officially official 2014 Mazda3 in hatchback form yesterday. Yet there's a lot more to learn about this next-generation version of what has always been one of our favorite compacts. We know that the US version will come with one of two Skyactiv engines, but what about alternatives? Will there be any... or will the gasoline-fed four-cylinders be powerful and frugal enough to carry the day?
Live pics of 2014 Mazda3 from NYC, sedan on its way
- Jeremy Korzeniewski
- Jun 26, 2013
Here it is, ladies and gentlemen, straight from the memory cards of our own cameras. As you can see, the only version of the 2014 Mazda3 that the automaker is showing off at the moment is the hatchback, but we've gotten confirmation from Mazda that the sedan version will be shown sometime within the next five weeks.
- Volvo shoots for self-drivers by 2021
- Jeep spends $1 billion on factories
- Find Parts & Accessories for your vehicle!
- Obama rolls out new EV plan
- Infiniti dealers ranked best, Tesla worst
- Compare Volvo XC90 and Lincoln MKX


text: Our 2 1/2 year old, who adeptly potty trained herself 3 months ago, is now peeing on the floor, I swear to get back at us when she's mad at us. What do I do? I don't want to make it a huge deal and make her react even more strongly, such as spanking her when she does it, but being gentle and understanding is not working either! Do I just wait it out and keep mopping up the floor? I don't want her to think that it's working--we're getting all riled up about, when that's exactly what she wants!!! Or am I reading her wrong? She's very capable and smart, so I KNOW it's not an accident and it's not just that she's too busy having fun. It seems very deliberate.


text:
Signed up for a trial of pro email support, got an error from 2Checkout. Cancelled order, reordered and got charged $9 right away. Support emails are short and cryptic, like written by your rude IT guy at the office.
Cancelled support after not getting a trial and deeming $100 a year for 24 hour email "support" not worth it. Two days after cancelling, I got charged again, then the next month, again. I settled for 2 months of free Plus status, but I still can't post in the forums, and have no assurance that I am not going to be charged again.
The support I am getting "for free" right now is not as described. Now it seems, they are just not responding any more.
All of the themes are the same. Options are not that good. I would stay away. Every other theme I have used has so much more for $40-$50. Their "Pro" Slider has no transitions options. NONE. And they don't crop your photo at all, only distorts them to the size you specify.
Kadence themes come with 2 premium sliders
I have to say that this is one of the worst experience I have ever had with a theme purchase and support.
The theme itself while it does have a lot of neat features are lacking in other features that matter. Such as Nav Menu creation. A free theme makes it easy to create non-linking nav menus. Which you can easily attached child pages to. (it shows up in the parent drop down menu).
On iFeature Pro, that doesn't exist and only one way to do it. The long and painful way. Drag and drop.
Posting in their forums and asking questions results in smug responses and you just get a big headache in dealing with this developer.
They suggested I request a refund and stick with the theme I am using cause apparently "it doesn't exist" as what I am requesting is impossible to do. LOL
Waiting for my refund.
Have been using the Pro version of the iFeature Pro theme and I have to admit, it may look good at first but you will have your fair share of headaches, the support is VERY Lousy. The guys in support are rude and helpless. Will not recommend buying or installing anything made by monkeys :-)
Love it. Think I'm going to use it for my main blog! :)
CyberChimps has come up with some great, high converting themes for wordpress, I have been using wordpress for a few years now and have never came across themes that convert this well, thanks CyberChimps
thanks to the makers!
I have been a Pro customer of Cyberchimps for more than a year now. It is a very easy template to work with and comes packed with a wide variety of features and options. It is not difficult to customise the template yourself and there is always guidance at hand at the Cyberchimps support section. Naturally, if you don't know your way around the Editor and want to make ambitious changes, it will be less easy. But I suppose the same holds true for all templates out there. The templates are regularly updated for the usual reasons.
In my opinion, the price is really good. There are templates that cost more than twice with less than half of the features.
The only reason they got 4 stars and not 5 is the fact that after their last major theme update, released to ensure continued compatibility with the last major WP update, caused much of my formatting etc. to get lost.
This theme has a wealth of options on the back end that make it very easy to handle a lot of basic layout and functional concerns. Kudos to the developers, well done!
To those who have given single-star horrible reviews, this theme does not require payment to access the full functionality. It offers links to other paid products by the developers, which are very reasonably priced, I might add. You can edit every bit of the code yourself, if you know how. If you don't know how, that's not the developer's fault.
Great work, looking forward to digging into it!
Not working as described. only want MONEY ! do not download.
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Hey, I'm Irene!
Marina Del Rey, California, United States · Member since July 2009
I'm currently a 3rd year student of Environmental Science at UC Berkeley and taking a short break from hosting while I finish my studies.
