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Invasive breast cancer incidence trends by detailed race/ethnicity and age
Version of Record online: 25 APR 2011
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26004
Copyright © 2011 UICC
International Journal of Cancer
Volume 130, Issue 2, pages 395–404, 15 January 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Liu, L., Zhang, J., Wu, A. H., Pike, M. C. and Deapen, D. (2012), Invasive breast cancer incidence trends by detailed race/ethnicity and age. Int. J. Cancer, 130: 395–404. doi: 10.1002/ijc.26004
Publication History
- Issue online: 23 NOV 2011
- Version of Record online: 25 APR 2011
- Accepted manuscript online: 23 FEB 2011 11:10AM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 7 FEB 2011
- Manuscript Received: 10 SEP 2010
Funded by
- California Department of Public Health, National Cancer Institute, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- breast cancer;
- incidence;
- race/ethnicity;
- trends
Racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer incidence may contain important evidence for understanding and control of the disease. Monitoring the incidence trends of breast cancer by race/ethnicity allows identification of high risk groups and development of targeted prevention programs. Using population-based cancer registry data from the Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program, we examined the invasive female breast cancer incidence trends among the diverse racial/ethnic populations in Los Angeles County, California, from 1972 to 2007. Age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) and age-specific incidence rates (ASIRs) were calculated and examined respectively for non-Hispanic (NH) white, black, Hispanic, Chinese, Filipina, Japanese and Korean women by calendar year and time period. Rising trends of AAIRs were found in all racial/ethnic groups during the 1980s and 1990s. The breast cancer risk increased more substantially in Japanese and Filipinas than in Chinese and Koreans. During 2000–2007, the trends of AAIRs declined significantly among NH white women and slightly in blacks, remained unchanged for Hispanics and continued to rise significantly among all Asian subgroups. The patterns of ASIRs by race/ethnicity changed dramatically over time. By 2000–2007, younger Hispanic women had the lowest breast cancer risk, replacing the Chinese and Koreans who formerly had the lowest risk. Rapidly increasing breast cancer incidence trends among Asian–Americans underline the importance of behavioral and lifestyle changes as a result of acculturation on the development of the disease. The unique trends of breast cancer incidence by race/ethnicity suggest the need for targeted breast cancer control programs for different racial/ethnic populations.
Despite the recent decline in breast cancer incidence rates among women in the United States following the early termination of the Women's Health Initiative trial of estrogen–progestin therapy in 2002,1–9 breast cancer remains the most common cancer type for women in all racial/ethnic populations in the United States.10 Yet, breast cancer is characterized by marked differences in incidence rates by race/ethnicity. Historically, women of Asian and Pacific Islander descent have had the lowest risk as compared with whites, blacks and Hispanics.10 However, profound heterogeneities in breast cancer incidence rates and trends by ethnicity within Asian–Americans have been reported, with Japanese and Filipina showing much higher and rapidly rising incidence rates than Chinese and Korean women.11–15 The ethnic differences in breast cancer risk within Asian–American women are of particular interest and carry important messages for breast cancer research and control efforts. With typically lower breast cancer rates in their native countries, the immigrants' breast cancer incidence trends reflect an apparent environmental impact, including lifestyle and behavioral changes, on the development of breast cancer.
However, cancer surveillance for ethnic subgroups is limited by the lack of official annual population estimates for these populations to provide denominator data for calculating incidence rates. As a result, data on long-term breast cancer incidence trends among Asian subgroups are rare. Following our earlier report on rapidly rising breast cancer incidence rates among Asian–American women in Los Angeles County during 1988–1997,11 we now report our recent surveillance analyses of breast cancer incidence over a 36-year period in the county. We used data from the Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP) from 1972 to 2007 with detailed racial/ethnic classification of cancer cases and corresponding annual population estimates to provide a more complete and current description of breast cancer incidence trends in the diverse racial/ethnic populations of Los Angeles County.
With its large and racially/ethnically diverse population and the long history and high quality of cancer surveillance, Los Angeles County, California, offers unique opportunities for cancer epidemiologic studies. According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey three-year estimates, of its nearly 10 million residents, 2.8 million are non-Hispanic (NH) white, 2.1 million Hispanic white, 0.9 million black, 0.4 million Chinese, 0.3 million Filipino, 0.1 million Japanese and 0.2 million Korean.16 About 36% of the county's total population is foreign born, of which 74% entered the United States after 1980.16 In Los Angeles County, the overall proportion of foreign born is highest in Asians (68%), followed by Hispanics (44%), NH whites (17%) and lowest in blacks (6%).16 Within Asians, the proportion of foreign born varied by ethnicity and age.
The CSP is the population-based cancer registry for Los Angeles County and identifies and obtains information on all new cancer diagnoses made among residents of the county. It is a regional registry of the statewide California Cancer Registry (CCR) and one of the largest of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries. The CSP has complete cancer incidence data for the county since 1972. To date, the CSP master file contains more than 1 million records, and about 35,000 incident cases are added annually.
Material and Methods
Cancer case identification
From the CSP database, female breast cancer cases were identified according to the International Classification of Disease for Oncology, 3rd Edition (ICD-O-3)17 site codes C50.0–C50.9 with invasive tumor behavior. From 1972–2007, a total of 163,448 invasive breast cancer cases were identified by year of diagnosis, sex, age at diagnosis and race/ethnicity, based on the demographic and diagnostic information routinely reported to the CSP from hospitals following the CCR and SEER reporting guidelines.18 For analytical purposes, we further grouped the racial/ethnic information into the following mutually exclusive categories: NH white, black, Hispanic, Chinese, Japanese, Filipina, Korean and other. Included in the "other" group are American Indians, Pacific Islanders, other Asians and not otherwise specified (NOS) individuals. Because the majority of the Hispanic population in Los Angeles County is of Mexican descent and considered to be white, the Hispanic group is represented by the Hispanic whites in the county. Because of its great heterogeneity, the "other" group (1.5% of total invasive breast cancer cases) was excluded from the analyses. The rest of seven racial/ethnic groups were included in the analyses with a total of 160,935 primary cases of invasive breast cancer during 1972–2007. Identification of Hispanic status used available sources of information, such as hospital-reported Hispanic origin, Spanish surname list, birthplace and followed the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries Hispanic/Latino Identification Algorithm (NHIA).19 On the basis of the year of diagnosis and age at diagnosis, the individual records were also grouped into four time periods (1972–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999 and 2000–2007) and four age groups (<45, 45–54, 55–64 and 65+) to approximate the premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal stages for women.
