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Thursday, June 9, 2016
Manning on Hyperlinks and Copyright Law
Colin Manning, Cork Institute of Technology, has published Hyperlinks & Copyright Law. Here is the abstract.
Reconciling the desire for wide distribution with the desire for control has proven challenging for the law. Deep linking is a good illustration of how applying print and broadcast era concepts to the challenges of the digital era can result in uncertainty and unintended consequences. In the Svennson decision, the court not only failed to acknowledge the distinction between linking and embedding, but it explicitly permitted embedding of content from other sites. This could have implications for how content is distributed, and may ultimately harm user privacy.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
June 9, 2016 | Permalink
Tsesis on Terrorist Speech on Social Media
Alexander Tsesis, Loyola University Chicago School of Law, is publishing Terrorist Speech on Social Media in volume 70 of the Vanderbilt Law Review (2017). Here is the abstract.
The presence of terrorist speech on the Internet tests the limits of the First Amendment. Widely available cyber terrorist sermons, instructional videos, blogs, and interactive websites raise complex expressive concerns. On the one hand, statements that support nefarious and even violent movements are constitutionally protected against totalitarian-like repressions of civil liberties. The Supreme Court has erected a bulwark of associational and communicative protections to curtail government from stifling debate through overbroad regulations. On the other hand, the protection of free speech has never been an absolute bar against the regulation of low value expressions, such as calls to violence and destruction. Terrorist advocacy on the Internet raises special problems because it contains elements of political declaration and self-expression, which are typically protected by the First Amendment. However, terrorist organizations couple these legitimate forms of communication with calls to violence, recruitment to training, and indoctrination to belligerence. Incitement readily available on social media is sometimes immediate or, more often, calibrated to influence and rationalize future dangerous behaviors. This is the first article to analyze all the Supreme Court free speech doctrines that are relevant to the enactment of a constitutionally justifiable anti-terrorism statute. Such a law must grant the federal government authority to restrict dangerous terrorist messages on the Internet, while preserving core First Amendment liberties. Legislators should develop policies and judges should formulate holdings on the bases of the imminent threat of harm, true threats, and material support doctrines. These three frameworks provide the government with the necessary constitutional latitude to prosecute dangerous terrorist speech that is disseminated over social media and, thereby, to secure public safety, without encroaching on speakers' right to free expression.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
June 9, 2016 | Permalink
Casarez on the Synergy of Privacy and Speech
Nicole B. Casarez. University of St. Thomas, University of Houston Law Center, is publishing The Synergy of Privacy and Speech in volume 18 of the University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law (2016). Here is the abstract.
With the passage of the USA FREEDOM Act in June 2015, Congress supposedly curbed NSA's ability to spy on ordinary Americans by taking the agency out of the domestic metadata collection business. In truth, however, the new law leaves untouched the NSA's ability to capitalize on the global nature of modern communications networks to collect and analyze most of those same communication records under other legal authorities, including Executive Order 12333. Accordingly, the Freedom Act does nothing to resolve the great constitutional metadata debate. The law leaves intact the government's theory that when the NSA collects metadata associated with U.S. -person communications, and uses it to map out our contacts and social networks, the agency resides in a constitution-free zone. Covert government surveillance programs that collect Americans' communication records implicate both the right to privacy and the right of free expression. Given the development of the law and the constraints of precedent, however, neither the Fourth nor the First Amendment alone will provide citizens with sufficient protection against the government. Instead of viewing the two Amendments in isolation, I argue that the First Amendment value of communications privacy must be factored into the determination of whether a government surveillance program violates the Fourth Amendment. When considered in tandem this way, the two Amendments mutually reinforce each other and create a synergy that extends the protections of each. This approach, demonstrated by the Court in United States v. U.S. District Court (the "Keith" case) provides a path for the Court to reevaluate and limit the third party doctrine with respect to dragnet government collection of communications metadata, without overruling the doctrine entirely. Whether a constitutional challenge to bulk incidental collection of domestic metadata under EO 12333 will ever be heard by the Supreme Court is another matter, given the current state of the law of standing. I agree with others who have argued that, in the context of massive government surveillance programs, the Court should loosen standing requirements to ensure that those programs do not escape judicial review. In the meantime, I conclude by sketching out Congressional and executive branch reforms that would provide meaningful privacy protections to American communications records that the government currently harvests from abroad. These reforms would bring the NSA's incidental collection of domestic communications metadata under EO 12333 more in line with the Fourth and First Amendments.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
June 9, 2016 | Permalink
Wednesday, June 8, 2016
A New Book on the Early Supreme Court and the Sedition Act of 1798
Wendell Bird, Visiting Scholar at Emory Law School, and partner, Bird, Loechl, Brittain, and McCants, Atlanta, Georgia, has published Press and Speech Under Assault: The Early Supreme Court Justices, the Sedition Act of 1798, and the Campaign against Dissent (Oxford University Press, 2016). Here is a description of the book's contents from the publisher's website.
The early Supreme Court justices wrestled with how much press and speech is protected by freedoms of press and speech, before and under the First Amendment, and with whether the Sedition Act of 1798 violated those freedoms. This book discusses the twelve Supreme Court justices before John Marshall, their views of liberties of press and speech, and the Sedition Act prosecutions over which some of them presided. The book begins with the views of the pre-Marshall justices about freedoms of press and speech, before the struggle over the Sedition Act. It finds that their understanding was strikingly more expansive than the narrow definition of Sir William Blackstone, which is usually assumed to have dominated the period. Not one justice of the Supreme Court adopted that narrow definition before 1798, and all expressed strong commitments to those freedoms. The book then discusses the views of the early Supreme Court justices about freedoms of press and speech during the national controversy over the Sedition Act of 1798 and its constitutionality. It finds that, though several of the justices presided over Sedition Act trials, the early justices divided almost evenly over that issue with an unrecognized half opposing its constitutionality, rather than unanimously supporting the Act as is generally assumed. The book similarly reassesses the Federalist party itself, and finds that an unrecognized minority also challenged the constitutionality of the Sedition Act and the narrow Blackstone approach during 1798-1801, and that an unrecognized minority of the other states did as well in considering the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. The book summarizes the recognized fourteen prosecutions of newspaper editors and other opposition members under the Sedition Act of 1798. It sheds new light on the recognized cases by identifying and confirming twenty-two additional Sedition Act prosecutions. At each of these steps, this book challenges conventional views in existing histories of the early republic and of the early Supreme Court justices.
June 8, 2016 | Permalink
Keck, Price, and Metroka on the Judicial Protection of Anti-Judicial Speech
Thomas M. Keck, Syracuse University, School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Richard S. Price, Weber State University, and Brandon Metroka, Syracuse University School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, have published The Judicial Protection of Anti-Judicial Speech. Here is the abstract.
