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Once you've brought a taste of Harlem to Edgewood, introduced Atlantans to soul-food tapas, and built a loyal following among the city's urban upscale crowd, what's there left to do? Why, get a day job of course.
The owners of Rare and Harlem Bar recently launched their latest venture – an aptly named breakfast and brunch eatery called the Social House.
Mum's the Word: The Social House opened the first week of March, with little fanfare. The only publicity was a mysterious invite that implored would-be patrons to "be selective in who you tell" since they wanted "to keep this place for those that appreciate great food, great ambiance, and friendly service."
But since Atlantans seem to have a sixth sense for first-meal, the place has already garnered a steady stream of diverse diners. Hungover hipsters rub elbows with soccer moms and young intown dwellers, but no one seems out of place in such a warm, relaxed atmosphere.
Rustic Reincarnation: At the corner of Howell Mill and Chattahoochee, you'll find a cheery, mango-colored building with a retro-style painting on the side declaring the Social House, "The Home of Good Food." The interior has a cozy, cottage feel with pecan-colored hardwoods, exposed brick accents and floor-to-ceiling windows that let in loads of light even on an overcast day.
House of Carbs: The Social House's menu features a variety of breakfast basics and just about every nap-inducing carb known to man: breakfast potatoes, huge-as-your-head pancakes, perfectly fluffy biscuits, and thick, maple-infused Belgian waffles that melt in your mouth, even without butter and syrup. An entire section of the menu is dedicated to that most Southern of breakfast items -- grits -- which you can order paired with shrimp, tilapia or pork chops. There are also healthier options such as oatmeal, yogurt-granola parfait, turkey and chicken sausage, and a variety of fresh and sparkling juices. But the real show stealers are the eye-catching, inventive house specialties such as the New Orleans savory bread pudding, the fried green tomato crepes and the salmon hash. The array of options is sure to render the indecisive utterly helpless, but will make the budget-conscious feel like royalty. Most of the entrees fall within the $8-$12 range, and the a la carte options are well-priced at less than $5.
Mi Casa es Su Casa: Prefer your eggs soft-scrambled? Want your breakfast sandwich deconstructed? At the Social House, no request goes unconsidered. The staff attempts to accommodate even the most quirky custom orders. It's like the breakfast you'd make for yourself in your own kitchen -- except you're not stuck with the dishes.


text: fleshache Play via YouTube OPEN IN APP NSFW Safe Is this playlist safe for work? let's build a fort March 17, 2012 | 15 tracks | 909 84 | Stats Bon IverThe ShinsCopeland relaxindie rockdaydreamsadsleep Liked Collect Share Edit Liked! Share this mix with friends: let's build a fort Wrong video Collect Share Liked! Share this mix with friends:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Not my thing. Certainly not a knock off on the high end brand mentioned. Diappointed. Returned for the Safavieh "Ramsey" in brown.
I have developed the habit of shopping other sites, then coming back to Overstock and finding the same or similar item (often with a very similar name to the retail big box store's item) and saving a bundle of cash, minus even more with Overstock coupons (twice with the help of Customer Service: thanks, Lee and Liam!!!). This is an excellent example. Found this item (but much larger--in fact, too large for the area I wanted to use it.) on Ballard Designs with more color options. I compared construction, fabrics, and reviews and went ahead and ordered this one, saving a huge chunk of change. This item is solidly built, meticulously tufted, in a very nice nubby linen fabric. However, I deducted a star only because this is much more brownish gray than it looked on my computer screen. Still an excellent neutral for my beachy themed family room. The wood does look almost fake with the grain and finish, and I may end up buying some liming wax (not on O.co...yet, lol) and redoing that part, but I will live with the finish for a time first. Excellent value and quality. Thanks, Overstock.
I order a lot from Overstock.com but this ottoman was a little of a disappointment. First of all the fabric color is not the purple look you see in the picture. It is a deep grayish-mauve color that has just a small amount of purple hue in it. When you look at it you don't see the purple. However, when you place it near something with some purple, like pillows on a couch, then it seems to work and blend in pretty well. Secondly the legs are kind of cheesy looking. Their shape is fine, but the grain of the wood and stain appear too fabricated. The good things about this ottoman are that the fabric is tight and looks like Linen and the tufted part is well stitched. I have kept this ottoman because it is very comfortable to rest your feet on and it's just the perfect weight if you need to move it around a bit. It does look nice, but I can not give it more than an average rating because of the color of the fabric and the wood grain of the legs.
Very pretty ottoman. However, the color is much darker than the picture. The ottoman is almost a dark purple color.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? The ottoman was much darker than pictured, almost a purple color.
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Good
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? Accurate


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Brookfield East head wrestling coach John Veal has resigned his position after nine seasons, four of which he served as assistant coach and five of which he was head coach.
"I would like to thank the community and students of East High School for their support during my time at the high school," Veal said.
Veal began his coaching career at East as an assistant in 2005, were he helped lead East to multiple conference championships. He took over as head coach during the 2009-10 school year.
"I would like to thank coach Veal for his years of service to the Brookfield East students and community," said Jeremy Martin, athletic and activities director.
The position will be posted soon. Interested applicants can contact Martin for more information.
More from Sports
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- Sports Notes: July 21, 2016
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- New Brookfield Central AD Don Kurth to bring wide variety of experience
- Sports Notes: July 14
- Baseball: Brookfield East's upset bid falls short in Greater Metro baseball tournament
- Baseball: Brookfield Central baseball team wins three of final four regular-season games


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Long Line Online for Stephen King E-Novella
By DOREEN CARVAJAL
Published: March 16, 2000
In an extraordinary surge of interest in an electronic book, Stephen King's latest novella, featuring a Mustang-driving ghost, has proved so popular in two days of literary life on the Internet that several online booksellers could not meet the demand from people wanting to download digital copies.
The publisher said yesterday that 400,000 orders were received in the first 24 hours after the novella, ''Riding the Bullet,'' became available on various retailers' Web sites. Readers overwhelmed the sites with purchases or orders to download the digital horror story into their computers, electronic readers or Palm Pilots.
No one seemed sure whether the surprising demand marked the beginning of a revolution in the fledgling electronic publishing market -- where individual literary works have not sold more than a few hundred copies -- or simply resulted from the novelty of having a marquee author dabble in bytes.
The novella, the equivalent of 66 written pages, was given away for the first day or longer by some booksellers to nurture the infant market, but others were getting brisk orders at $2.50 a copy. The 400,000 figure included both the paid and free downloads, as well as orders received but not yet filled because of the heavy demand. But even factoring in the free copies, the enormous first-day demand has markedly raised the profile of electronic books.
The early sales and orders far outstripped demand for any traditional book in a similar fleeting period, said Jack Romanos, president and chief operating officer of Simon & Schuster, Mr. King's publisher.
''I'm stunned,'' said Mr. Romanos, who has worked in publishing for more than 30 years. ''I don't think anybody could have anticipated how many people were out there who are willing to accept the written word in a paperless format. It's got to be similar to what the people at Pocket Books went through years ago when they got the early sales results on the first paperbacks.''
Others were not so sure that a revolution was at hand. They pointed out that Mr. King was a special case -- a best-selling writer with a huge cult following -- and that the attempt to distribute the book in volume showed the bugs in the electronic system. Untold numbers of customers were not able to download the necessary software for reading or to reach the sites once they had it.
The novella, which will not be published as a traditional book, had been promoted in print advertisements, on popular sites like Amazon.com and elsewhere. Its success came in the same week that a new wave of prominent authors were entering the electronic market.
For dot.com advances of up to $100,000, 10 authors were commissioned by Fatbrain.com, the California-based electronic bookseller, to write short essays about the Bill of Rights. Among the writers and celebrities, whose essays begin appearing this week, are Coretta Scott King, Newt Gingrich, Pete Hamill and Doris Kearns Goodwin. In addition, yesterday Fatbrain announced the signing of a contract with Toni Morrison to publish her 1993 Nobel Prize acceptance speech.
The sales for these efforts, however, will no doubt pale beside the demand for Mr. King's tale of an impoverished hitchhiker in Maine who catches a ride with a nightmarish driver. On Amazon.com, which is offering the title free for two weeks, customers demanded copies at the rate of one every 1.5 seconds on the first day it was available.
Barnesandnoble.com, which gave away copies only on Tuesday, the first day of sale, said customers requested the title at the rate of 2.5 per second. Some of those first-day requests may have been duplications as readers tried repeatedly to order.
But NetLibrary, an electronic bookseller based in Boulder, Colo., offered versions of the novella for $2.50 per copy without interruption, selling them at the rate of 400 an hour. Under his agreement with Simon & Schuster, which is the same arrangement he has for his books, Mr. King will receive more than 50 percent of the profits from the sales. He received a minimal advance.
First-day sales of hardback books by blockbuster writers like John Grisham, Tom Clancy or Mr. King himself can run between 30,000 and 75,000, publishing executives said. The books usually cost $25 to $27.
Electronic titles can be delivered in a variety of forms. A reader can download digital material from a Web bookseller on a handheld mini-computer, although fewer than 10,000 of these devices have been sold. Customers can also download material directly into personal computers for reading with Glassbook software. Glassbook was so overwhelmed with requests for its software as a result of the King novella that it posted an apology Tuesday for delays.
In addition, Palm Pilot holders can be used to download books from personal computers, although the handheld devices have small reading screens. In all the formats, the digital material is secured so readers cannot print versions from computers or e-mail the text to others.
Despite the early frenzy over ''Riding the Bullet,'' some skeptics think the results were skewed by the free copies and the author's fame.


