text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 16, 1997
|Filing date
|Dec 21, 1994
|Priority date
|Dec 21, 1994
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Kevin G. Christian, John S. Keck, Steven K. Skoog
|Original Assignee
|At&T Global Information Solutions Company, Hyundai Electronics America, Symbios Logic Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (12), Classifications (9), Legal Events (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention concerns digitizing tablets, which compute position signals, which tell the physical position of a hand-held stylus, which is near the tablet. Because the computed position signals do not perfectly indicate the physical position, a correction table is used to more accurately derive the physical position from computed position.
The invention concerns compression of the correction table, so that it occupies less memory space.
FIG. 1 illustrates a computer 4 and a digitizing tablet 3, which provides input to the computer. (The digitizing tablet need not be a separate element, as shown in FIG. 1, but can take the form of a transparent overlay of the display 2. This overlay configuration is frequently used in pen-based portable computers.)
The tablet-and-stylus combination provide input to the computer. A highly simplified explanation of the operation of the tablet will be given. The Inventors emphasize that this explanation is given for the purpose of illustrating general principles only, and that actual digitizing tablets are, in fact, more complex than this simple explanation would indicate. This simplified explanation is given primarily to provide a conceptual foundation for illustrating causes of errors.
FIG. 2 shows a digitizing tablet 3 and its associated stylus 6. In the tablet, there are four current-to-voltage amplifiers (labeled I-to-V), one at each corner. The stylus 6, when activated, produces a signal 9, as indicated in FIG. 3. This signal induces currents I1, I2, I3, and I4, which are detected by the I-to-V amplifiers.
The I-to-V amplifiers each produce a voltage (V) indicative of the size of its respective current (I). Processing apparatus, not shown, but known in the art, receives the voltage signals, and computes the position of the stylus 6.
The currents I1-I4 are induced because the stylus 6 acts as one plate of a capacitor. The digitizing tablet supplies the other plate: it bears a resistive surface, or grid, of a material such as indium tin oxide, which acts as the other plate.
As FIG. 4 indicates, when negative charge is applied to the tip 2 of the stylus 6, a positive charge is induced on the surface of the tablet 3. Currents I1-I4 supply this positive charge. Conversely, as in FIG. 5, a positive charge on the tip 2 of the stylus 6 induces a negative charge on the tablet. The currents I1-I4 supply this negative charge.
As FIG. 6 shows, each current can be viewed as following a direct path from the stylus to one corner of the tablet. The following reasoning allows stylus position to be inferred from the voltage signals:
1. The length of each path determines the resistance of the path.
2. The resistance determines the size of the current.
3. The size of the current determines the voltage produced by the amplifier.
4. Each amplifier voltage indicates its respective path length.
A highly simplified example will illustrate.
Assume that the stylus 6 in FIG. 6 represents a voltage source applied to the tablet. The paths have the relative lengths shown in FIG. 6, and also listed in the following Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________ RELATIVE RELATIVE RELATIVE RELATIVE I-to-VPATH LENGTH RESISTANCE CURRENT VOLTAGE______________________________________AA 0.66 0.66 1.52 1.52BB 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00CC 0.93 0.93 1.08 1.08DD 0.55 0.55 1.82 1.82______________________________________
The resistance of the path depends on the length, so that the relative resistances are in proportion to the relative path lengths, as indicated in the Table's columns RELATIVE LENGTH and RELATIVE RESISTANCE.
Current equals voltage divided by resistance, V/R, so that the relative currents will be inversely proportional to the relative path lengths, as indicated in the Table's column RELATIVE CURRENT.
The I-to-V amplifiers in FIG. 2 each produce a voltage which is proportional to its respective current. Thus, the voltage outputs of the I-to-V amplifiers have the relative magnitudes indicated in the rightmost column of Table 1.
The output voltage signals can be used to compute position of the stylus.
There are two primary sources of error in the computed stylus position. One is caused by the algorithm used, the other is caused by manufacturing irregularities in the tablet.
As to the algorithm, it is possible, in theory, to compute the stylus position to any desired degree of accuracy. However, in practice, a simple computation is used, and less accuracy is tolerated, in order to increase computational speed. Further, the reduction in accuracy is offset by error correction procedures, discussed later.
As to manufacturing irregularities, an example will illustrate one type of irregularity. The resistive surface in FIG. 2 is, in general, not perfectly uniform. Because of the non-uniformity, the resistances of the paths shown in FIG. 6 will not perfectly indicate the path lengths.
Thus, for example, assume that the two stylus positions shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 are symmetrical about the AXIS OF SYMMETRY. Because of the symmetry, each current path P1, P2, etc., in FIG. 7 is identical in physical length to its correspondent P1, P2, etc., in FIG. 8.
One would expect that the amplifiers (shown in FIG. 2) which receive current from paths of identical length would produce identical signals. That is, one would expect amplifier receiving path P1 in both FIGS. 7 and 8 to produce identical signals. However, because of the manufacturing irregularities, the amplifier signals are slightly different. The situations of FIGS. 7 and 8 do not produce mirror-image signals in the amplifiers.
To correct for these two errors, a correction table is used. In practice, for a digitizing tablet in the range of 8�8 inches, a common correction table is derived from a measured grid of 33�33 points. However, for illustration, a smaller grid (5�5) is shown in FIG. 9, superimposed upon a tablet 3. This smaller grid will be discussed.
To derive the correction table, a mechanical arm 21, shown in FIG. 10, moves the stylus 6 to each point on the grid. At each point, the digitizing tablet computes a position signal, and each computed position signal is recorded.
FIG. 11 shows a hypothetical collection of computed positions (the x's) and actual positions (the dots), in graphical form. (By "actual position" is meant that the mechanical arm exactly positions the stylus at each dot.) Table 2, below, summarizes the data shown graphically in FIG. 11, and illustrates one form of a correction table.
TABLE 2______________________________________Point Computed x Computed y Actual x Actual y______________________________________ 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2 2.05 1.0 2.0 1.0 3 3.10 1.0 3.0 1.0 4 4.14 1.0 4.0 1.0 5 5.19 1.0 5.0 1.0 6 1.0 2.03 1.0 2.0 7 2.05 2.03 2.0 2.0 8 3.10 2.03 3.0 2.0 9 4.14 2.03 4.0 2.010 5.19 2.03 5.0 2.011 1.0 3.06 1.0 3.012 2.05 3.06 2.0 3.013 3.10 3.06 3.0 3.014 4.14 3.06 4.0 3.015 5.19 3.06 5.0 3.016 1.0 4.09 1.0 4.017 2.05 4.09 2.0 4.018 3.10 4.09 3.0 4.019 4.14 4.09 4.0 4.020 5.19 4.09 5.0 4.021 1.0 5.11 1.0 5.022 2.05 5.11 2.0 5.023 3.10 5.11 3.0 5.024 4.14 5.11 4.0 5.025 5.19 5.11 5.0 5.0______________________________________
In Table 2, the "Point" column refers to the numbered points in FIG. 11. The "Computed x" and "Computed y" columns refers to the x- and y-coordinates computed by the digitizing tablet. The "Actual x" column refers to the actual x-coordinate of the stylus where the "Computed x" value was computed. The "Actual y" column refers to the actual y-coordinate of the stylus where the "Computed y" value was computed. The "Actual" values, of course, correspond to the dots in FIG. 11; the "Computed" values correspond to the x's.