The willingness of constitutional courts to extend free speech protection to anti-judicial speech (i.e., speech that criticizes the performance and/or character of courts and judges) could be a more widely used benchmark for assessing the commitment of various democratic jurisdictions to free expression. In a democracy, political institutions (and the leaders who occupy them) must tolerate criticism of their decisions (and their competence and character); this rule applies to courts no less than to legislatures and executives. Indeed, this rule is a key indicator of courts' democracy-reinforcing character. In this paper, we trace the emergence of this commitment in American contempt-of-court case law and then offer a preliminary assessment of whether and to what degree constitutional courts in other jurisdictions have followed a similar path.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
June 8, 2016 | Permalink
Tuesday, June 7, 2016
Froomkin on Building Privacy Into the Infrastructure
A. Michael Froomkin (@mfroomkin), University of Miami School of Law, has published Building Privacy into the Infrastructure: Towards a New Identity Management Architecture as University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 16-26. Here is the abstract.
We are at risk of becoming digitally transparent to both government and the private sector. As it is increasingly obvious that US law is not going to prevent the destruction of personal privacy, we urgently need better privacy tools, baked into the way we do transactions. A partial, but significant, privacy enhancement would be a new Identity Management Architecture (IMA) enabling multiple privacy-protective transaction-empowered digital personae per user. Each persona (or 'nym if you prefer) would have the ability to communicate, and at least a limited ability to transact, in a manner that would not be linkable, or least very difficult to link, to the real identity of the user. By using a variety of personae for online transactions, reading, and communication, users would defeat — or at least vastly reduce the effectiveness — of commercial and perhaps also governmental profiling. The problem is that an IMA that enables privacy enhanced personae is most unlikely to reach wide acceptance unless it is designed in a manner that makes it easy to use. It will not receive US governmental acceptance unless it also reduces the extent to which the personae can be used to break laws and evade contractual obligations. This paper thus discusses the legal and political considerations that might inform a requirements document for such an IMA with special reference to US law and likely US government reaction. It includes a survey of laws that parties engaging in or enabling anonymous or pseudonymous transactions should consider, and concludes with discussion of several critical design decisions including transnational credentials, the possibility of identity escrow for transactional personae, and speculation as to how personae might fare in the marketplace. The timeliness of this proposal is demonstrated by David Chaum's recent announcement of new privacy protocol, PrivaTegrity, that contains most of the features needed to engineer a privacy-enhanced IMA that might be acceptable to law enforcement. The need for some action, whether based on PrivaTegrity or otherwise, is very great — so critical that it may time to accept the previously unthinkable, and accept some form of identity escrow as part of the IMA.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
June 7, 2016 | Permalink
Menell, Lemley, and Merges on Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age
Peter S. Menell, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law, Mark A. Lemley, Stanford Law School, and Robert P. Merges, University of California, School of Law, have published Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age: 2016 - Chapters 1 and 2. Here is the abstract.
Rapid advances in digital and life sciences technology continue to spur the evolution of intellectual property law. As professors and practitioners in this field know all too well, Congress and the courts continue to develop intellectual property law and jurisprudence at a rapid pace. For that reason, we have significantly augmented and revised "Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age. The 2016 Edition reflects the following principal developments: ● Trade Secrets: Congress passed the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, one of the most momentous changes in the history of trade secret protection. The new law opens up the federal courts to trade secret cases, provides for ex parte seizures of misappropriated trade secrets in "extraordinary circumstances," and establishes immunity for whistleblowers. ● Patents: The past several years have witnessed some of the most significant developments in U.S. patent history — from the establishment of the new administrative review proceedings at the Patent Office to important shifts in patent-eligibility and claim indefiniteness at the Supreme Court and means-plus-function claim interpretation and infringement doctrine at the Federal Circuit. We have restructured the patent chapter to illuminate these areas. We have also significantly expanded coverage of design patents in response to the growing importance of this form of protection. ● Copyrights: The Supreme Court issued important decisions addressing the public performance right and the first sale doctrine. The past few years also witnessed important developments in the Online Service Provider safe harbor, fair use, and state protection for pre-1972 sound recordings. We have also integrated the digital copyright materials into a unified treatment of copyright law and substantially revamped the fair use section to reflect the broadening landscape of this important doctrine. ● Trademarks: We have integrated important cases on federal registrability of disparaging marks, merchandising rights, likelihood of confusion on the Internet, and remedies. ● Other State Protections: We have updated material on the right of publicity, an active and growing area. We have also reorganized the chapter and focused it on IP regimes.
Download the chapters from SSRN at the link.
June 7, 2016 | Permalink
Bambauer on the Relationships Between Speech and Conduct
Jane R. Bambauer, University of Arizona College of Law, is publishing The Relationships between Speech and Conduct in volume 49 of the UC Davis Law Review (2016). Here is the abstract.
In his new article, Information Fiduciaries, Jack Balkin argues that existing or prospective laws imposing confidentiality and other speech-related restrictions on Internet firms should be able to withstand First Amendment scrutiny (if they are designed well enough) because they protect consumers in fiduciary relationships. His article makes an important contribution to the growing literature on professional speech, and it offers privacy scholars a credible path through the constitutional landscape. The article also makes a less obvious contribution to debate on the boundaries of free speech. It argues that some regulations of speech — perhaps quite a lot of it, even — is best understood as the government management of relationships between the speakers and key interested parties. And, like other boundary zones of free speech, challenges to these types of regulations will require analysts and courts to take great care before concluding that they burden protected speech. In this essay, I begin to roll out the implications of Balkin's relational approach to free speech. Part I will show that the management of relationships can explain puzzles in free speech case law that go well beyond fiduciaries, and it may provide helpful guidance in future free speech controversies. Part II argues that even when the relationship approach to free speech is embraced, its implications are somewhat limited in the context of Internet services.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
June 7, 2016 | Permalink
Monday, June 6, 2016
Media Coverage of the Heard/Depp Divorce
From the Hollywood Reporter: a discussion of the media attention surrounding the Amber Heard/Johnny Depp divorce. Of particular interest, the number of leaks to media concerning Ms. Heard's allegations about Mr. Depp's violence toward her. More here from THR.
June 6, 2016 | Permalink
The Economist Examines Free Speech
The June 4, 2016 cover story of the Economist is devoted to the question of freedom of expression. Similarly, Newsweek discusses the question of hate speech on college campuses in a recent issue.
June 6, 2016 | Permalink
Griffiths on Exhaustion and the Alteration of Copyright Works in EU Copyright Law