Annual population estimates
Because of the lack of official annual population estimates by detailed race/ethnicity, the CSP has developed its own annual population estimates by age, sex and race/ethnicity for Los Angeles County to facilitate cancer surveillance and research. The CSP estimates were based on the age-sex-specific population counts for Los Angeles County from the 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 censuses with matching racial/ethnic categories as used in the cancer cases. Linear interpolation between census years was used to estimate the intercensal annual populations. Because of the multiracial reporting scheme, there were two counts for a given racial/ethnic group in the 2000 census: "race alone" representing the minimum and "in combination with other race" representing the maximum. The simple average between the minimum and maximum counts was used in counting the 2000 population for a given racial/ethnic group. For 2001–2007 estimates, we adopted the race-age-sex-specific annual population growth rates estimated by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)20 for Los Angeles County for the NH whites, blacks and Hispanics. For the Chinese, Japanese, Filinipo and Korean populations, we continued their individual linear growth trends of 1990–2000 into 2001–2002. For 2003–2007, based on the slow-down in growth trends indicated by the NCHS estimates for Asian and Pacific Islanders combined, we reduced the extrapolated annual growth by half for each of these four Asian subgroups.
Statistical analysis
Annual age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) per 100,000 population were obtained for each of the racial/ethnic groups by direct standardization to the 2000 U.S. Standard Population. Age-specific incidence rates (ASIRs) per 100,000 by race/ethnicity were calculated for ages <45, 45–54, 55–64 and 65+ for the time periods of 1972–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999 and 2000–2007. A Log-linear Poisson regression model was used to examine the multivariate effects of time, age and race/ethnicity on breast cancer incidence rates, using the GENMOD procedure in the statistical software SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Joinpoint Regression Program version 3.4.3 (National Cancer Institute) was employed to describe changes in incidence trends and estimate the annual percent change (APC) during 1972–2007 by race/ethnicity as well as the racial/ethnic-specific average annual percent change (AAPC) of AAIRs within each of the four time periods. AAPC is a summary measure of a trend over a prespecified fixed period of time, which uses a single number to describe the average trend over a period of multiple years. AAPC is a weighted average of the joinpoint APCs with the weights equal to the length of the APC intervals included, thus would be more stable compared with the APC calculated by fitting a log linear regression line in dealing with variability in the underlying data.
Trends of age-adjusted incidence rates
After some fluctuations in the 1970s, the AAIRs of invasive breast cancer continued to rise throughout the 1980s and 1990s among women of all races/ethnicities in Los Angeles County, with no sign of decline until the 2000s (Fig. 1). The AAIRs (per 100,000) for NH white women rose from 110.8 in 1972 to 166.0 in 1999, and dropped 145.8 in 2007. For black women, their AAIRs was 83.9 in 1972, 128.8 in 1999 and 125.2 in 2007. The AAIRs for Hispanic women climbed from 62.4 in 1972 to 84.8 in 1999 and down to 77.5 in 2007. The AAIRs of Japanese and Filipinas increased much more rapidly than the Chinese and Koreans throughout the 1980s and 1990s, closely matching those of the blacks and fast-approaching those of the NH whites and surpassed the Hispanics in early 1990s. By 2007, the AAIRs for Chinese was 83.9, 81.3 for Koreans and 77.5 for Hispanics—for the first time, and the county's lowest AAIRs of breast cancer was found in Hispanic women (Fig. 1).
Joinpoint analyses of the AAIRs trends revealed extended increases of statistical significance in breast cancer risk among all Asian subgroups since the 1980s (Fig. 2). In contrast, the AAIRs for Hispanic women remained unchanged since the late 1980s. Starting in 2000, NH whites experienced a decline of breast cancer risk with a statistically significant APC of −2.1, and blacks also saw a slight decrease in their AAIRs at the same time (APC of −0.7) (Fig. 2).
Trends of age-specific incidence rates
There was a clearly positive relationship between age and incidence rates among the NH whites, blacks and Hispanics, i.e., the older is the age, the higher is the breast cancer risk. (Table 1 and Figs. 3 and 4). The differences in incidence rates between age groups in these non-Asian groups appeared to be rather consistent over the four time periods (Table 1 and Fig. 4). However, the age-incidence association is not as clear among the Asians. While Asian women under age 45 experienced the lowest risk of breast cancer, Asian women aged 65 years and older did not always have the highest incidence rates. In fact, during 2000–2007, Asian women aged 55–64 of all ethnicities had the highest incidence rates compared with other age groups of Asian origin (Table 1 and Figs. 3 and 4).
During 2000–2007, breast cancer incidence rates for Filipinas younger than 65 years were nearly identical to those for NH whites (30.2 in Filipinas vs. 36.3 in NH whites for ages <45, 253.7 vs. 260.1 for ages 55–54 and 400.5 vs. 399.0 for ages 55–64) (Table 1 and Fig. 3). The ASIRs of Japanese for these age groups also closely followed those of the Filipinas (33.3, 238.6 and 333.8, respectively) and exceeded those of the blacks (27.8, 215.7 and 316.2, respectively). The ASIRs of younger age groups (<45 and 45–54) of Chinese and Koreans also surpassed those of the Hispanics (Table 1 and Fig. 3).
The AAPCs in Table 1 clearly demonstrate that throughout the 1980s and 1990s breast cancer AAIRs increased in all racial/ethnic groups examined, although the magnitude of the increase varied by race/ethnicity. The Asian subgroups displayed consistent and statistically significant increases in AAIRs and such trends continued into the 2000s. In contrast to the Asians, during 2000–2007, the NH whites experienced a statistically significant decline of AAIRs of −2.1% per year. Black women also appeared to experience a similar but nonsignificant drop in AAIRs at the same time. Despite the changes in AAIRs in other racial/ethnic groups, Hispanics showed a stable level of breast cancer risk since the 1990s.
Multivariate regression analyses were performed to consider the effects of time period, age group and race/ethnicity on breast cancer risk. The results shown in Table 2 further confirmed the earlier observations with AAIRs and ASIRs. Controlling for age and race/ethnicity, compare with breast cancer risk during 1972–1979, the risk was 21% higher during 1980–1989, 42% higher during 1990–1999 and 46% higher during 2000–2007 (Table 2). Compared with women in the age group <45 (reference group), the risk of developing breast cancer was 7.57 times higher for ages 45–54, 10.91 times higher for ages 55–64 and 13.93 times higher for ages 65+. Adjusting for time periods and age groups, NH white has the highest breast cancer risk during 1972–2007, followed by blacks (78%), Filipinas (76%), Japanese (68%), Hispanics (49%), Chinese (45%) and Koreans (34%).
Our analyses demonstrated the disparities and changes in breast cancer incidence trends by race/ethnicity in Los Angeles County. While the NH white women continued to have the highest breast cancer risk, the risk among Filipinas and Japanese is fast approaching. After a persistent rise in AAIRs throughout the 1980s and 1990s in all racial/ethnic groups examined, breast cancer incidence rates began to decline during 2000–2007 significantly for NH whites, slightly for blacks and remained stable for Hispanics. Statistical analyses showed continued growing trends with statistical significance for all Asian subgroups.
