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(1) Working Papers
- "Adam Smith's Industrial Organization of Religion: Explaining the Medieval Church's Monopoly and its Breakdown in the Reformation." Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, October 2015. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Adam Smith characterized the medieval Roman Catholic Church as a force impeding Europe's process of development. The Church was, in Smith words, "the most formidable combination that ever was formed against the authority and security of civil government, as well as against the liberty, reason, and happiness of mankind." In many ways, the Church's survival seems—as it probably did to Smith—"miraculous" (Minowitz 1993,176). How did the Church maintain this position, especially as the monopoly provider of religious services for several centuries; and how did that monopoly break down in the Reformation? Further, given that the secular lords had a comparative advantage in violence relative to the Church, how did the Church survive and maintain its power? And why did it prevent development?
Smith developed a rich and systematic approach to the incentives, institutions, and competition surrounding the medieval Church. To understand the relationship between the secular and ecclesiastic lords, Smith raises the importance of a third group, the masses. According to Smith, the secular lords were unable to pacify the masses; but the Church could do so. The ability to influence the masses granted the Church a credible threat over the secular lords: were the latter to challenge the Church and attempt to appropriate some of its revenue, assets and control, the Church would turn against them. Given this setting, each of the two sets of elites had incentives to cooperate to exploit the masses. To maintain this equilibrium, the Church had to prevent economic growth. Growth would have granted the masses wealth, power, and independence, undermining the Church's ability to mobilize the masses in times of threat from the secular lords. It therefore suppressed growth and liberty in order to maintain the peasants' dependency.
As to the Reformation, Smith argues that the masses gradually became less dependent on the Church. Independence meant that they were less responsive to the Church's direction. This change, in turn, removed the Church's credible threat over the secular lords, allowing them to force considerable concessions from the Church or to remove the Church altogether in favor of newly established sects. I develop a simple game theoretic model to demonstrate the logic of Smith's equilibrium and comparative static claims.
- "In the Shadow of Violence: A New Perspective on Development." Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, July 2015. DOWNLOAD HERE.
This paper extends the North, Wallis, and Weingast (2009) framework for understanding the problems of development. Our approach distinguishes two development problems that are normally conflated. Most approaches to development focus on the second problem, namely, the transition of societies from limited access orders (LAOs), which limit access to organizations, to open access orders (OAOs), which allows any body to form an organization. In contrast, the first challenge involves the development of LAO societies toward forms of organization that enable more economic output, reduced violence, stable political outcomes, and greater individual well being within the LAO framework. Most World Bank borrowers face the first challenge.
The control of violence is central to the logic of all LAOs and is therefore at the heart of the problem of development. Because the traditional economic framework fails to understand that LAO's are organized to prevent violence, its policy recommendations usually fail to produce development and sometimes exacerbate the problem. Indeed, the Washington consensus of the 2000s is dominated by efforts to embed institutions of open access orders – property rights, entry into markets, elections, and institutions of good governance – directly into limited access orders. These efforts focus on the second development problem, not the first; they are therefore miss-targeted. Instead, our approach provides specific implications of the approach for development policy in four areas: rents and market constraints, organizations, democracy and elections, and organizations with violence capacity
- "Capitalism, Democracy, and Countermajoritarian Institutions." Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, August 2015. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Is the United States sufficiently democratic? And does it provide sufficient protection for the thriving markets that have sustained American prosperity? The answers are not obvious because these two values conflict. Many democratic theorists argue that the Constitution is not democratic because of its many restrictions on elected officials. Yet, maintaining a market economy requires sustained restrictions on democracy – the rule of law, strong property rights, and enforcement of contracts. How is the market to be sustained?
Democratic theorists ignore the problem of long-term democratic stability. Yet most new democracies fail. Elections alone cannot provide long-term stability. Instead, stability requires three conditions: the limit condition, the consensus condition, and adaptive efficiency. The limit condition, for example, says that stable democracies must limit the stakes of power. The reason is that high stakes lead many to support extra-constitutional action (such as coups) to protect themselves. Restrictions that lower the stakes – that is, countermajoritarian institutions – make constitutions more likely to survive.
Democratic theorists who value unfettered democracy but who also value democratic stability therefore face a tradeoff that they have ignored: fewer restrictions make a constitution more democratic but also less stable. Further, countermajoritarian provisions are often necessary to the instantiation of democracy as essential groups refuse to participate unless they are protected in particular ways. Examples include slaveholders in the early United States, whites in South Africa in the 1990s, and the former communist regime in Poland in 1989.
- "Adam Smith's Theory of the Persistence of Slavery And its Abolition in Western Europe." Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, July 2015. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Adam Smith made two positive claims about slavery in the context of developing economies. First, Smith explains that slavery is in general highly inefficient. By his account, the net product under freedom is 12 times larger than under slavery. Second, he observes that, despite its inefficiencies, slavery persists in most of the world. Taken together, these claims create a fundamental puzzle: Why do elites – owning slaves and holding political control – fail to make themselves better off by freeing their slaves?
Smith gives two very different answers to this puzzle. The first is psychological. Smith asserts that people have a fundamental desire to dominate others, and slavery provided that opportunity for slaveholding elites. The first explanation is the most commonly advanced in the literature. Yet no where else does Smith use the assumption of domination. This explanation therefore seems ad hoc.
I favor instead Smith's second explanation. This argument, far less known, involves commitment problems. Freeing the slaves would deprive slaveholders of their property. How would they be compensated? In principle, a long-term compensation scheme could solve this problem. But in the undeveloped societies Smith discusses, such as feudal Europe, long-term contracts were difficult to enforce. Indeed, I show that both parties to the long-term compensation scheme had incentives to dishonor it. In the presence of commitment problems, masters could not be assured they would, in fact, be better off freeing their slaves. Slaveholders therefore rationally avoided emancipation despite its inefficiency.
- "Deriving "General Principles" in Adam Smith: The Ubiquity of Equilibrium and Comparative Statics Analysis throughout His Works" (with Glory Liu). Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, July 2015. DOWNLOAD HERE.