Jonathan Griffiths, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, has published Exhaustion and the Alteration of Copyright Works in EU Copyright Law – (C-419/13) Art & Allposters International BV v Stichting Pictoright at ERA Forum 1 (May 2016). Here is the abstract.
The Judgment of the Court of Justice in (C-419/13) Art & Allposters International BV v Stichting Pictoright concerned a claim that the transfer of an image from paper poster to artist's canvas infringed copyright in that image. It is argued here that, while the case sheds little light on the potential application of the Usedsoft principle to copyright works more generally, its significance extends well beyond the relatively specialist practices with which the national proceedings were concerned. Following an outline of the Judgment, the article goes on to consider its implications for our understanding of the reproduction, distribution and adaptation rights in EU copyright law.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
June 6, 2016 | Permalink
Tuesday, May 31, 2016
Ross on Student Speech and Entry Into the School-to-Prison Pipeline
Catherine J. Ross, George Washington University Law School, and Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, is publishing 'Bitch,' Go Directly to Jail: Student Speech and Entry into the School-to-Prison Pipeline in volume 88 of Temple Law Review (2016). Here is the abstract.
This article demonstrates the close connection between student speech that the First Amendment protects (even for students in grades K-12) and penalties school authorities impose on speech they find controversial or offensive. The penalties include deprivation of instructional time – suspension, expulsion and assignment to alternative school for troubled and disruptive youth. The link between the exercise of First Amendment rights and school discipline that starts young people on the school-to-prison pipeline is even more dramatic when on-site police officers arrest students or schools refer them to the juvenile justice system for violating a school speech code – rules imposed by the school that may restrict expression the First Amendment protects in- and out- of school. Using national and local survey data that show the majority of students suspended from school are charged with nothing more than a code violation, often involving protected speech (such as cursing or criticizing a teacher), as well as reported cases about violations of student speech rights decided long after students had lost educational time, and the stipulations in the prolonged civil rights litigation in Meridian, Mississippi linking race, speech, in-school arrests and incarceration, the article demonstrates a nexus between the exercise of constitutional rights and the school-to-prison pipeline. The article also discusses penalties imposed for off-campus speech by students, especially online expression. The author argues that protected speech should never result in penalties that lead to adjudication as a delinquent or confinement in a juvenile facility.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
May 31, 2016 | Permalink
Friday, May 27, 2016
Penney on Online Surveillance and Wikipedia Use
Jon Penney, University of Oxford, Oxford Internet Institute; Citizen Lab, University of Toronto; Harvard University, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, and Dalhousie Unviersity Schulich School of Law, is publishing Chilling Effects: Online Surveillance and Wikipedia Use in the Berkeley Technology Law Journal (2016). Here is the abstract.
This article discusses the results of the first empirical study providing evidence of regulatory "chilling effects" of Wikipedia users associated with online government surveillance. The study explores how traffic to Wikipedia articles on topics that raise privacy concerns for Wikipedia users decreased after the widespread publicity about NSA/PRISM surveillance revelations in June 2013. Using an interdisciplinary research design, the study tests the hypothesis, based on chilling effects theory, that traffic to privacy-sensitive Wikipedia articles reduced after the mass surveillance revelations. The Article finds not only a statistically significant immediate decline in traffic for these Wikipedia articles after June 2013, but also a change in the overall secular trend in the view count traffic, suggesting not only immediate but also long-term chilling effects resulting from the NSA/PRISM online surveillance revelations. These, and other results from the case study, not only offer compelling evidence for chilling effects associated with online surveillance, but also offer important insights about how we should understand such chilling effects and their scope, including how they interact with other dramatic or significant events (like war and conflict) and their broader implications for privacy, U.S. constitutional litigation, and the health of democratic society. This study is among the first to demonstrate — using either Wikipedia data or web traffic data more generally — how government surveillance and similar actions may impact online activities, including access to information and knowledge online. PLEASE NOTE: This is not the final draft of this article. A final version, which can be cited to, is forthcoming later in 2016.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
May 27, 2016 | Permalink
Pasquale on Platform Neutrality and Freedom of Expression Spheres of Private Power
Frank A. Pasquale III, University of Maryland School of Law, and Yale University Information Society Project, is publishing Platform Neutrality: Enhancing Freedom of Expression in Spheres of Private Power in Theoretical Inquiries in Law. Here is the abstract.
Troubling patterns of suppressed speech have emerged on the corporate internet. A large platform may marginalize (or entirely block) potential connections between audiences and speakers. Consumer protection concerns arise, for platforms may be marketing themselves as open, comprehensive, and unbiased, when they are in fact closed, partial, and self-serving. Responding to protests, the accused platform either asserts a right to craft the information environment it desires, or abjures responsibility, claiming to merely reflect the desires and preferences of its user base. Such responses betray an opportunistic commercialism at odds with the platforms' touted social missions. Large platforms should be developing (and holding themselves to) more ambitious standards for promoting expression online, rather than warring against privacy, competition, and consumer protection laws. These regulations enable a more vibrant public sphere. They also defuse the twin specters of monopolization and total surveillance, which are grave threats to freedom of expression.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
May 27, 2016 | Permalink
Thursday, May 26, 2016
Blitz on Free Speech, Occupational Speech, and Psychotherapy
Marc Jonathan Blitz, Oklahoma City University, is publishing Free Speech, Occupational Speech, and Psychotherapy in volume 44 of the Hofstra Law Review (2016). Here is the abstract.
Psychotherapy, said one of its earliest clients, Anna O, is a "talking cure." It banishes or lessens mental illness and suffering not with medicine or surgery, but with words. This aspect of psychotherapy raises an interesting set of First Amendment questions. Is verbal communication between a therapist and her client protected by the First Amendment even though it is part of a healing process, or does government have the same authority to restrict this speech-based healing method as it does to restrict the use of pharmaceuticals or medical equipment? Must it show that therapists' statements about human psychology are false or harmful to the client? Or may it constitutionally bar even truthful therapist-client communications that raise little risk of harm to the client's physical or mental health, on the grounds that such verbal treatments promote values or behaviors at odds with those of the profession or of the larger society? These questions are challenging for First Amendment law largely because talk therapy is the kind of activity that straddles an important boundary line in First Amendment law and theory. As the Supreme Court noted in Lawrence v. Texas, the Constitution assumes that there will be certain "spaces" where "the State" is not a "dominant presence" and where sovereignty belongs to each individual, not those who exercise collective political power. Among such spaces is the First Amendment-secured realm of "thought, belief, [and] expression." 