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Book your room at Hotel Laghetto Toscana
Get an overview of this hotel3-star hotel near Mini Mundo
Situated in Gramado, this hotel is within 1 mi (2 km) of Belvedere Viewpoint and Mini Mundo. Black Lake Park is 1.6 mi (2.6 km) away.
Hotel Features
Along with a restaurant, this hotel has an indoor pool and a fitness center. Free buffet breakfast and free WiFi in public areas are also provided. Additionally, a bar/lounge, a sauna, and a 24-hour business center are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 107 rooms feature kitchenettes with refrigerators and microwaves, plus free WiFi and LCD TVs with cable channels. Other amenities available to guests include sofa beds, living rooms, and minibars.Would you like to give us feedback? Share it! Opens in a new window
Hotel Laghetto ToscanaAv. das Hortensias, 2600 Gramado RS 95670-000
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool and a children's pool, Hotel Laghetto Toscana provides a sauna and a fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
This 3-star property offers access to a 24-hour business center. This Gramado hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, an arcade/game room, and a fireplace in the lobby. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Arcade/game room
- Bar/lounge
- Billiards or pool table
- Children's pool
- Computer station
- Elevator/lift
- Fireplace in lobby
- Fitness facilities
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
- Indoor pool
- Pool sun loungers
- Restaurant
- Sauna
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Television in common areas
- Total number of rooms - 107
- Tours/ticket assistance
Family Friendly Amenities
- Arcade/game room
- Children's pool
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Free Wi-Fi
- Indoor pool
- Kitchenette
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Separate living room
- Sofa bed
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Cable TV service
- Ceiling fan
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Daily housekeeping
- Free WiFi
- Hair dryer
- In-room safe
- Iron/ironing board
- Kitchenette
- Microwave
- Minibar
- Private bathroom
- Rainfall showerhead
- Refrigerator
- Room service
- Separate living room
- Shower only
- Sofa bed
Where to Eat
A complimentary buffet breakfast is served between 6:30 AM and 10 AM.
Onsite venue - This restaurant specializes in Brazilian cuisine.
Room service is available.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a children's pool are on site. Other recreational amenities include a sauna and a fitness center.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
- Pets not allowed (service dogs only)
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Only service dogs are allowed
- Tourism fee: BRL 2.00 per accommodation, per night
- Resort fee: 10 percent of room rate
Optional extras
- Self parking fee: BRL 19.80 per day
Hotel Name
- Hotel Laghetto Toscana
- Hotel Laghetto Toscana Gramado
- Laghetto Toscana
- Laghetto Toscana Gramado
- Hotel Laghetto Toscana Gramado, Brazil
We should mention
Parents or a legal guardian traveling with children under 18 years must present the child's birth certificate and an identity card with photo (passport, for example) at the check-in. For international travels from Brazil, if just one of the parents is traveling with the child, she/he must present – in addition to the child's certificate of birth and identity card with photo – a letter authorizing the trip signed by the other parent with a notarial certification of signature. In case the parents or the legal guardian, as applicable, cannot or are unwilling to give this authorization, a judicial authorization is required. People who intend to travel to Brazil with children must consult with the Brazilian consulate before traveling for more information.


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Help support your Meetup
Do you want to find new friends for yourself and your kids but just cannot make meetups during the week? Come join us! This group's activities are geared for the working mom (ideally scheduled for working moms who can't make play dates during working hours), but all moms are welcome to join. Most (but not all) activities and events are in the Acton area; play dates, Mom's Night Out (MNO), family-oriented get togethers, playground meetups, etc. We also do a lot of social gatherings for moms (without the kids).
The group is casual, supportive, and fun!!
* Age-specific weekend playgroups * Stroller walking / Jogging * Family meetups * Monthly MNO
Hope to see you soon!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Hotels near Grenoble Station
Search hotels near Grenoble Station in Grenoble
Trending now in Grenoble
- Most bookedHipark Résidence Grenoble
141 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The only downside was, hipark being an appartment hotel and I used only single occupancy that the bed was a sofa bed and not really that comfortable."
A Traveller, Oct 2015, GB
83 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Decent. Partly renovated. Bathroom is very nice. Bedroom carpet should be replaced. Right next to train station. Convenient !"
A Traveller, Aug 2015, US
75 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The hotel is OK. A few minutes walking from the train station and close to a tram stop. The breakfast selection is rather limited, also, there is no minibar in the room. The room is small, but with a good internet."
A Traveller, Sep 2015, IE
26 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The location is very convenient, arriving from LYS via the navette, and walking to the hotel. Many small bars and restaurants within walking distance. The bed was very comfortable, but the room was quite warm, even with the air conditioning turned down to 5, and it was too noisy to leave the wind..."
A Traveller, Apr 2016, GB
24 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"nice room, good location near the train station!! the breakfast is good despite it's not buffet. The room is clean, the best value of the cheap price !!"
