text:
Groveport OH Real Estate & Homes for Sale
34 Properties Found
The median home value in Groveport, OH is $150,000.
This is
higher than
the county median home value of $119,100.
The national median home value is $177,414.
The average price of homes sold in Groveport, OH is $150,000.
Approximately 71.05% of Groveport homes are owned,
compared to 21.62% rented, while
7.33% are vacant.
Groveport real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale.
Commercial properties are also available.
If you see a property you're interested in, contact a Groveport real estate agent to arrange a tour today!
Sort Results:
1 - 25 of 34 Properties Displayed
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Courtesy: Keller Williams Greater Columbus Realty, LLC Broker Phone: 614-944-5900 Janene Parham 614-795-9979
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Over 3300 sqft of House with full finished basement with bath!!Featuring hardwood floors, study, 1st floor laundry and fireplace! This one won't last long!
4877 Hayes Road Groveport, OH 43125
Courtesy: HER, Realtors Broker Phone: 614-920-7300 Brian Randles 614-216-5155
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3 Bedroom, 2 Full Bath Split Level situated on a nice country lot. Terms $3,000 non-refundable deposit. Closed in 40 days and sold As-Is. Property sells subject to owner's approval. Auction is Saturday, August 27, 2016 at Noon. Personal property sale begins at 10:00 am.
Open House:
Sunday, 7/31 2:00-4:00AM
Courtesy: Abundance Realty LLC. Broker Phone: 614-300-2903 Christopher Thompson 614-300-2903
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Wow. This house has many new features including Flooring-Granite Countertops-Carpet-Bathroom Vanities-Bathroom floors-New paint throughout-Freshly sealed Driveway-and Appliances.
475 Elm Street Groveport, OH 43125
Courtesy: HER, Realtors Broker Phone: 614-920-7300 Marylee Bendig 614-218-1097
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CURB OFFERS ONLY! Charming 2 story home in the heart of Groveport. Slate roof, huge lot, garage! Some deferred maintenance needed but priced to sell. SHORT SALE. All offers subject to 3rd party approval.
Open House:
Sunday, 7/31 2:00-4:00PM
Courtesy: Keller Williams Capital Partners Broker Phone: 614-888-1000 Brian Kemp 614-825-0288
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Welcome to Fairchild Estates! Location, location, location! With close proximity to many major highways, this 1-story house in Groveport schools is a great place to call home! With all of your living on one floor, this ranch home has been updated with new SolarTech Glass windows this spring, new HVAC 2015 and new roof 2008. This one is going to go quickly, so come check out why first-floor living is right for you!
Courtesy: e-Merge Real Estate Broker Phone: 614-678-5505 Cindy Dunigan 614-361-8400
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Great solid home in Groveport Schools. Spacious light and bright 4 level split featuring Newer Champion Windows, Hardwood Floors, Wood Burning Fireplace w/Gas logs. The open kitchen boasts Parkay floors, kitchen bar, widow sink, huge eat in area, double pantries and access to screened in porch. Three nice size bedrooms upstairs w/full bath. Another bedroom, full bath and family room complete the 1st lower level. Extra storage space along with laundry area round out the 2nd lower level space. Stretch out and feel your large back yard with shed for your yard toys. Updates include Well Pressure Tank 2014, Roof 2013 and HVAC 2002. Fabulous Enclosed Three Season Room overlooking large back yard. Convenient to Rt. 33, Downtown Columbus, Bike Paths and Metro Parks.
Courtesy: Coldwell Banker King Thompson Broker Phone: 614-880-0808 Tina Powell 614-226-4663
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This wonderful ranch home has so much to offer! Nice open floor plan has a large vaulted Great Room with wood burning fireplace, Great Room opens to Dining Room and both Great Room and Dining Room have hardwood floors, vaulted open Kitchen, located off the kitchen is a screen porch and small patio area that is great for entertaining, the spacious backyard also includes a storage shed, large Master Suite with bathroom and walk in closet, finished lower level contains a rec room and separate Den along with lots of storage, front covered porch to enjoy the Summer Days on!
123 FRONT Street Groveport, OH 43125
Courtesy: e-Merge Real Estate Broker Phone: 614-678-5505 P. Corey Gibson 614-580-5797
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Take a step back in time to this charming 1850's build home. This 2,152 sq ft 4 bdr 2 full bath home is nestled in the historic city of Groveport. Take a walk down the brick-lined streets & enjoy wonderful historical homes, buildings, parks, museums & the charming downtown Groveport. Enjoy your evenings sitting on the full front porch or drink your morning coffee on the master bdrm balcony. This home features amazing wood work, hideaway doors, family room, living room, dinning room, 1st flr guest suit, full bath on each flr, and a 2nd flr laundry. This home has a great backyard w/ a 2 story farm building and additional storage shed. If that's not enough, enjoy the miles of walking paths thru-out Groveport or spend the day at the Rec Center, Aquatic waterpark, golf course & much more!!
Courtesy: Keller Williams Greater Columbus Realty, LLC Broker Phone: 614-944-5900 Sabrina Roman 740-502-2864
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ENJOY THE SERENITY OF THREE CREEKS PARK FROM THE SPACIOUS DECK. Let the sunshine in or enjoy the shade with the deck's retractable awning. Once inside, this immaculately kept 3 bedroom, 2.1 bath, features open kitchen/morning room, living room, ''Flex'' dining room/den, first floor laundry located off kitchen and garage. Vaulted ceiling owner's bedroom with own bath and walk-in closet. Partially finished rec room in basement. New furnace & water heater.
411 Cron Drive Groveport, OH 43125
Courtesy: RE/MAX Leading Edge Broker Phone: 740-852-3555 Kirk Douglass 614-314-5727
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Sits above the 13th green and 14th tee at the Links at Groveport! 2,080 sq ft semi-custom built Ranch, 3 BR, 2 baths. Birch cabinets, built-in media center, walk-in pantry, Corian counters, dbl oven & huge island. Vaulted ceiling & hardwood floors throughout the living & kitchen area. Solid 6 panel doors. First floor laundry. 3/4 basement, full bath rough in, concrete cap crawl space. Oversize 2 car side load garage. Front row for July 4th fireworks! Agent related to Seller.