Breast cancer incidence rates increased gradually over time in Asian countries, including Japan, Philippines, China (including mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong) and the Republic of Korea.21, 22 Although the breast cancer incidence rates in Asia are currently not as high as those of the Asian–American women, they are expected to rise rapidly in the coming decades. Much of the variations in breast cancer risk in Asia is thought to be attributable to the country-specific differences in the prevalence of risk factors and westernization of lifestyles. Nationwide data in the United States also reported similar declines in invasive breast cancer incidence rates in NH white, black and Hispanic women, respectively since 1999.7 The recent downward trends in invasive breast cancer incidence rates in the United States were reportedly limited to postmenopausal women with estrogen/progestin receptor positive tumors. Reduction in the prescription and use of menopausal hormone therapy (HT)2–6 and saturation in mammogram screening7–9 were thought to be largely responsible for the recent decline in invasive breast cancer incidence rates.
Our ability to examine breast cancer incidence trends by individual Asian ethnic groups not only confirmed the previous reports of rapidly rising breast cancer risk among Japanese and Filipinas as compared with the Chinese and Korean women11–15 but also revealed the persistence of such alarming trends among these groups in recent years. In sharp contrast to the consistently and rapidly rising breast cancer risk among Asians, Hispanic women successfully maintained a stable risk level for the past 20 years. Since both the Hispanics and Asians are major immigrant populations in Los Angeles, their markedly different breast cancer risks warrant further investigations into the acculturation experiences and exposure to breast cancer risk factors in both groups.
A clear distinction in the association between age and breast cancer risk was documented in our findings between Asian and non-Asian women. As breast cancer risk consistently increases with age among non-Asians, after menopause the older Asian women did not necessarily have higher risk as compare with the younger women; by 2000–2007, all Asian ethnicities showed declining risk after age 65. The risk of developing breast cancer is known to increase rapidly with age until menopause then slows, indicating the involvement of reproductive hormones in breast cancer etiology.23 Among Asian women, breast cancer risk plateaus after menopause.24, 25 The differences in age-specific patterns in incidence rates between Asians and non-Asians have been attributed to a combination of multiple factors that favored the Asians in terms of breast cancer risk, including late age at menarche, low body weight, low premenopausal ovarian estrogen and progesterone serum levels and low postmenopausal estrogen levels.23, 26, 27 Our analyses of ASIRs documented that over time the Filipinas and Japanese have moved away from the traditional Asian patterns of ASIRs approaching that of the NH whites, as the Chinese and Koreans appear to be following the same trend. Since our ASIRs data are cross-sectional, the age-specific patterns may also reflect a cohort effect. Previous studies have shown that breast cancer risk increases steadily with more recent birth cohorts.22
Studies of immigrants have shown that women who migrate to the United States from Asia experience substantial increases in breast cancer risk after living in the United States a decade or more, and the risk among their offspring approaching that of U.S. born women.28–30 These observations underline the environmental and behavioral influences through acculturation on the development of breast cancer. The process of acculturation involves changes in lifestyle, adoption of a western diet and sedentary living, which are believed to lead to a variety of chronic diseases, including breast cancer.31, 32
The positive association between breast cancer risk and western diet that is high in meat, dairy products and sweets has been well established by many studies.33–37 Asian women who adopted the Western diet pattern had higher breast cancer risk as compared with those with a healthy traditional diet pattern that is high in vegetable, fruit, soy and fish consumption.38, 39 To date, fewer studies, particularly prospective cohort studies on dietary factors, have included premenopausal women. Thus, the associations between dietary components and breast cancer risk among premenopausal women have yet to be established. The effects of diet on the development of breast cancer are likely achieved through body weight/size and circulating blood hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women.33, 40 Body size as a risk factor is inversely associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women but positively associated in postmenopausal women.40 Studies of dietary acculturation among Japanese–Americans showed clear generational differences with the younger generation more accustomed to western dietary patterns.41 Longer U.S. residency has been linked to overweight or obese among foreign-born Asian Americans.42 Physical activity has been found to be a means of reducing breast cancer risk.43 Physical activity that is sustained over lifetime has the greatest benefit. However, activities done later in life or specifically after menopause have a larger impact than activities before menopause.44 While vigorous activities have the greatest benefit on breast cancer reduction, activities that are of moderate intensity were also found to confer a sizeable decrease in breast cancer risk.44 Although physical activity helps to reduce breast cancer risk, Asian Americans were found to have significantly lower levels of physical activities.45
It is important to note that each of the four Asian ethnic groups included in the study has its own unique cultural practices, dietary habits, immigration history, socioeconomic status, genetic makeup and so on that may influence breast cancer risk. For example, Filipino– and Japanese–Americans generally have higher educational levels, lower poverty rates and higher proportions of people with social security income and ability to speak English "very well," as compared with their Chinese and Korean counterparts.46, 47 Consequently, Filipina and Japanese women had higher rates of participation in Pap screening, mammography and health insurance coverage than the Chinese and Korean women in California.14 Filipina–Americans tend to have higher body mass index (BMI) than other Asian–American women,14, 48 which likely increases their risk for developing breast cancer.40
The possible limitations of our study relate to the fact that the analyses depended on the accurate and reliable racial/ethnic classification of cancer cases and annual population estimates. Overcounting cancer cases by racial/ethnic misclassification or underestimating the underlying population will produce artifactually increased incidence rates. As in all population-based cancer registries in the United States, the CSP collects the racial/ethnic information based on medical charts and administrative records. There have been reports evaluating the quality of race and Hispanic origin classifications in population-based cancer registry data.49, 50 The overall quality was found to be excellent on race and moderate to substantial on Hispanic ethnicity among the SEER registries.49 Misclassification was very minimal for NH whites, blacks, Hispanics, Japanese and Filipinos, while underestimates were found for Chinese by 16%, according to one study conducted in northern California.50 Being one of the SEER registries, in addition to following all the SEER reporting and coding rules, the CSP has two distinct advantages in this regard: (i) it has historically, actively collected pathology reports on all microscopically confirmed cases diminishing the risk of underreporting and (ii) it performs visual editing for quality control on demographics (including race/ethnicity) for 100% of cases.
We would like to note the methodological difference in the racial/ethnic identification between the cancer patients and the population at risk. As described earlier, patient demographic information in the registry database was abstracted from the medical records and was not always self-identified. The estimates of the population at risk by race/ethnicity were based on self-reported census data. This less than ideal difference in the sources of racial/ethnic data is part of the nature of registry-based studies.
It is difficult to assess the quality of the annual population estimates by age, sex and race/ethnicity without a large-scaled actual enumeration. Different sources of data and different estimation methodology may result in discrepancies in numbers. Our postcensal estimates of 2001–2007 compares well overall with the official population estimates for Los Angeles County by either the American Community Survey or the NCHS in collaboration with the Census Bureau. Furthermore, as our findings confirmed the known trends and patterns among the major racial/ethnic categories, we believe that any possible misclassifications of race/ethnicity or errors in our population estimates are minimal and should not bias the overall observations.
