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College of Engineering Bucknell University
Copyright 2000
Permission to copy without fee all or part of this manual is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage and this copyright notice appears on the first page.
This document is based on a previous publication authored by Professors Daniel C. Hyde and Jerud J. Mead from the Computer Science Department at Bucknell University, copyright 1994. It has been revised by the Bucknell Engineering Computing Support Team. It is available on the web at http://www.eg.bucknell.edu/~cs203/manual.pdf.
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 WHAT IS A SUN WORKSTATION?..............................................................................................................................1 1.2 THE MOUSE..............................................................................................................................................................2 1.3 THE KEYBOARD .......................................................................................................................................................2 1.4 OPERATION HOURS ..................................................................................................................................................3 1.5 SEEKING ASSISTANCE ...............................................................................................................................................3 1.6 REFERENCES ON UNIX ............................................................................................................................................3 2. GETTING STARTED - THE COMMON DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT .........................................................3 2.1 BEFORE LOGGING IN ................................................................................................................................................4 2.2 CHOOSING THE ENVIRONMENT TO LOGIN .................................................................................................................5 2.2.1 Logging In........................................................................................................................................................5 2.2.2 To run OpenWindows ......................................................................................................................................5 2.2.3 To run the last Desktop Windows ....................................................................................................................6 2.2.4 To use the UNIX command line .......................................................................................................................6 2.2.5 To run X Windows............................................................................................................................................6 2.3 WORKSPACES AND THE FRONT PANEL .....................................................................................................................6 2.3.1 The Front Panel...............................................................................................................................................6 2.3.2 The Subpanels..................................................................................................................................................9 2.4 MOUSING AROUND - WINDOW OPERATIONS ..........................................................................................................12 2.4.1 Which window is active?................................................................................................................................13 2.4.2 Main window menu........................................................................................................................................13 2.4.3 Menubars .......................................................................................................................................................13 2.4.4 Resizing windows...........................................................................................................................................14 2.4.5 Moving and raising windows .........................................................................................................................14 2.4.6 Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................................................14 2.5 LOGGING OUT ........................................................................................................................................................14 2.6 OTHER TOOLS ........................................................................................................................................................15 2.6.1 Workspace Menu............................................................................................................................................15 2.6.2 Command Tool...............................................................................................................................................15 2.6.3 Terminal Emulator (Dtterm)..........................................................................................................................16 2.6.4 Text Editor .....................................................................................................................................................17 2.6.5 Performance Meter (OWperfmeter) ...............................................................................................................17 2.6.6 Print Manager (DtPrintManager) .................................................................................................................17 2.6.7 Mailer (Dtmail)..............................................................................................................................................18 2.6.8 AnswerBook2 Navigator ................................................................................................................................18 3. USING THE TEXT EDITOR (DTPAD)..............................................................................................................18 3.1 WHAT IS AN EDITOR? .............................................................................................................................................18 3.2 OPENING AND CLOSING TEXT EDITOR ....................................................................................................................19 To Open Text Editor ...............................................................................................................................................19 3.2.2 To Close Text Editor ......................................................................................................................................19 3.3 TEXT EDITOR WINDOW ..........................................................................................................................................19 3.3.1 The Status Line ..............................................................................................................................................20 3.4 CURSOR MOVEMENT ..............................................................................................................................................20 3.5 TEXT MOVEMENT ..................................................................................................................................................21 3.6 SELECTING TEXT ....................................................................................................................................................21 3.7 THE CONTROL AREA ..............................................................................................................................................23 3.8 THE FILE MENU......................................................................................................................................................23 3.9 THE EDIT MENU .....................................................................................................................................................24 3.9.1 Find/Change Command.................................................................................................................................24 3.9.2 Spelling Checker ............................................................................................................................................25 3.10 THE FORMAT MENU .............................................................................................................................................26
4. THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................26 4.1 INTERACTING WITH UNIX ......................................................................................................................................27 4.2 CHANGING YOUR PASSWORD .................................................................................................................................28 4.3 FILES AND FILE COMMANDS ...................................................................................................................................29 4.3.1 File Names .....................................................................................................................................................30 4.3.2 What are Directories?....................................................................................................................................30 4.3.3 File Suffixes ...................................................................................................................................................31 4.3.4 Using Wildcard Characters in Filenames......................................................................................................31 4.3.5 Copying Files.................................................................................................................................................31 4.3.6 Listing Files in Your Directory ......................................................................................................................32 4.3.7 Displaying the Information in a File .............................................................................................................33 4.3.8 Removing Files ..............................................................................................................................................33 4.4 USING DIRECTORIES ...............................................................................................................................................34 4.4.1 Making a New Directory................................................................................................................................34 4.4.2 Moving Between Directories..........................................................................................................................34 4.4.3 Moving or Renaming a File ...........................................................................................................................35 4.4.4 What is My Current Working Directory?.......................................................................................................35 4.4.5 Using Pathnames ...........................................................................................................................................36 4.5 READING THE ON-LINE MANUAL PAGES .................................................................................................................37 4.6 PRINTING FILES ......................................................................................................................................................38 4.6.1 Printer Names ................................................................................................................................................38 4.6.2 Checking a Printer Queue .............................................................................................................................39 4.6.3 Removing Requests From a Printer Queue....................................................................................................39 4.7 OTHER UNIX COMMANDS .....................................................................................................................................39 4.7.1 Grep - Searching a File For a String.............................................................................................................40 4.7.2 How Much Disk Space Am I Using?..............................................................................................................41 4.7.3 Changing Permissions on a File....................................................................................................................41 4.8 USING THE SUNS FROM A PC OR A MACINTOSH ....................................................................................................43 4.8.1 Using the SUNs from a Public Macintosh .....................................................................................................43 4.8.2 Using the SUNs from a Public Personal Computer.......................................................................................44 4.9 TRANSFERRING FILES WITH THE SUNS ...................................................................................................................46 4.9.1 How to use ftp on the SUNs ...........................................................................................................................46 4.9.2 Transferring files from a Mac to SUNs..........................................................................................................47 4.9.3 Transferring files from a PC to SUNs............................................................................................................49 4.10 SOME USEFUL FEATURES OF UNIX......................................................................................................................50 4.10.1 Using history of Your Commands ................................................................................................................50 4.10.2 Changing Dot Files......................................................................................................................................51 4.10.3 Creating Your Own Command Aliases ........................................................................................................51 4.10.4 Redirecting Input and Output ......................................................................................................................51 4.10.5 Background Processes.................................................................................................................................52 4.10.6 Pipes and Filters..........................................................................................................................................53 4.11 "HELP! MY COMPUTER DIED!" ............................................................................................................................54 4.12 A BRIEF SUMMARY OF SOME UNIX COMMANDS ................................................................................................55 5. THE MAILER .......................................................................................................................................................56 5.1 STARTING MAILER..................................................................................................................................................56 5.2 USING THE MAILER MAIN WINDOW .......................................................................................................................56 5.3 MAILER TOOLBAR BUTTONS ..................................................................................................................................57 5.4 TO READ A MAIL MESSAGE....................................................................................................................................57 5.5 DELETING MAIL MESSAGES....................................................................................................................................57 5.6 REPLYING TO A MAIL MESSAGE .............................................................................................................................58 5.7 SENDING A MAIL MESSAGE ....................................................................................................................................58 5.8 PRINTING MAIL MESSAGES.....................................................................................................................................59 5.9 TO CREATE AN ALIAS .............................................................................................................................................59
5.10 RETAINING AND ORGANIZING MAIL MESSAGES....................................................................................................60 6. THE FILE MANAGER.........................................................................................................................................60 6.1 USING FILE MANAGER ............................................................................................................................................60 6.2 TO SELECT A SINGLE FILE OR FOLDER....................................................................................................................60 6.3 TO SELECT MULTIPLE FILES OR FOLDERS ..............................................................................................................61 6.4 TO RENAME A FILE OR FOLDER ..............................................................................................................................61 6.5 TO MOVE A FILE OR FOLDER ..................................................................................................................................62 6.6 TO COPY A FILE OR FOLDER ...................................................................................................................................62 6.7 TO DELETE A FILE OR FOLDER (TO THE TRASH CAN) .............................................................................................63 6.8 TO FIND A FILE BY NAME .......................................................................................................................................63 6.9 TO VIEW FILES AND FOLDERS ON A DISKETTE .......................................................................................................63 6.10 TO VIEW FILES AND FOLDERS ON A CD-ROM .....................................................................................................64 6.11 TO RENAME A DISKETTE ......................................................................................................................................64 6.12 TO EJECT A DISKETTE OR CD-ROM.....................................................................................................................64 6.13 TO FORMAT A DISKETTE ......................................................................................................................................64 7. THE EMACS EDITOR.........................................................................................................................................65 7.1 WHAT IS EMACS? ...................................................................................................................................................65 7.2 STARTING EMACS TO EDIT A FILE ...........................................................................................................................65 7.3 NOTATION FOR EMACS' KEY SEQUENCES ...............................................................................................................66 7.4 EXITING FROM EMACS ...........................................................................................................................................66 7.5 SAVING THE CONTENTS OF THE FILE ......................................................................................................................66 7.6 READING A FILE .....................................................................................................................................................66 7.7 MOVING CURSOR AND MOVING TEXT WITHIN THE SCREEN...................................................................................67 7.8 CUTTING AND PASTING A REGION OF TEXT ............................................................................................................67 7.9 RECOVERING FROM ERRORS ..................................................................................................................................68 7.10 USING AUTO-SAVE'S BACKUP COPY OF FILE ........................................................................................................68 7.11 SEARCHING FOR CHARACTER STRINGS .................................................................................................................68 7.12 SPLITTING THE SCREEN AND MULTIPLE FILES ......................................................................................................69 7.13 ON-LINE HELP AND ON-LINE EMACS TUTORIAL ...................................................................................................69 7.14 USING ELECTRONIC MAIL.....................................................................................................................................70 7.14.1 Reading Your Electronic Mail .....................................................................................................................70 7.14.2 Sending Electronic Mail ..............................................................................................................................70 7.14.3 Replying to Electronic Mail ........................................................................................................................71 7.14.4 Reading One of Your Mail Folders..............................................................................................................71 7.14.5 Summary of Mail Commands.......................................................................................................................71 7.15 SUMMARY OF SOME EMACS COMMANDS .............................................................................................................72 8. USEFUL TOOLS IN UNIX ..................................................................................................................................73 8.1 COMPRESSING FILES ...............................................................................................................................................73 8.2 TAR OR UNTAR FILES ..............................................................................................................................................74 8.3 BACKING UP YOUR FILES BY USING SNAPSHOTS......................................................................................................74 8.3.1 Snapshot schedule..........................................................................................................................................75 8.3.2 How to restore files from snapshots...............................................................................................................75 8.4 THE SOURCE CODE MANAGER - RCS.....................................................................................................................76 8.4.1 How to Setup RCS..........................................................................................................................................77 8.4.2 Checking In a File and Checking Out............................................................................................................77 8.4.3 Seeing What Revisions of a File You Have ....................................................................................................78 8.4.4 Displaying the Differences Between two Revisions .......................................................................................79 8.4.5 Checking Out an Earlier Revision .................................................................................................................79 9. COMPILING AND RUNNING OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES .................................................79 9.1 RUNNING FORTRAN PROGRAMS ..........................................................................................................................79 9.2 RUNNING C PROGRAMS ..........................................................................................................................................80
...80 iv ........3 RUNNING C++ PROGRAMS ................................................................................................9............................
In the following sections you will learn how to access the SUN workstations and how to use them in creating. all manufactured by SUN Microsystems. There are other campus computer facilities on this LAN including a DEC 5500 computer (called coral) and many Apple Macintoshes and IBM PC's. All the workstations are connected together forming a computer network. The workstation consists of a large video screen for sophisticated graphics.1. You will also learn about the basic UNIX command and the facilities for printing files and sending and receiving electronic mail. C/C++. Dana 314 is a limited access lab for use by Computer Science faculty and students. 314 and 350. a keyboard and a mouse. The Dana 231 lab has 24 Ultra 10 workstations. 1 2 CDE is a registered trademark of SUN Microsystems. Inc. HTML). the Dana 314 CS SUN lab has 9 Ultra 1 workstations. Inc. Introduction Welcome to the Sun workstation network in the College of Engineering at Bucknell University. This manual was written with the first time user in mind. FORTRAN. Always take the manual to lab when you are working on the SUNs. 1. The best way to learn much of what is in this manual is to take the manual with you and work through the examples sitting at a workstation. Since the machines on the network are relatively close together the network is referred to as a Local Area Network (LAN). called Common Desktop Environment1 and the UNIX2 operating system. It is written in a straight forward manner so you can understand the material and can quickly become comfortable using the SUN workstations. Dana 231 and 350 are college laboratories and they are open for public use when no classes have been reserved. and Dana 350 has 24 Ultra 10 workstations.1 What is a SUN workstation? SUN workstation is a powerful computer developed by SUN Microsystems. A new operating system Solaris™ 8 was installed in summer 2000 as the platform for the SUN workstation.g. and running most common languages programs (e. There are three SUN laboratories in the Dana Engineering Building: rooms 231. compiling. This manual serves as an introduction to the facilities available on the SUNs including the introduction to the CDE window environment. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T 1 .
the workstation's keyboard has additional keys that allow special actions to occur. you may access them from any workstation in any lab. zeus. a separate computer whose task is to supply requested files to workstations on the network.2 The Mouse The three-button mouse that is attached to the keyboard is a pointing device used by many workstation programs. and special characters. cerebus and hydra. pollux. If you press the Caps Lock key. Cerebus and Hydra contain a special feature. when the key is held down and another key is pressed. Snapshots. make sure you have pressed the Return key. So. For example. hera. It is not held down like the Shift or the Control keys. Caps Lock This key is similar to a caps lock on a typewriter. All student and system files are maintained on these disks. The Sun mouse is a mechanical mouse that is similar to most mice found attached to PC's. you can stop a execution by pressing Control c. If you want to switch to lower case letters.Some of the machines have internal CD-ROM or disk drives attached to them. However. just press the Caps Lock key again. when you come to the lab you don't have to bring floppy disks and you do not have to use the same workstation every time. 2 . Control This key acts similarly to the shift key on a typewriter. The workstation you use accesses files by requesting them from a network server.3 The Keyboard The SUN workstation's keyboard has the basic configuration as a typewriter or personal computer keyboard for the letters. some special action occurs. as you may be used to seeing on personal computers. Since your files are not located on any particular workstation. Delete This key causes the last character typed to be erased. which allows users to restore their own files without system administrator intervention. See Backing up your files by using Snapshots in Section 8. Esc This key is pressed just like a letter or number. spectrum. the others are compute servers and are mostly for remote access. Cerebus and Hydra are the file servers. 1. Here are some of the more commonly used special keys: Return This key signals to the computer that you have finished typing and you want it to perform what you typed. numbers.3. 1. a light in the upper right corner of the keyboard appears green. Whenever you are waiting for the SUN to do something. There are seven servers: castor.