539 U.S. 558, 562 (2003). This constitutional line drawn by the Court in Lawrence mirrors that described by John Locke in A Letter Concerning Toleration: Locke argued that while state power extends to "civil interests" such as protection of "life, liberty, health" and other "outward" concerns, it does not extend to the "care of the soul," which remains under the control of the individual himself. The challenge presented by psychotherapy, I argue in this article, is that it falls partly within and partly outside this constitutional shielded sphere of mental and expressive autonomy. On the one hand, if there is any activity that belongs in the realm of constitutionally protected "thought, belief, [and] expression" it the self-exploration that individuals engage in as they try to understand their inner lives – whether it occurs in a private meditation or diary entry, or in a psychotherapist's office. When we use talk therapy, in part, to shape (or reshape) our conception of the good, or the perspective we should take on particular life events, the state should not be permitted to forcibly substitute its values for ours. On the other hand, while government is not supposed to interfere with our choices about what to say or think, or about what values to hold, it is charged with protecting our health and safety, and, in psychotherapy, such health and safety interests are very often at stake – for example, when individuals rely on therapists to make accurate diagnoses of possible mental illnesses (or rule them out), and suggest the proper treatment such conditions. The central question about talk therapy's First Amendment status then is what kind of First Amendment regime can best reconcile these two conflicting demands – to keep government interference out of the way we understand and shape our mental life through conversation, while letting it into medical practices with significant stakes for our mental health. How, in other words, can First Amendment law simultaneously allow the state to regulate the aspects of psychotherapy that are its business, while keeping it out of those aspects that are in the sphere of individual autonomy? This is also a question that is key to the debate about the First Amendment status of other "occupational speech" that occurs when we seek verbal guidance from other experts.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
May 26, 2016 | Permalink
Kur on Brand Symbols, the Consumer, and the Internet
Annette Kur, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, is publishing Brand Symbols, the Consumer, and the Internet in NZCIEL Workshop at Wellington, New Zealand, 19-20 February, 2015, Conference Volume (Forthcoming) and Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper No. 16-01. Here is the abstract.
The article gives an overview on the way in which trade marks – or rather: brand symbols – operate in the internet environment. Referring to interdisciplinary research in psychology and neuroscience it is shown how the soft coercive power of brands and the spell they tend to cast over the mind and actions of consumers is reinforced in the digital age where the exposure of consumers to commercial messages is massively enhanced due to the pervasiveness of the internet. Before that background, the article summarizes the legal issues that so far have been in the foreground of practice and scholarly discussions regarding trademarks and the internet. It is posited that those issues as well should be resolved in the light of the larger picture involving the psychological, sociological and cultural dimensions of the use of brands in the digital age.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
May 26, 2016 | Permalink
Manning on English and Continental Tests of Originality in Copyright
Colin Manning, Cork Institute of Technology, has published English & Continental Tests of Originality: Labour, Skill, and Judgement versus Creations of the Mind. Here is the abstract.
This paper traces the provenance of the predominant tests of originality in copyright to their instrumental and author's rights justifications. It argues that the idea/expression dichotomy is essential to any evaluation of their relative merits, but is being undermined. It illustrates the hazards of absolutist applications of the tests and demonstrates, primarily with reference to photography, how many established principles of copyright law are problematic. It argues that despite increasing constitutionalisation of intellectual property, the public interest is best served by acknowledging that copyright is primarily a policy choice.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
May 26, 2016 | Permalink
Wednesday, May 25, 2016
Judge Denies Gawker Motion For Retrial, Lets Jury Verdict and Damages Stand
Judge Pamela Campbell is leaving a jury verdict and a $140 million damage award to Hulk Hogan in place, the Hollywood Reporter is noting. Gawker, the defendant in the invasion of privacy and right of publicity case that was decided in March of this year, had asked the judge for a retrial. Meanwhile, reports are surfacing in the media that Mr. Hogan's case was financed at least partly by billionaire Peter Thiel, who has indicated his disapproval of the defendant in the past. More here from the New York Times. Such cases can be expensive for both sides to litigate.
May 25, 2016 | Permalink
Thursday, May 19, 2016
Rachum-Twaig on the Cognitive Process of Creation and Copyright Law
Omri Rachum-Twaig, Tel Aviv University, Buchmann Faculty of Law, is publishing Recreating Copyright: The Cognitive Process of Creation and Copyright Law in the Fordham Intellectual Property, Media, & Entertainment Law Journal. Here is the abstract.
Copyright law reflects the intuitive understating of creativity in the eyes of the law. This is because copyright's primary goal is to promote creativity. But is the legal understanding of creativity in line with cognitive psychology's understanding of the creative process? This article examines whether there is a match between the law and cognitive psychology research as far as creativity is concerned. Some scholars posit that theories of creativity fit well with current copyright law. For example, it has recently been argued that, based upon some accounts of creativity, copyright law's constraints on creativity actually push authors to create more original and creative works. In contrast, this article provides a broad evaluation of creativity studies and questions whether they indeed fit with copyright law's assumptions about creativity. While many copyright doctrines fit the cognitive understanding of creativity, the idea/expression dichotomy, which requires the same standard of review for both derivative works and reproductions, is not justified under the cognitive psychology of the creative process.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
May 19, 2016 | Permalink
Manes on Online Service Providers and Surveilliance Law Transparency
Jonathan M. Manes, Yale Law School Information Society Project, has published Online Service Providers and Surveillance Law Transparency at 125 Yale Law Journal Forum 343 (2016). Here is the abstract.
The Snowden disclosures, and others that followed, illuminated a troubling feature of surveillance law: examining the statute books and other public sources of law can paint a radically incomplete or even misleading picture of how the government actually construes its legal authority to conduct surveillance. This observation raises profound anxieties about public democratic control of the surveillance state. These anxieties make a hard question very salient: how can we ensure a measure of transparency about how surveillance laws have been interpreted in practice? This Essay argues that online service providers and other companies that mediate our digital communications are in a special position to enhance surveillance transparency. Because these private companies are subject to surveillance orders, they (or some of their employees) are privy to information that the rest of public is not: they know what kinds of information the government demands of them under a given surveillance law, and how those laws are being used. If these companies could win the right to speak about the kinds of records the government is ordering them to disclose, they would be able to provide the public with crucial information about how the surveillance laws have been interpreted and applied in practice. This kind of limited disclosure would do much to allay democratic anxieties about secret reinterpretations of surveillance laws, and it need not reveal truly sensitive operational detail like the targets of surveillance, the circumstances in which particular surveillance tools are used, or other sensitive investigatory matters. The law currently forbids companies from engaging in this kind of speech, because gag orders routinely prevent companies from disclosing nearly everything about the surveillance orders they receive. It need not remain so. This Essay offers a First Amendment strategy that online service providers (and others subject to surveillance orders) could pursue to reclaim their right to speak and to inform their customers and the public about how surveillance laws have been interpreted in practice.
Download the article from SSRN at the link.
May 19, 2016 | Permalink