Most of my reviews were from my hosting experiences in Venice Beach, when I had my own place by the beach. These days I am buried in textbooks but dream of the days I can once again interact with people from around the world.
In my spare time, I boulder and experiment with the lost art of film photography. Love to share local beta with fellow climbers.


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Smallville (TV Series)
Spirit (2005)
Lois Lane: [to Clark after Chloe shows prom queen pride] Okay, Smallville, I clicked my heels together three times and nothing happened. Better tell me what's going on.
Lois Lane: Mrs. Kent, a lot of things are possible in this world, but there will be a man on Mars before Clark and I go to Prom together.
Martha Kent: [Possessed by Dawn] So what, you two just get together and mack, but keep it on the down-low in public?
Clark Kent: Mom!
Lois Lane: I don't mean to be rude, Mrs. Kent, but did you crack open the cooking sherry?
Lois Lane: What the hell am I doing in a dress, and what the hell am I doing at your Prom?
Clark Kent: Oh, no.
Lois Lane: [Pointing to the corsage pinned to her dress] Did you pin that on me?
Clark Kent: I'll explain later, Lois.
Lois Lane: A little close to the boob, don't you think?
Chloe Sullivan: Lighten up, Dawn. You'll get your throne, because this entire school is terrified of you and your vicious rumor mill.
Dawn Stiles: Hah! Kill me now. You are such the hypocrat.
Chloe Sullivan: Hypocr- I'm sorry, whatever you're saying is getting lost in translation.
Sheriff Nancy Adams: Mr. Teague, the next time you say there's been a killing, I better see a stiff.
Clark Kent: Lois, wasn't this not in the realm of possibilities?
Lois Lane: [Possessed by Dawn] Anything is possible, Clark. Anything.
Chloe Sullivan: You know, Lois, I think Clark might have a lot more to offer than you realize.
Lois Lane: I wouldn't bet on it.
Lana Lang: Harmony, this is supposed to be cotton-candy pink. Why is it sea-foam green?
Harmony: Nice Dawn Stiles impersonation.
Blonde Dawnette: Yeah, you have the queen-bitch control freak down pat.
Sheriff Nancy Adams: I even went on one of those Google searches. It kept asking me if I meant "Bing Crosby."
Lois Lane: Okay Smallville I clicked my heels together three times and nothing happened, you'd better tell me what is going on.
Clark Kent: [Clark has just been possessed by Dawn] The crown's mine, bitch!
[he hits Chloe]
Clark Kent: Genius!


text: In an upcoming episode of Keeping Up With The Kardashians, Kim gets real about her initial reaction to her little sister dating her then-good friend's boyfriend that she'd just split from. Blac Chyna and Kim had become close over the years, but that friendship immediately went out the window when Kyga became a thing. "I understand that Kylie dating Tyga completely broke Chyna's heart," Kim says in a preview of the episode, after telling her sisters about how Rob tried to get her on the phone with Chyna in a sneaky way, and she just awkwardly hung up. "I feel for her in that situation. Was it uncomfortable for me when Kylie and Tyga started to date? Absolutely. Chyna was my friend, but I had no choice but to take my sister's side. That's my sister." She adds that she knows they need to all sit down and talk "eventually" – which I'm assuming has happened by now. Check out the full clip below.


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SXSW: The Meatist Talks Eating Kangaroo With Aussie Paul Dempsey, Can't Bum a Ride
Ok, we're just posting this because Bradford didn't take a photo
Backstage after Thursday night's Kashmir show at Maggie Mae's, an awfully tall fellow could be seen laughing with Kashmir's lead singer, Kaspar Eistrup. Turns out it was Paul Dempsey, lead crooner and guitarist of Australian band Something for Kate. SFK and Kashmir toured together, both in Australia and Denmark, and spent an awful lot of time taking each other out to eat meat.
"Honestly, the very best red meat in the world," said Dempsey with a pause for effect, "is Kangaroo." Should that have been hard to guess? When a woman next to Dempsey made a pouty face at the thought of killing 'roos, Dempsey explained that they're so common they need to be culled by the government so they don't starve to death. Culled for a delightful meat dish, apparently.
"It's very, very lean, and there's only one way to cook it. No 'roo tacos or anything like that, just a thin steak cooked quickly, served usually with a wine sauce. The steaks are small too, and when you get them they might be a bit bloody," Dempsey said, with a sad look towards the woman next to him, "but it's really great. Not many Australians eat it though, it's actually a bit of a delicacy. Unlike Foster's, which sucks and isn't sold there anyway."
So put down those stupid oil cans of lousy beer and hit someplace Dempsey says has a great selection of real Australian beers: Eight Mile Creek on Mulberry Street, in New York.