This paper contributes to the debate over the unity in Smith's corpus by emphasizing Smith's pervasive methodological approach based on an assumption of self-interest. Specifically, Smith consistently relies on equilibrium arguments to explain why a given pattern of economic, political, or social interaction is stable; and comparative static arguments to explain how a stable pattern changes. Some scholars have noted this technique in Smith's economics; however, missing in the literature is an appreciation for Smith's usage of equilibrium and comparative statics arguments virtually every topic that he studies. As we demonstrate, this includes his explanation of morality and benevolence; the theory of languages; the political economics of development; and his theories of law, politics, and government, such as the form of government, property rights, family structure, and virtue in his famous "four stages" theory of history. We close the paper by arguing that equilibrium and comparative statics analysis has significant implications for the contents of Smith's so-called "missing second book" on government, law, and jurisprudence.
- "From 'The Lowest State of Poverty and Barbarism' to The Opulent Commercial Society: Adam Smith's Theory of Violence and the Political Economics of Development." Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, May 2015. DOWNLOAD HERE.
What accounts for the differences in the "wealth of nations"; that is, the differing levels of opulence across countries? Adam Smith's answer is complex and has yet to be fully understood. Moreover, Smith's argument is as relevant today as it was in his time. On the economic side, his answer is well-known: the division of labor, the role of capital accumulation, and the absence laws and regulations that encumber competition and markets.
Yet Smith's views about the failure to develop were not limited to economic issues, instead turning equally to politics and law. Violence is central to Smith's approach to development, and Smith scholars have systematically under-appreciated the importance of violence in his approach to economic and political development. In the face of episodic violence, individuals have little incentives to be industrious, to save, or to invest. Smith argued that development required three mutually reinforcing elements – liberty, commerce, and security. If commerce represents the development of markets, liberty and security provided the political, legal, and military infrastructure necessary to sustain markets in a potentially hostile environment.
- "Building Legal Order in Ancient Athens" (With Federica Carugati and Gillian Hadfield). Forthcoming, Journal of Legal Analysis. DOWNLOAD HERE.
How do societies establish and maintain internal order and stability? Contemporary scholarship associates stability, order, and growth with modern, centralized legal institutions–-including formal courts, public prosecutors, and expert judges. These institutions have proven hard to establish in most developing countries. Democratic Athens in the period between 508 and 323 BC was remarkably stable and prosperous, but the polis never developed modern, centralized legal institutions. How, then, did Athens establish and maintain order and stability?
In this paper, we investigate ancient Athens using the theoretically grounded "what-is-law" account of legal order elaborated by Hadfield and Weingast (HW, 2012). The model shows that achieving a stable equilibrium requires a classification institution that is a) managed by an authoritative steward capable of resolving ambiguities and responding to novelty; b) common knowledge and incentive-compatible, that is, capable of improving welfare for those on whom punishment for wrongs depended; and c) characterized by a set of legal attributes, such as generality and stability. To secure these ends, Athenian law exhibited more openness than modern legal systems, allowing litigants to discuss each other's character traits and behavior; but it did so by sacrificing clarity and consistency. Rather than seen the Athenian system as a departure from rule of law standards, we see Athenian openness as a robustness mechanism that promoted the consistency of judicial decisions with community expectations rather than the consistency of judicial decisions with one another.
We put pressure on the notion (widespread in classical scholarship) that Athens' stability relied largely on an informal system of norms. We also put pressure on the notion (widespread in the law-and-economics literature) that decentralized rule-enforcement institutions work only in small-scale, homogeneous communities. Our approach provides new insights into how a robust legal order may be successfully built in countries where modern, centralized, legal institutions have failed to take root.
- "Ending a Century of Violent Labor Conflict: A New Perspective on Unionization and the National Labor Relations Act," (with Margaret Levi, Tania Melo, and Frances Zlotnick). Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, October 2014. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Open access to labor organizations lagged nearly a century behind open access to business organizations, arising as part of the New Deal in the mid-1930s. During the century previous to the New Deal, firms and governments actively suppressed labor organization, frequently resorting to violence. Conflict and violence ended with the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935.
Why did the violence associated with labor last for a century? What did the NLRA do to solve this problem, and why couldn't Congress have done so earlier? In this paper, we develop a new perspective on labor organization and violence that addresses these questions. We argue that the century-long violence surrounding labor resulted from an inability to solve a series of commitment problems. All three parties to the violence – labor, business, and government – faced commitment problems. We show that the NLRA succeeded because it finally solved the commitment problems underlying the century of labor violence.
- "Executive Constraint, Political Stability and Economic Growth" (with Gary W. Cox). Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, February 2015. Forthcoming, Journal of Legal Analysis. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Previous studies have argued that democracy diminishes the extent to which contests over political leadership depress economic growth, by reducing the violence and uncertainty attendant on such contests. We reconsider the theoretical basis for this claim, highlighting the separate roles of executive constraint and electoral accountability. Exploiting panel data from 1850-2005, we show that the executive's horizontal accountability to the legislature significantly moderates the economic downturns associated with leadership turnover, while its vertical accountability to the electorate does not. These results suggest that, in terms of moderating succession-related downturns and thereby promoting steadier economic growth, the health of legislatures is more important than the health of elections.
- "The Violence Trap: A Political-Economic Approach to the Problems of Development" (with Gary W. Cox and Douglass C. North) Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, February 2015. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Why do developing countries fail to adopt the institutions and policies that promote development? Our answer is the violence trap. The trap is set by the unavoidable interdependence of economic and political development: key political reforms—opening access and reducing the risk of state predation—are typically feasible only when the economy reaches a given level of specialization (greater economic integration raises the costs of violence); yet the economy typically can reach high levels of specialization only when key political reforms are in place (for standard reasons). The trap entails violence because, as we show, the structure of unreformed polities (aka "natural states") ensures poor adaptive efficiency: following shocks to the distribution of military and economic power, bargaining to adjust to the shocks often fails among those with access to violence, due to problems of asymmetric information and commitment. Indeed, we show that violence is endemic in the developing world, with the median regime experiencing violent leadership turnover once every 8 years. The trap is hard to escape because whenever overt violence breaks out, leaders seeking to restore order face an unspecialized economy, to which the best response is yet another unreformed polity. Indeed, the limits on access and rents characteristic of natural states are instrumental to re-establishing peace. Yet, these rents and limits also deter specialization, thereby keeping the costs of resorting to force low and ensuring that future bargaining will be in the shadow of viable military "outside" options. Finally, we argue that most other forms of poverty traps implicitly involve the violence trap.
- Development and Political Theory in Classical Athens (with Federica Carugati and Josiah Ober). Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University. June 2015 (forthcoming, Polis.) DOWNLOAD HERE.
