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Edamame-Cucumber Salad
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Author Notes: Simple, easy & fresh. Goes perfect as a side for sushi or grilled fresh. Also perfect for those hot summer days. —we eat. happy.
Serves 4
For the salad
- 4 pickling cucumbers, sliced in halved then on a diagnol
- 1 cup fresh edamame
- 4 scallions, chopped
- 2 teaspoons toasted sesame seeds
for the dressing
- 1/2 cup rice wine vinegar
- 2 tablespoons mirin or white wine
- 1 agave syrup
- cracked pepper
- Whisk the dressing ingredients, then toss with the rest. Enjoy cold!
More Great Recipes: Vegetables|Appetizers|Salads|Side Dishes|Cucumbers


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Diamond Trust Bank of Kenya to Expand After Raising Capital
Diamond Trust Bank Ltd., a Kenyan lender, is considering expanding into a fifth African country as growing competition at home squeezes margins, Chairman Abdul Samji said.
The bank, based in the Kenyan capital, Nairobi, may enter Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo or South Sudan by 2017, Samji said in an interview yesterday. Diamond Trust last month raised 3.63 billion shillings ($41 million) by selling new shares to existing stockholders.
"In the next two to three years, we are going to be in one of those countries," Samji said. "The determining factor of where we are going to have a footprint will be determined by what makes economic sense to the people of those countries."
Madagascar, Congo and South Sudan offer growth opportunities for Kenyan lenders because of their lack of access to banking facilities. While 42 percent of Kenyans aged 15 and older have an account at a formal financial institution, that ratio is only 6 percent in Madagascar and 4 percent in the Democratic Republic of Congo, World Bank bank data shows. The sub-Saharan Africa average is 24 percent.
In South Sudan, which gained independence from Sudan three years ago, only 1 percent of households have a bank account, according to the United Nations.
Kenya Commercial Bank Ltd., the country's biggest lender by market value, last month said it's considering expanding into Congo, Mozambique, Zambia and Somalia. Equity Bank Ltd., Kenya's second-largest bank, has operations in four other East African nations including Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and South Sudan.
Increasing Competition
Diamond Trust, an affiliate of the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development SA, ranks as Kenya's sixth-biggest lender by market value.
The country has 43 commercial banks, a mortgage-finance company, nine microfinance banks and eight representative branches of foreign banks, according to the Central Bank of Kenya. The Banking Association of South Africa, which represents lenders in an economy more than nine times larger than Kenya, has 31 members, including branches of foreign banks.
Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta, his deputy William Ruto and other government ministers have urged banks in East Africa's biggest economy to cut their lending rates to spur economic growth. Average lending rates stood at 16.4 percent last month, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. The benchmark central bank rate is currently 8.5 percent.
'Biggest Challenge'
"The biggest challenge now is that the banking industry is becoming very competitive, not only in Kenya, but within the East African market," Samji said. "There is a lot of push from various organs of government, for example the central bank, to reduce our interest rates and as a result our margins are becoming thinner."
The margin in South Africa between official and commercial bank prime-lending rates is 3.5 percent.
DTB, as the lender is known, operates in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Burundi. Earlier this month, the bank posted a 10 percent increase in net income for the six months through June to 2.94 billion shillings as earnings from interest charges on loans jumped 19 percent.
The lender, which focuses on services to small- and medium-sized businesses, plans to introduce products next year that will target youth and women, Samji said.
"We are finalizing products which target the youth and women and we are sure to get customers from those sectors," he said. "This is because 75 percent of the population is made up of the youth."
Shares in DTB fell 0.4 percent today to 260 shillings, paring their gain this year to 41 percent, outperforming the benchmark Nairobi Securities Exchange All-Share Index, which gained 15 percent over the same period.


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USB gauge
by hudson, published
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A housing for a USB enabled gauge. More details: http://www.nycresistor.com/2012/09/17/analog-gauges/
Laser cut out of plywood and stain to taste. Install your badass gauge and RGB LED.
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Black Agenda Report's Glen Ford on Why the Clintons Won Over Black America
Donald Trump Blames GOP for Convention's Lower TV Ratings
For the U.S., There's No Business Like the Arms Business
Truthdigger of the Week: David Bald Eagle, Lakota Chief and Native American Rights Activist
Libertarian Gary Johnson Keeps Fighting to Join the Presidential Debates (Video)
By Beverly Gage $18.45
Mike Rose $13.37
By Mark Fiore
It has become increasingly clear that it is the younger generation that will save us all.
With legendary inventor Elon Musk in the vanguard, innovators are racing to design an all-electric aircraft. One fact that spurs them on: Today's aviation-fuel airplanes are a significant part of the pollution crisis.
He already thinks he hung it, so Donald Trump would be a natural leader for Jeb Bush's future moon colony.
Researchers say it is already too late for Miami and New Orleans, which will be overcome by rising sea levels caused by man-made climate change. Under a worst-case scenario, New York could be unlivable by 2085.
In a major announcement, scientists suggest that flowing water exists on Mars—a discovery they say has exciting implications for the future search for life on the Red Planet.
Steve Sack, Minneapolis Star Tribune. Cagle Cartoons.
John Cole, The Scranton Times-Tribune. Cagle Cartoons
By Mike Luckovich
Over a decade-long study of 37 major aquifers worldwide, 21 of them—including the Indus Basin, which supplies much of India's water—showed a depletion of supply.
It's often claimed that environmental science done in federal agencies is "politically driven" and therefore suspect. While widely held, the idea is demonstrably false. It ignores the simple fact that most of the major contributions of the twentieth century, at least in the physical sciences, came from just such government science.
Legislative critics of the USA Freedom Act, which was celebrated by privacy advocates as it passed the House of Representatives on Wednesday, say the law will merely adjust and codify the government's practice of bulk telephone data collection, rather than end it.
The Peninsula Peace and Justice Center hosted Truthdig Editor-in-Chief Robert Scheer and scholar Aleecia McDonald in a public conversation about the themes at the center of Scheer's new book, "They Know Everything About You: How Data-Collecting Corporations and Snooping Government Agencies Are Destroying Democracy."
What is it about men in the twilight of their presidencies that has them reaching to the stars?
This week on Truthdig Radio in association with KPFK: We investigate what al-Qaida—or anyone—has to gain by killing cartoonists. Also: NASA finds habitable planets far, far away, and the FCC is doing something behind closed doors that you should probably know about.
Rising sea levels and repeated storm damage to natural coastal defenses pose an increasing threat to the famous Cape Canaveral rocket launch site in Florida.
By Nick Anderson
As drones, driverless cars, robotic surgeons and algorithms that can buy and trade in the stock market become part of the daily conversation, there needs to be an understanding of how the law and the public will deal with these imminent realities.
The OCO-2 will monitor fluctuations of CO2 in the atmosphere, making note of where the greenhouse gases are rising and falling the most.
Climate change and sea level rise are threatening historic U.S. landmarks, from the Statue of Liberty to NASA's coastal rocket launch sites, and the nation needs to prepare, scientists said Tuesday.
"The collapse of large parts of the ice sheet in West Antarctica appears to have begun and is almost certainly unstoppable, with global warming accelerating the pace of the disintegration," The New York Times reports two groups of scientists stated Monday.
