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A Casa di Mei, Rome
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 6 guestrooms
- Daily housekeeping
- Limited hour front desk
- Tour/ticket assistance
For families
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Daily housekeeping
- Hair dryer
- Elevator/lift
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
What's around
- In Esquilino
- Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (0.5 mi / 0.8 km)
- Roman Forum (1.2 mi / 1.9 km)
- Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano (0.7 mi / 1.1 km)
- Teatro dell'Opera di Roma (0.7 mi / 1.2 km)
- Colosseum (1 mi / 1.7 km)
A Casa di Mei, Rome
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $46
- Double Room, Private Bathroom
- Double Room, Private Bathroom (External)
- Triple Room, Private Bathroom
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 6 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 1 floor
- Check-in time 11 AM-1 AM
- Check-out time is 10:30 AM
If you are planning to arrive after midnight please contact the property in advance using the information on the booking confirmation.
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets stay free
- Specific rooms only *
- 1 per room (up to 10 kg)
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- No parking
Nearby One Star Rome hotels
In the hotel
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Elevator/lift
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Premium bedding
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
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A Casa di Mei, Rome's small print
Also known as
- Casa di Mei
- Casa di Mei Condo Rome
- Casa di Mei Rome
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 3.50 per person, per night, up to 10 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 10 years of age.
Optional extras
Late check-in between 9 PM and 1:30 AM can be arranged for an extra charge of EUR 10
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.6 /5 from 102 reviews
The Hotel is in a really bad, scary, smelly neighborhood. The service was extremelly poor and the "attendant" wanted to make an extra $30 Euros by allowing us to leave the bags in the hotel after checkout and then bringing us to the airport. We arrived at 11pm on Sept 4th 2013 at the hotel only to be greated by a rude, very unwelcome, attendant. He was really rude told us he was there only to meet us making us feel unwelcome eventhough we paid an extra 10 Euros for late arrival. Our flight was scheduled for the following day at 7pm. We asked if we could leave the bags after checkout until around 3pm or 4pm only to hear that we could if we agreed to be dropped off at the airport for 30 Euros. The attendant mentioned that the office closes daily at noon therefore we could not leave the bags. Bad service, bad neighborhood, avoid this hotel!
The neighborhood was a little sketchy, but it was really close to a metro. Just don't walk around by yourself at night.
Clean functional room in the city centre. The location outside is not ideal but for the price you can't ask for much more
Seems violent the people outside the hotel all the time. But it can be my view of it. Plus the streets around are really dirty and stinks
This small hotel is very simple... But it has everything what you need for a few day stay. The hotel is really special by its location. The Colloseum is less than 10 min by walking. We stayed in Rome for 4 days and we used the public transport just once (to Vatican and back) but except for that we walked everywhere.. The hotel is very clean. Our host Orlando was very helpful with everything we needed. This hotel is a very good choice!
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Jackson, Diamondbacks agree to one-year contract
Updated: February 17, 2009, 10:33 PM ETAssociated Press
PHOENIX -- Conor Jackson avoided a salary arbitration hearing with the Arizona Diamondbacks when he agreed Tuesday to a one-year contract worth $3.05 million.
The 26-year-old infielder and outfielder hit .300 with 12 homers and 75 RBIs in 144 games last year. He has a .287 career average with 44 homers and 222 RBIs over parts of four major league seasons.
Jackson had asked for $3.65 million when exchanging proposed arbitration figures with Arizona last month and had been offered $2.45 million. He was eligible for arbitration for the first time after making $419,500 last year.
Copyright 2009 by The Associated Press
This story is from ESPN.com's automated news wire. Wire index
- The Age Of Mike Trout
- The BBTN 100 counts down the top 25 players in baseball for 2015.
Rankings »
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- MLB players weigh in on baseball's best player, PEDs and what they really think about A-Rod's return.
MLB Confidential »
- Baseball's Top 50 Prospects
- Where does the recently-signed Yoan Moncada land on Keith Law's prospect rankings?
Top 50 update

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A Fast Algorithm For Thermal Analysis On A Dense Mesh
Award Information
Small Business Information
ThermoAnalytics, Inc.
23440 Airpark Blvd, P.O. Box 66, Calumet, MI, 49913
Principal Investigator:
Scott Peck
Research Engineer
(906) 482-9560
Research Engineer
(906) 482-9560
Business Contact:
Keith Johnson
(906) 482-9560
(906) 482-9560
Research Institution:
AbstractThe design of the thermal management system on military vehicles relies on simulation to analyze the interactions with the entire vehicle. It is critical analyze these systems with full vehicle models. These models employ CFD solvers to obtain the heat transfer coefficients needed as boundary conditions to a transient thermal solution, but these solvers operate on a dense mesh that is too large to do transient simulations of full vehicles. Thus a coupled transient thermal solution is performed on a much smaller mesh. It is desirable to use the high density CFD mesh for both solvers, but the large number and characteristics of the surface elements make them impractical for use with conventional thermal solvers. ThermoAnalytics is proposing to implement a new thermal solution algorithm in MuSES. The new algorithm will employ advanced simultaneous equation solvers that incorporate automatic mesh coarsening techniques, and will formulate the highly coupled radiation solution so it can be effectively parallelized, thus taking advantage of high-performance computing clusters or massively parallel general purpose graphics processing units. This new version of MuSES will produce transient thermal solutions on domains defined by a high density surface mesh in a time frame supporting modern vehicle design cycles.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.
An Official Website of the United States Government


text:
The growth of the elderly healthcare market has resulted in a boom in assisted living facilities offering the medical care elderly people need with unprecedented recreation and freedom of movement. The challenge for these facilities is to be more than a nursing home yet to provide the kind of medical care patients and their families require. READ MORE
Claire Swedberg
Freelance Writer
Claire Swedberg is a freelance writer based in western Washington. She can be reached at email@example.com.
Articles by Claire Swedberg
April 2008
April 2008
With a &555 million addition to Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, the western Pennsylvania community has more than just its own major pediatric facility. The hospital, part of the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center (UPMC), already was rated as one of the top 10 pediatric hospitals in the United States. READ MORE
February 2008
Hudson County, N.J., is taking an icon of the past—the old Block Drug Headquarters in Jersey City—and resurrecting it as the county's new administrative building for 1,100 employees. READ MORE
February 2008
Even as structures age, tenants expect up-to-date building automation, lighting controls, security and voice/data information. This expectation creates a new niche for electrical contractors. READ MORE
February 2008
When the board of the Egg Harbor Township School District, N.J., was planning to build two new primary schools last year, it was important to board members that the buildings have less energy impact and the ability to link into a wide area network (WAN) centralized at the district's high school. READ MORE
February 2008
It may be a few years old, but Westlake High School (WHS), part of the Eanes Independent School District (ISD) near Austin, Texas, has already been lauded as one of the top facilities in the country. The district probably didn't set out to establish records. Rather, it simply wanted to either build a new facility or expand the one it had. READ MORE
February 2008
Two years ago, Lynn (Mass.) School District had many problems in the Thurgood Marshall Middle School. Students were fighting in the public areas. The building was being vandalized. There were several arson attempts, and one teacher was suspected of being poisoned. READ MORE
February 2008
The Plaza Hotel on Central Park has been a distinctive part of New York City's architecture for a century. It is styled as a French Renaissance structure of early 20th century wealth. For decades, the Plaza has been a gathering place for the wealthy and influential, from Alfred Vanderbilt to Alfred Hitchcock. READ MORE
January 2008
When Louisiana Energy Services celebrated the groundbreaking of the National Enrichment Facility near Hobbs, N.M., in 2006, it faced many problems. This $1.5 billion uranium plant is expected to eventually produce 25 percent of all fuel from U.S. nuclear power plants, but it is located in a remote area with little nearby labor force or housing. READ MORE