Courtesy: RE/MAX Elite Services Broker Phone: 614-820-4545 Realena Jewell 614-735-8999
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Beautiful Agent owned home located in Groveport, 4 bedroom bi-level with 2 full baths. A 3 Seasons room, bonus room/office in the lower level. New hot water tank, newer roof, newer carpet with 8lb spill proof pad.
Courtesy: HER, Realtors Broker Phone: 614-920-7300 Marylee Bendig 614-218-1097
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Nice updated 4 level split on over an half acre lot. Formal living room, dining room, eat in kitchen. Family room. Living room has gas log fireplace. Original hardwood flooring throughout. Home warranty. All offer subject to 3rd party approval.
Courtesy: Equity Central, LLC Broker Phone: 614-861-7777 Erick Thompson 614-778-6798
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EASY SUMMER LIVINGThe living is easy in this impressive, generously proportioned contemporary residence with pond and water fountain views, located within a level stroll through the community.The floor plan encompasses three spacious bedrooms with plenty of room for study, sleep and storage, two and half luxurious bathrooms, and a sleek and stylish kitchen that flows through to the dining room and private rear two tier deck. The master bedroom, complete with walk-in robe and suite, ensures parents have a private space where they can enjoy the view.Perfect for a family or as a holiday retreat, this home is ideally positioned just outside the city to enjoy the proximity to a selection of premier schools.Many New Upgrades
Courtesy: Coldwell Banker King Thompson Broker Phone: 614-939-0808 Dairrick Alexander 614-939-0808
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Welcome to this lovely well maintained Bi-level home in Groveport,OH. This charming home offers 3 bedrooms, 1 full bath and 1/2 bath. This home offers an intimate living room and formal dining room. In the lower level you can relax and enjoy family time next to your new cozy fireplace that is in excellent condition. This home also offers in the backyard: a deck and patio area which are in great condition and ready for your summer barbeque. Storage shed is available underneath the deck as well. Property is located within walking distance to Elk Run Metro Park and a short drive from Three Creeks Metro Park. Be the first to see this home Sunday July 3rd for an Open House from 1:00 - 3:00.
Courtesy: Austen Estates, Ltd. Broker Phone: 614-467-4560 Vera Thornhill 614-467-4560
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Fresh paint and updates throughout with new carpet and flooring throughout in this 3 bedroom, 1.5 bath home. Bi- level floor plan with separate family and living rooms. An added room off the downstairs family room could be used as an office, or an extra bedroom. Large backyard lot with large 2 level deck . Built in one car garage and new heat pump. Updated kitchen and baths. Very convenient to 33 and 270.Located in Groveport-Madison School district. Move in ready and very easy to show!
Courtesy: HER, Realtors Broker Phone: 614-239-7400 Paul Hunt 614-582-8877
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Most newly rehabbed throughout! New white cabinet kitchen, countertop, range, dishwasher, newer refrigerator. New flooring through-out. New interior doors. Lovely total new bath up, & new 1/2 bath off family room. Mostly new thermal windows. Large family room. Fenced yard.
Courtesy: Howard Hanna RealCom Realty Broker Phone: 614-864-8200 Suzanne Allen 614-864-9252
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BACK ON MARKET, BUYERS' FINANCING FELL THROUGH! Fantastically updated home with NO NEIGHBORS BEHIND YOU! Home has loads of upgrades including: REMODELED, EXPANDED KITCHEN w/ newer, stainless steel appliances & hardwood floors; UPDATED BATHROOMS w/ new vanities & flooring; WHITE TRIM throughout home, NEWER HARDWOOD FLOORS throughout first and second floors (w/ transferable, 100 year warranty!). NEWER deck that overlooks peaceful backyard with no neighbors behind! LARGE MASTER SUITE w/ soaking tub, His & Hers closets, updated vanity & NEWER SLATE FLOORS. 2ND FLOOR LOFT is great home office or play room. NEWER DECK overlooks large FENCED backyard w/ no neighbors behind! Welcome home!
Courtesy: HER, Realtors Broker Phone: 614-240-7400 Elizabeth Melvin 614-370-4646
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Finished Basement; 2 Decks Overlook the Large Fenced Yard with Separate Fenced-In Dog Run. Full Front Porch. Spacious Owner Bedroom Features a Walk-In Closet and a Full Bathroom with Dual Sinks, a Whirlpool Tub and Separate Shower.1st Floor Family Room with Gas Log Fireplace; Laminate Floors in the Kitchen. All Carpets Cleaned 6/17/16.New A/C and New Dimensional Roof 2012.1st Floor Laundry. Convenient to 33/270.
Courtesy: RealHome Services and Solutions, Inc. Broker Phone: 888-876-3372 Aaron Brailer 888-876-3372
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REO Property, Property Sold AS-IS W/O Repair, Warranty or Seller Disclosure. The Listing Broker & Seller make no guarantees as to the accuracy of information herein; Buyer or Buyer's Agent is responsible for utility activation related to inspections, Water activation not authorized; air pressure test only.
Courtesy: Mohler Realty Group, LLC Broker Phone: 614-440-2656 Leon Mohler 614-440-6512
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Take Advantage of this deal! The seller has started the rehab and ran out of time to finish. Seller's loss is your gain! This home is a Cape Cod home in the heart of Groveport which has 3 bedroom, 1 bath and 2 car oversized garage with a wood burner in the garage. The home comes with a Brand New Furnace, A/C, water heater, carpet and paint. So bring us an offer, but offer will either need to be a Rehab type of loan or Cash and is being sold ''as is''.
Courtesy: HER, Realtors Broker Phone: 614-875-7400 Dara Barker 740-603-0281
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Wow! 2000 square feet with a huge yard for the price. New carpet throughout and new bathroom flooring in hall bath. Spacious interior with open concept on first floor. Kitchen offers a great amount of cabinet and counter space. Basement has great potential for finishing. Beautiful stained deck allows for relaxing mornings and evenings. 2nd parcel next door is great for outdoor entertaining. Fire pit, shed, garden area and still plenty of space for activities. New HVAC in 2013. Home is on NO OUTLET street, so no through traffic. Electrical & concrete pad in place for hot-tub. Only 15-20 min from downtown and will save someone hours on their commute every week.