A Traveller, Sep 2013, GB
18 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Chose location for access to transport and university."
A Traveller, Mar 2016, GB
11 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Located within 5 minute by foot from platform of trains, 15 minute to city center by foot, 12 minute by foot to cable-car ( one of favorite attractions in Grenoble, round trip to Bastille), near the tram stop- line B."
A Traveller, Dec 2015, US
9 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Very friendly and helpful staff. They kindly allowed me to use their fridge to store something as there is no fridge in the room. Room is pretty spacious and location is close to the train station but yet quiet."
A Traveller, May 2016, AS
6 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The hotel is well kept up and on a quiet street although only 2 minute walk to train station. Room was very small, although fine for one person with minimal baggage and had small desk (but uncomfortable to work at for too long) and bathroom counter. Bed was quite comfortable, room temp was fine. ..."
A Traveller, Feb 2016, IL
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Map of hotels near Grenoble Station
- University of Grenoble I
- Grenoble-Bastille Cable Car
- CHU de Grenoble
- Pierre Mendes France University
- Palais des Congres Alpexpo
- University of Grenoble III
- University of Grenoble II
- La Caserne de Bonne
- Minatec
- Stendhal University
- Alps Stadium
- Place Grenette
- Place Paul Mistral
- Fort de la Bastille
- Grenoble Theater
- Stade Lesdiguieres
- Museum of Grenoble
- Place Notre Dame
- WTC Grenoble
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Jamaica Tourist Attractions
Browse 73 attractions, meet 15 travelers, 15 tour guides and discover 92 photos
Travelers are voting Doctor's Cave Beach, Independence Park and University of the West Indies as the best of 68 tourist attractions in Jamaica. Also popular are Rose Hall in Jamaica and Prospect and Sangster International Airport in Montego Bay. Want more? Check out our map of tourist attractions in Jamaica or these 19 tourist attractions in Kingston.
Doctor's Cave BeachShopping / Nightlife ClubsJamaica, Jamaica
Doctor's Cave Beach Club, Montego Bay (also known as Doctor's Cave Bathing Club) has been one of the most famous beaches in Jamaica for nearly a…
Rose HallPlaces To Visit Historic HousesJamaica, Jamaica
Rose Hall is a Georgian mansion in Montego Bay, Jamaica. The most famous occupant of the house was Annie Palmer, the White Witch.
ProspectPlaces To Visit CemeteriesJamaica
Prospect Cemetery is a historic cemetery located in the Jamaica section of the New York City borough of Queens. It was established in 1668 and…2
Independence ParkPlaces To Visit StadiumsJamaica, Jamaica
Independence Park is a sports and cultural complex in Kingston, Jamaica built for the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. It houses…2
University of the West IndiesPlaces To Visit UniversitiesJamaica, Jamaica
The University of the West Indies (UWI, often pronounced "you-we"), is an autonomous regional institution supported by and serving…2
FalmouthPlaces To Visit CitiesJamaica
Falmouth is the chief town and capital of the parish of Trelawny in Jamaica. It is situated on Jamaica\'s north coast 18 miles east of Montego Bay.…
LuceaPlaces To Visit CitiesJamaica
Lucea is a coastal town in Jamaica and the capital of the parish of Hanover.Lucea boasts many clubs and parks as well as the historical attractions, a…
Above RocksPlaces To Visit Towns & VillagesJamaica
Above Rocks is a town in the parish of Saint Catherine in Jamaica. Above Rocks was populated in the early 19th century by (Roman Catholic) refugees…
Ocho Rios AnnPlaces To Visit CitiesJamaica
Ocho Rios (Spanish for \\\"Eight Rivers\\\") is a town in the parish of Saint Ann on the north coast of Jamaica. Although he landed in many spots…
AccompongPlaces To Visit Towns & VillagesJamaica
Accompong is a historical maroon village, located in the hills of St. Elizabeth Parish in Jamaica, consolidated by a treaty in 1739. It is…1


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Summerside Information and Schedule
Summerside tickets are available now for all Summerside events. Whether on vacation or a current resident, you'll never get tired of all the things that are available in Summerside, Prince Edward Island, and the surrounding areas! Get tickets to Summerside, PEI below.
All Events by Date
|Event & Venue/City
|Aug 23, 2016
Tue 6:00PM
Family Channel's Big Ticket Summer Concert: Daya, Shane Hart, Mckenzie Small, Josh Bogart & Aviva
Credit Union Place - PEI -
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< Prev 1 Next >


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Report of the United Partners of Young & Old Unemployed Radicals on the anti-immigration policy of the Island of Pathos in 2013
Published June 2014 By order of the World Institute of Non-Coercive Employment
Under the direction of WINCE we commissioned the Association of Work Organised Labour to research and report back on the events on the Island of Pathos earlier this year. AWOL are a well respected organisation in this field and employ the latest techniques and quality control procedures for work of this sort The report they made to UPYOURS makes grim reading recounting as it does acts of discrimination that are so blatant that we recommend that WINCE commence action to stop this happening again.