text:
Red Sox OF Ellsbury could rejoin team Friday
Associated Press | Last updated July 12, 2012
Boston Red Sox outfielder Jacoby Ellsbury could come off the disabled list and rejoin the team on Friday. Red Sox manager Bobby Valentine said Thursday that all signs point to Ellsbury being ready to start a three-game series at Tampa Bay. Ellsbury has been out since hurting his right shoulder on April 13 while trying to break up a double play. He was the runner-up in the AL MVP voting last season and Boston has sorely missed him in the lineup. Boston outfielder Carl Crawford, recovering from left wrist surgery and more recently a groin strain, was scheduled to start a minor league rehab assignment Thursday night with Triple-A Pawtucket. Valentine also said rookie third baseman Will Middlebrooks, sidelined with a hamstring injury, is getting real close to returning.
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text:
Vernon signs tax agreement with Vt. Yankee
VERNON The Vernon Select Board has signed a one-year contract with Entergy that will stabilize the towns tax base through March 2015.
The agreement sets the value of the Vermont Yankee plant at $280 million for the entire fiscal year. The current assessment is $300 million.
Officials say the deal is a good one for the town, since the plant will stop selling power halfway through the contract, in December 2014.
Vernon Select Board Chairwoman Patti ODonnell said the agreement buys the town some time to plan for life without its biggest taxpayer.
Weve met with them twice, ODonnell said. We negotiated a fantastic one-year contract for the town that really gives us some breathing space. But we all know what the future is.
Vernon has 2,100 residents and an annual budget of $2 million. The town has a police department, a public pool and many other municipal services. ODonnell said taxes from Entergy pay for half of it.
We have had resources for a lot of years that other areas in our area have not had, ODonnell said. So we do have a large budget that needs to be cut.
The town is planning a public meeting Jan. 20 to consider where those cuts should be.
ODonnell said the board will resume talks with Entergy after town meeting to hammer out a five- or 10-year tax agreement.MORE IN Vermont NewsDemocratic Gubernatorial Candidate Peter Galbraith released a proposal Thursday to quash the... Full StoryDemocratic Gubernatorial Candidate Peter Galbraith released a proposal Thursday to quash the... Full StoryCLEVELAND In an appeal to anxious voters, Donald Trump pledged Thursday night that safety will... Full Story
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Forum indexMac TalkChange forum
Can I upload photos taken on an Android phone to my iPad or iMac? Thank you.
Started Nov 13, 2012 | Questions thread
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
westerneyes • Forum Member • Posts: 51
Re: Can I upload photos taken on an Android phone to my iPad or iMac? Thank you.
In reply to Jen Yates • Nov 13, 2012
Sign up and install Dropbox on all 3 and basically thats it. Dropbox will autosuggest to upload Android photos to server which will autosync with your Drpbox folder on iPad and mac.
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Hiker Caught in Snowstorm is Rescued from Mauna Loa
Rescued hiker Alex Sverdlov (middle) stands with his rescuers, park ranger John Broward (right) and park ranger Tyler Paul (left) outside the park's Visitor Emergency Operations Center on Thursday
NPS Photo/J.Ferracane
Contact: Jessica Ferracane, 808-985-6018
Hawaii National Park, Hawai'i – Park rangers rescued a lone hiker Thursday morning who was stranded on Mauna Loa after a winter snowstorm pummeled the summit and lower elevations with heavy snow and high winds.
Last Sunday, New York resident Alex Sverdlov, 36, began the grueling 18-mile trek from the top of Mauna Loa Road at 6,662 feet towards the summit of Mauna Loa. He reached the 13,677-foot summit on Tuesday, after dropping off his heavy gear at a lower elevation. The snowstorm struck on his late-afternoon descent, creating a blinding white-out. Night fell, and after a few futile attempts to locate his pack, Sverdlov decided to hunker down in the snow until daylight. His only protection was the clothes he had on, and a bottle of frozen water.
Earlier Tuesday, park management closed the mountain to visitors because of the dangerous weather. Sverdlov was the only registered hiker, and park rangers tried unsuccessfully to call his cell phone. They drove up Mauna Loa Road, and confirmed his car was there. When Sverdlov's car was still there Wednesday afternoon, Park Ranger John Broward decided to search for him by helicopter Thursday morning. Sverdlov was located by 9 a.m.
"I've done many crazy hikes, but this one pretty much tops the bill," said Sverdlov, an experienced hiker who successfully summited Mauna Loa last winter. After locating his pack Wednesday morning, the deep snow made it impossible to gain much ground, and he spent a second frozen night on the mountain. Sverdlov worried that he'd die on Mauna Loa, and was astonished when he heard the helicopter.
"Even the most experienced and prepared hikers can get into trouble in the park," said Broward, who serves as the park's search-and-rescue coordinator. "What saved Alex is that he had a backcountry permit so we knew he was up there, he is extremely fit, and he stayed calm. We're all fortunate this had a happy ending."
On Thursday afternoon, his face sun-burned and wind-whipped, Sverdlov applied for another backcountry permit, for the park's remote coastal area. "This time I'm going to the sunny part of the park," he said.
Photo courtesy of search-and-rescue pilot David Okita shows snow-covered Mauna Loa and the cindercone Pohaku o Hanalei in foreground, near where Sverdlov was spotted. Snow-covered Mauna Kea is seen in the distance.
David Okita
Photo courtesy of search-and-rescue pilot David Okita shows snow-covered Mauna Loa and the cindercone Pohaku o Hanalei in foreground, near where Sverdlov was spotted. Snow-covered Mauna Kea is seen in the distance.
Did You Know?
Polynesians from distant lands came to the shores of Hawai'i over a thousand years ago. Sailing on large, double-hulled canoes, they navigated by using the position of the stars, the sun and the moon, by the movement of the waves and by the flight of the birds.
News Source : Hiker Caught in Snowstorm is Rescued from Mauna Loa
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Whoever said the twos were terrible obviously didn't have the right toys. Two-year-olds are a delight to play with. They love pretending. They love action. They love just about everything. Well, as long as you let them call the shots. [Which is what these toys will do just brilliantly.]
Spin the wheel of fun with the Lil' Critters Spin & Discover Ferris Wheel™ by VTech®! This unique toy attracts your baby's attention with flashing stars, a friendly voice and happy music. It also includes a suction cup that holds the toy in place on high chairs and other smooth surfaces to make it easy to spin and strengthen motor skills. The Ferris wheel also includes five sing-along songs that encourage first words and cute animal buttons that teach numbers, colours and animals. Babies will love to spin and learn!
Measures approximately 8" tall x 6" long x 3" wide.
Requires 2 AAA batteries ("Try Me" batteries included).
Two fun modes include learning mode that introduces age-appropriate vocabulary, and music mode that plays music and instrument sounds. The interactive storybook provides visual stimulation with brightly coloured pages and a light-up star that flashes along with the sounds.
Measures approximately 8" wide x 7.5" long x 1.7" tall.
When your little builder places the cute interactive cat on top of a piece they will learn colours, numbers and objects. The cat will also ask your child questions to encourage interaction. Press the triangle button on the cat's tummy and it will play four sing-along songs, fifteen melodies and tons of playful sounds and phrases.
Requires 1 AAA battery ("Try Me" battery included).
Follow the giggling Explore & Crawl Learning Cub™ by VTech®! This adorable plush bear encourages your little one to crawl after him as he moves across the floor. Press the heart-shaped button and the bear will begin to crawl away while saying fun and encouraging phrases. The crawling bear also introduces colours, shapes and plays songs with the press of four soft buttons. His cheerful ladybug friend attracts babies' attention and encourages interaction with a flashing light.
Requires 2 AA batteries ("Try Me" batteries included).
This colourful farm has an electronic barn that introduces colours, numbers and plants. Roll Reggie the SmartPoint® rooster over the seven SmartPoint® locations to hear different phrases, music or fun sound effects. Then rock the watering can to watch the garden "grow." Pick the three shape play pieces from the garden and drop them in the silo.
Requires 2 AAA batteries (NOT INCLUDED).
The interactive house features nine MagicPoint locations that encourage imaginative play and emphasize cause and effect relationships. Simply place Miss Norah on one of the MagicPoint locations to experience her friendly personality, motion, lights and more. Put Miss Norah in the elevator and watch as the elevator magically moves up and down. Activate the MagicChat feature in the playroom, and hear Miss Norah and other MagicPoint characters (sold separately) chat and sing with each other. Miss Nora also responds to other MagicPoint locations on Go! Go! Smart Friends accessories and playsets (sold separately). Press Miss Norah's light-up button, and she will come to life by introducing herself, sharing the things she likes to do and singing two sing-along songs. It's playtime where friendship leads to learning!