Courtesy: RE/MAX Elite Services Broker Phone: 614-820-4545 Aaron Tobias 614-832-5004
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Rare Opportunity to find an updated ranch with over 2000 square feet of living space situated on over 2 acres! Large kitchen is open to family room and offers white cabinets, island, stainless appliances and upgraded range hood. Additional family room offers a fireplace and open concept to the dining room, perfect for family gatherings! Master suite on separate side of house than guest bedrooms. Master suite offers plenty of room for furniture/sitting area and an updated bath with dual sinks, garden tub, separate shower and walk-in closet! Additional bedrooms share an updated bath! A large basement with high ceilings is ready to be finished and offers plenty of space for storage. Garage is oversized 2 car garage leaving room for toys! Pool Stays, Private Oasis for Entertaining! Call Today!
99 Church Street Groveport, OH 43125
Courtesy: Keller Williams Consultants Realty Broker Phone: 614-932-2000 Amanda Biggins 614-778-2343
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**Open House: Saturday 1pm-3pm** Wonderful 3 bedroom, 1 bath ranch in Groveport. Home is freshly painted, has new laminate flooring, newer roofing. Situated on a nice corner lot. Within walking distance of middle & elementary schools and park. Plenty of grocery shopping and restaurants located nearby.
Courtesy: Preferred Properties Real Estate Services Broker Phone: 614-579-9798 Autumn Hutcherson 614-961-8003
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This beautifully updated home has so much to offer. New hardwood floors in foyer, kitchen and eat-in area. Gorgeous open kitchen with granite countertops, ceramic backsplash, new soft close cabinets, and SS appliances. The bathrooms all have new vanities w/ soft close, new flooring and fresh paint. Spacious rooms, new lighting, ceiling fans and much more!
4870 DORCHESTER Groveport, OH 43125
Courtesy: Better Homes & Gardens BigHill Broker Phone: 614-890-9900 Darin Watkins 614-890-9900
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THIS HOME IS NOW AVAILABLE FOR LEASE OPTION PURCHASE!! Great curb appeal with 3,264 Square Feet of wonderful living! You will enjoy this 4 bedroom two story home with an incredible loft area, large rooms throughout, First Floor Den could be 5th Bedroom, oversized 3 Car Garage. Great floor plan. LOW LOW price per Square Feet. Hurry! (Note: Appliances do not remain)
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Groveport OH Real Estate Listings Provided By:
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Super Off Road
Release History
|Super Off Road
|North America
|01st November 1992
Game Overview
Super Off Road is a racing game developed by Graftgold and released on Game Boy, GameGear, Lynx, Sega Master System, Super Nintendo Entertainment System.
Similar Games
- F-1 Race (3.41m)
- Super R.C. Pro-Am (1.14m)
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text:
The Washington Double Star Catalog (WDS) maintained by the United States Naval Observatory is the world's principal database of astrometric double and multiple star information. The WDS Catalog contains positions (J2000), discoverer designations, epochs, position angles, separations, magnitudes, spectral types, proper motions, and, when available, Durchmusterung numbers and notes for the components of 137802 systems based on 1379923 means as of Thu Jul 21 07:24:58 EDT 2016 .
If the WDS and associated databases were helpful for your research work, the following acknowledgement would be appreciated:
``This research has made use of the Washington Double Star Catalog maintained at the U.S. Naval Observatory.''
A notification of references to relevant papers is appreciated.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 24, 2008
|Filing date
|Oct 3, 2005
|Priority date
|Feb 2, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|James F. Kramer
|Original Assignee
|Immersion Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (46), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/439,766 filed Nov. 15, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,979,164, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/858,737, filed on May 19, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,506, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/373,531 filed Jan. 17, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,861, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/929,895 filed Aug. 10, 1992, now Abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/474,168 filed Feb. 2, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,319, entitled "A Force Feedback and Texture Simulating Interface Device" in the name of the same inventors and commonly owned herewith.
This invention relates to a man-machine interface and in particular to an interface that measures body part positions and provides force, texture, pressure and temperature feedback to a user.
A new manner of computer interaction is now in its infancy. The words "virtual environment" or "virtual reality" will soon be commonplace. A virtual environment is an environment where some portion of the environment is artificially simulated, most often via a computer. A computer may create a graphic simulation of an environment, complete with graphic images of chairs, windows, doors, walls, etc., and even images of other people. The computer may also simulate environmental sounds. The generated objects may be viewed on a common two dimensional display, such as a computer screen, or, by viewing with special stereoscopic equipment, the objects may be made to appear three dimensional.
The most natural way for an individual to interact in a virtual environment is to directly control a graphical representation of himself. For example, if the individual turns his head, the display screen at which he is looking is appropriately updated. Also, if the individual reaches out and closes his hand, the computer generated image of his hand on the screen reaches out and closes. Such virtual environments have been discussed in the literature.
To create the sensation of a virtual reality, the computer should be able to generate and manipulate graphic images of real or imaginary objects in red time. Although generating a graphic representation of an environment may be time consuming and non-trivial to implement, much of the theory has been explored and is well-understood by those skilled in the art of interactive 3-D computer graphics and solid modeling. The invention described here pertains to the important related area in which relatively little research has been done, i.e., "How may a human user perceive grasping force and texture from his computer generated counterpart in the virtual environment?"
There are many peripheral devices which have been created to allow a user to enter information into the computer. The most notable of these is the standard QWERTY keyboard. Besides the numerous modifications of this "key input" concept, there are many other devices with their associated permutations. A partial list of such device includes mice, joy-sticks, trackballs and Computer Aided Design (CAD) tablets. The main drawback of these computer input devices is that they don't permit human users to enter information in a manner which may be the most efficient and natural. For example, in a CAD software program, the human designer may wish to rotate a 3-D graphic representation of a block on a computer screen to view and modify the hidden side. Using currently available input devices, the designer must select the axis or a sequence of axes about which the object must be rotated to achieve the desired orientation and view. After the desired axis is selected, the amount of angular rotation must be determined, usually by the linear motion of a mouse or by entering the desired amount of rotation as a decimal quantity via the keyboard. This whole procedure seems very awkward and unintuitive when compared to what a person would normally do when confronted with a similar task in the "real world," i.e., he would simply reach out, pick up and rotate the object! Providing feedback for this more natural approach to object/environment interaction is an object of this invention.