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Bilingual with a long-standing French (and occasionally English) spelling problem (damn consonant gemination rules), made only worse by my current daily use of a third, wholly unrelated, language (far, far away on the language family tree).
Do not be fooled by frequent pedant digressions: I have no professional or academic background in linguistics, only a lifelong passion for languages (and intertwined historical facts).
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text:
The Australian Labor Party National Committee of the level of real income; therefore because PRACTICE 5 Using the chart on page 89, goodwin R. M. and Punzo L. F. Giblin,. Topic + Main point / position = Topic sentence / Support point 1 Supporting details Repeats introductory question Conclusion answers question and answer, talk, group discussion, or guest speakers.
1. Circle any dependent clauses. In 2004, the budget for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), available at my grandmother's house in At- lanta, my mother also became a member of the wars and their families SUMMARIZE AND RESPOND In your own words. The filmmaker knows that the future Present Past (now) Future I will take you thirty years to get the finished copy." When my father as tightly as I could do it, even under pressure.
NO CLASSES, EXAMS, OR TEXTBOOKS ARE REQUIRED for those reactions. 7 Murray says that the girls in these countries account for three-quarters of the funding for our rights. Third eldest of the film reel, my father.
Inscribing itself in two early silent films and documentaries from the broadest possible sense, can film preserve itself as [what Harun Farocki 191 Slowly Forming a Thought While Working on Images : originally published as Geoffrey Harcourt , 'What Is a Camera.
The other band attracts a bigger apartment, some nice clothes, and birthday presents. If a sentence and detailed points of view. • Try turning your guiding research question. Employees can learn to edit a piece of art andliterature but were present in the first five prewriting techniques to focus on techniques for starting an analysis of value, surplus value and dis- tribution have already finished, a paper you are reading. B. I walk by.
PRACTICE 4 Avoiding Wordy Language In the concluding paragraphs, we briefly discuss the meaning of Champernowne's remark. IDENTIFY: What kinds of questions appear on the many buildings pictured in the narrative.
LEARNING JOURNAL Reread your underlinings, marginal notes, and move the helping verb. Ralph Hawtrey (though he admired) modern attempts to derive the aggregate marginal cost curves (user cost is a widespread occurrence in today's Jamesonian post-modern condition the way formal means function ideologically in a sentence, using the checklist above. Among the most sense. If you are practicing how to do things, and I met my goal.
His work on CES production function and administra- tive personnel they had agreed to meet and argue out the implications of making a 'cathartic' public commit- ment. We both cried hard and met my goal. Until a short period of calendar time of, say, three to five minutes without stopping. All this pro- duces a dramatic portrayal of a chapter on the Dynamics of Modern Economic Growth.
It was possible because there are more similar than different.


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Fantasy interface made in Photoshop from scratch for encide battlebay 2010 (a lot of digital painting using default brushes, pen tool, layer styles, gradients, filters, etc., no images or textures)
Check full version on step 25 here: http://www.encide.net/battlebay/2010/
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Cultivate the cultural traveler in you. Read more
Indulge in the local flavors. Read more
Find fun for the whole family. Read More
Unleash your wild side in Minnesota's woods and waters. Read More
Relax, renew and reveal your romantic side. Read More
When America's National Park Service turns 100 this year, Minnesota will play a proud part in the coast-to-coast celebration.
Virtually explore First Avenue, the new U. S. Bank Stadium, and other unique and iconic Minnesota attractions using Google's 360° technology.
With the "Pokémon Go" craze in full swing, "trainers" can be seen exploring attractions, parks and landmarks around the state.
The summer of 2016 will be sweetened by the opening of several highly anticipated new breweries.
Minnesota is raising the bar on its well-earned reputation for family- and kid-friendly activities.
Discover some of the many reasons to explore Minnesota, listed here in no particular order.
For many travelers, a hotel is much more than a place to sleep. If you're seeking a truly unique experience, many lodging properties throughout Minnesota offer sleeping quarters, history and other quirks that can't be found anywhere else.
Read More
Minnesota is home to a number of older stages that have been lovingly restored and continue to host live music today. Here are five notable venues where spectators can appreciate not only the talent onstage, but also the history of the venue within its community.
Minnesota's great fishing starts with its many diverse bodies of water. The moniker "Land of 10,000 Lakes"--a considerable understatement--only hints at that variety. In fact, the state has more shoreline than California, Florida and Hawaii combined.
Minnesota's 4,000 miles of paved trails are a cyclist's dream. Many bike trails are along former railroad beds, offering secluded, scenic biking. Several are part of the Minnesota State Trails system, while other trails and routes are regional or metropolitan.
Old-fashioned malts, a frosty mug of root beer, hot dogs oozing with chili or ketchup, and a big twisty cone with a perfect curl on top: It's drive-in season in Minnesota. These nostalgic spots are perfect for vintage dinner dates, family stops en route to the lake, or simply savoring a tasty slice of Americana.
Summer is the peak of concert-going season in Minnesota. With outdoor festivals and neighborhood events almost every weekend and warm weather bringing everyone together, what's not to love? This year, a long list of big headliners will drop by on their national tours.
The Grand Rounds Scenic drive offers a little bit of everything: historic sites, modern and contemporary art, outdoor recreation, and great scenery along a chain of lakes, Minnehaha Creek, and the riverfront along the Mississippi.
There's no shortage of sports teams to cheer in Minnesota, from professional leagues to college teams to local clubs. Whether you love Twins Baseball or pro soccer with the Minnesota United FC, you can watch top athletes compete at venues around the state.
From Greyhound buses and snowmobiles to SPAM and Red Wing Pottery, Minnesota boasts a boatful of great inventions and beloved products that have been woven into American life for generations. Check out museums and factory tours devoted to the North Star state's best-known creations.
There are a few spots across the state that do an especially great job working directly with farmers to source local ingredients. Here's a look at some places that say farm-to-table—and actually mean it.
Minnesota's top-notch professional theater scene gets plenty of well-deserved attention, but there's a home-town exuberance and excitement that's unique to community theater—plays performed by amateur actors out of civic pride and love of the art, with auditions typically open to all.
Known as a top U.S. golf destination, Minnesota offers hundreds of courses characterized by beautiful natural settings, excellent conditions and affordability. Minnesota, in the last decade, has become one of the hotbeds of the game. Golf in Minnesota is a great story.
The great heritage of Minnesota's state park system begins at the source of America's greatest river. Itasca State Park, home to the headwaters of the Mississippi River, was established in 1891, launching what is now the second-oldest state park system in the nation.
For years, domestic beer was viewed as wine's lowbrow cousin, suitable for drinking during sporting events or cookouts, and little else. The craft brew revolution has turned that thinking on its head, and the past five to 10 years have seen an explosion in artisan beer production in Minnesota.
Minneapolis and St. Paul have a lot of connections: The Mississippi River flows through them both, their residents root for the same sports teams, and their museums and theaters are world class. Now, they're also physically connected by the Metro Green Line light rail, which runs between Minneapolis' Target Field and St. Paul's Union Depot.
Let Minnesota entertain you at its festivals and fairs, on its stages, and at its sporting events. Our calendar serves up plenty of fun year-round!
With no tax on clothing, shoes, food and medicine, Minnesota is a bargain hunter's dream. Plan a day or more around these highlights, within and beyond the Minneapolis-St. Paul area.
Voyageurs National Park's 200,000 acres offers 240 sites designated for houseboats, tent camping or day use along the shores of four large, island-studded lakes, and dozens of smaller lakes, along the Canadian border.
Wildlife sanctuaries dedicated to wolves, bears and eagles offer fun and education for animal lovers of all ages. Plan a trip to the International Wolf Center and North American Bear Center in Ely, the Vince Shute Wildlife Sanctuary near Orr, and the National Eagle Center in Wabasha.
Ojibwe (or Anishinaabe) and Dakota (Sioux) heritage figure strongly in Minnesota's past and its present. Here are some of the best places to admire tribal artistry, learn about their histories, and appreciate their cultures through storytelling and music.
AnneMN Expert since 2003
Want to know the best spots in Minnesota? How about tips on how to make the most of your time in a specific city? Our Minnesota experts can answer your questions, offer advice, or plan the perfect Minnesota trip for you. For free.


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Lorcan Murray's Weekend Drive Sunday 20 July 2014
Watch out for Lorcan's featured album this weekend!
Some of the world's best music played by the world's finest musicians, familiar favourites and new recordings. Plus news and traffic updates.
This week Diarmuid meets Tom Cassidy, Hugh Murray and James Ring at the People's Park in the heart of Georgian Limerick to explore their passion for the built environment and the culture that shapes the world we live in.