When you work by yourself. b) Unix Shell Programming by Stephen Kochan and Patrick Wood. for example: a) A Students Guide to Unix by Harley Hahn. 2. A good source of help is other students in the SUN labs. McGraw Hill. or you can stop by the office in Dana room 230. O'Reilly. They are used in some applications (like the Emacs editor) in a similar way to the control key 1. Constructed on top of the UNIX operating system is a windowing system called Common Desktop Environment (CDE). System support is available through email: ecst@bucknell. jot down the things that were confusing and ask your lab instructor during the next lab period. This 3 . The best time for help is during your scheduled lab period. 1.5 Seeking Assistance UNIX is very sophisticated and you may find times when you need some assistance in solving a problem related to how the system works (or doesn't work!). Your instructor is always willing to explain different facets of the system. It is often the case that there is a more experienced person in the lab who can solve your problem. which provides an interface through which the user can access files and various system services. or there may be someone who is not experienced but has experienced your problem and knows how to resolve it. If you take two or more computer science courses you may want to buy a text on the UNIX operating system. 7 days a week. 1992.edu. Hayden.♦ (meta) There are two meta keys marked with a diamond ♦ located to the left and right of the space bar. 1990.6 References on UNIX This manual does not contain a complete description of the facilities of the UNIX operating system. 1993.The Common Desktop Environment The SUN workstations run the UNIX operating system. 1. It is advised to check the printed weekly schedule before walking into the lab.4 Operation Hours The SUN labs are normally open 24 hours a day. call at x71460 or x73714. c) Unix in a Nutshell by Daniel Gilly and O'Reilly staff. Getting Started . The labs are closed to the public either there is a class scheduled or during rare maintenance periods which are announced in advanced. There are many reasonable texts.
The workstation will go through a lengthy startup procedure (perhaps for a minute).windowing system provides a more convenient working environment than the plain UNIX interface. If the screen is blank then press the delete key to regain control from the screen saver. 4 . If the green light isn't on above the push-in switch. In this case locate the power switch on the back. Though the above scenario is the usual. At this point you should see the login window. Press the switch toward the '1'. with a picture or words displayed) or all dark (strangely referred to as blank!). 2.1 Before Logging In When you enter the lab and sit down at one of the workstations you will either find the screen on (i. you have to "log in". push it in.e. Before proceeding be sure that the Caps Lock key is not on. Your account is set up to automatically use CDE. The front power switch might also be off.. right side the tower. There is a green light somewhere on the keyboard (usually on the Caps Lock key or at the top of the keyboard) which indicates whether the Caps Lock is on or off. which blanks the screen if no key is pressed or the mouse moved for some relatively short period of time (ten minutes). it is possible that you will sit down at a machine with the power switch off. Each workstation is set up with a "screen saver". You will see a '0' and a '1' on the switch. In order to gain access to the power of the SUN workstations and to the account which has been set up for you. When it has completed this process a login window will appear on the screen.
Once you have typed your username. If you have made a mistake in entering your account name or your password. and the UNIX command line.2. You will notice that as you type your password no letters appear on the screen. Your username will usually be your last name or something close to your last name. you will be asked to enter your password. Remember to type your username in all small letters. you may click on the Start Over button. the Sun workstations offer other ways of working with the UNIX operating system: OpenWindows. followed by pressing the Return key or the OK button. press the Return key or the OK button.2 To run OpenWindows • • • Click the Option button and choose Session Select OpenWindows Desktop Login 5 .2 Choosing the Environment to Login In addition to CDE. otherwise the system will put up the login incorrect window and ask you to try again.1 Logging In The Computer Center sent you an username and password used for logging in to the computer network. At this point. 2. X-Windows. This is a security measure so that someone cannot learn your password by looking at your screen as you log in. Your password must be entered exactly as it appears on the sheet from the Computer Center. 2.2. The default environment is CDE.2.
x for X-Windows.1 The Front Panel The Front Panel is the horizontal window at the bottom of the display. x for X-Windows.2. It contains a number of controls you use often. RET to exit:" type x then Return 2.3 Workspaces and the Front Panel CDE allows you to use four workspaces.4 To use the UNIX command line • • • • • Click Option Select Command Line Login Press Return to get the login prompt Login At the prompt "Enter w for OpenWindows. including the workspace switch. which act as if you are using different desktops.3 To run the last Desktop Windows • • • Click the Option button and choose Session Select User's Last Desktop Login 2. 6 . The Front Panel moves with you as you switch workspaces.2.2. 2. The Front Panel is a special desktop window that contains a set of controls for doing common tasks.2. which contains buttons for changing to other workspaces.5 To run X Windows • • Follow the first four steps of UNIX command line login At the prompt "Enter w for OpenWindows. RET to exit:" press Return 2.3.
Some controls are drop zones . are indicators that tell you something about the state of your system. respectively) and are buttons for starting applications. the Printer and Trash Can controls. The following are the default controls available on the Main Panel. such as the clock and activity indicator. 7 . Other controls have a dual purpose. for example.for example. Drop: What happens when you drop a file or folder icon on the control. Indicator: What the image of the control represents. the Calendar and Mailer controls are both indicators (showing today's date and the arrival of new mail. Certain controls.Many of the buttons in the Front Panel start applications when you click them . the File Manager and the Desktop Controls buttons. You can drag a file from File Manager or Application Manager to the control.for example. from left to right. These terms are used to describe controls: Click: What happens when you click the control.
You must type your password to unlock the system. a browser) registered for data type dropped. 8 . receiving. Indicator: Spins when the system is running an action. Mailer (Mail) A tool for sending. Click: Starts the Mailer. Drop: Runs action (for example. The default application icon on the Main Panel is the Text Editor. File Manager (Files) A desktop application where you can create. Indicator: Shows current Activity Indicator Click: Displays a Go action dialog box. Drop: Attaches dropped item to a New Message window. Drop: Opens a File Manager view of the dropped folder.Clock (Links) Click: Opens the default browser. Calendar (Cards) Click: Starts the Calendar application Drop: Dropping an appointment file adds the appointment to the calendar. and use workspace objects: files. Click: Opens a File Manager view of your home folder. You can put an application here by first installing the application icon into the Personal Application subpanel. find. Text Note (Applications) This control position is reserved for a personal application of your choice. Workspace switch Click: Changes between workspaces. Indicator: Indicates arrival of new mail. workspace. and managing electronic mail (e-mail) messages. Lock Click: Locks the display and keyboard. Indicator: Displays the current date. Drop: Opens the dropped file in a new Text Editor window. Click: Starts the application (Default: Text Editor). and applications. The File Manager gives you an icon interface similar to a Macintosh or Windows 95 desktop. folders. and then using the control's popup menu to place that control in the main panel. Indicator: Displays the current time.
Help Manager (Help) Click: Opens a Help Viewer window displaying the top level of help information. 2.Exit Click: Logs you out of the current session. 9 . then that control has a subpanel. lets you cancel print jobs on that printer. Subpanels always contain an Install Icon control that is used to customize the subpanel. Trash Can Click: Opens the Trash Can window. One of the controls of the subpanel is also displayed on the Main Panel. Clicking on the up arrow button on the Main Panel pops up the subpanel. Performance Meter (Hosts) Click: Opens Performance Meter. its window is raised to the top of the window stack. ♦ Web Browser – Click: Opens default browser. Clicking on the down arrow beneath a displayed subpanel closes it. Drop: Prints the file on the default printer. Style Manager (Tools) Click: Starts the Style Manager application. If the application is already running. Drop: Opens Performance Meter for the hostname dropped. and Indicator properties like controls on the Main Panel. Drop: Opens default browser for URL dropped. Find Webpage – Click: Opens default browser for the Sun Microsystems search site. ♦ Personal Bookmarks – Click: Opens File Manager view of personal bookmarks. Controls in subpanels also have Click. Drop: Opens default browser for URL dropped. Drop. Indicator: Once activated. Drop: Moves the file or folder to the Trash Can. indicates CPU and disk activity.3. The default subpanels of the Main Panel are: • Links ♦ Install Icon – Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. Default Printer (Personal Printers) Click: Displays the status of the default printer. Indicator: Different appearance when empty and nonempty.2 The Subpanels If a control in the Main Panel has an arrow button on top of it.
♦ Encryption… – Click: Prompts for the file to be encrypted and the encryption key. Drop: Compresses and replaces an uncompressed file. ♦ Find File – Click: Opens File Finder in default mode. Drop: Opens the dropped file in Text Editor. ♦ Home Folder – Click: Opens File Manager view of your home directory ($HOME). ♦ Open CD-ROM . Drop: Encrypts and replaces an unencrypted file. ♦ Compress File – Click: Prompts for file to be compressed. Drop: Archives and replaces dropped file or folder. ♦ Archive – Click: Prompts for file or folder to be archived. Drop: Puts the dropped file on the workspace. decompresses and replaces a compressed file.Click: Loads a CD-ROM volume in drive and displays a File Manager view of it. • • Applications ♦ Install Icon – Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. 10 . ♦ Properties… – Click: Opens Properties dialog box with no file selected. ♦ Calendar – Click: Opens Calendar for the current date and user. ♦ Text Editor – Click: Opens Text Editor. ♦ Voice Note – Click: Opens Audio in note mode. Files ♦ Install Icon – Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. ♦ Find Card – Click: Opens Address Manager with default search options. Drop: Opens Properties dialog box for file or folder dropped. ♦ Text Note – Click: Opens Text Editor in note mode. Drop: Opens a dropped card. ♦ Applications – Click: Opens Application Manager.• Cards ♦ Install Icon – Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. decrypts and replaces an encrypted file. ♦ Open Floppy – Click: Loads a diskette in drive and displays File Manager view of it. or opens Address Manager with default options and searches for dropped text. Drop: Searches for dropped text as file or folder name. Drop: Opens File Manager view of dropped folder. Drop: Sets up the dropped appointment.
Drop: Prints the dropped file on the default printer. ♦ Suggestion Box – Click: Opens New Message dialog box to send to the default suggestion box mail alias for Solaris at Sun Microsystems. This is a useful method of printing to a printer other than your default printer. Drop: Opens Performance Meter in default mode. Drop: Displays New Message dialog box for suggestion box mail alias and appends dropped file. Drop: Displays Workstation Information for dropped host name. Drop: Prints the dropped file on the selected printer. Drop: Displays New Message dialog box and attaches dropped file. ♦ Performance – Click: Opens Performance Meter for your workstation. • • • Hosts ♦ Install Icon – Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. ♦ Hotkey Editor – Click: Edits hotkeys set up for your session.• Mail ♦ Install Icon – Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. ♦ Add Item To Menu – Click: Opens the Add Item to Workspace Menu dialog box. ♦ Find Process – Click: Opens Process Manager for your workstation. 11 . ♦ Default – Click: Open Printer Jobs for your default printer.dt/errorlog) which contains CDE errors after session startup. ♦ System Info – Click: Opens Workstation Information for your workstation. Tools ♦ Install Icon – Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. ♦ Mail – Click: Opens Mailer. Drop: Opens Process Manager in default mode. ♦ CDE Error Log – Click: Displays the error file ($HOME/. ♦ Print Manager – Click: Opens Print Manager for all printers available on your network. Personal Printers ♦ Install Icon – Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. ♦ Desktop Controls – Click: Opens Style manager. ♦ Customize Workspace Menu – Click: Warns you to update the workspace and opens a File Manager view of the Workspace menu. ♦ This Host – Click: Opens Terminal window for your workstation.
you can play with the mouse and try out some of the features of CDE. ♦ AnswerBook2 – Click: Displays the AnswerBook2 viewer if you have AnswerBook2 installed. ♦ Desktop Introduction – Click: Displays the Introducing the Desktop help volume. • Help ♦ Install Icon – Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. With the mouse pointer symbol (referred to in the manual as 'pointer') in the background. ♦ Empty Trash Can – Click: Shreds (removes) contents of Trash Can window. ♦ Information – Click: Opens the Information folder in Application Manager. then click the control on which you want help. ♦ Trash – Click: Opens Trash Can window. If a menu item has a symbol ! at the end. Drop: Searches for dropped host name. Click this control. of course).♦ Console – Click: Opens Console for your workstation. ♦ SunSolve Online – Click: Opens a browser for the Sun Microsystems documentation and FAQ web site.sdl) opens that help volume. Drop: Moves dropped files to Trash Can window. A menu • 12 . You select a menu item by moving the pointer (with the right mouse button still depressed) onto the menu item you want.Window Operations After the Front Panel is on the screen. Trash ♦ Install Icon . ♦ Find Host – Click: Opens Address Manager to search for host cards. and technical support. you should see a "menu".4 Mousing Around . ♦ On Item Help – Click: Provides on-item help for the Front Panel. you will see each item in turn highlighted. Drop: Dropping a master volume file (*.Drop: Installs an icon dragged from File Manager or Application Manager into the subpanel. If you move the pointer up and down the menu. ♦ Help Manager – Click: Opens a Help Viewer window displaying the top level of help information. it means there is another menu to be found by sliding the pointer onto the ! (keeping the right button depressed. 2. and if you press the right mouse button. Drop: Moves dropped files to the Trash Can window. ♦ Solaris Support – Click: Opens a browser for the Sun Microsystems download site for patches. ♦ Front Panel Help – Click: Displays the Front Panel help volume.
2. Clicking on a window makes that window active. " and "Refresh. The obvious question is.item ending in the ! symbol is said to have a pull-right menu. Clicking on it will collapse the window to a small icon in the upper left corner of the workspace. 13 . the window.2 Main window menu If the right mouse button is pressed while the pointer is on the boundary of the window. If you click on the button on the left side of the menubar. the window's main menu will pop up. Ultimately. the mouse allows you to move the pointer around on the screen.1 Which window is active? As you have seen. The button on the far right of the menubar will resize the window to fill the entire workspace. "If I type on the keyboard. The rest of this section describes a few of the facilities accessible through this main menu and how to manipulate (move and resize) windows. Iconify and Enlarge. This menu has six options for manipulating the window including "Minimizing." "Close. the Main Window Menu pops downs. Close will kill the window. or redraw. The answer is simple.4. including the Front Panel. you can switch to different window. 2. a menu item is selected by releasing the right mouse button while the desired item is highlighted." Refresh will refresh.4.3 Menubars Every window has a menubar at the top with three buttons: Pop-up. The keyboard is the third basic piece of hardware comprising the workstation. 2. and Minimizing will iconify the window. The button on the right with the dot in it is the iconify button.4. Clicking on it again returns the window to its original size. The window that has the purple border is the active window. where do the corresponding characters appear?''. Double clicking on the square closes the window. Iconifying more than one window tiles the icons down the left side of the workspace. If you hold down the Alt key and press the Tab key.