Instrumented gloves which provide finger position information to the computer have been used to manipulate simulated objects in virtual environments. Such gloves have also been used in telerobotics to control highly dextrous end-effectors to grasp real objects. However, lack of force feedback to the glove wearer has reduced the effectiveness of these open-loop manipulation approaches. Imagine a 3-D graphic model of an egg on a computer screen. Suppose you are wearing a glove which maps your finger and hand motions to a graphic image of a hand on the same screen as the egg. As you move your hand and fingers, the corresponding graphic images of the hand and fingers move in a similar manner. The task is to move your own hand and fingers to control the graphic hand on the computer screen to pick up the egg. To accomplish this task you must provide enough force to reliably grasp and lift the virtual egg, but not so much force such that the egg is crushed. Without some kind of grasping force and tactile feedback, this task would be extremely difficult.
Attempts have been made to provide information about simulated contact with virtual or telemanipulated objects to senses other than the corresponding tactile senses. One method of simulated feedback which has been tested uses audible cues. For example, the computer may beep when contact is made. Another simple method is to highlight the object once contact is made. Both these methods will require the user to re-learn hand-eye coordination. It may be frustrating and time consuming for the user to learn one of these "unnatural" methods of grasping an object, and the sensation of interacting in a virtual environment will be reduced.
An object of the invention is a man-machine interface which may be employed in interactive computer applications.
Another object of the invention is a force feedback control system capable of controlling a set force to a selected part of the body, e.g., the finger tip.
Still another object of the invention is a man-machine system capable of simulating textures on a selected part of the body, e.g., the finger tip.
Another object of the invention is a man-machine system capable of applying a set pressure on a selected part of the body, e.g., the hand.
Still another object of the invention is a man-machine system capable of applying a set temperature to a selected part of the body, e.g., the finger tip.
Yet another object of the invention is a man-machine interface comprised of a glove capable of sensing finger and hand positions and hand orientation, which may exert, measure and dynamically vary and control the forces applied to each finger, and which may vary the tactile array pattern presented to each finger tip, and which may vary the pressure applied to a portion of the hand, and which may vary the temperature applied to a portion of the hand.
Another object of the invention is a digital control system capable of sensing the force applied to the finger tip and capable of using this signal to control the finger tip force to a desired force set point which may vary as a function of finger position.
Still another object of the invention is a force, texture, pressure and temperature feedback system which may be employed in many different applications, such as virtual environments, telemanipulation and interactive 3-D graphics and Computer Aided Design (CAD).
A feature of the invention is the use of a flexible housing which may comprise one or more concentric flexible casings which guide a force-transmitting flexible elongated element such as a flexible, low friction/stiction, high modulus of elasticity thread or a shape memory alloy wire which serves as a tendon and is used in tension to apply force to a sensing body part or to actuate texture simulating elements.
Another feature of the invention is the use of a flexible housing which may comprise one or more concentric inelastic tubes to guide a force transmitting flexible elongated element such as pneumatic or hydraulic fluid to a sensing body part to be used by a force applicator to apply force to the sensing body part.
Still another feature of the invention is the use of force actuators to generate force which is transmitted to the sensing body part via flexible tendon cables, or pneumatic or hydraulic tubes, and used by a force applicator to apply force to the sensing body part. Yet another feature of the invention is the use of force or displacement actuators to generate displacement which is transmitted to a sensing body part via flexible tendon cables, or pneumatic or hydraulic tubes, and used by a texture simulator to simulate textures on the sensing body part.
Yet another feature of the invention is the use of a support to which the flexible tendon cables or tubes are secured. The support may be a reinforced wrist-strap when the sensing body part is part of the hand.
Another feature of the invention is the we of a pressure, temperature, tension and/or force sensor to measure the pressure, temperature and/or force applied to the sensing body part.
One embodiment of the invention presents, for the first time, the use of a glove incorporating not only sensors which provide analog values representing finger and overall hand motion, but also true force feedback to the wearer's finger tips relating the amount of force a corresponding graphic (or actual) device is applying to a given virtual (or telemanipulated) object. The invention also relates to a means whereby simulated texture and edge orientation, as well as temperature and pressure may be presented to a user.
The invention, which senses one or more body part positions and provides force and texture feedback to one or more body parts, permits a relatively "natural" method of computer interaction. The subject device provides in a single unit: (1) controlling body part position-sensing means employing a plurality of signal producing means associated with individual movable controlling body parts, where the signal is related to controlling body part position, with the individual signals analyzed to define a composite signal. The signal producing means may be anything which provides body part position and/or orientation, including strain gage, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, piezoelectric, hall effect, infrared emitter/detector pair, encoder/potentiometer, laser scanning or other optical position (and/or orientation) sensors; (2) force-applying means which may be anything which provides force information- to a sensing body part; and (3) force-sensing means which may be anything which provides a force measurement signal; and (4) texture-applying means (e.g., an array of texture elements) which may be anything which provides surface pattern (e.g., texture) information to a sensing body part; and (5) force-generating means which may be any actuator which generates a force (or displacement), including electrical, electromagnetic, electromechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, piezoelectric, shape memory alloy (e.g., Nickel/Titanium alloys), vapor pressure actuators; and (6) force-transmitting means (e.g., a flexible, inelastic tendon guided by a flexible, incompressible housing, or an incompressible fluid guided by an inelastic housing) which may be anything which transmits a force signal from a force-generating means to an applying means (e.g., a force-applying means or a texture-applying means); and (7) signal collection and producing means (e.g., a processor or computer) which may be anything which collects signals (e.g., from the position-sensing and/or force-sensing means) and produces signals (e.g., for the force-applying and/or texture-applying means); and (8) support structure (including clips, straps, clamps, guides, pockets, material, etc.) used to support the body part sensing means, the force-applying means, the texture-applying means, the force-generating means, the force-transmitting means and the signal collection and producing means.
The signal associated with the controlling body part position-sensing means may be coordinated with the fore applied to a sensing body part and also with the texture applied to a sensing body part. For example, the signal produced by the controlling body part position-sensing means may be used by a signal collection and producing means to manipulate a multi-articulated computer generated interactive entity in a virtual environment. The force-applying means may apply force to a sensing body part in relation to the interaction between the interactive entity and a component of the virtual environment. In addition, the texture-applying means may be associated with a surface pattern informative signal and apply a texture to a sensing body part to further enhance the sensation of reality in relation to the interaction of the entity and a component of the virtual environment.