In order to be fair AWOL chose a comparable island, Bathos, to act as a control. The report follows.
Bathos and Pathos are two similar islands in the Pacific Ocean over a thousand miles from each other and other habitations. On December 31st, 2012 each island had a population of 100 people, all of working age, of whom 10 or 10% were unemployed.
At mid-day on January 1st this year a large helicopter arrived at each island carrying a factory unit underneath each containing the 10 people necessary to operate it.
The Bathosians welcomed the factory and the immigrant workers as an example of sustainable and diverse inward investment that they felt was due to their numerous liberal policies supporting diversity and multiculturalism.
On March 31st the Bathosian economists and sociologists, 10 in all, did some complex and advanced surveys and measurement for their report on the quarterly economic trends, which report they issued on April 5th.
This report showed conclusively how good the inward investment and immigration had been for the economy. Output had risen by 14.3% over the same quarter a year ago, total employment had risen to 100,(this included the 10 economists and sociologists and the 10 civil servants who collected taxes and produced programmes for the unemployed, the 70 workers, the 10 immigrants but not the 10 unemployed) whilst unemployment had fallen to 9.1% of the total poulation.
Output had risen from 70 in the previous year to 80 in this quarter or from 0.7 units per head to 0.727 per head, a rise of 3.9%. The additional tax revenue meant that the 10 economists and sociologists could work on preparing an intervention plan for the 10 unemployed out of the total population of 110 to gain the skills needed for working whilst at the same time prepare programmes to increase diversity in employment so leading to a greater likelihood of jobs being made available that the unemployed could do.
Pathos's approach was, regrettably, quite different. When they saw the helicopter land and the new, extremely skilled, workers emerge they initially greeted them in a friendly fashion and put on a big feast for them and the crew. However on the morning of January 2nd they accompanied them all back to the helicopter and waved them off.
Faced with the problem of how to get the new factory working the Pathosians merely gave the factory manuals to the 10 unemployed and told them to get on with it. It took them until the middle of February to master the skills necessary and during this time there was much waste of materials and some injuries, none leading to disability or fatality due more to good luck than ability.
Since the Pathosians have no economists or sociologists the 31st March was a relatively quiet day with things going on as usual. They had their usual meeting for all islanders on the 5th of April. This meeting traditionally had to decide how each working islander would help the unemployed. The Pathosians have no taxation since they have the odd belief that the help they themselves give to the unemployed has great moral value whilst paying taxes for someone else to do it for you has none!
It took everyone some time to realise that there were no unemployed and that output appeared to be higher than before, higher perhaps than was necessary so they agreed to make the feast day of the island's patron Saint a holiday. This is 23rd April.
It is impossible to know what to do with such a feckless people as the Pathosians. As they have no economists we are unable to say what their economic trends are and we have to assume that given the backward nature of the islanders that they will be worse than those of the Bathosians.
Whilst a programme of intervention is being prepared we recommend that we warn our people not to go to Pathos, that we prepare a PR programme using this case to inform our unemployed how lucky they are to be living in a diverse and multicultural society as ours and finally that if inward investment is ever made again to Pathos that under no circumstance should the manuals be included.
T Oser
We at UPYOURS welcome the report and view its publication as the first step in the recommended PR campaign. We say to the unemployed, "Tell us which island you would prefer to live in?".
D Ozy
Note to our readers:
From http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
ba·thos (bths, -thôs) n.


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By Simon Rocker, December 23, 2009
Riding bicycles may be ecologically sound but not in New York's strictly Orthodox enclave of Williamsburg.
Chasidic residents successfully lobbied for the removal of a bike lane, citing parking problems and reportedly the invasion of scantily-clad riders.
In response, two-wheeled objectors had planned a protest last Saturday with a topless ride through the area.
But providence, and the weather, intervened: the downturn in temperatures forced the stripped protesters to cover up.
Is there a prayer for frost?
Last updated: 10:21am, December 23 2009


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Jennifer started practicing yoga in 1994 at the Sivananda Centre in Toronto as a way to relieve stress. She then moved to the town of Fergus where she continued to attend classes with local teachers introducing her to the various styles and practices of yoga.
Denise has had a lifelong love of all types of physical activities. In the past year, she has learned the importance of balancing cross training as a means of avoiding injury and improving the quality of her running experience. In particular, Denise has found yoga to be the perfect balance, offsetting the stresses of running and enhancing the mind-body connection.
Susan has been working in the Complementary Health Care field since 1995 using yoga on and off as a personal growth tool and stress reliever. Following a deep calling in her heart and remembering the wisdom of a visiting guru who declared that yoga is best practiced "on and on" she decided to become a certified Hatha yoga instructor completing her training with Living Yoga & Health in Guelph.
