text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 21, 2012
|Filing date
|Nov 8, 2007
|Priority date
|Nov 8, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gabriel Berger, Tamer Coskun, Sangbong Park, Jang Fung Chen
|Original Assignee
|Asml Masktools B.V.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (4), Classifications (10), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/857,497, filed on Nov. 8, 2006, the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety.
This disclosure relates generally to lithographic simulation tools. More particularly, it relates to a method for generating a calibrated pupil kernel and utilizing the calibrated pupil kernel in a lithographic simulation process so as to allow for more accurate modeling of the imaging performance of an optical imaging system.
Lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In such a case, the mask may contain a circuit pattern corresponding to an individual layer of the IC, and this pattern can be imaged onto a target portion (e.g., comprising one or more dies) on a substrate (silicon wafer) that has been coated with a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). In general, a single wafer will contain a whole network of adjacent target portions that are successively irradiated via the projection system, one at a time. In one type of lithographic projection apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by exposing the entire mask pattern onto the target portion in one go; such an apparatus is commonly referred to as a wafer stepper. In an alternative apparatus, commonly referred to as a step-and-scan apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by progressively scanning the mask pattern under the projection beam in a given reference direction (the "scanning" direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate table parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. Since, in general, the projection system will have a magnification factor M (generally >1), the speed V at which the substrate table is scanned will be a factor M times that at which the mask table is scanned. More information with regard to lithographic devices as described herein can be gleaned, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,792, incorporated herein by reference.
In a manufacturing process using a lithographic projection apparatus, a mask pattern is imaged onto a substrate that is at least partially covered by a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). Prior to this imaging step, the substrate may undergo various procedures, such as priming, resist coating and a soft bake. After exposure, the substrate may be subjected to other procedures, such as a post-exposure bake (PEB), development, a hard bake and measurement/inspection of the imaged features. This array of procedures is used as a basis to pattern an individual layer of a device, e.g., an IC. Such a patterned layer may then undergo various processes such as etching, ion-implantation (doping), metallization, oxidation, chemo-mechanical polishing, etc., all intended to finish off an individual layer. If several layers are required, then the whole procedure, or a variant thereof, will have to be repeated for each new layer. Eventually, an array of devices will be present on the substrate (wafer). These devices are then separated from one another by a technique such as dicing or sawing, whence the individual devices can be mounted on a carrier, connected to pins, etc.
For the sake of simplicity, the projection system may hereinafter be referred to as the "optics;" however, this term should be broadly interpreted as encompassing various types of projection systems, including refractive optics, reflective optics, and catadioptric systems, for example. The radiation system may also include components operating according to any of these design types for directing, shaping or controlling the projection beam of radiation, and such components may also be referred to below, collectively or singularly, as a "lens." Further, the lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two or more substrate tables (and/or two or more mask tables). In such "multiple stage" devices the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposures. Twin stage lithographic apparatus are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,441, incorporated herein by reference.
The photolithographic masks referred to above comprise geometric patterns corresponding to the circuit components to be integrated onto a silicon wafer. The patterns used to create such masks are generated utilizing CAD (computer-aided design) programs, this process often being referred to as EDA (electronic design automation). Most CAD programs follow a set of predetermined design rules in order to create functional masks. These rules are set by processing and design limitations. For example, design rules define the space tolerance between circuit devices (such as gates, capacitors, etc.) or interconnect lines, so as to ensure that the circuit devices or lines do not interact with one another in an undesirable way. A critical dimension of a circuit can be defined as the smallest width of a line or hole or the smallest space between two lines or two holes. Thus, the CD determines the overall size and density of the designed circuit.
Due to an accuracy requirement for optical proximity correction (OPC) at very low k1 (<0.4), more accurate representation of the performance of the exposure tool in simulations has become critical to accommodate the reduction of device pattern dimensions. As is known, the modeling of complex optical imaging and patterning processes often relies on empirical models with adjustable parameters that have to be calibrated using measured data. Such empirical models are used in photolithography and advanced imaging applications, including optical proximity correction (OPC) of layouts in photolithography, post-OPC layout verification, die-to-database photomask pattern inspection, etc. The empirical models of the imaging process have adjustable parameters that are optimized, or "calibrated", using measured data. In other words, the adjustable parameters are adjusted until the simulated imaging result matches the actual imaging result (i.e., the measured data) within some predefined error criteria. In the case of OPC in lithographic patterning, the calibration data may be, for example, CD SEM measurements of patterns from semiconductor wafers. In the case of mask inspection, the calibration data may be, for example, images of the mask measured on the inspection tool.
Although physically based models of lithographic patterning are well understood, their use in modeling full-chip designs is limited by available computation time and resources. Consequently, less complicated and more efficient empirical patterning models are typically used in OPC applications. As noted, empirical models have adjustable parameters that are optimized, or "calibrated", using measured patterns and/or critical dimension (CD) information from semiconductor wafers patterned with the lithographic process of interest. Since each empirical model does not completely capture the physics of the patterning process, its usefulness depends on how well it can match the observed measurements and predict the process behavior.
Currently, in existing prior art imaging models, the pupil performance is typically modeled by utilizing an ideal step function in which light passes unattenuated through the pupil at all pupil locations, and is fully attenuated in areas outside of the pupil. However, such a model does not accurately reflect the performance of a typical pupil. As the design requirements continue to become more demanding, there is a continuing need for the simulation models to be more accurate. As such, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for determining and modeling a more accurate representation of the performance of the pupil in the lithographic process.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a modeling process which considers and models pupil performance so as to produce a simulation model capable of producing simulation results exhibiting increased accuracy relative to the actual pupil performance.
In view of the foregoing deficiencies in the prior art imaging models, the present invention relates to a method of generating a calibrated pupil kernel and utilizing the calibrated pupil kernel in a lithographic simulation process so as to allow for more accurate modeling of the imaging performance of an optical imaging system. In particular, as noted in more detail below, the present invention models the pupil performance utilizing a calibrated linear function, which represents actual pupil performance during the imaging process. As a result, a more accurate imaging model and more accurate imaging results are produced.
More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of generating a model for simulating the imaging performance of an optical imaging system having a pupil. The method includes the steps of defining the optical imaging system and a process to be utilized by the optical imaging system; and defining a model equation representing the imaging performance of the optical imaging system and the process, where the model equation includes a calibrated pupil kernel. In the given embodiment, the calibrated pupil kernel represents a linear model of the pupil performance.
As explained in more detail below, the method of the present invention provides significant advantages over the prior art. Most importantly, the present invention provides an imaging model which utilizes a linear function to represent the actual performance of the pupil in the optical imaging system. As a result, a more accurate imaging model is produced, which benefits all applications utilizing such simulation processes. For example, increased model accuracy results in improved OPC application and verification, which are important aspects of the mask design process.
Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of the invention in the manufacture of ICs, it should be explicitly understood that the invention has many other possible applications. For example, it may be employed in the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, liquid-crystal display panels, thin-film magnetic heads, etc. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms "reticle," "wafer" or "die" in this text should be considered as being replaced by the more general terms "mask," "substrate" and "target portion," respectively.