Recent work has focused on the emergence of Greek political thought as a response to Athenian democracy. But, in addition to its political breakthrough to democracy, Athens underwent a profound social and legal transformation in the classical period. Without understanding this larger transformation we cannot adequately explain the development of Greek political thought. Between the late 6th and 4th centuries BC, Athens transitioned from an undeveloped, limited access, 'natural state' toward a developed open access society – a society characterized by impersonal, perpetual and inclusive political, economic, legal and social institutions that protected individual rights and sustained the polis' exceptional growth
Some of those who witnessed this transformation first-hand attempted to grapple, often critically, with its implications for politics, social relations, and moral psychology. We show that Thucydides, Plato, and other Greek political thinkers devoted a considerable part of their work to analyzing the polis' tendency toward political but also economic, social, and legal inclusion. Such a tendency, as many of them recognized, made Athens stand out among other Greek poleis, despite the fact that Athens was a democracy, not because of it. Democracy, therefore, is not the only explanatory variable in these accounts.
- "Is Development Uniquely Modern? Athens on the Doorstep" (with Federican Carugati and Josiah Ober), Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, November 2015. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Is development uniquely modern? Economists and political scientists define development in terms of features that are unique to modernity, such as high GDP growth, liberalism, and centralization. In this paper, we deploy the case of ancient Athens as an existential counter to these theories. Moving from CNWW's definition of development as the transition from 'natural state' to 'open access,' we contend that the ancient polis of Athens was, in many relevant respects, 'developed.' The development path followed by ancient Athens illustrates how development requires, at a minimum, a) security against arbitrary acts of violence and b) predictability, provided by reasonably fair rules and their reasonably impartial application and reliable enforcement. As in modern liberal democracies, in Athens these institutions were associated with sustained growth in state capacity and in per capita consumption. Our definition highlights intuitive requirements of development that existing definitions fail to stress. Moreover, our definition suggests, empirically, that development does not depend on a set of specific institutions that have been hard to establish, let alone consolidate, in modern developing countries.
- Institutions and the Political Science of Animal Cooperation" (with Erol Akçay, Joan Roughgarden, James Fearon, John Ferejohn, et al.) Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, May 2013. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Social evolution is one of the most rapidly developing areas in evolutionary biology. A main theme is the emergence of cooperation among organisms, including the factors that impede cooperation. Although animal societies seem to have no formal institutions, such as courts or legislatures, we argue that biology presents many examples where an interaction can properly be thought of as an informal institution, meaning there are evolved norms and structure to the interaction that enable parties to reach mutually beneficial outcomes. These informal institutions are embedded in the natural history of the interaction, in factors such as where and when parties interact, how long and how close they stay together, and so on. Institutional theory thus widens the scope of behavioral ecology by considering not only why animals evolve to choose the strategies they choose, but also asking both why it is that they find themselves in those particular interaction setups and how these particular interactions can be sustained. Institutions frequently enable interacting parties avoid inefficient outcomes and support efficient exchange among agents with conflicting interests.
The main thesis of this paper is that the organization of many biological interactions can properly be understood as institutions that enable mutually beneficial outcomes to be achieved relative to an unstructured interaction. To do this, institutions resolve or regulate the conflicts of interests among parties. The way conflicts of interests affect the outcome depends on the structure of the interaction, which can create problems of commitment, coordination and private information. Institutional theory focuses on how to address each of these issues, typically focusing on the development of social norms, rules, and other constraints on individual behaviors. We illustrate our thesis with examples from cooperative breeding and genes as within-body-mechanism-design.
- "Equilibrium Federal Impotence: Why the States and Not the American National Government Financed Infrastructure Investment in the Antebellum Era," (with John Joseph Wallis), Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, September 2012. DOWNLOAD HERE.
How are public goods provided in practice? Economics has long-established normative principles of the assignment of public goods provision to different levels of government (Musgrave 1959, Oates 1972). For example, public goods that affect the nation or that have high spillovers across states should be provided by the national government. Yet, when we turn to the most important public goods investments in economic development in early America, we observe that the states were the principal providers despite enormous positive spillovers. Between 1787 and 1860, the national government's $54 million on promoting transportation infrastructure while the states spent $450 million.
Using models of legislative choice, we show that neither Congress nor the state legislatures could finance projects that provided benefits to a minority of districts while spreading the taxes over all. However, states were able to solve this problem by using benefit taxation – for example, by assessing property taxes on the basis of the expected increase in value due to an infrastructure investment. In contrast, the federal government could not do the same because the U.S. Constitution prohibited it from using benefit taxation. Federal inaction was the result of the equilibrium political forces in Congress in combination with the institutional rules. The combination resulted in an equilibrium federal impotence.
- "A Dynamic Theory of Congressional Organization" (with David W. Rohde and Edward H. Stiglitz), Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, February 2013. DOWNLOAD HERE.
For three decades, questions about congressional organization have been at the center of the literature on Congress. In various efforts, theorists attempt to characterize the three defining eras of congressional organization: the textbook era, the reform era, and the partisan era following the Republican revolution. Yet each of these theories is capable of capturing only a single era, so that the literature lacks a general theory of the statics and dynamics of congressional organization over the last half century. Appealing to the concepts of negative and positive agenda powers, we develop a theory that explains the central eras of congressional organization since WWII as well as the transitions between the eras. We apply the theory to the U.S. House in an analytical narrative covering the postwar period.
- "Limited Access Orders in the Developing World: Rethinking the Problems of Development" (with Douglass C. North, John Joseph Wallis, and Steven B. Webb). Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, March 2012. DOWNLOAD HERE.
The paper provides a new framework for understanding problems of development. It emphasizes that all societies must solve the problem of violence and distinguishes between two ways in which societies solve this problem. Limited access orders, covering most developing countries today, solve the problem of violence by granting political elites privileged control over parts of the economy, each getting some share of the rents. Since outbreaks of violence reduce the rents, elite factions have incentives to refrain from violence most of the time. Stability of the rents and thus of the social order requires limiting access and competition. In contrast, open access orders, which dominate the modern developed world, control the problem of violence through open access and competition. The framework has new implications for understanding development. It shows that transplanting institutions from open access orders into limited access orders – such as markets, elections, and corporate law – often do not have their intended effect because the institutions work differently under limited access than open access. When development policy advice threatens the logic of stability in limited access orders, these societies often resist or sabotage the recommended measures.