Wendy is known for her fun, energetic classes. She enjoys teaching a variety of styles from boot-camp, step, muscle conditioning, spinning, stability ball and TRX. Wendy loves motivating people to become more active, to realize their full potential so they can achieve greater health.
Christine is a certified Vinyasa Flow yoga teacher. She studied yoga with Michele Cormack at 5 Elements Yoga and Pilate's and is currently deepening her training with Power Yoga Canada.
Miranda is a certified Hatha Yoga teacher. She completed her training at Kripalu Centre for Yoga and Health.


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I have tried to re-implement the QTableWidget.cellActivated(row, number) using PyQt4, to catch the coordinates of the currently active cell. The sample below does not work as expected, the method is not activated when a cell is clicked. Have I done something wrong?
class DictionaryTable(QtGui.QTableWidget):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
QtGui.QTableWidget.__init__(self, parent)
def cellActivated(self, row, column):
print row, column


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Three long hair ACA registered females born 7/1/16- ready 8/22/16. Piebald and dappled piebald. Both parents on site, father is registered service animal. Raised with other dogs, handled since birth. Sweet temperaments! Come with first set of shots, and a care package to ease transition to new home. $800 apiece, now accepting applications and deposits.
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Thirteen people were overcome with heat and taken to a hospital on Saturday, officials said.Read More »
She apparently ditched the last days of the Democratic National Convention.Read More »
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A vigil for a man shot dead by police this week ended in a fight and arguments.Read More »
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The extravaganza kicks off Aug. 31 and will feature 200 performances at five neighborhood locations.Read More »
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Two inmates are expected to face charges after they took over a section of the jail Thursday.Read More »
The apartments near Milwaukee Avenue and Wood Street have been transformed into "The Milwood." [PHOTOS]Read More »
Travell Taylor, 24, shot Mills several times as he walked out of a laundromat, police said.Read More »
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The Obamas said they picked the Woodlawn park "to give back to the people of Chicago."Read More »
But the owners are planning to open a new location in Wicker Park by late 2016.Read More »
Events include a massive slip-n-slide, Flosstradamus and block club parties.Read More »
A huge neighborhood-wide garage sale, plus chicken wing and lasagna deals are among highlights.Read More »
Africa Bass was killed within hours of her family's move to S. Chicago after fire destroyed their home.Read More »


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This time of the year there is a lot of family reunions going on. Here in the "Country" that means oiling up those cast iron skillets, for a backyard cook off! In my book nothing beats the taste of … [Read More...]
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This time of the year there is a lot of family reunions going on. Here in the "Country" that means … [Read More...]
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Nothing beats having breakfast when there is Homemade Jam involved. This Raspberry freezer jam only … [Read More...]
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I love Starbucks! I am a happy camper, when I get to visit a Starbucks. There is nothing better than … [Read More...]


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Mashup: Zoos of the World
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Provides a place for any web page for visitors to meet, chat, share their social profiles and photos and videos. There's also a play stock market where users can invest in social profiles and...
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I thank you very mutch, nswy2008, for your visit and kind comment. Greetings from Italy - I invite you to visit - My February Contest - My March Contest -- My favourite photos -- My new photos - Best regards
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Thanks a lot, Hanz.P69, for your visit and your positive comment. – Best wishes and regards - My March Contest - My April Contest
Excellent shot!!
Nicely done, good catch.