In the present document, the terms "radiation" and "beam" are used to encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet radiation (e.g. with a wavelength of 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm) and EUV (extreme ultra-violet radiation, e.g. having a wavelength in the range 5-20 nm).
The term mask as employed in this text may be broadly interpreted as referring to generic patterning means that can be used to endow an incoming radiation beam with a patterned cross-section, corresponding to a pattern that is to be created in a target portion of the substrate; the term "light valve" can also be used in this context. Besides the classic mask (transmissive or reflective; binary, phase-shifting, hybrid, etc.), examples of other such patterning means include:
The invention itself, together with further objects and advantages, can be better understood by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
As noted above, the present invention relates to a method of generating a calibrated pupil kernel that more accurately represents the performance of the pupil in the imaging process, and as a result can be utilized in an imaging simulation model to produce a more accurate simulation result.
More specifically, a calibrated pupil kernel (CPK) of the present invention is a quasi-physical function utilized, for example, to improve resist calibration accuracy and predictive power, and to compensate for inaccuracies in the mask representation, mask model, or pupil model of a given lithography simulation system. While unaberrated pupils are modeled as simple circ functions (i.e., ideal step functions), such a model is limited. The CPK represents an improvement over the typically model utilized for representing pupil performance.
As explained in further detail below, the calibrated pupil kernel is designed to modify the electric field coming from each coherent illumination point just after exiting the pupil. It may be constant as a function of illumination angle, or it may shift spatially in the pupil plane as a function of angle. While the CPK can be a nonlinear function, in the given embodiment, the CPK is represented utilizing a linear function which acts by point wise multiplication on the electric fields passing through it.
Prior to discussing the CPK in more detail, a general overview of the background associated with diffraction is provided. Assuming a thin mask approximation and a mask with complex transmission function m(x,y), and letting λ represent the wavelength of light used in the illumination system, letting z denote the distance between the mask and the pupil and considering an on-axis plane wave passing through the mask, for a given point (x′, y′) in the entrance to the pupil, Frauenhofer scalar diffraction provides that the scalar field can be determined up to a global normalization factor by:
M 0(x′,y′)=∫∫m(x,y)e −2πi(fx*x+fy*y) dxdy
where fx=x′/(λz), fy=y′/(λz), and both integrals extend from −∞ to ∞.
Now considering a wave emanating from a point with coordinates σ=(σx, σy), where the point σ is normalized to have length 1/λ. In this case, the scalar field becomes:
M σ(x′,y′)=M0(x′,y′)e 2πi(σx*x+σy*y) =M0(x′−λzσ x ,y′−λzσ y)
which is just a shift of the original on-axis field.
The pupil changes the electric field by both blocking out diffraction orders with higher spatial frequency than the numerical aperture of the lens and changing the field's phase. In an unaberrated lens, the effect of the phase change is such that as the field hits the wafer, the phase is the inverse Fourier transform of the field exiting the pupil. In an aberrated lens, there are additional phase changes that should be accounted for in the model/description of the pupil. Taking this into account, the field as it exits the pupil will be given by:
H(f x ,f y)=circ(λ*(f x *f x +f y *f y)−5/NA)e −2πiW(fx,fy),
and W(fx, fy) is the aberration function. The electric field as it hits the wafer is then given by:
E σ(x,y)=FFT −1(M σ(x′,y′)H(f x ,f y)),
and its contribution to the aerial image is given by |Eσ(x,y)|2.
In the given embodiment, when generating the CPK function, the expression:
is multiplied by a function pσ(fx, fy). There are two basic cases to consider regarding pσ(fx, fy):
1) pσ(fx, fy)=p(fx, fy) is independent of σ. This case corresponds to an empirical pupil filter, which may be interpreted as a correction for deviations in the pupil from the simple top-hat model given by the circ function, and
2) pσ(fx, fy)=p(fx−σx, fy−σy) which is the shift of a function p, and which is independent of σ. This case corresponds to a function, which may be interpreted as a correction for mask errors which are not modeled or for mask model errors.
By the duality between multiplication and convolution under Fourier transform, the electric field Eσ(x,y), as it is incident on the wafer, will be transformed by a CPK to Eσ(x,y)*Pσ(x,y), where Pσ(x,y) is the Fourier transform of the CPK and * is the convolution operator. The foregoing is a linear transformation of Eσ(x,y), and so its affect on intensity will be quadratic. The fact that the affect of the CPK is quadratic holds regardless of whether an aerial image or the affects of a thin film stack are being considered.
Once the CPK function is defined as set forth above, it is necessary to select a representation for the CPK and to calibrate the function. Two possible types of calibrated pupil kernel representations are parametric representations and pixel-based representations. It is noted that in the following discussions, the pupil coordinate system will be renormalized so that the values of x and y are 1 at the boundary of the circ function.
With regard to parametric representations of CPK, it is noted that there are many ways to parameterize a CPK. Factors to consider include, but are not limited to, the number of desired parameters and the aggressiveness of the desired shape. It is possible to parameterize both the real and imaginary parts of the CPK. Examples of possible parametric representations include, but are not limited to: (a) piecewise-linear radially symmetric functions—a typical example of such a function is one determined by its value and slope at the boundary of the circ function (which is 1 in the renormalized coordinate system) and the fact that its maximal obtainable value is 1; (b) super-Gaussian radially symmetric functions—for given parameters B, k, and n, these are functions of the form B*eφ(k,n;r), where φ(k,n;r)=k*(1−rn), (when n=2, this is just a Gaussian function); (c) non-radially symmetric functions such as disclosed above—with such functions it is possible to calibrate the parameters in the x- and y-directions and then interpolate at arbitrary positions; (d) Chebyshev polynomials—in which an arbitrary function is expressed as a sum of a set of fixed polynomials with varying coefficients; and (e) Zernike polynomials with calibrated coefficients.
Turning to pixel-based representations, with a pixel-based representation of the CPK it is necessary to divide up the interior of the circle of radius 1 (corresponding to the pupil) into pixels of a fixed size. Each pixel will then be assigned a complex value. During calibration, it is possible to fix the values of certain pixels. As one example, it is possible to set the value of the pixels in the interior of the circle far from the boundary at a value 1 and then calibrate only the pixels near the boundary.
Once the representation of the CPK is selected, the next step in the process is to calibrate the CPK function. There are multiple methods of calibrating the CPK function, all of which can accommodate either 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional calibration methods. The methods include: (a) performing calibration with an existing resist model; (b) calibration without an existing resist model, followed by calibration of the resist model to the optical system including the CPK; and (c) a hybrid calibration method.
With regard to the first calibration technique, calibration with an existing resist/imaging model, this technique is accomplished by determining the optimal set of parameters of the CPK function, where the evaluation metric for a given parameter set is the difference (e.g., RMSE, min-max, etc., possibly with feature weighting) between CD values calculated with the CPK function corresponding to the parameter set and a set of reference values which are obtained, for example, from an actual imaging process. If a 2-dimensional calibration process is being utilized, the metric could be, for example, the normalized intersection area between the simulated and reference contours. CPK function is essentially another variable in the resist/imaging model being utilized, and the parameters of the CPK function are varied until the simulated result of the model including the CPK function matches the actual imaging results of the lithography process being model within some predefined error condition. It is noted that this calibration technique is preferred with parametric CPKs, since the technique is computationally intensive and parametric CPKs have fewer parameters to calibrate.