You can often get rid of the "mess" by refreshing your screen. you will move the entire window. but be patient. it can be 'raised' by placing the pointer on the boundary of the window and clicking the left mouse button. Resizing works the same from any corner.5 Logging Out Logging out is just as important as logging in. but there are times you want one corner to remain anchored. for example. When resized as you like. so choose the opposite or an adjacent corner as appropriate. If you place the pointer into any one of these corners the pointer will turn into an arrow inside a right angle. This same technique also works for moving icons.5 Moving and raising windows The boundary of a window includes the outer line of the window (excluding the corner regions) as well as the upper bar of the window (which includes the iconify button). instead of clicking the left button as described. 2. 2. If you forget to log out someone could sit down at the workstation you were using and access (modify or even delete) your files.4. Each corner of the window is specially marked off.4. 2. CDE provides a simple mechanism for changing the size of windows.4.6 Miscellaneous When you are working on a workstation. Notice how an outline of the new window boundaries appears and the size (in pixels) of the window is displayed.if you are using a lot of windows the process can take several seconds. You can do this by choosing "Refresh" on the Workspace Menu. you hold the left button down and drag the mouse. When the pointer changes. If. A logout confirmation window will appear asking you to confirm that you want to 14 . rather than in the console window. the window can be resized.2. When the pointer changes. press the left mouse button and drag the corner to the location you want. a system message being printed on the background. This boundary can be used to raise and move the window.4 Resizing windows It is often the case that a window is too large or too small for its current purpose. The logout procedure allows you to exit the system. you occasionally find that the screen has become "messed up". If a window becomes partially obstructed by other windows. To log off you simply click the Exit button on the Front Panel. If you select the "Refresh" option you will notice that all your windows are redrawn . release the mouse button.
where you can execute your frequently used applications in a jiffy. When you type characters. Be patient.12. they will appear on that line.6. Note that the insertion point is always at some point on the command line. To begin. this sometimes takes a minute.. It has no control panel (such as you find with Text Editor) but does have a menu accessible when the pointer is in the window proper. But there are several features which make this tool a convenient environment for interacting with UNIX.1 Workspace Menu The Workspace Menu provides you with a pull-down type selection menu. Hit the Add button and the item is added to the top of your menu. You may want to move the item. You can add an item to the list of applications in the Workspace Menu. Choose Add Item To Menu… and enter the full path and name of the application (e. The UNIX commands which you can utilize from the Command Tool are detailed in Section 4. The details of what commands are legal and what happens if 15 . Or simply use the right most mouse button to open the Workspace Menu and select Log out. The primary purpose of the Command Tool is to enter UNIX commands. 2. so select Customize Workspace Menu from the Tools submenu.6. /usr/local/bin/emacs).. Lastly. When you press the Return key whatever is entered on the line is passed to UNIX for processing. select the Tools submenu in the front panel. Activate the Workspace window by right clicking your mouse button then select the applications.g. You can move the items in your menu around like files in the File manager.6 Other Tools Before leaving this section on the CDE environment there are a few other useful tools which you should know about. There are two primary features which will be highlighted here: command entry and the built-in editor. click on the OK button to confirm..2 Command Tool The Command Tool is the OpenWindows interface to the UNIX operating system.exit. 2. Do not turn the workstation off!! 2. To facilitate this the window always displays a UNIX prompt as the last line in the text window. select Update Workspace Menu from the File menu of the File Manager view of the Workspace Menu to update from your new menu.
Desktop_Apps. Also. • From File Manager Choose Open Terminal from the File menu • From a command in an existing terminal window Type dtterm at the prompt. It is possible to copy text from the UNIX interface window (using the Copy key) and then pasting the copied text to the editor half of the window. And terminal emulator is a window that emulates a particular terminal type for running non-window programs. When enabled the editor subwindow has exactly the same functionality as described for Text Editor in Section 3. 2. You may find other times when this option is convenient. After you click it. However. • From Application Manager The Terminal icon is located under Application Manager . and the lower half a Text Editor window. the activity indicator spins. There are several ways you can start a CDE Desktop terminal emulator: • From the Front Panel The This Host item is located in the Hosts submenu. The editor window can be created by selecting the Enable option from the File Editor pull right menu on the main menu of the Command Tool (pointer in the text pane).errors are encountered appear in Section 4. with the upper half the UNIX interface.6.3 Terminal Emulator (Dtterm) Terminal is a CDE Desktop application that displays a default terminal emulator window. This is convenient for producing and storing in a file a record of the execution of a program. the command line can be edited using the mouse to move the insertion point in the line or to select a portion of the line. This type of command line editing is not available in most UNIX environments. there are a couple of mechanisms for making command entry easier. The most common use of terminal emulator windows is interacting with your computer's operating system by typing commands. a character sequence appearing anywhere in the text pane can be copied to the clipboard and then pasted to the command line (at the current insertion point). the Command Tool has an option to split the screen in half. indicating that the terminal is being activated. As a convenience. First. Once enabled the editor can be removed by selecting the Disable option from the same menu option. • From New in the Terminal Window pulldown menu 16 .
5 Performance Meter (OWperfmeter) The strange looking strip meter. start the PrintTool and check the print queue to see if you job actually got there or to see if the printer needs attention. comes with the CDE window environment. the Print Manager. 2.. A duplicate Terminal window appears. The longer you work with the workstations the more useful you will find this meter. term paper. textedit.Choose New from the Window menu in an existing Terminal window. g. The other. which appears on the Workspace submenu and front panel. Instead of trying to print the file again. consult the man pages by typing man perfmeter at the prompt. your job will not be printed. 17 . A tutorial is available to help you get started with basic editing using the textedit. Sometimes. The meter is updated every two seconds (this can be modified) to reflect how busy your workstation's CPU is. the current machine's CPU usage is displayed by default. and lab report. 2. There are two versions available on the SUNs. dtpad. is a performance meter.6.6. and can be used to create and modify text files including program code.6. Dtpad will be described in detail in Section 3. e. due to printer malfunction. comes with the OpenWindow environment. gives you a way to monitor the printers connected to the network. 2. The two versions are similar in their features and behaviors. Note that.6 Print Manager (DtPrintManager) Besides the Default Printer icon appears on the Front Panel. more paper. To obtain more information about Performance Meter. which appears on the Workspace menu. It is located in the directory /home/hydra/COURSES/cs203/Tutorials under the name Textedit You may load it into a textedit window and follow its instruction to learn the editor. This is a convenient tool to determine if something is wrong with a print job you have sent off.4 Text Editor The Text Editor is a mouse-based editor application. The default . if a hostname is not specified after the perfmeter command.
It can be used not only to facilitate communication but also to organize and maintain the messages which you have received and want to retain. characters are typed and stored by the computer in a file. It uses a web-browser interface that lets you view and print a variety of Solaris™ information. including SGML-based AnswerBook™ collections. and easy to use. The AnswerBook2 product provides a robust search engine that lets you find information throughout the documentation library. and instructors. This editor has the advantage of being mouse based. The current section describes the CDE editor called Text Editor. friends. The manual you are reading is stored in a computer file and was created through the work of several different people using different text editors. To Start the AnswerBook2 Navigator from the Front Panel: • Click the arrow above the Help control in the Front Panel. This manual describes two editors.6. An editor is really a fancy kind of typewriter where. and man pages. Or. Using the Text Editor (dtpad) 3.2.6.Workspace menu. from the Programs submenu . Display PostScript™ AnswerBook collections. Its advantages are that it provides considerable 18 .7 Mailer (Dtmail) Mailer is a windowed interface to electronic mail. A more complete description of the Mailer will be available in Section 5. instead of typing characters onto a piece of paper. Its disadvantage is that if you log into the system from a personal computer (perhaps from your dorm room) you cannot use the editor . You will find that you use this tool frequently to communicate with classmates. • Click the AnswerBook2 control in the Help subpanel. When you have questions about how a particular tool works you should be able to find references to it via AnswerBook2.it can only be used if you are at a Sun workstation.8 AnswerBook2 Navigator The AnswerBook2 product is Sun's online documentation system.1 What is an Editor? A text editor is a program which helps you create and modify files containing text. The other editor is called Emacs (see Section 7). 3. 2. The Mailer icon is available on the Front Panel. quick to learn.
the word "edited" is displayed in parentheses following the file name. open the Applications subpanel in the Front Panel and click the Text Editor control.2.2 Opening and Closing Text Editor 3. The title bar of the Text Editor window always displays the name of the file you are editing (or the word "UNTITLED" when you have not assigned a name to the file). The disadvantage of Emacs is that it is less intuitive. since it is keyboard based (i. 3. and has a complex collection of commands by which it is used. Click the Text Editor control in the Front Panel if available: Text Editor can also be started from the command line by typing this command in a Terminal window: dtpad filename & The file name is optional.e. doesn't use a mouse) it can be used at a workstation or from a remote personal computer. 19 .. or have not yet saved a file.2.2 To Close Text Editor • Choose Close from the File menu or press Alt + F4 3.3 Text Editor Window Text Editor window has a control area and a text pane that you use to compose and edit your text file. run and debug programs.functionality through a single interface (you can examine directories. read and send email). 3. When you have made editing changes. and shows you the directory where the file is located.1 To Open Text Editor • • Or. You will use both of these editors in various computer science courses.
3.3.1 The Status Line One item of particular value is the status line option in the Options Menu. This allows you to see what line number you are currently on, as well as jump to other lines. When writing a program, you will often be told that there is an error of a particular kind at a particular line in the program. The line in the program is actually the number of the line in the text file containing the program. You can display the specified program line in the editor window by first, turning on the Status Line option in the Options Menu, if you haven't already done so, and typing the line number you desire in the space where the line number is displayed. To have the cursor appear at the specified line number, press Return.
3.4 Cursor Movement In any editor, there is a special position on the screen (the insertion point) where the next character will be placed when a key is struck. The position is made known to the user by a special mark, called the cursor. The cursor is a black up-pointing triangle, or carat, which appears between lines and pointing up to the point at which the character will appear. It is often the case that you want to move the cursor from its current position to some other position in the file. There are several ways you can do this. One way is to use the arrow keys located on the numeric keypad on the right side of the keyboard. As you can imagine, these keys move the cursor from where it currently is to a new place in the given direction. Another way to move the cursor is to use the mouse and pointer. You move the pointer to the new cursor location and press the left mouse button. This is the best way to move the cursor over a large span; the arrow keys should be used only to move a very few character positions or lines. The following are the keyboard cursor/scroll movement keys: Key Up Arrow Down Arrow Left Arrow Right Arrow Control+Left Arrow Control+Right Arrow Home End Cursor Movement Up one line Down one line Left one character Right one character Move left to previous word Move right to next word Beginning of the current line End of the current line
Control+Up Arrow Control+Down Arrow Control+Home Control+End Control+G Page Up Page Down Control+Page Up Control+Page Down
Beginning of the previous paragraph Beginning of the next paragraph Beginning of the document End of the document To the Line field in the status line Up one page Down one page Left one page Right one page
3.5 Text Movement It is usually the case that the text in a file will not fit on the screen at one time, even if you make the editor window as large as possible. We saw, in the last section, that the Home and End keys will not only relocate the cursor, but will also change the text displayed in the window. It is also possible to change the text displayed in the window without moving the cursor. The editor window has a scroll bar on the right side. The rectangular region with the gray up and down arrows is called the elevator. The position of the elevator on the cable, the gray line which passes through the elevator vertically, indicates which part of the text file is being displayed in the window. To move the window down one line in the text file, place the pointer on the down arrow (on the elevator) and click the left mouse button. If you hold down the left button on the down arrow you will see that the text moves up in the window quickly, one line at a time (so that the window is moving down in the text). Of course, the opposite happens when you press the up arrow. If you position the mouse pointer anywhere on the cable below the down arrow of the elevator and press the left mouse button, you will scroll down by one page (i.e., one window's worth). As you can imagine, by placing the pointer above the up arrow on the cable your text will scroll one page up.
3.6 Selecting Text If you think about times you have written term papers, you should recall that what you often want to do is to remove a sentence from here, move that paragraph to the end of the section, delete a word, or replace a misspelled word. These sorts of things are difficult when using a typewriter or writing by hand, but are made easy with a good text editor. In order to do the actions just
described one must be able to specify (or select) the text to be moved, removed, or replaced. You can select text in the following ways: 1. To select a character, move the pointer onto the character and single-click the left mouse button. 2. To select a word, move the pointer onto the word and double-click on the left mouse button. 3. To select a single line, move the pointer onto the paragraph and triple-click the left mouse button. 4. To select an entire file, quadruple-click the left mouse button. 5. To select any continuous body of text, move the pointer to the place where you want to begin the select, and press the left mouse button, drag the pointer over the text you want to select, and release the mouse button. Having selected the appropriate section of text, one can make several types of modifications by using the left-most section of the keyboard, containing eleven keys. These keys are labeled with the name of the function they provide. In particular, we are interested in the keys labeled Undo, Copy, Paste, Cut, and Find. Their use is described in the following: 1. To delete a segment of text, i.e., remove it from the text file, select the segment using the techniques described above and the press the Cut key. When the Cut key is pressed, the selected text is removed from the file, but is retained by the editor (until the Cut or Copy key is pressed again) in the clipboard. 2. To move a segment of text, i.e., cut it from one place and insert it at another, select the desired segment of text and press the Cut key. Then move the insertion point to the point at which the deleted text should be inserted and press the Paste key. Pressing the Paste key copies the text from the copy buffer to the current insertion point. Since this pasting operation does not delete the text from the clipboard, the same text can be pasted into as many locations in the file as desired. 3. To copy a segment of text, i.e., duplicate the segment at another point in the text, select the desired segment and press the Copy key. This leaves the file unchanged but copies the selected text into the clipboard. Then proceed as in the case of moving a segment. Move the insertion point to the desired location and press the Paste key. 4. To replace some text with some new text, select the desired segment and then type the new text. 5. To find the next occurrence of a particular segment of text, select the desired segment and press the Find key. This will search forward in the file and stop at and highlight the first occurrence of the segment it encounters. If there is no occurrence, the editor will beep and
flash the window. If you want to search backward in the file (back toward the beginning of the file) then you press the Find key while holding down the Shift key. Except for finding text, the operations listed above all make some modification to the text. It is not unusual to decide, after making a change, that you want to undo the change. Pressing the Undo key does this. In fact Text Editor keeps track of the various changes you make and will allow you to undo the changes in reverse order (most recent change undone first). When you save the file contents, this record of changes is erased.
3.7 The Control Area The control area of the Text Editor has File, Edit, Format and Options buttons. The Text Editor pane has a pop-up menu (found by pressing the right mouse button while the pointer is located in the text pane), which provides these same commands (plus a special Extras pull-right menu). The options obtained by choosing Edit are identical to those just discussed - the keyboard buttons are probably more convenient to use for these operations. The other options are available only through the available menus.
3.8 The File Menu The File menu contains options that you can use to load and save a text file and for other filerelated functions. The New option is used to open an empty text editor pane. The title bar will display "Text Editor - UNTITLED" and if you made changes editing and have not yet saved them, a dialog window will appear asking you to confirm or cancel the operation. The Open... option is used to associate a specific file with the editor window. When this option is chosen, a dialogue window is displayed. The user is to write into this dialogue window the name of the directory and file to be associated with the editor. Clicking the left mouse button on the Open... button in the dialog window (or pressing the Return key) loads the file into the editor and displays the beginning of the file in the text pane, replacing any existing text. Notice that, unless you pin it up, the dialogue window disappears after the load operation is complete.
the contents of the clipboard are overwritten with the new information. If "UNTITLED" is shown as the file name.. By default. your document is printed on your system printer. Only one selection can be stored on the clipboard at a time. you can direct your job to a different printer. dialog window to appear. and click OK button to include the file you specify at the current insertion point in the text pane. • Use Copy to store a copy of the selected text on the clipboard. Only one selection can be stored on the clipboard at a time. 3. 24 . option will cause a TextEditor . and delimiters.. are duplicated by the keys on the left side of the keyboard... and click the left mouse button on the Save button to save the contents of the Text Editor pane. special characters. • Use Paste to insert the contents of the clipboard at the insertion point. • Use Cut to remove the selected text and store it on the clipboard. Selecting the Print option will print a document. Use the Save item to save the contents of the Text Editor pane in the directory and file named in the header of the Text Editor window.. and when found to replace it with another string.9 The Edit Menu The Edit menu provides standard editing functions which.Include a File dialog window.. The Print dialog window displays the name of your system's printer and enables you to set printing options.. as indicated earlier. depending on which item you choose from the Undo submenu. item displays a TextEditor ..Selecting the Include. Selecting the Save as.1 Find/Change Command The Find Command in the Options Menu includes options that allow you to search for a specific text string. If something is already on the clipboard and you do a copy or cut.9. 3. If desired.Save as. use the Save as. Type the appropriate directory name and file name. • Use Undo to undo the last editing action or all editing actions and restore what was there before. option. Type directory and name of file you want to include.