Brunei's sultan, who's responsible for implementing the inhumane Shariah law, will benefit in a number of ways from the Trans-Pacific Partnership; NASA plans to put a greenhouse on Mars in just a few years; meanwhile, Peruvians have created billboards that clean the air and produce potable water. These discoveries and more after the jump.
A new study sponsored by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center confirmed the prospect that worldwide industrial civilization could collapse in the coming decades under "unsustainable resource exploitation and increasingly unequal wealth distribution," Dr. Nafeez Ahmed reports at The Guardian.
Sezzles (CC BY 2.0)
Howard Dickins (CC BY 2.0)
Asteroids and satellites, oh, my! Two reports warn us to cast a wary eye above as space debris—natural and man made—drops from the sky. But don't over-fret: Odds of getting hit are very small, though experts warn that the right-size asteroid would cause major damage.
NASA on Instagram
The space agency waved a cheeky goodbye from the social image site Tuesday, saying "we won't be posting or replying to comments during the U.S. government shutdown."
J.Gabás Esteban (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
The Curiosity rover found H2O particles bound to other minerals in Martian dirt. According to scientists, it's enough water to hydrate astronauts who wish to explore the planet in the future.
Sex columnist Dan Savage was moved by the suicides of gay teenagers to launch the It Gets Better Project, and since then everyone from President Obama to Perez Hilton has made a video. Add NASA and its LGBT brainiacs to that list.
Having directed NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies for most of the past four decades, Dr. James E. Hansen retired this month to devote himself to the scientific activism that has brought both awards and catcalls during his long and distinguished career.
NASAblueshift (CC BY 2.0)
Scientists say they may have found a pair of distant planets that bear a closer resemblance to Earth than any yet discovered, with a chance the worlds contain liquid water on the surface.
Scientists connected the brains of a pair of rodents—one in Brazil, the other in North Carolina—via computers; an Italian jeans maker has trademarked the word "Jesus" thus holding exclusive rights to clothes bearing Christ's name; meanwhile, a police officer is on trial in New York on suspicion of planning to rape, torture and cannibalize women. These discoveries and more after the jump.
Craigyc (CC BY 2.0)
In case you missed it, in November, io9 reported that physicist Harold White was working on the concept for an engine that could transport a ship through space at warp speeds without violating Einstein's law of relativity.
The space agency is so confident in its prediction that it has already released a video explaining why the world didn't end Dec. 21.
Jeff Parker, Cagle Cartoons, Florida Today
John Darkow, Cagle Cartoons, Columbia Daily Tribune, Missouri
Neil Armstrong has died at the age of 82. Here are some photos of the great explorer collected over the years.
Neil Armstrong entered this universe on his family's farm and would leave it having stepped foot on the moon. He is dead after spending 82 extraordinary years on this Earth, and a few days off of it.
Manny Francisco, Cagle Cartoons, Manila, The Philippines
After voyaging through space for more than eight months, NASA's Curiosity finally reached its destination: Mars. The rover made a harrowing descent onto the Red Planet on Sunday night as it began its two-year mission to determine if the key ingredients for life ever existed there.
NASA Goddard Photo and Video (CC BY 2.0)
She was aboard the shuttle Challenger in June 1983, when she was 32, the first American woman to fly into space. On Monday, Sally Ride succumbed to pancreatic cancer after a 17-month battle. She was 61.
Fifty years ago, John Glenn sat in a little metal capsule rocketing around the Earth, while down on the ground NASA scientists thought his eyes might change shape. (more)
AdamCohn (CC-BY)
If we could see the world with a particularly illuminating set of spectacles, one of its most prominent features at the moment would be a giant carbon bubble, whose bursting someday will make the housing bubble of 2007 look like a lark.
Wikimedia Commons / Brandonc (CC-BY-SA)
Sorry, all you Mayan-influenced doomsday enthusiasts, but it's looking to some of the great minds over at NASA as though 2012 isn't going to be particularly apocalypse-friendly as such. Ancient augury versus contemporary astronomy: Who will prevail?
Wikimedia Commons / NASA
Did you know that astronomers have found a bunch of potential "Earth 2.0" candidate planets scattered around the universe? More than 2,000 in fact, and one in particular, which NASA dubbed Kepler 22-b after the supercharged telescope that spotted it, spins around its own sun just 600 light-years away.
By Cameron Cardow, The Ottowa Citizen
Dr. Tom Wagner of NASA is remarkably cheerful as he explains how the historic melting of sea ice in the Arctic threatens to exacerbate climate change across the globe.
The earthquake that hit Japan last March not only triggered a tsunami that devastated the island nation, but created waves that traveled all the way to the ice shelves of Antarctica ... (more)
Flickr / the real Kam75 (CC-BY-SA)
More than 40 years after man first stepped foot on the moon, a new race to that pie in the sky has begun, this time by groups of entrepreneurs looking to cash in on private ventures and $30 million in prizes offered by Google.
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June 15
- Integrity Insurance: Mowry promoted to loss control manager
- ManpowerGroup: Diversity recruiting just got easier: ManpowerGroup Solutions gains access to 12 million diverse candidates
- New North: Four regional leaders named to New North board
- Price Engineering: New hydraulic reservoir revolutionizing fluid power industry
- Princeton Audio: New audio company announces first shipment of handcrafted, super-premium wireless speakers
- Standard Process Inc.: Names D'Youville college scholarship recipient
- Stoughton Trailers: Introduces new rear safety measure as standard trailer feature
- UW-Madison: Explorations at Aztalan yield enthusiasm and excitement for visitors, students
June 14
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Indybay Feature
Tue Jun 30 2009 (Updated 07/02/09)6th Annual March for Transgender Pride
Tue Jun 30 2009 (Updated 07/02/09)Transgender March Winds its Way through San Francisco's Mission District
The 6th annual Trans March took a different route than in years past, starting at Dolores Park where several thousand people gathered, and forming a march that traveled through the Mission district. The excitement was still high as the group neared the announced ending point at 26th and Valencia, where one contingent took Cesar Chavez Street continuing to an after-party at El Rio while a smaller subgroup kept on marching through the city.
This year's march marked San Francisco's sixth year since the event began in 2004 when it was first established to honor Gwen Araujo, a young transgendered woman who was brutally murdered in Newark, California in November of 2002.