Turning to the second technique disclosed above, calibration of the CPK without a resist model, the steps in the process include creating a target intensity profile which is 1 where the feature doesn't print and 0 otherwise (for negative resists, this is reversed). Then, a metric is defined, such as for example, the L1 norm, to define the difference between the target intensity profile and the simulated intensity profile using the CPK. As stated previously, this is quadratic in the CPK. Thus, even if the CPK contains many parameters (e.g., in the case of a pixel-based representation), calibration reduces to quadratic optimization, which is not as computationally demanding as full-scale simulation involving exposure and development. It is further noted that it is possible to specify regions of interest using a weighting mechanism. More specifically, if a weight w(x,y) is assigned to each point on the wafer, the metric becomes:
In practice, the weight function will usually be non-zero near a feature and zero away from the feature. It is further noted that the non-zero weights can all be 1 or can be varied to assign more importance to certain features.
Turning to the third calibration technique noted above, it is also possible to use a resist model as an aid in calibrating the CPK and then utilize the CPK to recalibrate the resist model if desired. A typical flow of operation in this technique is as follows. First, a target intensity function is generated as in the previous technique. Next, use an existing resist model to improve the target intensity function. This is essentially the same as giving an approximate solution to the inverse resist problem. In other words, one searches for the intensity profile that would best match the measured resist contours upon development. As a simple solution to such a task, it is possible to consider dilating/eroding the contour boundaries and/or convolving the target intensity profile with a Gaussian. Then, the existing resist model is utilized to calibrate the optimal dilation lengths and diffusion lengths relative to the measured contours. Thereafter, the steps of the calibration process without a resist model are performed, but utilizing this new resist model-aware target intensity profile instead of the original one. Finally, the resist model is recalibrated using the new CPK function. This final step may not be necessary if the inverse resist problem solution captures enough information about the resist model.
It is noted that the calibration process may be performed through different defocus conditions and at multiple planes in the resist image so as to obtain a further improvement in model performance and simulated imaging results.
The use of a calibrated pupil kernel (CPK) in the modeling process provides significant advantages over prior art simulation processes. For example, a CPK can be used in an OPC process with no computational penalty. More specifically, the CPK can be readily utilized in the calculation of the TCC function representing the imaging process. As is clear, a TCC function incorporating a CPK will be different from a TCC obtained without the use of the CPK. Further, if an SOCS approximation is being utilized, the kernels obtained will also be modified, but the speed of simulation will be the same.
Another advantage is that a CPK can be used to correctly model HV-bias. Conventional lens models do not accurately predict HV-bias, which nevertheless is a real-world phenomenon. By calibrating the CPK to data reflecting this phenomenon, it is possible to improve the performance of the model. Another advantage is that a CPK can be utilized in proximity matching to model a scanner that produces different CD values from the expected values.
Computer system 100 may be coupled via bus 102 to a display 112, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or flat panel or touch panel display for displaying information to a computer user. An input device 114, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to bus 102 for communicating information and command selections to processor 104. Another type of user input device is cursor control 116, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 104 and for controlling cursor movement on display 112. This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a plane. A touch panel (screen) display may also be used as an input device.
Determination and calibration of the CPK may be performed by computer system 100 in response to processor 104 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory 106. Such instructions may be read into main memory 106 from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device 110. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 106 causes processor 104 to perform the process steps described herein. One or more processors in a multi-processing arrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 106. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
The term "computer-readable medium" as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor 104 for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 110. Volatile media include dynamic memory, such as main memory 106. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus 102. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 104 for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be borne on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system 100 can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector coupled to bus 102 can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and place the data on bus 102. Bus 102 carries the data to main memory 106, from which processor 104 retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory 106 may optionally be stored on storage device 110 either before or after execution by processor 104.
Computer system 100 also preferably includes a communication interface 118 coupled to bus 102. Communication interface 118 provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link 120 that is connected to a local network 122. For example, communication interface 118 may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface 118 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 118 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.
Network link 120 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link 120 may provide a connection through local network 122 to a host computer 124 or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 126. ISP 126 in turn provides data communication services through the worldwide packet data communication network, now commonly referred to as the "Internet" 128. Local network 122 and Internet 128 both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link 120 and through communication interface 118, which carry the digital data to and from computer system 100, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information.
Computer system 100 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link 120, and communication interface 118. In the Internet example, a server 130 might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet 128, ISP 126, local network 122 and communication interface 118. In accordance with the invention, one such downloaded application provides for the determination of the calibration test patterns. The received code may be executed by processor 104 as it is received, and/or stored in storage device 110, or other non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, computer system 100 may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave. generating a model of an optical imaging system which incorporates a non-linear model of the resist performance in accordance with the present invention.
As depicted herein, the apparatus is of a transmissive type (i.e., has a transmissive mask). However, in general, it may also be of a reflective type, for example (with a reflective mask). Alternatively, the apparatus may employ another kind of patterning means as an alternative to the use of a mask; examples include a programmable mirror array or LCD matrix.
The source LA (e.g., a mercury lamp or excimer laser) produces a beam of radiation. This beam is fed into an illumination system (illuminator) IL, either directly or after having traversed conditioning means, such as a beam expander Ex, for example. The illuminator IL may comprise adjusting means AM for setting the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in the beam. In addition, it will generally comprise various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. In this way, the beam PB impinging on the mask MA has a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.
It should be noted with regard to
The beam PB subsequently intercepts the mask MA, which is held on a mask table MT. Having traversed the mask MA, the beam PB passes through the lens PL, which focuses the beam PB onto a target portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the second positioning means (and interferometric measuring means IF), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different target portions C in the path of the beam PB. Similarly, the first positioning means can be used to accurately position the mask MA with respect to the path of the beam PB, e.g., after mechanical retrieval of the mask MA from a mask library, or during a scan. In general, movement of the object tables MT, WT will be realized with the aid of a long-stroke module (coarse positioning) and a short-stroke module (fine positioning), which are not explicitly depicted in
The depicted tool can be used in two different modes:
The concepts disclosed herein may simulate or mathematically model any generic imaging system for imaging sub wavelength features, and may be especially useful with emerging imaging technologies capable of producing wavelengths of an increasingly smaller size. Emerging technologies already in use include EUV (extreme ultra violet) lithography that is capable of producing a 193 nm wavelength with the use of a ArF laser, and even a 157 nm wavelength with the use of a Fluorine laser. Moreover, EUV lithography is capable of producing wavelengths within a range of 20-5 nm by using a synchrotron or by hitting a material (either solid or a plasma) with high energy electrons in order to produce photons within this range. Because most materials are absorptive within this range, illumination may be produced by reflective mirrors with a multi-stack of Molybdenum and Silicon. The multi-stack mirror has a 40 layer pairs of Molybdenum and Silicon where the thickness of each layer is a quarter wavelength. Even smaller wavelengths may be produced with X-ray lithography. Typically, a synchrotron is used to produce an X-ray wavelength. Since most material is absorptive at x-ray wavelengths, a thin piece of absorbing material defines where features would print (positive resist) or not print (negative resist).