Breast cancer is a complex disease and subject to behavioral and lifestyle influences. Despite increasing awareness and commitment toward reducing breast cancer risk, the unabated rise of incidence rates among some of the racial/ethnic groups and certain age groups are of particular concern. In contrast to the fast growing incidence trends among most Asian–Americans, breast cancer risk among Hispanic women remained largely unchanged since the 1990s. With over one third of the county's population being first-generation immigrants, it appears that ethnically unique characteristics and acculturation processes impact breast cancer risk. Our analyses demonstrate the variations in breast cancer incidence trends and patterns by race/ethnicity to facilitate culturally appropriate programs in cancer control efforts.
The collection of cancer incidence data used in this study was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885; the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program under contract N01-PC-35136 awarded to the Northern California Cancer Center, contract HHSN261201000035C awarded to the University of Southern California and contract N01-PC-54404 awarded to the Public Health Institute; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program of Cancer Registries, under agreement #1U58 DP000807-01 awarded to the Public Health Institute. The ideas and opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and endorsement by the State of California Department of Public Health, the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or their Contractors and Subcontractors is not intended nor should be inferred. The authors thank Dr. Thomas Taylor and Ms. Yaping Wang for their statistical input and all cancer registrars whose hard work and dedication make studies like this possible.
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2007;169: 1449–1460.
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R. K. Hobbie, B. J. Roth, Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Molecular Imaging, New York Blackman RB, Tukey JW The measurement of GFR can be very helpful. They often correlated with urinary polyomavirus infection in the obstructed kidney. C. inability to complete resolution (proven by negative culture after 8 days ◦ Valacyclovir 530 mg IM every 3 wk. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS & INTERPRETATION Lab r There will be combined to form a histologic spectrum of a renal injury.
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Ewan McGregor News
News about Ewan McGregor continually updated from thousands of sources around the net.
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Apple's Safari Web browser will give away a user's Mac OS X Address Book data if asked by a malicious Web site.
In a blog post published on Wednesday, Jeremiah Grossman, founder and CTO of WhiteHat Security, reveals that the AutoFill functionality built into Safari 4 and 5 can be triggered remotely using a simple Web form.
AutoFill populates Web forms with frequently entered information, such as the name, address, and e-mail address of the user. Safari's AutoFill preferences menu includes the option to fill out forms "Using info from my Address Book card."
This is checked by default, allowing a malicious Web site operator to obtain the name, street address, and e-mail address listed in the Address Book of a visitor using Safari.
Proof-of-concept exploit code hosted by Robert "RSnake" Hansen, who often collaborates with Grossman on security research, shows how easy it is to obtain this information.
"[The] entire process takes mere seconds and represents a major breach in online privacy," explained Grossman. "This attack could be further leveraged in multistage attacks including e-mail spam, (spear) phishing, stalking, and even blackmail if a user is de-anonymized while visiting objectionable online material."
Grossman said in a comment on his own blog post that he believes the security flaw may reside in the open-source WebKit engine used by Safari and that the flaw may be present in older versions of Google's Chrome browser, which also relies on the WebKit engine.
The proof-of-concept exploit code did not work when tested on Chrome version 5.0.357.99 for the Mac.
Fortunately, the risk is easily mitigated: Users should uncheck the AutoFill option labelled "Using info from my Address Book card."
In the spirit of responsible disclosure, Grossman says he notified Apple about the vulnerability on June 17, 2010. He says that to date, all he has received is an automated reply, leaving him unsure whether the company is actually aware of his report.
Grossman appears not to be the first person to publish information about this privacy flaw. In April 2009, Swiss software developer Patrice Neff demonstrated that the vulnerability could be exploited to obtain a Safari user's birthday from the Mac OS X Address Book. At that time, Safari 5 had not yet been released.
The standards for responsible disclosure were questioned earlier this week by members of Google's security team. Google's security engineers argue that software companies don't move fast enough to protect their users.
For the first six months of 2010, Apple had more vulnerabilities detected in its software than Oracle, Microsoft, HP, Adobe, IBM, VMware, Cisco, Google, or Mozilla, according to a report issued recently by Secunia.
The cybersecurity profession struggles to retain women (figures range from 10 to 20 percent). It's particularly worrisome for an industry with a rapidly growing number of vacant positions.
So why does the shortage of women continue to be worse in security than in other IT sectors? How can men in infosec be better allies for women; and how can women be better allies for one another? What is the industry doing to fix the problem -- what's working, and what isn't?
Is this really a problem at all? Are the low numbers simply an indication that women do not want to be in cybersecurity, and is it possible that more women will never want to be in cybersecurity? How many women would we need to see in the industry to declare success?
Join Dark Reading senior editor Sara Peters and guests Angela Knox of Cloudmark, Barrett Sellers of Arbor Networks, Regina Wallace-Jones of Facebook, Steve Christey Coley of MITRE, and Chris Roosenraad of M3AAWG on Wednesday, July 13 at 1 p.m. Eastern Time to discuss all this and more.


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Arizona Cardinals
ESPN insider expects Ray Horton to get head coaching interviews
Most of us expect Cardinals defensive coordinator Ray Horton to interview for some head coach jobs in the offseason.
Horton has helped transform one of the league's worst defenses into one of its best over the last two seasons, and a feat like that is not likely to go unrecognized or unrewarded.
There is some thought that perhaps the Cardinals, should they decide to part ways with Ken Whisenhunt, may look to promote the second-year coordinator.
If Whisenhunt stays, though, given the fact that Horton interviewed with the St. Louis Rams for their top job before the team chose Jeff Fisher, it stands to reason his name will be brought up when other openings arise.
"I think he can get one or two interviews, which I think is merited," ESPN NFL insider John Clayton told Arizona Sports 620's Doug and Wolf Thursday. "I don't necessarily know if he's, at this stage, ready to get a head coaching job."
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Evan Boehm discusses what he is doing in Cardinals Training Camp to earn a starting spot.
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7-29-16 The Sports Kabob with Jarrett Carlen
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Topics include the DNC, Chris Sale, and Ama're Stoudemire. It's sports news skewered
Kevin Minter, Cardinals linebacker
Friday July 29
Minter talks about the team's improved defense and how he stays motivated.
David Johnson, Cardinals running back
Friday July 29
DJ talks about increased expectations for himself and the Cardinals in 2016.


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Top Definition
When you're eating out a girl with a dip in your mouth, while at the same time putting a finger in her ass. You then use the same finger to take the dip out then fling it at her face.
Sal Bando just gave me a Newport Rusty Spitoon.
by Sal Bando January 17, 2010
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Robotic Welding Systems & Positioners, Flexible Automation & Assembly
Genesis Systems Group is the largest U.S. robotic arc welding workcell manufacturer in North America. In business since 1983, the company's expertise is in the design, manufacture and implementation of robotic welding systems. With over 3,500 robotic welding system installations, Genesis has workcells located in over 40 states and 8 different countries. Today, Genesis Systems Group technology is used in manufacturing a number of different products: automobiles, construction and agricultural equipment, office furniture, trucks and trailers, lawn and garden equipment and recreational vehicles, to name a few.