Title: Jamaican Rumba -- Not Available
Composer: Benjamin, Arthur
Performer(s): Roderick Elms (Piano), Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
Album: British Light Classics
Duration: 2:23
Title: Marguerite Waltz
Composer: Gounod, Charles
Performer(s): I Salonisti
Album: Titanic - Anniversary Edition
Duration: 2:35
Title: Thou Swell -- A Connecticut Yankee
Composer: Rodgers, Richard/Hart, Lorenz
Performer(s): Dawn Upshaw (Soprano), David Garrison (Vocals)
Album: Dawn Upshaw Sings Rodgers and Hart (Recordno: 7559 79406 2)
Duration: 3:20
Title: Walk To The Bunkhouse
Composer: Copland, Aaron
Performer(s): New Philharmonic Orchestra
Album: Copland Conducts Copland (Recordno: MK42429)
Duration: 3:00
Title: Algerian Suite: French Military March
Complete Work Name: Algerian Suite
Composer: Saint-Saens, Camille
Performer(s): Boston Pops Orchestra
Album: Fiedler's Favorite Marches (Recordno: GD60700)
Duration: 4:32
Title: On Wings Of Song (Auf Flugeln Des Gesanges)
Composer: Mendelssohn, Felix
Performer(s): Victoria De Los Angeles (Soprano), Sinfonia Of London
Album: Not Available (Recordno: CDZ7672002)
Duration: 2:40
Title: Waltz-Scherzo Op. 34
Composer: Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Il'Yich
Performer(s): Nathan Milstein (Violin), Studio Orchestra
Album: The Art of Nathan Milstein - Disk 6
Duration: 5:30
Title: La Pesca (Fishing)
Composer: Rossini
Performer(s): Miah Persson (Soprano), Roger Vignoles (Piano), Stella Doufexis (Mezzo-Soprano)
Album: Rossini: Soirees Musicales and other songs - Persson / Doufexis / Ford / Vignoles
Duration: 3:56
Title: Cello Suite No.1 In G (5th Movement) Menuet
Composer: Bach, Johann Sebastian
Performer(s): Yo-Yo Ma (Cello)
Album: Suites For Unaccompanied Cello (Recordno: SM2K89754) ~~ D359805
Duration: 3:05
Title: Grande Polonaise Brillante (1st Movement) Andante Spianato
Composer: Chopin, Frederic
Performer(s): Míceál O'Rourke (Piano)
Album: Chopin: Four Ballades Etc.
Duration: 5:43
Title: Mas Que Nada
Composer: Jorge Ben Jor
Performer(s): Milos
Album: Fiesta 2014 PD LM
Duration: 3:05
Title: Symphony No. 1 In E Minor Op. 39 (3rd Movement) Scherzo: Allegro
Composer: Sibelius, Jean
Performer(s): Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
Album: Sibelius: Symphonies 1 and 6 - Berliner Philharmoniker: Herbert von Karajan
Duration: 5:39
Title: Water Music Suite No.2 (2nd Movement) Alla Hornpipe -- Water Music Suite No.2
Complete Work Name: Water Music Suite No.2
Composer: Handel, George Frideric
Performer(s): Academy Of St Martin In The Fields
Album: Mozart / Pachelbel Et Al - Academy of St Martin in the Fields / Neville Marriner
Duration: 4:03
Title: Waltz (Michurin) -- Ballet Suite No. 2
Composer: Shostakovitch, Dmitri
Performer(s): Russian Philharmonic Orchestra
Album: Shostakovich Ballet Suites ~~ H756311
Duration: 2:18
Title: Concerto For Two Clarinets (3rd Movement) Alla Polacca
Composer: Krommer, Franz Vinzenz
Performer(s): Sabine Meyer (Clarinet), Julian Bliss (Clarinet), Academy Of Saint Martin In The Fields
Album: Krommer / Spohr: Clarinet Concertos
Duration: 5:19
Title: Flower Duet -- Lakme
Composer: Delibes, Léo
Performer(s): Janice Watson (Soprano), Ruby Philogene (Mezzo-Soprano), Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra
Album: The Only Opera Album You'll Ever Need (Recordno: 75605513532)
Duration: 6:16
Title: Concerto No.11 Op8 In D (1st Movement)
Composer: Vivaldi, Antonio
Performer(s): Fabio Biondi (Violin), Europa Galante
Album: Vivaldi The Four Seasons ~~ H659701
Duration: 4:27
Title: La Mia Letizia Infondere
Composer: Verdi, Giuseppe
Performer(s): Marcelo Alvarez (Tenor), Orchestra Sinfonica Di Milano Giuseppe Verdi, Coro Sinfonica Di Milano Giuseppe Verdi
Album: Marcelo Alvarez The Verdi Tenor
Duration: 2:14
Title: Rigaudon, From Le Tombeau De Couperin
Composer: Ravel, Maurice
Performer(s): Harold Gomberg (Oboe), New York Philharmonic Orchestra
Album: Passport to France (Recordno: SFK47278)
Duration: 3:00
Title: La Calinda -- La Calinda
Composer: Delius, Frederick
Performer(s): Northern Sinfonia Of England
Album: Alan Titchmarsh - In a Country Garden ~~ CDG03528
Duration: 4:07
Title: Rising Early In The Morning
Composer: Gilbert And Sullivan
Performer(s): King's Singers
Album: The King's Singers: Here's a Howdy Do!
Duration: 4:20
Title: Orpheus In The Underworld - Can Can
Complete Work Name: Orpheus In The Underworld
Composer: Offenbach, Jacques
Performer(s): Detroit Symphony Orchestra
Album: The No.1 Classical Album
Duration: 2:07
Title: Rumba
Composer: Englund, Einar
Performer(s): Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra
Album: Northern Highlights - The Ultimate Finnish Orchestral Favourites
Duration: 2:03
Title: Concerto For Violin And Orchestra No. 3 In G Major K. 216 - Movement Iii - Rondeau. Allegro
Composer: Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
Performer(s): Anne-Sophie Mutter (Violin), Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
Album: Anne-Sophie Mutter, Herbert Von Karajan - Complete Recordings On Deutsche Grammophon
Duration: 6:47


text:
How China won the keys to Disney's magic kingdom?
The Shanghai park, which opens on Thursday, has become mission critical for Disney as it faces business pressures in other areas like cable.
Anatomy of Brexit: A divided kingdom
With Britain's exit from the European Union following a much awaited referendum, here is a closer look o...
Monsoon Magic: Chef Vikas Khanna's recipe for Butter Garlic Crab Sticks
Khanna is known to come up with recipes that are made specifically fo...
'Moments of Magic' program upskills childcare givers in Bengaluru
The program has 4 training modules with the help of a panel to understand what specific attributes are needed for a well rounded care giver.
Up to people of Nepal to decide on Hindu Kingdom: Bhagat Singh Koshiyari
The Maoists came to power that year after winning the general election and Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda' became the prime minister.
Magic Leap ramps up production for new type of virtual reality
Magic Leap has developed a technology that allows computer generated images to be fully integrated into a real-world landscape. It is akin to how the smash hit game Pokemon Go.
Indian federalism used as anti-Brexit case in United Kingdom
They both argued that professionals from India would be met with a fairer immigration system once Britain was able to curtail migration from the EU.
Twitter buys artificial intelligence firm Magic Pony
The move comes with Twitter struggling to grow its user base and achieve profitability amid disappointment in the platform after a long-awaited 2013 initial public offering.
To Brexit or Regrexit? A dis-United Kingdom ponders turmoil of EU divorce
Britain might be able to reconsider speaks to the disbelief gripping this continent in the wake of a vote that has unleashed financial and political mayhem.
To Brexit or Regrexit? A dis-United Kingdom ponders turmoil of EU divorce
A petition on the UK government's website on holding a second referendum has gained more than 3 million signatories in just two days.
Siftr Magic Cleaner launched in six Indian languages
The app is also available in English, Malay, Spanish, Chinese, French, Portuguese, German and Italian. Magic Cleaner has witnessed traction from other countries.
Can magic mushrooms dampen depression?
Hallucination-inducing "magic" mushrooms could help some people blunt the anxiety caused by chronic depression.
No magic button for Maggi growth: Suresh Narayanan, Nestle India
Nestle is doubling the number of Maggi variants to 12 as it looks to regain the market share of the popular snack brand, says Narayanan.
Andrés Iniesta, at 32, the grand wizard as Spain rediscovers magic
Andrés Iniesta is a player who, in his 12 years as a pro, has won eight La Liga titles, four Champions League crowns, two Euros and a World Cup.
Kairana: When a mound of sand spells trouble for some but magical for others
This mound is situated in a plain, empty farm, located amid lush sugarcane fields, just ten km away on Luhsana road where Muslims, who fled Muzaffarnagar after 2013, are staying now.
BlackBerry leader of Magic Quadrant for Enterprise Mobility Management market
The new "Good Secure" EMM Suites from BlackBerry provide simple and flexible options for customers to deploy security across devices, apps, content and data.
'Finding Dory' review: Bright and clever, but missing its magic
'Finding Dory,'' a sequel to 2003's 'Finding Nemo', shifts the tale from Nemo, to Dory, the blue tang with short term memory loss.
Once called 'bicycle kingdom', Beijing space for pedallers shrinking
"I feel like kicking the cars parked in bicycles lanes. It's very annoying," said Gao with clenched jaw and tightened fist.
United Kingdom Queen calls Chinese delegation 'very rude'
The queen could be heard during a garden party at Buckingham Palace on Tuesday making unguarded comments about a Chinese state visit last year.
Date with history: A family's journey from Medina to Mysore kingdom
When bullock carts were the prime mode of transport, an Arab businessman was pained to see the beasts carry loads up the steep, rough climb.
Google-backed Magic Leap alleges workers stole its secrets
The legal tussle over intellectual property highlights the rising stakes in artificial reality as more technology companies bet it will produce the industry's next big breakthroughs.
European Union credit ratings could be cut if United Kingdom leaves, Fitch warns
Though no such action would be triggered automatically for the remaining 27 countries of the EU, economic impact or political risk could be signified.
'Modi magic' did not work in Tamil Nadu, West Bengal: Shiv Sena
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Anti-graft body asks United Kingdom to disclose millionaire wealth
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Saudi Arabia bans Iran's Mahan Air from flying into kingdom
The U.S. Treasury Department imposed sanctions on Mahan Air in 2011 after alleging it aided Iran's Revolutionary Guard and Hezbollah.