Little construction workers will love exploring the Go! Go! Smart Wheels® Learning Zone Construction Site™ by VTech®! Roll the SmartPoint® excavator over five SmartPoint® locations to hear different phrases, music or fun sound effects. Press the toy excavator's light-up button to hear three sing-along songs and learn the letter "E" and the vehicle name. Build motor skills by turning the handle to raise and lower the basket elevator, raising and lowering the elevator, dropping shape pieces into the shape sorter and turning the crane. For even more fun, drop the shape pieces into the rock sorter and watch them roll to the bottom.
Zip around the VTech® Go! Go! Smart Wheels® Ultimate RC Speedway™, and speed through four action zones and over nine SmartPoint® locations. Use the steering wheel-shaped remote control for an exciting interactive experience with the RC SmartPoint® Racer! The speedway is 4.5 feet wide and includes 13.5 feet of interchangeable tracks, a stunt ramp, elevator, movable gears, starting flags and track switches that are all triggered by the RC race car. Ralph and his race car entertain your little one with a light-up driver button that activates playful music and fun sounds. He also teaches the letter "R" and the vehicle's name.
Requires 3 AAA batteries (NOT INCLUDED).
Your little one will love pretending to drive using the steering wheel that causes the cute dog character to move back and forth. Press the five colorful buttons and your child will be introduced to different animals and vehicles. The fun car design encourages imaginative play with a traffic light, a signal lever that triggers fun sounds and music and a gear shifter that pushes and pulls to introduce opposites. The toy car also has three play modes so your little driver can learn in animal, driving and music mode.
Requires 2 AA batteries (NOT INCLUDED).
The school bus features three MagicPoint locations that encourage imaginative play and emphasize cause and effect relationships. Simply place Mr. Gavin on MagicPoint locations in the school bus to experience his friendly personality, fun phrases, motion, lights and more. Mr. Gavin also responds to other MagicPoint locations on Go! Go! Smart Friends accessories and playsets (each sold separately). Press Mr. Gavin's light-up button and he will come to life by introducing himself, sharing the things he likes to do and singing two sing-along songs. It's playtime where friendship leads to learning!
Put out fires and save lives with the Go! Go! Smart Wheels Fire Command Rescue Center by VTech. Load the small SmartPoint fire truck onto the big fire truck and raise the ladder to the top of the building. Then launch the small fire truck down the ramp. The Fire Command Rescue Center has a variety of manipulative features that strengthen fine motor skills and teach the concept of cause and effect. The included small fire truck and other SmartPoint vehicles (sold separately) respond to 6 SmartPoint locations with fun phrases, music and more. It's playtime with miles of learning!
Includes: Fire Command Rescue Centre, small fire truck, and big fire truck.
Measures approximately 17.44" tall x 10.31" wide x 16.06" long.
Requires 2 AAA battery ("Try Me" batteries included).
Feed the Chomp & Count Dino™ by VTech® a healthy treat! Put the eight brightly coloured play pieces in the dino's mouth, and watch as he eats and recognizes each piece. You can play in meal mode or counting mode. The dino responds with rewarding sounds and phrases while introducing colours, numbers, shapes and food. Press the question button and answer the dino's questions to show what you've learned. Learn shapes and numbers by pressing any of the dino's five shape buttons. Pull the dino by the included pull string or push the dino along to strengthen motor skills and hear fun melodies. Spin the disc on the dino's back to play sing-along songs.
Features over 130 songs, melodies, sounds, and phrases.
Dino measures approximately 8" tall x 7" long.
Requires 2 AA batteries (INCLUDED).
Exploration and fun is around every corner with the Busy Learner's Activity Cube by VTech. Featuring five sides to explore, this play cube attracts your baby's attention and encourages imaginative play with music, light-up buttons, colours and more. Shape and animal buttons introduce animal names, animal sounds and shapes. Press and slide musical instrument buttons introduce instrument names, sounds and colours. Sliding, spinning blocks promote interaction and fine motor skill development. This interactive cube also plays fun sounds when it's moved. Plays 25 sing-along songs and melodies.
Measures approximately 6.5 long x 6.25" wide x 6.25" tall.
Get Moving with the Shake and Sounds Learning Pup from VTech! This playful puppy can stand up and move, all on its own! Watch as he moves up and down on his hind legs and turns around while shaking his tail. Rattle the bone and watch the puppy move. Learn shapes, colours, numbers, and the alphabet with the different settings available. Improve your baby's motor skills through the use of the rattle. The Shake and Sounds Learning Pup sings over 12 songs! Dance along with the Shake and Sounds Learning Pup.
Measures approximately 8.25" long x 5" wide x 7.7" tall.
Requires 4 AA battery ("Try Me" batteries included).
Connect for learning fun! Have fun racing around! The VTech Go!Go! Smartwheels Accessory Tracks contains eight track pieces that can be connected to form a circuit or can be used to connect with other Go!Go! Smartwheels playsets (sold separately).
Measures approximately 12.6'' wide x 2'' high.
Race through 3 AMAZING courses in the Go! Go! Smart Wheels Ultimate Amazement Park Playset! Place the race car at the top of the tall tower, pull the flag and build motor skills as you navigate it through obstacles and race it through the 360 degree loop, spiral or ramp. Drive the included SmartPoint race car over the 8 SmartPoint locations, and listen as it responds with different music or fun sound effects. Place the race car in the electronic pit stop and pretend to fill the gas tank and make quick repairs while hearing fun phrases, music and learning colours. The Ultimate Amazement Park is more than 3 feet long. It's playtime with miles of learning fun!
Includes: Ultimate Amazement Park Playset and race car.
Measures approximately 14.96" tall x 3.07" long x 10.98" wide.
Requires 4 AAA battery ("Try Me" batteries included).
This vocabulary builder uses moving lights with six fun activities to encourage language development as well as introduce numbers by making a connection between what they see and what they hear. Your child can spin the lights around the alphabet circle by pulling the bird on the toy hippo's back to learn about letters, phonics, objects, animals and more. They can also move the lights around one at a time by moving the tail up or down. Move the hippo's mouth and he will ask questions to help reinforce learning. Press the ABC button and your preschooler will learn their ABCs as they sing and watch the lights move along to the Alphabet Song. Press the 123 button to see the lights come on to introduce numbers. In music mode, they can move the rolling ball in the center of the musical hippo to add fun sound effects to 26 cheerful melodies. Take a spin with this learning hippo for tons of fun!
Requires 2 AA batteries (not included).
This 2-in-1 bike has handle bars that move like a real bike and easily transforms from a tricycle for unsteady toddlers into a two-wheel bike. The Learn & Zoom Motorbike also features and exciting activity panel. Packed with lights, buttons, rollers and gears, the panel builds fine motor skills and introduces objects, colours, shapes and road safety. Playful music and motorcycle sounds triggered by the motion sensor encourage little drivers to ride around. Hit the road with this exciting 2-in-1 toy.
Place a SmartPoint® vehicle on one of the car carrier's three SmartPoint® locations and hear fun phrases, music or sound effects. It also includes more than five mechanical features for added pretend play. Spin the gears and exhaust, move the paint sprayer, oil nozzle and lower the ramp to load and unload vehicles. Press the convertible's light-up button to hear three sing-along songs and learn the letter "C" and the vehicles name.
Measures approximately 14" long x 9.4" tall x 5.2" wide.
Park, learn and play with the Go! Go! Smart Wheels Park and Learn Deluxe Garage by VTech! This interactive garage feature three floors of pretend play and learning fun. There are 9 SmartPoint locations in this set for vehicles to respond to with sounds, phrases, and music! An interactive elevator recognizes each floor. Electronic buttons play fun phrases, music, and teach colours and road safety. Features more than 50 songs, melodies, sounds, and phrases!
It's the perfect time to get everyone together to create and enjoy some cool treats! From ice pops to ice cream, we've got the amazing gear and goodies to help your family make some yummy ...
We're hiring! For over 30 years Mastermind Toys has been focused on offering the very best in quality toys and books for children in a shopping environment that is engaging, inspiring and fun. Send resumes to firstname.lastname@example.com
Mastermind Toys in the Terra Losa Shopping Centre is now open.
Details Here