Photos: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
Previous Indybay Coverage: 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008
07/26/16 "BulletProof" Militarized Policing Workshop Hosted by Santa Clara Sheriff's Department Front Page | Police State and Prisons | South Bay07/26/16 Cheers at San Francisco Rally as Wasserman Schultz Announces Resignation Front Page | San Francisco | U.S. | Government & Elections07/25/16 Recall of Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf Underway Due to Growing Discontent in City Front Page | Police State and Prisons | Racial Justice | Health, Housing, and Public Services | East Bay | Government & Elections07/22/16 Sacramento Activists Hold Vigil to Remember 47 Killed in Lac-Mégantic Rail Disaster Front Page | Environment & Forest Defense | Central Valley | East Bay | California | Government & Elections07/22/16 Report Documents 74% Decline in Monarch Butterflies Overwintering in Coastal California Front Page | Environment & Forest Defense | East Bay | California | Santa Cruz Indymedia07/18/16 New Oakland Police Commission Ballot Measure to Take Its Final Form in City Council Vote Front Page | Police State and Prisons | Racial Justice | East Bay | Government & Elections07/12/16 Police Murders of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile in Two Days Stir Renewed Resistance Front Page | Police State and Prisons | Racial Justice | San Francisco | South Bay | East Bay | California | U.S. | Santa Cruz Indymedia07/11/16 Solidarity March in San Francisco with Oaxacan Uprising Front Page | Police State and Prisons | Global Justice and Anti-Capitalism | San Francisco | Americas07/11/16 De-Militarize the Newark Police Department and Get Justice for Teo Valencia Jr Front Page | Police State and Prisons | Racial Justice | East Bay07/10/16 Reflections on the Santa Cruz Bus Rider's Association Health, Housing, and Public Services | Labor & Workers | Government & Elections | Santa Cruz Indymedia07/09/16 Call for Oakland Police to Blow the Whistle on Corruption, Misconduct, and Predation Front Page | Police State and Prisons | Racial Justice | East Bay | Government & ElectionsRelated Categories: San Francisco | LGBTI / Queer | Front Page
Cheers at San Francisco Rally as Wasserman Schultz Announces Resignation Sunday Jul 24th 6:41 PM
Walgreens will start surcharging San Francisco Federal Credit Union Members Friday Jul 22nd 11:39 PM
San Francisco: March and Rally in Solidarity with Oaxaca and Against the Police (1 comment) Wednesday Jul 20th 10:12 PM
Resistencia desde Califas a Oaxaca (1 comment) Wednesday Jul 20th 10:08 PM
#FreedomNow: Global Call to Action 7.21 (1 comment) Wednesday Jul 20th 4:01 PM
SF Action to End Racist Police Terror Wednesday Jul 20th 1:37 PM
Photos: Solidarity Rally and March with Oaxacan Uprising (1 comment) Friday Jul 15th 11:59 PM
Complaint Filed Against SF Supervisor Candidate for Financial Conflict of Interest (1 comment) Monday Jul 11th 4:19 PM
Mexican Trade Unionists To Visit SF And Northern California Sunday Jul 10th 12:19 PM
Grocery Tax on SF 11/8/16 Ballot & Other Anti-Labor Props Saturday Jul 9th 8:40 PMMore Local News...
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Killer whales remain protected in Washington Wednesday Jun 15th 5:03 PM
Pre-Paid Phone "Security" Law Threatens to Make Black Lives Even Harder Thursday May 12th 9:37 PM
Police evicts No Border Camp in Greece (2 comments) Wednesday Apr 20th 5:13 AM
Mary Kay Henry - Members Demand Say Aside The Rigged Election Results In SEIU 1021! (1 comment) Sunday Mar 27th 11:34 PM
Capitalism, Sports & The Super Bowl: The Cost, The Politics, Privatization And The Game Wednesday Feb 3rd 11:55 AM
Feds Launch Review of Endangered West Coast Orcas Wednesday Jan 27th 5:18 PM
Spring Break Delegation to Bolivia, Food Sovereignty, and Indigenous Resistance! Sunday Jan 10th 10:19 AM
War In The Middle East, The Kurds, Turkey, Erdogan And the ISIL Connection (2 comments) Wednesday Nov 25th 8:31 AM
Climate Games begin ahead of COP21 (1 comment) Sunday Nov 8th 1:55 PM
A Captured Agency? The Airlines, Trucking And OSHA With Fired OSHA Investigator Dar Sunday Nov 1st 4:25 PMMore Global News...
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$4.625 Trillion, The Global Privatization Of Education And Who Is Behind It? Tuesday Jul 26th 12:03 PM
The unabashed apostasy at San Francisco's Civic Center (1 comment) Thursday Jun 9th 12:56 AM
Ed Lee's Shill/Flack Randy Shaw CEO of City Funded THC Wants Press To Get More Lee Support Wednesday Jun 1st 8:48 AM
To save Indybay, please pay now; nothing is free (2 comments) Wednesday Jun 1st 12:43 AM
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Quality Assurance Cambridge, MA, United States Merrimack is a fully integrated biopharmaceutical company that views cancer as a complex engineering challenge. Through systems biology, which brings together the fields of biology, computing and engineering, Merrimack aims to6/26/2016 Cambridge, MA Save This Job
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Location:Audubon, PA Job Code:QASVS0616 Description The Quality Assurance Specialist (QAS) will work within the Quality Assurance department to provide review of device/product records to ensure compliance to applicable federal, state, local, and accreditation standards. The6/26/2016 Audubon, PA Save This Job
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Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Toxicity
- Author: Theodore I Benzer, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: Asim Tarabar, MD more...
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a naturally occurring, 4-carbon compound with a structure similar to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GHB is described as a neurotransmitter and a regulator of energy metabolism.
First synthesized in 1960, GHB initially was investigated as an anesthetic because of its capacity to rapidly induce a deep coma with only minor cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects. Its lack of analgesic properties and tendency to cause seizurelike activity soon dampened enthusiasm for its medicinal use.
Purported to act as a fat burner and growth hormone promoter, a resurgence of GHB occurred in the late 1980s as a food supplement for body builders and dieters. When L-tryptophan, a supplement with similar purported effects, was withdrawn from the market, GHB use increased further. Also used as a hallucinogenic, euphoric, and sleep aid, it was easily obtained at health food stores, gyms, and mail order outlets. This popularity coincided with a rising tide of GHB-related morbidity and mortality that caught the attention of regional poison control centers.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibited the sale and manufacture of GHB in 1990. Since then, GHB has been associated with a more clandestine popularity as an illicit drug, particularly in the southeastern and western United States. It currently is prevalent in the dance music scene (at raves and nightclubs) as an alternative to "ecstasy" and amphetamines. GHB often is used in conjunction with alcohol. It has been implicated, with flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), as a date rape drug.
GHB generally comes in pure powder form or mixed with water. Its highly concentrated liquid street form is available in small plastic containers similar to hotel shampoo bottles. The bottles generally cost about $10 and contain about 10 "hits." GHB is known by many street names, including grievous bodily harm, scoop, liquid ecstasy, cherry meth, growth hormone booster, liquid x, and Georgia homeboy.
GHB is manufactured readily from its precursor, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). GBL is a solvent found in floor cleaning products, nail polish, and superglue removers. Saponification of the lactone with sodium hydroxide in the form of lye results in nearly quantitative conversion. This method has drawbacks, however, because several cases have reported caustic alkali ingestion from undissolved lye. GBL also undergoes conversion into GHB in vivo and, accordingly, is associated with the same symptoms. GBL is more bioavailable and more potent than GHB on an equimolar basis.
Although the manufacture and sale of GBL is now illegal, it was, for a time, still available for purchase through the Internet and at health food stores under several brand names, including Firewater, Renewtrient, Revivarant or Revivarant G, Blue Nitro or Blue Nitro Vitality, GH Revitalizer, Gamma G, and Remforce. Several states discovered this practice and banned these products. The FDA issued a warning and notice requesting manufacturers to recall GBL-containing products on January 21, 1999. On January 28, 1999, the FDA issued a warning to consumers not to purchase or use GBL products.
In an effort to bypass FDA regulation, several manufacturers have begun marketing 1,4-butanediol (BD), a chemical that is metabolized to GHB in the body by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. The FDA has declared BD a Class I Health Hazard (ie, a potentially life-threatening drug).