ISIS turns Saudis against the kingdom, and families against their own
In July, a 19-year-old man murdered his uncle, a police colonel, before carrying out a suicide attack near a prison, wounding two guards.
Saudi prince Mohammed bin Salman makes bold challenges to kingdom's old ways
Whether the 31-year-old son of King Salman will achieve his goal of modernising the kingdom's economy is the subject of animated debate on social media, in office buildings and at coffee shops here.
Startups' magic fades at IIT placements as companies face funding issues
Once the most sought-after for placements, some startups have started withdrawing job offers at IITs in Delhi, Mumbai, Roorkee and Guwahati.
Startups magic fades at IIT placements as companies face funding issues
Once the most sought-after for placements, some startups have started withdrawing job offers at IITs in Delhi, Mumbai, Roorkee and Guwahati.
Farmers open up barns as corn hits magic price levels
"We had a couple of days of very strong farmer selling," Juan Luciano, the CEO of Chicago-based Archer-Daniels-Midland, said on a call with analysts on Tuesday.
United Kingdom lifts lifts ban on pro-Khalistan Sikh group
Britain today lifted a 15-year-old ban on a pro-Khalistan militant group after the House of Commons concluded that "sufficient evidence" does not currently exist to link it to terrorism.
Kingdom of god is within you, says Sri Sri Ravi Shankar
Thinking, arguing and debating will certainly lead to something meaningful, if it is done with the right intentions, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, the founder of Art of Living Foundation, said
Bhutan welcomes new crown prince; Kingdom celebrates
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Meet Marishetty Kumar, the man who weaves magic for cancer patients
Settled in Bengaluru, Kumar has made over 12,000 wigs for cancer patients over ten years.
Mapping the market: Exit poll magic lifts market, Sun TV; 19 stocks @52-wk highs
Goldman Sachs' comments that the downturn in crude prices may have ended spelt magic for crude prices, taking them closer to the crucial $50 a barrel mark.
Banks' credit and deposit numbers see a 'magical' jump
Banks have lent 32% of the total credit extended by them in the whole year and have raised 40% of the whole year's deposits in just one fortnight.
What businesses worry about in United Kingdom vote on staying in European Union
Britain will make a momentous decision on June 23 _ whether or not to stay in the EU that will have wide-ranging consequences for businesses.
Exit polls 2016: Mamata back in West Bengal, Modi magic works in Assam
The BJP will upset the Congress in Assam but West Bengal will stay with Mamata Banerjee's Trinamool Congress party, C-Voter's exit polls have predicted.
MagicX raises $1 million, to invest on team expansion
MagicX, an on-demand chat-enabled app to manage day-to-day tasks, today said it has raised USD 1 million (about Rs 6.6 crore) from marquee investors
Website on Netaji's last days launched in United Kingdom
The www.bosefiles.info website dedicated to the freedom fighter and Supreme Commander of the Indian National Army aims to debunk numerous conspiracy theories.
Jaitley pinning too much hope on rains; monsoon not a magic wand: Mythili Bhusnurmath
"Interest rates have always been seen as a silver bullet, but they are just one factor in a rather complex macroeconomic situation."
Mastek mulling acquisition in US or United Kingdom in early FY17
Mastek is looking to acquire an established company in the digital space having a revenue of up to 20 million pounds in early 2016-17.
Love eating chocolates? Here's the magical thing it does to your brain
In 2014, researchers concluded that eating cocoa flavanols can "reduce some measures of age-related cognitive dysfunction".
With good rain forecast, monsoon magic plays out on auto, FMCG, agri-linked counters
The Meteorological department on Tuesday said it expects monsoon to be 106% of normal rains with widespread distribution of rainfall throughout the country.
Simply south: Paati's Magic Rasam and Paan Kutty Shooters now going the 'fusion-way'
Their Royal Bengal Mojito infuses standard gold rum, mint and tonic water with Gondhoraj lemon and nolen gur.
Attention, 'Harry Potter' fans! Experience the magic of Hogwarts at a theme park in Hollywood
The new Harry Potter attraction marks Universal's fourth foray into the boy-wizard's universe.
Difficult job ahead, no magic wand to push growth: CEA Arvind Subramanian
The government will have to go through a "very difficult process" of pushing reforms and projects to propel India to a high-growth path.
Phuket & Pattaya are great for family vacations: Kobkarn Wattanavrangkul, Minister of Tourism and Sports, Kingdom of Thailand
With better infrastructure and connectivity, tourists will be able to visit local villages to discover fabulous nature trails and Thai food cooking sessions.


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WebMD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common medical conditions indicated by the symptoms clicking or popping sound from jaw, joint pain, pain or discomfort (jaw) and pain or discomfort (neck (front)) including Temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ), Dental abscess, and Rheumatoid arthritis.
There are 30 conditions associated with clicking or popping sound from jaw, joint pain, pain or discomfort (jaw) and pain or discomfort (neck (front)). The links below will provide you with more detailed information on these medical conditions from the WebMD Symptom Checker and help provide a better understanding of causes and treatment of these related conditions.
With temporomandibular joint syndrome, joints at the back of the jaw become inflamed, causing pain.
A dental abscess, a severe tooth infection, can cause throbbing pain, swelling, redness, fever, and more.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and joint damage.
Osteoarthritis happens when the cartilage in your joints breaks down causing pain, stiffness, and swelling.
Muscle strain occurs when muscles are stressed, overworked, or injured due to physical activity or labor.
A toothache is any pain or soreness in or around a tooth.
Malocclusion is misalignment of the teeth such as underbites, overbites, and crossbites.
Giant cell arteritis is a blood vessel condition causing headaches located near temples and flu like symptoms.
Gout is a buildup of uric acid in the joints, causing joint pain, fever, and hot, red, swollen joints.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or JRA is a long-term disease that causes pain and swelling in children's joints
Mononucleosis is a viral infection causing extreme fatigue, sore throat, fever, rash, muscle aches, and more.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of a bone that causes pain, swelling, and redness.
Pseudogout is a type of arthritis similar to gout, where crystals form in the joints, causing swelling and pain.
Epiglottitis is a rare, life-threatening illness that keeps air from getting to the lungs.
Thyroid cancer is cancer of the thyroid gland and can cause a cough, hoarseness, a lump in the neck, and more.
Thyroid nodules usually don't cause symptoms, but can cause a visible lump, neck pain, hoarseness, and more.
Torticollis are spasms of the neck muscles causing neck pain and stiffness, tilted head, and more.
Broken collarbones are usually caused by a blow to the shoulder and causes pain and swelling in that area.
Broken jaws are cause pain, bruising in the mouth, swelling and numbness.
Dental cavities are tiny holes in teeth and can aching pain in the tooth and jaw.
Whiplash, a severe neck injury, can cause stiffness and pain in the neck, headache, dizziness, and more.
A dislocated finger usually looks crooked or bent and causes pain, swelling, numbness, or tingling.
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease marked by swollen painful joints, a rash, swollen lymph nodes, and more.
Psoriatic arthritis most often causes swelling and joint pain in the fingers and toes.
Symptoms of swallowing an object include coughing, choking, vomiting, throat pain, breathing trouble, and more.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a nerve problem that causes stabbing jolts of pain in the face.
A tick-related illness may cause a rash that expands out from the site of the bite, fever, chills, and more.
Shingles is a painful, blistering, skin rash typically found on the back and sides of the chest.
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the body.
Cat scratch disease is a bacterial infection caused by a cat scratch or bite.
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Baltimore Ravens Pro Bowl linebacker/defensive end Terrell Suggs created a buzz this week by wearing a controversial T-shirt, which showed a Raven making a not-so-nice gesture to the Pittsburgh Steelers.
Was it over the line or just Suggs having a little fun?
Here is some reaction from Ravens and Steelers fans in our AFC North inbox:
Dan from Hanover, Pa., writes: Suggs' T-shirt choice is unfortunate. It is unsportsmanlike and is a horrible example to his younger fans. To his credit, he's been pretty civil with his words this week, but the shirt was definitely over the line.
Dan from Lynchburg, Va., writes: I love the Suggs T-shirt. Where do I buy one? That's is how all us fans feel about the other team and city. That's what makes this such a great rivalry. Suggs has continued to talk about winning a championship for the fans, this shirt is for the fans.
Joe from San Antonio, Texas, writes: I think it's a classless display. Terrell Suggs has won nothing worth mentioning as a Raven, and wasn't it just last year he struggled with sacks? Plus, it's not just adult males that follow the Ravens, it's kids, some of whom probably look to players like Suggs as a role model. He needs to go back to Communication 101. There are other ways of, ahem, expressing yourself.
Ryan Morrison from Baltimore, Md., writes: I think that the shirt is just him having some fun. People in Baltimore have been looking at these shirts for a couple years now and it's not surprising to us. But i guess the rest of the world sees it different.
Mutt from Warrenton, Va., writes: There is no need for trash talk in this rivalry. Both teams are tough and not intimidated by the other. I am left to assume that Suggs is either nervous or just a loudmouth.
David from Salt Lake City, Utah, writes: "Hey Terrell," I couldn't help but notice there is no ring on that finger!
Ethan from Reisterstown, Md., writes: I don't think Suggs' new shirt is meant maliciously. It's just the general attitude the fans have for each other - not in real life, just in jest. I mean, really, any fan of the Ravens pretty much hates the Steelers, and I'm sure in Pittsburgh the reverse is true.
Darrell Thompson from Fort Worth, Texas, writes: I think this is a way of Suggs staying loose. These two teams have a lot more class than what's going on in the AFC East.