- "The Untold Story of the 1964 Civil Rights Act: How the GOP Helped the Democrats Destroy the Solid South" (with Daniel B. Rodriguez), Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University (2006). DOWNLOAD HERE.
This paper draws on our larger study of the politics surrounding the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act, "The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History: New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and its Interpretation" (with Daniel B. Rodriguez) University of Pennsylvania Law Review (April, 2003) 151(4): 1417-1542. The larger study presents a new understanding of the act's passage.
In this short piece, we focus on the political motives of the Republicans to help pass the 1964 act. We argue that President Lyndon Johnson expressed the idea while signing the act, "I think we just gave the South to the Republicans."
(2) Resting Papers (Papers I Wish I'd Published!)
Working papers carry a pretense that they may yet be worked on, revised, and published. In contrast, resting papers have sat for a sufficient period that this pretense is no longer credible. Although these papers are more or less permanently at rest, I regret not taking the time to publish them.
- "Tragic Brilliance: Equilibrium Party Hegemony in Mexico" (with Alberto Diaz-Cayeros and Beatriz Magaloni), Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, March 2007. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Why do citizens acquiesce in regimes of which they obviously disapprove? We provide a model that exhibits a general mechanism underlying the survival of one-party dominant, authoritarian regimes. The "tragic brilliance" of these systems lies in that the party in power employs a complex system of rewards and punishments that lead citizens, including many opponents, to actively support it. Specifically, localities that fail to support the incumbent party receive lower fiscal transfers. We apply our approach to shed light on the long-standing hegemonic dominance in Mexican politics by the PRI. We model the PRI's credible threat to punish localities electing the opposition. Our empirical investigations provide evidence for the punishment regime.
- "Ideas, Interest, and Credible Commitments in the American Revolution" (with Jack Rakove and Andrew R. Rutten), Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, February 2000. DOWNLOAD HERE.
The dominant view among historians is that the American Revolution was based on ideas, such as liberty, freedom, and constitutionalism (Bailyn, Greene, Morgan, Reid, Wood). A major omission in the literature is that it fails to explain why anyone would fight for these ideas; or, put differently, the literature misses an instrumental account of Americans' decisions. We provide an answer to this question, namely, that the changes in the British policy given the constitution decisions amassed over the previous one hundred years effectively broke the credible commitments protecting American liberties. We show how the ideas central to the literature fit with our approach. We also show that how the American radicals and the British interacted in a way that eventually convinced the moderates to join the radicals in revolution.
We continue to maintain some hope to rewrite this paper so it can be published, although that requires a major rewrite and update.
In a companion paper, we use the concept of self-confirming equilibrium to explain another aspect of the American Revolution; namely, how the British and Americans could have cooperated for over 100 years only to become involved in a major conflict:
"Rationality, Inaccurate Mental Models, and Self-Confirming Equilibrium: A New Understanding of the American Revolution" (with Rui J.P. de Figueiredo, Jr., and Jack Rakove) Journal of Theoretical Politics (2006).
- "Rational Choice and Freudian Accounts of Cooperation" (with Debra Friedman). Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, April 1993. DOWNLOAD HERE.
In this paper we discuss one of the richest psychological conceptions of individuals – that offered by Sigmund Freud – in relation to rational choice theory. The purpose is twofold. First, we use coordination games to translate some of Freud's ideas into a choice theoretic framework; including the three central components of Freudian psychoanalysis, the id, ego, and superego. Second, we use this framework to suggest a deeper and richer psychological characterization of the individual within the choice theoretic framework. Freud's more complex view of individuals provides a potentially deeper understanding of social interaction within the rational choice approach.
We focus on Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents (1930) to discuss both the rational choice and the Freudian conception of the relationship between the individual and society, to note points of commonality and divergence, and to understand the consequences of these differences for models of social behavior. Freud makes two theoretical contributions in this work. The first parallels recent scholarship in rational choice in discussing the relationship between individual behavior and social outcomes. Both approaches emphasize, for example, that individuals bear a cost for participating in schemes of social cooperation and interaction.
In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud goes beyond this idea, attempting to show the implications of his interpretation of society for the individual, an analysis absent from rational choice analysis. Freud argues that individuals bear a psychological cost in fulfilling the demands and obligations of civilization. Participation in society requires that individuals suppress their desires in order to realize the gains from cooperation. The implications from the second part of Freud's analysis allow us to study the limits of the standard rational choice conception of the individual.
NB. Were we to rewrite this paper today, we would embed the discussion in the explosion of literature in behavioral economics drawing on aspects of psychology to enrich models of human behavior.
- "The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: Symbolic Gesture or Rational Guarantee?" (with Jeffrey Rogers Hummel), Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, January 2006. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act as part of the Compromise of 1850 remains a puzzle. First, most historians dismiss the problem of runaway slaves because their number seems too small. Second, many historians follow Potter in arguing that the Fugitive Slave Act was counterproductive. Because the draconian measure provoked northern opposition against slavery, it contributed to the crisis between the sections. Why did slaveholders insist upon this measure? A standard answer is to emphasize the symbolic nature of the Act. Southerners "clamored . . . for a stronger fugitive slave law," writes James M. McPherson, "less for practical advantage than as a matter of principle…. [N]orthern aid to escaping slaves was an insult to southern honor."
We have two problems with the symbolic interpretation, one economic, one political. Economically, we demonstrate that Southern demand for the act reflected rational concerns about runaways when one considers the most valuable slaves, prime age males in the border South, and one excludes the old, inform, young, and mothers, in addition to all slaves in the deep South. Politically, we argue that the Act was important for coalition purposes. To retain a political balance in the nation, Southerners needed on-going political support from their Northern coalition partners. Given the growing Northern animosity to slaves, it was unclear whether the South's coalition partners could deliver. We argue that passage of the fugitive slave law provided a costly signal from Northerners that, despite their animosity to slavery, they could still help pass pro-Southern measures.
This paper is a companion to our first paper on this topic: "The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: An Instrumental Interpretation" (With Jeffrey Rogers Hummel), in David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress, vol 2: "Further New Perspectives on the History of Congress." (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007).