Thank you so much, dzonihsv, for visiting my gallery! Greetings from Naples – Italy - Best wishes and regards
Thank you very much, quk, for visiting my gallery and for your kind comment! Greetings from Naples – Italy - Best wishes and regards -
Photo taken in Paradise, NV, USA


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I have a 98 buick riviera and when I hit bumps in the road the rear of the car feels like it keeps bouncing. Does it sound like a strut or shocks went bad? Also the rear is sitting a little low. Thank you
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International lung cancer trends by histologic type: Male:Female differences diminishing and adenocarcinoma rates rising
Version of Record online: 17 MAY 2005
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21183
Copyright © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
International Journal of Cancer
Volume 117, Issue 2, pages 294–299, 1 November 2005
Additional Information
How to Cite
Devesa, S. S., Bray, F., Vizcaino, A. P. and Parkin, D. M. (2005), International lung cancer trends by histologic type: Male:Female differences diminishing and adenocarcinoma rates rising. Int. J. Cancer, 117: 294–299. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21183
Publication History
- Issue online: 16 AUG 2005
- Version of Record online: 17 MAY 2005
- Manuscript Accepted: 3 MAR 2005
- Manuscript Received: 20 DEC 2004
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- lung cancer incidence;
- histology;
- trends
Lung cancer rates have peaked among men in many areas of the world, but rates among women continue to rise. Most lung cancers are squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma; trends vary according to type. We compiled population-based morphology-specific incidence data from registries contributing to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) databases. Unspecified cancers and carcinomas were reallocated based on a registry, time period, sex and age group-specific basis. Where available, data from several registries within a country were pooled for analysis. Rates per 100,000 person-years for 1980–1982 to 1995–1997 were age-adjusted by the direct method using the world standard. Squamous cell carcinoma rates among males declined 30% or more in North America and some European countries while changing less dramatically in other areas; small cell carcinoma rates decreased less rapidly. Squamous and small cell carcinoma rates among females generally rose, with the increases especially pronounced in the Netherlands and Norway. In contrast, adenocarcinoma rates rose among males and females in virtually all areas, with the increases among males exceeding 50% in many areas of Europe; among females, rates also rose rapidly and more than doubled in Norway, Italy and France. Rates of all lung cancer types among women and adenocarcinoma among men continue to rise despite declining cigarette use in many Western countries and shifts to filtered/low-tar cigarettes. Renewed efforts toward cessation and prevention are mandatory to curb the prevalence of cigarette smoking and to reduce lung cancer rates eventually. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
There have been epidemics of lung cancer as incidence and mortality rates rose rapidly during the 20th century, especially among men and in the industrialized countries.1, 2 Among men, rates in the United States, Canada, England, Denmark and Australia have peaked, but they continue to rise in Spain, China and Japan.1 Among women, rates have been considerably lower, increases started later and rates in most areas have not yet peaked. During 2000, an estimated 1.2 million cases were diagnosed, and 1.1 million deaths were attributed to lung cancer. Lung cancer may appear as squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma and a variety of other less frequent types.3 The patterns and trends in incidence have varied by type,4, 5 related to differences in smoking patterns and exposures to other lung carcinogens.1, 6 The availability of population-based histologic-specific incidence data from a number of registries contributing to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) databases7 allows us to investigate the patterns in a number of geographic areas in a comprehensive fashion.
Material and methods
Population-based cancer incidence data have been collected by many registries around the world for a number of years, and the IARC has compiled and published the data in the series of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents7 and in EUROCIM, a large compilation of submitted European registry data.8 In earlier years in a number of registries, the form of cancer was coded according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which has undergone several revisions, with the most recent being ICD-10.9 The ICD generally classifies malignancies according to the primary site of origin. Many of the registries, especially those in the Nordic countries, Europe, North America and Oceania, have collected and coded the tumor morphology, in addition to the anatomic site or topography. Many registries used the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICDO),10, 11 which was based on the ICD and the earlier Manual of Tumor Nomenclature and Coding (MOTNAC),12 while others have based classification on the earlier WHO Statistical Code for Tumors.13 The ICDO, first published in 1976,10 greatly expanded the morphology categories and codes from 4 to 5 digits (including the behavior code).
Some registries started to use ICDO for cases diagnosed during the late 1970s, while others did not change until later. From all registries providing continuous incidence data since 1980,7, 14, 15, 16 we selected those registries that reported morphology and where the histologic confirmation rate was at least 80%, the percentage of cases registered by death certificate only was 5% or less and the percentage of cases with poorly specified histology (morphology unspecified or specified only as carcinoma) was 25% or less. Registries in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) and Slovenia were national. Other registries have not had national coverage and may have had regional coverage for a more limited number of years. We combined the data for 3 western provinces of Canada (Alberta, British Columbia and Manitoba); for the 9 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) areas of the United States (Atlanta, Connecticut, Detroit, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, San Francisco, Seattle and Utah); for 6 registries in France (1983 on; Bas-Rhin, Calvados, Doubs, Isere, Somme and Tarn); for Spain from Navarra and Tarragona; and for Switzerland (1983 on) from Basel, Geneva and Zurich. We used the data from Varese for Italy, from Eindhoven for the Netherlands and from New South Wales for Australia. Data of sufficient morphologic detail were not available from any registries in Central or South America, Asia, or Africa.