GHB's unique attributes have some legitimate uses. In Europe, it is still used as an anesthetic, for alcohol and opiate addiction therapy, and for narcolepsy therapy. Only this last indication of narcolepsy is recognized by the US Food and Drug Administration, which in 2002 approved GHB (ie, sodium oxybate [Xyrem]) to treat a small subset of patients with narcolepsy who have episodes of weak or paralyzed muscles (ie, cataplexy).[1] Because of sodium oxybate's history of abuse as a recreational drug, the FDA approved it as a Schedule III Controlled Substance. A limited distribution program that includes physician education, patient education, a patient and physician registry, and detailed patient surveillance has been established. Under the program, prescribers and patients are able to obtain the product only through a single centralized pharmacy.
GHB is found naturally in the central nervous system (CNS), with the highest concentrations in the basal ganglia. GHB binding sites are present in the cortex, midbrain, substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and, most predominantly, in the hippocampus. GHB also is found in the peripheral blood and readily crosses the blood-brain and placental barriers.
GHB is rapidly absorbed after ingestion and takes 20-30 minutes to reach a maximal plasma concentration following the ingestion of a 12.5 mg/kg dose and 30-60 minutes with a dose of 50 mg/kg. Clinical effects become evident approximately 5-15 minutes post ingestion. The elimination half-life is 27 minutes and proceeds in a dose-dependent saturable manner. GHB is ultimately metabolized to CO2 and eliminated through the lungs.
The pharmacokinetics of GHB in alcoholic persons are similar to those in persons without alcoholism; however, the frequency of serious adverse effects is less in the alcoholic individuals, suggesting a cross-tolerance between alcohol and GHB. Although gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques readily detect GHB in urine and serum, traditional hospital toxicology assays typically do not include GHB.[2]
Central nervous system
GHB has a myriad of neurological effects. It binds to GABA-B receptors in the brain, inhibits noradrenaline release in the hypothalamus, and mediates the release of an opiatelike substance in the striatum. It produces a biphasic dopamine response, increasing release at high doses and inhibiting release at lower doses. True to proponents' bodybuilding claims, GHB has produced an increase in growth hormone in rats and in one small human study. No study, however, has yet demonstrated any weight loss or increased muscle growth associated with GHB use.
Although GHB traditionally has been considered a potent epileptogenic drug and has been noted to cause epileptiform electroencephalograms (EEGs) in animals, a few human volunteer studies have failed to demonstrate EEG changes associated with use. However, case reports commonly report seizures or seizurelike activity in persons ingesting the drug. It is theorized that myoclonic jerks of the face and extremities may be mistaken for evidence of seizures.
CNS depression is the hallmark of GHB use. An oral dose of 10 mg/kg produces short-term amnesia and hypotonia; 20-30 mg/kg produces drowsiness and sleep. After ingestion of approximately 50-70 mg/kg, profound hypnosis and deep coma rapidly ensue. GHB quickly initiates delta wave and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and produces moderate amnesia but does not produce analgesia or muscle relaxation. It decreases cerebral glucose metabolism and increases cerebral blood flow, yet it reduces intracranial pressure. Myoclonic jerks and respiratory depression accompany the descent into anesthesia.
A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 3 is not uncommon. One peculiar characteristic of GHB toxicity is that patients often demonstrate extreme combativeness and agitation despite profound CNS and respiratory depression. The coma usually lasts from 3-6 hours and spontaneously resolves. Patients who are intubated for respiratory depression typically have a longer recovery time, but extubation within 8-10 hours is common; extubation in the ED has been described. The resolution is characteristically rapid and usually accompanied by myoclonic jerks and agitation.
GHB has been noted to cause bradycardia in approximately 30-35% of ingestions. Studies of GHB infusion in hypovolemic shock have demonstrated an increase in mean arterial pressure and cardiac output when compared with a normal saline infusion. GHB also has been noted to have some antidysrhythmic properties.
Other effects
One study described a syndrome of withdrawal following cessation of chronic heavy GHB use.[3] Psychosis and severe agitation requiring chemical and physical restraints were uniformly seen. Anxiety, tremor, tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, delirium, and auditory and visual hallucinations were reported. Symptoms began approximately 1-6 hours after last use and lasted 5-15 days. One fatality was noted, although a causal relationship with GHB has not been established. Clinical similarities between GHB withdrawal and other sedative-hypnotic withdrawal syndromes, such as that associated with ethanol, suggest a common mechanism. This has been proposed to be caused by a loss of GABA inhibition, which may allow an increase in excitatory neurotransmitters and produce the agitated, hyperadrenergic, withdrawal state.
United States
GHB use was common in the 1990s, with the most prevalent use observed in Florida, Texas, California, and Georgia. One report shows that GHB-related ED visits dramatically increased from 20 in 1992 to 629 in 1996. Approximately 60% of these episodes involved multiple drugs; GHB was taken in combination with alcohol in 76%, cocaine in 6%, marijuana in 5%, and ecstasy in 4% of these cases. GHB was reportedly used for recreational purposes in 91% of cases. GHB use showed a significant decline in the first years of the 21st century. The California Poison Control reported a 76% decrease in GHB exposures between 1999 and 2003.[4]
Over the past decade, GHB use has fluctuated. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration estimated that the number of persons 12 years of age and older who used GHB in the past year was as follows[5] :
2006 - 130,000
2007 - 68,000
2010 - 170,000
2011 - 108,000
2013 - 120,000 in 2013
Although data are limited regarding international GHB use, substantial use has been reported internationally, particularly in England and Australia.[6]
The complications most frequently noted with GHB ingestion are coma and respiratory depression, which occasionally necessitate endotracheal intubation. Frequently stupor and coma alternate with extreme agitation. Myoclonus is common and can mimic seizure activity.
Other noted complications include bradycardia, mild hypotension, bundle-branch block, and rarely cardiac arrest.
Aspiration pneumonitis and caustic injury to the GI tract (usually secondary to NaOH exposure from faulty home synthesis) also have been noted.
Mortality has been reported with GHB ingestion taken in combination with other illicit drugs or alcohol. Fatalities secondary to isolated GHB use is rare.
Sex- and Age-related Demographics
Among users of GHB, males have consistently outnumbered females, but the percentages have varied widely from year to year. For example, males constituted 89% of persons 12 years of age and older who had used GHB in the past year in 2011, but 52% of those in 2013.[5]
Two thirds of patients presenting to an ED for GHB ingestion are aged 18-25 years. However, the majority of persons who use GHB are 26 years of age or older.[5] Use by a 77-year-old has been reported.
Towiwat P, Phattanarudee S, Maher TJ. Comparative study of equimolar doses of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) on catalepsy after acute and chronic administration. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Jan. 51:337-42. [Medline].
Brennan R, Van Hout MC. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a scoping review of pharmacology, toxicology, motives for use, and user groups. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2014 Jul-Aug. 46 (3):243-51. [Medline].
Dyer JE, Roth B, Hyma BA. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Feb. 37(2):147-53. [Medline].
Anderson IB, Kim SY, Dyer JE, et al. Trends in gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and related drug intoxication: 1999 to 2003. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Feb. 47(2):177-83. [Medline].
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. SAMHSA. Available at http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs2013/NSDUH-DetTabs2013.htm#tab7.22a. Accessed: December 29, 2015.
Corkery JM, Loi B, Claridge H, Goodair C, Corazza O, Elliott S, et al. Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015 Jun. 53:52-78. [Medline].
Schep LJ, Knudsen K, Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Mégarbane B. The clinical toxicology of γ-hydroxybutyrate, γ-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012 Jul. 50(6):458-70. [Medline].