While the apparatus disclosed herein may be used for imaging on a substrate such as a silicon wafer, it shall be understood that the disclosed concepts may be used with any type of lithographic imaging systems, e.g., those used for imaging on substrates other than silicon wafers.
Although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation, the scope of the present invention being limited only by the terms of the appended claims.
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 17, 2013
|Mar 25, 2014
|Asml Netherlands B.V.
|Harmonic resist model for use in a lithographic apparatus and a device manufacturing method
|Mar 25, 2014
|Jan 27, 2015
|Asml Netherlands B.V.
|Harmonic resist model for use in a lithographic apparatus and a device manufacturing method
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|Jan 5, 2016
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Rule generating apparatus and method using lithography simulation
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|U.S. Classification
|355/77, 355/67
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 14, 2008
Owner name: ASML MASKTOOLS B.V., NETHERLANDS
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Owner name: ASML MASKTOOLS B.V.,NETHERLANDS
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Owner name: ASML MASKTOOLS B.V., NETHERLANDS
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|Feb 7, 2014
Owner name: ASML NETHERLANDS B.V., NETHERLANDS
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Effective date: 20131220
|Aug 5, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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In A Treatise re-emerges (in a Keynesian Perspective. Walking is one of the vivid images.

subset: commoncrawl


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Starfist: A World of HurtRandom House Publishing Group 2009; US$ 7.99
With its down and dirty depiction of warfare written by men who know what it?s like to be under fire, the Starfist saga is a runaway success across America. Now, in the explosive new Starfist adventure, packed with fierce action and danger, Marines at war in future space find themselves pitted against a faceless, insatiable foe bent on destroying... more...
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The City of Calgary is formally exploring a bid to host the 2026 Olympic Winter Games. The announcement came Friday as the Canadian Olympic Committee established a special committee to assist interested cities in building successful bids. The COC contacted Canada's seven largest cities in March
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Dread in the Beastby Charlee Jacob
View All Available Formats & Editions
DREAD IN THE BEAST used to be a novella about the goddess of waste and the king of wasters. Now it is a novel, stuffed full of the gruesome and horrible. Taken from the mythologies and histories of humankind, it follows the trail of the Mother Spririt of the worst that the world is capable of producing. From the catacombs of ancient Rome where a blasphemous sect twisted the message of the early Christians--to modern America with its obsession with violence, deities and saints and the reincarnations of beasts battle over sublime and profane, where the very reasons for existence for us all may lie in the unthinkable.
Edward Lee (author of CITY INFERNAL, MONSTROSITY, INCUBI, and SUCCUBI) says in his introduction to this new novel-length version, "What's most unique of all here (and jealously fascinating) are the creative guts of the author. If there's an ultimate dichotomy in the horror genre, it's got to be Jacob...armed with a talent to write the most beautiful prose yet using that talent to examine the most unspeakable and detestable horror. ...It's one of my all time favorite novels in the field."
Editorial Reviews
Product Details
- 9781456596750
- Publisher:
- CreateSpace Publishing
- Publication date:
- 01/31/2011
- Pages:
- 296
- Sales rank:
- 450,578
- Product dimensions:
- 5.50(w) x 8.50(h) x 0.62(d)
Meet the Author
Charlee Jacob has published some sixteen years in the horror and fantasy genres. Her publishing credits include more than 700 poems and around 240 stories. Her novels include THIS SYMBIOTIC FASCINATION, HAUNTER, VESTAL, and DREAD IN THE BEAST and STILL. Disabled, she has taken up painting as one of her forms of physical therapy.
Customer Reviews
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and post it to your social network
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"And I'm sorry for being bit<_>chy." She sighed. "Yeah. Same..."
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(Bleh, I won't be back for a while, posting from the computer. Get a wattpad, or a da<_>mn em<_>ail! puppy loving hey girl @ gmail . com ((No spaces)) Or, Wattpad: Theonewholives)) She moaned softly, kissing him back, wrapping her arms around his back slowly.


text:
> Events
State & Chapter Events
Updated 29 June 2016
Click a chapter name, or scroll the entire list.
High Desert
Blue Mountain
Klamath Basin
South Coast
Umpqua Valley
North Coast
Willamette Valley
William Cusick
July 15–17, 2016, Friday–Sunday
Annual Meeting 2016
Emerald Chapter will host the 2016 NPSO Annual Meeting on a private forested 46 acre property near the majestic McKenzie River, a fifty-minute drive from Eugene. McKenzie River Conference Center, Rainbow, Oregon. A state board meeting will be held on Sunday. Visit the Annual Meeting website, emerald.npsoregon.org/2016mtg, for the latest information.
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Blue Mountain
For information on Blue Mountain Chapter call Jerry Baker,541-566-2244. To get on our email list, contact email@example.com.
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For questions, or to be added to the Cheahmill Chapter's email list for reminders of upcoming programs and events, please contact the Cheahmill Chapter President at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Meeting and work party location:
Carnegie Room, McMinnville Public Library, 225 NW Adams St. (corner of Highway 99W and SW Second St.), McMinnville, Ore. 97128. Parking lot entrances on Adams and Second streets. Meetings start at 7 pm. Doors open at 6:45 pm. for socializing.
July 23 and August 27, Saturdays, 10 am–noon
Work Party: Native Plant Garden.
Join NPSO volunteers tending the native plant garden at McMinnville Public Library. Dress for the weather and bring gloves and gardening tools if possible. No experience is necessary; the garden is a great place to get more familiar with local native species. Location: McMinnville Public Library, see above for details. For more information, contact Susan Williams at firstname.lastname@example.com or 503-538-1865.
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Corvallis Chapter Website
For questions, information on upcoming events, or to be on the Corvallis chapter e-mail list, contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
July 9, Saturday, 8 am
Field Trip: Iron Mountain and Cone Peak.
Hike the Iron Mountain Cone Peak loop, identifying wildflowers in this botanical hotspot. We will return in the late afternoon. Bring a lunch and water, dress for the weather, and wear sturdy shoes. Location: meet at the OSU Wilkinson Hall parking lot southwest of the Beanery at 26th and Monroe. For more information and to RSVP, contact Dan: 541-752-8860 or email@example.com.
July 10, Sunday, 10 am–noon
Work Party: Avery House.
Come and help with summer clean-up at the Avery House native plant garden. Bring gloves, clippers, trowel, and a bucket. Contact Esther for more information at 541-754-0893 or email@example.com.
July 16, Saturday, 9 am–noon
Field Trip: Backcountry of Bald Hill Farm.
Matt Blakeley-Smith will take us to parts of Bald Hill Farm that are not open to the public. We will explore the hidden corners of the property for milkweed patches and monarch butterflies. This is a rugged off trail hike of about 3 miles that may involve some bush whacking and jumping over creeks. Location: meet at the coffee stand at the Benton County Fairgrounds, 53rd and Reservoir Ave. For more information, contact Matt Blakeley-Smith, email@example.com or 541-231-9861.