- "Strategically Speaking: A New Analysis of Presidents Going Public" (with Joshua D. Clinton, David E. Lewis and Stephanie R. Cellini) Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, July 2004. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Scholars of the American presidency have used formal theory of American politics to study a variety of presidential activities including vetoes, budgets, unilateral action, and appointments. We extend this approach to study the phenomenon of the president "going public"; that is, to expend costly advertising, time, and resources on some measures instead of others. Abstracting from idiosyncratic features of individual presidents and embedding presidential public activity in the larger separation of powers system illuminates three different logics undergird public activity, namely, legislator preferences, which constrain the president; claiming credit for the passage of legislation; and making veto threats credible. Embedding the president in a strategic setting reveals none obvious results about the issues on which presidents choose to go public.
- "Vicious Cycles: Endogenous Political Extremism and Political Violence" (with Rui J.P. de Figueiredo, Jr.), Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, October 2001. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Why do terrorists terrorize? In this paper, we join the growing set of accounts drawing on rational accounts to provide useful insights into the incidence and persistence of terrorist (and anti-terrorist) behavior in societies with deep cleavages that might promote terrorism (for example, Northern Ireland, Israel, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and India). Our purpose in this regard is two-fold: First, our approach helps define conditions under which particular patterns of violence and terrorism—partly identified by competing explanations—prevail. And second, we make predictions about the type and character of interactions between terrorists and the majorities they seek to terrorize.
- "Structural Change in Congress: The Demise of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy" (with Linda R. Cohen and McNollgast). Working Paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, May 1991. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Nuclear power and its regulation became one of the biggest environmental controversies of the late 1960s and 1970s. This confrontation involved almost all aspects of American national government: Congress and the president, new legislation, regulatory agencies, various interest groups, and major court cases. Within Congress, environmentalist proponents felt locked out of deliberations about nuclear power, unable to influence the seemingly all powerful Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) which held jurisdiction over nuclear power, including its promotion and regulation. Locked out of the JCAE, environmentalists sought other means of influence. One was the New Environmental Policy Act of 1969 that forced all agencies, including the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), to undertake environmental impact statements. Another environmentalist strategy was to contest the AEC's regulatory proceedings concerning the construction and operation of nuclear power plants.
Growing strength of the environmentalists combined with declining enthusiasm for nuclear power to result in many changes, both within Congress and in how the United States regulated nuclear power. First, Congress dismantled the JCAE, with its jurisdiction split among multiple committees. Second, the pro-nuclear power AEC was also dismantled, split into the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which retained the AEC's regulatory activities; and what ultimately became the Department of Energy, which took over the AEC's promotional activities. In this paper, we use standard models of American politics to explain these events.
- "Structure and Strategy: The Two Faces of Agenda Power" (with Kenneth A. Shepsle). Working Paper, Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University, St. Louis, August 1981. DOWNLOAD HERE.
We published the first half of this long paper as "Uncovered Sets and Sophisticated Voting Outcomes with Implications for Agenda Institutions" American Journal of Political Science (1984).
We never published the second half of this paper (beginning on p 37). This part contains an early sketch of the now standard way of studying the impact of legislative rules. We then propose a game theoretic model of the choice among rules governing amendment procedures in a legislature that votes on proposals using majority rule.
Most real world legislatures have a myriad of features constituting agenda formation: committees, motions, rules governing amendments and motion-making, power of recognition, etc. In order to understand policy choice in different legislatures, we need a theory of legislative institutions. This requires the development of a theory of agenda formation under constraints and decentralization.
In particular, we study institutions based on those of the House of Representatives in the mid- to late 20th century. We define the Legislative Committee – Rules Committee game (LCRC). The legislative committee (LC) may make a proposal to which amendments may then be offered. A second committee, called the rules committee (RC), is then has the power to order, add to, or delete from the set of amendments offered by other members. In general, the RC grants a "rule" specifying the constraints governing the amendment process. We simplify the process by assuming that RC allows one amendment of its choosing
The sequence of play is as follows. LC announces a bill, B, to be considered against the current status quo, Q. RC then announces whether to grant a rule allowing the proposal, and if so, it may also announce an amendment, A. The legislature then votes A against B, winner against Q.
In a one dimensional spatial setting, we characterize the equilibrium outcome of this game as a function of the status quo and RC and LC's ideal points.
- "Retrospection, Present Value, and Incumbent Electoral Strategies: A Political Benefit-Cost Calculus" (with Kenneth A. Shepsle and Christopher Johnsen). Working Paper, Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University, St. Louis, Spring 1980. DOWNLOAD HERE.
This paper is a companion paper to three published papers listed below on legislative choice with Ken Shepsle. This unpublished paper uses the same approach to study a range of questions, including how to study public policies generally, as opposed to distributive or pork barrel politics. The paper provides insights into the provision of public goods and policies aimed at correcting externalities. It also explores the implications for the different ways in which voters might reward their representatives for benefits that accrue over time, including various form of retrospective voting. (Please excuse the late 1970's printing technology!)
The published papers in this group are:
(i) "The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics" (with Kenneth A. Shepsle and Christopher Johnsen), Journal of Political Economy (1981);
(ii) "Political Preferences for the Pork Barrel: A Generalization," (with Kenneth A. Shepsle). American Journal of Political Science (1981); and
(iii) "Political Solutions to Market Problems," (with Kenneth A. Shepsle). American Political Science Review (1984).
- "Fenno on the House Appropriations Committee: Or How to Construct a Nash Equilibrium Without Really Trying." Notes, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, September 1995. DOWNLOAD HERE.
Richard Fenno's classic paper, "The Appropriations Committee as a Political System," American Political Science Review 56:310-24 (1962), provides an explanation for the House Appropriations Committee's success on passing its measures on the House floor. These notes show that Fenno constructs a Nash equilibrium as part of his argument about this success, all using the then dominant language of political sociology.


text:
WALTHAM, Mass. -- The day of the NCAA men's basketball championship game will always send Boston Celtics coach Brad Stevens down memory lane and, despite two losses on that stage, he always stresses the fond memories he plucked from just getting to that point with his teams at Butler University.
What he doesn't miss: The long ramp until the late-night tip-off.
"Long. Long. You're like, 'Can we please just play the game,'" Stevens said before Kentucky and Connecticut meet on Monday night at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. "It's 9:18 tip or whatever. Yeah, it was a long day, but the first time our guys played in it, we were in Indianapolis, so they actually went to class in the morning. And that was probably great because it provided some normalcy -- though I don't think class was all that normal that day, from what I heard.