Neijzen R, van Ardenne P, Sikma M, Egas A, Ververs T, van Maarseveen E. Activated charcoal for GHB intoxication: an in vitro study. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2012 Dec 18. 47(5):801-3. [Medline].
Traub SJ, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS. Physostigmine as a treatment for gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicity: a review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2002. 40(6):781-7. [Medline].
Morse BL, Vijay N, Morris ME. γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-induced respiratory depression: combined receptor-transporter inhibition therapy for treatment in GHB overdose. Mol Pharmacol. 2012 Aug. 82(2):226-35. [Medline]. [Full Text].
CDC. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gamma hydroxy butyrate use--New York and Texas, 1995-1996. JAMA. 1997 May 21. 277(19):1511. [Medline].
Chin MY, Kreutzer RA, Dyer JE. Acute poisoning from gamma-hydroxybutyrate in California. West J Med. 1992 Apr. 156(4):380-4. [Medline].
Chin RL, Sporer KA, Cullison B, Dyer JE, Wu TD. Clinical course of gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Jun. 31(6):716-22. [Medline].
Li J, Stokes SA, Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication: a review of the effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid with recommendations for management. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Jun. 31(6):729-36. [Medline].
Li J, Stokes SA, Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication: seven cases of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid overdose. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Jun. 31(6):723-8. [Medline].
Office of Applied Studies. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Drug Abuse Warning Network 1992-1996. Unpublished Data. 1996.
Rambourg-Schepens MO, Buffet M, Durak C, Mathieu-Nolf M. Gamma butyrolactone poisoning and its similarities to gamma hydroxybutyric acid: two case reports. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1997 Aug. 39(4):234-5. [Medline].
Tancredi DN, Shannon MW. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 30-2003. A 21-year-old man with sudden alteration of mental status. N Engl J Med. 2003 Sep 25. 349(13):1267-75. [Medline].
Zvosec DL, Smith SW. Agitation is common in gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicity. Am J Emerg Med. 2005 May. 23(3):316-20. [Medline].
Zvosec DL, Smith SW. Comment on "The abrupt cessation of therapeutically administered sodium oxybate (GHB) may cause withdrawal symptoms". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004. 42(1):121-3; author reply 125-7. [Medline].


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The Keepers of the House (Paperback)
Winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1965, The Keepers of the House is Shirley Ann Grau's masterwork, a many-layered indictment of racism and rage that is as terrifying as it is wise.
Entrenched on the same land since the early 1800s, the Howlands have, for seven generations, been pillars of their Southern community. Extraordinary family lore has been passed down to Abigail Howland, but not all of it. When shocking facts come to light about her late grandfather William's relationship with Margaret Carmichael, a black housekeeper, the community is outraged, and quickly gathers to vent its fury on Abigail. Alone in the house the Howlands built, she is at once shaken by those who have betrayed her, and determined to punish the town that has persecuted her and her kin.
Morally intricate, graceful and suspenseful, The Keepers of the House has become a modern classic.
About the Author
Shirley Ann Grau (b. 1929) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist of nine novels and short story collections, whose work is set primarily in her native South. Grau was raised in Alabama and Louisiana, and many of her novels document the broad social changes of the Deep South during the twentieth century, particularly as they affected African Americans. Grau's first novel, "The Hard Blue Sky" (1958), about the descendants of European pioneers living on an island off the coast of Louisiana, established her as a master of vivid description, both for characters and locale, a style she maintained throughout her career. Her public profile rose during the civil rights movement, when her dynastic novel "Keepers of the House" (1964), which dealt with race relations in Alabama, earned her a Pulitzer Prize.
Praise For…
"Each year, I reread three authors--Toni Morrison, Leslie Marmon Silko, and Shirley Ann Grau. No one else writes about the landscape of Louisiana as she does, but also about the landscape of bitter love and family dreams, of sex not as romance but as commerce and experiment and mystery, of people adrift in their lives and people so tethered to their own pieces of earth. Keepers of the House is a masterpiece of history and race and the fragile yet tenuous ownership of land and love."
--Susan Straight, author of the National Book Award Finalist Highwire Moon
"A beautifully written book."--Atlantic Monthly
"Her best novel."--Saturday Review
"Shirley Ann Grau is one of those rare writers who creates a world, draws the reader into it, and makes him somehow happy there no matter what goes on.…Such is her beguilement that one comes to the novel's end with a sense of loss and leaves that world with reluctance." --Newsweek


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Skip to comments.Low-income families get access to cheaper Internet(9.95/mo and a $149 computer)
Posted on 08/08/2011 3:21:34 AM PDT by rawhide
Comcast Corporation is partnering with several metro Atlanta school districts to educate families about a new program to offer discounted Internet access to low-income students.
Today at a morning press conference, Comcast executives along with Mayor Kasim Reed, Gov. Nathan Deal and other area leaders will announce the program, which will be offered to families of students who qualify for free or reduced-priced school lunch.
Families who qualify will receive broadband Internet for $9.95 a month with no activation fee, no modem rental and a voucher to purchase a computer for $149.99. The Atlanta launch is part of the company's larger campaign to shrink the nation's "digital divide" by addressing the barriers to Internet access, according to David Cohen, executive vice president of Comcast Corporation.
"We see the debilitating negativity that is created through the digital divide," Cohen said of the decision to offer the program.
The main reasons people don't have Internet are a mistrust or lack of understanding about how it works, the cost of a home computer and the cost of service, he said. The program could reach 374,000 students in 28 metro Atlanta school districts. The company does not expect the additional subscribers will clog the network for other users.
In Atlanta Public Schools, 78 percent of students qualify for discounted lunch. Statewide, that number is about 56 percent, according to the Georgia Department of Education. Comcast estimates 45 percent of Atlanta residents arent connected to broadband.
Atlanta Public Schools Chief Technology Officer Dave Williamson, said the district will be encouraging parents to take advantage of the offer.
"We believe it will be used in large part to support our educational mission by providing students with the means to stay engaged in the learning process beyond the regular class day, he said.
See tagline........the Reparations continue.
So....my neighbors should pay for my new BMW 750I, because I don't have one? I don't have Kobi steaks in the freezer, either, so how about you paying for those, too? Might as well get me a Lear Jet, because I don't have one of those, either.....
So how much is this little welfare gem going to cost Comcast's paying customers?
How about the deadbeats get a job and pay for their own internet and toys...
"We believe it will be used in large part to support our educational mission by providing students with the means to stay engaged in the learning process beyond the regular class day, he said.
But not to diminish the crucial significance of internet porn on development of our youth.
"We believe it will be used in large part to support our educational mission by providing students with the means to stay engaged in the learning process beyond the regular class day, he said.
But not to diminish the crucial significance of internet porn on development of our youth.
Details here:
This offer is good nationwide, (39 states) wherever Concast has service.
Wait... You mean Comcast will charge paying customers more, to subsidize the freeloaders? That way they'll keep the stockholders "whole," and gaining positive publicity??? The next thing you'll tell me is that Comcast has a monopoly, and the paying customers have no alternative, but get screwed! (except to cancel cable)
Guess I've been standing in the wrong line.
My nephews, 11 and 8 years old, could probably train people how to use the computer. Give them a few ones (they are saving up for a car) and some Gatorade. Especially the orange one.