At this point you have several options based on the buttons you find on the dialog window. Otherwise you should enter the string to be found in the Find text field.Find/Change dialog window. Find/Change is convenient for locating all occurrences and properly replacing them. or separately to replace highlighted text.2 To Find and Change Text To replace the current selection with another text string. You can replace a string with nothing by leaving the Change To text field blank. or Change All.1. You can specify whether you want the find and change operations to apply to all of the text.9. or restrict the operation to the text between the insert point and the end of the document by using the abbreviated menu button to select either All Text or To End. type the text for the replacement string in the Change To field and click the left mouse button on the Change button. allowing you to Find then Change. 3.3. The Find/Change facility is very useful for all kinds of text processing.9. Caution . the editor displays a TextEditor . 25 . simply click the left mouse button on the Find button. Since it may appear many times throughout the file. The Find/Change facility is also useful for correcting spelling errors in a file. If you have a current selection.9.There is no Undo for Change All. When writing a program.1. The buttons at the bottom of the Find/Change window combine find and replace operations. 3. You can use the Change button together with the Find button to find a string and then replace it with another. it is automatically displayed in the Find text field. To find the text string and select it. Change then Find. Click on the Find button again to find and select the next occurrence of the text string. You can also customize your Personal Dictionary and Main Dictionary.1 To Find Text When selected this option.2 Spelling Checker You can correct misspelled words with the Spelling Checker. you may decide that a particular variable name should be changed. You will have recognized that this functionality is the same as supplied by the Find key.
video displays. printers. click Learn Word. justify (block style). click All. or Change All to change all occurrences. right.Choose Check Spelling. Choose Settings from the Format menu..) • If you see the correct replacement in the list. or center alignment. external storage such as disk and tape drives. There are three options under Format Menu: Settings. place the cursor in the paragraph. 3. Enter margins. (You cannot Undo a Change All. via a command structure. 3. 4. • To format the entire document.10 The Format Menu Once your editing is complete. Format Settings dialog box 2.. Paragraph and All. display data files on a printer or video display. and network connections. Select left. type it in the suggestion field and click Change or Change All. To Format a Document: 1. format your document by choosing margins and text alignment. The Spelling Checker dialog window displays misspelled or unrecognized words and lists suggestions for them. • If the word is correct but you do not want to add it to your Personal Dictionary. choose Paragraph or All from the Format menu to apply the settings. and send and 26 . 4. select it and click Change or Change All. • If the word is correct and you want to add it to your Personal Dictionary. click Skip to skip this occurrence. A computer's facilities typically include hardware devices such as keyboards. Take action on the first word found by the spelling checker: • If the suggested replacement is correct. After closing the dialog box. The UNIX Operating System An operating system is a specialized collection of programs which. Determine the scope of the formatting: • To format a single paragraph. then click Paragraph. • If the correct replacement is not in the list. The operating system makes it possible for the user to create and manage files containing data or programs. or Skip All to skip all occurrences. from the Edit menu. click Change to correct this occurrence. manages the facilities of the computer and makes the facilities available. when running on a computer. to the computer's users. 5.
4. The prompt is a sequence of characters on the video display (possibly a shell window) which is really a request from the operating system to the user to enter another command. The purpose of this section is to describe the basic command structure for the UNIX operating system and to familiarize you with those UNIX commands that are necessary for your workstation work. In what follows you will see that all UNIX prompts are given as host-name # % Without the host name or command number specified. The number following the host name is the number of the command you are about to enter. it displays what we call the UNIX prompt. When a prompt appears on the screen you will also see an insertion point one space past the % sign.10.1). A typical UNIX prompt could be algol 41 % _ When you look at your screen. These numbers can be used in conjunction with the UNIX history facility (See Section 4.1 Interacting with UNIX When UNIX is waiting for the user to enter a command. the next prompt will have a number one greater than the number of the previous command. When you type a command this insertion point is where the characters will appear (the '_' represents the insertion point. you will see the name algol replaced by the name of the machine (or host) you are using. which runs on the SUN workstation. A user's interaction with the operating system is usually with a keyboard (to type commands) and video screen (to see the computers response to the command). is named UNIX and is available on many different types of computers. 27 . you press the Return key.receive electronic mail. Thus. The operating system. If that were done in the previous example. For example: algol 41 % date_ To issue a date command. you would see on your screen something similar to the following: algol 41 % date Tue July 17 17:03:23 EDT 1997 algol 42 % Notice that the next prompt appears automatically when the last command has completed. after each command is executed.
In a usage description.fff] If you ever receive a 'usage' message. an improper argument or the wrong number of arguments.In UNIX. 'date' may have the '-u' option that displays universal time or Greenwich Mean Time. Your password should contain at least 6 characters and should not be a word contained in a dictionary. To safeguard against unauthorized use of your account. it is important not only to choose a password which you can remember. For example. but one which another user will not be able to guess. A word of warning. Your password is a security device that ensures only you have access to your files. host-name # % date -u If you spell the command name correctly but supply an improper option. Try both 'date' and 'DATE'. you typed something wrong. 4. it allows several other features. many of the commands will not give you an error message but only display a brief description of usage. An easy way to meet this guideline is to choose some obscure or 28 . the square brackets '[ ]' means that part is optional. host-name # % Some commands have options that are specified by a minus sign followed by characters. it is important to remember that the commands are usually in lower case letters. Obviously from date's usage message. Try an incorrect option for date and you will see an example of a usage message: host-name # % date -p date: illegal operation --p usage: date [-u] mmddHHMM[[cc]y] date [-u] [+format] date -a [-]sss[. Therefore. 'date' works but 'DATE' does not! We say that UNIX is case sensitive. host-name # % DATE DATE: Command not found. be sure that you (and only you!) know your password. The command assumes you mistyped something and need some assistance.2 Changing Your Password The first time you log in you may want to change your password from the one given you by the computer center to one of your own choosing.
Files can be created in several ways. you will be asked to enter the new password. is displayed. the system will print an appropriate error message and your password will not be changed. After entering your old password. the Pascal compiler creates files. just start over by typing passwd -r nisplus again. host-name # % passwd -r nisplus passwd: Changing password for username Enter login(NIS+) password: New password: Don't forget your password! Don't tell anyone else your password! 4. When you press the Return key. in any order. If this happens. the host name followed by a number followed by a percent sign. Programs can create files. making sure that each user has access to their own files whenever necessary. A file is like a piece of paper on which you can put lots of characters. One of the primary functions of the UNIX operating system is to maintain user files. 29 . i. You can create the file. A file can contain a program (a list of instructions for the computer to follow). Instead of using 'tempest' use 'tsepm4t' [notice the '4' key is close to the 'e' being replaced]. UNIX stores your files on a disk drive in the network server until someone removes them.3 Files and File Commands Data is stored in a file. you can count on it being there the next time you need it. To change your password use the mouse to move the pointer to the inside of a window where a UNIX prompt.. data. if you create a file on one day. you will be asked to type in your old password. The purpose of files is to store information for later use. Set your password by typing passwd -r nisplus at the UNIX prompt and press Return. say using an editor. If you don't type the same password the second time or if you incorrectly typed your old password. For example. you will be asked to verify it by entering it again.e. It is easy to create files in UNIX. or the text of a paper.nonsense word (names are not good choices) replace one of the characters with a digit and reverse the order of the characters. Thus. after entering the new password.
When you are given a UNIX account. 30 . but to avoid pitfalls. So that the UNIX system knows which files are yours. One needs a way to organize all of them as well as keep peoples' files separate. you should give them names that are meaningful to you. periods and underscores. UNIX handles the rest.3. your login is associated with a directory file. Your home directory is a file that contains a list of all of your files (if any) and a list of all your sub-directories (if any).me. When you create files. LAB3. Your home directory makes accessing file easy for you. Lab1 is a different file name from lab1. 4. Alongname.2 What are Directories? It is obvious that with so many people using the SUN workstations. The following are legal file names: lab1. The files in your home directory and sub-directories are yours. When you are in a directory. it associates your computer account with your home directory. dashes. Lab1. there are a huge number of files on the disk drive. it is placed in that directory.4. File names can contain most printable character.p Remember that capital letters are different from lower case ones in UNIX. you give a name to each one you create. Sub-directories are used to organize your files much like file folders are used to organize a heap of documents.1 File Names So that you can tell your files apart. UNIX does this with directories and sub-directories (directories inside of directories). digits. you should use only letters. When you login you are placed in this directory which is called your home directory. you might place all the files for your labs in a sub-directory called 'labs' and your programs in another one called 'progs'. read. program1.3. The only names you have to worry about are the names you give your files. and you create a file. change or remove them except you (or someone who has superuser privilege like the Systems Administrator). no one else can create. For example. Therefore. say your home directory.
p' matches all files starting with b and ending with the suffix . Some popular suffixes follow: .) host-name # % cp ~cs203/examples/humpty myhumpty host-name # % cp ~cs203/examples/jack_theory . You could list all the Pascal program files in a directory starting with b by typing: host-name # % ls b*. the Pascal compiler requires the . For example.3. In UNIX. 31 .c .3. remember to keep the mouse pointer in the window in which you want to type.3.3 File Suffixes Some commands in UNIX require an identifying part of the file name called a suffix.o .p suffix in the file name. Copy two files into your directory by doing the following: (Again. Therefore.p. 'b*.tex for a C program for a C++ program for a FORTRAN program for a header file object file (created by compiler) for a Pascal program for a TeX document 4. doormat.p is a file name that would contain a Pascal program.4 Using Wildcard Characters in Filenames A wildcard character is a symbol that you can use with many UNIX commands to specify more than one file. the wildcard character is the '*' and it matches zero or more characters in that place of the filename argument.f . dogcatcher and documentation. The UNIX command to copy a file is cp. 4.p You can use more than one wildcard in a filename argument as shown below: host-name # % ls do*at* That would list the following files: doat. doat21. After the command you type the file to be copied and a new file name. This suffix is part of the file name and contains a period followed by a single character or several characters.p .4.cc .5 Copying Files One way to create a file is to copy an existing file. prog1. Therefore.h .
cshrc file. Later. The command cp may use a wildcard character in the filename argument.5 for more on Pathnames). The second line is the same except that we were lazy and typed a period that tells UNIX to use the same name.In the first line we copied a file called humpty in the sub-directory examples under cs203's home directory (~login_name is a user's home directory and cs203 is a login_name) and placed the contents of the file into a newly created file called myhumpty. host-name # % ls -l You can combine the two options by typing -al. Many commands take pathnames as possible arguments (see Section 4. when we are more advanced. host-name # % ls myhumpty jack_theory Try ls with the -a option. You made no changes to cs203's existing files. but carefully! Try ls with the -l option to list the files in extended form. The long string of directory/sub-directory/filename is an example of a pathname that is how you specify any file on the system.4. for example a .3. You could have copied all of the files in my examples directory by doing the following: host-name # % cp ~cs203/examples/* . Here the period is important to give each file the same name.6 Listing Files in Your Directory Now try listing your directory by using the command ls and the two files should be there. 4. we may alter some of these files. host-name # % ls -al 32 . host-name # % ls -a You should see several file names which begin with a period. If you remove or alter these files improperly you will really mess up your screen or find you can't even login! If this should ever happen see your instructor immediately. These dot files control how your system looks when you login and were placed there by the Systems Administrator.
Using ls. to avoid inadvertently deleting the wrong file. type carefully when you use rm.3.7 Displaying the Information in a File The command 'more' followed by the filename displays the contents of that file. The command rm allows 33 . host-name # % more jack_theory host-name # % cat jack_theory Like most commands that take a filename argument. Copy your file myhumpty to several new file names. there is only one: jack_theory. The command rm removes or deletes the file specified by the filename.You can also list a filename or a filename argument with a wildcard. host-name # % rm junk baloney host-name # % ls It is important to realize that when you remove a file it is gone forever! Therefore." Using the command 'cat' can also complete this operation. Then remove junk and baloney from your directory. 'more' allows a wildcard character (the '*'). While using 'more' on jack_theory press an h and read the on-line help of the commands available in 'more'. Therefore. you could list all the files starting with 'lab' by: host-name # % ls lab* 4.8 Removing Files Many times we need to clean up our directories and we desire to remove some files." To quit type "q. Hit the spacebar to display the next window full. check that they were removed.3. Note this command would not be desirable for displaying long documents. type "b. the latter command scrolls through the entire document without page pausing. we could be lazy and type: host-name # % more j* host-name # % cat j* That will do 'more' on all files in the current directory beginning with "j. 4. say junk and baloney. For example." In this case. Hit the spacebar to get out of the help display. However. Try 'more' on myhumpty and jack_theory. To go back a page.
4. The conventions for names of directories is the same as the names of files.a wildcard but you should be very careful when you use it or you will remove files you wanted to keep. home labs progs jack_theory myhumpty 4. From your home directory make two directories (also called sub-directories) named labs and progs. For example. To return to your home directory you use the home command or just cd and no file name. use the command mkdir which stands for make directory. i. 4. digits. host-name # % home or host-name # % cd 34 .. You will see no files as you haven't created any in this directory.e.2 Moving Between Directories The above diagram shows the structure of the three directories and the two files we have made so far. [We are not showing the dot files.] To change the current working directory to a new one. host-name # % mkdir labs host-name # % mkdir progs Check using ls -l to see that they were created. you could make a new directory for each new programming assignment.4. To change to the labs directory type: host-name # % cd labs Try an ls command now. dashes. The 'd' in the first column means they are directories. Most users after becoming comfortable with the SUNs use many directories to organize their files.4 Using Directories Using directories is easy. use the cd command. you should use letters.1 Making a New Directory To create a new directory. 4. periods and underscores.
pwd is a very useful and important unix command. 4.4. Move the file jack_theory from your current directory to the labs directory by typing the following: host-name # % mv jack_theory labs home labs progs myhumpty jack_theory Using the cd command.3 Moving or Renaming a File When you copy a file you end up with two files . which is a sub-directory on server-name. Sometimes you may wish to move a file to another directory or keep it in the same directory but with another name. Move to your home directory if you have not done so. Change your current working directory to your home directory and try pwd there.4. etc. 35 . The command mv (for move) does both.the original file and the new one. change your working directory to labs and check that jack_theory is there.4 What is My Current Working Directory? You can always tell what is your current working directory by using the pwd command (print working directory). host-name # % pwd Notice that pwd displays the whole pathname with something like: /home/server-name/students/initial_letter/your-name/labs That means your home directory is a sub-directory under students.4. Do that now.