"They might even have some kangaroo meat," Dempsey said with a smile
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Those of you still in Austin can catch Dempsey, sans-SFK, at the Aussie BBQ at Maggie Mae's on Saturday, where they won't be serving kangaroo, but will (predictably) probably serve Foster's
-- Bradford Schmidt
Check out Paul Dempsey's "Bats":
Paul Dempsey - "Bats" from Mighty Nice on Vimeo.
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How To Make Your Kids Celebration Extra Special
For just about any kid, their own birthday celebration will be an extra special occasion and also a day they anticipate for quite a while. Nonetheless, coming up with the right idea for their own birthday party might be difficult. The mother or father might choose to take into account doing something completely different to be able to make it exceptional and also to be able to make sure their particular child likes the day equally as much as they can.
One special event thought which is certain to be a hit with virtually any youngster is actually go karts. They can invite all of their good friends and have a wonderful time speeding round the tracks during the birthday party. There are indoor tracks that can be rented, thus it does not matter if it's a tad too cold or perhaps too hot outside the house, or if perhaps it is pouring down rain. The kids can certainly still enjoy rushing throughout the tracks and definitely will have some fun endeavoring to discover who is most likely going to win. The best part is, there isn't much preparation for the parents to complete. Once they book the tracks, they'll need to grab cake and possibly food to eat then distribute the invitations.
If perhaps you happen to be seeking kids party venues locally and you also wish to ensure your child has a superb party, look into the go kart tracks. They're going to really enjoy racing around along with their good friends for their own special birthday and it is going to very likely be an event they will not forget.


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The Missourian
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Youngster Carter Short plays around in the Lonedell School gymnasium late last week as his mother assists with kindergarten and preschool registration in the R-XIV school district for the upcoming 2013-14 academic year. Jackie Short is Carter's mother and is Lonedell's preschool teacher. The registration had to be rescheduled to last Thursday after inclement weather postponed the original session.Buy this photo


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A traditional horsehead and horseshoe pin.
Brighten any outfit with this beautiful horseshoe and horsehead combo pin. This looks stunning on a show tie, blouse, sweater or hat. A well made stock pin from Horze makes a great gift for trainers, equestrian lovers and competitors. It is a wonderful display of gratitude that will forever last.
Horse Head & Shoe Plastron Needle.
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Antique Dolls & Toys
Australia's Leading Antique Doll, Toy, Sport, Bear & Collectable Auctions
Founded in 1990, we hold specialist auctions of antique dolls, bears, toys, sporting memorabilia and juvenilia collectables. As the sole operator within Australia, we take great pride in delivering old-school service, personalised and attentive. Accepting consignments from all over Australia, New Zealand and the World, we adhere to strict quality control measures and ensure you get accurate descriptions and photos for items we list.
Want to bid? Need help? Call Graeme now!
Phone (03) 9800 3090 Mobile 0413 094 711 Email email@example.com
Abbingdon's Sunday 14th August antique dolls & toys auction features
Antique dolls to vintage collectables and toys, relive your childhood through our auctions
Our stunning range of antiques and treasured collectables includes:
- Antique elite bisque/porcelain dolls
- Vintage tin toys and antique automatons
- Vintage Barbie & Fashion dolls & 1950-2000s fashion dolls
- Shirley Temple dolls & other original & modern artist dolls
- Antique Steiff bears & other vintage teddy bears
- And much more!
|Sunday 14th Aug. 2016
|"Carry Me On My Way" auction
|Elite antique Dolls, toys, bears & collectables auction.
– Features Antique French & German dolls, Bru Bebe, Jumeau and more ~ Bid Now!
|Sunday 6th Nov. 2016
|"Take Me Away" auction
|Antique dolls, sports, music, collectables & bears auction and very rare automaton's
|Sunday 12th Feb. 2017
|Dolls & Collectable auction
|Elite antique Dolls, toys, bears & collectables auction
Sunday 7th May 2017
|Dolls & Collectable auction
|Elite antique Dolls, toys, bears & collectables auction


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Paul Sancya, Associated Press
TAMPA, Fla. — Mitt Romney routed Newt Gingrich in the Florida primary Tuesday night, rebounding smartly from an earlier defeat and taking a major step toward the Republican presidential nomination. Gingrich vowed to press on despite the one-sided setback
Romney, talking unity like a nominee, said he was ready to take the Republican helm and "lead this party and our nation." In remarks to cheering supporters, the former Massachusetts governor unleashed a strong attack on Democratic President Barack Obama and said the competitive fight for the GOP nomination "does not divide us, it prepares us" for the fall campaign.
"Mr. President, you were elected to lead, you chose to follow, and now it's time to get out of the way," he declared.