A particular application for the invention is to sense and provide force and texture feedback to the hand. A useful embodiment for the invention when used for the hand is a "feedback glove." The feedback glove embodiment is comprised of means for measuring position and orientation of the hand, means for measuring individual joint angles, means for applying force to various parts of the hand, means for sensing the applied force, and means for applying selected textures to various parts of the hand. Many of the specific descriptions of the invention will be centered around the feedback glove, however, the sensing and structures described for the glove may be easily translated to other body parts (e.g., arms, legs, feet, head, neck, waist, etc.).
In a preferred embodiment of the feedback glove, the means for providing position and orientation of the hand is a Polhemus™ electromagnetic position sensor. The individual joint angle sensing means is comprised of two long flexible strain gages mounted back to back. The strain gage assemblies reside in guiding pockets sewn over each joint. When a joint is flexed, one of the strain gages of the corresponding pair of gages is in tension, while the other strain gage is in compression. Each pair of two strain gages comprise the two legs of a half bridge of a common Wheatstone bridge configuration. An analog multiplexer is used to select which of the half bridge voltages is to be sampled by an analog-to-digital converter. The maximum strain experienced by each gage is adjusted by varying the thickness and elastic modulus of the backing to which the gages are mounted. The backing is selected to maximize the signal output without significantly reducing the fatigue life of a gage. These joint angle strain gage sensors are disclosed in the Kramer et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,952 and are incorporated herein by reference.
The means for applying force to parts of the hand is comprised of a means (e.g., an electric motor) for generating a desired force, a means (e.g., a flexible tendon/casing assembly) for transmitting the generated force to a force-applying means, and a means (e.g., a force-applying platform) for transferring the force to a specific part of the hand (e.g., the finger tip). The feedback glove may also comprise a means (e.g., a force-sensing platform or load cell) for measuring the applied force. The means for applying texture to parts of the hand is comprised of a means (e.g., an electromechanical solenoid) for generating a desired displacement, a means (e.g., a flexible tendon/casing assembly) for transmitting the generated displacement to the hand, and a means (e.g., an array of texture elements) for applying a surface pattern to a specific part of the hand (e.g., the finger tip). The embodiment includes structure which supports both ends of the tendons and casings, and also supports the force and texture-applying means.
The force feedback glove, which embodies joint angle sensors and also the force and texture feedback apparatus, overcomes many of the problems of joint sensing devices which do not embody force and texture feedback. The feedback glove simulates contact and grasping information in a "natural" manner to a user and facilitates many tasks, such as those arising in interactive 3-D graphics and telerobotics. The feedback glove may be used to feedback texture information from "virtual" objects in a virtual environment or from distal "real" objects when used in telerobotic applications.
When used with appropriate animation and control software, the feedback glove provides joint angle sensing and sufficient tactile feedback for a user to control an interactive entity, such as a computer generated graphic representation of his hand to reliably grasp a virtual object, such as a cup, or any object which appears as a graphic model on a display device. Some virtual objects are programmed to demonstrate physical properties similar to real objects, such as weight, contour, stiffness and texture. These, and other features, may be sensed and the virtual objects manipulated using the feedback glove. The force feedback incorporated into the glove relays the virtual grasping force information to the user, while a texture simulator allows the user to sense orientation and motion of edges simply by "touching" virtual objects with his own computer simulated virtual fingers.
The feedback glove, which provides joint angle sensing and force and texture feedback, may also be used for telerobotics. For this application, the feedback glove provides point angle information which is used to control an interactive entity, such as a robot manipulator, to grasp a distal real object. The force and texture feedback of the glove provide the user with the actual gripping force and the object contours sensed by the robot's gripper, so the real object may be reliably grasped and manipulated without dropping or crushing.
A glove using force feedback may also be programmed to teach finger dexterity, finger timing and even the motions necessary to learn some musical instruments. For example, if the user were learning the piano, as fingers are flexed, the user would receive finger tip pressure form virtual keys signifying to the user that he had pressed the key. Tendons similar to those positioned on the dorsal side of the fingers to restrict finger flexure may also be placed on the palm side of the hand. These palm-side tendons may be used to force the fingers into the desired flexed positions or to restrict the fingers from extending. These tendons would be used in the case when the user wanted to be "taught" to play the piano and wanted his fingers to be properly positioned and flexed for him at the proper times. The idea of this example may be extended from a virtual piano to other virtual instruments and even to other devices such as a virtual typewriter. The feedback glove could be used to teach someone to type, and when learned, to allow the user to generate text by "typing in the air."
More specifically, the invention is a man-machine system which, in addition to measuring actual human joint angles, provides two feedback sensations to the user. The first sensation is force. In a preferred embodiment, a small device is attached to the finger tip of a joint-angle sensing glove and holds a force-applying platform in juxtaposition to the finger tip. The force-applying platform is displaced from the finger tip (by about 4 mm) by a retractable means (e.g., a leaf spring) when unactivated, but is capable of quickly contacting the finger tip and applying a dynamically selectable force when activated. The sudden impact of the force-applying platform provides a sensation similar to that perceived when the actual finger tip contacts an object. Thereafter, the force-applying platform presses against the finger tip with a programmable force which may relate the amount of force that a virtual finger is pressing against a virtual object.
In a preferred embodiment, the force that is applied by the force-applying platform to the finger tip is transmitted from a force-generating actuator (a d.c. servo motor) via a high tensile strength, flexible tendon enclosed in a flexible, non-compressible tubular casing. The function of this assembly is similar to a bicycle brake cable. Other embodiments may employ force actuators based on electrical, electromagnetic, electromechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, piezoelectric, shape memory alloy (e.g., Nickel/Titanium alloys), vapor pressure, or other suitable technologies. In choosing the appropriate actuator technology, various factors should be considered, such as speed of response, force output, size, weight, cost and power consumption.
One end of the tendon casing is secured near the force actuator and the other end is secured to a wristband near the feedback glove. As a tendon emerges from the end of the casing secured to the wristband, it is guided by sections of casing affixed to the glove material until the tendon reaches its designated final location. Tendons which are to provide a force to restrict the wearer from flexing a finger are guided from the wristband across the back side of the hand to the final location. A preferred embodiment has these tendons passing across the back of each finger and has them mechanically connected to the force-applying platform at the finger tip. In addition, a tendon may be terminated at any properly reinforced intermediate glove location.