4.5 Using Pathnames Most if not all the UNIX commands that use a filename can also take a pathname.. There are shortcuts that we will describe below. you could use 'more' with a pathname. For example. A pathname is a string of directory names separated by '/'s where the last entry is a file name. You can see the full pathname when you type a pwd command. The full pathname specifies where a file resides.. host-name # % home host-name # % cp myhumpty labs/lab1/humpty1 Now we move to the lab1 directory and copy the file from there and name the new copy humpty2.'s. host-name # % home host-name # % cd labs/lab1 host-name # % cp ~/myhumpty humpty2 36 .4. a '/' and file name. However. You can go 'up' the directory structure by using '. Make a new directory called lab1 under labs. change your working directory to labs and type the following: host-name # % more . host-name # % more labs/jack_theory From your current working directory you can go 'down' the directory structure by using the directory name. you don't need to use the whole pathname most of the time. host-name # % more ~/myhumpty You can have as many layers of directories as you want. host-name # % cd ~/labs host-name # % mkdir lab1 As another example of using pathnames. while in the home directory we will issue the cp command to make a copy of myhumpty called humpty1 and place it in the directory lab1. we will copy a file in the home directory to the new lab1 directory two different ways. If you are in your working directory (in this case your home directory) and want to display the contents of jack_theory in the sub-directory labs./myhumpty We could also have used "~" to specify your home directory because myhumpty is in your home directory. First.
go over this section again carefully studying the commands and using the diagrams. type the following: host-name # % man man Since the command man uses 'more' to display the text. home labs progs myhumpty lab1 jack theory humpty1 humpty2 Above are the directories and files we have now. you use 'more's commands to get around. we will move jack_theory from labs to progs with the same name.e.. For a final example./progs/. Therefore.. To read the manual pages on the command man. Assuming we are in the labs directory. i. we go 'up' one directory with '. The command man followed by the command name displays these reference manual pages. the space bar for the next page. If you are still confused in any way.5 Reading the On-line Manual Pages UNIX has manual pages stored on-line for each command.. the beginner needs to learn how to 37 .Move to the lab1 directory and make sure the two humpties are there. b to go back a page. and q to quit. The manual pages are not written for the beginning user. host-name # % cd host-name # % mv ~/labs jack_theory .' and 'down' another by specifying the directory name. It is important that you understand how to move around in directories and how to specify the correct pathname. 4.
mom The command lp only prints what's in the file. If you don't know the command you want but want to find an appropriate one.p 4. lobby laser writer printer in Dana lobby. to print a letter to Mom on the laser printer in room 350 Dana. say for ls and cd.extract useful information by selectively skipping over sections and ignoring large portions.6 Printing Files The printing of files is easy. Trying 'man copy' gives the message "No manual entry for copy" that means there is no command spelled "copy". you can try a keyword search of man. name of file and page number at the top of each page. time. 4. you use the lp command where you specify the printer and the name of the file. Say you want to copy a file but can't remember the command. Normally one uses the following for printing programs and output which is to be handed in for a class.6. laser writer printer in 350 Dana. you would type the following: host-name # % lp -dlw3 letter. Using the -k option and the keyword does this. 38 . For example. To print the Pascal source file called myprog1. The default printer is the line printer in room 350 Dana.1 Printer Names An option -d and the name of the printer specify the different printers. We could try the following keyword search: host-name # % man -k copy And find lots of commands that do copying including cp that is what we wanted. To print a text file (a file which you can edit).p you type the following: host-name # % lp myprog1. It does not include the date or even the filename! One uses the pr command to add the date. laser writer printer in 231 Dana. Try reading some other man pages. For all the other printers you must specify the printer name. The names of the printers are the following: lw lw3 lwc laser writer printer in 314 Dana (specifically for Jr/Sr CS Majors).
not jammed.3 Removing Requests From a Printer Queue At times you find you may need to remove a request from a printer's queue. host-name # % lpstat –o lw3 4. perform a lpstat command and notice the job ID of the print request to be removed.p 4.6 on "Pipes and Filters.. You would type the following to submit your homework: host-name # % a2ps -Plwc myprog1. 4. your request is placed in a queue (Queue is British for a line in which you wait like the McDonald's line in Moscow.) You can display the contents of a printer's queue with the lpstat command where you specify the printer name by using the –o (lowercase letter o) option. You can remove only your own printer requests. You may choose the alternate two columns output format for your submission. host-name # % cancel lw3-20 On rare occasions. First. pr formats the Pascal file myprog1.7 Other UNIX Commands This section covers some UNIX commands that are important but infrequently used. etc. Below we remove job ID lw3-20 from the line printer queue. a print request will hang the printer. Then issue a cancel command specifying the job ID. If there are print requests in the queue and the printer has not printed for many minutes.2 Checking a Printer Queue Since several people may request to print a file on a printer at the same time. you would type. To check the queue of the laser printer in room 350 Dana. you discover that you printed the wrong file and don't want to waste paper. is on-line.p | lp In the above.") the formatted output to lp to be printed. has paper.6. then remove the first job from the queue with cancel.10. perhaps the first (top) job in the queue is sick. Perhaps. If the first job is not yours then you need to find that person or report the problem to the Systems Administrator. 39 .p and pipes (Read about pipes in Section 4. After checking that the printer is turned on.host-name # % pr myprog1.6.
Searching a File For a String To search for a word. This is the Button to Start ther Machine To make with the Cybernetics and Stuff To cover Chaotic Confusion and Bluff Who pushed the Button to Stzrt the Machine jack_theory:56: jack_theory:57: jack_theory:58: jack_theory:68: Notice that it displayed the filename before the line number. shredding the Erudite Verbal Haze And Demolished the Theory Jack built. host-name # % grep -i -n 'to' * humpty:3: The King set the Tme Machine back to two. Two useful options for grep are -i that ignores the case of letters and -n that displays the line numbers at the front of the line. Now Humpty's unscrambled and good as new. host-name # % grep -i -n 'and' jack_theory 37: 46: 47: 49: 57: 58: 60: 69: 72: 77: This is Chaotic Confusion and Bluff This is the Cybernetsics and Stuff That covered Chaotic Confusion and Bluff And thickened the Erudite Verbal Haze To make with the Cybernetics and Stuff To cover Chaotic Confusion and Bluff And thickened the Erudite Verbal Haze That made with the Cybernetics and Stuff And. Here is the output after one asks grep to find all occurrences of 'and' including both upper and lower case letters and displaying the line numbers. You specify the string of characters then the file as shown.3. (see Section 4.4 on "Using Wildcard Characters in Filenames.") Here we search for 'to' in all the files of the directory. grep can take a wildcard for the filename.4. a phrase or any string of characters in a file use the grep command. 40 .1 Grep .7. host-name # % grep 'Humpty' humpty Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. As with many UNIX commands.
group and world respectively. the current permissions are displayed for each file. The size is the number before the date. both files are owned by cs203. you won't be able to create new files. However. host-name # % quota -v Doing an ls -l in a directory will show the size of each file in bytes. To see what your disk quota is use the quota command. others in 41 . can write and can execute the file. The Systems Administrator determines which login names are in a group. there are always packrats who save everything! If you do exceed your quota.4. -rw-r--r--rw-r--r-1 cs203 1 cs203 cs203 cs203 245 Aug 14 14:16 humpty 2147 Aug 14 14:16 jack_theory The next nine characters are grouped into three characters each (rwx.3 Changing Permissions on a File When you do an ls -l command. A 'd' in first column means a directory. In the above. The owner of the file is the login name that created it. The first 10 characters are the permission fields for that file. 4.7. A '-' in column one means a plain file. Now two megabytes is a lot of disk space so most students need not worry about exceeding it. r-x and r-) for the permissions for owner. host-name # % home host-name # % du du displays the amount of disk space used for each of your directories in kilobytes (thousands of characters). -rw-r--r--rw-r--r-1 cs203 1 cs203 cs203 cs203 245 Aug 14 14:16 humpty 2147 Aug 14 14:16 jack_theory My file humpty is 161 bytes long and was last changed Aug 14. you must delete some files. If you exceed this limit. The three characters for the owner's permission are 'rwx' which means the owner can read. This is typically two megabytes (or two million characters).7. 1998. A megabyte is 1000 kilobytes.2 How Much Disk Space Am I Using? All student accounts are limited in the amount of disk space (called disk quota) that they may use. In this case. You can tell how much disk space you are using by issuing the du (disk utilization) command in your home directory.
the indicated permission is not granted. Execute A few examples. Anyone can read the files but can't changed them or execute them. execute permission is interpreted to mean permission to search the directory. write or execute it. Others (world). The permissions and file modes are summarized as follows: r or '4' w or '2' x or '1' the file is readable. For a directory. the file is executable. The world is all others on the system. The form of chmod is: chmod <who><op><permission> filename where <who> is a combination of: u g o a User's permissions (owner). Group permissions. To set the file humpty so no one but the owner can read. 42 . To remove the permission. Doing an ls -l humpty shows the following permissions. we need to do two chmod commands. or ugo. Write. The chmod command allows the owner to change the permissions on a file.cs203's group can read and execute the files but can't write or changed them. <permission> is any combination of: r w x Read. -rwx-----1 cs203 161 Jul 30 16:30 humpty To set humpty's permissions back to what they were before. will help you to understand how to use chmod. All. the file is writable. <op> is one of: + To add the permission. we would type the following: host-name # % chmod go-rwx humpty Note: no spaces are allowed in 'go-rwx'. One for the group and another for others.
And. here are a few of the common ones: 644 is rw-r--r-the owner can read and write the file or directory. and do most UNIX commands. You will not be able to use a mouse in that window. For instance. 755 is rwxr-xr-x the owner can read. or from a Macintosh on campus. compile programs.host-name # % chmod host-name # % chmod g+rx o+r humpty humpty host-name # % ls -l humpty -rwxr-xr-1 cs203 161 Jul 30 16:30 humpty If you want to hide all your programs so only you can read them. 43 . 644. write and execute the file.8 Using the SUNs From a PC or a Macintosh The SUNs may be used from a personal computer. everybody else can read or execute it. 711 is rwx--x--x the owner can read. can read. 2. the owner. this mode is equivalent to 4. 4. write and execute them. By using MacX a program that simulates X Windows. But you can use Emacs. However. For a directory.8. everybody else can only read it. everybody else can only execute it. run programs. By using Telnet. the menus.1 Using the SUNs from a Public Macintosh You can access SUNs from a Mac in two ways: 1. The below changes all the files in the directory so only you. write and execute the file. host-name # % chmod go-rwx * Or you could have changed the permissions on the directory of where the files reside. say in your dorm room. you will not be able to run any application that requires a window environment. mouse and multiple windows of CDE are not available. you could use a wildcard. a program that simply accesses the SUNs and gives you one window interface.
" type "logout" again. A session window will pop up. castor. Now under the File menu. 6. Select sun from the Remote menu. After Telnet's menus appear at the top of the screen. When the widow pops-up double click on Links. After about 30 seconds a command window will pop-up.8.8. 5. And. 4. To Logout and get off the Mac type "logout" as usual from host-name prompt. inside the session name box. 2. You should see a new window which displays the normal SUN login message with the SUN host-name on the header bar. login name. a program that simply accesses the SUNs and gives you one window interface. 3.1.2 To use MacX from a Mac Assuming the Macintosh you are using has MacX installed! 1. 4. Double click on MacX folder. select Quit.4.1. you will not be able to run any application that requires a window environment.. 44 . You will login without window environment.bucknell. Type in a SUN host-name. Login to the SUN as normal.1 To use Telnet from a Mac 1.2 Using the SUNs from a Public Personal Computer You can access SUNs from a PC in two ways: 1. email name) and hit Return key. pull down File menu and select Open Connection. Type your password and hit Return key.8.7 to run Telnet.eg. 3.4. To use Emacs see Section 4. 5.bucknell. you will only have one window and the mouse is inoperative.edu. By using Telnet. Open the Telnet folder by double clicking 2. Double click on Links document. 6. 4. Double click on NCSA/BYU Telnet 2.8. However. Therefore.g. Type your account name (aka: user name.edu or pollux. You will not be able to use a mouse in that window. the arrow keys still work. If UNIX gives you the message "stopped jobs. e. select Close "Untitled" from the File menu and then select Open option from the File menu. Then click on Connect button.eg. (If you double click on MacX instead. 4.
you will only have one window and the mouse is inoperative. 2. select Exit. However. To use Telnet from a PC: 1. 4. Therefore. Now under the Session menu. By using X-Win32 a program that simulates X Windows." type "logout" again. e. You should see a new window that displays the normal SUN login message. 45 .eg or pollux. 3.g. the X-Win box should be at the bottom of the task bar. login name. To use XWin32 from a PC: (Assuming the PC you are using has XWin32 installed) 1. the arrow keys still work. 3. Go to the Start Menu and from Network Applications select Telnet. 6. You will login without OpenWindows. Turn on the machine and wait for it to boot up. castor. After launching X-Win32. The available sessions are: • castor_cmd • castor_dt • castor_Xterm • coral_Xterm • pollux_cmd • pollux_dt • pollux_Xterm 4. Then click on Connect. 5. 5. The castor_Cmd login windows will pop-up. Either select or type in the SUN host-name. email name) and the password and click OK. inside the host name box. Click the X-Win box with the right-most mouse button to open the pull-up menu.. Type your account name (aka: user name.g.eg. If UNIX gives you the message "stopped jobs. castor_cmd. To Logout and get off the Telnet type "logout" as usual from host-name prompt. Click on the Start Menu button at the left bottom corner and holding the mouse button up to : Programs and select X-Win32.2. 2. After about 30 seconds a command window will pop-up with a UNIX prompt: castor{41}% 7. An Open Session window will pop up. Select one of the sessions. Highlighted Sessions to open the session selection windows. e. Login to the SUN as normal. To Logout and get off the UNIX type "logout" as usual from UNIX prompt to close the command window.