August 20, Saturday, 8 am – late afternoon.
Field Trip: Middle Pyramid
Climb Middle Pyramid to see the blue gentians growing near the top. There are many other wildflowers along the way and the view from the top is spectacular. Four miles round-trip, 2,000 ft. elevation change, with the first part easy and the last part difficult. Bring lunch and water, walking sticks if you use them, dress for the weather, and wear sturdy shoes. Location: meet at the OSU Wilkinson Hall parking lot, southwest of the Beanery at 26th and Monroe. For more information and to RSVP, contact Dan: 541-752-8860, or email@example.com.
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Visit the
Emerald Chapter Web site
to learn more about the latest chapter events, plant lists and botanical information about Lane County plants and the people who love them.
Meeting location:
Conference Room at Lane County Mental Health, 2411 Martin Luther King Blvd. Turn off MLK Blvd. onto Scout Access Rd. across from Autzen and take the first left into the parking lot. The meeting room is on the right side as you face the building.
July 9, Saturday, 9 am–4 pm
Field Trip: Upper Elk Meadows.
Alan Curtis leads this hike, located 30 miles from Cottage Grove. Elevation is 4,000 ft. Over 200 species of vascular plants have been identified here. We expect to see Frasera umpquaensis and several orchid species. Surrounding the meadow is an old-growth forest of Abies amabilis, Abies grandis, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. We will walk 1.5 miles through moist meadow. Wear boots and bring lunch and water. Location: meet at South Eugene High School at 19th and Patterson. For more information call 541-345-5531.
July 23, Saturday, 8:30 am
Field Trip: South Jetty Dunes.
Ed Alverson will lead an exploration of coastal dune habitats just south of Florence. In the morning we will visit South Beach Park, a 300 acre undeveloped Lane County Park with extensive dune and deflation plain communities, to develop a plant list. An optional afternoon hike will visit a nearby site on U.S. Forest Service land to look for an adder's-tongue, Ophioglossum pusillum, population that was last observed in the 1990s. Each hike will be about 2 miles round trip. Location: meet at South Eugene High School at 19th and Patterson to carpool. For more information, call Ed Alverson at 541-461-1958.
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This is a newly formed chapter for the northern Oregon coast area. For more information, visit our Facebook page: NPSO-Filipendula Chapter, or contact Field Trip Chair Carla Cole, firstname.lastname@example.com.
July 9, Saturday, 9 am
Hike: Saddle Mountain.
Join us for an exploration of the diverse habitats found on the tallest mountain in Clatsop County. Coniferous forests with Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. procera, and Taxus brevifolia; riparian zones, seeps, meadows, talus slopes, and a summit rock garden. Saddle Mountain supports high species diversity, endemics (e.g., Micranthes hitchcockiana), and species at their northern (e.g., Cardamine californica), southern (e.g., Geum triflorum var. ciliatum) and western (e.g., Anemone multifida) range limits. The trail climbs 1600 ft. in 2.5 miles for a strenuous 5 mile round trip, but at a botanist's pace we won't cover the whole trail. Location: meet at the Saddle Mountain trailhead off Highway 26 at 9 am. Contact Carla Cole at email@example.com to register and if interested in carpooling. The hike will be limited to 12 participants.
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High Desert
For information, visit the High Desert Chapter website
, Facebook page: 'Native Plant Society of Oregon: High Desert Chapter', or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
August 10, Wednesday
Field Trip: Fen Exploration with Rick Dewey.
We will explore a fen on the Soda Creek drainage with Rick Dewey, the Forest Service's bryophyte (moss) expert and wetland enthusiast for the entire Pacific Northwest. Fens are rich in biodiversity and Rick is loaded with information. Come appreciate the minutia and learn about this unique habitat. A hand lens and rubber boots are recommended. Check our website (www.highdesertnpsoregon.org) for details.
August 20–21, Saturday–Sunday, 9 am–4:30 pm
Class: Botanical Illustration.
Learn botanical illustration with local artist Rebecca Brown-Thompson in her studio. You can take one or both classes. Saturday: field sketching class. Learn drawing techniques with an emphasis on plant illustration. $25 material fee. Sunday: color class. Watercolor painting and colored pencil techniques and color mixing. $35 material fee. Some drawing experience (i.e. the field sketching class) is required for the color class. Check our website (www.highdesertnpsoregon.org) for details and registration.
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Klamath Basin
For information, visit the Klamath Basin Chapter website: http://klamathbasinnps.com or contact the chapter president, Kim Elliott firstname.lastname@example.com
For information on the Mid-Columbia Chapter, contact Sara Wu at email@example.com.
The Mid-Columbia Chapter will be in the field for the summer, so no meetings will be held until our September program. Happy botanizing until then.
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If you would like to receive the semi-official Chapter e-mail newsletter,
The Calochortus
, e-mail
Don Jacobson
Facebook: Take a look at our
Facebook page
Native Plant Society of Oregon-Portland-Chapter. It will have the most up-to-date information on hike and other events as well as great plant pictures.
The Portland Chapter meets the second Thursday of most months. Since January 2016 we have been meeting at TaborSpace in Mt. Tabor Presbyterian Church, 5441 SE Belmont St., Portland, 97215. Enter the church through the main door off Belmont and turn right to enter Copeland Commons. Parking is available in the church lot on the NW corner of SE 54th and Belmont. Meetings and programs begin at 7:00 pm.
August 6, Saturday, 8 am
Field Trip: Silver Star Mountain.
The rocky soil and open meadows of Silver Star Mountain offer subalpine and alpine wildflowers not usually seen at this low (4,390 ft.) elevation. Climbing higher takes us back in time to earlier spring flowers, including Xerophyllum tenax, Calochortus subalpinus, Erythronium montanum, Lewisia columbiana, Ligusticum grayi, and five penstemon species. The summit view offers five-volcanoes, the Columbia River, and Vancouver and Portland. This moderate hike is 5.6 miles round trip with a 1240 ft. gain along a high ridge. Hiking boots and poles recommended, bring lunch, water, binoculars, etc. For more information and to sign up, contact Ginny at email@example.com and include a cell phone number for the hike day.
September 8, Thursday, 7 pm
Program: Conservation and Johnson Creek.
Noah Jenkins, riparian program manager of the Johnson Creek Watershed Council, will discuss native wetland plants, removal of invasive vegetation, and the conservation efforts at Johnson Creek Watershed. Location: Copeland Commons at TaborSpace, Mt. Tabor Presbyterian Church, 5441 SE Belmont in Portland. Contact: Mary at email@example.com or 503-288-4340.
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To join the Siskiyou Chapter email list: Send an email, from the address at which you want to receive announcements, to email@example.com. No subject or message is required. You will get a confirmation email. If you would like to volunteer to lead a hike in 2015, make a suggestion, or provide feedback regarding the field trip program please contact Julie Spelletich at: firstname.lastname@example.com. Join us on Facebook at:
July 10, Sunday, 8:30 am
Field Trip: Cook and Green Pass Botanical Area.