I think they have great careers in IT in their future. Every time I ask a question, they ask me to make sure the computer is plugged in.
Thesis -- "Everyone deserves to have a voice in the event of an emergency."
Offering -- Free cellphone with 250 minutes and texting, and no background checks, supported by the U.S. government.
Reality -- Free? Only to the user. Look at the cell bill. See "Universal Connectivity Fee"? People who pay their bills pay the "Al Gore" tax -- which never went through congress and was never voted on; it was simply a fee charged to communications subscribers, so the "digital divide" could be bridged, and the underprivileged could be bought with another benefit (which would, of course, grow into an 'entitlement').
This program probably falls into the same category. A communications provider uses the "universal connectivity" money to provide services which it hopes will result in additional fees being charged to the recipient. The basic internet/computer dollop isn't enough for the user's entertainment desires, so they expand the service, and have to pay Comcast extra fees, which become gravy in Comcast's pocket, since the taxpayer is already footing the basic bill.
It would be interesting (mildly) to go back after one year of 'bridging the digital divide' and see how much education use the service actually got; how much computer/internet 'failures' were used as a reason for not doing assigned work, opposed to how many times students who received them actually used them to complete assigned work.
Meahwhile we pay $50 a month for internet through Comcast. And the worst customer service on the planet.
Comcast has been raising rates on everything lately.
Now we know why.
RUN, don't walk, when you see the word "mission" used like this.
That is for sure. They installed a line to our house, cut through the irrigation line and tried to come back and fix it with duct tape. That resulted in a big fat leak and the water company sent us a $450 bill which we passed right on to Comcast. We also used Comcast in Florida; Went to make a complaint and they had a very long line outside their door.
Comcast is the biggest piece of crap ever.
Service outages every day.
Yes, APS are dealing with the fallout from a huge testing scandal.
Uh, doesn't 'nationwide' mean 57 states?
Look for new "internet stamps" to pick up the $9.95.
As I have said before, America is finished.
This was part of the price comcast was literally blackmailed into paying for the deal to take over nbc by the FCC and DOJ.
The FCC also imposed several voluntary conditions, though the "volunteer" conditions are enforceable, so Comcast and NBCU must comply. Those include making low-cost broadband service available to 2.5 million households; and maintaining and adding local, children's, diversity, and educational programming.
Those voluntarily conditions also include complying with the FCC's open Internet net neutrality rules, Cohen said.
There's a reason many Comcast customer service desks are behind bullet resistant glass.
"Yes, APS are dealing with the fallout from a huge testing scandal."
Pubic education was a key target for the Marxist.
They now run the schools and most of the media.
Shoplifting is still cheaper;)
Porn, music videos, and Facebook.
I'm still banging away on this circa 1999 Dell with Windows 2000. When is the gubment going to step in and get someone to pay for my upgrade?
I thought you were joking until I googled your statement. Must be a lot of upset people to deal with at Comcast?
I seem to recall some fee or other being added to everyone's phone bill to provide internet access to the inner cities. This was during Slick's administration (ahh, the good old days when the president was only depraved). So what has this fee been paying for all these years, shouldn't EVERY deadbeat already have free internet porn?
No we can be boss stone cold chillin with a 40, smokin a fatty, surfin the 'net!
Are there any statistics out there regarding the literacy rates for the target recipients?
>>Must be a lot of upset people to deal with at Comcast?
There's a reason they are re-branding themselves as Xfinity. Their customer-no-service history has killed Comcast as a brand.
I bet very few are sporting $19.99 sneakers from Pay Less!
You are so right about that!
I believe it's in excess of 70%.
Oh...wait.....I thought you said "legitimacy" rate (i.e., births), but you said "literacy".
Never mind..
Well after this passes, I can see comments on YouTube videos are gonna take another step lower (as if that is possible).
Just another recruiting tool for the community organizer president's private army.
APS is always on the right side of history, it seems. Black denial and white guilt.
Oh just swell. But the big question will continue to be, are you logged on? Who will see to it that those little brains full of mush know how to log on? Hmmmm?
Well, this news is enough to start my week being completely pissed off.
I Lost my job on 6/24. I have had my Driver's License suspended for (hopefully only) 6 months due to medical reasons. I cannot collect unemployment because my termination of employment was medical related. My Husband has had to take on a second job to keep us afloat. My Daughters will basically have an absent father because he is trying to do the RIGHT thing.
And now these POS welfare crap-tards get more for doing less!!!!
This Country sucks!!!!
I lived in the Portland/Vancouver metro area for 19 months, and in all that time, had only one service outage. Lasted for about 45 minutes or so. Then again, that was about ten years ago, so I can't speak to their service these days.
Here in Germany, I use O² for internet. Not too bad....no outages in one year.
Sorry...needed to vent. I'm just so ticked off that we have worked our tails off and still sit here spinning our wheels.
This started under Ragan as a program to help poor have a phone in their homes for emergencys. Then it is expanded to also give them a free cell phone to keep in touch (the commercial ironically shows a poor guy with a business) Now what everyone else pays 149 for, the loafers get for 9.95 so they can get internet, cable and another phone. Great win for the liberals, their base gets more free stuff, they can claim that Ragan started the program and they can say they did not raise taxes. It is those greedy companies that are charging more fees.
That's some heavy-duty community organizing, there. The DOJ may have been the agency that pushed these conditions on Comcast, but we all know from whence they came.
Exactly! Flash Mob invites included.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 25, 2004
|Filing date
|Apr 23, 2003
|Priority date
|Mar 18, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Anilkumar C. Bhatt, Ashwinkumar C. Bhatt, Subahu D. Desai, John M. Lauffer, Voya R. Markovich, Thomas R. Miller
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (26), Referenced by (1), Classifications (15), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a division of application Ser. No. 10/101,277, filed Mar. 18, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,757.
The present invention relates in general to printed wiring board structures and to methods for making printed wiring boards with thick inner-planes used for power distribution.
Printed wiring (circuit) boards (PWBs) have evolved over the years tracking the needs of circuit technologies they interconnect. In modern high performance computers, the PWB is designed for both high frequency signal distribution and the relatively high currents in power distribution. To manage high frequency signals, the PWB will have signal lines with controlled characteristic impedances and low noise coupling. Integrated circuits (ICs) used to implement high performance computers also have increasing numbers of input/output (I/O) connections, both for their wide data buses and for the requirement to provide low inductance power connections to minimize switching noise. The large numbers of I/O connections on an IC drives the requirement for the PWB to satisfy the corresponding high wiring demand resulting from the high via hole density around the IC. To service the wiring demand, the PWBs either increase the wiring density per wiring layer (thinner wiring lines) or add more wiring layers. In many cases, where PWBs are used in multiple chip assemblies, both thin wiring lines and large numbers of wiring layers are required.
The characteristic impedance of wiring lines used on a PWB is a function of the circuit line thickness, line width, and the dielectric thickness from the circuit line to a corresponding conductive reference plane. Typically, the voltage and ground power planes of the PWB serve as the reference planes for signal lines. Therefore, as the signal line widths become smaller, the dielectric thickness from the signal line to the power planes must also decrease if the characteristic impedance of the signal lines is to remain fixed. It is also desirable to have dielectric material with a low dielectric constant to improve signal propagation speed and to reduce noise coupling. A low dielectric constant also drives the thickness of the dielectric to be thinner for a given desired characteristic impedance.