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Geographic Focus Courses
The Geographic Regions of Focus that INTL majors may choose from include: Latin America, Caribbean & Pacific Oceania, (Western) Europe, Eastern Europe & Russia, Africa, Francophone Africa, the Middle East, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. North America is only a regional option for international (non-domestic) students.
List of Courses that can fulfill Block C requirements
Please note: this list is continuously updated and therefore is not a complete list.
If there is a course in mind that you would like to see applied to your Block C requirements, bring to the Undergraduate Advisors a copy of the syllabus and a well-written, brief statement as to why this course is relevant to your Geographic Concentration. The Advisors will review your request and decide if the course can be counted toward your INTL requirements.

subset: commoncrawl


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Chakra Linux 2012.04 review – one to watchSubmitted by srlinuxx on Saturday 5th of May 2012 12:42:44 AM Filed under
linuxuser.co.uk: The second Archimedes release of Arch spin-off Chakra Linux brings some major changes and a new office suite, but not everything has been improved…
Microsoft's dumpster-diver partner strategy is rubbishSubmitted by srlinuxx on Saturday 5th of May 2012 12:36:41 AM Filed under
theregister.co.uk: Microsoft's other investments have been major misses. Microsoft first tried to unseat Red Hat's growing dominance in the data center by subsidising Novell.
Linux Format 'Learn to Hack' pulled from Barnes and NobleSubmitted by srlinuxx on Thursday 3rd of May 2012 07:18:49 PM Filed under
tuxradar.com: We've just learned that issue 154 of Linux Format, the one with 'Learn to Hack' on the cover, was removed from Barnes and Noble bookstores in the US after a complaint was made. We'd like to apologise if you were affected and couldn't find a copy.
Mageia 2 RC DelayedSubmitted by srlinuxx on Wednesday 2nd of May 2012 10:15:55 PM Filed under
mageia.org: Mageia 2 RC was planned for today but tests and debug are still going on to finalize it. We hope to deliver it in coming days.
The 2012 Top 7 Best Linux Distributions for YouSubmitted by srlinuxx on Wednesday 2nd of May 2012 10:13:52 PM Filed under
linux.com: It is the mystery of mysteries, the one that ranks up there with the Gordian Knot, crop circles, and how many licks does it take to get the center of Tootsie Pop: what is the greatest Linux distro of all?
Fedora 18 is going to be called Spherical Cow.Submitted by srlinuxx on Wednesday 2nd of May 2012 08:57:56 PM Filed under
linuxgrrl.com: Wait, what? Yes, Spherical Cow. Tatica broke the news about the Fedora 18 release name in Vienna to Emichan and me and we have been discussing it tonight. We all have some concerns with it.
Important Linux Distros for Beginners in 2012Submitted by srlinuxx on Wednesday 2nd of May 2012 08:56:06 PM Filed under
thelinuxblog.com: There is wide variety of Linux Distros in the market. Each one differs in size, design, support and layout, although the basic function is the same. Here is a list of Important Linux distributors for beginners in 2012.
LED case lights reflect CPU usageSubmitted by srlinuxx on Wednesday 2nd of May 2012 02:53:12 AM Filed under
hackaday.com: A lot of Linux users include system monitor information in their status panel so that they can see when the CPU is grinding away. [Kevin] is taking the concept one step further by changing his case lights based on CPU usage.
A quick look at ROSA Marathon EE RCSubmitted by srlinuxx on Wednesday 2nd of May 2012 02:48:34 AM Filed under
mandrivachronicles.blogspot: Mageia and ROSA, the two divergent lines of the continuity of Mandriva Linux, are buzzing with activity. For the ones who are not informed, while Mageia 1 kept the line of Mandriva 2010.2, ROSA is intending to keep the line of Mandriva Desktop 2011.
Study explains how retailers stop Linux from entering the marketSubmitted by srlinuxx on Wednesday 2nd of May 2012 02:45:22 AM Filed under
h-online.com: The Portuguese Open Source Business Association (ESOP) has published a white paper which aims to explain the problems laptop manufacturers are facing when trying to introduce systems preloaded with Linux to the market.
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Commentary | THE VIEW FROM NEW YORK Aug 29, 2011
'Gratuitous' bombing of a defeated enemy
by ET, fettle and Hiroaki Sato
The International Center of Photography recently had an exhibition, "Hiroshima: Ground Zero 1945," and I attended the panel discussion. This month 66 years ago the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Back in 1995, I had attended another ICP panel discussion on ...


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Enzymatic Metallography for Biological Detection
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AbstractA new signal amplification procedure is described in which metals, rather than organic molecules, are catalytically deposited at a labeling site by an enzyme bound to an antibody or other biologically targeted probe. Preliminary experiments suggest that the new system is highly effective for in situ hybridization detection: detection sensitivities were comparable with autometallographically enhanced Nanogold probes used with tyramide signal amplification (TSA; also known as catalyzed reporter deposition, or CARD), suggesting detection thresholds equal to or better than routinely used DAB staining methods. The new method combines high sensitivity and simplified protocols, and yields a black signal is easily read by brightfield microscopy. In addition, it gives high contrast and spatial resolution for electron microscopy immunolabeling. The new process will be optimized for highest sensitivity and reproducibility using immunoblots and immunohistochemical control slide staining, then evaluated in tissue sections. For immunohistochemistry, a series of antigens will be stained using the new method in parallel with routine immunohistochemical procedures using DAB on an automated stainer. For in situ hybridization, the new method will be compared with CARD-Nanogold-autometallography, and with an alternative procedure in which Nanogold-coupled enzyme substrates are deposited directly at the site of interest. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: A new, universally applicable detection system will be developed as an alternative to the horseradish peroxidase/diaminobenzidine (DAB) method which is widely used now for immunohistochemical staining. Compared with other signal amplification methods, the new process is simpler and can achieve equal sensitivity; it generates a dense, black signal which, like DAB, is readily visualized by standard brightfield microscopy. The new detection method will be used in biomedical research for immunostaining and in situ hybridization. Many of these processes are now automated, and the new reagents will also be carefully optimized for use in automated tissue processing, slide staining and in situ hybridization instruments.
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Dansbyrån Today
Dansbyrån is an artist-driven platform for the development of dance and choreography as theory and practice. Dansbyrån runs projects, provides meeting points that renew, challenge and develop dance as an artistic practice, and encourages artistic risk, depth and development. We create forum where people meet to articulate new questions.
Dansbyrån was founded in 2001. Based in Gothenburg we work both locally and globally, and I run by choreographers Moa Matilda Sahlin, Paula de Hollanda and Marika Hedemyr.
Throughout the years, Dansbyrån has provided artistic residences, run a studio, initiated forums for dialogues, created a shared pool of technique and stage equipment, arranged workshops and meeting points for international visiting artists and local practitioners. We have also produced publications, provided mentor programmes and forums for feedback.
Coming out of the whish to create a larger critical mass among dance practitioners and audience, Dansbaren was founded in 2002. It is series of seminars focusing on conversations and dialogues on dance, choreography and the combination of theory and practice. We hold that practice is a theory and that theory is a practice. Since the start in 2002, Dansbaren has arranged 6-8 public events per year. The project Knowledge in Motion 2015 is a further development of Dansbaren.
The dialogue continues – the format is changing.


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This report is an effort to identify factors, which will be the driving force behind the chromatography market and sub-markets in the next few years. The report provides extensive analysis of the industry, current market trends, industry drivers and challenges for better understanding of the market structure. The report has segregated the chromatography industry in terms of product and geography. We have used a combination of primary and secondary research to arrive at the market estimates, market shares and trends.