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Xbox 360 Games
This page contains Cheats for Spectral Force 3 organized by sections for Xbox 360. This game has "Strategy Turn-Based" as genre, made by Xpec, released on Jul 29, 2008. If you can't find a hint or secret in our list, then please check this page periodically for the latest updates.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Xpec
- Publisher: Atlus
- Genre: Strategy Turn-Based
- Release: Jul 29, 2008
- ESRB: Teen
From: FaraNume
Submit Cheats
If you know cheats, secrets, hints, glitches or other level guides for this game that can help others leveling up, then please Submit your Cheats and share your insights and experience with other gamers.
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Ask a Question
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text:
Welcome to the Genes Reunited community boards!
- The Genes Reunited community is made up of millions of people with similar interests. Discover your family history and make life long friends along the way.
- You will find a close knit but welcoming group of keen genealogists all prepared to offer advice and help to new members.
- And it's not all serious business. The boards are often a place to relax and be entertained by all kinds of subjects.
- The Genes community will go out of their way to help you, so don't be shy about asking for help.
Quick Search
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Genes Extras
As a way of saying thank you to our subscribers, we have launched Genes Extras. You'll find exclusive competitions and discounts on family history magazines, days out and much more.
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Helping GR keep abreast of suggestions
|Posted by
|Post Date
Member Since:
|19 Jun 2011 07:03
Just a suggestion to help keep abreast of topics discussed on this board which GR are considering implementing. If it was me, I would sticky a thread at the top of the board for all suggestions on this board which have made it to the review stage. If you like an agenda of what is going to be looked into more closely. They don't need to be in any particular order but then again prioritising adds weight. Members should not be able to add to the sticky but if appropriate GR could add the link to the discussion on a particular topic.
Member Since:
|19 Jun 2011 18:40
I agree entirely.