To handle the increased power density for PWB assemblies used in high performance computers, the thicknesses of the power planes are also increasing. One popular structure for a PWB has two signal planes associated with a power plane (this is often referred to as a 2S1P structure). In a 2S1P PWB structure, each signal plane is separated from the power plane by a thickness of dielectric that is dictated by the required characteristic impedance of the signal lines the desired wiring capacity of the signal layer, and the dielectric constant of the dielectric material. Communication between signal planes requires conductive via holes that pass though the power planes.
In making the 2S1P PWB structure, signal via holes are first formed for the signals that must pass through the power plane. Typically, processes for forming via holes in a power plane comprise mechanical drilling, laser drilling, punching and chemical etching. The signal plane assemblies used to make the wiring layers may be fabricated by laminating an electrically conductive (e.g., copper) layer to a dielectric fabric (woven polymer cloth) layer that has been impregnated (sometimes referred to as Pre-Preg) with a flowable dielectric material. Two such signal plane assemblies are then laminated to the power plane with the pre-formed signal via holes. During lamination of the signal plane assemblies, the flowable dielectric in the Pre-Preg flows into both sides of the via holes in the power planes and fills the via holes. However, the requirement for thicker power planes and thinner signal plane dielectrics has forced the Pre-Preg layer to also be thinner to maintain a desired characteristic impedance. The combination of thinner Pre-Preg layers and thicker power planes has made it increasingly difficult to make high quality, high performance PWBs without forming voids in the dielectric within the signal via holes. This condition is observed in large via holes and in areas of high via hole density. Making a PWB with thick power planes in this prior art fashion has resulted in lower yields and in higher PWB failure rates.
There is therefore a need for a method for making high performance PWBs with thick power planes without sacrificing yields and quality.
A process for making high performance printed wiring boards (PWBs) separates the process for filling the via holes in the power planes from the process for making the signal dielectric layers that determine the electrical characteristics of the signal wiring lines. The signal via holes are first formed (e.g., drilled) in the power plane. In one embodiment, a photo-imageable dielectric (PID) material is applied to one side of the drilled power plane such that the PID material flows into the via holes. The PID material may be applied as a liquid by screen printing, draw coating, etc., or as a dry film using vacuum lamination. The filled power plane is then processed by exposing the un-coated side to light energy (e.g., ultra violet (UV) light). In this embodiment, the drilled power plane acts as a mask, allowing the light energy to only expose the PID material in the via holes. The PID material is a material that cures (e.g., cross-linking the polymer chains) such that it is resistant to a chemical developer which removes uncured PID material. The exposed power plane is then developed with a chemical developer such that the uncured material is removed. The signal planes, with corresponding laminated pre-impregnated (Pre-Preg) dielectric layers, are laminated onto each side of the filled power plane. The flowable dielectric in the Pre-Preg layers now only needs to fill any small cavities that may exist in the via hole area thereby improving yield and reliability.
In another embodiment, PID material is applied to both sides of a power plane with pre-formed via holes. In this embodiment, the PID material fills from both sides of the via holes. Since PID material may be on both sides of the power plane as well as in the via holes, a photo-mask is used in this embodiment. The photo-mask has holes corresponding to the via holes in the power plane. When the light source exposes the side of the power plane with the photo-mask applied, only the PID material in the via holes is exposed. The photo-mask is then removed and the unexposed PID material is chemically removed. In this manner, substantially all the material on the surfaces of the power planes is removed. One side of the via holes may have a slight build up of exposed PID material (approximately the thickness of the photo-mask); however, this covers a very small amount of the total area of the PWB. After the unexposed PID material is removed, a signal plane with a corresponding Pre-Preg dielectric layer is laminated onto each side of the power plane. One side of the power plane has no exposed PID material on the surface and the PID material in the via holes may have a slight depression depending on the penetration of the light energy when the PID material is exposed. The side of the power plane that had the photo-mask applied has no exposed PID material on the surface of the power planes and the via holes may have a slightly raised amount of exposed PID material. Since the raised amount of PID material is very small relative to the total area of the power plane, the Pre-Preg layer will adjust to these "bumps" while maintaining the controlled thicknesses.
A PWB is made using a conductive power plane with via holes that have been substantially filled with a PID material cured with light energy. A signal plane assembly with a conductive signal plane and a uniform thickness dielectric layer is bonded onto each side of the power plane with the PID material filled via holes forming a 2S1P PWB structure. Flowable material in the uniform dielectric layers further fills any unfilled surface areas of the filled via holes. Insulated via holes are then formed substantially through the center of the filled via holes. Conductive material is then applied to each of the insulated via holes to electrically connect the conductive signal planes. The 2S1P PWB is then completed by forming signal lines on each of the signal planes.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a top view of a prior art thick power plane illustrating signal and power via holes with a section line shown through a set of signal via holes and a power via hole corresponding to illustrations in succeeding figures;
FIG. 2A is the cross-section of the prior art thick power plane shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 2B is a prior art 2S1P printed wiring board (PWB) made by laminating two signal planes with corresponding pre-impregnated (Pre-Preg) dielectric material onto a pre-drilled power plane illustrating voids which may occur in the via holes;
FIG. 3 illustrates four steps in a process for making a filled via hole power plane;
FIG. 4A illustrates two signal planes with corresponding dielectric layers placed in position prior to being laminated onto a filled via hole power plane;
FIG. 4B illustrates a completed 2S1P-PWB structure;
FIG. 5 illustrates four steps in another process for making a filled via hole power plane;
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of process steps used in making a filled via hole power plane and a corresponding PWB; and
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of process steps used in making a filled via hole power plane and a corresponding PWB.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth such as chemical compositions or process temperatures, etc. to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known process equipment may have been shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail. For the most part, details concerning chemical compositions of known material and the like have been omitted in as much as such details are not necessary to obtain a complete understanding of the present invention and are within the skills of persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art. The term signal via holes refers to via holes that are used so conduct signals (either digital, analog or power) through power planes. Signal via holes may be synonymous the term clearance via hole.
Refer now to the drawings wherein depicted elements are not necessarily shown to scale and wherein like or similar elements are designated by the same reference numeral through the several views.
FIG. 1 illustrates a thick power plane 100 that has had signal via holes and power via holes formed by one of the various processes comprising mechanical drilling, laser drilling, punching or chemical etching. A section line 113 (2A—2A), through exemplary signal via holes 102-111 and large power via hole 112, defines a cross-section view used within succeeding FIGS. 2A-2B.
FIG. 2A is a cross-section view of power plane 100 defined by section line 113 (see FIG. 1). Continuous conductive plane area 101 is shown along with signal via holes 102-111 and power via hole 112. Via holes 102-111 illustrate an area of a high via hole density in conductive plane 100 where the via hole spacing is essentially equal to the smallest available via hole diameter. In some via hole patterns, the hole spacings may be smaller that the hole diameters. Via hole 112 illustrates a power via hole that is large relative to signal via holes 102-111.
FIG. 2B illustrates a 2S1P PWB structure 200 made with a prior art process of laminating signal planes 203 and 204 with corresponding pre-impregnated (Pre-Preg) dielectric layers 209 and 211 to thick power plane 100. Flowable dielectric material within Pre-Preg layers 209 and 211 fills the via holes 102-112 during lamination. Characteristic voids 205 and 206 may occur in the high via hole density area and characteristic void 207 may occur in the exemplary large power via hole 112. Line 210 illustrates where dielectric layers 209 and 211 meet during the lamination process corresponding to the approximate center of power plane 100.