Returns from 79 percent of Florida's precincts showed Romney with 47 percent of the vote to 32 percent for Gingrich, the former House speaker.
Former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum had 13 percent, and Texas Rep. Ron Paul 7 percent. Neither mounted a substantial effort in the state.
For the first time in the campaign, exit polls showed a gender gap, and it worked to Romney's advantage.
He was leading Gingrich 51-28 among women voters and was winning men by a far smaller margin of 41-35.
Ominously for the thrice-married Gingrich, only about half of women voters said they had a favorable view of him as a person, compared to about eight in 10 for Romney.
Nor was Romney's victory a narrow one. His winning percentage approached 50 percent and a majority that would demolish Gingrich's oft-stated contention that the voters who oppose Romney outnumber those who favor him.
Still, the former speaker said, "We're going to contest everyplace and we are going to win."
As in Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina, about half of Florida primary voters said the most important factor for them was backing a candidate who could defeat Obama in November, according to exit poll results conducted for The Associated Press and the television networks.
Not surprisingly, in a state with an unemployment rate hovering around 10 percent, about two-thirds of voters said the economy was their top issue. Nearly nine in 10 said they were falling behind or just keeping up. And half said that home foreclosures have been a major problem in their communities.
The winner-take-all primary was worth 50 Republican National Convention delegates, by far the most of any primary state so far. That gave Romney a total of 87, to 26 for Gingrich, 14 for Santorum and four for Paul, with 1,144 required to clinch the nomination.
But the bigger prize was precious political momentum in the race to pick an opponent for Obama in a nation struggling to recover from the deepest recession in decades.
That belonged to Romney when he captured the New Hampshire primary three weeks ago, then swung stunningly to Gingrich when he countered with a South Carolina upset 11 days later.
Now it was back with the former Massachusetts governor, after a 10-day comeback marked by a change to more aggressive tactics, coupled with an efficient use of an overwhelming financial advantage to batter Gingrich in television commercials.
Gingrich brushed aside any talk of quitting the race.
"We are going to contest everyplace," he said, standing in front of a sign that read "46 states to go."
"It is now clear that this will be a two-person race between the conservative leader, Newt Gingrich, and the Massachusetts moderate," he said.
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Environment: Win32, C/C++
All three (3) can be used for a thread to signal to main() that it has completed an operation for example.
But which one is the fastest signal of all?
We started with Q&A. Technical documentation is next, and we need your help.
Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, you can contribute.
Environment: Win32, C/C++
All three (3) can be used for a thread to signal to main() that it has completed an operation for example.
But which one is the fastest signal of all?
All three options require a thread context switch to actually signal the receiving thread. It's quite likely that the overhead of the context switch will overwhelm any difference in processing cost in any of the APIs.
The choice is likely best driven by the nature of the receiving thread, e.g. is it a UI thread, and/or does it carry out a message loop. That said, some fine detail includes:
SetEvent is by far the fastest and the simplest but it also can carry the least information. Basically all it can say is that something happened (the event was signaled) nothing more.
Have not checked but (assuming you have someone waiting for the object) I would say SetEvent, SendMessage and finally PostMessage.
Edit: The reasoning behind the above is simply that SendMessage is synchronous and PostMessage is asynchronous. I am not sure about the SetEvent but I would assume it to trigger something waiting for the event without having to wait for the message pump delivering the message. Thinking about it sending or posting probably doesn't matter, it is just a matter of if the sending party will wait or not. The internal processing is probably identical.
However, neither posting nor sending a message is normally what you would use to send a signal to another thread.
If you look at MsgWaitForMultipleObjects vs WaitForMultipleObjects, you will see that the maximum wait objects for MsgWaitForMultipleObjects is one less than WaitForMultipleObjects meaning that there is a hidden "on message event" so a message will have the overhead of a event + the message passing


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Hookworm Disease Treatment & Management
- Author: David R Haburchak, MD, FACP; Chief Editor: Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD more...
Approach Considerations
Most cases of classic hookworm disease can be managed on an outpatient basis with anthelmintic and iron therapy, complemented by appropriate diet. Patients with anemia and malnutrition may require both iron supplements and nutritional support (including folate supplementation). Some patients with severe anemia and congestive heart failure may require hospitalization.
Blood transfusion is indicated in rare cases of acute severe gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage. In patients with chronic anemia, blood transfusions (ie, packed red blood cells [RBCs]) should be administered slowly and are usually followed by a diuretic to prevent rapid fluid overload.
For patients with cutaneous larva migrans who have minimal symptoms, specific anthelmintic treatment may be unnecessary.
Eosinophilic enteritis may mimic acute appendicitis or intestinal perforation, and, in some cases, diagnosis has been made during laparotomy. However, treatment for eosinophilic enteritis is medical (ie, mebendazole administration) rather than surgical.