3. host-name #% man ftp 46 .changes the working directory on the remote machine to remote-directory dir .9 Transferring files with the SUNs 4.edu:ecst): anonymous 331 Guest login ok. Type your e-mail address as password Password: 230 Guest login ok.bucknell.expands wild cards in the list of local files given as arguments and do put more than one file To get more detailed information about ftp from the man page. send your complete e-mail address as password. 1.eg.bucknell.retrieves the remote-file and store it on the local machine put .stores a local file on the remote machine mget . 220 charcoal FTP server (Version wu-2. simply type man ftp.bucknell.4(4) Tue Feb 27 10:40:30 EST 1996) ready. Click on the X-Win box with the right-most button to open the pull-up menu. ftp> prompt should appear ftp> The most common ftp commands are: ? . access restrictions apply.eg. which enables file transfers to and from a remote network site.displays all the available ftp commands bye .8.prints a listing of the directory contents in the directory get . 4. Type anonymous as guest under Name Name (ftp. Type ftp plus the ftp server name charcoal{1}% ftp ftp. 2.9.edu Connected to charcoal. 4.terminates the FTP session with the remote server and exit ftp cd .eg.expands the remote-files on the remote machine and do get more than one file mput . Select Close to exit X-Win32.edu.1 How to use ftp on the SUNs The ftp command invokes the Internet standard File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
1. It includes a number of applications that can be used to print to a LaserWriter. To exit. Finally select charcoal as the file server and click OK. the Charcoal icon will display on your desktop. Now you can transfer files between your Mac and the SUN by dragging files.2. 4.0 (Columbia AppleTalk Package for UNIX) is an AppleTalk tool. Type in User Name and Password in the login window.2 Transferring files from a Mac to SUNs There are two ways to transfer files between a Mac and the SUN: one is by using FETCH. Note: ♦ If you select CapVolume. you may either select CapVolume which will directly go to your CapVolume directory under your home directory. and mainly act as an UNIX based AppleShare compatible file server. Double click on the Charcoal icon to go to the root level of Charcoal. are preserved when transfer takes place from the Macs to the SUNs and it distinguishes all the Mac files than the UNIX files. By continuing double clicking to open folders until you can access your home directory.1 Transferring files from a Mac to SUNs by using CAP CAP 6. and the other is by using CAP. r select Charcoal which will go to the root level on the charcoal server. the CapVolume icon will display on your desktop. The advantages of using CAP are that the original formats of the files. 3. drag either the CapVolume icon or Charcoal icon to the Trash Can. The procedure for using CAP is as follows: menu. which implements a library containing a portion of Apple Computer's AppleTalk. Select Chooser from the SHORTCUTS: 47 . Now you can transfer files between your Mac and the CapVolume folder on the SUN by dragging files. 4. and then select Engineering under AppleTalk Zones. protocols. ♦ If you select Charcoal. Double click on the CapVolume icon to open/display all the files under the CapVolume folder.9. After logging onto charcoal. 2.9. Select AppleShare.4.
3. Open the Charcoal icon first. Leave this alias folder on your desktop as a shortcut to access your SUN directory. 7.Internet Tools .eg. and type your password. 2. Under the New Connection. or pollux. Then the Charcoal icon will be on the desktop. window. On a line that says: Directory: delete all. You may also set any alias folder at any subdirectory level by using the similar procedures. 9. On a line that says: Password: delete all. Double click on Fetch 3. NOTE: By defaults. 2. use either castor. here is what you should do: 1. * There is also a Fetch handout available from the CCS Help Desk 48 .2 Transferring files between a Mac and the SUNs by using FETCH* 1.. Turn on the machine and wait for it to boot up. account name).. button. • Double click on the alias folder • Type in your Name and Password in the login window to login to Charcoal • Click OK and ignore the warning message. To get a file from the SUNs to the Mac: double click on the file you want or highlighted the file and click on Get File. 4. button.. Open Applications ..Fetch. On a line that says: User ID: delete all. The alias folder icon will display on the desktop. then follow the path to find your own home folder. • After the Charcoal icon on the desktop. after the file transferred to the SUN it becomes a binary (executable) file. Click (only one click. then double click and open the alias folder 4. and hit OK key.If you would like to transfer files directly to another directory under your home directory instead of CapVolume or vise versa. 8. Click OK on the warning window.. even it is only a text file. 6. 4.eg or for the Host. To put a file onto the SUNs from the Mac: select the file and click on Put File. and type your user name (aka login name. 5. The file permission needs to be changed afterward.188.8.131.52 (unless its updated). not double click) on your folder to highlight the folder.. 3. Go to File Make Alias and create an alias of your own folder.
9. The New Session window will pop-up. Turn on the computer. 8.eg). or pollux. the second choice is to run the Windows95 built-in ftp program. 7. 4. Then click Connect. 2.2 Transferring files from a PC to SUNs by using Windows95 buildin ftp program 1. PC's Hard Drive files will be in the left window and SUN's files will be in the right window. 49 . 10. On a line that says: Password: type in your password. To copy a file from your sun account to Hard Drive: click on the file in the right hand window and click on <<Copy<< button. 11. To end the session: either close the session window or select Close under File menu. 5.3. Turn on the computer. Go to the Start Menu and select Run.Exit. 9. then change the Format to Text (Fetch may automatically change to Text) ♦ If the original file format is an image file. 4.9. 10. 4. 2. To copy a file from Hard Drive to your sun account: click on the file in the left window and click on the >>Copy>> button. To quit Fetch by selecting File . 4.3.♦ If the original file format is a text file. then change the Format to Raw Data.9. 6.eg. To quit FTP. 3.3 Transferring files from a PC to SUNs There are two options to transfer files between an IBM and the SUN.1 Transferring files from a PC to SUNs by using FTP from Network Applications 1. Go to the Start Menu and from Network Applications select FTP. On a line that says: Hostname or address: type in one of the server names (castor.Quit. The first option is to use the FTP program from Network Applications. On a line that says: Username: type in your username. do Sessions .
UNIX provides a history feature. you should be able to type just 'h'. you would type: host-name # % !m 50 . Then run ftp commands after ftp> prompt. Type ftp with the server name (castor. host-name # % h Was 'h' defined? If not.10 Some Useful Features of UNIX 4. host-name # % !23 To do the last command. you type "!!".eg. there are shortcuts to repeating a command. When you display the history. host-name # % history Now if you have an alias set for the history command. which records the last. 4. To redo a command. type bye at the ftp> prompt ftp> bye 4. To display the last so many commands.10. For example to repeat the last use of 'more'. or pollux. you will see an associated number with the commands you typed before. Since UNIX commands can be lengthy and subsequently tedious to type out. To exit FTP. You can redo the last command starting with a string by typing "!" followed by the string. type history. For these shortcuts.eg) in the Run window and then click OK. When ftp window pops-up.3. you can add the alias later when we cover 'dot' files and command aliases in the next two sections. several commands (typically the last 40) for each shell window (a window with hostname % prompt). type in your username your password.1 Using history of Your Commands Most users find themselves issuing the same command repeatedly during a work session. type "!" followed by the number (No spaces between "!" and number!) For example to redo the command with 23. 5.
10.mailrc file and address mail to him as 'jim. Using 'more' display your .cshrc file is executed every time you create a new shell window (a window with host-name % prompt).4. It sets up OpenWindows. For example.cshrc file and you may use the aliases already there as models.openwin-menu . Notice that there are some aliases already existed. use >. you should see a series of dot files or filenames that start with a period. 51 .3 Creating Your Own Command Aliases It is very easy to customize your frequently used UNIX commands by adding aliases to your . This file is executed whenever you login.' .10.' If you want to add your own aliases just edit this .4 Redirecting Input and Output Redirecting the input to and the output (I/O) from a command is easy in UNIX. Be sure you know what you are doing before you make any changes!! . This file is used by Emacs to set up features.login . This file sets features for OpenWindows. This is where to place your own command aliases. Here is where you would add mail aliases and mailing lists.cshrc file in your home directory.emacs . This dot directory sets features for CDE. This file sets up the features of OpenWindow's menu buttons. you have a friend named Jim Dunkelberger whose login name is 'dunklbrg' and you can never remember it.mailrc 4. Below are some common dot files and their purposes.cshrc file. This file sets up features for mail. To send the output of any command or program to a file instead of the screen.10. See next section. For example that you can type 'lo' for 'logout' and 'm' for 'more.openwin-init .2 Changing Dot Files When you issue the ls -a command in your home directory.cshrc The .dt . You could add the line alias jim dunklbrg to your . You may display them with 'more' to see what is in them. Here are some examples: alias cls clear alias pinebox 'telnet pinebox' 4.
e. Processes are just instances of programs in execution.For example. e. In desperation. therefore. Any command (or program) can be submitted as a background process by adding "&" on the end of it. to read input from a file instead of the keyboard. This allows you to continue using the window's screen and keyboard. Emacs. UNIX allows you to easily place the command (or program) in the background and run by itself. create a special window to run in.5 Background Processes Many commands. one would type the following: host-name # % sort large-file > sort-output & Some commands when run under OpenWindows or CDE. use <. This is called submitting a background process. 4. Then it is no longer associated with the window where you typed the command. If run in the background. don't finish after a few seconds and. to input from a file called data for a Pascal program called 'myprog' type: host-name # % myprog < data The symbol >> operates much as > does.g. Then type the following: host-name # % kill -9 process-id 52 .' you would type the following: host-name # % ls > myfiles Again for any command or program. To see a list of your current processes including both foreground and background processes. tie up the window in which you typed the command. to place a list of the files in the current directory in a file called 'myfiles. to sort a large file and redirect the output to the file sort-output and not tie up your window while doing it." Redirecting input from a file and output to a file is especially useful with writing programs from other computer languages. the window stays until you quit or kill it. "add to the end of the file.. Do a man ps to read about all the options.10. Use the ps -ef command to find the process-id. except that it means.g. For example. Emacs. type the following: host-name # % ps -ef The '-ef' are options to the ps command. you can kill a runaway or hung up process. For example.
1 on "Grep .7. type the following: host-name # % ps -ef | grep 'cs203' | more In the previous example.6 Pipes and Filters Pipes and filters are some of the niftiest features of UNIX.Searching a File For a String"). Assume you have written a Pascal program that displays the names (last name first) of the members of your organization but they are not in alphabetical order. you could pipe the output of the Pascal program to sort.4. To look for a particular user "cs203" when you do a ps command. A UNIX command's output may be redirected directly to another command's input by the pipe symbol |. For example. make sure the amount of output to the printer is reasonable. 53 . then pipe its output to pr to format it and then pipe its output to the printer. host-name # % names | sort | pr | lpr However. one could type: host-name # % who | wc -l where the -l (that's minus el) is an option to wc (word count) to only display the number of lines. To count the number of users on system. Pipes are really handy as shown by the below examples. we would say that grep is a filter as it filters or selects only portions of the output.10. to list a directory with too many files to display in the window at one time. one can pipe the output of ls into 'more' by the following: host-name # % ls -l | more This is similar to redirecting the output of ls to a temporary file then displaying the contents of the file using 'more' as follows: host-name # % ls -l > temp host-name # % more < temp host-name # % rm temp The use of the pipe symbol | is a lot handier than using a temporary file especially since we tend to forget to remove the temporary file. The command grep displays each line in which it finds the string (see Section 4. To sort the names and then print them. if you do this.
4. If several SUNs don't work. 2. If you have a runaway program which is not a window and the above actions did not work. 5.) then you can Quit the Window. perhaps the network is down. 54 .4. A process is an instance of a program in execution. The SUNs have an automatic screen saver which blanks the screen after so many minutes of inactivity. Then in a window with host-name % prompt enter kill -9 process-id. Perhaps you forgot to hit Return after entering a response. move to another SUN. 3. Hit the space bar. 6. If none of the above cures the sick SUN. 7. You can not kill ones created by others. Press Control c to stop a program or a command. Use the ps ef command to determine the process id. If you can't login or your files are really messed up. This should destroy the running process. Hit Return key. Maybe you hit the mouse by accident and moved the pointer out of the window. If late at night and the network is still down after 10 minutes.11 "Help! My Computer Died!" As stressed in the book Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Doug Adams: DON'T PANIC!! Here is a list of troubleshooting actions to try which range from the simple to the very drastic. Move the pointer to 'Quit' and release the button. Note: you can only kill processes which you created. go to bed and get some sleep! 9. Move the mouse pointer to inside a window with host-name % prompt. 1. You also may either call x71460 or stop by the office in Dana room 230A for assistance. contact your instructor. Do this by pressing the right mouse button while the pointer is in the bar of the window. If none of the above works and a window appears hung up (Meaning no activity on screen or from pressing keys while pointer is in the window. Do a ps command to check. If during normal working hours. It is rare but it does happen. probably someone will fix it within a half an hour. Your computer screen has gone blank. you can Kill the Process. 8.
prints file on laser printer in room 231 Dana. .to capture a work session in a file. .change directory to home directory. .prints file in two column format. Press space to continue.list printer queue. printers are hp.remove job from printer queue (get job-id from lpstat).prints file on laser printer in room 314 Dana.list dot files in current directory.remove directory. . . .displays manual page to screen (on-line help).remove file (delete). .move file1 to file2 (rename).copy file1 to file2. .prints file on laser printer outside room 350 Dana. . .displays one line of commands which contain keyword.list files in current directory. .display file on screen pausing at each screenful. . .change current directory to home directory.move file to directory dir. lw3.make new directory.to log off of UNIX. . . .disk space used (do in home directory).12 A Brief Summary of Some UNIX Commands Files and Directories Commands: ls ls -a ls -l pwd mkdir name cd pathname cd rmdir name home cat file more file cp file1 file2 mv file1 file2 mv file dir rm file du quota -v chmod <who><op><permission> file . .change to directory. lw. Useful Commands: a2ps -Pprinter file lp –dlobby file lp –dlw file lp –dlwc file lp -dlw3 file lpstat –o printer cancel job. .prints file on laser printer in Dana lobby. lwc. .change permissions on a file. . concatenate several files. . 55 . .4. .display a file. . Press h for help.displays your disk quota or allotment.id man command man . . .list files in current directory in full form. .print working (current) directory.k keyword logout script .
display your processes running on your machine. . .word count of file. When the new electronic mail (e-mail) arrives.displays all remote users (all on the network). . . 5.remote login to another computer (exit to get off). .2 Using the Mailer Main Window The main window contains the following areas: Displays information about mail messages Message Header List Contains buttons for tasks that you perform frequently Toolbar Resizes the Message Header List and message view area Sash Contains header fields and message text Message view area 56 . The Mailer The Mailer is a desktop application for sending. . . receiving.displays all lines in file containing the string.kill a runaway process (get process-id with ps).display all processes running on your machine. . letters will appear in the in-tray of the icon. 5. . and managing your electronic mail (email) messages.displays file sorted alphabetically. . . It's icon is available on the Front Panel and also can be selected from the Mail submenu in the Workspace Menu.exit who rusers rlogin hostname date wc file cal spell file sort file grep 'string' file history ps ps .displays misspellings of the file.displays time and date. Control c to get out.change your password password. 5. .to end a script session.ef kill 9 process-id passwd -r nisplus . . To end a rlogin session.1 Starting Mailer To open the Mailer to read or send mail by clicking the Mailer icon in the Front Panel.prints a calendar.history of commands you have typed (!number to redo). .displays who is on your machine.
3 Mailer Toolbar Buttons The Toolbar contains buttons that offer an alternative to using the menus for common functions. loaded. Double-click on the message to open it into a separate window. (There is an equivalent item in the Compose menu. Select the message to be viewed from the Message Header List. 57 . • Select the message you want to delete. messages will remain in the Mailer unless they are explicitly deleted.) Displays the message that follows the currently selected one. Button Delete Next Previous Reply. • 5. and the message body included.4 To Read a Mail Message • • Use the Next and Previous buttons on the Toolbar Or. if any 5. if any.) Forward New Message Print One 5.) Prints one copy of the selected messages. (There is an equivalent item in the Message menu.5 Deleting Mail Messages In general. The text of the message appears in the Message View Area. (There is an equivalent item in the Compose menu.Attachment list Displays icons of mail message attachments.) Opens a Compose window.) Opens a Compose window with the text of the selected message and its attachments.) Opens a Compose window with the email address of the recipient filled in.) Displays the message that precedes the currently selected one. Or. Include Message Function Deletes the selected messages from the mailbox. (There is an equivalent item in the Message menu. (There is an equivalent item in the View menu. (There is an equivalent item in the View menu. (There is an equivalent item in the Compose menu.