As tension is increased, tendons which pass along the back side of a finger press against the joints and do not tend to pull the glove material away form the hand or fingers. The tension of the tendon restricts the joints over which the tendon passes from flexing in a direction which attempts to extend the tendon further.
To provide a force to restrict the wearer from extending a finger or to actually drive a finger into a flexed position, tendons are guided across the palm side of the glove by sections of casing. In a preferred embodiment, these tendons are guided to the finger tip where they are ultimately secured to a force-applying platform, but they may also terminate at properly reinforced intermediate positions. Unlike the case where the tendons are guided along the back-side of the hand, when the tendons which are guided along the palm-side of the hand are in tension, they tend to pull the casing sections (and hence the glove material) away form the hand. Although not necessary, if it is desired to guide these tendons along the surface of the palm and fingers as they pass from where the casings are secured to the wristband to their final designated locations, the glove must be appropriately reinforced between each joint.
Where the tendons are routed and where they are ultimately secured to the glove will determine the forces applied to the hand by the tendon. Forces and torques applied to parts of the hand by a single tendon may not be controlled independently. Only the force applied to one part of the hand or the torque applied by the tendon to an individual joint may be controlled. In a preferred embodiment, the tendons are fastened to the force-applying platform at the finger tips, and the forces at the finger tips are measured and controlled, not the torques applied to the joints. To isolate the force and independently restrict motion of a single intermediate joint, a separate tendon is used. Its casing is secured just prior to the joint, and the tendon is fastened to a force-applying platform just beyond the joint. As previously mentioned, the glove is properly reinforced near the joint so the glove material doesn't unduly stretch under the force of the tendon.
When force is initially applied by a force actuator, the force will appear between the wristband and the intended finger. Therefore, the wristband will tend to move towards the finger as the "slack" in the skin on the wrist is taken up. The tendency for this relative motion can be reduced by incorporating a means which initially takes up the slack in this skin. Once this slack is taken up, the wristband will stop moving, and the finger will experience the full tendon force (except for frictional losses). If the slack in the wrist skin is not initially taken up, to provide a realistic contact sensation, the force actuator must have sufficiently high bandwidth such that this slack take-up time is insignificant when compared to the bandwidth of finger motion.
In a preferred embodiment, the actual force at the finger tip is sensed and fed back to a servo control system. The control system controls the output of the force actuator such that the force applied to the finger tip follows a desired force profile regardless of the undesirable compliance of the skin on the wrist. The force profile for any finger is a function which produces a desired force set point for any given finger and hand position. That is, as either the finger or hand changes position, the force applied to the fingers varies accordingly. For example, a force profile may be generated which simulates the force sensation of a push button switch that gradually increases its opposing force as the button is depressed until it reaches its toggle point, clicks, and releases most of its resistive force.
In addition to providing object contact and force information, the invention describes a means whereby object textures and edge orientations may be perceived. For one embodiment, the previously described finger tip force applicator may be modified to include an array of small stimulators, called texture elements. These elements produce a surface pattern (e.g., a simulated texture) in addition to providing force feedback. Each texture element may be individually selected. The texture element may be a small pin which extends when selected and the amount of its extension may be programmed. The texture element may also be a pair of electrodes, and tactile sensation produced via electrocutaneous stimulation.
In a preferred embodiment, the texture elements are driven by a texture displacement actuator. A flexible bundle of force feedback and texture simulating tendons connect the glove to both the force and texture actuators. The type of displacement actuator for a texture element may vary. A particular embodiment may employ binary or linear displacement actuators and the actuators may be based on electrical, electromagnetic, electromechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, piezoelectric, shape memory alloy, vapor pressure and other suitable technologies. In choosing the appropriate actuator technology, various factors should be considered, such as speed of response, force output size, weight, cost and power consumption. If pneumatics or hydraulics is used, a hermetically sealed flexible tubing assembly is used to connect the texture actuator to the texture element. Otherwise, the connection may employ a cabling means comprised of a tendon inside a casing, similar to that used to transmit the force from the force actuator to the force applicator.
If a binary actuator (e.g., a two-state solenoid) is used, then the texture element will either be fully extended or fully retracted. If a linear actuator is chosen (e.g., a d.c. servo motor) then the extension of the texture element may be continuously varied. The force with which the texture is presented to the finger tip is determined by the force actuator. The pattern of the texture array may be varied with time and reflect changes in the position of the joints or hand. For example, by dynamically varying the texture array, a user may perceive his virtual finger moving over various (e.g., smooth/rough) virtual surfaces. Using the time varying texture array, a user may also determine the edge orientation of a virtual or telemanipulated object.
The tendon cable passes through a series of tendon guides 207 as it extends beyond the point where the casing is secured to the wristband on its way to the finger tip force applicator. In one embodiment, the tendon guides for the back side of the hand are made from flexible, but incompressible casing (e.g., Teflon tubing) and fastened over the metacarpophalangeal (MP) 208 and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) 209 joints. These guides prevent the tendons from moving laterally and slipping off the sides of the joints as the knuckles protrude during flexure. In the embodiment where the glove has tendons 210 on the palm side of the hand, and it is desired to have the tendons remain close to the hand when they are in tension, tendon guides 211 are located between the MP and PIP joints and also across the palm to keep the tendon from pulling away from the glove. The glove is also reinforced in a variety of places to prevent the glove front being pulled away from the hand by the tendon guides. Tendon guides may be affixed to the glove by such means as sewing or gluing, or the casings may be molded directly onto/into the glove.
The finger tip force applicator 212 (shown generically by the cross-hatched portion of the finger tip) applies both back-side and palm-side tendon forces directly to the finger tip. Also cm the finger tip force applicator assembly is a force transducer for each tendon which senses the actual force applied to the finger tip. These force signals are fed back to the motor force control system which makes appropriate adjustments such that the desired force profile is perceived by the user.