We will visit Elk Meadow Basin in the California portion of the Applegate watershed. Focus of the trip is the flora and a unique wetland. Brewer's spruce, Baker's cypress, azaleas, Wiggins' lily, California ladyslipper orchids, Newberry's gentian, Klamath Mtn. serpentine endemics, etc. Cross-country hiking with lots of elevation gain and loss but not too brushy. Plan on a long day. Location: rendezvous and carpool in the large public parking lot at the west end of West D St. in Jacksonville, Oregon. Call trip leader Wayne Rolle, 541-482-0093, for more information. Folks coming from other locations may call the trip leader to arrange additional rendezvous points.
July 30, Saturday, 10 am
Field Trip: Crater Lake National Park.
We will visit Poison Meadows on the western boundary of the Park. Join Jennifer Beck, Crater Lake National Park botanist, for a moderate off trail hike on rolling terrain through forest stands and meadows. We will see a variety of plants, including Mt. Mazama (
Collomia mazama
), leather grape-fern (
Sceptridium multifidum
), and mountain owl clover (
Orthocarpus imbricatus
). Bring lunch, hat, and sunscreen. Location: meet at the junction of Deer Creek Road (NF 6260) and Highway 62 (just east of the junction of Highways 62 & 230). Dirt road drive to hiking spot is 30-45 minutes. For more info, contact email@example.com.
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South Coast
This is a newly formed chapter. For more information, contact the chapter president, Alexis Brickner at firstname.lastname@example.com
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Umpqua Valley
Visit umpquavalleynativeplants.com for more information on chapter activities or to be added to our email list. Check out our Facebook page, www.facebook.com/UmpquaValleyNPSO. Not online? - call Donna Rawson 541-459-2821.
August 11, Thursday, 7 pm
Presentation: Restoring the Monarch Butterfly with Native Plants.
The monarch butterfly, which migrates thousands of miles and has traditionally flourished throughout much of North America, including here in Oregon, is in decline. Tom Landis, retired U.S. Forest Service nursery specialist, will share the current situation of this butterfly and discuss its primary host plant, the milkweed, and the other important nectar plants (ones you can grow in your yard) that help support the butterfly. Find out what we can do to help reverse downward population trends for this impressive species. Our chapter has Asclepias speciosa seed to give away. Refreshments will be served. Location: Mercy Community Education Center, 2459 Stewart Parkway, Roseburg.
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Willamette Valley
For program information, contact John Savage at 503-399-8615 or Alexandra Ninneman at 503-391-4145.
July 3, Sunday, 7 am–5 pm
Field Trip: Iron Mountain.
Enjoy one of the best wildflower hikes in Oregon. Iron Mountain (near Sweet Home) has over 300 different species amid stands of trees and meadows. John Savage of the Willamette Valley Chapter will lead the all-day hike over a seven-mile loop with elevation gain. Bring food and water. Free and open to the public. For more information and to register, call John Savage at 503-399-8615 after 7 pm.
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William Cusick
Visit our Web site at http://williamcusick.npsoregon.org or contact Susan Geer at 541-963-0477 or Emelie Montgomery-Jones at 541-963-3339 for updates and general information. Chapter notices and communications are done primarily through a Google group. Members are reminded to contact Susan or Emelie if they want to be added to the Google group, or if they do not have internet access and want to be contacted by phone for events.
About Us
Rare Plants
Photo Gallery
Field Trip Notes:
Field trips take place rain or shine, so proper dress and footwear are essential.
Bring water and lunch.
Trips may be strenuous and/or hazardous. Participation is at your own risk. Be prepared to sign a release form indicating this.
Sample waiver form
Trip leader checklist is
Please contact the trip leader or chapter representative about dificulty, distance, and terrain to be expected on field trips.
All NPSO field trips are open to the public at no charge (other than contribution to carpool driver) and newcomers and visitors are always welcome.
National Forests require a Northwest Forest Pass for some field trip locations. Permits can be acquired at forest headquarters and ranger districts.
The Forest Service and other agencies have set policies limiting group size in many wilderness areas to 12. The reason is to limit human impacts on these fragile areas. Groups using wilderness areas should be no larger than 12.
Dedicated to the enjoyment, conservation, and study of Oregon's native plants and habitats
© Native Plant Society of Oregon. All rights reserved. |


text:
Latest News
SAVE THE LOST BOYS New Album & VideoFriday, July 15 2016
SAVE THE LOST BOYS and Chorus.FM bring you the new video for "Nothing's Real Outside," in conjunction with todays release of their debut album Temptress.
to Chorus.FM To Watch "Nothing's Real Outside."
"'Nothing's Real Outside' is about the world coming to an end," vocalist/guitarist Lee Weiss explains, "and what you would go through for the people you love most while trying to deal with all the chaos and uncertainty that surrounds you. As you realize society in crumbling around you and everyone has gone blind to what truly matters, you remain a steadfast example of hope."
New ISLANDER Video 'Think It Over'Friday, July 15 2016
ISLANDER and Metal Sucks are premiering "Think It Over," the blistering new anthem from the upcoming album Power Under Control. The track features guest vocals from Bad Brains mouth piece HR, and is the follow up to the recently released single "Bad Guy." Last night ISLANDER kicked off their first tour in support of Power Under Control at the Chicago Open Air Pre-Party, and newly announced headlining and festival dates are below with more coming soon.
Go to Metal Sucks and listen to "Think It Over."
Frontman Mikey Carvajal explains the track, "'Think It Over' is a rally cry anthem to encourage the youth of today to think about their lives and to make good decisions. We are all born with a type of youthful wildness that if we allow to be tamed, will flourish into harnessed power rather than wasted energy. The idea is to be like a saddled horse instead of a frustrated stallion. To have Power Under Control."
New Music Video from ISLANDERMonday, June 20 2016
ISLANDER and Loudwire bring you "Bad Guy," the second video from the upcoming album Power Under Control. "'Bad Guy' is a song about speaking the truth, telling someone something that they need to hear even though it may not be what that person wants to hear,' explains vocalist Mikey Carvajal. "This song is the response to (previously released) 'Darkness'". Power Under Control will be available August 5th, just as ISLANDER hit the road in support.
ISLANDER Unveil New Album, Video DetailsFriday, June 17 2016
ISLANDER has announced details behind Power Under Control, their upcoming new album set for release on August 5th, 2016. Rolling Stone is debuting the first video and album's commencing track "Darkness." Power Under Control features the recording debut of official members Arin Ilejay (ex-Avenged Sevenfold) and J.R. Bareis (Love And Death), further proving ISLANDER are a part of rock's DNA as much as their contemporaries.
Save The Lost Boys New Single ReleasedFriday, June 10 2016
Ohio punkers SAVE THE LOST BOYS and New Noise Magazine bring you the new single "Wasting My Time" from the upcoming debut album Temptress. Before its release on July 15th, the band will be showcasing songs from Temptress this summer at the EZ East and Take It Easycore Festivals, in addition to newly announced dates kicking off June 24th in Philadelphia.