FIG. 14 illustrates a simplified view of how the correction table is used. Assume that the stylus is located exactly at point 20. One first obtains the computed x and computed y signals.
One then locates the computed x and computed y entries in the TABLE. Arrow 27 indicates this step. One then locates the actual x and actual y data associated with these computed values. Arrow 28 indicates this step.
As arrow 29 indicates, these actual values indicate the actual position of point 20.
In practice, for technical reasons which need not be explained here, the correction table of Table 2 is actually stored as two correction tables, each of which can be viewed as three-dimensional, as shown in FIG. 12. One table (shown as plot 33) stores the actual y values, as a function of the computed x and y values, while the other table (shown as plot 36) stores the actual x values, in a similar way.
To use the tables, one does the following:
1. Position the stylus on the tablet, and compute stylus position. Assume that the stylus is positioned exactly above dot 20 in FIG. 11. The computed position will be that indicated by the X adjacent dot 20, namely, x=5.19 and y=4.09. (This computed value is given in the row associated with point 20 in Table 2, above.)
2. From the computed x,y data, find the actual x,y data. FIG. 12 illustrates this procedure graphically.
In FIG. 12, the computed y value is indicated by line A, at the top of the Figure, which contains a replica of FIG. 11. The computed x value is indicated by line B. (The two-dimensional x,y plot, in the upper center of the Figure, forms base planes for the pair of three dimensional plots. The actual x, and actual y, values are plotted as functions of computed x, and computed y, in the three-dimensional plots.)
Lines A and B are used in plots 33 and 36 to ascertain the actual x,y values. Plot 33 indicates an actual y value of 4.0, while plot 36 indicates an actual x value of 5.0, corresponding to the Table 2 data for point 20, and to FIG. 11.
In practice, the procedure used is slightly more complicated. Based on the computed (x,y) values, one obtains several computed (x,y) values from each of the correction tables. For example, the computed value may indicate point P in FIG. 14. One retrieves the computed (x,y) data for the four points which bracket point P, namely, those for points 8, 9, 13, and 14.
One interpolates between these four points, in order to derive the actual position indicated by the point P.
The inventors have found that, in some types of digitizing tablets, the correction table occupies approximately 2048 bytes (or 2K bytes, nominal) of memory. This amount of memory, of itself, is not large. However, for various technical reasons, which need not be elaborated here, the memory hardware generally used to store the table is serial-type, rather than Random-Access Memory (RAM).
The serial memory is not suitable for access by a processor which seeks to utilize the table for computation, and which requires RAM for good performance. Consequently, in use, the table is copied into a section of RAM for use by the processor.
Reducing the size of the correction table will not only reduce the size of the serial memory, but will also reduce the size of the RAM into which the table is copied. This RAM is somewhat expensive.
In addition, reducing the amount of data to be copied into the RAM will save some time, and reduce the amount of error-checking required in the copying operation.
Further, RAM occupies a somewhat large amount of physical space on an integrated circuit (IC). Reducing RAM reduces this space, and allows a smaller IC to be used.
Still further, RAM consumes battery power. Reducing RAM reduces this consumption, and increases battery life.
Further yet, assume, for simplicity, that the defect rate in manufacturing of RAM is independent of RAM size, and is a fixed probability, such 1 defect per x transistors, where x is some large number such as 10,000, 100,000, or the like. If RAM is made smaller, then the number of transistors is reduced. The probability of finding an unacceptable number of defects becomes reduced, and the yield of the manufacturing process increases.
An object of the invention is to provide compression of a correction table used by a digitizing tablet.
In one form of the invention, a correction table for a digitizing tablet is compressed, in order to reduce the memory space which it occupies. The compressed table is stored within the tablet, or associated device.
FIG. 1 illustrates a computer and a digitizing tablet.
FIG. 2 illustrates a digitizing tablet 3, and its current-to-voltage amplifiers, labeled "I-to-V."
FIG. 3 illustrates a signal 9 produced by the stylus 6 of FIG. 2.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate currents I1, I2, I3, and produced by the stylus 6.
FIG. 6 illustrates idealized current paths taken by currents I1, I2, I3, and I4.
FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate symmetrical current paths, based on two stylus positions.
FIG. 9 illustrates a simplified 5�5 reference grid, superimposed upon the digitizing tablet 3.
FIG. 10 illustrates a mechanical arm 21 which moves the stylus 6 across the reference grid.
FIG. 11 illustrates reference positions (the dots) and computed positions (the x's) of the stylus (not shown), which deviate from the reference positions.
FIG. 12 illustrates, graphically, one concept behind deriving actual stylus position from measured position, using a correction table.
FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C repeats some of the information in FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 illustrates, in simplified form, deriving actual stylus position from measured stylus position.
FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating the Rice compression algorithm.
FIG. 16 illustrates, in two dimensions, how removal of a plane reduces the dynamic range of data.
FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrates how the correction data approximate geometric planes.
FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate definitions of ROWS and columns (COL).
FIG. 20 illustrates how, in each row, the first-column values can be significantly less than the last-column values.
FIG. 21 illustrates the division of the correction table into segments of equal size, but wherein the segments span more than one row.
FIG. 22 illustrates how data padding allows rows of a correction table to be divided into equal segments.
FIG. 23 illustrates derivation of a PREDICTOR from two elements of a segment.
FIG. 24 illustrates storage of adjacent data in rows into adjacent memory locations.
FIG. 25A-B illustrates storage of adjacent data in columns into adjacent memory locations.
In one form of the invention, a Rice-type compression of the correction table is used. In other forms of the invention, modifications are added.
The Rice compression procedure is known in the art, and has been applied to transmission of video images from spacecraft. The following references describe the Rice algorithm, and are hereby incorporated by reference:
1. R. F. Rice, P. S. Yeh, and W. H. Miller, "Algorithms for a Very High Speed Universal Noiseless Coding Module," JPL Publication Office, Mail Stop 111-130, Pasadena, Calif., 91109, Feb. 15, 1991.
2. R. F. Rice and J. R. Plaunt, "Adaptive Variable Length Coding for Efficient Compression of Spacecraft Television Data," IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, vol. COM-19, part 1, pp. 889-897, December, 1971.
3. R. F. Rice, "Some Practical Universal Noiseless Coding Techniques," JPL Publication 79-22, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL Publications Office, Mail Stop 111-130, Pasadena, Calif., 91109, Mar. 15, 1979.
4. - - - , "Practical Universal Noiseless Coding," in Proceedings 1979 Society of Professional and Industrial Engineers Symposium, vol. 207, San Diego, Calif. August, 1979.
5. J. Venbrux, P. S. Yeh, and M. N. Liu, "A VLSI Chip Set for High-Speed Lossless Data Compression," IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 381-391, December, 1992.
FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating the Rice procedure. A sample is applied to the "Input." A sample is one element in the correction table, such as the computed x,y values in Table 2, above. As discussed above, in connection with FIG. 12, two correction tables are used (one for the x-coordinate, and one for the y-coordinate). The Rice procedure is applied to each.
In the Rice procedure, the first step is to subtract a predictor from the INPUT, indicated by the subtraction of "Prediction," thereby producing a DELTA. Assume that the sample values are as shown in the 5�5matrix given in Table 3:
Taking row 1, and, for simplicity of example, assuming a constant PREDICTOR of 6, one obtains DELTAS as shown in Table 4:
One way to obtain SIGMAS, used in the Rice Algorithm, from the DELTAS is to follow four rules, given in Table 5:
TABLE 5______________________________________1. If DELTA is equal to or greater than ZERO AND IF DELTA is equal to or less than the PREDICTOR, then SIGMA = 2 � DELTA.2. If DELTA is greater than the PREDICTOR, then SIGMA = SAMPLE.3. IF DELTA is equal to or greater than (PREDICTOR - MAX) AND IF DELTA is less than ZERO, then SIGMA = (2 � ABSOLUTE VALUE OF DELTA) - 1.4. IF (PREDICTOR - MAX) is greater than DELTA, then SIGMA = (MAX - SAMPLE).______________________________________
In this table, MAX is the largest number representable in the computing and storage element. In this example, MAX equals 24 -1, or 15.
Applying these rules to the SAMPLES of ROW 1 produces the SIGMAS of Table 6:
Table 6, contains five columns.
The SIGMA of column 1 (i.e., SIGMA of 9) is obtained by Rule 3.
The SIGMA of column 2 (i.e., SIGMA of 0) is obtained by Rule 1.
The SIGMA of column 3 (i.e., SIGMA of 1) is obtained by Rule 3.
The SIGMA of column 4 (i.e., SIGMA of 8) is obtained by Rule 1.
The SIGMA of column 5 (i.e., SIGMA of 15) is obtained by Rule 2.
These SIGMAS are now written in binary format, in order to illustrate the subsequent processing.
TABLE 7______________________________________SIGMA (Decimal) SIGMA (Binary)______________________________________9 10010 00001 00018 100015 1111______________________________________
The next step is to try all possible comma codes (which will be explained shortly) on the group of five SIGMAS, and pick the comma code which produces the most compact storage of the SIGMAS. Comma coding will be explained by an example.
Table 8 illustrates the comma codes for several decimal numbers.
TABLE 8______________________________________DECIMAL NUMBER COMMA CODING______________________________________1 0 followed by 1: 012 00 followed by 1: 0013 000 followed by 1: 00014 0000 followed by 1: 0000110 ten 0's followed by 1: 00000 00000 1______________________________________
The general procedure for comma coding is this:
1. Find the decimal number.
2. Write that many ZEROES.
3. Terminate with a ONE. The ONE acts as a comma.
Thus, for example, the following sequence of ONES and ZEROES, in comma-coded binary, corresponds to the decimal sequence 4, 7, 3, 2, 5:
______________________________________.... 00001 00000001 0001 001 000001 ....______________________________________
That is, the first number includes four ZEROES, followed by a ONE, corresponding to decimal 4.
The second number includes seven ZEROES, followed by a ONE, corresponding to decimal 7, and so on.
The spaces are added for readability. In a binary data stream, the spaces do not exist.
The SIGMAS are processed, using comma codes, according to the following procedure.
First, all SIGMAS are converted to con, ha codes (CC), and the total number of bits contained in the comma codes is computed, as shown in Table 9. This represents one trial.
Next, the single Least Significant Bit (LSB) is removed from each SIGMA, leaving the Most Significant Bits (MSBs). The number of bits required for the comma-coded MSBs, plus the removed LSBs, is computed, as in Table 10. This represents the second trial.
Next, two LSBs are removed from each SIGMA. The number of bits required for the MSBs, plus the removed LSBs, is computed, as in Table 11. This represents the third trial.
No trial is done with just one MSB. Instead, the next and final trial uses 0 MSBs, which simply produces the uncompressed data itself. Results for the fourth trial are in Table 12.
TABLE 9______________________________________ZEROth COMMA CODE TEST: ID = 0SIGMA SIGMA Comma # Bits # Bits(Decimal) (Binary) 4 MSBs LSB Code in CC in LSB______________________________________9 1001 1001 -- 0000000001 10 00 0000 0000 -- 1 1 01 0001 0001 -- 01 2 08 1000 1000 -- 000000001 9 015 1111 1111 -- 00000 00000 16 0 00000 1 38 Bits total: 38 + 0______________________________________
TABLE 10______________________________________FIRST COMMA CODE TEST: ID = 1SIGMA SIGMA Comma # Bits # Bits(Decimal) (Binary) 3 MSBs LSB Code in CC in LSB______________________________________9 1001 100 1 00001 5 10 0000 000 0 1 1 11 0001 000 1 1 1 18 1000 100 0 00001 5 115 1111 111 1 00000 001 8 1 25 Bits total: 20 + 5______________________________________
TABLE 11______________________________________SECOND COMMA CODE TEST: ID = 2SIGMA SIGMA Comma # Bits # Bits(Decimal) (Binary) 4 MSBs LSBs Code in CC in LSB______________________________________0 1001 10 01 001 3 20 0000 00 00 1 1 21 0001 00 01 1 1 28 1000 10 00 001 3 215 1111 11 11 0001 4 2 22 Bits total: 12 + 10______________________________________
TABLE 12______________________________________THIRD COMMA CODE TEST: ID = 3SIGMA SIGMA Comma # Bits # Bits(Decimal) (Binary) 4 MSB LSBs Code in CC in LSB______________________________________9 1001 -- 1001 -- 0 40 0000 -- 0000 -- 0 41 0001 -- 0001 -- 0 48 1000 -- 1000 -- 0 415 1111 -- 1111 -- 0 4 20 Bits total: 0 + 20______________________________________
The four bit totals, one from each test, are then compared, as in Table 13.
TABLE 13______________________________________Comma Code Test No. Total bits______________________________________0 381 252 223 20 (smallest)______________________________________
Table 13 indicates that test number 3 allows storage of the SIGMAS using the fewest bits. The encoding of test 3 (in Table 12) is thus used for the group of SIGMAS. (For this sample, no compression is undertaken, the "final trial" data is used directly.)
Using this encoding, the following data is stored, which represents the five SIGMAS:
1) The ID number, e.g., 11 (binary), which tells which encoding scheme was used, so that reconstruction can be done.
2) For each SIGMA, the Comma Code plus the split-off LSBs. The Comma Code allows reconstruction of the MSBs given in the "MSB" column of the Tables. The split-off LSBs are then appended to the reconstructed MSBs.