The Compose window closes and the message is sent.6 Replying to a Mail Message 1. 4. The New Message window appears. 2. Type the email addresses (e. • To reply to the sender. Type the message text in the text area. • To reply to the sender and all the recipients of the message. NOTE: Once a message has been deleted. You can send a message to a single user. Select the message to which you want to reply. Click the Delete button on the Toolbar. 5. • Click the Send button or choose Send from the File menu. Choose New Message from the Compose menu or click New Message button on the Toolbar. Determine the scope of the reply.• • Choose Delete from the Message menu. 5. 2. you can get it back unless you made your deletions permanent by choosing Destroy Deleted Messages from the Mailbox menu. click Reply button on the Toolbar or choose Reply from the Compose menu. Optional: Type the topic or title of the message in the Subject field and press Return. Include Message from the Compose menu.7 Sending a Mail Message 1. choose Reply.edu for anyone at Bucknell) of the people to whom you want to send the message in the To field and press Return. 5. 3. Click the Send button or choose Send from the File menu. 6. • To reply to the sender and all the recipients of the message and include a copy of the message. or an alias. username@bucknell. Or. Optional: Type the email addresses of the people whom you want to be carbon copy recipients of the messages in the Cc field and press Return. multiple users. The New Message window closes and the message is sent. choose Reply to All from the Compose menu. 58 . • Type the reply message text in the Re: dialog box.g.
1. 5. 4. Click the Print button on the Toolbar or choose Print One from the Message menu. Choose Print from the Message menu.9 To Create an Alias You may want to create an alias for a user or group of users to whom you frequently send mail. To Print a Message with the Default Options: 1. Click OK or Apply to make the settings take effect. To remove an alias. Type the name for your alias in the Alias field. as appropriate. Select the message to be printed in the Message Header list. Click Add to add the information in the Alias and Addresses fields to the Alias list. The Aliases dialog box is displayed.5. Set the options you want to change: • Type a new printer name in the Printer field • Indicate the number of copies in the Copies field • Type a title for the banner page in the Banner Page Title field • Select Print Page Numbers to print page numbers in your document • Type command-line print options in the Print Command Options field • Click Print. Type the user addresses that will make up the alias. or both. Select the message to be printed in the Message Header List. 2. 3. 2. To change an alias. select it and edit the Alias or Addresses field. then click Change. Choose Alias from the Options menu in the main window. space. You can print a message using the default options or set different print options. 3. 5. 2. select it and click Delete. Each of the addresses should be in the form username@hostname and be separated by a comma. 59 . NOTE: You can select several messages at once for printing by holding down the Shift key before selecting each message with the mouse. To Print a Message with Specific Options: 1.8 Printing Mail Messages It is often the case that you want to print a hard copy of received messages.
1 Using File Manager The File Manager uses a graphical interface to assist users in managing their directories (folders). close. You can also use File Manager to link files and to transfer files to other machines. move.2 To Select a Single File or Folder Mouse • Click once on the icon. copy. 2.5. The File Manager adopts icons similar to those used in Microsoft Windows95 and the Macintosh operating system. select another icon or click on an empty area in the File Manager window. 4 Click Save or Append to either save the message to a new file or append it to an existing file. To deselect a file or folder. 6. and reorganize your file system by moving or copying files between folders. Keyboard 1. either choose Select All Messages from the Mailbox menu or click and drag the mouse over multiple consecutive message headers. 3 Type a file name and location for your message in the Mailer . You can start applications from File Manager. When a file or folder is selected. files (documents) and applications. undelete. Press Spacebar. create. delete. To select multiple messages. open. 60 .10 Retaining and Organizing Mail Messages One final useful feature of Mailer is a mechanism for retaining mail messages by category. 1 Select one or multiple messages. Use the Tab and Arrow keys to move the highlight to the icon you want to select.Save As Text dialog box that appears. The File Manager 6. its name is highlighted. 2 Choose Save As Text from the Message menu. and print files. 6. You can use File Manager to find.
6. 4. Select the first file or folder icon by pressing Spacebar. then hold down the Control key and click to select each additional icon. Selecting multiple files is useful if you want to delete several files at once. • To remove a single icon from a selected group.4 To Rename a File or Folder Mouse 1. Press Spacebar to highlight the icon name. 2. Type the new name. then release the mouse button. press Escape. or move a group of files to a new folder. Mouse • Press mouse button 1 in a blank area of the view. your changes will be lost. 61 . 2. 3. To cancel a rename operation. hold the Control key and click on the icon you want to deselect. 5. press Escape. To cancel a rename operation. Keyboard 1. For each additional icon you want to select.3 To Select Multiple Files or Folders You select multiple objects so that you can use one of the Selected menu choices on these objects. If you just click outside the name when you are done. then press Control + Spacebar. Use the Tab and Arrow keys to move to the icon for the file or folder you want to rename. click to select the first icon. Keyboard 1. 3. Choose Rename from the Selected menu.6. drag the mouse to draw a box around the icons you want to select. The name will be put in a text field. Type the new name. 2. Or. Press Return. Press Return. Select the file or folder name by clicking on the name beneath its icon. move the highlight to it.
Drag the file or folder and drop it onto the destination folder. Select the file or folder to be copied. 62 . you would type /u/john 4. Click OK or press Return. 2. 2. 3. open a File Manager view that shows the icon of the closed destination folder. • Or. Choose Copy to from the Selected menu. For example. Use the Tab and direction keys to move the highlight to the file or folder to be moved. Click OK or press Return. 5. Type a name into the Destination Folder: text box. Press the Spacebar to select the object 3. Choose Move to from the Selected menu. you would type /u/john. Keyboard 1. Otherwise. 4. • Or. if you want to copy the file report into the folder /u/john. if you want to move the file report into the folder /u/john. Press and hold the Control key.6 To Copy a File or Folder Mouse 1. 3. For example. you will move instead of copy the file or folder. 3. Keyboard 1.5 To Move a File or Folder Mouse 1. Drag the file or folder and drop it onto the destination folder. 2. 6. Select the icon. Make sure that you release the mouse button before you release the Control key. open a File Manager view that shows the icon of the closed destination folder. 4. 2. Select the file or folder to be moved.6. Make the destination folder visible: • Open a File Manager view of the contents of the destination folder. Make the destination folder visible: • Open a File Manager view of the contents of the destination folder. Type a name into the Destination Folder: text box.
Click Start or press Return. Or: 1. you can press Open Folder to open the folder it is in. (By default. Or. Select Open Floppy from the Files control subpanel on the Front Panel. click Cancel or press Escape. click the Stop button or press Return. select the file or folder's icon. 2. File Manager begins searching the Search Folder and the folders it contains for files that match the name you provided. Once you have found an object. drag a file or folder's icon to the open Trash Can window. Type the name of the file or folder you want to find into the File Name field. To stop the search. or press Put in Workspace to place its icon on the current backdrop. You can use wildcard characters to help locate a file or folder name. Open File Manager 63 .8 To Find a File by Name 1. then choose Put in Trash from the Selected menu. 3. If you type capital letters. The searches are case sensitive. 6. Matches that are found are listed in the Files Found list. 4. it will only find names with the same capitalization. 6. fe* will find all files that begin with fe. Or. For example.7 To Delete a File or Folder (to the Trash Can) • • • • Choose the Put in Trash command from the icon's pop-up menu (displayed by pressing Shift + F10 or mouse button 3). Insert the diskette into a disk drive 2. Or. Insert the diskette into a disk drive 2. Choose Find from the File menu. this field contains the name of the current folder.To close the Copy File dialog box without copying a file. drag and drop the file or folder's icon onto the Trash Can control in the Front Panel. 6.) Find will search this folder and all it's sub-folders. Type the name of the folder where you want to start the search into the Search Folder field.9 To View Files and Folders on a Diskette 1.
12 To Eject a Diskette or CD-ROM From the diskette's or CD-ROM's File Manager window: 1. Select one of three formatting options (UNIX. If you close the File Manager window for the CD-ROM. File Manager displays a view of the diskette's contents. MS-DOS. Type the new name into the Floppy Name text field. if the diskette is unformatted or is unreadable by the system.13 To Format a Diskette From the diskette's File Manager window: 1. 64 . 2. Click Format or press Return. Choose Eject from the File menu. 6. if the diskette is formatted and readable by the system. or NEC-DOS) in the Format Floppy dialog box. Choose Format Floppy from the File menu. 2. Remove the diskette or CD-ROM from the disk drive. 3. Click Rename or press Return. Choose Rename Floppy from the File menu. File Manager displays a window containing a view of the contents of the CD-ROM. you can reopen it by selecting Open CD-ROM from the File Manager File menu or from the Files subpanel on the Front Panel. The Action: Rename Floppy dialog box appears. 6.3. Select Open Floppy from the File menu After selecting Open Floppy.11 To Rename a Diskette From the diskette's File Manager window: 1. 2. 6. Format Floppy dialog box appears. 6.10 To View Files and Folders on a CD-ROM When you insert a CD-ROM into a CD-ROM drive. 3.
Basically. It is important for you to distinguish between the mouse pointer and the cursor.1.5 on "Background Processes"). And the black rectangle in the upper left hand corner of the Emacs window. It has many advantages over other command based editors. The cursor is where you type text. To rename the diskette. the time and other information.6. The current version of Emacs used on the SUN workstations is GNU Emacs 20. An advantage of Emacs over Textedit is that it can be used from a public Macintosh or a personal computer in your dorm room. type the new name into the Floppy Name text field of the Format Floppy dialog box. It should tell you the name of the file. You should see '(New file)' at the bottom of the window.2 Starting Emacs to Edit a File Before you start the next section.10. The cursor is a black rectangle when the window is active and white when not active. Emacs creates a new file. The pointer is used to move between windows and to select items to click on. what this does is give you the host-name % prompt back to allow you to issue others commands in the window. such as ed and vi. For example. (see Section 4.1 What is Emacs? Emacs is a powerful full screen editor that is available on most UNIX systems. Since you probably don't have a file called 'myfile' in your directory. 7. you should copy the file 'stories' into your directory.) host-name # % cp ~cs203/examples/stories stories To run Emacs. 7. The Emacs Editor 7. Each Emacs and host-name % window has a cursor. type at a host-name % prompt the command Emacs followed by a file name and '&'. Notice the black bar near the bottom. Optional. This 'cursor' moves along as you type. Type the following to copy the file. Emacs has the ability to automatically indent FORTRAN or C/C++ programs properly.4. To create the new file named myfile type the following: host-name # % emacs myfile & The & sign tells UNIX that you wish to run this program in the "background" (see Section 4. 65 .5 if you need help in copying a file.3.
3 Notation for Emacs' Key Sequences Emacs uses special sequences beginning with the Control and Esc keys. you should see find file: ~/ where you type in the pathname of the file. To save the file. (For more on pathnames see Section 4.4. we don't need to exit Emacs. you should type in 'stories' after the '/' and a file with stories should be loaded in the window for editing (If the stories file is missing. Do not hold the Esc key down as that repeats the key.6 Reading A File You can read (find or load) a file after you are in Emacs by typing C-x C-f. For now. you should save it every few minutes. Use the four arrow keys (on far right side of SUN's keyboard) to move the cursor around and insert text. Type three or four lines worth of text. This small area is where Emacs displays messages or requests input. With the mouse pointer in the large area of the window.5 "Using Pathnames"). Exit Emacs by C-x C-c and copy the file into your directory as 66 . you didn't copy it. The notation M-f means to press the Esc key once and then f. You can also use the left mouse button to position the cursor where the pointer is. 7. Don't worry about making mistakes.5 Saving the Contents of the File What you have typed for the file myfile has not been saved. we just close the Emacs window by clicking on the left small rectangle at the top of the window. We will fix them up in a few moments. type C-x C-s. Make corrections by deleting the character to the left of the cursor by using the Delete key. Normally in windows environment. In the bottom small area. 7. You should see a message appearing at the very bottom of the window saying Emacs 'wrote' the file. This reduces it to a small icon on the screen which we can open again with a click on the icon when we need our faithful friend again. The notation C-f means to hold the Control key down and press the f key.Now you are ready to edit the file. As you are developing a program or typing in a data file.4 Exiting From Emacs To exit Emacs type C-x C-c and Emacs will ask you if you need to save any files. 7. 7. start typing.
At other times by displaying a percentage. This means you are at the top of the file. the reverse motion. Beginning of file. i. you first move the cursor to the beginning of the region and mark with C-SPACE then move the cursor to end and cut the text with C-w. feel free to modify it as you wish. Cursor Movement and Screen Motion M-f M-b C-e C-a M-< M-> C-v M-v Forward one word. Now you move the cursor to the place where you want and paste with C-y.8 Cutting and Pasting a Region of Text To move a block of text. 7.e. End of line. then it says 'all. Below are some cursor commands to try on the stories file. use C-v and notice that the percentage changes on the black bar. Beginning of line. Notice the black bar on the bottom. The stories file is too large to fit on the screen all at once. When you are at the end. If all the file can be displayed. To copy or duplicate a region of text is similar except instead of cut we copy with M-w. Scroll forward a page. 67 .2. it says 'bot' for bottom. The cut operation can be used to delete a region as well. Scroll back a page. Copy or duplicate a saying or two. Killing and deleting DEL Delete character to left. Move a whole story from one part of the file to another. to scroll backwards (M-v). it indicates how far you are through the file. it says 'top'.7 Moving Cursor and Moving Text Within the Screen To scroll forward a page. Back one word. End of file. Remove from the file any stories you don't like! Here is a summary of the killing and deleting operations to practice on the stories file. Practice them all several times before going on.described earlier in Section 7. is the same character preceded by 'M' (stands for the Meta key which is 'Esc'). Typical of Emacs.' 7.) Since you will be experimenting and modifying your own copy of the file.
' Deleted text can not be 'yanked' back or retrieved while killed text can. Kill from cursor to end of line. the electrical power goes out. Yank back thing before last thing killed (do after a C-y). You can continue to type C-x C-u to slowly undo your other changes. 7. Cut region (Kill region). you can retrieve the latest auto-save copy by copying that file to your file. Mark start of region.M-DEL C-k C-SPACE C-w M-w C-y M-y Kill word to left. Try out both of these features. section of text!! Keep your cool!! While in Emacs you can undo it by C-x C-u. Repeat to retrieve older text killed. Then you can save with C-x C-s to put the recovered text into the file itself. but the wrong.9 Recovering From Errors You just typed an Emacs command and it didn't do as you wanted.10 Using Auto-save's Backup Copy of File If you do not save your file for several minutes. you deleted a large. Paste region (Yank back last thing killed). Inside Emacs type M-x recover-file then type in the name of your file you want to recover. You have great dread that this unknown command will wreak havoc on your file. In case of disaster. Perhaps.11 Searching for Character Strings Emacs has a character searching feature that is a joy! It is called an incremental search as it finds the next match from where the cursor is as you type in each character! Type C-s and slowly type 68 .g. e. Notice the distinction between 'deleted' and killed. Copy region. Again! Don't Panic!! Just type C-g to cancel a partially completed command. Emacs automatically saves the file (auto-save feature) in a file name the same as yours with a '#' before and after. 7. Another cause of frustration is when you type in a wrong Emacs command but haven't pressed the Return key yet. 7.