FIG. 3 illustrates thick power plane 310 during process steps used in filling its via holes according to one embodiment of the present invention. Step 1 illustrates a cross-section of power plane 310 showing signal via holes 322-331, power via hole 332 and continuous plane area 321. In step 2, a photo-imageable dielectric (PID) material 301 is applied to one side of power plane 310. A PID material, like ASM made by IBM Corporation or Dynavia 2000 made by Morton Electronic Materials, may be used. If IBM ASM is used, it is dried after application at 90-100 degrees centigrade for 10 to 30 minutes. PID material 301 is shown to have completely filled the via holes 322-332 of power plane 310; however, these via holes in power plane 310 may not always completely fill; rather, some amount of under filling may occur. In step 4, cured PID material 303 is shown depressed below the surface of power plane 310 illustrating holes that are not completely filled to the surfaces of power plane 310. Since the process in FIG. 3 is one sided, it is much more difficult for trapped gases to prevent PID material 301 from flowing into the via holes in power plane 310. PID material 301 may be in a liquid form and applied by screen printing or by draw coating, or in dry form and applied using a vacuum laminator such as the Dupont SMVL 130 tool. After PID material 301 has been applied in step 2, light energy 302 exposes the side of power plane 310 without applied PID material 301. If IBM ASM is used for PID material 301, ultra-violet (UV) radiation would be used as light energy 302. Following exposure to UV light, the IBM ASM material would be baked at 125 degrees centigrade for 30 to 60 minutes.
In the process of FIG. 3, power plane 310 acts as a mask preventing the PID material 301 on the surface of power plane 310 from being exposed to light energy 302. Depending on the energy level of light energy 302, PID material 301 in the via holes maybe completely exposed across the thickness of power plane 310. Step 3 shows cured PID material 303 and a remaining amount of uncured PID material 301. Step 4 shows completed power plane 300 where the via holes in power plane 310 have been filled, exposed and developed thereby removing any uncured PID material 301. If PID material 301 is IBM ASM, a developer solution like gamma butylrolacetone or propylene carbonate may be used. After developing, cured PID material 303 remains in all the via holes while the surfaces of power plane 310 are substantially clear of PID material 301 or 303.
FIG. 4A shows via hole filled power plane 300 with signal plane assemblies 405 and 406 in position prior to lamination. Signal plane assembly 405 comprises a conductive layer 401 and a dielectric layer (e.g., Pre-Preg) 402, and signal plane assembly 406 comprises a conductive layer 403 and a dielectric layer 404. Flowable dielectric material in dielectric layers 402 and 404 need only fill the areas not filled by cured PID material 303.
FIG. 4B shows a completed 2S1P PWB 400 according to embodiments of the present invention. Signal plane assemblies 405 and 406 are ready for further processing to form signal wiring lines. Dielectric (e.g., Pre-Preg) layers 402 and 404 have been laminated and bonded to the conductive surfaces of filled power plane 300 and to the cured PID material 303 without causing voids as shown in the prior art of FIG. 2B. Signal plane assemblies 405 and 406 may also be formed using other dielectric layers other than a Pre Preg dielectric layer and still be within the scope of the present invention. Signal plane assemblies 405 and 406 may be formed with dry film dielectric using dry film lamination or a liquid dielectric material using liquid screen printing or draw coating.
FIG. 5 illustrates thick power plane 510 during process steps used in filling its via holes 522-532 according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Step 1 shows a cross-section of power plane 510. Step 2 shows PID material 501 applied to one side of power plane 510 and PID material 502 applied to the other side of power plane 510. The process in step 2 of FIG. 5 may be particularly effective as power plane 510 is made increasingly thicker. In step 3, a photo-mask 504 is placed on the top side of power plane 510 and PID material 502 is exposed through photo-mask 504. A photo-mask is required because PID material 501 and 502 may be present on both sides of power plane 510 after step 2. A thin layer of PID material 505 may be trapped under photo-mask 504 and left unexposed. Light energy 503 exposes PID material 501 through photo-mask 504. Light energy 503 cures PID material 501 and 502 to form cured PID material 506 in the via holes of power plane 510. Unexposed PID material 505 under photo-mask 504 and unexposed PID material 507 are chemically removed in step 4 after photo-mask 504 is removed. The top side of filled power plane 500 may have cured PID material 506 in the via holes which is slightly above the surface of power plane 500. Likewise, the cured PID material 506 in the via holes on the bottom side of filled power plane 500 maybe slightly below the surface of power plane 510. Filled power plane 500 and two signal plane assemblies (e.g., like signal plane assemblies 405 and 406) may be laminated in succeeding steps like those shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B to make a 2S1P PWB structure.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of process steps in one embodiment of the present invention. In step 601, signal and power via holes are formed in a thick conductive plane making a power plane 310. In step 602, PID material 301 is applied to the first plane side of power plane 310 filling the via holes (e.g., signal via holes 322-331 and power via hole 332). In step 603, light energy 302 is used to expose the second plane side of power plane 310 where power plane 310 acts as a photo-mask to any PID material 301 on the first plane side of power plane 310. The exposed PID material 301 becomes cured PID material 303 in the via holes. In step 604, the unexposed PID material 301 is chemically removed forming filled power plane 300. In step 605, signal plane assemblies 405 and 406 are laminated onto filled power plane 300 forming a 2S1P-PWB structure 400. In step 606, the 2S1P PWB structure 400 is further processed to form plated through via holes (in filled via holes 322-332) and circuit lines (not shown) on the signal planes 401 and 403.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of process steps in another embodiment of the present invention. In step 701, signal and power via holes are formed in a thick conductive plane making a power plane 510. In step 702, PID material 501 and 502 are applied concurrently to both sides of power plane 510 filling the via holes (e.g., signal via holes 522-531 and power via hole 532). In step 703, a photo-mask 504 with openings corresponding to each via hole is applied to one side of filled power plane 510. In step 704, light energy 503 is used to expose the side of power plane 510 with photo-mask 504. The exposed PID material 501 and 502 becomes cured PID material 506 in the via holes 522-532. In step 705, the unexposed PID material 501 on the photo-mask side and unexposed PID material 507 are chemically removed forming filled power plane 500. In step 706, signal plane assemblies 405 and 406 are laminated onto filled power plane 500 forming a 2S1P-PWB structure like 2S1P PWB structure 400. In step 707, the 2S1P PWB structure with filled power plane 500 is further processed to form conductive through via holes 522-532 and to form circuit lines (not shown) on the signal planes.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Jan 17, 1978
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 22, 2005
|Aug 24, 2006
|Litton Uk Limited
|Air void via tuning
|U.S. Classification
|174/255, 361/794, 174/264
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 19, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 9, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 17, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 17, 2012
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|Sep 3, 2015
Owner name: GLOBALFOUNDRIES U.S. 2 LLC, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:036550/0001
Effective date: 20150629
|Oct 5, 2015
Owner name: GLOBALFOUNDRIES INC., CAYMAN ISLANDS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GLOBALFOUNDRIES U.S. 2 LLC;GLOBALFOUNDRIES U.S. INC.;REEL/FRAME:036779/0001
Effective date: 20150910
|Nov 11, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
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