"The next year, it was just a long day, but you're anxious to play, you're excited to play, you want to do as well as you possibly can. It's a fun thing to experience. And both those teams will never forget it, regardless of the outcome."
Butler lost to Duke 61-59 in the 2010 title game, then fell to Connecticut 53-41 a year later.
With some Kentucky products in the Boston locker room in assistant coach Walter McCarty and captain Rajon Rondo, Stevens was asked if he's heard a lot of chatter from the former Wildcats.
"Walter has been; I haven't heard Rondo, but I put my headphones in whenever he starts talking about Kentucky," a playful Stevens said. "No, they are excited about it. Clearly those two have a large rooting interest in tonight's game."
Jeff Green has his own rooting interest: Kevin Ollie. The current head coach at Connecticut spent his final NBA season in 2010 with the Oklahoma City Thunder, where he played alongside Green.
"I'm cheering for [Ollie] and hope they win it all," Green said.
Did Green know that Ollie would be a head coach someday?
"Of course. He coached while he was [playing for the Thunder]," Green said. "He's a great motivator and, as a teammate, he expected the best out of his teammates. I think he's doing that as a coach."

subset: commoncrawl


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The Seven Lakes Spartans baseball team won Saturday's neutral tournament game against Pearland by a score of 8-6.
(March 3, 2012: Pearland, TX 77588) In Saturday's non-league game, the visiting Seven Lakes Spartans baseball team scored a tight 8-6 victory over the Pearland Oilers.
The Spartans (10-1) will now prepare for their game against Katy (Katy, TX). The Tigers go into the 5A Region III District 19 game with a 5-2 record. In their last game, Katy tipped Cypress Lakes (Katy, TX), 10-1, in a non-league game.
The Oilers (6-3) will now prepare for their game against Kingwood (Kingwood, TX). The Mustangs go into the non-league game with a 6-2 record. In their last game, Kingwood by Memorial (Houston, TX), 7-6, in a non-league game.


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Take a Nap! Change Your Life. Paperback – November 16, 2006
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This book has made a big impact on how I view my study time. Medical school is difficult and exhausting. If I attend all my lectures, eat three meals day, maintain good hygiene, commute to/from the university and get 7 hours of sleep, I only have 3 hours on the weekdays to study. I used to hardly be able to keep my eyes open during that study time and I couldn't remember anything I studied.
After reading Take a Nap! Change your life, I have the skills to use napping as part of my study routine. I used to feel guilty when I napped because I thought I was wasting valuable study time. I was just too tired to study. Now I plan naps into my study schedule and it is amazing how much better I recall everything. My test scores in Pathology have improved an average of 8 points since I started napping and my scores keep improving despite no other changes to my study routine. If you subtract out my naps, I'm actually studying less but getting better grades! As I prepare for my USMLE Step 1 Board Exam, consolidating memories and enhancing recall is especially important. I now consider napping a study skill and regular naps are part of my board prep study schedule. Naps have truly changed my life.
I recommend this book to all students, but especially medical students. A career in medicine means long hours and years of sleep deprivation. This book will help you understand why naps are essential for peak performance on tests and review highlights of sleep research. You will learn what stages of sleep are most important for recalling massive amounts of detail and how to maximize those stages of sleep in your naps.Read more ›
I think that if I follow the steps outlined, I will continue to get better at napping and will make this a regular part of my day. The sleeping at work issue has not come up, and since it is part of my lunch break, I don't think I am going to run into problems. I think there is a net benefit as I am not dragging for an hour when I take a nap. I'm keeping the book at work just in case anyone asks. Dr. Mednick can defend me.
Overall I found this book very helpful as a guide to changing my attitude about napping. I now think of naps the same way I think about trying to eat right and work out. And I look forward to reducing my coffee intake--at least a little. This book explains that there is no sense in trying to power through your tiredness. Only by getting some sleep can you really restore yourself. I have studied some endocrine problems and the lack of sleep contributing to increases in stress hormones is something I had not thought about. I know that eating right and working out have helped my stress level, and the naps seem to be helping, too. I'll have to keep it up.
Plus the book has some fun facts and very accessible science. Maybe napping will join healthy snacks, daycare, and gyms at the workplace.
I have never been a napper, so I was a bit skeptical at first. I usually woke from naps feeling worse than when I sat down for them. Dr. Mednick explains this phenomenon and shows you exactly how to avoid it. I not sure I would have believed that it was possible to tailor a nap to avoid this grogginess, but a while back I took part in a napping study that proved it to me. In the experiment, I napped with electrodes on my head so that my brain waves could be observed while I slept. I was woken up about an hour later, during REM sleep. Unlike my previous experiences with naps, I woke feeling refreshed and alert. Dr. Mednick's book shows you how to optimize your naps to do exactly that (without the electrodes)...and make you a more rested, productive and healthy person.
Some other topics I found interesting:
- How the naps of "night-people" and "morning-people" differ.
- The stages of sleep--their properties and purposes.
- Myth of the "food-coma".
I highly recommend this book to anyone--nappers and non-nappers alike. The only fault I found was that the book was not nearly as sleep-inducing as a book on napping should be. :)
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Pedestrian and not worth it. Really a book for those who like games that appear to be helpful books.Published 3 months ago by carpenter
Many useful ideas. I wish I had read it many years before. Simple and easy to read. Gonna take a nap right now;)Published 10 months ago by Maxim Kovalev
A short book which still takes too long to get to the point. If you can stand it. Nothing better at this length, though.Published 11 months ago by bardo
My wife purchased this book and is finding it interesting and logical. The problem is being able to take a nap in today's workplace.Published 11 months ago by Willard M. Reed, Jr.
Check out this storyon naps... http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news/health&id=9282447Published 12 months ago by Corey C.
Good book that explains important elements of the science behind sleep. Taking a nap of 20 or 30 minutes can make a marked difference, the problem is knowing what type of... Read morePublished 15 months ago by Richard
The book gives a good overview of how we sleep and the importance of nocturnal sleep and napping. It then goes on to explain how readers can apply those principles in a variety of... Read morePublished 16 months ago by Frances Stewart


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To My Readers
I was originally planning on taking my summer break next week, starting Monday, but medical issues nothing serious, but pretty distracting have intervened and so I'm starting it today. I definitely need a rest: hey, I'm not getting any younger! But never fear I'll be back on Monday, August 4, rarin' to go.