Delete this window. Now both parts can be scrolled and operated on. To get out of search mode hit the Esc key. Split Windows and Multiple Files C-x 2 C-x 5 C-x 0 C-x 1 C-x o Split window in two horizontally. To find further occurrences of the string. C-s will wrap around to the beginning and continue searching. Just move to the other part and read (find) a file. 69 .a common word such as 'and' to see this in action. Switch cursor to other window. 7. When you get to the end of the file. Practice them all. there is a very good tutorial which you begin by pressing C-h t. You move between the split windows by C-x o.13 On-line Help and On-line Emacs Tutorial There is on-line help in Emacs which you will probably find a little advanced. say myfile. You receive the help by C-h. C-r does the same as C-s except the search goes backwards in the file. Delete all other windows. Again. For example. you may cut and paste from one part to the other. A powerful technique is to use the split windows on two different files. You remove all split windows other than the window with the cursor by typing C-x 1. Press the delete key slowly to delete character by character the word 'and' in the Emacs command area. 7. You can always search for the last thing searched by hitting C-s C-s. If you want some more practice with the Emacs commands. You split the window vertically by pressing C-x 5.12 Splitting the Screen and Multiple Files Many times you would like to look at two different portions of a file but they both are not displayed at the same time. Here is a summary of the split and multiple window commands. Split window in two vertically. you can scroll the two files and cut and paste between them. No problem for our versatile friend! Emacs lets you split the window into two parts horizontally by typing C-x 2. type C-s repeatedly. You can also cut and paste between a file and your mail.
You may press 'h' to see a header line for each of your messages. you press the number from the header line followed by 'j. Now move the cursor to below the '-text follows this line-' and type in your message. When you are ready to send your message. you can read or send mail then return to what you were doing in Emacs. you have mail. For example. Also. the system will tell you if you have mail. Fill in after the 'To:' with the person's email address (or several email addresses separated by blanks). Remember login names are usually all lower case letters. You return to what you were doing in Emacs by pressing 'q.' You can place a message in a UNIX file. Once you have entered 'RMAIL' mode. etc. You can delete the message by pressing 'd' and the next message is automatically displayed.' 7. you press C-x m. If you want to jump to a specific message. returns you to what you were doing in Emacs. by pressing C-o and supplying the name of the file. To read your mail. if the flag of the mailbox icon is up. you should see a message to read. 70 . When you login. You may use the power of Emacs to edit your message.7. type C-c C-c. For everyone on the SUNs. you can cut and paste blocks of text from a file into your mail message. 7.' You can place a message in a mail folder by pressing 'o' and typing in the name of the file folder. Press 'n' to see the next message and 'p' for the previous message. This also.2 Sending Electronic Mail To create a message and send it to someone you need to know their email address. Do not delete or alter the '-text follows this line-' string as Emacs needs it.14. 'u' will undelete a message.1 Reading Your Electronic Mail At any time while you are in Emacs. To send a message while you are in Emacs. the email address is the login name.14 Using Electronic Mail Using electronic mail (email) is extremely easy and we encourage you all to check your email on a daily basis. Then move the cursor to the 'Subject:' field and type in a subject.14. enter Emacs if you are not already in it and just press C-x C-r. in order to print. say 'mymail.
14. for example. When you are ready to send your message. To append message to UNIX file. Reply to message. You proceed as in sending a message except the 'To:' field and the 'Subject:' field have already been filled in.3 Replying to Electronic Mail When you are reading a message.4 Reading One of Your Mail Folders While reading your mail in Emacs. Forward the message to another person. All the mail commands are available.5 Summary of Mail Commands Reading Mail (Press C-x C-r while in Emacs) n p h j <number>j d u r o C-o i f g q Display next message.14.7. 7. Undelete a message. To read a mail folder file. List of header lines of messages. you can reply by pressing 'r' and the window will be split in two. 'd' for delete. Delete message. Supply file name. To quit reading mail. Display previous message. Add your message below the '-text follows this line-' line. Get newly arrived mail. Jump to first message. Jump to message numbered <number>. type C-c C-c. 71 .14. To append message to mail folder file. Sending Mail (Press C-x m while in Emacs) C-c C-c To send the message and quit. Type 'q' to quit reading the mail folder. 7. you may read a mail folder file where you have saved old messages. To do this press 'i' and type in the mail folder filename.
Cut region (Kill region). Scroll forward a page. Undo an unwanted change. Yank back thing before last thing killed (do after a C-y). Split Windows and Multiple Files: Split window in 2 horizontally. Next line. Cursor movement: C-f C-b C-n C-p C-a C-e M-f M-b M-< M-> Screen Motion: C-v M-v Error recovery : C-g C-xu Killing and deleting: DEL M-DEL C-k C-SPACE C-w M-w C-y M-y Forward one space. Kill from cursor to end of line. Previous line. Delete character to left. Paste region (Yank back last thing killed). Forward one word. Repeat to retrieve old text killed. End of line. Mark start of region. Scroll back a page. Beginning of line. C-f means hold Control key down and press f. Back one word.7. Copy region. C-x 2 Split window in 2 vertically. Abort partially typed in command.15 Summary of Some Emacs Commands On the following page(s) is a summary of all the Emacs commands (not mail) mentioned in the previous sections. M-a means press Esc key then press a. C-x 5 72 . Delete word to left. Beginning of file. End of file. Back one space.
1 Compressing Files It is possible you may run out of disk space (see Section 4. Useful Tools in UNIX 8. you type: host-name # % compress filename The compress utility places the compressed form in a new file with . List buffers.Z Now the original file is back with its original name and the . 8.C-x 0 C-x 1 C-x o General commands: C-x C-c C-h C-x C-f C-x C-s C-x i C-x C-b C-s M-x repl s C-x C-g or (M-x goto-line) Delete this window. To save a file. Type ls -l to check the size.Z file was deleted. Incremental search for a string. To go to a line number. For help. type the following: host-name # % uncompress filename. they can be compressed to save space. Rather than delete important files. Delete all other windows. Switch cursor to other window To quit Emacs. To compress a file.7. To replace a string with another. C-s for next occurrence.Z appended to the same name and then deletes the original file. To find or read a file (used to create new ones too).2). Warning: never try to edit or print a compressed file. ESC to stop search. To uncompress a compressed file. A compressed file is typically half the size. To insert contents of file. 73 .
There are also few sub-directories under . to extract or "untar" the multiple files in the .tar will be appended to the given filename. The command to view the snapshots with access times is ls lu (Note: ls -al will not show the correct date information). charcoal{41}% ls .1/ 74 . A snapshot is an on-line.3/ nightly.1/ nightly.snapshot hourly.0/ or charcoal{41}% cd . This feature allows users to restore their own files without the system administrator. There is a "magic" directory named . 8.tar file.0/ nightly. In this way. type: host-name # % tar c ~/examples After completing the command. the multiple files are transferred across the network as a single file.0/ 4 20:01 hourly.5/ weekly. This process eliminates the time required to initialize each file transfer across the network or the Internet.3 Backing up your files by using Snapshots Our Network File System (NFS) file server.tar For other extensive options. read-only copy of the entire file system.snapshot based on the snapshot schedule.1/ hourly. type: host-name # % tar x examples.snapshot which does not normally show up in a directory listing under each user's home directory. hydra.3/ nightly.0/ hourly.2 Tar or untar Files The tar utility is used to archive multiple files into a single file. In reverse. files that have been accidentally changed or deleted).2/ nightly. consult the man page by typing man tar. files within a snapshot carry the same permissions as the original files. Snapshots can be accessed by users as read-only files to recover previous versions of files (for example.8. as used in tape archives.snapshot charcoal{42}% ls -lu total 88 drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 5 08:01 hourly. provides file system backup called snapshots. To ensure system security.4/ nightly.2/ hourly. To create a tar file. a new file with .
info in Files directory: charcoal{73}% pwd /home/pleiades/staff/ecst/Files charcoal{74}% mv software.2 How to restore files from snapshots Files in the . 4pm and 8pm) 8. 8.snapshot directory are read-only.1 Snapshot schedule The current snapshot schedule is: • one weekly (midnight 7 days ago) • six nightly (midnight the current day and midnight the past 5 days ago) • four hourly (8am.3.0/ 4 00:02 nightly.info soft charcoal{75}% home charcoal{76}% cd .3/ 4096 Feb 28 00:00 nightly. The following is the procedure to restore a file named software. This is called copy-on-write. hence they may only be copied (through cp). instead. it doesn't actually copy disk blocks. it identifies all blocks in the file system as belonging to the snapshot as well as to the active file system.5/ 4096 Mar 3 00:00 weekly. The technique that Snapshot uses is by duplicating disk blocks as they are modified.0/ 4 20:01 hourly.3/ 5 00:01 nightly. it is wise to rename the file name to avoid overwriting the same disk space.1/ 75 .3.2/ 4 12:02 hourly.1/ 2 00:00 nightly.4/ 4096 Feb 27 00:01 nightly.snapshot charcoal{77}% ls -lu total 88 drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 5 08:01 hourly.2/ 1 00:01 nightly. Also due to sharing of disk space. 12 noon.drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4 16:01 hourly.0/ When the filer creates a Snapshot.
0 charcoal{79}% cd Files charcoal{80}% pwd /home/pleiades/staff/ecst/.0/Files charcoal{81}% cp software.3/ 5 00:01 nightly. It is all too easy.5/ 4096 Mar 3 00:00 weekly. to accidentally delete something in your program but not know what! In order to recovery from this minor disaster. you need only check it in (ci) where you type in a message to describe it.4/ 4096 Feb 27 00:01 nightly. RCS automatically saves the user. check in the file at the end of each development session. you just check it out (co). When you have a new revision.info 8.2/ 1 00:01 nightly. It is recommended you check in (ci) a file often when developing a program.. uses a lot less disk space then saving multiple copies of a file.snapshot/hourly. 76 .info ~/Files charcoal{82}% home charcoal{83}% cd Files charcoal{84}% ls -al so* -rw-------rw------1 ecst staff 1 ecst staff 2412 Jan 29 11:20 soft 2412 Jan 29 16:19 software.2/ 4 12:02 hourly.1/ 2 00:00 nightly. especially late at night.4 The Source Code Manager . RCS saves only the differences between files and.0/ 4 00:02 nightly. you would need only check out (co) the latest revision and rebuild from there.RCS Keeping track of many revisions of a source file.3/ 4096 Feb 28 00:00 nightly.drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 24 ecst staff 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4096 Mar 4 16:01 hourly. can be a big pain. e. For example. To use the latest revision. therefore. RCS removes much of this pain. a C/C++ source file. time and date of the check in.g.0/ charcoal{78}% cd hourly. Any one of the revisions can be checked out and the differences between any two revisions can be displayed.
done I check out the file using co so I can use it.1 enter description.2 Checking In a File and Checking Out Below is a simple file of text called resistor which will be used to demonstrate RCS. I check in the file using ci and write a description of the file. Consult the appropriate UNIX manual for these features. terminated with ^D or '.4. transistor.': NOTE: This is NOT the log message! >> Program to demo RCS source code manager >> .4. Every time you want to use RCS in a new working directory do this step. Squeaker and squawker and woofer times pi. host-name # % more resistor Resistor. You need never bother with what is in this subdirectory.This section only discusses use of RCS for a single user.v <resistor initial revision: 1.1 How to Setup RCS Create a directory called RCS (all caps) in the directory you are working. Battery.v revision 1.1 done host-name # % -> resistor 77 . RCS has many powerful features to manage a file which is being changed by several programmers. host-name # % co resistor resistor. RCS will automatically place all its work there. host-name # % ci resistor resistor. 8. The description can be many lines with the last line being a period in column one. 8. And Baby shall have his own private Hi-Fi. record me some airs. platter. condensers in pairs.
3 Seeing What Revisions of a File You Have The RCS command rlog displays information for each of the revisions saved. 1/1 after one editing session -------------revision 1.2.2 and revision 1. Also. Note that the difference between revision 1. state: Exp.') >> after one editing session >> . author: hyde. 1.1 is one line deleted and one line added. state: Exp. Do a man rcs and read the manual page if you want to read about the advanced features.2 Working file: resistor total revisions: 2. done host-name # % 8.1 enter log message: (terminate with ^D or single '.v.1 date: 88/05/13 11:02:56. one can see that there are many features to RCS which are not discussed here. host-name # % ci resistor resistor.2 date: 88/05/13 11:12:41.v <resistor new revision: 1.4.I edit the file and check it in again. description: Program to demo RCS source code manager -------------revision 1. lines added/del: 78 . author: hyde. host-name # % rlog resistor RCS file: head: locks: access list: symbolic names: comment leader: "# " selected revisions: 2 resistor. previous revision: 1.
4. That way you save the current value of the file as latest revision. first. -> And Baby shall have her own private Hi-Fi.2 diff 4c4 < And Baby shall have his own private Hi-Fi.1 Running FORTRAN Programs Create a file with .g. -r1. host-name # % rcsdiff -r1. overwrite? [ny](n): y done host-name # % -> resistor 9.1 -r1. e. Therefore.4 Displaying the Differences Between two Revisions The RCS command rcsdiff displays the lines of text that are different in two revisions.f as suffix. In this case the file resistor existed and we overwrote the file. it is always best to check in a file if it exist before checking it out.1 writable resistor exists.v revision 1.4. Compiling and Running Other Programming Languages 9.Initial revision ============================================================= host-name # % 8.f and place in it the following FORTRAN program.2 resistor RCS file: resistor. 8. host-name # % co -r1.1 resistor resistor.5 Checking Out an Earlier Revision You can check out an earlier revision by explicitly stating the revision number as shown.2 You can see I changed one word in line 4 (4c4) when I edited the file..1 -r1. C comment lines in FORTRAN must start in column one 79 .v retrieving revision 1.1 retrieving revision 1.
c as suffix.c and place in it the following C program.c -o mine To compile and link using SPARCWorks C compiler. 'This is a FORTRAN program. To compile and link using GNU's C compiler. ' . type: host-name # % cc mine.g. I STOP END To compile and link.c -o mine To run: host-name # % mine 9.C C statements must begin in column 7 or beyond I = 8 I = I + 1 PRINT *. 80 . printf("This is a C program. } /* bring in I/O library */ There are two C compilers available. e.h> main ( ) { int i.g.3 Running C++ Programs Create a file with . type: host-name # % gcc mine. /* this is a comment */ #include <stdio. i = i + 1.f -o first To run: host-name # % first 9.2 Running C Programs Create a file with . i = 8.cc as suffix.. e.. i).cc and place in it the following C++ program. type: host-name # % f77 first. mine. mine. %d\n".
// bring in I/O library There are two C++ compilers available. cout << } "This is a C++ program.cc -o mine To run: host-name # % mine 81 .// this is a comment #include <stream. i = 8. type: host-name # % g++ mine. To compile and link using GNU's C++ compiler.cc -o mine To compile and link using SPARCWorks C++ compiler. type: host-name # % CC mine. i = i + 1. " << i << "\n".h> main ( ) { int i.
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