One end 302 of the tendon casing for the texture simulator is secured near the displacement actuator, and a point 303 near the other end of the casing is secured to the glove's reinforced wristband. After the casing is affixed to the wristband, it continues on and is fastened to the glove at various locations 304 between the joints on its way to its designated final location, which in this embodiment is the finger tip texture simulator 305. Casings may be affixed to the glove by such means as sewing or gluing, or the casings may be molded directly onto/into the glove. In the embodiment shorn, there is slack 306 in the casing between points where it is affixed to the glove to allow for the tightening of the casing when the fingers are bent. The casings may also be guided along the sides of the fingers without allowing for slack since they won't be stressed when the fingers are bent.
Force is imparted to each tendon from a force actuator. In the embodiment shown, forces are transmitted to the glove via a tendon assembly similar to
One useful yet unincumbering and inexpensive embodiment of the invention employs force feedback tendons only along the back of the hand to the tips of the thumb anti index fingers, and employs texture elements only on the index finger tip. This "reduced" embodiment is in contrast to employing both force feedback and texture simulation to each joint of all five fingers. The reduced embodiment provides the wearer with sufficient force feedback information to grasp most virtual objects and also allows the wearer to sense virtual textures with the index finger. Although, employing force feedback to all joints on all fingers and texture simulation to all fingers tips will provide the wearer with a more realistic simulation of his virtual environment, the increase in realism may not outweigh the added cost and complexity of the system.
In a preferred embodiment, a force tendon 500 is guided from the force actuator to the force feedback applicator, splits into two tendons, each tendon passing by the force-applying platform 501 (e.g., though holes), and mechanically connected to the ends of the force-sensing means, which is a force-sensing platform 502. The force feedback applicator structure 519 provides support for holding the force-sensing and force-applying platforms in juxtaposition to the finger tip. The force-sensing platform is forced via the force of the tendon towards the finger tip. The force-sensing platform presses against the force-applying platform which then contacts and applies force to the finger tip (
The force-sensing platform may be simply a strain gage beam which bends across a fulcrum 504 as tendon force is applied. The fulcrum shown in
Alternative fulcrum designs are possible such as shown in
As shown in
The same method of operation can be applied to restrict the joint from extending as was described above to restrict the joint from flexing. A second tendon casing 521 is affixed to the first reinforced section of the glove. A second tendon 522 emerges from the casing and forks into two tendon parts. The two tendon parts pass around opposite sides of the finger and are affixed to opposite ends of the force-applying platform 523. The platform assembly contacts and presses against the finger when the tendon 522 is in tension.
In the case where it is undesirable to reinforce the glove to support sections such as 514 and 517,
A preferred alternative to the "fixed hinge" solution is shown in
To keep the sections secured to the fingers, the sections may be made from a solid, but elastic material (such as a plastic or spring metal), which is preformed to dip around the finger, as shown in
In some instances, it may be preferred to have a linkage attached to the sections, such as is shown in
Note that in
Displacement may be delivered to the finger tip texture simulator from the corresponding actuator as previously described in
In the embodiments shown in
In addition to the actuator technologies shown in
Torque generated by the motor is converted into a tensile force by a pulley 907 on the motor shaft. The diameter of this pulley is selected to achieve the desired force and speed of response for a given motor. In a preferred embodiment, a pulley diameter of � inch was used. The generated tensile force is transmitted to the finger tip force applicator from the force actuator via a tendon cable/casing assembly 908. The force applied to the finger tip is sensed by the two strain gages 909 mounted differentially to the strain sensing platform and wired into a half-bridge configuration. A full Wheatstone bridge is used to amplify the detected force. This amplified signal is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter 910 and read into the computer 911.
The computer implements a force control law 912 (e.g., Proportional-Integral-Derivative or state feedback) using well understood techniques from the field of digital control. The control law incorporates the feedback force information 913, and servos the motor to produce a desired force at the finger tip. Digitized values 914 from analog pint angle sensors provide the information the computer needs to determine the force set point 915. In a preferred embodiment, the computer converts finger joint angles into actual finger positions. If one of the fingers is found to be intersecting a virtual object, the computer calculates the force to be applied to that finger using knowledge of the virtual object's shape and compliance 916. In a preferred embodiment, differential strain gage angle sensors 917, as disclosed in the Kramer et al. patent application, are used to determine joint angles.
As shown in
The output of the slow loop controller is the force set point 1906 to the "fast loop" control system. This fast loop set point is compared to a force sewed (e.g., by the previously described strain gage cantilever 1907 of RC. 16) at the output of the force actuator 1908 which produces the error signal input for the fast loop controller 1!W which also may be running a standard control law. The gain of the fast loop may be large compared to the gain of the slow loop controller since the dynamics of this loop are fairly linear and are relatively fast if a good quality servo motor were used. Therefore, the tension output of the motor can be controlled to a desired value very quickly, whereas the force sensed at the finger tip cannot be servoed to a desired value as quickly without increasing the possibility of oscillation due to the nonlinear transmission system.
By appropriately combining commands to the texture array and the force applicator, numerous sensations may be applied to the finger tip. For example, by extending three texture elements along a single column and then actuating the force platform to press against the finger tip, the sensation of touching the finger tip to the vertical edge of a virtual object is simulated. If the three extended texture elements of the column are retracted at the same time that the three elements of the adjacent column are raised, a sensation that the object edge is moving across the finger tip will be produced. This sensation may be used either when an object edge is moving and the finger tip is remaining stationary, or when the object position is fixed and the finger tip is moving across the edge. With appropriate modifications, force and texture may be simulated at other parts of the body besides the finger tip, such as is shown for the arm in
When displacement/transmitting element 2005, inside housing 2006, is placed in tension, flexible spring element 2007 deflects and tactile element 2004 protrudes through an opening in surface 2002 and may press against a body part.
When force transmitting element 2009 (which is affixed to surface 2010) is placed in tension, the entire feedback assembly may be forced against a body part. Surface 2002 is the surface which comes into contact with the body part. Force/pressure sensing element 2011 senses the force with which the feedback assembly is pressed against the body part. There are many force/pressure sensor technologies which may be used for 2011. Such technologies include silicon-based and other types of load cells, strain gages, back-pressure, piezoelectric and the like.