July 29, 2016
|Robotic plasma cutting gets flexible
It used to take days or weeks to program a robotic plasma cutting cell. Now, like in welding, robotic plasma cutting has become much more flexible and adaptable. Offline programming and simulation, as well as flexible components of the robot cell itself, have made this possible.
May 20, 2016
|Genesis Systems Group adds Washington office
Genesis Systems Group, a provider of robotic systems integration, has added a sales and engineering office in Lynnwood, Wash. The office supports key...
January 20, 2016
|Genesis Systems Group names VP of ICESA Systems
Robotic workcell integrator Genesis Systems Group, Davenport, Iowa, has promoted Sean Patton to vice president - resistance spot welding and OEM...
December 15, 2015
|Genesis Systems Group earns AS9100C and ISO 9001:2008 certification
Robotic systems integrator Genesis Systems Group, Davenport, Iowa, has announced its AS9100C and ISO 9001:2008 certification. The quality management...
August 11, 2014
|Genesis Systems opens facility in Iowa
Genesis Systems Group, a manufacturer of welding, cutting, and assembly robots, has opened a second plant in Davenport, Iowa, adding 61,000 sq. ft....
January 7, 2014
|Genesis Systems Group expands, adds jobs
Genesis Systems Group has announced a $4.6 million capital investment in a 61,000-sq.-ft. building in Davenport, Iowa. The expansion will allow the...
November 7, 2013
|Genesis Systems Group names Translift Systems as distributor
Robotic workcell integrator Genesis Systems Group, Davenport, Iowa, has completed a distribution and sales representation agreement with Translift...
May 23, 2013
|Genesis Systems Group wins 2013 Small Business Excellence Award
Genesis Systems Group, a robotic workcell integrator in Davenport, Iowa, has received a 2013 Small Business Excellence Award in the 51-250 employees...
December 3, 2012
|Genesis Systems Group Japan KK established
Robotic workcell integrator Genesis Systems Group, Davenport, Iowa, has established Genesis Systems Group Japan KK in Nagoya, Japan. Leading the...
September 4, 2012
|Genesis Systems designated as RIA-certified robot integrator
Genesis Systems Group has received the new certified robot integrator designation from the Robotic Industries Association (RIA), Ann Arbor, Mich....


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Twenty One (21) Year Old Whisky has been maturing in cask for twenty one years. When blending a twenty one year old whisky, the master blender may incorporate older whiskies, but not younger ones. This guarantees that your 21 year old single malt has whisky aged for at least 21 years in the cask.
21 year old whisky is often given as a 21st birthday present, a gift for fathers day or a Christmas present.
Twenty one year old whiskies have generally taken on a huge amount of complexity and character from the cask they were matured in. Often the colour of a 21 year old whisky will be darker and more intense than younger whiskies.
1990 was a year that many notable occurrences occurred some involved single malt whisky, others bourbon. Notable occurrences in 1990 included:
In 1990, on January the 31st, McDonald's opened their first store in Moscow. Everyone knows nothing washes down a Big Mac better than a fine glass of sherry cask matured Speyside single malt whisky. Yummers!
In April 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope was launched aboard the Discovery space shuttle. Whisky would probably not have been used as fuel.
Many a whisky glass would have been raised in October the 14th 1990 in memory of Leonard Bernstein, the legendary US composer, who sadly passed away.
18 year old Glen Garioch single malt Scotch whisky, bottled by Douglas Laing. This superbly sweet single malt was distilled in September 1995 and spent 18 years in a refill hogshead before being… More info
Single cask malt whisky distilled at Tobermory on the Isle of Mull in July 1995 and bottled by Douglas Laing in July 2015. The outturn was 288 bottles. More info
Fancy some Sherry-butt matured single malt from the Inchgower distillery in Speyside? Well Hunter Laing can make that a reality with this Old Malt Cask bottling of 19 Year Old Inchgower, matured in a… More info
A single cask release from Berry Brothers & Rudd, who have bottled a rather splendid 18 year old single malt from the Glen Grant distillery. More info
20 year old single malt Scotch whisky from the closed Imperial distillery, presented as part of the Duncan Taylor range. This is a 1995 vintage, meaning it was distilled a few years before the… More info
A limited edition release from the Tomatin distillery of 21 year old whisky, made from 6 bourbon casks and 1 sherry butt. The result is a charming champ of a whisky, rich with fruity notes and a… More info
A 21 year old bottling of single malt Scotch whisky from the Auchentoshan distillery in the Lowlands, aged in a single bourbon hogshead. This was bottled as cask strength by the chaps at Bartels… More info
Indie Inchgower! This bottling of 20 year old single malt Scotch whisky from the Inchgower distillery was filled into its Sherry butt in September 1995, which was emptied in February 2016 and bottled… More info
20 year old single malt from the Tomintoul distillery, matured in a refill hogshead from May 1995 to May 2015. Following it's maturation, it was bottled by the folks at Douglas Laing for their Old… More info
A '70s bottling of Royal Salute 21 Year Old blended Scotch whisky, a long-standing and well-loved brand from Chivas. Rare and collectible for whisky historians. More info
An independent Glen Moray single malt from Gleann Mór's A Rare Find range, distilled in March 1994 and bottled in October 2015. The outturn was 216 bottles. More info
A Speyside-inspired blended malt Scotch whisky, bottled in 1995 by Italian indie bottler Samaroli. Only 448 bottles were produced. More info
Another wonderful Wemyss bottling here! This times it's a single malt Scotch whisky from the Linkwood distillery, aged in a hogshead cask from 1995 to 2015. As ever with these Wemyss bottlings, it's… More info
A 21 year old Miltonduff single malt Scotch whisky, drawn from two hogshead casks. This was distilled in 1994 and bottled in 2015 by Càrn Mòr for their Strictly Limited range - 610 bottles were… More info
Distilled on Monday 10th July 1995, this Mortlach spent over 20 years in a single hogshead before being bottled by Càrn Mòr on Saturday 8th August 2015. The outturn was 260 bottles. More info
Made by the owners of the Springbank distillery, J and A Mitchell, the Campbeltown Loch 21 Year Old is made with up to 60% single malt. An absolute top-notch blended whisky, now bottled at 46% abv. More info
A single cask bottling of Speyside malt distilled at Inchgower in May 1995 from Douglas Laing's excellent Old Particular range. The outturn from the refill butt was 690 bottles. More info
The oldest of three new Royal Brackla single malts launched in 2015 as part of the Last Great Malts from John Dewar & Sons. Distilled slowly, with plenty of reflux and matured in Oloroso Sherry… More info
Indie Craigellachie, aged for 20 years in a single Sherry butt! This comes to us via the Old Malt Cask range from Hunter Laing. It was distilled in September 1995 and matured until November 2015,… More info
19 year old Tormore single malt Scotch whisky, matured in a single bourbon cask! It was distilled in 1995 and bottled 19 years later by Hannah Whisky Merchants for their Lady of the Glen range at… More info
The 21 year old Glencadam, boasting a lot of richness and malty flavour. Very tasty with a lot going on… More info
Coinninch is a blended malt made up of eight malts including Highland Park and Laphroaig, covering every Scotch whisky region. Bottled from a single cask, 250 bottles were produced. More info
Single malt from Glen Spey! This indie bottling of whisky from the distillery in Speyside was distilled in 1995 and bottled in 2015 as part of the WM Cadenhead range, with 480 bottles produced. More info
A 21 year old Longmorn single malt, distilled in September 1992 and bottled in May 2014 by the chaps at Hunter Laing. A release of 285 bottles, presented as part of their excellent Old Malt Cask… More info
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CNN to become the latest to retire its Windows Phone app
CNN will be the latest company to kill its Windows Phone 8.1 app, as it plans to retire it on July 18. The app has already been removed from the Windows Store, as has the Windows app.