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The Superfoods Rx Diet: Lose Weight with the Power of SuperNutrients
Blockbuster bestseller SuperFoodsRx identified a variety of SuperFoods that prevent disease and significantly improve health. In this follow-up diet plan, The Superfoods Rx Diet—fully tested in two intensive 30-day trials involving more than 100 volunteers—authors Wendy Bazilian, DrPH, MA, RD, Steve Pratt, MD, and Kathy Matthews show how a diet rich in these powerhouse nut ...more
Paperback, 400 pages
Published December 23rd 2008 by Rodale Books
(first published December 26th 2007)
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Feb 04, 2016 Ronan Anthony O'Reilly rated it liked it · review of another edition
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A well-researched book!
Aug 20, 2009 Karyn rated it it was amazing
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Fascinating. Books like this make me wish I could give in to my control-freak tendencies and "super control" my diet (and life!). Balance, I must strive for balance while still maintaining my values. There is lots of good information in this book. I think I will implement quite a few of the concepts over the next few months as life calms down.
Jul 24, 2011 Paula rated it it was amazing
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Quality Hotel Reims Europe is in Reims near the commercial center and just a 5 minute walk to the Palais du Tau. A spa is also available upon prior reservation, with an extra cost.
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Stone Soup
Stone Soup
Scholastic Press, Hardcover, 9780439339094, 1pp.
Publication Date: March 1, 2003
Award-winning artist Jon J Muth retells the favorite tale of a selfish community who is tricked into creating a delicious soup from stones. Set in China in Muth's hauntingly beautiful watercolors.
Three strangers, hungry and tired, pass through a war-torn village. Embittered and suspicious from the war, the people hide their food and close their windows tight. That is, until the clever strangers suggest making a soup from stones. Intrigued by the idea, everyone brings what they have until-- together, they have made a feast fit for a king!
In this inspiring story about the strength people possess when they work together, Muth takes a simple, beloved tale and adds his own fresh twist.
JON J MUTH has written and illustrated many acclaimed picture books including his Caldecott Honor title, "Zen Shorts", which "Kirkus" proclaimed, As perfect a picture as can be; and "The Three Questions", which the "New York Times Book Review" called quietly life-changing. His book "Zen Ties" was a "New York Times" bestseller. He lives in New York State with his wife and four children.


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Thursday, July 28, 2016
Nick Taps Bonilla for Creative Strategy
Nickelodeon/MTVN Kids and Family Group has appointed Gary Bonilla to the newly created position of senior VP of creative strategy. Reporting to Leigh Anne Brodsky, president of Nickelodeon ... Continue Reading →
Disney Legend Ollie Johnston (1912-2008)
Ollie Johnston, the last surviving member of Disney's legendary 'Nine Old Men' of animation, has passed away at the age of 96. The animator leaves behind a remarkable ... Continue Reading →
Cartoon Net Ups Isenhower to Programming SVP
Stacy Isenhower has been promoted to senior VP of programming and scheduling at Cartoon Network. In her new role, she will be responsible for overseeing the day-to-day scheduling and ... Continue Reading →
Red Rover's Andy Knight Dies
Andy Knight, a respected animation artitst and co-founder of Toronto-based animation and vfx studio Red Rover, suffered a massive stroke on Thursday, April 10 and passed away at the ... Continue Reading →
VFX Wiz Gareri Joins Imgeworks Team
Visual effects producer Joe Gareri has joined Sony Pictures Imageworks' production management team. His first assignment will send him in Chennai to manage and supervise the staffing ... Continue Reading →
Taylor Upped at Nick Animation
Nickelodeon/MTVN Kids and Family Group has promoted 11-year Nick veteran Mark Taylor to senior VP and general manager of Nickelodeon Animation Studio. Reporting to Brown Johnson, president ... Continue Reading →
Eric Fogel, Creator of Celebrity Deathmatch, Starveillance and Anton & Crapbag
Having employed stop-motion animation to mutilate celebrities in the ring with MTV's Celebrity Deathmatch and skewer them on their home turf with E!'s Starveillance, Eric ... Continue Reading →
Heroes Needed!
Emru Townsend, founding editor of fps magazine and an active member of the animation community, was recently diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia and is in need of a bone marrow ... Continue Reading →
Bostick Co-Heads Walden Media
Michael Bostick has been named Co-CEO of Walden Media, which has produced such vfx-driven fantasy films as The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Bridge to ... Continue Reading →
Schwartz Heads Development at DreamWorks Ani
DreamWorks Animation SKG has named Alex Schwartz head of development, responsible for overseeing the development of all projects at the toon factory. She fills the position vacated ... Continue Reading →


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I am using the latest version of wp e-commerce and am trying to have a grid of category images on the home page. However I wish to exclude a couple of the categories.
I know I can use [showcategories] shortcode to show all category images, but is there a way to define which are included?
Or maybe there is a better way altogether. I don't mind hard coding the grid on the front page, but I would like the category images to be able to be changed in the admin panel.
The site is http://www.shop.dibbledog.com


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NVAX is about to make a move to 7. It always moves with BCRX and INO. Those two have already moved 200% in the last few weeks and NVAX has not. IT WILL. If you look at its long term historical chart the stock has moved three times to the 7 dollar level and its about to move too those levels again. Because it is lagging the other two winners consider this a gift at this price since it won't be here for much longer. I'm not guessing because charts don't lie like pumpers do....You're welcome in advance.
Did you listen?
I posted this on July 31. If you're selling here your going to miss over a hundred percent move from here. Maybe 200% or higher. This story isn't mainstreet yet...BUT WILL BE.
Yes Master!
Sentiment: Hold
If you're not already NVAX pray for a pullback...get on your knees and pray.
Reminds me of ACLS & MTSN
BCRX up another 9% today,..... easy to believe we see a 30% move in NVAX soon.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
OK, I bought 2K @ 2.73. Will look nice alongside my 30K INO.
I'm sorry, could you please repeat that? TIA
Speak up this time! LOL
The joke will be on you if you don't listen.


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Disney World Late Summer Family Time Offer You can enjoy a 4-day/4-night stay in a standard room at a select Disney's All-Star Resort with one park per day Magic Your Way base tickets for just $1,850. Book through August 31, 2016 for stays most Sunday through Thursday nights from August 1 through November 5, 2016. Great rates are available for other lengths of stay and party sizes. Booking Window: Apr. 25 - Aug. 31, 2016 Travel Window: Aug. 1 - Nov. 5, 2016 How to book this Disney World Offer: Contact your Pixie at https://PixieVacations.com Get a Disney World Quote Now. Call: 678-815-1584 EMail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Lit watermelon lanterns
The Mandarin Buffet Restaurant sponsored this event. They had one of their chefs carve out these lanterns from watermelons, it took him an hour to do each one. We walked away before he demonstrated how to carve different figures from vegetables and fruits.
Note how strong the lid had to be in order to hold up the entire lantern. I thought these were very intricately made and pretty. Someone from the audience remarked that he would win hands down in a pumpkin carving contest.
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Taken on July 18, 2007


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The punchthrough phenomenon is investigated by a 2-D numerical analysis. A physical interpretation that relates this phenomenon to the drain-field-induced reduction in doping concentration is proposed. This interpretation allows a better understanding of the mechanism of surface and bulk punchthrough flows and provides a guideline for the quantitative solution to the problem. The relation between the reduced