Specialty consultations are usually unnecessary unless the anemia is severe or blood indices are equivocal. The primary physician typically monitors anemia treatment.
Pharmacologic Therapy
Anthelmintic drugs effective against hookworms include benzimidazoles (eg, albendazole, mebendazole) and pyrantel pamoate.[35, 36] Treatments that may be employed include the following:
Albendazole in a single 400-mg dose or daily for 3 days [37]
Mebendazole 100 mg twice daily for 3 days (more effective than a single 500-mg dose)
Thiabendazole applied topically to attack migrating larvae in cutaneous larva migrans
Pyrantel pamoate in several 11 mg/kg doses, usually over 3 days
Albendazole, although not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for hookworm therapy in the United States, continues to have highest apparent cure rate, especially for single-dose therapy. Rates of cure have been decreasing worldwide, possibly due to resistance. A single-dose trial performed in Ghana and reported in 2013 reported a cure rate of only 43%,[38] compared with a 72% cure rate in a 2008 reported systemic review.[39] A 2011 reported trial from China indicated the following cure rates at 3-4 weeks: albendazole single dose 69%, 3 daily doses 92%; and 3 days of 500 mg mebendazole 54%.[40] A 2012 report from Laos demonstrated a single-dose albendazole cure rate of 36% and single 500-mg mebendazole cure rate of 18%.[41]
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to recommend a 400-mg single dose of albendazole on its Website (1 May 2014), but notes that albendazole is not FDA approved for the treatment of hookworm infection. The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy recommends albendazole 400 mg daily for 3 days or mebendazole 100 mg twice daily for 3 days.
Although benzimidazoles are an effective chemotherapeutic option, reinfection remains a notable problem because exposure to the hookworm does not confer long-term immunity.[42] Rapid hookworm reinfection is common in endemic areas and is made particularly problematic by the high prevalence and worm burden in adults who are untreated and who continue to contaminate soil.
Repeated community treatment may result in an emerging drug resistance.[43, 44] In a Zanzibari population of children treated repeatedly over 5 years, cure and egg elimination rates both decreased significantly with time.[45] This suggests the need for a renewed emphasis on community-wide sanitation, education, and, possibly, vaccine development (see Prevention).[46]
Because of developing resistance in areas with frequent periodic deworming (eg, Java), newer drugs to treat hookworm disease are being sought. Unfortunately, the market for new antiparasitic drugs is small. A promising alternative to albendazole is tribendimidine, a synthetic drug developed in China; in initial trials, tribendimidine appears to be equal or even superior to single-dose albendazole.[47]
Iron replacement[48, 28, 49] and nutritional supplementation (protein and vitamins, including folate) should be part of the management strategy and may have greater efficacy than anthelmintic therapy in reducing morbidity in selected populations (eg, pregnant women and patients who are not infected with HIV). Such combined therapy has been successful in Peru and Brazil but less so in Kenya.[50, 51] Severe anemia affects children and pregnant women disproportionately because of their low preexisting iron stores.
Wheezing and cough are managed with inhaled beta agonists. Steroids may cause pulmonary symptoms to become exacerbated, particularly in patients with Strongyloides infection.
Treatment in special population s
Young children
Although very rare in nonambulatory children (< 2 years), hookworm infection in this age group can carry significant mortality. A fulminant form of acute hookworm infection causing acute GI tract hemorrhage has been described in infants. The means of transmission is unknown, but likely environmental.[52] These infants (often >2 months) present with melena or frank rectal bleeding, abdominal distention, hypotension, and profound anemia.
Experience with anthelmintic drugs is limited for children in this age group. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends administering half the adult dosage of albendazole or mebendazole in patients with heavy hookworm infections. The dosage of pyrantel is determined on the basis of the child's weight.
Published reports addressing the use of albendazole or mebendazole in children younger than 6 years are limited. In 2007, a pair of randomized clinical trials were conducted in Vietnam to evaluate the efficacy of mebendazole.[43] The initial study compared the efficacy of single-dose mebendazole with that of placebo among schoolchildren aged 6-11 years. In this study, single-dose mebendazole did not significantly reduce the disease burden as determined by fecal sample egg counts.
In the follow-up randomized clinical trial, which included subjects aged 16 years and older, triple-dose mebendazole, triple-dose albendazole, and single-dose albendazole were compared with placebo.[43] The findings indicated that triple-dose albendazole was the most effective regimen in these individuals; the cure rate for this regimen was 79%, compared with cure rates of 45% for single-dose albendazole, 35% for placebo, and 26% for triple-dose mebendazole.
Limited studies such as these underscore the observation that drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may be altered in pediatric populations and that additional studies are warranted. Moreover, confounding factors such as sample size, geographic variation, and diagnostic protocols often make direct study comparison difficult.