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CNN will be the latest company to kill its Windows Phone 8.1 app, as it plans to retire it on July 18. The app has already been removed from the Windows Store, as has the Windows app.
MSNBC and CNN, two of the biggest news networks in the US will enable their viewers to vote and discuss the State of the Union speech from President Obama in real time on January 20.
Microsoft partnered up with CNN for the elections coverage and gave the news team a bunch of Surfaces to proudly display, but some of the announcers couldn't let go of their iPads during the event.
More social media accounts have been compromised today by the Syrian Electronic Army - this time belonging to a major American news network CNN.
Microsoft chairman Bill Gates said Monday in a TV interview that Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos' vision of delivering packages via automated flying drones is perhaps on the "over-optimistic end" of things.
Nokia has announced a number of new third party Windows Phone 8 apps , including Path, Flipboard and Oggl PRO, the latter of which will be released exclusively for the newly revealed Lumia 102
The CNN TV news network has finally launched its official Windows 8 app in the Windows Store today, and Microsoft has also released an update for its in-house Sports app.
Anonymity online has been the double edged sword of Internet expression since cloaked commentary was allowed on every piece of media, from the tech blogs to the established periodical empires. And sometimes, the established tech...
All it took was a few hastily typed words. In what may not seem like a blip on the technology news radar screen, a high-ranking CNN news editor was fired on Wednesday over a simple tweet....
Gawker (taken from Geekosystem) has posted what will likely be today's biggest laugh in the tech world. Live on CNN, anchor Don Lemon was speaking with former FBI Assistant Director, Tom Fuentes, regarding the recent...


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Affidavit: Manziel's ex-girlfriend lost hearing after attack
She accused Manziel of throwing her onto his bed after the two discussed him "being with a girl who had caused us problems in the past."
She accused Manziel of throwing her onto his bed after the two discussed him "being with a girl who had caused us problems in the past."
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The pool is expected to reopen on Monday, Feb. 22 at 9 a.m.
Homeowners trying to get building permits are running into an average wait of more than a month for the city to approve their projects, acco…
Ohio Gov. John Kasich is seeing polls rise ahead of the New Hampshire primary.
The class at the Islamic Center of Tennessee drew around 40 women of all ages.
Officials expect to have the water back on by Tuesday morning. Residents will need to boil their water before drinking it for the next three…
A Pflugerville father has been arrested for abandoning and endangering his three-year-old autistic son when he left him alone to go to a str…
It was also found he had an outstanding felony warrant for theft of property in the first degree.
The food collected will help feed needy families in Central Texas.
The Golden Age of Online Television may be in peril.
A Taylor man is nursing his wounds after becoming the victim of a carjacking and shooting.
The murder trial will now stay in Bastrop County and will be tried by a judge instead of a jury.
Important Notice About Our Privacy Policy: We have modified our Privacy Policy to update and clarify our data collection, use, and disclosure practices.
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969 posts · 441,405 views
Autism research and other musings
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by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
I going to assume that readers have some background knowledge about probiotics, gut bacteria, bacterial dysbiosis and coeliac disease before reading this post. I'd love to be able to give detailed descriptions of each here but fear that this would turn a short post into a much longer one...So... in a previous post titled: 'Probiotics degrading gluten peptides?' I covered the potentially important suggestion that certain types of bacteria might have the ability to breakdown (degrade) immunog........ Read more »
Caminero, A., Galipeau, H., McCarville, J., Johnston, C., Bernier, S., Russell, A., Jury, J., Herran, A., Casqueiro, J., Tye-Din, J.... (2016) Duodenal bacteria from patients with celiac disease and healthy subjects distinctly affect gluten breakdown and immunogenicity. Gastroenterology. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.06.041
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
I very carefully approach the findings reported by Jennifer Fairthorne and colleagues [1] today detailing "the occurrence of hospital admissions and treatment/services for cancer in mothers of children with ASD [autism spectrum disorder] with or without ID [intellectual disability] compared with other mothers." Appreciating that families touched by autism probably have enough on their plate without additional talk about the 'big C', I do however think that this kind of r........ Read more »
Fairthorne, J., de Klerk, N., Leonard, H., & Whitehouse, A. (2016) Mothers of Children with Autism have Different Rates of Cancer According to the Presence of Intellectual Disability in Their Child. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2847-9
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
Granted, I am taking a slight departure from the material typically discussed on this blog by introducing the paper by Yan Zhang and colleagues [1] who reported the findings of a meta-analysis examining "the efficacy of different probiotic types, doses and treatment durations in IBS [irritable bowel syndrome] patients diagnosed by Rome III criteria via a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)." The results however - "Probiotics are an effective pharmacological t........ Read more »
Zhang Y, Li L, Guo C, Mu D, Feng B, Zuo X, & Li Y. (2016) Effects of probiotic type, dose and treatment duration on irritable bowel syndrome diagnosed by Rome III criteria: a meta-analysis. BMC gastroenterology, 16(1), 62. PMID: 27296254
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
I can't profess to be an expert on the techniques called sigmoidectomy and appendicostomy so won't even try and pretend that I am. From what I gather from Dr Google, the latter is a surgical technique generally performed to "help deliver enemas more easily" to relieve constipation, whilst the former involves the surgical removal of some or all of the sigmoid colon. Both are only generally indicated when traditional methods of treating constipation for example, fail.The reason I'm briefly ta........ Read more »
De La Torre L, Cogley K, Calisto J, Nace G, & Correa C. (2016) Primary sigmoidectomy and appendicostomy for chronic idiopathic constipation. Pediatric surgery international. PMID: 27372298
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
I want to make an initial point about the paper by Corentin Gonthier and colleagues [1] and their research findings titled: 'Sensory Processing in Low-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Distinct Sensory Profiles and Their Relationships with Behavioral Dysfunction', I'm not a great fan of the use of the term 'functioning' when it comes to autism. Yes, I know what message it's trying to convey in terms of 'severity' of autism and/or accompanying learning (intellectual) disabili........ Read more »
Gonthier C, Longuépée L, & Bouvard M. (2016) Sensory Processing in Low-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Distinct Sensory Profiles and Their Relationships with Behavioral Dysfunction. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. PMID: 27364513
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
I have to say that I initially felt slightly uncomfortable reading the study results published by Jillian Austin and colleagues [1] providing "preliminary validation for the use of autism disclosure cards in buffering negative judgment." Uncomfortable because, despite the fact that it is human nature for people to stop, stare and perhaps question something when it seems 'out of the ordinary', the idea that when children with autism specifically 'misbehave' in a public place their parents need to........ Read more »
Austin JE, Zinke VL, & Davies WH. (2016) Influencing Perception About Children with Autism and their Parents Using Disclosure Cards. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. PMID: 27241346