We selected cases diagnosed with lung or bronchus cancer diagnosed during 1980–1997. The morphology codes were grouped into 8 major categories according to the WHO scheme17: (1) squamous cell carcinoma (ICDO-2 codes 8050–8076); (2) adenocarcinoma (8140, 8211, 8230–8231, 8250–8260, 8323, 8480–8490, 8550–8560, 8570–8572); (3) small cell carcinoma (8040–8045); (4) large/undifferentiated cell carcinoma (8012–8031, 8310); (5) other specified carcinoma (8082, 8120–8123, 8141–8143, 8190, 8200–8201, 8240–8241, 8244–8246, 8290, 8320, 8430, 8470–8471, 8500, 8510, 8562); (6) unspecified carcinoma (8010–8011, 8032–8034); (7) other specified morphology (8580, 8693, 8720, 8730, 8800–8811, 8830, 8840–8920, 8933, 8940, 8963, 8972, 8980–8981, 8990–8991, 9040–9044, 9050–9053, 9064, 9070, 9080, 9085, 9110, 9120–9134, 9140, 9150, 9220, 9240, 9251, 9260, 9364, 9473, 9503, 9540–9581); and (8) unspecified morphology (8000–8004). On a registry-, time period-, sex-, and age-specific basis, we proportionally reallocated the cases with unspecified morphology (8) among categories 1–7, then we proportionally reallocated the unspecified carcinoma (6) among categories 1–5.18 This analysis focuses on the trends in total lung and bronchus cancer incidence and the 3 major forms: squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
Incidence rates were calculated for 3-year time periods 1980–1982 through 1995–1997, age-adjusted by the direct method using the Segi world standard19 and expressed per 100,000 person-years. Figures portraying the temporal trends were prepared using semilog scales, with a y:x axis ratio of one log cycle = 40 years; a line with an angle of 10° thus portrays a change of 1% per year.20
Recent total lung cancer incidence rates among males varied by 4-fold, from 83.6 among U.S. blacks to 21.1 in Sweden (Fig. 1). Rates in the Nordic countries, which varied by 2-fold from a high in Denmark to a low in Sweden, still were generally lower than in other parts of Europe, where the rate was highest in the Netherlands. Rates in Italy, Slovenia and France were higher than in U.S. whites or Canada.
Among females, recent rates varied by almost 8-fold, with the highest among U.S. blacks (35.8) and the lowest in Spain (4.6). Rates were also high in U.S. whites and Canada. In contrast to males, rates were higher in the Nordic countries than in other European countries studied. The ranking of rates among females paralleled that in males, with the exception of Switzerland. Rates everywhere were higher among males than females. Male:female rate ratios varied from less than 2 in Iceland, U.S. whites, Canada, Denmark and Sweden to more than 6 in Slovenia, Italy, and France and more than 10 in Spain.
Among men, rates declined by 20–25% over virtually the entire time period in all areas except Iceland and France, where they were relatively stable, and in Norway, Slovenia and Spain, where they increased (Fig. 1). In contrast, rates among females rose rapidly in all areas over most of the time period; rates in the Netherlands and Norway more than doubled. Deceleration of the increases occurred in several areas, such as Canada, U.S. whites and Denmark, while declines in recent years were suggested for U.S. blacks, in Switzerland and possibly Iceland. In the earlier years, the male:female rate ratio was greater than 2 in every area except Iceland and ranged from 8 or more in Slovenia, Spain, France and Italy, to more than 14 in the Netherlands.
The proportion of lung and bronchus cancers that did not have a cell type specified ranged from less than 10% in France, Sweden, the Netherlands and Switzerland to more than 20% in Italy and Spain. The proportions generally varied little within registries, with a tendency to decline over time. Of those carcinomas with a histologic type specified, squamous cell, small cell and adenocarcinomas together accounted for 80–90% of the cases in virtually every registry, being somewhat smaller only in Australia and Sweden, and somewhat larger in Italy.
Figure 2 portrays the trends by histopathologic type for squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma rates among males declined 30% or more in U.S. blacks and whites, Canada, Australia, Denmark, Sweden, Italy and the Netherlands (Fig. 2a). Rates changed less dramatically in many other areas and rose substantially only in Spain, where the increases occurred mostly during the early years. Rates among females rose in all areas except Switzerland; the increases were especially pronounced in the Netherlands and Norway. The rates appear to be plateauing in several areas, including the United States and Canada. Rates among Spanish women were all less than 1.0 and did not change greatly. Male:female rate ratios for squamous cell carcinoma ranged from less than 3 in U.S. whites, Canada, Iceland and Sweden in recent years, to more than 20 during the earlier years in France, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia and Spain, where it exceeded 50 around 1990.
Small cell carcinoma rates among males also decreased, although less rapidly than squamous cell carcinoma rates, in North America, Australia and the Nordic countries, except Norway (Fig. 2b). In Europe, male rates declined in the Netherlands, where they were the highest at each point in time, Switzerland and France, while increasing in Spain, especially during the earlier years. Rates among women rose virtually everywhere, more than doubling in Norway and tripling in the Netherlands. Among U.S. black women, rates peaked around 1990 and subsequently dropped by 24%. Rates among Spanish women again were all lower than 1.0, with no trends evident. Male:female rate ratios have been smaller for small cell carcinomas than squamous cell carcinomas, approaching 1 in recent years in U.S. whites, Canada and Iceland, after being around 3 in the early years in North America, Australia, Denmark and Norway, and exceeding 10 in the Netherlands, Italy, France and Spain.