Specifically, in this example, the stored data representing the SIGMAs is the sequence listed in the "Data" column, below (the Comments, of course, are not stored):
______________________________________Data (Binary) Comment______________________________________11 This is the ID number. It identifies encoding scheme. 11 (decimal 3) indicates ID = 3, thereby referring to Table 12, which contains this ID.1001 (For SIGMA = 9.) There is no CC. 1001 represents the four-digit split-off LSBs.0000 (For SIGMA = 0.) There is no CC. 0000 represents the four-digit split-off LSBs.0001 (For SIGMA = 1.) There is no CC. 0001 represents the four-digit split-off LSBs.1000 (For SIGMA = 8.) There is no CC. 1000 represents the four-digit split-off LSBs.1111 (For SIGMA = 15.) There is no CC. 1111 represents the four-digit split-off LSBs.______________________________________
As another example, if the data were stored according to ID=(Table 11), it would be stored as follows (again, the Comments are not stored).
______________________________________Data (Binary) Comment______________________________________10 The ID number: identifies encoding scheme.001 01 (For SIGMA = 9.) 001 is the CC. 01 represents the two- digit split-off LSBs.1 00 (For SIGMA = 0.) 1 is the CC. 00 represents the two- digit split-off LSBs.1 01 (For SIGMA = 1.) 1 is the CC. 01 represents the two- digit split-off LSBs.001 00 (For SIGMA = 8.) 001 is the CC. 00 represents the two- digit split-off LSBs.0001 11 (For SIGMA = 15.) 001 is the CC. 11 represents the two- digit split-off LSBs.______________________________________
This compression procedure is repeated for each row of both correction tables. The compressed data is stored in memory within the digitizing tablet.
Recovery of the SIGMAs from the stored CCs and LSBs, stored within the compressed correction table, is straightforward. For example, in Table 11, the data 00101 (referring to the SIGMA of 9), together with the ID code of 10 (indicating that the Second Comma Coding was used), allows recovery of the SIGMA as follows. The ID code indicates that two LSBs are used. Thus, since the number of bits used per raw data point is four, then 4-2=2 MSBs used. In other words, from the ID one can tell the number of LSBs directly. One uses both the ID and the bit-width of the data to compute the number of MSBs.
The CC of 001 corresponds to the number 2 decimal, which is represented by (2 MSB bits) 10 binary. The LSBs follow and are given directly, as 01. Appending the LSBs to the MSBs gives 1001, corresponding to the SIGMA of 9, decimal.
Therefore, in one form of the invention, a correction table is compressed according to the Rice compression scheme, and stored within a digitizing tablet, or within associated equipment. The Rice approach is not required, and other compression techniques, known in the art, or developed in the future, can be used.
1. Plane Removal
The inventors have found that the data shown in FIG. 11, when plotted in three-dimensions, tends to resemble geometric planes, as shown by plots 33 and 36 in FIGS. 13B and 13C. An example will explain how plots 33 and 36 are derived from the data of FIG. 11, shown in FIG. 13A, and labeled "9".
For point 20 in FIG. 11, enclosed in a dashed circle in FIG. 13A, the computed (x,y) values are (5.19, 4.09), as indicated in FIG. 11. The actual (x,y) values for this point are (5.0, 4.0).
In plot 33 in FIG. 13B, for point 20, one plots the actual y value (4.0), on the vertical axis, at the computed (x,y) value (i.e., 5.19, 4.09), giving point Q.
In plot in FIG. 13C, for point 20, one plots the actual x value (5.0), on the vertical axis, at the computed (x,y) value (i.e., 5.19, 4.09), giving point R. All points in grid 9 are plotted in this manner, thereby producing plots 33 and 36.
Of course, the planes shown in plots 33 and 36 only approximate the plotted data.
This plane-resemblance allows a pre-compression, prior to the Rice compression. An example will illustrate the pre-compression, using two-dimensional data for simplicity.
FIG. 16 shows five data points, ranging from one to 56 in value, and listed in Table 15, below. The dynamic range is 56. For this dynamic range, a six-bit number is required to store each number (2 raised to the power of 6 equals 64).
However, if one generates a line having the equation y=13x (which corresponds to the plane discussed above), as indicated in FIG. 16, one can subtract the line from the data points, as indicated by the DIFFERENCES in FIG. 16. Table 15 shows the data, before and after the subtraction. The value D is the data value before subtraction, while the DIFFERENCE is the value after subtraction.
Of course, the equation (y=13x) must also be stored, and this storage occupies memory space. However, the amount of memory needed to store this type of equation may be less than the extra memory required to store 6-bit words, as compared with 3-bit words.
TABLE 15______________________________________Data Point Data Value D - 13x(x) (D) 13x (DIFFERENCE)______________________________________0 1 0 11 14 13 12 29 26 33 44 39 54 56 52 4______________________________________
A similar procedure can be undertaken on the data of FIG. 11, which is represented as planes in FIG. 13. A plane is used for the subtraction, instead of the line shown in FIG. 16.
Therefore, in one alternate embodiment, the correction tables are pre-compressed by plane removal, prior to compression by the RICE procedure. The same plane can be removed from both tables, or different planes can be used for the tables. An example will illustrate one saving in data storage which the Inventors have encountered.
Applicants' investigations have shown that, for a tablet having a usable size of approximately 6�8 inches, and having two 26�26 correction matrices, each having 12-bit entries, the total memory space required is 2028 bytes. (The 26�26 correction matrices correspond to a 26�26 grid. A smaller grid, 5�5, is shown in FIG. 11.)
If the DIFFERENCEs (analogous to those shown in FIG. 16) are each represented by 9 bits, then the amount of data contained in the correction table is
2�26�26�9=12,168 bits,
which corresponds to 1521 bytes. For a single plane, 6 overhead bytes are needed, giving a total of 1526 bytes.
Therefore, the data representing the table has been reduced from 2038 bytes to 1521 bytes. Six bytes of overhead are required for storage of the plane data. These 1521 bytes can then be compressed, using the Rice algorithm.
It is not necessary that the data be subtracted from (or, more generally, referenced to) a flat geometric plane. Other functions can be used. For example, if the computed (x,y) values are found to follow some type of sinusoidal form, then subtraction from a type of sinusoid would be indicated.
2. Rotation of Scan Direction
As stated above, the Inventors have found that the actual (x,y) positions, when plotted against computed (x,y) positions, tend to fall upon geometric planes. FIG. 13A provides examples. (It should be emphasized that FIG. 13A is a simplification. The data does not fall exactly on the planes. In fact, if it did, compression would not be needed at all: the equations of the planes would completely describe the computed x,y data.)
The Inventors have further found that the two planes of plots 33 and 36 are approximately orthogonal. FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrates orthogonality, based on a 26�26 grid. Line 47 is approximately parallel to the COMPUTED X axis. Line 49 is approximately parallel to the COMPUTED Y axis. Thus, line 47 is approximately orthogonal to line 49, because both are approximately parallel to lines which are orthogonal (the axes).
The Inventors have found that this orthogonality allows a particular type of compression approach to be used. This approach is perhaps easiest to explain by contrast to a different, simpler approach, which offers less optimal compression.
Assume that the 25 (x,y) data pairs of FIG. 11 are to be compressed. (In actuality, the invention compresses a much larger array of data, namely a 26�26 array, or a 33�33 array, or larger, depending on the size of the tablet.) The points of FIG. 11 are also shown in FIG. 13A.