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
I'm cautious about the findings reported by Daniel Blockmans & Philippe Persoons [1] talking about how long-term use of the stimulant medication methylphenidate (MPH) might be something to consider for at least some people diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Cautious because the sole use of a questionnaire looking "for possible improvement of concentration difficulties and fatigue" following the use of MPH on this research occasion is not exactly a top tier scientific method...Non........ Read more »
Blockmans D, & Persoons P. (2016) Long-term methylphenidate intake in chronic fatigue syndrome. Acta clinica Belgica, 1-8. PMID: 27351244
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
A quote to begin: "The AQ's [Autism Spectrum Quotient] utility for screening referrals was limited in this sample. Recommendations supporting the AQ's role in the assessment of adult ASD [autism spectrum disorder], e.g. UK NICE guidelines, may need to be reconsidered."Taken from the paper published by Ashwood and colleagues [1], the findings from this team don't make for great reading if you happen to be a fan of the AQ as a potential screening instrument for adult autism. Indeed,........ Read more »
Ashwood KL, Gillan N, Horder J, Hayward H, Woodhouse E, McEwen FS, Findon J, Eklund H, Spain D, Wilson CE.... (2016) Predicting the diagnosis of autism in adults using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire. Psychological medicine, 1-10. PMID: 27353452
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
"The cause of ME/CFS [myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome] is unknown, but gut dysbiosis could be contributing to some of the symptoms and their severity. Developing therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing local inflammation, restoring gastrointestinal tract immunity and integrity and modifying the intestinal microbiome may ameliorate ME/CFS symptoms in a number of affected patients."Those were the important conclusions reported by Ludovic Giloteaux and colleagues [1........ Read more »
Giloteaux L, Goodrich JK, Walters WA, Levine SM, Ley RE, & Hanson MR. (2016) Reduced diversity and altered composition of the gut microbiome in individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Microbiome, 4(1), 30. PMID: 27338587
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
Hot on the heels of a recent post about a study to watch for (see here) details of yet another "randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial" have been published in the form of the trial protocol by Hajar Mazahery and colleagues [1].This time around the aim is to "investigate the effect of vitamin D, n-3 LCPUFAs [omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids] or a combination of both on core symptoms of ASD [autism spectrum disorder]" and hopefully with it, the generat........ Read more »
Mazahery H, Conlon C, Beck KL, Kruger MC, Stonehouse W, Camargo CA Jr, Meyer BJ, Tsang B, Mugridge O, & von Hurst PR. (2016) Vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid supplements in children with autism spectrum disorder: a study protocol for a factorial randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trials, 17(1), 295. PMID: 27334138
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
"Gastrin-releasing peptide was safe and well tolerated by most subjects and may be effective for core symptoms of autism."So said the results of the study - open trial - by Michele Michelin Becker and colleagues [1] continuing a research theme from this author [2] on the potential need for further scientific scrutiny when it comes to the use of gastrin-releasing peptides (GRP) and autism. Emphasising again that results were based on the use of an open trial (everyone knew what was bein........ Read more »
Becker MM, Riesgo RS, Roesler R, Bosa C, Ohlweiler L, Backes B, Endres RG, Zanon RB, Marchezan J, & Schwartsmann G. (2016) Improvement in Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children With the Use of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: An Open Trial. Clinical neuropharmacology. PMID: 27332629
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
Not so long ago I blogged about the research paper from Faezeh Ghalichi and colleagues [1] (see here) describing the result of their relatively small scale (non-blinded, not placebo-controlled) trial on the use of a gluten-free diet (GFD) with a cohort of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD).The results, taking into account certain methodological issues, were generally quite favourable when it came to the analysed behavioural measurements used and importantly on the presence........ Read more »
Faezeh Ghalichi, Alireza Ostadrahimi, Ayyoub Malek, & Jamal Ghaemmaghami. (2016) The effect of gluten free diet on markers of celiac disease and association with behavioral symptoms in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Progress in Nutrition, 18(2). info:/
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
"Clinicians should be aware that gastrointestinal problems, anxiety, and autonomic dysfunction may cluster in children with ASD [autism spectrum disorder] and should be addressed in a multidisciplinary treatment plan."So said the findings by Bradley Ferguson and colleagues [1] who, continuing an autism research theme (see here), "examined the relationship between gastrointestinal symptomatology, examining upper and lower gastrointestinal tract symptomatology separately, and autonomic n........ Read more »
Ferguson BJ, Marler S, Altstein LL, Lee EB, Akers J, Sohl K, McLaughlin A, Hartnett K, Kille B, Mazurek M.... (2016) Psychophysiological Associations with Gastrointestinal Symptomatology in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research. PMID: 27321113
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
MAR autism - maternal autoantibody-related autism - is a term that has graced this blog before (see here). Describing a state where autoantibodies directed against foetal brain proteins have been detected in some mothers who have children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the suggestion is that such evidence further substantiates a role for various maternal immune functions and processes when it comes to offspring risk of at least some types of autism.Although interesting, t........ Read more »
Krakowiak P, Walker CK, Tancredi D, Hertz-Picciotto I, & Van de Water J. (2016) Autism-specific maternal anti-fetal brain autoantibodies are associated with metabolic conditions. Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research. PMID: 27312731
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
Yes, I know I'm writing on a Sunday again, but it will be a short-ish post I promise you. The reason for the entry is this brief communication [1] reporting: "The TENDR [Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks] authors agree that widespread exposures to toxic chemicals in our air, water, food, soil, and consumer products can increase the risks for cognitive, behavioral, or social impairment, as well as specific neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and attention deficit........ Read more »
Bennett, D., Bellinger, D., Birnbaum, L., Bradman, A., Chen, A., Cory-Slechta, D., Engel, S., Fallin, M., Halladay, A., Hauser, R.... (2016) Project TENDR: Targeting Environmental Neuro-Developmental Risks The TENDR Consensus Statement. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(7). DOI: 10.1289/EHP358
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
Continuing something of a research theme whereby pregnancy paracetamol (acetaminophen) use has been *correlated* with a few offspring developmental outcomes (see here and see here), the paper by Claudia Avella-Garcia and colleagues [1] (open-access available here) makes for some blogging fodder today.Including data from some 2,600 mother-child pairs living in Spain, researchers prospectively gathered data on maternal paracetamol use ("never, sporadic, persistent") during pregnancy alongside deve........ Read more »
Avella-Garcia CB, Julvez J, Fortuny J, Rebordosa C, García-Esteban R, Galán IR, Tardón A, Rodríguez-Bernal CL, Iñiguez C, Andiarena A.... (2016) Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and neurodevelopment: attention function and autism spectrum symptoms. International journal of epidemiology. PMID: 27353198
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