A feedback assembly is provided which includes but is not limited to one or more of the following: a force-applying platform 2002, a force-sensing platform, one or more texture elements 2004, WOO, a heating/cooling element 2100, 2201, 2303, a pressure-producing element 2021, 2800, 2806, a temperature sensor 2105, 2208, a pressure sensor 2011 and a force sensor 2011. The texture elements 2302 are capable of extending and retracting. In HG. 23 the state of extension depends on the tension in the displacement transmitting element 2306. Texture element 2302 may also take the form of a focused fluid stream. When activated, force-transmitting element 2308 brings the feedback assembly from an unactivated position (e.g., not contacting a body part) to an activated position (e.g., contacting a body part). In the figure, 2307 acts as a return spring when tension is reduced from 2308.
2313 is a pressure-producing element combined with temperature-producing element 2314. 2315 is a cooling element in proximity to a body part. 2309 is a pressure-producing element employed alone, where 2310 is a fluid guide for when the pressure-producing element is a diaphragm or bellows. 2311 is a pressure-producing element combined with force/pressure sensor 2312, one or more texture elements 2316 and temperature-producing element 2317. This figure is intended to provide examples of how force, texture, pressure and temperature that may be combined in feedback assemblies and the feedback assemblies placed about a feedback glove. The same feedback assemblies may be placed about other sensing body parts. Variations in the combinations and their placements about the glove may be made without departing from the intended scope of the subject invention.
As shown in the embodiment of
While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, the description is illustrative of the invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention. Thus, various modifications and amplifications may occur to those skilled in the art without departing form the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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|The Board Of Trustee Of The Leland Stanford Junior University
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|Feb 1, 2006
Owner name: IMMERSION CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:VIRTUAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017225/0597
Effective date: 20020819
|Feb 6, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 24, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Aug 14, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120624


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anyone who follows this message board quickley learns that anything posted by omar, commish or sunnyside should only read their posts for "ammusement only".
What's so humorous wanting to know if Production and employees are currently working at the Hubbard facility ?The serious posters will find your posts curious I bet !
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cause I am selling my shares. really?


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After receiving my degree in bilingual education, I began teaching ESL in Bilingual programs and also as a teacher of ESL in small groups. I am fluent in Spanish and have worked with the Hispanic community for more than 25 years. My master's degree is in Spanish and I have tutored high school students and adults.
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Displaying 1 to 6 of 6 results.
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Dan Kaercher, founding editor-in-chief of Midwest Living magazine, travels Iowa in search of hidden treasures and out-of-the-way places for Iowans to visit and explore right here at home.


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Mac shipments continue to shrink as Apple loses ground in US PC marketThe latest quarterly PC market tracking data from both Gartner and IDC shows that Apple's U.S. Mac shipments shrunk in the third quarter of calendar 2013, as the overall PC market outpaced Mac hardware.
The estimates released Wednesday by IDC and Gartner show very different pictures. In IDC's research, domestic Mac sales were off 11.2 percent year over year in the third quarter, while the overall U.S. PC market slid 0.2 percent.
Gartner, meanwhile, found that Apple's shipments slid just 2.3 percent, while the U.S. PC market was actually up 3.5 percent year over year in their models.
Regardless, estimates from both Gartner and IDC suggest that Mac sales are no longer outpacing the PC market at large, at least in America. But the numbers don't include Apple's growing international share, nor does either firm track tablet shipments, such as Apple's market-leading iPad.
Gartner's third-quarter data pegged HP as the top U.S. PC maker, with year over year growth of 4.5 percent propelling it to a 26.9 percent share. In second was Dell, up 3.3 percent and holding 21 percent of the market, while Apple's estimated 2.1 million shipped units were good for third place, with a 13.4 percent market share. That share is down from 2012, when Apple held 14.2 percent of the U.S. market.
Following Apple was Lenovo with a big 24.6 percent year over year gain and a 10.5 percent share, according to Gartner. Toshiba took fifth with a 7 percent share and a 13.5 percent gain from 2012.
IDC, meanwhile, also found the companies in the same order. But their estimates give Apple a slightly smaller 11.6 percent share of U.S. shipments. IDC estimates that Apple shipped 1.9 million Macs in the U.S. in the third quarter.
As usual, Apple did not crack the top five PC vendors worldwide in either IDC's or Gartner's data. IDC and Gartner both had the top five, in order, as Lenovo, HP, Dell, Acer, and Asus.
Worldwide, IDC estimates that PC shipments 7.6 percent to 81.6 million. Gartner's global numbers estimate an 8.7 percent dip to 80.2 million total units.
On Topic: Current Hardware
- Apple's Mac sheds marketshare in Q2, sinks to 5th place amid worldwide sales slowdown
- Roundup: The best external monitor alternatives to Apple's discontinued Thunderbolt Display
- Apple discontinues Thunderbolt Display, no replacement announced
- Apple pulls legacy non-Retina MacBook Pro from retail store displays
- Apple preparing changes to MacBook lineup this month


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I love Unix! Generally, I'm a jack of all trades, but master of none. I love computers, and have been using Linux since 1995. My distro of choice is Ubuntu. I work for SpiderOak, an awesome online backup service.
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Yesterday, the US Patent & Trademark Office published a patent application from Apple that revealed their intent to reinvent a cooling system that is known in the industry as an ionic wind generator. This type of cooling system doesn't use a fan or heat sink. The problem with the current design however, is that it's only able to cool limited areas within a computer or device. Apple's reinvention of the ionic wind generator will allow the system to use specialty sensors and mechanisms to redirect cool air to various areas within a computer or device, as needed. This means that it could simultaneously cool down the CPU, GPU and other components such as batteries (in the case of iOS devices and the MacBook), transformers, storage devices, and other components. Yet if the GPU or any other component isn't being used, the system won't waste energy trying to cool down what's not necessary. Just think of it as a "smart" cooling system. Apple's killer attention to detail is legendary. Philosophically speaking, it's what separates the wheat from the chaff.
Continue reading "Apple Reinvents the Ionic Wind Generator Cooling System " »


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- Miss Florida 2017 stripped of crown days after win - US Weekly
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21 February 2011 at 8:08 PM
Nicole Richie: Happy Workout Woman!
Posted in Nicole Richie: Happy Workout Woman!
About this photo set: Nicole Richie is all smiles as she leaves the gym with a friend on Friday (February 18) in Los Angeles. The 29-year-old fashionista was in New York City earlier… Read More Here
Photo #: 2521222
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