In the simpler approach, one scans across a row, as from point D to point H in dashed box 50 in FIG. 13A. The x-coordinates to be compressed are labeled D, E, F, G, and H in plot 36. The y-coordinates to be compressed are labeled D, E, F, G, and H in plot 33.
The dynamic range of the x-coordinates (running from 1.0 to 4.0) is much larger than that of the y-coordinates (they hover around 1.0). This larger dynamic range can cause the x-compression to be less optimal than the y-compression.
To avoid this problem, the invention scans in a different way. To compress the x-data, the invention scans from point D to J in grid 9, which correspond to the points between D an J in plot 36. These points have a small dynamic range (which hovers around 1.0), and compress well.
To compress the y-data, the invention scans from point D to H in grid 9, as in the simpler example, and plots the data as points D, E, F, G, and H in plot 33. These points also have a small dynamic range, and compress well.
Stated in other words, the invention scans grid 9 row-after-row during compression of the y-data, and column-after-column during compression of x-data.
FIGS. 24 and 25A-B illustrate one conception of this compression. In FIG. 24, adjacent data in each row is stored at adjacent memory locations. For example, the actual data for row R1 are stored at addresses A through A+4, in sequence, as indicated.
Adjacent rows themselves are also stored in adjacent memory locations. For example, row R1 is stored in A through A+4, as indicated. R2 is stored in A+5 through A+9, which are next to R1, and so on.
In FIG. 25A-B, adjacent data in each column is stored at adjacent memory locations. For example, the actual data for column C1 are stored at addresses B through B+4, in sequence, as indicated.
Adjacent columns themselves are also stored in adjacent memory locations. For example, column C1 is stored in B through B+4, as indicated. C2 is stored in B+5 through B+9, and so on.
It should be noted that FIGS. 24 and 25A-B are approximate. Different rows will compress differently. Thus, the five elements of one row will not necessarily fit into the same number of memory locations as the five elements of another row. Nevertheless, the concept of storing these compressed elements at adjacent locations still applies.
One basic concept behind the rotation of scan direction is to group the x-correction table (illustrated by plot 36 in FIG. 13C) into segments having reduced dynamic range, and compress each segment, according to the Rice procedure. The term "reduced" acquires meaning by reference to a grouping which has "larger" dynamic range.
For example, in FIG. 13C, the row, or group, running from point D to point J has a reduced dynamic range, compared with the row running from point D to point H. Preferably, the groupings are not only "reduced" in dynamic range, but also have minimal possible dynamic range.
The points of plot 33 in FIG. 13B are grouped similarly.
3. Data Padding of Segments
The preceding discussion has presumed that an entire row of x's in FIG. 11 (each row represented by a ROW in FIG. 18) or an entire column (each column represented by a COL in FIG. 19) have been grouped together and processed according to the Rice procedure. However, this is not strictly necessary.
For example, if the data within a row spans a large dynamic range, such as from 2 to 24 in the top row of FIG. 20, then it may be desirable to break a row (termed a "segment") into smaller sub-segments. That is, better compression can be obtained by processing the 2, 4, and 8 in the top row in one Rice procedure, and processing the 12 and 24 in a separate Rice procedure.
However, this approach requires sub-segments containing different numbers of samples (2, 4, 8 in one segment, and 12, 24 in the other), which imposes undesired complexity.
An alternate would be to place identical numbers of samples into each sub-segment, as shown in FIG. 21. The sub-segments are labeled S1, S2, S3, and S4. However, a problem with this approach is that some sub-segments, such as S2, contain both a first-column value and a last-column value. The data generally ascends in value from the first column to the last column, as indicated in FIG. 20. The first elements tend to be low, while the last elements tend to be high in value.
Including a low value with a high value, in the same subsegment, causes the dynamic range of the sub-segment to increase, thereby worsening compression behavior. (The original purpose of using sub-segments was to prevent this very situation.)
One embodiment of the invention eliminates this problem by padding each row (or column) with fictitious data, as shown in FIG. 22. The X's indicate the fictitious data. The X's allow each row, initially containing five data elements each, to now be divided into two sub-segments of three data elements each.
The particular data (i.e., the X's) are preferably chosen such that the DELTAS in the Rice computation become zero. With zero-valued DELTAS, the final compressed data, representing the X's, will be minimal, and will occupy little memory space. (The actual amount stored depends on the ID, and will not be reduced to zero. If comma codes are used, the amount stored will be one bit; otherwise, the amount stored will be as wide as the data.)
For example, if the PREDICTOR is 6, then the x's in FIG. 22 will also be 6.
4. Higher Order Predictor
The prior-art Rice procedure normally uses a variable PREDICTOR, which is initially based on the first element of data, such as the "2" in the upper left corner of FIG. 22. This is termed a "zeroth order PREDICTOR." The PREDICTOR is then replaced by a new value based on the most recently processed element in the current row or column.
One form of the invention uses higher-order PREDICTORS. For example, the first two data elements, such as the "2" and the "4" in FIG. 23, can be used. The PREDICTOR can be a linear extrapolation, based on these two numbers, which would be "6". Alternately, the PREDICTOR may be a type of mean of the two values, such as the numerical mean, which would be 3.
Such a PREDICTOR, which is based on two sample values, would be termed a "first-order PREDICTOR."
Other methods of deriving PREDICTORS, beside linear methods, can be used. Also, higher-order PREDICTORS can be used, based on a larger number of samples, and based on functions other than linear extrapolation.
Although many variations on the predictor are possible, the output of the predictor must be a deterministic function of at least its input and internal memory (called state in the art). This is important because the predictor values need to be available for decompression and having to store the output of the predictor along with the data would be impractical.
In order to reproduce the predicted values during decompression, the predictors used during compression and decompression must be identical. Being identical entails several key points. First, the deterministic function used to compute the output must be the same. If one predictor is doing linear extrapolation and the other is doing arithmetic averages, the predictor outputs will not match. However, satisfying this first point is very simple. Second, the inputs fed to the predictors must be equal. Unless one is dealing with the case where the output of the predictor is independent of the input, it should be clear that matching the predictor outputs requires a match on the inputs. However, since the input to the compression predictor is the original data, matching the inputs to the predictors just requires successful decompression of this data. Third, the initial state of the predictor must also be the same.
This third point will be illustrated by means of an example. Consider a variable zeroth order predictor as used in the prior-art Rice compressor. This predictor has a single state which holds the previous input to the predictor. The output is equal to the value stored in this state. After being used, the state is updated with the input value. When predicting the first value, the value stored in the state is used. However, since there has not been an input value yet, the value of the state has not been defined. If the initial state were zero, and the input data the first row of FIG. 23, the predictor's output would be: 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24. On the other hand, if the initial state of the predictor was 5, the predictor's output would be: 5, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24. The problem of a mismatched initial state is compounded by the fact that if the initial state is mismatched, the data can not be decompressed properly which leads to a mismatch at the input of the predictor also.