In 2007, a joint World Bank/WHO conference was held to address the topic of drug efficacy and monitoring in treatment of soil-transmitted helminth infections, with the aim of standardizing large-scale treatment programs. In response, a 2010 study found that in 7 countries, a standardized single-dose albendazole protocol cured 98.2% of Ascaris lumbricoides infections and 87.8% of hookworm infections, but only 46.6% of Trichuris trichiura infections.[53] Additional studies, however, still suggest geographic variations in hookworm sensitivity.[54]
The FDA has approved mebendazole for the treatment of hookworm in children older than 2 years. Albendazole is used off-label for hookworm treatment and is not advised for use in children younger than 6 years. Albendazole appears to be superior to mebendazole for curing hookworm infection in children, achieving cure rates of approximately 90% for Ancylostoma and 75% for Necator. The potential benefits and risks of these agents in pediatric patients must be considered before treatment is pursued.
Pregnant and lactating women
In the past, treatment of pregnant or lactating women was discouraged because of concerns about potential teratogenicity. Currently, these populations are recognized as being at high risk in endemic regions, and treatment may be warranted after careful clinical consideration of the risks and benefits. The WHO recommends deworming treatment (eg, albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate) during the second or third trimester for pregnant women with heavy hookworm infections.
A significant correlation has been observed between maternal anemia (nutritional or parasitic) and an increased risk of bearing premature and low-birth-weight (LBW) infants.[55] In comparison with neonates of average weight, LBW infants subsequently have higher overall morbidity and mortality.
One strategy for reducing the incidence of low birth weight is prenatal treatment of mothers for presumptive parasitic infections. In a clinical trial conducted among pregnant mothers in Peru, where the prevalence of hookworm infection is high, prenatal treatment with mebendazole in addition to iron supplementation brought about a small but significant reduction in the incidence of very-LBW neonates.[50] . Subsequent to this study, however, a 2008 systematic review[56] and another 2012 systematic review[57] both concluded that there was no clear beneficial impact of antihelminthics on anemia in pregnancy or maternal, newborn, or child health outcomes.
Community control of hookworm infection is difficult unless substantial improvements in socioeconomic conditions, sanitation, education, and footwear availability can be achieved. Successful programs have included economic, sanitary, and mass-treatment components. Current WHO recommendations for hookworm infection include periodic mass therapy to lower the overall worm burden until conditions permit a multicomponent physical and educational program. Community leaders should be trained about WHO recommendations.
Cost studies comparing various management strategies favor community-wide, single-dose albendazole chemotherapy at intervals of 12-18 months. Some programs have been more intensive, with dosing frequency up to quarterly in school children, and recommended thrice yearly by the WHO for highly endemic areas.[13]
With regard to sanitation, sanitary excreta disposal is the most effective deterrent, but it is not feasible in many developing countries. Wearing footwear cannot entirely prevent infection because larvae can penetrate any skin surface that comes in contact with contaminated soil. In addition, A duodenale larvae can be ingested.
Mass chemotherapy remains a mainstay of hookworm control strategies. It should be kept in mind that mass or targeted chemotherapy programs may not control hookworm infection, because reinfection is common in endemic areas, and dormant extraintestinal larvae of A duodenale may be resistant to currently available anthelmintic agents.
A concern with mass chemotherapy is that continued use of drugs may lead to reduced efficacy; treatment failures have been observed.[58] A 2007 study assessed the health impact of a national control program that targeted schistosomiasis and intestinal nematodes in Uganda, which has provided population-based anthelmintic chemotherapy since 2003.[59] Anthelmintic treatment delivered as part of a national helminth control program decreased infection and morbidity among schoolchildren and improved hemoglobin concentration.
One unintended consequence of community deworming, however, has been reported increases in allergic diseases.[13]
Although school-based deworming programs probably will not adequately control the prevalence of hookworm infection, they can have a substantial effect on children's nutritional status, cognitive development, and productivity. Children with hookworm anemia have considerably lower scores on cognitive function tests and exhibit delayed acquisition of language and motor skills. When the infection and the associated anemia are treated, their educational performance and productivity improve.[28, 49, 60]
As understanding of the immunoepidemiology and the molecular pathogenesis of hookworm infection improves,[61] identification of a safe and effective vaccine remains a high priority,[46] though achieving progress remains challenging.[62] The development of an efficacious vaccine requires molecular targeting of both larval and adult stages in order to break the reproductive cycle. In this regard, the Ancylostoma -secreted proteins (ASPs) are one group of potentially promising targets.[63, 64, 65]
In a hamster model using N americanus ASP-2 (Na -ASP-2) hookworm vaccine, encouraging results were achieved with respect to lowering worm burdens and inhibiting growth delay. In 2006, a phase I clinical trial of Na -ASP-2 vaccine demonstrated that the vaccine was both safe and well tolerated.[66] In addition, the vaccine evoked sustained cellular immune responses and elevated immunoglobulin titers. Unfortunately, this vaccine has been withdrawn from development because of urticarial reactions in previously infected recipients.[13]
The recent characterization of the N americanus genome has potential for advancing knowledge of therapeutic and preventive strategies of control.[67] Other larval and adult stage targets have been identified, and additional preclinical studies are being conducted. With additional investigation and further trials, these vaccines will offer an appealing novel strategy to prevent hookworm infections globally.