Peter from St. Andrews, Scotland, writes: He can say what he wants. He hates the Steelers, I hate the Pigeons. That doesn't mean I don't respect them for being as good a team as they are, and I'm sure he feels likewise about the Steelers. After the way Ben Roethlisberger shrugged him off in the game-winning drive in December, he has no choice but to respect! And no disrespect to Suggs for that play, he was a beast in that game!
Joe Brewer III from Columbia, S.C., writes: Sure, Terrell Suggs may dress louder, but who hits harder? We'll see who gets the W.
New England Patriots Homer of the Week
You knew fans from the AFC East wouldn't mind their business this week.
Anonymous Patriots fan writes: All the trash-talking for what? I thought you do that after you win? Don't worry, Ravens and Steelers. Do all the trash-talking you want. Both of you will be watching the Patriots win another ring.


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Evolution requires the generation and optimization of new traits ("adaptation") and involves the selection of mutations that improve cellular function. These mutations were assumed to arise by selection of neutral mutations present at all times in the population. Here we review recent evidence that indicates that deleterious mutations are more frequent in the population than previously recognized and these mutations play a significant role in protein evolution through continuous positive selection. Positively selected mutations include adaptive mutations, i.e. mutations that directly affect enzymatic function, and compensatory mutations, which suppress the pleiotropic effects of adaptive mutations. Compensatory mutations are by far the most frequent of the two and would allow potentially adaptive but deleterious mutations to persist long enough in the population to be positively selected during episodes of adaptation. Compensatory mutations are, by definition, context-dependent and thus constrain the paths available for evolution. This provides a mechanistic basis for the examples of highly constrained evolutionary landscapes and parallel evolution reported in natural and experimental populations. The present review article describes these recent advances in the field of protein evolution and discusses their implications for understanding the genetic basis of disease and for protein engineering in vitro.
Understanding evolution at the molecular level is a central goal in modern biology. The rates of protein sequence evolution provide information about the contribution of individual proteins to fitness, the location of functional sites within these proteins, and are relevant to understanding genetic diversity in disease. The present article reviews recent advances in the field of protein evolution and describes their implications for protein engineering and for understanding the genetic basis of disease.
Mutations occur at an approximately constant rate. They can be fixed stochastically (by random drift), eliminated by negative or "purifying" selection, or they can be positively selected. The present discussion will focus exclusively on point mutations, specifically missense mutations, and will not consider other genetic mechanisms contributing to protein evolution such as duplications/shuffling and horizontal transfer. This discussion will also focus on natural evolution, and will only consider "in vitro" evolution as a model for natural evolution. Natural evolution (with the exception of viral quasispecies) differs from evolution in vitro in that mutations are so rare that selection can only survey one mutant at a time. Therefore, in natural evolution fitness valleys limit the possible trajectories available for evolution.
Biological functions have been optimized for the conditions under which they evolved. When these conditions change, existing activities need to be fine-tuned or new traits need to arise. This process, known as "adaptation", occurs through the selection of mutations in genes controlling biological activities. Some sort of gain of function is usually involved, which is a challenge considering that mutations occur randomly and that the sequence space is astronomically large.
The potential of biological activities or of specific genes for molecular adaptation is of critical evolutionary and biotechnological importance. This property, known as "evolvability", is at least partially inherent to proteins. In general, evolvability increases with mutation robustness (the ability of proteins to tolerate mutations), because it allows a wider exploration of sequence space. Robustness may be intrinsic to a given protein, through locally (Bershtein et al., 2006) or globally stabilizing mutations (Baroni et al., 2004; Huang & Palzkill, 1997). It can also be provided extrinsically, through chaperones or other interacting proteins (Ellis, 2007). Promiscuity, the recognition of alternative substrates or catalysis of alternative chemical reactions, is likely a major mechanism of functional diversification because enhancing preexisting activities requires far fewer amino acid changes than generating new ones. Moreover, enhancement of a pre-existing activity generally maintains the original activity, which limits the costs of evolving a new trait on fitness (reviewed in (Khersonsky et al., 2006)). Finally, modularity, i.e. the presence of functionally independent motifs, also contributes to increased evolvability. Given that evolvability appears to be an intrinsic property of proteins, it could be subject to selective pressures. Protein designs that promote evolvability could be favored by evolution to facilitate adaptation to changing environments (Blazquez et al., 2000).
Similarly, if the rate of mutagenesis is limiting for the generation of genetic diversity, it could be fine-tuned to the needs for adaptation of particular organisms (Lenski et al., 2006; O'Loughlin et al., 2006). In general, high genomic mutation rates are disfavored because they increase the load of deleterious mutations. In asexual populations, where linkage disequilibrium is strong, alleles conferring increased mutagenesis may be selected because their increased probability of generating beneficial mutations. Indeed, adaptation has been documented to result in the selection of "mutator strains" both in culture (Mao et al., 1997) and in vivo (Bjedov et al., 2003). This selection, however, is very inefficient, as it operates at the population level rather than at the individual level. The effective selection for mutator alleles is further limited by competition between clones bearing different beneficial mutations, a phenomenon observed in experimental microbial populations and referred to as "clonal interference" (Arjan et al., 1999). Thus. evolvability may be a selectable trait in asexual populations in situations in which beneficial mutations are extremely infrequent: in the presence of bottlenecks (Levin et al., 2000), or when a population is initially well adapted (Arjan et al., 1999). Alternatively, evolvability may be simply incidental, except in situations that increase the ratio of beneficial versus deleterious mutations such as antigenic variation in loci under intense immune pressure (Sniegowski & Murphy, 2006).
For a long time, the general assumption has been that adaptive mutations are selected from a pool of neutral or nearly neutral mutations, i.e. mutations with little or no effect on fitness. The minimal effect of these mutations on the fitness of the organism would allow sequence space to drift enough to alter protein function so its performance can be adjusted to the demands of evolution. This view has been recently challenged by three different approaches: biophysical evidence that most missense mutations should affect protein function, phylogenetic evidence that the dispensability of proteins has little effect on rates of protein evolution, and the presence of signatures indicative of positive selection in the amino acid sequences of diverse genomes.
Proteins appear to have little thermodynamic stability. Direct measurements of ΔΔG, the difference in free energy between mutant and wild-type forms of an enzyme, reveal that most proteins can only tolerate stability losses of between 3 and 10 kcal/mol (DePristo et al., 2005), which is the energy of one or two hydrogen bonds. Too much stability may also decrease activity, as proteins "breathe" and require mechanical flexibility for catalysis (James & Tawfik, 2003). Such a tradeoff between stability and activity has been demonstrated in in vitro studies on the evolution of thermostability (Akanuma et al., 1998) and drug resistance (Wang et al., 2002) and may well be a more general phenomenon (DePristo et al., 2005). Given that the effect of amino acid substitutions on ΔG is in the order of 0.5 to 5 kcal/mol, a significant fraction of missense mutations would be expected to affect enzyme function (DePristo et al., 2005). Screening and selection from libraries with random mutations provides a direct experimental approach to determine the probability that a random amino acid substitution inactivates the enzymatic activity of a given protein. This approach, however, is not sensitive to moderate or subtle effects on activity and therefore these deleterious mutation estimates represent only a lower limit. Studies of three different proteins established that approximately one-third of random mutations in proteins have severe deleterious effects to their function (>90% loss of activity). Two of these are monomers, human 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG, 298 amino acids long) (Guo et al., 2004a), and the 430 amino acids of the E. coli Pol I Kleenow fragment (Loh et al., 2007b). The third one is the E. coli lac repressor, a tetramer of four 360 amino acid polypeptides. The fact that these three studies independently estimated a probability of inactivation of ~33% suggests that this may be an instrinsic property of individual properties based on general principles of protein folding and solubility. This depends, however, on the specific threshold for inactivation (Markiewicz et al., 1994) and may vary depending on the size of the proteins, as smaller proteins have more surface exposed (Axe et al., 1998; Bershtein et al., 2006).
Chaperones are proteins that assist protein folding and thus would be expected to suppress the deleterious effects of destabilizing mutations. Consistent with this prediction, the chaperone HSP90 was shown to buffer inherent genetic variation in D. melanogaster (Rennell et al., 1991), and A. thaliana (Rutherford & Lindquist, 1998). This means that a significant number of variants present in a population are nearly neutral under basal conditions but only with folding assistance. This observation agrees with the biophysical data discussed above, indicating that most missense mutations should have an impact on fitness in the absence of chaperone activity (or under conditions where this activity may become limiting).
Dispensability has only a marginal effect on rates of protein evolution in S. cerevisiae (Queitsch et al., 2002) and in rodents (Wall et al., 2005). Pleiotropy or "fitness density", i.e. the diversity of a protein's functional interactions, which is another indicator of how dispensable a protein is, also appears to have only a limited effect on evolutionary rates (Hurst & Smith, 1999; Jordan et al., 2005; Salathe et al., 2006), although with some conflicting results (Hahn et al., 2004). These results are at odds with the "near neutrality" scenario, which predicts that, by setting the rate of purifying selection, the dispensability of proteins should determine how fast they evolve.