There are at least two ways to deal with assuring that the initial state of both predictors match. One simple approach is to specify a known state, like zero, every time an initial state is needed. Another approach is to initialize the state only once per table instead of once per segment and carry-over the final state of a segment as the initial state of the next segment. However, neither approach is very efficient or practical for our application. Yet another approach is to store the initial state along with the compressed data so that it is available for use in the decompressor's predictor.
The inventors have found that best results are obtained when the predictor's initial state is set for each individual segment using data from the beginning of the segment. Since the initial state is variable, it needs to be stored along with the compressed data. However, since the initial state is equal to the data at the beginning of the segment, the compressed data corresponding to these values need not be stored.
1. Each digitizing tablet in a batch produced by a manufacturer will, in general, be different, because the manufacturing irregularities in each tablet will be different. Thus, each tablet will require a different pair of correction tables, graphically represented by the plots 33 and 36 in FIG. 12. Consequently, each tablet will require a different pair of compressed tables.
One implication is that the memory chips containing the tables are not interchangeable from tablet-to-tablet. Thus, if the manufacturer is to maintain a supply of replacement parts for the tablets, the manufacturer must maintain data for each tablet, from which replacement correction tables can be generated.
2. The use of the correction table is particularly important in the case of pen-based computers, wherein the computer draws a line beneath the stylus as the user moves the stylus along the display of the computer. Such a computer mimics the action of pen-on-paper, yet no actual ink-bearing pen is used. This simulation of pen-on-paper drawing is termed "inking" in the art.
If the computed stylus position deviated from the actual stylus position, then the inked line drawn by the computer would not lie beneath the point of the stylus, and would be quite confusing.
3. The correction tables represented by the plots 33 and 36 in FIG. 12 can be viewed as two sub-tables of a single correction table.
Numerous substitutions and modifications can be undertaken without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. What is desired to be secured by Letters Patent is the invention as defined in the following claims.
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|Anti-lock braking system containing look-up table for determining wheel velocity and acceleration
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|Calcomp Inc.
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|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and system for compressing data which allows access to data without full uncompression
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|Jul 26, 2005
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|U.S. Classification
|178/18.02, 345/179, 382/232
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 21, 1994
Owner name: AT&T GLOBAL INFORMATION SOLUTIONS COMPANY, OHIO
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[SuperFiles] Fated to Love You (720p) download free [Pwfo] fast
Description Fated to Love You (720p)
FileName: Fated to Love You (720p)
Language: ENGLISH
04/11/2015 18:23:48
Website | All Programs
Total downloads:
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Download URLs
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04/11/2015 18:23:48
Fated to Love You Original Soundtrack (命中注定我愛你 電視原聲帶) was released on April 18, 2008 by Various Artists under Rock Records.Fated to Love You (RR: Unmyeongcheoreom Neol Saranghae) is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Jang Hyuk, Jang Na-ra, Choi Jin-hyuk and Wang Ji-won. It ...haleh Mar 21 2015 9:09 pm Don't know why Fated To Love You is not #1 on all list of top K Dramas. Eventhough there is the typical theme of the handsome, rich man with ...Watch full episodes free online. Fated to Love You (MBC) - In this Korean adaptation of the original, a case of mistaken identity one fateful, intimate night ...If you're anything like me, then you're probably wondering to yourself, How is it December already? It really does feel like this year flew past in the blink of ...One ofthe best TW dramas ever. Started to watch the Korean remake, it's also very cute, but I really love the original cast and atmosphere. There is a different ...English 운명처럼 널 사랑해.Fated To Love You.E04.140710.XviD.HDTV.H264.720p-iPOP-LIMO-HANrel-WITH rukuok125Fated to Love You. Título inglés: Fated to Love You Género: Romance - Comedia - Drama Episodios: 24 Cadena: TTV / SETTV; Emisión: 16/03/2008 - 24/08/2008Title: 운명처럼 널 사랑해 / Fated to Love You Chinese Title: 命中注定我爱你 Genre: Romance, Comedy Episodes: 20 Broadcast network: MBC2/3/2015 · Details. Title: 운명처럼 널 사랑해 / Woonmyungcheoreom Neol Saranghae; Also known as: You Are My Destiny; Genre: Romance, comedy; Episodes: 20 ...
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Deloitte's Travel, Hospitality & Leisure industry specialists provide comprehensive, integrated solutions to the travel, aviation, hotels, betting & gaming, leisure & sport businesses sectors. We provide a global perspective on the industry that draws on our experience of a broad range of services.
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text:
Streets in Los Santos (GTA V)
Category page
11,257pages on
this wiki
this wiki
This is a category page for streets in the Los Santos rendition of GTA V, only streets in the city of Los Santos should be added to this category. Streets of other towns in the state are not welcome.
Pages in category "Streets in Los Santos (GTA V)"
" Wild Oats Drive Wild Oats Drive is a two-way residential street that is located south of...
Wild Oats Drive
" Eclipse Boulevard Eclipse Boulevard is an iconic street in West Vinewood, Los Santos, in Grand...
Eclipse Boulevard
" Exceptionalists Way is a three block street in Los Santos International Airport in Grand Theft...
Exceptionalists Way


text:
'wpseo-title' => __('Title Override'),
'wpseo-metadesc' => __('Meta Description'),
'wpseo-focuskw' => __('Focus Keyword'),
I tried the above meta keys for Yoast WordPress SEO to add to the wp_parse_args array but they don't seem to work. Does this plugin work with Yoast SEO. If yes, what are the correct meta keys? Thanks!


text:
Hi there!
I'm a multimedia design student, and just recently took a job for a professional photographer deciding to create her website for free to expand my portfolio and enhance my web designing skills. I just wondered if any of you have a spare moment to view the site:
http://santinacrolla.ihaarr.com & http://santinacrolla.ihaarr.com/p (--> Portraits from the splash page)
Does it look professional enough? I'm afraid that the design will appear cheap or badly coded. I'm also new to Illustrator, but I got the logo (the swirly stuff) from the photographer herself, and it was a hand drawn logo from another designer that I vectorized in Ill.
NOTE: In IE I know that the js. for the shadowbox effect on the images doesn't work.
Any comment, harsh or mild, is appreciated!


text:
Ava March is a multi-published author of M/M historical erotic romances. She loves writing in the Regency time period, where proper decorum is of the utmost importance, but where anything can happen behind closed doors. Her books have been finalists in the Rainbow Awards and More Than Magic contest, and deemed 'must-haves' for Historical M/M romance by RT Book Reviews readers.
You can find her at www.AvaMarch.com


text:
Program R
Native English Speaker
With or without Bachelors Degree
Non Native English Speaker
With Bachelors Degree
21 - 45 years
Location: Teaching Positions are located throughout Thailand. 2 Day Meet & Greet and 4 Culture Immersion and Comprehensive Orientation in Thailand
Duration: Teaching placements are minimum of 2 – 5* months (*one Thai school term). 12 month contracts are available and renewable by mutual consent.
Salary: $1,000 to $1,500 USD per month depending on location and experience.
This is 2-3x what local Thai teacher earns. Most positions include rent free private accommodation or an accommodation allowance.