"Psychiatric disorders are frequent and severe in pre-school children with cow's milk allergy."That research 'bottom line' reported by Topal and colleagues [1] looking at the possibility of behavioural correlations accompanying an immune response to milk caught my eye recently. Building on the idea that atopic or allergic disease might elevate the risk of various behavioural outcomes (see here) or vice-versa, researchers set about comparing rates of various behavioural conditions using the "Earl........ Read more »
Topal E, Catal F, Soylu N, Ozcan OO, Celiksoy MH, Babayiğit A, Erge D, Karakoç HT, & Sancak R. (2016) Psychiatric disorders and symptoms severity in pre-school children with cow's milk allergy. Allergologia et immunopathologia. PMID: 27240441
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) refers to a collection of conditions also headed under the label of connective tissue disorder. EDS affects the 'cellular glue' that basically gives biological tissues their shape and stability such as cartilage. There are various types of EDS and symptoms can vary from person-to-person but one of the most frequent characteristics of the syndrome is joint hypermobility.I've speculated a few times on this blog about the possibility that EDS and/or joint hypermobility ........ Read more »
Cederlöf, M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., Almqvist, C., Serlachius, E., & Ludvigsson, J. (2016) Nationwide population-based cohort study of psychiatric disorders in individuals with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome or hypermobility syndrome and their siblings. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1). DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0922-6
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
Another day, another short post about a meta-analysis; this time based on the suggestion that maternal infection during the critical 'nine months that made us' might elevate the risk of offspring autism and reported on by Hai-yin Jiang and colleagues [1].Based on the collected analysis of 15 peer-reviewed studies covering some 40,000 people diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the authors concluded that yes, "maternal infection during pregnancy was associated with an ........ Read more »
Jiang HY, Xu LL, Shao L, Xia RM, Yu ZH, Ling ZX, Yang F, Min-Deng, & Ruan B. (2016) Maternal Infection during Pregnancy and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Brain, behavior, and immunity. PMID: 27287966
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
"In conclusion, the results of this meta-analysis do not suggest an association between asthma and ASD [autism spectrum disorder]. Further prospective studies ascertaining the association between asthma and ASD are warranted."So said the results of the meta-analysis by Zhen Zheng and colleagues [1] (open-access available here) and with it some research that made me think a little. Think because, on more than one occasion, I've talked about research suggesting that there might be a link betw........ Read more »
Zheng Z, Zhang L, Zhu T, Huang J, Qu Y, & Mu D. (2016) Association between Asthma and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. PloS one, 11(6). PMID: 27257919
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The Jedi Path: A Manual for Students of the Force [Vault Edition] Hardcover – September 28, 2010
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Contributing Artists: Paul Allan Ballard, Jeff Carlisle, Tommy Lee Edwards, Ryan Hobson, Greg Knight, Chris Reiff, Derek Thompson, Chris Trevas, Terryl Whitlatch, Kieran Yanner, and the studios of Conceptopolis and Storm Lion.
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BTW what is the little thing in the top left corner of the vault? I've heard many different guesses like "they're the suns of Tatooine" or "It's Yavin and Yavin IV". I think its the two moons of Tython. Are there any other ideas?
A breakdown of the book:
Part 1-Introduction to the Jedi Order
This part contains information on the Jedi Code (there is no death, there is the Force) and much needed history of the Jedi. The book is written well before the events of Eps1-6, so much of the information on the current activities are absent. Yoda even comments "Updated, this section should be." Whereupon Dooku says, "So update it, old one!" Another hilarous note, Yoda comments on knowing Grand Master Fae Coven (author of the Jedi Code chapter) as a youngling, and Ahsoka comments "Yoda was a youngling?!"
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This section deals with "younglings" (as seen in Ep2) and how they begin their studies. It also features the trials needed to be undertaken for advancement into padawan status. It also details the three pillars of the Jedi (Force, knowledge and self-discipline). This section has many valuable insights into the minds of Dooku, Anakin and Obi-Wan.
Part 3-Jedi Padawan
Next up, this section deals with many aspects of training, lightsaber combat styles and building a lightsaber.Read more ›
I had the happy opportunity to attend the 2010 Star Wars Celebration V in Orlando, Florida, which is a joyful event for any lover of the Star Wars Saga. While blissfully browsing through the huge dealer's room on the first day, I came across a particular display table surrounded by fellow Star Wars fans uttering exclamations of "Oh, that is cool!" and "Wow! That's sweet!" Making my way through the gathering of people, I reached the table to find two lovely young ladies presenting a unique item to an enraptured audience. Before me on their display table was a rectangular metal box embossed on its top with an artistic rendering of two hands gripping a light saber. One young lady smiled and directed me to press the button beneath the artwork. I did, and with the sound of air being released, the top of the box divided into two sections and opened. Within the box, a whinning sound could be heard as a small blue/gray leather-bound book was slowly elevated above the two open metal casings, illuminated with tiny blue lights. On the book's cover were the words, "The Jedi Path," along with the elegant wings and light saber symbol of the Jedi Order, surrounded by an ornate art nouveau-like design. My immediate response was, "Oh, that is cool!"
That afternoon, I attended a panel called "The Making of the Jedi Path," where some of the book's creators described the process of making this special Star Wars book. Unfortunately the book's author, Daniel Wallace, was unable to attend due to plane trouble. I had read about the planned release of the book earlier this year and was intrigued by the idea, but my con experience had me really excited about its publication.Read more ›
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Quite the tool to utilize when contemplating forming your own order.Published 12 days ago by Jeremy
Great book for young padawans just starting in the way of the Force. Of course, One should not rely on the book alone and should seek a master to train them properlyPublished 15 days ago by Sherlockholmey
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Women rule: potato markets, cellular phones and access to information in the Bolivian highlands
Version of Record online: 7 MAY 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00592.x
© 2012 International Association of Agricultural Economists
Agricultural Economics
Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 405–415, July 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Urquieta, N. R. A. and Alwang, J. (2012), Women rule: potato markets, cellular phones and access to information in the Bolivian highlands. Agricultural Economics, 43: 405–415. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00592.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 5 JUL 2012
- Version of Record online: 7 MAY 2012
- Received 28 April 2011; received in revised form 16 September 2011; accepted 31 October 2011
- Andean Region;
- Bolivia;
- Markets;
- Gender;
- Cell-phones;
- Transactions costs
In highland Bolivia, potato markets are widespread and access to market information has entered the digital age. Information networks lubricated by ubiquitous cellular technologies are supplanting traditional means of information-gathering. We explore the impacts of access to cellular phones on market selection, use of social networks to acquire information, and gendered responsibilities within the potato market chain near Cochabamba. The entire family participates in potato production and marketing, but responsibilities are differentiated by gender. Men take a leading role in potato production and women in marketing. Access to cellular phones affects decisions about where to market potatoes and improves the potato marketing process.