text:
Jaccard Acquires PigTail Food Flipper
Wednesday April 10th, 2013 - 10:49AM
These are shortcuts to your favorite social networking and bookmark sites. Add this story to your Facebook page, del.icio.us, DiggIt, and many others!
Jaccard Corp. has announced that it has purchased the assets and all intellectual property relating to the Original PigTail Food Flipper from K2 Development. The Original PigTail Food Flipper replaces tongs, forks and spatulas, according to the company, and easily turns food on the grill.
"The Original PigTail Food Flipper is a great fit with our existing products. The enthusiasm for the product from users is very high, the product is extremely functional and over-delivers against consumers' expectations," said Jaccard president, Eric Wangler. "We see growth opportunities in the market and are aggressively pursuing them through internal product development, acquisition and partnerships. We will continue to pioneer new solutions that benefit the lives of our customers."
The Jaccard Corp. has been manufacturing and distributing food prep products on a worldwide basis since 1962.
Tags: • Housewares • Gadgets & Kitchen Tools •
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The 2017 Housewares Design Awards competition is officially underway with the opening of the entry period.


text:
Welcome To Bettner Vision!
Our team of eye doctors and eye care staff are here to care for all of your vision needs. We take pride in building lasting relationships with our patients, which is why we take the time to get to know you, your vision requirements and your lifestyle needs.
What's Happening?
Welcome to Bettner Vision
Eyes are important indicators of overall health, and comprehensive eye care goes beyond a prescription for glasses or contact lenses.
At Bettner Vision, we take the time to get to know you, your eye care history, and your vision needs. Our optometrists provide the expert care, advice, options, and follow up you need whether you are a new patient or an existing one.
Eye Doctor in Colorado Springs, CO
We're close, convenient, and helpful. Personal-care technicians make your experience and selection fun, simple, sure. Our on-site lab in Northeast Colorado Springs ensures highest quality, quickest service, and a total experience to tell your friends about.
Focus Your Attention On These Key Areas
Eye Focus on Glasses
Our staff will help you find the best fit for your specific needs and explain how different lenses and frames will impact your vision.
Advanced Technology
Learn about the different types of tests and equipment you may experience on a visit to our Practice.
Comprehensive Eye Exams
Learn about eye exams, what's involved in a comprehensive exam, and special considerations for kids and contacts.
Check out the Kids Zone!
We take great care to properly fit children and youth with safe eyewear that reflects their fashion, personal tastes, and interests. Bettner Vision has a focus on European collections from Jonathan Cate, Safilo, Adidas, Takumi, Easy Twist and more. For lots of great content about fit, fashion, sports, safety, and pediatric eye care, check out our Kids Zone.
Q&A with Dr. Christopher Bettner
Dr. Christopher Bettner Answers Your Eyecare Questions
Can wearing someone else's glasses hurt your eyes?
For short periods of time, no, yet wearing another's Rx for any extended time can cause asthenopia, headaches, and ocular muscle imbalance.


text:
I'm currently using PHP and
DOMXPath to get the contents of all of the

 elements of a web page:
$doc = new DOMDocument();
$xpath = new DOMXPath($doc);
$paragraphs = $xpath->evaluate("/html/body//p");
foreach ($paragraphs as $paragraph){
echo $paragraph->textContent . "
";
My problem is that the string resulting from
textContent does not respect

 tags that exist within those

 elements. Instead it removes the line break and pushes words together that would normally be on separate lines. For example:
Sample HTML:
Some happy talk goes here talking about our great product.

We would love for you to buy it!
Random information and what not

Isn't that cool?
Current Output from PHP above:
Some happy talk about our great product.We would love for you to buy it!
Random information and what notIsn't that cool?
I have tried
$paragraphs = $doc->getElementsByTagName("p"); as well and it gives me the same thing.
Is there a way to make DOMXPath/DOMDocument preserve the line breaks? I need to be able to separate each of the words within a paragraph, and the current output disallows that.
If there is an alternative method for retrieving the string within

 elements while preserving

 or
'\n' that would also be great.
Upon further investigation the HTML in question is actually a list of anchors separated by

 tags but with no actual line breaks:

Classic Checking
 Interest Checking
 Premium Checking
 Savings Plans
 Money Market Accounts
 CDs
 IRAs

Turns out that this works properly with the original HTML given.
UPDATE: Solved
With the help of @ircmaxell's answer, and the comments left by @netcoder and @Gordon this has been solved, it's not very elegant but it will do for now.
foreach ($paragraphs as $paragraph){
$p_text = new DOMDocument();
$p_text->loadHTML(str_ireplace(array("
", "
"), "\r\n", DOMinnerHTML($paragraph)));
//Do whatever, in this case get all of the words in an array.
$words = explode(" ", str_ireplace(array(",", ".", "&", ":", "-", "\r\n"), " ", $p_text->textContent));
This makes use of DOMinnerHTML (as suggested by @netcoder) to replace the instances of

 with "\r\n" (as suggested by @ircmaxell), which can then be evaluated post
Obviously there's some room for improvement, but it has solved my current issue.
Thanks for the help everyone,


text:
iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $4.51 (38% off)
Sorry, this product is no longer in stock.
My life is complete!
Posted by currency on Sep 15, 2015
This is the best psyllium husks I ever used (and I tried 4 other commercial brands). This makes me so regular, and guarantees that my toilet time is reduced to within a minute or two. Yep, it's that fast! I definitely can't stand the the psyllium powder coz it clumps up and gets stuck in my throat. This one is perfect! It's finer and the husks tastes milder. I've already purchased multiple quantities. Even my family loves it. I feel like it takes all the nasty gunk out of my body and keeps the bloating away as well. One chug of a tablespoon in a cup of water is all I need. Goodbye constipation, you will not be missed!
it worked
Posted by Reviewer1174069 on Feb 10, 2010
well I have tried other cleansers and I have to be on it for a week in order for it to work. With this product on the second day I found myself getting regular and having a large amount extract with every bowl movement. I like it and will continue using it. The taste is blanned and course but it works.
Posted by Reviewer1904402 on May 21, 2014
I read description carefully before ordering this product. Today I got it delivered and what I found on the bottle was shocking note - all psyllium husk products, and most agricultural products, contain some chemicals that the plants absorb from the soil. Warning - this product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. Would be good to see the WHOLE description of the product online.
Best fiber supplement
Posted by 5092987972235075090 on Jan 29, 2015
I have been constipated practically my whole life and this product has helped me become regular in a unaggressive way.
Psyllium whole husks
Posted by 5626289774864581613 on May 09, 2015
High quality fiber at a bargain price. Mixes easily with little or no lumps.
Add to 12 oz water in cup, shake, drink, wait until morning and . . . KABOOM !!
Posted by Reviewer3343479 on May 09, 2013
The great scientist Dr. Linus Pauling pointed out that fecal matter, if it is not passed through promptly, releases gases and particles through the colon wall and IT CAN BE DETECTED ON THE BREATH! Avoid countless potential hazards by consuming this daily! I add a heaping TABLESPOON to a 12 oz disposable coffee cup of water / OJ mix. Then I cap it with the disposable plastic coffee cup top, seal the two openings in the top with my thumbs, shake it thoroughly and presto! It's ready to consume.
Great Product
Posted by 5282947138168356695 on Aug 22, 2012
Add a spoon full in my Macro Greens and get some extra fiber for the day.
Best Psyllium Period
Posted by Reviewer2413048 on Nov 08, 2012
I have been using the Yerba Prima Whole Husks Psyllium for years now and it has always been of the highest quality and delivered in the most effective medium available, whole natural Psyllium. I have tried powders and pills etc. and it was all worthless in my opinion. I put the Yerba Prima Psyllium in a small jar of juice, cap it, shake it up and down it every morning and it WORKS GREAT! iHerb delivers on time internationally and at a great price. I couldn't be happier.
The Best Product I ever bought from iherb
Posted by 4650683665206232737 on Jul 05, 2016
This is my routine after doing my research on colon cleansing: Everyday in the morning and in the evening, i take 1 Tablespoon of Yerba Prima, Psyllium Whole Husks 1 teaspoon of Jarrow Formulas, Inulin 1 capsule of Probiotics Using this recipe, i poo very morning right after getting up. I feel so good and so clean and so light afterward. Recommend this recipe to everyone!
Works fine
Posted by Reviewer2074898 on Mar 01, 2010
Product dissolves quite well but some does tend to float, so you have to keep swishing the glass. It's FAR superior to Metamucil. Has a very mild taste/odor.