In contrast to the generally declining squamous and small cell carcinoma rates among males, adenocarcinoma rates rose in virtually all areas, with the increases exceeding 50% in Norway, Iceland, the Netherlands, Italy, France and Spain (Fig. 2c). Rates among females also rose rapidly and more than doubled in Norway, Italy and France. Male:female rate ratios were largest in Europe, generally exceeding 3 in the early years and 2 in recent years. The ratios were consistently smaller in North America, Oceania and the Nordic countries and approached 1 in several areas in recent years.
Squamous cell carcinoma rates exceeded adenocarcinoma rates among males in all areas in the earlier years, but the varying trends have narrowed the differences. In recent years, adenocarcinoma has been the predominant form of lung cancer among males in Iceland and both U.S. blacks and whites. Among females, adenocarcinoma rates have always been higher than squamous cell carcinoma rates in every area, and the differences have widened over time.
Total lung cancer incidence rates have been declining among males in many but not all areas of North America, the Nordic countries, Europe and Oceania, while rates among females have been rising rapidly virtually everywhere. The trends have varied by histologic type, however. Among males, rates of squamous and small cell carcinomas have decreased, in contrast to stable or increasing rates of adenocarcinoma. Among females, rates of all 3 types have been rising, at least until recently, and most rapidly for adenocarcinoma. The predominant form of lung cancer has been squamous cell carcinoma among males and adenocarcinoma among females, although adenocarcinoma surpassed squamous cell carcinoma in frequency among males in several populations in recent years.18 Male:female squamous cell carcinoma rate ratios exceeded 20 in many European countries in the early 1980s and have declined everywhere, recently approaching 2.4 in U.S. whites. Adenocarcinoma sex ratios have been more modest, decreasing from 5 in several areas to 1.2 in other areas. Small cell carcinoma sex ratios have been intermediate. The convergence of rates has been especially pronounced at younger ages. In recent years, adenocarcinoma rates among U.S. whites aged less than 55 years have been higher among women than men and have been declining among both sexes,21 suggesting that the age-adjusted rates should eventually peak and turn down. It is likely that the age-specific trends vary considerably in other geographic areas as well, which would be interesting to investigate, but an in-depth analysis of those patterns is beyond the scope of this article.
The overwhelming cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking, with risk increasing with early age at initiation, intensity and duration.6, 22 Although the temporal trends in lung cancer rates lag behind the trends in smoking, the observed patterns in lung cancer rates reflect the historical prevalences of smoking among men and women, variations in cigarette composition and more recent cessation rates.2, 23 The prevalence of cigarette smoking among males has declined since the 1960s in virtually all the areas included in this analysis except Spain23; the peaks in lung cancer rates occurred about 20 years later, and rates in Spain are continuing to increase. Among females, the prevalence of smoking peaked in the mid-1960s in the United States and in the 1970s in most other countries included here except Spain, where the prevalence rose at least until 1990.23 Total lung cancer rates among females have clearly peaked only among U.S. blacks. Historically, the prevalence of cigarette smoking has varied greatly by sex; the prevalence was about 70% among males compared to 15% or less among females during the early 1950s in France and Italy. The differences have been diminishing, however; in recent years, the prevalences in men and women were virtually identical in Denmark (31%) and in Sweden (23–24%). Cigarette smoking and subsequent lung cancer rates have varied considerably by birth cohort, with U.S. peaks in both occurring among males born in 1925–1930 and females born in 1935–194024; recent rates among young U.S. adults have become very similar.21 Among U.S. males, squamous cell carcinoma incidence has declined among cohorts born as early as 1920, whereas adenocarcinoma rates have shown clear decreases only among cohorts born since 1930.21
The strength of the association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer varies by cell type, with the odds ratios historically largest for squamous and small cell carcinomas and somewhat smaller for adenocarcinoma,25 although recent data suggest there may be little difference.26 The reduction in risk with smoking cessation is also more rapid for small cell and squamous cell carcinomas and less rapid for adenocarcinomas.27 The type of tobacco in cigarettes (black versus blond versus mixed) and the chemical composition of cigarettes have varied geographically and over time.28 With the switch from nonfiltered to filtered cigarettes, the depth of inhalation had been altered.29 In particular, smoke from unfiltered strong cigarettes may be shallowly inhaled, resulting in chemical carcinogen deposition centrally in the bronchial area and giving rise to squamous cell carcinomas. Smoke from filtered milder cigarettes may be more deeply inhaled, resulting in carcinogen deposition more peripherally and giving rise to adenocarcinomas. Reducing the nicotine content may also promote deeper inhalation as smokers attempt to compensate.30 The changes in cigarette composition reduced the yield of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inducers of squamous cell carcinomas, while increasing the yields of carcinogenic tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), inducers of adenocarcinomas.28 These factors, along with the greater risk of adenocarcinoma than squamous cell carcinoma among former smokers, have contributed to the emerging predominance of adenocarcinoma in the lung cancer rates. Early case-control studies suggested that women were more susceptible than men to the adverse effects of cigarette smoking, but more recent cohort data have not supported pronounced sex differences in susceptibility.31, 32
The proportion of cases with microscopic verification of the diagnosis varied across registries and over time. We reallocated the cases with poorly specified histopathologic type proportionally to the major cell types, specific for registry, time period, sex and age group. Reallocation generally raised the rates for the specified categories by less than 30%. The proportions poorly specified declined over time and were slightly lower among males than females. The temporal trends based on the original and the reallocated rates were remarkably similar, however. Notably, the estimates of the times that the rates peaked were identical in virtually all instances (data available at http://www.iacr.com.fr/devesa2004.htm). Diagnostic techniques may have varied among pathologists, by geographic area and over time, but the patterns and trends observed suggest real changes in rates.33, 34 Data were not available over the entire period for all registries. In the effort to include as many registries as possible, we used data for France, Switzerland and Slovenia for a somewhat shorter time period than the other countries, rather than using data from fewer registries for a longer period of time.