text:
Top 10 Wedding Entertainment Extras
Wedding entertainment should be primed and plentiful come the special day; here are some ideas to inspire you…
Wedding entertainment should be primed and plentiful come the special day; here are some ideas to inspire you…
We've got a brand new Rockaoke Night starting on the 3rd of June at the Mirth, Marvel & Maud over in Walthamstow, E17.
Fancy dress encourage and a £50 bar tab for the best act of the night!! Could be the start of something very beautiful!
The line-up for Standon Calling 2016 has been announced – and it's fantastic! ROCKAOKE will be there all weekend, either at the Clock Tower, on the Main Stage, or doing Acoustaoke in the Old Mout Cider area.
Here's highlights from 2015…
Standon Calling – 29-31 july 2016
friday 29 july – Clock Tower (time tbc)
saturday 30 july – Clock Tower (time tbc)
sunday 31 july – Main Stage (time tbc)
Hope to see you there.
What: A supersonic extravaganza featuring Rockaoke, the UK's greatest live karaoke rock band, celebrity judges (including BBC Radio 6 Music's Shaun Keaveny), DJ's, drinks promotions and exclusive rock star raffle, all in aid of the Alzheimer's Society, the UK's leading support and research charity for people living with dementia, their families and carers.
When: Friday 6th May 2016, 7pm-late
Where: 229 The Venue, 229 Great Portland Street, W1W 5PN (Going Underground – 30 seconds from Great Portland Street, 2 mins from Regent's Park and 5 mins from Warren Street)
Tickets: £13 in advance, £17 on the door (www.229thevenue.com)
Here we are now, entertain us: Described by The Times as "The most fun you can have without getting arrested" and featuring a setlist of hundreds of the greatest anthems of all time, Rockaoke promises to be an unforgettable evening with something for everyone, whether you are looking for your five glorious minutes of fame or just want to lend your support to those brave enough to take to the stage. Satisfaction guaranteed
The Rockaoke train shows no sign of stopping as nights at The London Cocktail Club, Shoreditch are becoming increasingly popular. Come and join us on the 1st and 3rd Thursday of every month to see what all the fuss is about! Entry's free, and you can wet your whistle with a special Jack Daniel's Rocktail before jumping onstage.
If you're curious, Rockaoke nights at the LCC look a little something like this:
Great news! We have confirmed ROCKAOKE at Standon Calling 2016. It will be the 9th year in a row that ROCKAOKE has been at the heartbeat of our favourite UK festival.
Standon Calling – 29-31 july 2016
friday 29 july – Clock Tower (time tbc)
saturday 30 july – Clock Tower (time tbc)
sunday 31 july – Main Stage (time tbc)
Hope to see you there.
OH YES.. @rockaoke is back THIS Thursday! Channel your inner Axl Rose and show us what you're made of! pic.twitter.com/Q5c4Pyah1k
— LondonCocktailClub (@LDNCocktailClub) February 16, 2016
On the 27th October, Rockaoke were called upon by Ad2SF to help find the most talented event organisers/rock stars at their 2015 Agency Olympics! The competition was held at the O2's Brooklyn Bowl down in London and saw events professionals from across the board all singing their hearts out for the top spot. Agencies taking part included Bluehat Group, TBA, George P Johnson, CWT, RPM, Chillisauce, Grass Roots, BrandFuel, TRO and Chew.
Adding a bit of class to proceedings was '80s TV presenter Pat Sharp, our host and commentator for an evening of challenges that also included a bowling tournament and chicken wing eating contest – whew! The venue wasn't bad either as Brooklyn Bowl were kind enough to lay on an open bar and buffet spread with fried chicken, pulled pork sliders and chilli chips.
It was a tough final call, but the folks at TRO managed to take home the gold and be crowned this year's Agency Champions/Rockaoke Superstars. Click here to view the full C&IT article.
Back in 2005, Sheffield bassist Jon Short had a band without a singer. This wasn't an ideal position for a family man to find himself in, what with a mortgage to pay and mouths to feed, so he decided to try flipping this disadvantage into the band's USP (unique selling point). No one else was doing rock band karaoke, and for good reason – there was no demand for it. For a year the phone remained silent.
Then one Saturday morning in May 2006, the phone rang.
It was Ibiza based entrepreneur Andy McKay who introduced himself as co-owner of the World's biggest nightclub Manumission. He invited the band to do a season at Ibiza Rocks. Jon suggested Ibiza Rockaoke! Andy bought the domain. And when Kaiser Chief Ricky Wilson jumped on stage with them to belt out a drunken "I Predict A Riot", all eyes and ears were suddenly on hot Sheffield band Rockaoke and their exciting new concept.
The Rockaoke band/brand/concept very quickly became a favourite London club night attraction. Iconic venues like Punk, Proud, Raffles, Cuckoo Club, AAA, Roadhouse, Koko and others all offered Rockaoke Nights. Festival appearances followed, beginning on the V2007 VIP stage with a star-studded line-up of celeb singers and an appearance in OK Magazine. Before long, the band were performing all around the UK and Europe, touring with the Chris Moyles Show, house band at Hard Rock Cafe, darlings of aftershow parties like Kerrang Awards, the Brits and Top Gear Live, getting booked for private parties by the likes of Alan Shearer, Richard Hammond and Pink Floyd's David Gilmour, opening the show at Chris Evans' Carfest and… well, the list goes on.
10 years and an estimated 2,500 shows and 50,000 lead singers later, the Rockaoke tour bus shows no sign of slowing down. However, with the exception of one charity event, they have never done a club night in their home town. That is – until now….
The Steel City's music scene is famous for spawning the likes of Pulp and Arctic Monkeys, and much of this history can be retraced within the walls of the Leadmill – Sheffield's longest running live music venue. Many of the World's iconic acts have graced the Leadmill stage over the years, including Coldplay, Oasis, Kings Of Leon and The Killers, and on the 22nd October 2015 Rockaoke will join them!
So basically, this is a shout out to all you Sheffielders, inviting you to come along and to make your voice heard (literally) at The Leadmill.
In case you're not familiar with the Rockaoke concept, here's how it works.
You fill out a song sheet telling us what you want to sing. When your name's called you get on stage and become a ROCK STAR backed by a three piece band and with lyrics provided. Once you're up there, mic in hand, the most important thing to remember is – this isn't the X-Factor. We don't care whether or not you can actually carry a tune. All we look for is passion and enthusiasm, and all we ask is that you have a blast!
Entry is £5, doors open at 7:00 and the band will be rocking out til 11:00! Head to leadmill.co.uk to buy tickets.
And to make sure you get to sing, sign-up online at www.rockaokenights.com.