text:
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text:
History of VFCT
VFCT, a 501-c(3) non-profit organization, was founded on July 1, 2001 by Adina Halter who currently acts as President of the Board of Directors. Mrs. Halter has been an actor and director for over 15 years with numerous credits on stage, radio, television and film and has adapted a number of Shakespeare's plays for children.
Their First and Second Seasons
Originally performing in donated space provided by Hope Community Church in King of Prussia, VFCT's inaugural production was "The Commedia Cinderella" in March 2002. They were very fortunate to be joined by costumer Laila Swanson who is well known in stage and film, having worked extensively with M. Night Shamaylan on all of his productions. The sumptuous renaissance costumes Mrs. Swanson created on a strict budget for "The Commedia Cinderella" were a big hit and helped to make "The Commedia Cinderella" a huge success with sell-out crowds. VFCT followed this success with a series of acting workshops for children ages PreK through 6th grade during the summer of 2002.
VFCT's second season saw their first musical, "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" and gave them the opportunity to, for the first time, use a high school student in one of the roles. Their second season also saw their first foray into the libraries of the Delaware Valley where they performed improvisations from their fall production, "Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse" for free to PreK and Kindergarten audiences.
Years Three and Four
2003-2004 saw a new season and a new performance space — a 7,500 square foot Class A office space in Wayne whose use was generously donated by Liberty Property Trust. This new space has allowed for greater flexibility in set and lighting design and their next two productions were a tremendous success. They performed "The Velveteen Rabbit' followed by another commedia production, "The Commedia Princess and the Pea". Due to the success of their first two seasons, they also added extra performance dates.
Their fourth season was an exciting one. In November they moved into a performance space in Conshohocken, followed in December by "A Tarantella of Tales" which was written and performed by local playwright, Teresa Mastrobuono. Their February production, "Wiley and The Hairy Man", a play of tremendous historical significance was their first dramatic offering for Black History Month. Their May production of "Jungalbook" allowed them to offer a number of student internships both on-stage and in technical roles.
Their Fifth Anniversary!
Their fifth season promises bigger and better things! They now have a permant space and a wonderful collaborative relationship with the Montgomery County Cultural Center which is also home to the Centre Theater, Renaissance Artist Puppet Company, and the Barrymore-nominated Iron Age Theatre. Their season includes "Charlotte's Web", "Pinnochio", and "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day." In addition, they are teaming up with playwright, Teresa Mastrobuono, and the Shipley School in Bryn Mawr, PA to bring to the stage an entirely new version of "Pinnochio" which will be written by the Shipley students.
VFCT is a member in good standing of the Theatre Alliance of Philadelphia, the Wayne Business Association., and the Valley Forge Convention and Visitors Bureau.unities they offer at VFCT.
VFCT's Mission
VFCT's mission is to enrich the lives of young people through responsible and edifying theater and education of the highest quality — reaching children that might not otherwise have the opportunity to experience live theater designed specifically for them.
Their goal is to create a season of theatrical productions and educational opportunities that will appeal to a wide range of ages and experiences — that will touch each child in a very personal way, allowing them to connect with the characters, conflicts, and resolutions of each story they tell.
They fulfill their mission through theater performances, educational activities, and drama workshops targeted to children ages 3-18 and their families. Specifically:
Three stage productions per season presented to school classes and family audiences
Use of students in certain character and technical roles
Traveling productions, pre-show workshops, and actor appearances in schools and libraries
Acting workshops for children entering 1st through 9th grade


text:
Don't Forget: Tips for Remembering
First, the bad news: A study from University College London published last month found that brain function—including reasoning, memory and vocabulary—can start deteriorating as early as age 45. But don't despair. For those of any age who are constantly forgetting names, numbers and shopping lists, there are some mental tricks to help boost recall. "Max Your Memory" (DK) by Pascale Michelon contains dozens of exercises and tips for remembering things like faces and keys and…what was it, again, that we were looking for?
Get out a watch, a pen and a piece of paper, and try these exercises using techniques from the book.
The journey method, which can be useful in remembering to-do lists, uses visualization: You take a mental walk through a familiar environment, like your house, creating a link between each item on your list and various points on your walk. Later, when you need to recall your list, you travel along your mental path and "see" the items. The more surreal the images are, the more memorable they will be. In this exercise, use the journey method to memorize all the sports offered by a new local fitness club so that you can tell your friends about it. When you're done, cover up the pictures and write down as many American cities as you can think of in two minutes. Then try to recall the sports.
Organizing information is a good way to remember it; creating groups can serve as a cue for later recall. In this exercise, imagine that you are at a casino. You want to take a break and leave your chips with a friend, but you also want to make sure that he doesn't gamble away any of them while you're gone. Take two minutes to memorize the chips, and to boost your recall, try ordering them by ascending value. Cover up the chips and write down the names of 10 movies you've seen in the past year. Then try to remember all the chips.
With the number-association system, you convert numbers into concrete objects, making them easier to visualize (and remember). You could do this by associating each digit with an object that rhymes with the number (one/bun, two/shoe); an object that looks like the written number (one/candle, two/swan); or an object that has meaning associated with the number (one/sun since there's only one sun, two/eyes). When you need to remember a string of numbers, come up with a picture that involves each associated image. In this exercise, come up with an association system and memorize the security codes of these credit cards. After a five-minute break, try to recall all four.
With the link system, you use your imagination to create associations between objects (again, the more unexpected, the better). Say you want to remember to buy cheese, candles and paper napkins for a friend's party—spend a few seconds thinking of that friend with a paper napkin tucked into her shirt and blowing out 100 candles on a giant Gouda cheese. Here, take two minutes to link all four items. Cover up the items and recite the multiplication table for four up to 64. Then try to recall the four words. Try again after 30 minutes and one hour.


text:
SARAJEVO, June 6 Vienna-based renewable energy developer RP Global has put on stream a 43.7 megawatt (MW) wind farm, the biggest so far in Croatia, to help the newest European Union member country boost its energy mix and meet the bloc's emission standards.
The cost to add the Danilo wind park, located about 15 kilometres from the Adriatic coast and the town of Sibenik, was put at 70 million euros ($95.3 million), the company said in a statement emailed to Reuters on Friday.
Croatia, which boasts 1,777 kilometres of Adriatic coast, has plans to add 1,200 MW in wind capacity by 2020, although just 270 MW is online so far due in part to a lengthy permitting process and grid limitations.
"The (Danilo) project strongly improves Croatia's carbon footprint by supplying approximately 22,000 households with clean energy and reducing carbon emissions by 33,300 tonnes annually," it said.
The park will produce 100 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electricity per year and boost the country's production of wind energy by 20 percent.
RP Global said it plans to add another wind park in Croatia with a capacity of 34.2 MW. The project, jointly developed with local wind pioneer Adria Wind Power will be located near the southern coastal city of Dubrovnik.
Financing has been arranged with the International Finance Corp (IFC) and Italian lender UniCredit, it said. ($1 = 0.7345 Euros) (Reporting by Maja Zuvela; Editing by Zoran Radosavljevic and David Holmes)
Reuters special election issue
The key to understanding what's going on lies not with personalities, campaign strategies or party rules but rather with the voter. PDF Document
Trending On Reuters
Patents & Entrepreneurial Universities
Measuring and evaluating academic innovation


text:
Free UK Next Day Delivery with £50 spend
Worldwide delivery
Discover our new range of toys and find everything you need to keep the little ones entertained this summer.
Starting from £29.99, including Trixie, Hello Kitty and bundles, with Free UK delivery when you spend £20 or more.
New In