Start Dates: 5 – 10 January, 2 – 8 & 9 – 16 May and 24 – 29 October, 2015 are the main start dates but year round commencement is often available
Click on the following link to see Ashleigh Dian's 5- 10 January, 2015 Thailand Intake Program R/T report:
Click on the following link to view the January 2015 Phuket Thailand Intake Program R/T video:
View the following Islandtefl.com T.V. Commercial Read why you should teach in Thailand http://www.islandtefl.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/why-teach-english-in-thailand-aec-2015-english-language.pdf To gain an appreciation and understanding into how rewarding and fun, teaching in a Thai school can be, please look at the following Island TEFL teaching video that was shot in Koh Samui. Since 2001, over 2,000 Program graduates have now preselected their own teaching placement programs, locations and schools throughout Thailand. Which Thailand location and school will you choose?
Thailand has long been a favorite destination for Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) teachers for its combination of gorgeous islands, beaches, excellent cuisine, fascinating culture, affordable cost of living and the friendliness of the Thai people. What better place to live and teach English than Thailand that offers sun-drenched beach paradise, coconut palms swaying and the sea glittering with pleasures for your time off? This unique program allows you to join in on the fun and action with paid work as an English teacher, with training provided in some of the most iconic locations in Thailand, including Bangkok, Koh Samui, Phuket, Jontiem Beach, Hua Hin and Chiang Mai. Depending on your background and previous experience, you may choose to be placed in one of Thailand's many private or public schools or language centers throughout the Kingdom, ensuring your experience will be both as unique and tailored to your needs as possible.
View most recent Island TEFL/ThaiJobs/ 6 day Professional Teaching Development Program and Thai Culture Orientation Seminar. 18 – 24 October, 2014 Attend a 6 day Professional Teacher Development Program and Thai Cultural Orientation Seminar which includes a 2 day Meet and Greet Program and 6 nights shared accommodation where you will meet many fellow participants like yourself. If you are not already TEFL/TESOL qualified don't worry, you are provided the opportunity to earn your internationally accredited, 120 hour, TEFL/TESOL certification, either online at your own pace or over 3 weeks on an exotic island or city location throughout amazing Thailand, before commencing your chosen 6 day training program. We will provide you with all the necessary teaching theories, techniques, classroom experience practice in a Thai cultural context. After your training, orientation and placement commencement, your true adventure in Thailand begins
Program T – Teach English as a Foreign Language or other subjects in English, in throughout Thailand 2 to 5* month teaching contracts (*one semester) or 12 month contracts (twosemesters) with opportunity for renewal. Commencing January, early May or November annually. Click here to read "Craig O'Brien's Island TEFL, Teach in Thailand report"
Compare the benefits and costs of our flagship placement Program T to similar offerings by our peers and placement agents and see why 9 out of 10 teachers choose to partner with Island TEFL.
|i-to-i (www.i-to-i.com)
|Ciee (www.ciee.org)
|Greenheart (cci-exchange.com)
|from $2,250
|Island TEFL T (islandteflthailand.com)
|$994 – $1,790
|Savings with IslandTEFL Program T
|$655 – $1,195
|$1,300 – $2,000
*N.B. Costs are approximate & taken from company websites or provided by the companies themselves. Island TEFL Program T enrollees and their families, have the peace of mind in knowing that our company is registered and headquartered in the U.S. as well as Thailand and we are represented in the U.K., Canada, Australia and other countries. Applicants receive total pre departure assistance and are met upon arrival in Thailand and we offer 24/7 support in Thailand. All accommodations and schools are located in safe environments throughout Thailand.
Native English Speaker
With or without Bachelors Degree
Non Native English Speaker
With Bachelors Degree
21 - 45 years
Native English Speaker
Bachelor Degree
21 - 45 years
Native English Speaker
Bachelor Degree
21 - 45 years
Safe, Supportive environment Gain Self-awareness to define or clarify your life's mission..
Native English Speaker
BA/BSc Degree
120 hour TEFL/TESOL or CELTA
Island TEFL reserves the right to change the locations, curriculum, teachers/ instructors or any university accreditation at any time and without notice as to any program.


text:
We rented a well-provisioned Westfalia through this B&B for a two-week road trip, so our first and last nights were spent in the luxurious beds with a splendid breakfast. The hosts and staff are pleasant and accommodating. Be sure to check out Lanning's collections of china, porcelain and art, all displayed throughout the house.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Built in the image of the White House and opulently furnished by Chef/Owner/Collector, Lanning Blanks. Every room is uniquely different and beautifully appointed. Come enjoy our fresh baked cookies... Chocolates and full amazing breakfast! ... more less
- Also Known As:
- Portland`s White House Hotel Portland


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Telephone & Addresses
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Jenna Jameson
07008 Carteret NJ
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11102 Astoria NY
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MySpace Profile: jenna jameson (dntuwishyorgfwashotlikeme)
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Location: Huntington Beach, California
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Facebook's 'Risks' Make It a Strong Buy: Opinion
10.05.2012 [TheStreet.com] - If I went home with Jenna Jameson, I would let her run the show. If somebody is good at something, there's no reason not to give them complete control. This is particularly true at perpetual start-ups such as Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg -- with 57.3%
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Eventbrite - HeadQuarters Gentlemen's Club presents Jenna Jameson at HeadQuarters Gentlemen's Club in New York City on Thursday, October 11th - 7th Anniversary...
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Jenna Jameson on TMZ, your go-to source for celebrity news, photos, & videos. Latest Story: Jenna Jameson's Ex Jay Grdina -- Son Blackballed from Religious...
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Jenna Jameson lap - Megbízható válaszok profiktól
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De son vrai nom Jenna Marie Massoli, Jenna Jameson perd sa mère très tôt, avant son deuxième anniversaire. C'est le père de Jenna qui prend donc seul en charge ...
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ratemyteachers: Jenna Jameson
Addison, IL, Addison Trail Middle School
ratemyteachers: Jenna Jameson
Brooklyn, NY, Herbert S. Eisenberg Middle School #303
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ratemyteachers: Jenna Jameson
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IMDB Filmography: Jenna Jameson
Actress, Zombie Strippers!
IMDB Filmography: Zombie Strippers (2008) - IMDb
Directed by Jay Lee. With Jenna Jameson, Robert Englund, Roxy Saint, Penny Vital. A zombie epidemic spreads throughout a strip club in Nebraska.
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Jenna Jameson Quotes - BrainyQuote
Enjoy the best Jenna Jameson Quotes at BrainyQuote. Quotations by Jenna Jameson, American Actress, Born April 9, 1974. Share with your friends.
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Quote by Jenna Jameson: "Ultimately, what really matters is not just...
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BlinkX Video: Joe Rogan vs Jenna Jameson
Here is proof that the "AB-C's" isn't the best idea - 12.02.2006, YouTube
BlinkX Video: Video Shoot of Jenna Jameson and her Friends
Cool, it's kinda like an STD in a bun. - 04.12.2007, NothingToxic
Jenna Jameson | Movies and Biography - Yahoo! Movies
Find the complete movie career of Jenna Jameson, including filmography, awards and biography on Yahoo! Movies. As the self-described "most downloaded person on the
JENNA JAMESON IS A ZOMBIE STRIPPER - YouTube
http://www.reelzchannel.com For the latest trailers, celebrity interviews and movie clips go to ReelzChannel.com!!! Jenna Jameson the star of Zombie Stripper...