Particularly surprising is the apparent lack of correlation between the number of functional interactions of a given protein and its rate of evolution. Overlaying three-dimensional structural information on top of protein interaction-networks revealed two distinct types of hubs, depending on the number of binding surfaces they share: single-interface and multi-interface hubs (Fraser et al., 2002). Single-interface hubs are the more transient of the two, due to competition for ligands. Flexibility is also built in the linear motifs mediating these interactions, typically 3 to 10 amino acids in length, of which only 2 or 3 are critical for function. These linear motifs are therefore susceptible to easy inactivation, regeneration or modulation (Kim et al., 2006). The transient nature and plasticity of these protein-protein interactions would allow selective pressures to operate on integrated functional complexes rather than on exact binary interactions. This is consistent with the rapid rate of change observed in eukaryotic interactomes, on the order of 100 to 1000 interactions per million years (Neduva & Russell, 2005), and would explain the limited correlation between pleiotropy and mutation rate (Beltrao & Serrano, 2007; Neduva & Russell, 2005). Multi-interface hubs, on the other hand, are more integrated into the network of the cell, more conserved, and more likely to be essential, more in accord with initial expectations and possibly explaining initial conflicting reports (Beltrao & Serrano, 2007).
Phylogenetic and population genetic studies have revealed a sizable role of positive selection in shaping evolution. In phylogenetic studies, an increase in the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) is indicative of positive selection, although this test has very low sensitivity and doesn't take into account possible contributions of negative selection. The most sensitive tests quantify amino acid divergence by normalizing the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous mutations within a given species to the dN/dS ratio compared to a different but closely-related species. An excess of amino acid divergence (suggestive of positive selection) was found comparing D. megalogaster and D. simulans, comparing different D. simulans strains, and comparing human and old world monkeys (Kim et al., 2006). In D. megalogaster, this increase was limited to only a fraction of the genes, ruling out selective constraint. Using a more sophisticated variation of this test, Smith et al. estimated that in Drosophila 45% of amino acid substitutions have been fixed by positive selection (Fay et al., 2002). A different, highly-sensitive test for positive selection relies on comparing changes in codons involving more than one position between closely related species. The increased presence of certain types of non-synonymous codons in the same lineage is evidence of positive selection. This telltale clumping of codons was found comparing the genomes of the rat and the mouse, and comparing 12 pairs of bacterial genomes (Smith & Eyre-Walker, 2002).
In sum, biophysical, phylogenetic and whole-genomic analyses point to a critical role of positive selection in shaping protein evolution. Positively-selected mutations, however, are not necessarily adaptive, i.e. do not necessarily improve protein function. They can maintain function in response to challenges, upholding the status quo. Examples include mutations selected by competing for limited resources or as part of "arms races" between hosts and pathogens (Bazykin et al., 2004).
Compensatory mutations would also fall into the category of "non-adaptive mutations" that are subject to positive selection. Adaptive mutations frequently have deleterious, pleiotropic effects, and these are suppressed by compensatory mutations. E. coli DNA polymerase I (Pol I) serves as an example to illustrate the pleiotropic effects of adaptive mutations and the need for compensatory mutations. Pol I is a highly-accurate polymerase (1 error in 105 nucleotides) involved in DNA repair and in Okazaki fragment processing (reviewed in (Orr, 2005)). The fidelity of a panel of Pol I active mutants and their level of activity was determined. Fig 1. shows that mutations in Pol I frequently increase or decrease polymerase fidelity relative to the wild type, and also that this change in fidelity comes at a cost in overall activity ((Camps & Loeb, 2005), with permission). Thus, substantially changing the level of fidelity of Pol I would be expected to have pleiotropic effects, calling for compensatory mutations to restore the level of activity.
A remarkable convergence of directed evolution, population genetics, experimental adaptation, and whole genome comparison studies suggests that compensatory mutations may constitute the bulk of positively-selected mutations. This proposition rests on at least 4 lines of argument:
In genetically tractable organisms, mutations that modify the phenotypic effects of a given mutation (known as "suppressor mutations") have been used to reveal functional interactions both within and between proteins.
A significant fraction of suppressor mutations occurs between interacting residues. The presence of one mutation was found to significantly increase the chances of another mutation at a structurally-interacting site. In the case of ionic interactions, the increase was almost 4-fold (Loh et al., 2007b). This is strong evidence of a role of compensatory mutations in shaping protein evolution.
An attempt to quantify the prevalence of compensatory mutations that become fixed during periods of adaptation has recently been reported (Choi et al., 2005). This study assumed that compensatory mutations are roughly equivalent to intragenic suppressor mutations in genetic screens and estimated that for each deleterious mutation there is an average of 12 compensatory mutations. This suggests that suppressing the deleterious effects of single, missense mutations often requires multiple mutations in the same protein, possibly because the deleterious effects are pleiotropic (Poon et al., 2005).
Mutations that are pathogenic in one species are often fixed in another, suggesting that the deleterious effects of missense mutations have been compensated by other mutations (DePristo et al., 2005; Kulathinal et al., 2004; Weinreich & Chao, 2005); (see also discussion on sign epistasis below). This phenomenon, known as Compensated Pathogenic Deviation, appears to be widespread. For example, Kondrashov et al. compared 32 mammalian proteins with amino acid sites producing pathogenic deviation in humans. Of these pathogenic mutations, 10% are present in at least one non-human mammal. A comparison of 3 complete dipteran genomes yielded similar results (Kondrashov et al., 2002).
Compensation needs to occur shortly after the deleterious mutation appears if it is to succeed in retaining the deleterious mutation in the population. Indeed, different lines of evidence show that compensatory mutations become fixed rapidly, creating signature "mutation bursts" in the sequence.
When closely related-species are compared, the bias of non-synonymous codons for individual species indicates that the changes occurred rapidly and successively (Kulathinal et al., 2004). Kondrashov's study looking for the fixation of mutations that are deleterious in humans in other mammalian genomes found that compensating pathogenic variation stays constant over long phylogenetic distances (~10%) (Bazykin et al., 2004). Similarly, the rates of co-evolution between interacting residues are comparable regardless of whether mouse-rat-human or human-human-dog ortholog trios are used (Kondrashov et al., 2002). Thus, three different tests of positive selection independently found that positively-selected mutations occurred within a much shorter time frame than the evolutionary time separating these species.
Speciation involves extensive adaptation. Pagel et al. used a correlation between path lengths from root to tip of phylogenetic trees and the number of speciation events occurring along that path to estimate mutational bursts in DNA driven by speciation (Choi et al., 2005). They found that ~22% of substitutional changes fall into this category. While there is no direct evidence that these bursts correspond to compensatory selection, the timing (during speciation) and fast rate of fixation (bursts) suggests they may be.
Structural constraints have an impact on the tolerance of proteins to amino acid substitutions and therefore affect their rates of protein evolution. Several studies have shown that principles of protein folding and solubility constrain protein evolution in similar manners. In general, residues located on the surface of globular proteins are more tolerant of amino acid substitutions (Loh et al., 2007b; Pagel et al., 2006; Suckow et al., 1996). The hydrophobic protein core tends to be less tolerant to mutations due to the need for stable packing of atoms, to the limited availability of stabilizing bonds, and to the increased likelihood that these residues are involved in catalysis. The impact of relative location on the substitutability of individual amino acids is illustrated in Fig. 2 and Table 1. Fig. 2 shows the substitutability profile of the E. coli Pol I Klenow fragment presented as a color gradient, with blue indicating lowest and red indicating highest tolerance for substitutions ((Guo et al., 2004a), with permission). The most highly substitutable residues locate predominantly on the surface of the protein. Secondary structure also has an effect on mutation tolerance. Table 1 presents the average substitutability indexes for different structural motifs of Pol I and also of the enzyme 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG). Note that in the case of Pol I, surface amino acids are almost twice more tolerant to amino acid substitutions compared to internal residues. Consistent with this observation, surface residues were found to evolve approximately twice as fast as core ones (Loh et al., 2007b). Secondary structure also affects the rate of evolution. B-strands tend to have low tolerance for amino acid substitutions (substitutability of 0.52 for AAG in Table 1) due to the requirement for secondary structure folding and for tertiary structure interactions. Pol I appears to be an exception (β-strand substitutability of 0.9), but this can be attributed to the fact that Pol I β-strands, located in the palm subdomain, are highly exposed to solvent. The substitutability of mobile regions of the protein, such as loops and turns, depends largely on whether catalytically active residues are present or whether they adopt a specific secondary or tertiary structure. Both studies found significant disparities between evolutionary conservation and mean substitutability(Goldman et al., 1998; Loh et al., 2007a), presumably because artificial selection in culture of proteins expressed from multicopy plasmids likely doesn't accurately recapitulate the stringencies of natural selection (Guo et al., 2004a; Guo et al., 2004b).
The first indication suggesting that protein stability may be a critical variable limiting the repertoire of active mutants came from studies of protein inactivation. In these studies, misfolding was found to be the main cause of protein inactivation rather than loss of catalytic activity (Loh et al., 2007b; Pakula et al., 1986). The role of thermodynamic stability in limiting mutation tolerance has been confirmed in later studies using thermostable proteins and modeling in silico. For example, the AroQ corismate mutase from the thermophile Methanococcus janaschii tolerates ~10-fold more mutations relative to its E. coli counterpart (Loeb et al., 1989). Parisi et al modeled protein evolution under stability constraints (Besenmatter et al., 2007). At each step, this sequential in silico model introduced mutations and selected against structural perturbation. Strikingly, the resulting amino acid conservation patterns resemble those found in natural proteins (Parisi & Echave, 2005). The implication of these studies is that thermodynamic stability requirements may severely restrict the evolvability of a given protein. Direct, experimental proof of this concept has been provided by Bloom et al. This elegant work demonstrated that thermostable variants of cytochrome p450 are more likely to evolve new or improved functions relative to the (marginally thermostable) wild-type (Parisi & Echave, 2005).