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 4, 1980
|Filing date
|Nov 23, 1977
|Priority date
|Nov 23, 1977
|Publication number
|John J. Zasio, Michael W. Samuels
|Original Assignee
|Fujitsu Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (22), Classifications (15)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
ELECTRON BEAM ESPOSURE SYSTEM METHOD & APPARATUS, invented by Fred K. Buelow and John J. Zasio, having Ser. No. 847,485, filed Nov. 1, 1977, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,147,937 and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
TABLE POSITIONING ALIGNMENT METHOD AND APPARATUS, invented by John J. Zasio, having Ser. No. 973,909, filed Dec. 28, 1978, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
WAFER HOLDER WITH SPRING-LOADED WAFER-HOLDING MEANS, invented by Gabriel Zasio, having Ser. No. 845,496, filed Oct. 26, 1977, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
The present invention relates to a servo-controlled table positioning apparatus and more particularly to a positioning apparatus for accurately indicating when a table is at a predetermined reference location.
Servo-controlled table positioning systems are frequently employed when large-scale integrated circuits are fabricated under computer control. In one such system, a highly accurate electron beam exposure system exposes a semiconductor wafer or other work piece located on a servo-controlled table.
In order to fabricate integrated circuits, the table supporting the work piece is positioned relative to the incident electron beam. The electron beam is scanned over the work piece to expose an electron beam resist on the surface of the work piece. Each area to be scanned by the electron beam has a location determined by the table position. For accurate positioning of the work piece, the table supporting the work piece must be accurately positioned. Positioning with an accuracy of 1.0 micron or better is desirable. Such an accuracy is desirable for establishing an initial reference location of the table. The location of the table is then measured with respect to this initial reference location.
In semiconductor processing, it is often necessary to remove the work piece from the table for an intermediate step and then replace the work piece on the table for additional processing. The capability of accurately positioning the table at an initial reference location is desirable in order to insure accuracy from step to step.
Servo-controlled table positioning systems capable of such accuracy are not readily available and hence electronic compensation of the electron beam together with external measuring units such as interferometers have been employed to overcome positional errors of the table. Such systems have employed microswitches or mechanical stops for establishing the initial reference location from which coordinates are measured. However, a problem occurs in the use of microswitches or mechanical stops, because they are generally not capable of achieving the 1.0 micron or better positioning accuracy desired.
In view of the above background, it is an object of the present invention to provide a table positioning apparatus which provides accurate and repeatable initial positioning of a table at a predetermined reference location.
The present invention is a table positioning apparatus suitable for use in an electron beam exposure system. A movable table holds a wafer or other work piece. The table is driven by a motor in response to a motor drive signal to position the table at different locations. A position measuring transducer is located in fixed relation to the table to establish a reference position for the table in a local region. The transducer provides a position signal as a function of the table position in the local region relative to the reference position. When the table is at the reference position, the transducer produces the position signal with a reference value which identifies the reference position. An amplifier is provided which is responsive to the position signal to produce a servo signal. The servo signal has a predetermined value (for example, zero) when the position signal is at the reference value and therefore the table is at the reference position.
For servo operation, the servo signal has one sign (for example, positive) when the position signal is less than the reference value, has a zero value when the position signal is equal to the reference value and has the opposite sign (for example, negative) when the position signal is greater than the reference value. A motor drive circuit provides the motor drive signal for driving the motor in response to the servo signal so that the table is driven to the reference position.
In one embodiment, the position measuring transducer is an optical transducer having a light beam covering an area extending over and on either side of the reference position to define the local region. The table carries a blade or other means for blocking the light beam to produce the position signal with a magnitude proportional to the cross-sectional area of the portion of the light beam which is not blocked.
In one embodiment, a measurement unit, such as an interferometer, is provided for measuring the position of the table over an extended table travel which includes the reference position and the local region on either side of the reference position. The measurement unit includes a digital counter storing a count representing the position of the table as measured by the measurement unit. A detector, such as a zero detector, is provided for detecting the reference value (zero value) of the servo signal to provide a servo zero signal. Connection means are provided for connecting the servo zero signal to reset the counter when the table is at the reference position. The resetting establishes a correlation between the measurement unit reading and the actual table position.
In an embodiment where a table apparatus includes an X axis table carried by a Y axis table for moving a work piece in both the X axis and Y axis directions, the foregoing embodiments and features are duplicated once for the X axis and once for the Y axis. In such an embodiment, X axis and Y axis servo zero signals are provided for indicating when the table apparatus is at the X axis and Y axis reference positions, respectively. Logic means are provided for simultaneously detecting the presence of both the X axis and Y axis servo zero signals before resetting the digital counters. The simultaneous presence of both these servo zero signals before resetting is important since a movement in one axis may cause a movement in the other axis. Such a movement in the other axis may displace the table from the reference position in that other axis. In order to insure that the reference positions have been reached in each axis, a delay is provided to allow the combined X axis and Y axis servo systems to settle and become stable before resetting the counters.
Apparatus is provided for controlling the table positioning apparatus in a commanded-position mode for operation in scanning an electron beam to expose a work piece and in a reference-position mode to initially reset the counters to a predetermined reference position.
In accordance with one feature, additional optical transducers and circuitry are provided for detecting when a table has reached a limit position in any direction of travel and for stopping the table.
In accordance with the above summary, the present invention achieves the object of providing a table positioning apparatus for accurately positioning a table at a predetermined reference position.
Additional objects and features of the present invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments of the invention have been set forth in detail in conjunction with the drawings.
FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a table positioning apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 depicts a perspective view of a pair of optical transducers and a table-carried blade which form a portion of the FIG. 1 apparatus.
FIG. 3 depicts a schematic representation of an optical transducer which is typical of all the transducers of FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 depicts an expanded front view of the table-carried blade positioned relative to the light receiving hole in an optical transducer.
FIG. 5 depicts a representation of the electrical signals produced by the transducer of FIG. 3 as a function of the position of the blade relative to the transducer hole of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 depicts a front view of the table apparatus of FIG. 1 depicting the location of the position measuring transducers.
FIG. 7 depicts a schematic electrical diagram of one motor drive circuit employed in the FIG. 1 apparatus.
In FIG. 1, a table positioning apparatus is shown. The apparatus includes an electron beam column 76 which has an electron source unit 77, a blanking unit 78, a deflecting unit 79, a work chamber 80 and an interferometer unit 81. A table apparatus 24 for holding a work piece 2 is located within the work chamber 80. The table apparatus 24 is movable in both the X axis and the Y axis directions. Table apparatus 24 includes an X axis table 24-X which is driven in the X axis direction and includes a Y axis table 24-Y which is driven in the Y axis direction by the drive shafts 40 and 40', respectively, which are in turn rotated by the servo motors 20 and 20', respectively. The motors 20 and 20' are driven by motor drive signals from the motor drives 18 and 18', respectively.
The interfermoter unit 81 is a conventional measurement unit for measuring the X and Y axis coordinates at which the table apparatus 24 and work piece 2 are positioned. An X axis measured-position signal is provided from an X position output counter 22. Counter 22 is one part of the interferometer unit 81. A Y axis measured-position signal is provided from a Y position counter 22'. Counter 22' is another part of the interferometer 81. For one typical interferometer unit 81, the X and Y axis measured-position signals are 24-bit digital signals output on buses 38 and 38', respectively, which indicate the coordinates at which tables 24-X and 24-Y are positioned with an accuracy of 0.08 times 10-6 meter.
In FIG. 1, the control system 99 and other elements are typically like those shown in the cross-referenced application entitled ELECTRON BEAM EXPOSURE SYSTEM METHOD AND APPARATUS. Elements common to that application and the present application have the same reference numbers.
In FIG. 1, commanded-position signals are gated to and stored in the X axis and Y axis table control units 10 and 10', respectively. The commanded-position signals indicate coordinates at which the table apparatus 24 is to be positioned during the commanded-position mode of operation. The table control units 10 and 10' also receive, on 24-bit buses 38 and 38', the measured-position signals from the output counters 22 and 22', respectively, of the interferometer unit 81. The table control units 10 and 10' function to provide analog error signals on output lines 16 and 16', respectively. The analog error signal on line 16 is proportional to the difference between the commanded-position signal from bus 16 and the measured-position signal from bus 38. The analog error signal on line 16' is proportional to the difference between the commanded-position signal from bus 6 and the measured-position signal on bus 38'. The error signals on lines 16 and 16' are provided as one set of input signals to the motor drives 18 and 18', respectively.
In FIG. 1, X axis and Y axis servo amplifiers 112 and 112' provide analog signals on lines 117 and 117', respectively, to drive the table apparatus 24 to a reference location during a reference position mode of operation. The servo amplifiers 112 and 112' are differential amplifiers which receive on one of their respective inputs the reference position signals, on lines 150 and 150', from the reference position transducers 82 and 82', respectively. The amplifiers 112 and 112' compare the reference position signals with reference levels, Vr, to provide the analog servo signals on lines 117 and 117', respectively. The analog signals on lines 117 and 117' vary as a function of the positions of the tables 24-X and 24-Y with respect to the X axis reference position and the Y axis reference position, respectively.
The lines 117 and 117' connect as the second set of inputs to the motor drives 18 and 18'. The motor drive 18 selects between either the input analog error signal on line 16 or the analog servo signal on line 117 under the control of the mode signal on line 152. In a similar manner, the Y axis motor drive 18' selects between the error signal on line 16' or the servo signal on line 117' under control of the mode signal on line 152. The motor drives 18 and 18' with either set of inputs function to provide motor drive signals on lines 118 and 118' which drive the motors 20 and 20', respectively.
In FIG. 1, the mode signal on line 152 is provided as the output from a conventional set (S) and reset (R) latch 119 which forms part of the control unit 137. Latch 119 is set to provide the reference position mode signal on line 152 by operation of a START signal. When set by the START signal, the signal on line 152 causes the motor drives 18 and 18' to select the servo signals on lines 117 and 117', respectively. The START signal is provided by the control system 99 via the bus 6 and controls (not shown). The controls associated with the bus 6 are conventional and are not shown in FIG. 1 for clarity. The latch 119 is reset by operation of a RESET signal on line 125 to reset the signal on line 152 to the commanded-position mode. When the signal on line 152 is thus reset to the commanded-position mode, the motor drives 18 and 18' select the input lines 16 and 16', respectively.
The motor drives 18 and 18' receive the X axis and the Y axis limit signals on the four lines of bus 153. The four lines of the bus 153 include the lines 150-1 and 150-2 derived from the X axis limit transducers 83 and 84, respectively and the lines 150'-1 and 150'-2 from the Y axis limit transducers 83' and 84', respectively. The transducers 83, 83', 84 and 84' are typically optical transducers like the transducers 82 and 82'. The limit transducers 83 and 84 are located to define limit positions at the extreme ends of travel of the table 24-X. Similarly, the transducers 83' and 84' are located to define limit positions at the extreme ends of travel of the table 24-Y. Whenever either of the tables has exceeded the respective limit positions a limit signal is generated.
In FIG. 1, the presence of a limit signal on any of the lines of bus 153 functions to cause the motor drives 18 and 18' to immediately stop the drive signals from lines 118 and 118'.
When the motor drives 18 and 18' are operating in the reference position mode, an X axis servo zero signal is provided on line 151 and a Y axis servo zero signal is provided on line 151' to indicate when the tables 24-X and 24-Y have been servoed to the reference positions.
In FIG. 1, the control unit 137 also includes an AND gate 123 which detects the presence of both the X and Y servo zero position signals on lines 151 and 151' together with the mode signal on line 152. The output from the AND gate 123 is connected to a conventional one second delay 124 which, one second after gate 123 is satisfied, provides the RESET signal on line 125. Delay 124 is a conventional device which provides an output after the delay period unless the initiating logical 1 signal from gate 123 has returned to a logical 0 before expiration of the delay period. The function of gate 123 and delay 124 is to insure that both the tables 24-X and 24-Y are simultaneously at the respective reference positions on a stable basis rather than on a transient basis. The delay provides time for the servoing to become stable.