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[quote:Anonymous Coward 18759426:MV8xOTY4NDI0XzMzMDY2NDg0XzRGRjM1MUIy] [quote:alexisj9:MV8xOTY4NDI0XzMzMDY2NDMyXzQ1NjQyRDRD] [quote:Anonymous Coward 18759426:MV8xOTY4NDI0XzMzMDY2MzYxX0E0NTU5RTM2] [quote:Halo2Alexis:MV8xOTY4NDI0XzMzMDY2MDU4X0Y0RTJDQjA4] [quote:Anonymous Coward 18759426:MV8xOTY4NDI0XzMzMDY1ODYwX0NEQjJFRUFG] [quote:Anonymous Coward 19188476:MV8xOTY4NDI0XzMzMDQ2ODEyXzQ4OEU1Q0E=] [quote:Anonymous Coward 14181922:MV8xOTY4NDI0XzMzMDQ2NjE4X0VFQzMyMURF] [quote:Anonymous Coward 5240732:MV8xOTY4NDI0XzMzMDQ2NTExXzk1NTkyNzIz] [quote:Anonymous Coward 19188476:MV8xOTY4NDI0XzMzMDQ1OTk5XzQ4RjQ3Mzkz] I dont get the rice tho. [/quote] neither do I. Explanation anyone? [/quote] Rice grows in a flooded field of water. Corn does not. Corn dogs... Corn Dog 7 - restaurant. That is a guess. [/quote] OK That makes sense cuz I know about rice fields along the gulf. Never heard of the restaurant tho. [/quote] [b]Rice, Ca is in the vicinity of Brawley where all the earthquakes in Cali have been taking place. [/b][/quote] :bump: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice,_California Excerpt from the Rice, CA wiki page: "One source has indicated that Rice Army Airfield was at one time considered as the site for the world's first atomic-bomb test ("Trinity"), but most military historians discount this possibiliity.[i][u][5][/u][/i]" [u][i]5. ^ "The base was considered the best location to detonate the first atomic bomb; but White Sands Proving Ground was selected for the Trinity (nuclear test) because Manhattan Project manager Leslie Groves did not want to deal with base commanding general George S. Patton." [/i][/u](http://www.cddc.vt.edu/host/atomic/trinity/trinity1.html%7Ctitle=Trinity Atomic Web Site|publisher=Walker, Gregory|accessdate=2010-08-20) [/quote] I think I figured this out, I just hope that this thread is not deleted before you can all read this. Rice is in reference to atomic bomb testing. The earthquakes in Brawley earlier today were not earthquakes, they were probably nuclear underground tests. They were probably testing a nuke or nukes which they are planning to detonate in the sinkhole in Louisiana. The sinkhole most likely never had radiation in it. It was a cover story so that when they detonate a nuke, people would think that it came from the sinkhole. The methane gas that they claim is in the hole is also a cover story for the huge explosion that will occur when the nuke is detonated. The OP is probably in Assumption Parish which is about an hour from Baton Rouge by road. If a nuke is set off in the sinkhole and Isaac hits it, it will carry radioactivity to Baton Rouge's Blue Bayou Waterpark where children play. The name of the storm is also suspicious because Abraham was about to sacrifice his child, Isaac, to God but God spared Isaac at the last minute. All of this connects to the Gulf Oil Spill from a couple years back. The sinkhole is probably occurring because of the New Madrid fault and is connected to the area where the New Horizon oil rig exploded. All this stuff is on the same line. [/quote] This I doubt. [/quote] I certainly hope I'm wrong. Otherwise, the reason for detonating the nuke in the sinkhole would be to prevent the entire Gulf from collapsing. [/quote]
Original Message
Let the reader understand: I will never go back to Blue BAYOU, there will be no place for the Children to play soon. May as well eat RICE dogs from RICE Dog 7.
I am DEPUTY Dawg. Boss says can't say much, BIG BOSSES won't tell anyone THE TRUTH. But good people always find a workaround. Avoid the censors, no need for a V-chip here.
Please think hard about this. Remember things MUST get worse before they get better. I'm always at HOME when I make ASSUMPTIONS, but sooner or later you can NEVER go home again.
Much love people. And pray always.
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Mj's Reviews > Tipping the Velvet
Tipping the Velvet
by Sarah Waters
by Sarah Waters
Mj's review
Aug 02, 2007
Read in November, 2005
You have to love the wit and the plot. Set in the Victorian era highlighting on the rarely told stories of sexual passion and the promises and chagrin of theater. Written with audacity, humor and charm. Sarah Waters' writing is always beautiful. She describes emotions and objects with sheer detail, but not exhaust you with any rambles, that you just want to take your time in tasting her words.
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Is it possible to run robocopy in some sort of "completely silent" mode?
Any command-line utility can be made completely silent by redirecting stdout and stderr to the special file 'nul'. This is Windows' equivalent to /dev/null on *nix systems.
The latter is the one you want to make it completely silent.


text:
BREA, CA—The International Code Council, an organization that develops model codes to help building-safety professionals create better buildings and more resilient structure, is expected to relocate its western regional office to a new, state-of-the-art facility at 3060 Saturn St. here as soon as July. The new location will feature the newest technology, infrastructure and top-of-the-line security, as well as training facilities.
GlobeSt.com was unable to reach ICC before deadline to discuss the owner of the facility or other tenants in the building.
This global organization is no stranger to Southern California. With offices in Washington, DC, Alabama and Illinois, ICC has had a long-standing presence in Whittier and can trace its roots back to Long Beach in the early 1920s. ICC chose the new location because it enables the organization to better serve members and customers and has close access to essential business amenities such as restaurants and hotels.
"Our new western regional office in Brea is a tangible example of ICC's pledge to delivering the highest-quality services, while offering our clients, employees and partners a technologically advanced facility that serves as a home away from home," says Stephen Jones, president of ICC's board of directors. "We have been proud to be a part of this region for many years, and today we are excited by the opportunities at our new location."
The new location will serve as a global gateway for accreditation and product certification for the organization's subsidiaries ICC Evaluation Service LLC and the International Accreditation Service. Global and western regional activities and roles will all move to the Brea location.
According to Dominic Sims, CEO of ICC, "Our new western regional office location is the perfect place for us to further our mission that all concerned with the safety and performance of the built environment have access to resources and tools that help ensure safe, sustainable, affordable and resilient communities."
At the new facility, ICC is investing in an environment conducive to continual growth and improved efficiencies that will provide clients and ICC members with expanded services. The new facility will meet or exceed CALGreen standards.


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There is no usage guidance for this tag … yet!
Usage guidance, also known as a tag wiki excerpt, is a short blurb that describes when and why a tag should be used on this site specifically.
An ordinary category has objects and morphisms. A 2-category generalizes this by also including 2-morphisms between the 1-morphisms. Continuing this up to n-morphisms between (n-1)-morphisms gives an n-category.
Just as the category known as Cat, which is the category of small categories and functors is actually a 2-category with natural transformations as its 2-morphisms, the category n-Cat of (small) n-categories is actually an n+1-category.
An n-category is defined by induction on n by:
A 0-category is a set,
An (n+1)-category is a category enriched over the category n-Cat.
So a 1-category is just a (locally small) category.
The monoidal structure of Set is the one given by the cartesian product as tensor and a singleton as unit. In fact any category with finite products can be given a monoidal structure. The recursive construction of n-Cat works fine because if a category C has finite products, the category of C-enriched categories has finite products too.
While this concept is too strict for some purposes in for example, homotopy theory, where "weak" structures arise in the form of higher categories,[1] strict cubical higher homotopy groupoids have also arisen as giving a new foundation for algebraic topology on the border between homology and homotopy theory, see the book "Nonabelian algebraic topology" referenced below.