You can check out my Twitter feed by going here. But please note that my tweets are sometimes deliberately provocative, often made in jest, and largely consist of me thinking out loud.
I've written a couple of books, which you might want to peruse. Here is the link for buying the second edition of my 1993 book, Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement, with an Introduction by Prof. George W. Carey, a Foreword by Patrick J. Buchanan, and critical essays by Scott Richert and David Gordon (ISI Books, 2008).
You can buy An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard (Prometheus Books, 2000), my biography of the great libertarian thinker, here.
Read more by Justin Raimondo
- The Hunt for Red Trump-tober – July 24th, 2016
- Trump Enrages the War Party – July 21st, 2016
- What It Means To Be a Muslim Today – July 19th, 2016
- The Saudis Did 9/11 – July 17th, 2016
- The Good News – July 14th, 2016


text: The big news from the AHA meetings this week is the ARBITER 6-HALTS study, which gave doctors further reason not to prescribe either Zetia or Vytorin. Internist Matthew Mintz goes one step further and suggests that those already on those medications should switch. In his post, bluntly titled, "Stop using more


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Discussion in 'Dream World' started by Harsha, Mar 14, 2012.
With a whopping 83 points, it appears as though Meloetta is already the victor by a longshot! As such, I'll leave this open until 12:00 AM tonight in EST, but I really don't expect anyone to give Meloetta any competition.
Voters have chosen Meloetta to build around! Now we choose what type of team we will be making. The options are hyper offense, heavy offense, bulky offense, stall (lol), and weather offense. Please nominate one type of team and 2-4 teammates with descriptions of why they would help. This will go on for two weeks, and you are free to discuss in this thread!!
Hmm, I think weather (rain) offense would be interesting as Meloetta could abuse a Serene Grace Thunder > Thunderbolt. That 60% paralysis rate would allow it to support the rest of the team, which is cool. Although im not quite sure which Politoed set would be the best option at the momment. I'm thinking perhaps a bulky set with Scald and Encore to assist any set-up or switching in. I'll think about it, but for now I'll nom Zoroark:
Zoroark @ Life Orb / Expert Belt
Trait: Illusion
EVs: 32 Atk / 252 SpA / 224 Spe
Naive nature
- Dark Pulse / Night Daze
- Focus Blast
- U-turn / Taunt
- Sucker Punch
Zoroark + Meloetta is a pretty cool combo i've seen on the ladder a couple of times. Zoroark can dispose of Ghost-types, which Meloetta hates, as they are immune to Close Combat, and prevent her from switching formes as they are also immune to Relic Song. Zoroark also deals with bulky Psychic-types such as Reuniclus and Latias, which Meloetta has trouble getting past. In return, Meloetta can quickly get rid of Blissey / Chansey with Close Combat. I like the mixed set as Sucker Punch often catches Gengar off guard when your disguised as Meloetta. I listed Expert Belt as an option in case we really want to effectively feign Meloetta. No Flamethrower because of rain so I guess Taunt or U-turn are the next best options.
Edit: adding Scarf Politoed for reasons Harsha pointed out and the Forretress that CP posted to my ballot. Forretress would go great with Zoroark as Zoroark can can surprise kill Ghost-types disguised as Meloetta, leaving Forry free to spin.
Sets (Move your mouse to reveal the content)
Sets (open)
Sets (close)
Forretress @ Leftovers / Shed Shell
Trait: Sturdy
EVs: 252 HP / 4 Atk / 252 SpD
Sassy Nature
- Stealth Rock
- Spikes
- Earthquake / Gyro Ball
- Rapid Spin
Politoed @ Choice Scarf
Trait: Drizzle
EVs: 252 SpA / 4 SpD / 252 Spe
Modest Nature
- Hydro Pump
- Hidden Power Grass
- Ice Beam
- Perish Song
So yeah my noms are:
rain offense
[*]Choice Scarf Scarf Politoed
[*]Mixed Zoroark
[*]Specially Defensive Forretress
Forretress @ Leftovers / Shed Shell
Trait: Sturdy
EVs: 252 HP / 4 Atk / 252 SpD
Sassy Nature
- Stealth Rock
- Spikes
- Earthquake / Gyro Ball
- Rapid Spin
Politoed @ Choice Scarf
Trait: Drizzle
EVs: 252 SpA / 4 SpD / 252 Spe
Modest Nature
- Hydro Pump
- Hidden Power Grass
- Ice Beam
- Perish Song
I think we should do Bulky Offense. The nature of Meloetta's attacking style is relatively bulky anyway (i.e. Calm Mind / SubCM), so providing hazard users and spin support is very helpful for nabbing a few extra KOes and avoid hazards in the first place. This will also help Meloetta's fellow offensive teammates. Two teammates I would like to nominate are Deoxys-S and Donphan. Deoxys-S can set up Spikes and Stealth Rock with ease and it can also use Taunt to prevent the opponent from setting up their own. Donphan would make a fantastic partner to Meloetta because it has excellent Defense and can take most any physical attack, while Meloetta has incredible Special Defense, so they would partner well. Here is the sets:
Deoxys-S @ Focus Sash / Lum Berry
Trait: Pressure
EVs: 252 HP / 4 SpD / 252 Spe
Nature: Jolly / Timid
Stealth Rock
Taunt / Magic Coat
Fire Punch / ExtremeSpeed / Shadow Ball
Donphan @ Leftovers
Trait: Sturdy
EVs: 252 HP / 4 Atk / 252 Def
Nature: Impish
Rapid Spin
Odor Sleuth / Knock Off
Toxic / Ice Shard
In short, my nominees are:
Bulky Offense
Alright time to get my votes in. I am agreeing with BTzz on rain offense, as we now get a 60% chance of paralyzing the opponent with Thunder! This goes hand-in-hand with Politoed, but instead of a bulky variant, I propose Choice Scarf Politoed so that we have a reliable Excadrill check and a good cleaner.
Politoed @ Choice Scarf | Drizzle
Modest Nature | 252 SpA / 4 SpD / 252 Spe
Hydro Pump | Hidden Power Grass | Ice Beam | Perish Song
Now, I think we need a better check to sand because at the moment, we would be screwed. I propose we try out Double Dance Terrakion, one of the best Terrakion sets in the current metagame due to the prevalence of Excadrill and sand abuse.