It is to be hoped that the combined use of periodic deworming, improved sanitation, and an (at least partially) effective hookworm vaccine will decrease the medical, social, and economic burden of anemia due to hookworm in developing countries. The emergence of benzimidazole resistance is a growing concern, and new drugs are being sought. A promising agent is tribendimidine, which was first synthesized in China in the 1980s.[47]
Integrated control of hookworm infection together with other helminth infections can be provided with a package of medicines costing approximately $0.50 per patient per year.[18] Such dual therapy has been shown effective in various geographic contexts.[68] Major partnerships of organizations are coordinating integrated management through the Global Network for Neglected Tropical Disease Control.[69] Such efforts provide hope for improving the health and economic development of millions worldwide.
Long-Term Monitoring
The recommended procedure is to repeat the stool examination using a concentration technique after 2-3 weeks; positive results indicate the need for retreatment. The entire course of iron therapy must be completed to replenish iron stores, even after hemoglobin values return to normal.
It is important to be alert for possible reinfection, which is common in endemic areas. Dormant extraintestinal larvae of A duodenale may be resistant to currently available anthelmintic agents (which may have poor systemic absorption) and may be responsible for relapse.
As worm burden decreases in both individuals and population, more sensitive testing methods such as PCR will likely be required to ensure eradication.[70]
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Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Kazibwe F, et al. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Uganda: epidemiology and cost of control. Trop Med Int Health. 2005 Nov. 10(11):1187-9. [Medline].
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Albonico M, Stoltzfus RJ, Savioli L, Tielsch JM, Chwaya HM, Ercole E, et al. Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children. Int J Epidemiol. 1998 Jun. 27(3):530-7. [Medline].
Ziegelbauer K, Speich B, Mäusezahl D, Bos R, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012 Jan. 9(1):e1001162. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Gunawardena K, Kumarendran B, Ebenezer R, Gunasingha MS, Pathmeswaran A, de Silva N. Soil-transmitted helminth infections among plantation sector schoolchildren in Sri Lanka: prevalence after ten years of preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Sep. 5(9):e1341. [Medline]. [Full Text].
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Stoltzfus RJ, Albonico M, Chwaya HM, Tielsch JM, Schulze KJ, Savioli L. Effects of the Zanzibar school-based deworming program on iron status of children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jul. 68(1):179-86. [Medline].
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Verweij JJ, Brienen EA, Ziem J, Yelifari L, Polderman AM, Van Lieshout L. Simultaneous detection and quantification of Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and Oesophagostomum bifurcum in fecal samples using multiplex real-time PCR. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Oct. 77(4):685-90. [Medline].
Jelinek T, Maiwald H, Nothdurft HD, Löscher T. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: synopsis of histories, symptoms, and treatment of 98 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Dec. 19(6):1062-6. [Medline].
Utzinger J, Rinaldi L, Lohourignon LK, et al. FLOTAC: a new sensitive technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infections in humans. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Jan. 102(1):84-90. [Medline].
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Soukhathammavong PA, Sayasone S, Phongluxa K, et al. Low efficacy of single-dose albendazole and mebendazole against hookworm and effect on concomitant helminth infection in Lao PDR. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012 Jan. 6(1):e1417. [Medline]. [Full Text].
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Flohr C, Tuyen LN, Lewis S, et al. Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: A cross-sectional study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Dec. 118(6):1305-11. [Medline].
Bennett A, Guyatt H. Reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole. Parasitol Today. 2000 Feb. 16(2):71-4. [Medline].
Albonico M, Bickle Q, Ramsan M, et al. Efficacy of mebendazole and levamisole alone or in combination against intestinal nematode infections after repeated targeted mebendazole treatment in Zanzibar. Bull World Health Organ. 2003. 81(5):343-52. [Medline].
Schneider B, Jariwala AR, Periago MV, Gazzinelli MF, Bose SN, Hotez PJ, et al. A history of hookworm vaccine development. Hum Vaccin. 2011 Nov 1. 7(11):[Medline].