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The Asus VA278Q boasts a 2560 x 1440 IPS panel with LED backlighting, but there's no word yet on pricing.
I know, their monitors have already achieved enlightenment and will ascend to display nirvana. If only all monitors followed the teachings of the Buddha.Originally Posted by atlas
Dell and Samsung still have far better ascetics.
Originally Posted by bogie170
I own the Dell U2711 and I love it!
This monitor looks pretty identical. Would be interesting to see the g2g timings.
Originally Posted by brumgrunt
Can't tell you how much, mind...
Ta - glad you're enjoying 'em!Originally Posted by N17 dizzi
Loving these news items Gareth, great stuff :)
Originally Posted by Skiddywinks
IPS or e-IPS?
Originally Posted by GoodBytes
Already? It's only 2 years old?
Holy thread resurrection, Batman! QHD is Quad High Definition, so called because it is four times the pixels of 720p (rather than four times the pixels of 1080p as you might expect, which is naughty.)Originally Posted by Saivert
What does QHD stand for here?
I know qHD from mobile devices where it basically is a quarter of 1080p.
but this is more than 1080p.
Asus GeForce GTX 1060 Strix OC Review
27th July 2016
MSI X99A Gaming Pro Carbon Review
25th July 2016
Inno3D GeForce GTX 1080 iChill X3 Review
22nd July 2016


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Come paddling with us!
A Paddle on the Kiski in 4 Parts.
I'm planning a paddle on the Kiski River on Sunday, July 31st, 2016. This trip is in conjunction with the Soup Hike, which is being held at my place on Saturday, July... Learn more
- Steve's Place
- 641 Canal Road, Apollo, PA (map)
Hosted by: Steve
Recent Meetups
July 4 · 6:45 PMPaddle from West Hall Street Launch Ohio River to Casino To see Fireworks
Here is a reference to the Three Rivers Water Trail Available online. http://fishandboat.com/watertrails/three_rivers/three-guide-map.pdf I have found this area to not... Learn more
July 3 · 11:00 AMMiddle Yough Trip On The 3rd
Barring a catastrophe, this is on! We will meet at Lucky Dog and figure out the shuttle so we can get all boats and people back to put in at the end. Maybe we even... Learn more
June 25 · 9:30 AMLets paddle the KiskiRiver
The Kiski is a docile class I river with 3 short spots of mild class II riffles. We will meet at my place at 9:30am and set up a shuttle to Saltsburg. We'll paddle 4... Learn more
June 24 · 5:00 PMSafety Weekend - Pymatuning State Park
Safety Weekend is a weekend where we practice wet exits, self-rescues, assisted rescues, towing, and any other kayak safety skills, in the comfort of a warm-water lake... Learn more
June 19 · 10:00 AMConemaugh River from Robinson to Bairdstown Bridge Blairsville
meet at Bairdstown bridge on the west side of Blairsville, off W Market St (old Rt22). Directions to Bairdstown bridge in Blairsville: From Monroeville take Rt22 East... Learn more
- See all past Meetups


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Dr. Baidey specializes in Psychiatry and practices in Sarasota, FL. He practices at 2 locations.
Are you Dr. Baidey? Add your own statement here.
For the best healthcare for your needs, choose a doctor who specializes in your medical condition.
Check to see that this provider treats your medical condition.
Check to see that this provider performs the procedure that you need.
Check to see if your provider has any malpractices, board actions, or sanctions.
Check to see what languages this provider and/or staff speak.
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Baidey to family and friends is 3.8 out of 5
Check out the quality of care at the 1 hospitals where Dr. Baidey has admitting privileges.
View other doctors with similar experience to find the right doctor for you.


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the probation is for a dui i got its my first ever an the first time ive ever been put on probation an its also my first drug test . . i dont know what to do the county its in is clayton county ( forest park, Ga. plz help me an tell me what could happen to me . could i go back to jail
Criminal Defense Attorney
Yes, if you fail a drug test while on probation you can have your probation revoked and go to jail. Hopefully you did not admit using drugs to your probation officer as many of the drug tests used by the probation department are not admissible in court. Feel free to call me at 404-812-4305 if you have any questions regarding this issue.
Bankruptcy Attorney
A failed drug test could be a basis to revoke your probation and send you to jail. As Mr. Pines stated, do not admit anything and hire an attorney if they file a probation revocation action.
The above information is general in nature. In order to obtain more specific and legal advice upon which to base your important decisions, please contact our office directly for a free phone or in person consultation. Robert M. Gardner, Jr. Hicks, Massey & Gardner, LLP email@example.com 53 W. Candler St. Or 718 Oak St. Winder, Ga. 30680 Gainesville, Georgia (770) 307-4899 (770) 538-0555 gadebtlaw.com hicksmasseyandgardner.com serving metro Atlanta and all of Northeast Georgia Bankruptcy, Divorce, Personal Injury, Worker's Compensation, Medical Malpractice, Adoption, Civil and Criminal Litigation
Criminal Defense Attorney
Yes, you could very well pend some time in jail for failing a drug test while on probation. it all depends on the judge. I know judges who order 30 days of jail no questions asked for a dirty screen and I know others who will give you one strike. You should consult a lawyer in Clayton County.
Criminal Defense Attorney
If you just started probation they may give you a bit of slack on this test. However, probation means you have already been convicted of a crime. You have one foot in the jail cell already!
Talk to a lawyer about this. Refusing to give a statement to your PO can also be a grounds for revocation.
Confidential information should not be disclosed in this Internet forum. I am a Wisconsin lawyer. The laws in each jurisdiction can be very different. I cannot give legal advice over the internet nor can I establish an attorney client relationship with you. You should NOT assume or otherwise conclude that there is an attorney -client relationship between any reader and this writer or his firm. These comments are only guideposts. They are not subject to any privilege protections. Indeed, these internet communications are neither privileged nor confidential. Accordingly, those using this form of communication need to be guarded in what they write. Because of the nature of these communications the information is general only and should not be relied upon in any specific case. This internet site is public forum, where the communications are not confidential or privileged. There may very well be merit to your defense or position in this type of situation. However, there are hardly sufficient details for an attorney to provide you with some path to follow. It is imperative that ALL of the facts in a particular situation be examined. No conclusion can be drawn from the communication that you have provided. There are some matters that are just better handled by an attorney familiar with the procedures of the courts in your area. Most, if not all, legal matters should not be handled via internet communication. At best, the responders on this site can give you a few hints and guidance. To deal with a legal problem, nothing is better than to consult with a lawyer who will give you some time and advice. If you cannot afford an attorney, there should be agencies in your area that can provide discounted, or even free, legal services. Experienced Criminal Defense Lawyer in Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin http://addbalance.com Talking to the Police - Advice from Lawyers and Police: http://addbalance.com/police.htm
DUI / DWI Attorney
Simple answer - Yes, you can have your probation Revoked for failing a drug test. The Judge determines the punishment for a Probation Violation. Some Judges will throw the book at you and others take a less severe stance on this type of violation.Please follow this advise, do not admit to drug use to your probation officer!!! Many times the specific types of drug tests used by the probation office are not admissible in court. Additionally, the amount of time that you have been on probation may have an effect Oma dirty drug test result. If you have only been on probation for a short period of time a dirty drug screen (usually for Marijuana) may not be held against you. However, if you have been of probation long enough for the drug to have metabolized out of your system, you could be in serious trouble. I would advise you to consult with an experienced criminal defense attorney that regularly practices in your sentencing court. I hope this information has been helpful. Good Luck!!! George McCranie IV
The information provided in this response to a question is not legal advise and is provided only for general information purposes. My response should not be taken as legal advise as no attorney / client representation exists. Additionally, the information given in this answer is specific to the State of Georgia only and should not be applied to any other state.
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Super nutritious natural Purple Seaweed. Ideal for marine herbivores such as Tangs and Surgeonfish, Moorish Idols, Parrotfish, Angelfish, large Butterflyfish, and herbivorous freshwater fishes, such as Cichlids and Goldfish.
New Life Thera-A Formula, Sinking Pellet Fish Food 125g
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Balanced daily diet ...
Encourage exceptional appetite and growth - even in finicky aquarium fish! Piscine Energetics Mysis relicta has naturally higher fatty acid profiles and Omega-3`s than enriched brine shrimp. PE Mysis are harvested live from pristi...
New Life Spectrum Thera-A Large Fish Formula, Sinking Pellet Food 250g
Non-Medicated Anti-Parasitic Formula
3mm Sinking Pellet
High-quality, easily digestible krill and fish meal protein
Unlike many coral foods, Coral Vitalizer interacts with your corals by directly satisfying their carbon demands and reducing the need to harbor massive densities of tissue zooxanthellae (symbiotic algae). Resulting is an increased...
Kit includes all three of the Innovative Marine Gourmet AUQA Gadgets - Gourmet Grinder, Gourmet Grazer, and Gourmet Defroster.
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Eheim Feed Air Automatic Feeder Information
The 3581 "Feed-Air" Digital Auto Feeder lives up to the Eheim name. Every feature possible is contained in this attractive container. The electronically controlled programming allows...
Seachem NutriDiet® Chlorella Flakes now contain probiotics, which reduce waste and benefit nutrient uptake as well as the immune systems of fish and inverts. NutriDiet® Chlorella Flakes is a fortified chlorella flake food for all ...