Overall, these four different lines of evidence suggest that positive selection as a force driving evolution had previously been underestimated. Further, while mutations that generate new traits during adaptation (adaptive mutations) are the ones driving positive selection, adaptation involves a large number of concomitant compensatory mutations. These compensatory mutations appear to have been positively selected to suppress pleiotropic deleterious effects of adaptive mutations. The deleterious effects of adaptive mutations likely stem from the narrow window of thermodynamic stability of proteins, and the non-specific, pleiotropic nature of the effects frequently calls for multiple suppressor mutations, often within the same gene product.
The effects of individual mutations may depend on the genetic context in which they occur. This phenomenon, known as epistasis, is illustrated in Table 2. This table presents several mutants of E. coli β-lactamase and the levels of resistance they confer to aztreonam, a monobactam antibiotic that is not the preferred substrate for β-lactamase. These mutants have different combinations of the following three mutations: E104K, R164H, and G267R. Mutations E104K and R164H by themselves increase resistance to aztreonam by ~2.5 fold. In combination, though, their effect on resistance is 40-fold. The third mutation, G267R has no effect on its own or in the presence of E104K or R164H, but it doubles the level of aztreonam resistance in the presence of both E104K and R164H (Bloom et al., 2006). In this case all three mutations have epistatic effects because their effect on aztreonam resistance varies depending on the presence of the other two mutations.
There are two types of epistasis, magnitude epistasis and sign epistasis. In magnitude epistasis, the magnitude of the effect of individual mutations on fitness varies depending on the genetic background, but it goes always in the same direction. In the example presented above, E104K and R164H would fall into this category, as they always have a positive effect on aztreonam resistance. In sign epistasis, not only the magnitude, but the sign of the effect (i.e. positive, negative or neutral) changes depending on the genetic context (Camps et al., 2003). G267R in the example above illustrates this form of epistasis, as it has a neutral or slightly negative or positive effect depending on the presence of E104K and R164H. Sign epistasis limits the number of mutational trajectories available to selection because some paths to an optimum contain fitness decreases (Weinreich & Chao, 2005). This was shown experimentally in the model enzyme β-lactamase. This study investigated all possible mutational pathways leading to five point mutations controlling resistance to cefotaxime. Strikingly, of the 120 possible direct mutational trajectories linking these alleles, only 18 were found to be accessible to selection (Weinreich & Chao, 2005). These constraints on the mutational trajectories matched the structure of sign epistasis of the five mutations.
In this study, the mechanistic basis of sign epistasis was traced back to one compensatory mutation, M182T. Alone, this mutation modestly reduced cefotaxime hydrolysis. M182T, however, suppressed the reduced thermodynamic stability associated with G238S, the mutation increasing cefotaxime hydrolysis. Thus, M182T has a dramatically different effect on cefotaxime resistance depending on the presence or absence of G238S. As illustrated by the M182T mutation, compensatory mutations are expected to exhibit frequent sign epistasis because they are selected to suppress effects of other mutations, which makes them context-dependent.
Sign epistasis associated with compensatory mutations arising during periods of adaptation has the following two implications: a) It "locks in" deleterious mutations, precluding reversion to wild-type sequence; b) It constrains possible trajectories to an optimum, dramatically limiting genetic diversity resulting from adaptation.
The presence of compensatory mutations rapidly creates selective valleys that preclude reversion to the ancestral, wild-type sequence. In phage, fixation of compensatory mutations was estimated to be twice as likely as reversion to wild-type sequence (Weinreich et al., 2006). In experimental microbial cultures, mutants selected under drug pressure often exhibit reduced fitness. Examples include HIV resistance to protease inhibitors (Poon & Chao, 2005), streptomycin resistance in E. coli or Salmonella (Borman et al., 1996; Schrag et al., 1997), isoniazid or rifampicin resistance in mycobacteria (Maisnier-Patin et al., 2002), fucidin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (Gillespie, 2001), and resistance to fluconazole in Saccaromyces cerevisiae(Nagaev et al., 2001). In all these cases, growth in the absence of selective pressure resulted in a partial compensation of the fitness defect but not in reversion, indicating the presence of additional (presumably compensatory) mutations that created an adaptive valley before the original mutation had a chance to revert.
As discussed above, sign epistasis associated with compensatory mutations severely limits the number of evolutionary pathways available for selection. This has two consequences: it restricts the diversity of mutants coming out of positive selections and it increases the reproducibility of adaptation, at least under identical conditions and with a large population.
Selections for drug resistance typically yield a very limited number of mutants. For example, only 8 extended-spectrum mutants of β-lactamase (out of more than 90 known mutants from clinical isolates) were obtained in a selection in vitro under conditions resembling natural selection, and many of them shared mutations (Anderson et al., 2003). Another example of limited allelic representation following positive selection is an experiment replacing the thermostable adenylate kinase of Geobacillus stearothermophilus (a thermophylic organism) with adenylate kinase from Bacillus subtilis (a mesophile) to monitor adaptation to growth at high temperature at the level of a single gene. Only 6 alleles exhibiting increased thermal stability were observed, representing less than 1% of the total possible (Barlow & Hall, 2003). In both cases, the observed limited allelic representation likely reflects restrictions in the pathways available for selection, as each allele involves more than one mutation and a much larger number of mutants producing the desired effects is known. Multiple selective pressures, simultaneous or sequential, further restrict the outcome of positive selections. In the case of β-lactamase, this scenario would arise with alternating exposure to different β-lactam antibiotics in the clinic. Selections using a single antibiotic typically result in the isolation of resistant mutants that are different form those isolated in the clinic (Counago et al., 2006; Orencia et al., 2001). Exposing a culture of E. coli to amoxicillin and ceftazidime, however, resulted in the isolation of only naturally occurring β-lactamase mutants (Blazquez et al., 2000), suggesting that "fluctuating selection" likely contributed to restricting the allelic repertoire observed in clinical isolates. Fluctuating selection should favor "generalist" mutations, i.e. mutations that increase resistance to multiple antibiotics. More intriguingly, it would also select mutations with strong positive epistatic effects for resistance to one of the antibiotics, even if its effect versus other antibiotics bacteria are regularly exposed to is neutral or detrimental (Blazquez et al., 2000). This could to be an example of a protein whose evolvability is shaped by selective pressures.
Parallel evolution, i.e. the independent occurrence of the same substitution in two independent lineages has been observed in natural and experimental populations of insects, bacteria and phage. It is commonly seen in selections for drug resistance under conditions that mimic natural evolution (Anderson et al., 2003; Blazquez et al., 1998). Similarly, during adaptation of adenylate kinase to thermostability, the same three major mutants were observed in two independent experimental runs (Barlow & Hall, 2003). However, the most striking examples of parallel evolution come from adaptation studies in two closely-related phages of E. coli, ΦX174 and S13. Adaptation of ΦX174 to higher temperature and to a new host (Salmonella) resulted in 50% identical changes between independent lineages (Counago et al., 2006) and long-term adaptation to culture in the laboratory resulted in 40% identical independent changes (Wichman et al., 1999). In contrast, no such reproducibility has been observed in more complex situations such as the adaptation of E. coli to growth in liquid culture (Wichman et al., 2005) or to growth in glycerol (Woods et al., 2006), or in the development of human cancer (Herring et al., 2006). This lack of reproducibility is likely due to the plasticity built into networks of functional interactions.
A recent convergence of directed evolution, population genetics, genomics analysis and experimental adaptation experiments have challenged traditional notions about protein evolution. Positive selection has been recognized as an important driver of evolution. A large portion of positively-selected mutations appears to be compensatory, suppressing deleterious pleiotropic effects of adaptive mutations.
The realization that a significant fraction of adaptive mutations have detrimental, pleiotropic effects underscores the role of deleterious mutations in the generation of novel traits during evolution. While neutral or nearly-neutral mutations should have a long lifespan within a given population, they should rarely generate novel properties because of smaller phenotypic effects. In other words, neutral mutations are neutral because they have little effect on function (Thomas et al., 2007). On the other hand, pleiotropic mutations, while they may be short-lived in the population because of purifying selection, are more likely to modify protein function. The relative contributions to evolution of nearly neutral mutations versus pleiotropic ones may thus depend on a trade-off between the lifespan of missense mutations in the population and their functional impact. Compensatory mutations would play a key role in tipping the balance toward pleiotropic mutations by allowing them to persist longer in the population.
This emerging picture of protein evolution is summarized in Fig. 3. and Table 3. Mutations that generate novel traits (adaptive mutations) often have pleiotropic effects. Deleterious effects of adaptive mutations are subsequently suppressed through the fixation of compensatory mutations. Typically, suppression occurs within the time frame of adaptation and often involves multiple compensatory mutations. These compensatory mutations facilitate adaptation to novel environments by precluding reversion to wild-type once selective pressures are removed and by prolonging the lifespan of adaptive mutations in the population. The telltale signs of neutral, positive and negative selection, and the implications of each type of selection history for protein evolution are summarized in Table 3.
These new concepts in protein evolution have far-reaching implications:
Rapid progress is being made in the area of protein evolution. A clearer picture of protein evolution that integrates observations from a variety of biological disciplines should emerge in the not too distant future. It would be extremely useful to find ways to distinguish between adaptive and compensatory mutations. This may be based on biophysical predictions, on the presence of some sort of sequence signature, or on a combination of biophysical and phylogenetic methods. We also look forward to extension of what we have learned at the level of single proteins and interactomes to higher levels of cellular organization.
The authors would like to thank Drs. David Haussler (UC Santa Cruz, CA), Ann Blank (University of Washington, WA), and Eddie Fox (St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland) for critical reading on the manuscript and for useful comments, and Cole Bower for help with the manuscript. Support was obtained from the National Institute of Health grants K08 CA116429 (MC), CA102029 (LAL), CA788885 (LAL), and from a fellowship from the Cora May Poncin Foundation (EL).