While the declines in squamous and small cell lung carcinoma rates among men are encouraging, the increases in all types of lung cancer among women and in adenocarcinoma among men are of concern. As the detrimental health effects of cigarette smoking were realized, industry strove to develop less harmful cigarettes; but the subsequent scientific evidence failed to show a benefit from changes in cigarette design and manufacturing.35 The results presented here show that the shifts to filtered/low-tar cigarettes have merely altered the type of lung cancer, and rates have continued to rise despite declining cigarette use in many Western countries over the last half century. Tobacco control programs have been associated with declines in smoking rates and subsequent lung cancer incidence rates.36, 37 Renewed cessation and prevention efforts are mandatory to curb the prevalence of cigarette smoking and to reduce lung cancer rates eventually.
The European cancer registry data were in most instances obtained from the current EUROCIM database; in all other cases, registry data were used with kind permission of the registries concerned. The authors thank individually the following cancer registries for their invaluable contributions to this study: Australia: New South Wales Central Cancer Registry, Kings Cross (Dr. Elizabeth Tracey); Canada: Alberta Cancer Registry, Calgary (Dr. Heather Bryant); British Columbia Cancer Registry, Vancouver (Dr. Mary McBride); Manitoba Cancer Registry, Winnipeg (Dr. Erich Kliewer); Denmark: Danish Cancer Registry, Copenhagen (Dr. Hans H. Storm); France: Registre Bas Rhinois des Cancers, Strasbourg (Dr. Michel Velten); Registre Général des Tumeurs du Calvados, Caen (Dr. J. Macé-Lesech); Registre des Tumeurs du Doubs, Besançon (Dr. Arlette Danzon); Registre du Cancer de l'Isère, Meylan (Dr. François Ménégoz); Registre du Cancer de la Somme, Amiens (Ms. Nicole Raverdy); Registre des Cancers du Tarn, Albi (Dr. Martine Sauvage); Iceland: Icelandic Cancer Registry, Reykjavik (Dr. Laufey Tryggvadottir); Italy: Registro Tumori Lombardia (Provincia di Varese), Milan (Dr. Paolo Crosignani); The Netherlands: Eindhoven Cancer Registry, Eindhoven (Dr. Jan Willem Coebergh); Norway: Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo (Dr. Frøydis Langmark); Slovenia: Cancer Registry of Slovenia, Ljubljana (Dr. Maja Primic-Zakelj); Spain: Tarragona Cancer Registry, Reus (Dr. Jaume Galceran); Registro de Cáncer de Navarra, Pamplona (Dr. E. Ardanaz Aicua); Sweden: Swedish Cancer Registry, Stockholm (Dr. Lotti Barlow); Switzerland: Krebsregister Basel-Stadt und Basel-Land, Basle (Dr. Gernot Jundt); Registre Genevois des Tumeurs, Geneva (Dr. Christine Bouchardy); Kantonalzürcherisches Krebsregister, Zürich (Dr. Nicole Probst); United States (SEER): Connecticut Tumor Registry, Hartford, CT (Dr. Anthony Polednak); FHCRC Cancer Surveillance System, Seattle, WA (Dr. Thomas L. Vaughan); Georgia Center for Cancer Statistics, Atlanta, GA (Dr. John L. Young, Jr.); Greater Bay Area Registry, San Francisco, CA (Dr. Dee West); Hawaii Tumor Registry, Honolulu, HI (Dr. Marc T. Goodman); Iowa Cancer Registry, Iowa City, IA (Dr. Charles F. Lynch); Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System, Detroit, MI (Dr. Ann Schwartz); New Mexico Tumor Registry, Albuquerque, NM (Dr. Charles Wiggins); Utah Cancer Registry, Salt Lake City, UT (Dr. Wallace L. Akerley). The authors also thank John Lahey and Andrew Sabaka of IMS, Inc., Rockville, MD, for their invaluable contributions to the analysis and figure development, and Dr. Neil Caporaso of the National Cancer Institute for his insightful comments on the manuscript.
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