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This is my review of Russ Horn's Forex Income Boss which is a training program that teaches you the best ways to effectively trade forex whether you are just an amateur or a skilled trader.
Who is Russ Horn
You may be questioning who is Russ Horn is, he is one of the most effective forex traders out there and he trades forex for a living in the offline forex market not simply online. Rush Horn reveals the secret he uses to make mountains of cash at will. If you remember Russ, he is a real Forex trading professional. He is famous for his Forex Rebellion, Forex Master Method, and The Rapid Research Method.
What Exactly You Will Get?
As you might or may not know Forex Income Boss is just open to the very first 100 students after which it will be closed and you cannot join. The reason they do this is since with Forex Income Boss they seek to produce success stories by which I mean that their main focus is the success of their students and you can just realistically have the ability to train numerous individuals at one.
Also the content of the course is the current and the best trading techniques that are working now along with principles that will continue to work into the future.
Another great aspect of this course is that you get a physical product provided to your door step containing the following:
- Forex Income Boss manual printed book
- Training dvd of the course
- Forex cheat sheets you can copy
- Trade locator & power currency meter software application CD
In terms of the clothing this is exactly what you will certainly get when you purchase it:
1 #The Forex Income Boss handbook
This manual which is a printed book where Russ presents you to forex trading and describes how it works prior to he then goes on to reveal how he does it and why his approaches are so effective.
2 # 6 Training dvds
These are videos where Russ reveals you how to utilize the software application tools along with the best ways to make trades and demonstration of some of the principles in the book.
The Dvds' will Certainly Instruct You:
DVD 1– Basics and intro to forex income boss
DVD 2– The Boss Component
DVD 3– The Boss System how to trade
DVD 4– Revealing live trades
DVD 5– Perspective
DVD 6– Live webinars recorded & concerns and responses
3 #Trade locator & power currency meter
This is a great piece of software that makes trading forex actually simple for you by enabling you to rapidly find profitable trades and the very best currency pairs to get into.
4 #Cheat sheets
Right here you get the specific very same trading methods and methods used by Russ so you can copy them and pay quickly.
5 # Income room
Russ will certainly give life time access to a personal members just area online. Where him and his group continuously upgrade the course and publish new material
6 # Customer support
You get a consumer support number you can call and online support for any issues regarding the course
Although Forex Income Boss is a terrific clothing you should understand that the information in the manual might be a bit overwhelming specifically if you are a beginner to forex and some of the charts showing trend lines and currency pairs can be a bit hard to comprehend but once you make it through the entire course they begin to make to make sense.
Its also worth keeping in mind that it has a 60 day cash back guarantee no questions asked.
Conserve yourself the discomfort of disappointment of the lots of low-cost mass market forex courses and software robotics out there that guarantee to make you thousands of dollars in a short time and instead choose Forex Income Boss which has to do with offering you the right tools and knowledge on the market to consistently make lucrative trades.
Forex Trading Lesson For Beginner


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WHEN HENRY HAUPTFUHRER was a teenager decades ago, he'd hop a train into the city from his home in suburban Ardmore and spend Saturday afternoons in one of the city's grand movie palaces.
"We'd watch monster movies like 'Frankenstein' and 'Creature from the Black Lagoon' or those CinemaScope cowboy Westerns," said Hauptfuhrer, now 59 and a Queen Village resident. "Just being in the building was an experience - the sheer size of the screen and theater. The lobbies and auditoriums were truly beautiful, nothing like today, where all you see in theaters are curtains and blank walls. The air-conditioning was novel at the time, too. It was thrilling."


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PHILADELPHIA (AP) — The Latest on the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia (all times EDT):
US cinema chain AMC Theatres, controlled by China's richest man Wang Jianlin, increased its bid Monday for rival Carmike it its effort to build the world's largest theater chain. AMC Entertainment Holdings, owned by Wang's Wanda conglomerate, said it was raising its March cash-and-stock bid for Carmike Cinemas by about 10 percent to $33.06 per share, valuing Carmike at around $1.2 billion. While AMC's original offer had been accepted by Carmike's board, it met with significant resistance from shareholders as too low.
ROUND ROCK, Texas (AP) — A Texas sheriff's deputy was shot and killed at his home north of Austin before dawn on Monday in what authorities said appeared to be an attempted burglary.


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Beautiful Paradise-AUGUST SALE
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Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 3/
Sleeps: 8/
Type: House
Book this 3 bedroom, 3 bathroom house in Cancun today! A total of 8 people can sleep here comfortably.
Guests can enjoy a pool, outdoor grill, and air conditioning among other amenities offered by this rental.
Travelers are sharing their opinions on this property. It has an overall rating of 5/5 thanks to an average of 11 reviews.
Costs vary, with the average weekly rate as low as $1,050.00 to as high as $3,150.00, depending on travel dates.
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