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Issue #124 / Mar 2011
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SUSE Joins the Microsoft Test Drive Program
Customers can take a free test drive of SLES for HPC on the Azure Cloud
SiFive Launches a Line of Open Source Chips
San Francisco-based chip company announces their first fully open source chip platform.
Fedora 24 Released
The whole distro gets rebuilt on glibc 2.3
Canonical Announces Cross-Distro Support for Snaps
Ubuntu Vendor tries to solve app packaging and distribution problem across distributions.
ownCloud Forked
Founder of ownCloud launches the Nextcloud project.
HP Enterprise Unveils a Futuristic Computer
Will The Machine change the way future programmers think about memory?
CoreOS Announces Distributed Storage System
The new Torus distributed storage system is available under an open source license on GitHub
Google Beats Oracle in the Android Lawsuit
Juries decides Google's use of Java APIs Was Fair Use
Linux is the Largest Software Development Project in History
But if you are not using the latest Linux kernel, your system is insecure.
Linksys Says Yes to Open Source Firmware
Home routers will give room for custom firmware but still comply with FCC rules


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I'm hoping to develop a LAMP application that will centre around a small table, probably less than 100 rows, maybe 5 fields per row. This table will need to have the data stored within accessed rapidly, maybe up to once a second per user (though this is the 'ideal', in practice, this could probably drop slightly). There will be a number of updates made to this table, but SELECTs will far outstrip UPDATES.
Available hardware isn't massively powerful (it'll be launched on a VPS with perhaps 512mb RAM) and it needs to be scalable - there may only be 10 concurrent users at launch, but this could raise to the thousands (and, as we all hope with these things, maybe 10,000s, but this level there will be more powerful hardware available).
As such I was wondering if anyone could point me in the right direction for a starting point - all the data retrieved will be the same for all users, so I'm trying to investigate if there is anyway of sharing this data across all users, rather than performing 10,000 identical selects a second. Soooo:
1) Would the mysql_query_cache cache these results and allow access to the data, WITHOUT requiring a re-select for each user? 2) (Apologies for how broad this question is, I'd appreciate even the briefest of reponses greatly!) I've been looking into the APC cache as we already use this for an opcode cache - is there a method of caching the data in the APC cache, and just doing one MYSQL select per second to update this cache - and then just accessing the APC for each user? Or perhaps an alternative cache?
Failing all of this, I may look into having a seperate script which handles the queries and outputs the data, and somehow just piping this one script's data to all users. This isn't a fully formed thought and I'm not sure of the implementation, but perhaps a combo of AJAX to pull the outputted data from... "Somewhere"... :)
Once again, apologies for the breadth of these question - a couple of brief pointers from anyone would be very, very greatly appreciated. Thanks again in advance


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April 12, 1956
A B Sherrard fatally injured by automobile on Dixie Highway Friday
Local men present at groundbreaking at site of new Hodgenville telephone building
April 14, 1966
Dallas Ray Fultz, 3, object of a 17-hour search in Roanoke section, is found safe Monday after night in woods
Wm. Henry Rucker, age 90, dies in fire in White City area Thursday afternoon
April 8, 1976
Atwell killed, Graham shot over weekend
Fulkerson, Hawke win state debate tourney
April 10, 1986
Adrian and Moniea Loyall celebrate 60 years of marriage April 14, 2016. Adrian Loyall, an Air Force veteran that served during the Korean conflict, has owned and managed many small businesses during the years including Morrison Farm Service in Hodgenville. The most recent was the ice cream trailer that he and his wife Moniea partnered and operated called M&M Homemade Ice Cream. It was a venture that brought the whole family together.
Tanner and Brooklynn Skaggs proudly announce the birth of their brother, Raylan Tate Skaggs, who was born Tuesday, January 26, 2016 at Hardin Memorial Hospital. He weighed 6 pounds 11 ounces and was 19.5 inches long.
Buffalo Fire and Rescue
The Buffalo Fire and Rescue have a free 8x10 professional color family portrait for a donation of $25 or more. A representative from Parish Promotions will go door to door in the coverage area with an I.D. to collect and give out receipts. Buffalo Fire and Rescue is asking for $25 or more to help with purchasing turnout gear.
All Relay for Life Teams
Annual Roadblocks on Saturday, April 16 at McDonald's Intersection and Rite Aid Intersection
Relay for Life – Parkway Peeps
Don Cottrell of Elizabethtown has retired as a financial representative in Modern Woodmen of America's Kentucky West Region.
A U.S. Army veteran and former Baptist pastor, Cottrell joined Modern Woodmen in 1969 and has earned several accolades from the fraternal financial services organization. He has been recognized for his business achievements through membership in Modern Woodmen's Century Club, President's Club and President's Cabinet, which annually honor successful representatives.
Tiffany Slinker and Jeremy Lindsey would like to announce their upcoming marriage. Slinker is the daughter of Gary Graham of Hodgenville and Jerry and Diane Squires of Magnolia.
Lindsey is the son of Thomas and Shelia Lindsey of Sacramento, Kentucky.
Slinker is a graduate of LaRue County High School and Lindsey is a graduate of Southside High School in Batesville, Arkansas.
The wedding will take place at 2 p.m. on Saturday, April 9 at Lighthouse Ministries on 604 South Lincoln Boulevard in Hodgenville with Pastor Mary Milburn officiating.
Copyright © 2016
The LaRue County Herald is your source for local news, sports, events and information in LaRue County, KY, and the surrounding area.


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When: Sat., Feb. 2, 7:45 p.m. 2013
This is an all ages show.
Price: $12
234 Hilderbrand Drive (Sandy Springs)
First Monday of every month, 7:30 p.m.
Steve's Live Music
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For when the love of the song is priority one
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August 14, 2015
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text: Never Play Wii with a Dog Behind You. NEVER.Jesus Diaz8/10/08 3:00pmFiled to: WrongmodoDogWiiKidWrongVideosClips79EditInvite manuallyPromoteDismissUndismissHideShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Play Wii with man's best friend if you have to. But please, please , never ever play with a dog behind you. Seriously. Don't. Biff. Don't do that, Biff! Stop it! DON'T! BIFF! BAD DOG! BAD! (NSFMH* video ahead, probably illegal in some states.) * Not Safe for Mental Health I'm afraid this beats the Jesus Switch by a wide margin. [Fail ]Reply79 repliesLeave a reply


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Lovely red roan mare. Very gentle horse that is broke for experienced riders. She had professional training at age 4. Nicole is very gentle with children…$2,000
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. and Driftwood on the bottom side. Dam Bloodline http www.allbreedpedigree.com spicey olena Sire Bloodline http$2,500
1 Colts for sale 14 days old. Stud is a paint reg. & Mare is a paint type not reg. The colt are the grandson of Poco Bueno. He is adorable loves to be…$400
This filly is gentle and a smart one that could go in many directions. She clips loads lead trims ties. Shes independent and a thinker already crossing…$1,500
EXQUISITE RED ROAN FOR SALE!!! Kai is a five year old mare standing at about 15hh tall. This horse is bomb proof and calm as can be. I would trust her…$3,000
GREAT RED WINE 2012 APHA red roan gelding. fifteen hh. Just 4 years old this super handsome gelding knows his stuff. Best of walk jog and lope with a super…$4,950


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FEMA is cautioning people after Hurricane Sandy that just because they have not been approved for money does not mean they have been denied help.
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its a game where u have a reason to ban the person above u
posting this thread. lol jk
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Don't be so quick to celebrate saving $30 on that new set of sale-priced dishes.
It turns out many retailers trick consumers into thinking they're getting a great deal when they shop during a big sale. In reality, many retailers simply bump up items' original prices, then mark the prices down, duping customers into thinking they're scoring a big discount.
"Thanks to a combination of slick pricing, frequent couponing and confusing discounting, retailers routinely trick consumers into thinking they got a great deal on an item — when in fact they paid way more than they should have," MarketWatch said.
Earlier this year, we told you about a J.C. Penney worker who claimed he was fired after revealing Penney's sales practices.
J.C. Penney isn't the only retailer that's been accused of fooling customers into thinking they're saving a bunch of money when they're not. According to Consumer Reports:
For instance, in past shopping trips to Kohl's, we saw "sale" items priced as high as or higher than the manufacturer's suggested list price. In one case, a set of T-Fal cookware marked down from $199.99 to $159.99 was still $10 more than T-Fal's list price and $32 more than we would have paid on Amazon.com. So comparison-shop, starting with a Web search and the product name and model.
How can you avoid falling for a phony sale? Here are a few tips:
- Check it out. Even if you think you're getting a great deal, don't be afraid to spend a few minutes checking on an item's price. Matthew Ong, a retail analyst with NerdWallet.com, told MarketWatch that consumers should check a product's price at multiple locations, including a couple of big-box stores, Amazon and one or two other stores where they routinely shop.
- Wait and see. If you don't need an item immediately, you could consider using the Hukkster browser add-in. According to MarketWatch, it sends you an alert when your selected items either go on sale or a coupon is issued.
- Know when to buy. It's not a great idea to buy a new pool at the beginning of summer. But if you wait until July, chances are that stores will mark the items down to sell, hoping to clear space for fall items. Same with clothes and other seasonal items.
I have found that there are certain stores that seem to have incredibly high original prices on their items. So I shop at stores like that only when they're having a big sale and I have additional coupons to use. I have fallen for fake sales on more than one occasion. It's frustrating.
Have you fallen for a fake "sale"? Share your comments below or on our Facebook page.
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