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8 av 10 menn misliker denne
03.05.2012 [kjendis.no] - FOTO: Stella Pictures STRINGBIKINI: Jenna Jameson er lite sjenert, og går gjerne med stringbikini på stranda. FOTO: Stella Pictures - Det å spekulere i noe slikt er latterlig gjort. Sinead O'Connor legges inn på sykehus til behandling for depresjon.
Guess celebrity moms by their tattoos
01.05.2012 [Seattle Post Intelligencer] - Photo: Alberto E. Rodriguez, Getty Images / 2011 Getty Images Jenna Jameson has twins with UFC fighter Tito Ortiz. Photo: Alberto E. Rodriguez, Getty Images / 2008 Getty Images The barb-wire tattoo on the arm of this Canadian actress is a hint.
Jenna Jameson = 'Devout Catholic' says FOX News | Texas Faith Blog
26.08.2008 17315-jenna and friend-thumb-206x300.jpg. It must be true or FOX News wouldn't say so, yes? Here's the nugget from a story saying that Ms. Jameson is preggers: Jameson, 34, previously told Us she discovered she was two ...
Jenna Jameson - Bio, News, Photos - Washington Times
Latest news and commentary on Jenna Jameson including photos, videos, quotations, and a biography.
Reports & Statements
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Twitter Posts: Stodza (StodzaJ)
2012.07.13 @Prezadovoljna jenna jameson je umetnica za njih! A ima i lepo ime!
Wikiquote Quotes: Jenna Jameson
Den beste grunnen til å se denne filmen er at du får se Jenna Jameson naken VG: - Du får se Jenna Jameson naken (om filmen Zombie Strippers)
Groezrock 2012 - 28./29.04.2012 - Meerhout (Belgien)
06.05.2012 [IN-YOUR-FACE.de | Musikmagazin] - Männer mit Tränen in den Augen, sah ich nur als Jenna Jameson verkündete, keine Filme für's lockere Handgelenk mehr zu drehen. DAVE HOUSE hat's an diesem Tag auch geschafft. Ungenierterweise kannte meiner einer keinen Song. Doch bei 110%iger Stimmung
Twitter Posts: Nuala Reilly (nualathewriter)
2012.07.13 Hollywood bad girls http://t.co/jRLWUjIk via @MSNca_Entertain Is it just me, or does Jenna Jameson now look like deep fried crazy?
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Lookin' For Some Leg: Steelers To Meet With Dave Rayner
10.05.2012 [Nice Pick, Cowher] - He's like the Jenna Jameson of the NFL – and I can tell you that even Jenna has better 'legs' than Rayner. Rayner, like most kickers who move around a lot has been inconsistent over the years. Did I mention that he is only 29 years old?
About Last Night
19.04.2012 [Racked National] - After weaving through the jam-packed crowd of bloggers, models, fans and one Jenna Jameson (really), we managed to track down Amoruso to ask her about Nasty Gal's cult-like following, spot-on styling, covetable inventory and the one celebrity she'd
Jenna Jameson | Gossip, pics and videos - Yahoo! OMG!
Get the latest celebrity gossip on Jenna Jameson on Yahoo! OMG! Find the latest Jenna Jameson pictures, videos and news stories.
Zombie Strippers: Jenna Jameson (A Natural Fit) | Internet ...
Zombie Strippers: Jenna Jameson (A Natural Fit). Now watching. Next video starts in : 7 Play. Zombie Strippers: Jenna Jameson (A Natural Fit). ; ; ; .
Jenna Jameson celebrates her 38th birthday at the Tabu Ultra ...
10.04.2012 Jenna Jameson celebrates her 38th birthday at the Tabu Ultra Lounge in MGM Grand Hotel.
Jenna Jamesons still got it - What Would Tyler Durden Do
11.04.2012 Jenna Jameson turned 38 yesterday and had a birthday party at Tabu in the MGM Grand in Vegas, and I should probably be used to the way she looks now but it's impossible. It's like she's dying from 10 diseases at once.
Rare ZOO YORK x Jenna Jameson Skateboard
09.03.2012 legros! is selling a rare Jenna Jameson Skateboard from Zoo York. Every time this deck comes up someone asks me where do I get one? Well this one is for sale cheap. "Nineteen Ninety-Three was a very special year: Jenna ...
What in the world happened to Jenna Jameson? | In Case You Didn ...
03.02.2012 When I first saw these new pictures of Jenna Jameson at LAX – my reaction was – sadness! She looks so sickly, it's so sad! She used to be so pretty – and then too much plastic surgery, and not enough food, and she just ...
Jenna Jameson's Blinged My Little Pony iPhone Case (SFW ...
27.03.2012 jenna jameson pony phone Jenna Jamesons Blinged My Little Pony iPhone Case (SFW) Fans of Jenna Jameson may have seen her flashing the goods around town. And by the goods we obviously mean her blingified My ...
Jenna Jameson Also Had Drugs In Her System During DUI Arrest
25.06.2012 To read more than 200 comments... click on the title of any post, it is a link to a separate page that shows all the comments. Scroll down to the bottom of the comments until you see the words newer and newest next to the ...
Vidéos X Jenna Jameson
Jenna Jameson videos X
Jenna Jameson | POPSUGAR Celebrity
When the recently broke "Octomom," Nadya Suleman, filed for bankruptcy, nobody was particularly surprised.
'Couples Therapy': Jenna Jameson, Deena Cortese Among Season 5 Celebs
VH1 has just confirmed the participants for season five of COUPLES THERAPY WITH DR. JENN.
CCTV footage of Tito Ortiz & Jenna Jameson from inside the house they...
Tito Ortiz releases CCTV footage of Jenna Jameson and himself from within the house they once shared which shows Jenna drinking straight from what appears to...
Jackson Guitars and Jenna Jameson from Synergy Guitar Boutique
Jackson Guitars from Synergy Guitar Boutique
Curvier-Looking Jenna Jameson Steps Out With New Boyfriend
Jenna Jameson stepped onto the red carpet at the XBIZ Awards, looking curvier while wearing a gold sequined dress. She was joined by her new boyfriend...
Couples Therapy Season 5 Cast Includes Jenna Jameson, Evel Dick...
Couples Therapy Season 5 cast announcement includes Jenna Jameson, Big Brother's Evil Dick, Jersey Shore's Deena Cortese, & a controversial mystery couple!
Jason McAteer and Jenna Jameson are getting on rather well on Twitter...
Don't pretend you don't know who Jenna Jameson is – we know you do really.
Jason McAteer and Jenna Jameson are getting on rather well on Twitter...
Headline Jason McAteer and Jenna Jameson are getting on rather well on Twitter
Go Inside Jenna Jameson's Newly-Sold $1.8 Million Panty-Dropping...
Jenna Jameson's nasty split with baby daddy Tito Ortiz has not only ended in a custody battle, but just as things couldn't get any worse she's also lost her
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