In FIG. 1, the RESET signal on line 125 is connected to reset the mode latch 119. The RESET signal on line 125 also connects to the reset (R) inputs of the counters 22 and 22' of the interferometer unit 81 for resetting those counters. The RESET signal on line 125 additionally connects to the bus 6 to signal the control system 99 that servoing to the reference positions has been completed.
Referring to both FIGS. 1 and 6, the optical transducers 82, 83 and 84 are located fixed with respect to table 24-Y to detect X axis movement of table 24-X. The blade 85 is carried by table 24-X as it translates in the X axis direction. The blade 85 has an end member 85-1 which is configured and located to slide through the optical beams of the transducers 82 and 83 which are located with respect to member 85-1 to establish limit and reference positions at one extreme end of travel of the table 24-X. The blade 85 includes another end member 85-2 which is configured and located to translate through the transducer 84. Transducer 84 is located with respect to member 85-2 to establish a limit position at the other extreme end of travel of the table 24-X. The transducers 82, 83 and 84 and table 24-X are all connected, as shown in FIG. 6, to the table 24-Y which translates them together in the Y axis direction. In this manner, the transducers 82, 83 and 84 have the same identical Y axis movement as the table 24-X. Note that the table 24-X is moved in the X axis direction by the shaft 40. Shaft 40 has a flexible or universal coupling 138 to allow for the Y axis movement. In a similar manner, the portion 24-Y is moved in the Y axis direction by the shaft 40'. Shaft 40' requires no flexible coupling since table 24-Y is not designed for X axis movement. The table 24-Y supports the blade 85' having end members 85'-1 and 85'-2. The end member 85'-1 is configured and located to slide through the transducers 82' and 83' which in turn are located to establish limit and reference positions at one extreme end of travel. The blade member 85'-2 is configured and located to slide through the transducer 84' which in turn is located to establish a limit position at the other extreme end of travel of table 24-Y. The transducers 82', 83' and 84' are mounted on base 139 which is stationary.
In FIG. 2, an enlarged view of the blade end member 85-1 and the transducers 82 and 83 of FIG. 1 are shown. The transducer 82 includes a portion 89 having two parallel arms 96 and 97 defining an opening 86. The arm 96 includes a hole 87 from which a light beam, produced by a light emitting diode, radiates into and across the opening 86. The arm 97 includes a hole 88 opposite the hole 87 for receiving the incident light beam. The blade end member 85-1 is intended to translate from its position at +X2 on the X axis through the opening 86 so as to block all of or portions of the light beam, transmitted from opening 87 toward opening 88 as a function of the position of the blade 85 and end member 85-1. The transducer 82 includes in addition to the portion 89 a portion 98 which schematically represents power source and resistor connections as shown in FIG. 3. The portion 89 is typically an optical transducer of the type sold by Monsanto, Inc. under model number MCA-81. The FIG. 2, the portion 89 and the portion 98 forming the transducer 82 provide an electrical output, Vo, on an output line 150.
In FIG. 2 a second transducer 83, identical to the transducer 82, is located adjacent to the transducer 82 to establish a limit position at -XL1 on the X axis. The transducer 83 is also in position to receive the blade end member 85-1 when the table 24-X is translated to the extreme X axis travel position. The transducer 83 includes the holes 87-1 and 88-1 which permit a light beam to pass. Whenever the blade end member 85-1 travels sufficiently past the openings 87-1 and 88-1, a limit signal is provided on the output line 150-1. The transducers 82 and 83 of FIG. 2, besides showing details of the transducers 82 and 83 of FIG. 1, also represent transducers 82' and 83' of FIG. 1. The transducer 83 of FIG. 2 is also typical of the transducers 84 and 84' of FIG. 1.
In FIG. 3, the optical transducer 82 is shown as typical of all the transducers 82, 82', 83, 83', 84 and 84' of FIG. 1. The transducer 82 includes one portion 89 which is typically a commercially available product, and another portion 98. The portion 98 includes a 200 ohm resistor connected between the terminals 108 and 110 of the portion 89. The terminal 110 is connected to a voltage supply Vcc. A 1,000 ohm resistor is connected between the terminals 109 and 111 of the portion 89. The terminal 111 provides an output signal, Vo, on line 150.
In FIG. 3, the portion 89 of the transducer 82 includes a light-emitting diode 126 between the terminals 108 and 109 opposite the hole 87. Similarly, a light-actuated transistor 127 is positioned behind the hole 88 for receiving the light beam from the diode 126 across the opening 86.
The emitter of transistor 127 is connected to the base of a second transistor 128 which in turn has its collector and emitter connected to the terminals 110 and 111. The output signal on line 150 is proportional to the quantum of light in the light beam transmitted across the opening 86 between the diode 126 and the transistor 127. When the blade end member 85-1 has moved to block the light beam entirely, no significant collector/emitter current is present in the transistors 127 and 128. Therefore, the voltage on line 150 is approximately zero volts for a fully blocked light beam. When none of the light beam is blocked by the blade 85, then the voltage on line 150 is approximately Vcc. When the blade end 85-1 is positional between -X1 and +X1 such that only a portion of the light beam is blocked, then the output on line 150 is between zero and Vcc as a direct function of the proportion of light beam which is blocked.
In FIG. 4, further details of the light receiving hole 88 in the transducer 82 are shown relative to the position of end member 85-1 of the blade 85. The hole 88 is approximately one square millimeter and hence has a dimension along the X axis of 1 millimeter. The light beam from hole 87 of FIG. 3 generally covers the entire hole 88 so that the useful part of the incident light beam has a cross-sectional area defined by hole 88. Hole 88 defines a local region extending over and on either side of the reference position. The local region is included within the much larger extended table travel (8 centimeters or more) over which the measurement unit operates to measure table position. The front edge 85-2 of the end member 85-1 is shown in FIG. 4 at a position Xi between O and +Xl on the X axis. When the table 24-X of FIG. 1 is moved in the negative X axis direction, the edge 85-3 is moved toward the O position on the X axis and if moved farther in the negative direction will completely cover the opening at the -Xl location on the X axis. The amount of light which is transmitted through the hole 88 is a function of the position of the blade 85 relative to the hole 88.
While FIG. 4 has been described with respect to the transducer 82 and X axis movement, each of the other transducers in both axes operates in a similar manner.
In FIG. 5, a wave form representative of the signals employed in the apparatus of FIG. 1 is shown. When the edge 85-3 of the blade 85 is at a positive location of +Xl or greater, then the output signal VO on line 150 is approximately Vcc. In the Xi position shown in FIG. 4, the output signal Vo has a value Vi between O and Vcc. When the end member 85-1 covers the hole 88 and the edge 85-3 is at a negative location of -Xl or less, then the output signal VO on line 150 is zero volts. At some point approximately halfway between +Xl and -Xl, the output voltage is Vr. This location at which the voltage is Vr is used to define the reference position of the X axis. Whenever the Vr voltage level appears as the output signal Vo on line 150, the edge 85-3 is defined to be at the reference position of the X axis. In a similar manner, the Y axis transducer 82' produces a similar output voltage to establish the reference position of the Y axis.
In FIG. 5, the voltage Vr is selected as the reference voltage input to the X axis servo amplifier 112. The servo signal Vs, output from the servo amplifier on line 117 has a reference value (e.g. zero volts) whenever Vo on line 150 is equal to Vr. Whenever the signal Vo is greater than Vr, then the servo amplifier signal Vs on line 117 tends to be negative (one sign), up to a maximum negative amplitude, -Vmax. Whenever the signal Vo is less than Vr, the X axis motor drive 18 drives the table 24-X in the negative X direction. Whenever the signal Vo on line 150 is less than Vr, the signal Vs from the servo amplifier 112 is positive (opposite sign) up to a maximum value +Vmax. The positive Vs signal on line 117 causes the motor drive 18 and motor 20 to drive the table 24-X in the positive X direction toward the X axis reference position.
While the description of FIGS. 4 and 5 are with respect to the servo transducer 82 and the X axis movement of table 24-X, the same relationship applies with respect to the servo amplifier 82' and the Y axis movement of table 24-Y.
In FIG. 7, further details of the X axis positional control apparatus is shown and such apparatus is duplicated for the Y axis. In FIG. 7, the table control 10 has its analog error signal output on line 16 connected to one pole of the solenoid actuated switch 160. Similarly, the servo amplifier 112 has its analog servo signal output on line 117 connected to the other input pole of the switch 160.
The switch 160 functions to connect either the signal on line 16 or the signal on line 117 to the line 116 to provide an input to power amplifier 114. Actuation of the switch 160 is under control of the mode signal on line 152. Line 152 is derived from the output of the mode latch 119 in the control 137 of FIG. 1. Amplifier 114 is a conventional differential amplifier for driving a motor in a table positioning system. In addition to the analog signal on line 116, the amplifier 114 receives a signal on line 135 from a tachometer 136. Tachometer 136 is driven by the shaft 40-1 which turns with the drive shaft 40 of the motor 20. The tachometer 136 and the signal on line 135 provide the feedback to amplifier 114 thus forming a speed control system. In this mode of operation, the motor speed is proportional to the voltage on line 116.
The output from the amplifier 114 connects to one of the two input poles of the solenoid actuated switch 156. Switch 156 connects the signal either from the line 115 or from ground to the motor drive line 118. Switch 156 normally connects the line 115 to line 118 except when the table apparatus 24 of FIG. 1 has traveled to any limit position in either direction for both the X and Y axes. When the table 24 has traveled to a limit position, it will actuate one or more of the limit transducers 83 or 83', 84 or 84' to provide a signal on one of the lines 153. When any one of the lines 153 is thus actuated, the NAND gate 154 produces a logical 1 output. That logical 1 is driven through the driver 155 to deenergize the solenoid switch 156 to allow the contact to switch to the ground position. When the table apparatus has not traveled to any limit position, all of the lines 153 are at a logical 1 state and therefore the output from the NAND gate 154 is a logical O. That logical O causes the solenoid switch 156 to be energized thereby causing line 115 to be connected to line 118.
In FIG. 7, the motor drive 18 includes a conventional zero detector 113 for detecting the zero level of the servo signal on line 117 from the servo amplifier 112. Zero detector 113 detects the zero level on line 117 to produce the X axis servo zero signal on line 151. The servo signal on line 151 indicates that the edge 85-2 (see FIGS. 4 and 5) has been moved to the reference position on the X axis.
The FIG. 7 positional control apparatus is duplicated for the Y axis as indicated in FIG. 1. The duplicated circuitry provides a Y axis servo zero signal on line 151' analogous to the signal on line 151 in FIG. 7.
When the signal on line 151' is generated, it indicates that the table 24-Y of FIG. 1 has been moved to the reference position on the Y axis which is analogous to the reference position indicated in FIGS. 4 and 5 with respect to the X axis.
In FIG. 1, when a work piece 2 has been placed on the table 24, it is desired to command the position of the table apparatus 24 to position work piece under commands from the control system 99 in a commanded-position mode of operation. Before the commands can be accurately executed, however, the table apparatus 24 is desirably repositioned to some predetermined reference location so that the measurement unit can be reset to establish a known origin from which coordinates can be measured. That reference location is at the X axis and Y axis reference position established by the position measuring transducers. In order to position the table apparatus 24 at the zero X axis and Y axis reference positions, control system 99 issues a START command to set the mode latch 119 to the reference position mode. With the servo latch 119 thus set, the mode line 152 is enabled causing the motor drives 18 and 18' (using switch 160 in FIG. 7) to connect the servo amplifiers 112 and 112' as the selected inputs. The motor drives 18 and 18' then drive the table 24 in both the X and Y axes toward the reference positions established by transducers 82 and 82', respectively. In the manner described in connection with FIG. 5, the blade edge 85-2 will be driven until the Vs signals output from the servo amplifiers 112 and 112' are each simultaneously equal to zero. When the zero detector 113 in the X axis and the corresponding zero detector in the Y axis (not explicity shown) produce logical 1 servo zero signals on lines 151 and 151', AND gate 153 is satisfied to produce an initiate reset signal as an input to delay 124. After the one second delay in delay 124, the RESET signal is generated to reset mode latch 119 to the commanded-position mode and to reset the counters 22 and 22' in the interferometer unit 81 to all 0's. In this manner, the interferometer unit 81 is and can be repeatedly reset so as to measure from a predetermined reference location of the table apparatus 24. It has been found that the measurement unit is reset with an accuracy greater than 1�10-6 meters. Therefore, when the operation to position the table apparatus 24 and a work piece 2 at a commanded position, an accuracy of better than 1�10-6 meters with respect to a predetermined reference location can be maintained.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that those changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention.
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|Michelson Gunnar P
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|Mask feed method and apparatus for exposure replicate systems
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|Method and apparatus for use in microscope investigations
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|Hitachi, Ltd.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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