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Stoltzfus RJ, Chway HM, Montresor A, Tielsch JM, Jape JK, Albonico M, et al. Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelminthic treatment improves growth, appetite and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children. J Nutr. 2004 Feb. 134(2):348-56. [Medline].
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Bhatia V, Das MK, Kumar P, Arora NK. Infantile hookworm disease. Indian Pediatr. 2010 Feb. 47(2):190-2. [Medline].
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I was pulled over for swerving and asked if I had been drinking.I said no and was arrested and car searched.The cop open a lockbox with the keys and found a gun.After he found it he gave me a breathalyxer and I blew 0.04. At court he said I gave him consent.My public defender said say my side of the story and then ask for a 995 dissmissal but other lawyers were telling me you never talk at preliminary so I thought she was lying to me to help the cops.Now that I look back I think she was telling the truth.Why did those other lawyers tell me that and if the burden is on the prosecution could she have gotten the case dissmissed without my testimony or was it nessecary.Please answer both question with the little I gave.Thanks only get 800 words
Criminal Defense Attorney
I'm not going to second guess what your PD did or might have done. I will say that it is very difficult to get a dismissal at preliminary hearing because the judge only needs to make a probable cause finding. More often these findings are overturned at 995 hearings but this is still rare.
I will say that you were listening to too many lawyers. If the PD was defending you you should have followed her advice. Shopping your case around to other lawyers and then refusing the PD's advice is misguided.
Criminal Defense Attorney
I agree that you were listening to too many attorneys. Pay attention to your attorney of record since they are the only one that has all of the facts.
As for testifying at a preliminary hearing, in 14 years I have never once had my client do that. Neither should you. As a general rule if the cop says that you gave consent and you say you didn't, the judge will believe the cop 100% of the time. On an issue of fact the judge will always believe the cop over the defendant, at least in my experience. Otherwise he has to find that the cop was lying.
I'm sure your attorney was not lying to you to help the cop. No way. She was trying to tell you how to best defend your case, at least in her opinion.
By the way, you raise the issue of a bad search through what is called a motion to suppress, not via a preliminary hearing. So if you want to pursue that issue you can do so anytime up to trial, if your attorney thinks there is a basis to do so.
DUI / DWI Attorney
I agree with the other responses. You really need to listen to your attorney on the case and not a bunch of other attorneys that may only know bits and pieces of the case. It is extremely rare to have a defendant testify at a preliminary hearing as the burden of proof is so low. It is unclear what the status of your case is but it sounds like you want to pursue a motion to suppress.
Robert Driessen
Criminal Defense Attorney
Well, I am reading between the lines here. But my bet is that the Public Defender was running a 1538.5 with the prelim attempting to suppress the gun. If that is the case, her advice would have been well taken. A defendant can testify at a motion to suppress evidence for the purpose of vindicating his constitutional rights and what he says cannot be used against him in the prosecution's case in chief if there is a trial (the Simmnons case).
It is something that we do from time to time. I have a case that was just continued this week to next where I intend to call my client. It is a Franks hearing to traverse a warrant affidavit. We have already submitted a declaration by the client regarding misrepresentations of the police officers.
When we call our client at the motion to suppress/prelim it is usually because we know it is the kind of case that will never go to trial anyway. That may be the case here -- either the gun comes in or it is suppressed. And if your client is the only person who can dispute the police officer, so be it.
We have won a number of prelims over the years where we actually put on affirmative evidence and a few where we called the defendant even without a motion to suppress. But, this is obviously the exception to the general rule. The general rule is that you do not put on witnesses and you do not put the defendant on at a prelim.
So, long story to say that I can find a plausible explanation for your Public Defender's advice. I can imagine other lawyers telling you they knew better. As the folks just said here -- better that you trust the lawyer who knows the case and is representing you. If other lawyers raise questions, fine but then talk to your actual lawyer about it.
Maybe too late at the moment but, hopefully, the case is still open and you can recover. Good luck!
This is not legal advice. In order to get legal advice, you need to retain a lawyer and establish an attorney client relationship. So, talk to your lawyer!
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Spanish Word for very-much
English Word: very much
Spanish Word: muchísimo, mucho, muy
Now you know how to say very much in Spanish. :-)
Interested in travelling to a Spanish-speaking country? Read the travel blog below:
Living in Las Condes (Santiago, Chile)
I moved in with my Santiago family last Monday, and I'm still amazed at this city. Most especially because of the contrast to San Dionisio and Bolivia. This city is so modern and has some really beautiful parks and architecture, as well as a very efficient and safe metro and public transportation system. Most of us are indeed living in one of the most well off areas of Santiago, Las Condes....
[ view entire travel blog ]
Popular Phrase: spanish for some | Free Spanish Podcasts | Conjugated Verb: endosar - endorse [ click for full conjugation ]