Terrakion @ Air Balloon | Justified
Jolly Nature | 252 Atk / 4 SpD / 252 Spe
Swords Dance | Close Combat | Rock Polish | Stone Edge
As for other teammates, we might want to try a Tail Glow Manaphy because it can complement Meloetta nicely once walls are removed. This is probably the most broken Pokemon in the metagame anyways, and it's extremely fun to use.
Manaphy @ Leftovers | Hydration
Timid Nature | 252 SpA / 4 SpD / 252 Spe
Tail Glow | Rest | Surf | Ice Beam / Grass Knot
In short, my nominations are:
Rain Offense
Choice Scarf Politoed
Double Dance Terrakion
Tail Glow Manaphy
What do you guys think? Keep on nominating and discussing!
Wait, which Meloetta set are we using, the one I suggested? That set doesn't have Thunder on it, although you can always just replace it for Thunderbolt, I guess.
Anyway, the set that I suggested depends heavily on hazards, because you're forcing switches by alternating between forms. I like the Deoxys-S suggestion, while other Spikers such as Skarmory, Forretress and Ferrothorn are all perfectly good too.
Yeah, we're using your set, but I'm suggesting replacing Thunderbolt with Thunder because its the same coverage move with more BP and a higher accuracy. Note that only changes such as this will suffice, we won't be changing the Hidden Power type and stuff like that.
I'm not completely convinced about Rain Offense, but if we're going to be running hazards, we need a Ghost-type to block Rapid Spin.
Gengar @ Leftovers
Ability: Levitate
EVs: 4 HP/252 SpAtk/252 Spe
Nature: Timid
~ Substitute
~ Disable
~ Shadow Ball
~ Focus Blast
Sub Disable Gengar makes a good spin blocker, as many Rapid Spinners only run one move that can actually break Gengar's Sub. Substitute means that it will be a lot harder for Chandelure to trap Gengar, as it will be KO'd by Shadow Ball. This set forces a large amount of switches, further taking advantage of the entry hazards that are laid down.
Excadrill and Starmie are obviously Spinners that this Gengar can't block, but bulkier Ghosts like Jellicent and Dusclops that could check those two are easily trapped by Chandelure. Jellicent also compounds the Electric and Grass weaknesses on Politoed and Manaphy, if we do in fact go with a Rain team.
Yeah I am going to nominate Rain Offense too. Meloetta is really good under the rain, but I had an interesting idea. Pairing Meloetta with SubCM Jirachi can be a great idea, as the opponent will find it difficult to deal with two Serene Grace users at once. This is the Jirachi set I am talking about:
Jirachi @ Leftovers
Trait: Serene Grace
EVs: 252 HP / 4 Def / 252 Spe
Timid Nature (+Spe, - Atk)
- Substitute
- Calm Mind
- Thunder
- Water Pulse
With the EV spread, Jirachi can easily set up on Chansey and Blissey, making 101 HP Substitutes. After a few Calm Minds, start spamming Thunder. Thunder + Water Pulse gives Jirachi excellent coverage, as boosted Water Pulse can take out most Ground-types blocking Thunder in the rain; as an added plus, this allows Jirachi to abuse the rage-inducing ParaFusion combo. Water Pulse bypasses Grass-types looking to abuse their resistance thanks to the rain boost as well. Jirachi also provides key Grass- and Dragon-type resistances for the rain team, which is always useful. 252 Spe EVs and Timid are used to set up CM on stuff like LO Genesect and Hydreigon and Speed tie with other base 100s, like Manaphy.
However, Storm Drain Gastrodon walls this set cold, so I guess we should just run Grass Knot in Manaphy's fourth moveslot; stuff like Dragonite is hit very hard by rain-boosted Surf in any case after a Tail Glow. Jirachi pairs very well with Manaphy, setting up on Ferrothorn with ease and also sponging stray Grass-type moves with ease.
As for an entry hazard setter, I am suggesting Forretress. It can take advantage of Sturdy to almost always set up SR, and also check Dragon Dance users such as Salamence and Dragonite with Gyro Ball.
Forretress @ Shed Shell
Trait: Sturdy
EVs: 252 HP / 4 Atk / 252 SpD
Sassy Nature (+SpD, - SpA)
- Stealth Rock
- Spikes
- Gyro Ball
- Rapid Spin
With Sturdy, you are basically assured of setting up Stealth Rock. The specially defensive EV spread allows Forretress to make good use of its resistance to Dragon-, Grass-, and Ghost-type attacks and set up entry hazards on stuff like Latios. Shed Shell is used so that you don't become setup bait for SubCM Chandelure. Forretress can also remove entry hazards with Rapid Spin, functioning both as a Rapid Spinner and a hazard setter for your team.
As for a spinblocker, I like DDRMaster's idea of SubDisable Gengar. It also keeps Fighting-types in check and forces a lot of switches, which is nice with the entry hazards we have. Having Fighting- and Normal-type immunities is always welcome as well.
So in short, my nominations are as follows:
Rain Offense
SubCM Jirachi
Specially Defensive Forretress
SubDisavle Gengar
I'm kind of worried about this Meloetta set being setup bait for Calm Mind Chandelure. Close Combat and Relic Song do nothing against Chandelure, and Meloetta's best bet is unSTABed Thunderbolt, which does less and less after every Calm Mind. If Chandelure manages to come in on Meloetta in its Step form, it will likely get several Calm Minds easily. As such, I suggest the following:
Quagsire @ Leftovers
Trait: Unaware
EVs: 252 HP / 4 Def / 252 SDef
Careful Nature (+SDef, -SAtk)
- Curse
- Earthquake
- Waterfall / Stone Edge
- Recover
(If you want, you can use a moveset of Earthquake / Scald / Yawn or Toxic / Recover with a Sassy nature, but I personally prefer Curse Quagsire.)
This is the only thing that can take attacks from a +6 Chandelure. Chandelure doesn't 2HKO with Shadow Ball so you can Curse up, and then OHKO Chandelure with STAB Earthquake regardless of weather. This doesn't just beat Chandelure though: Calm Mind Jirachi and Jirachi in general is another threat to Meloetta, especially when it hasn't had the time to use Relic Song yet, is setup on easily by Quagsire.
Actually, Chandelure will find it difficult to obtain more than 1 CM boost against Meloetta, since if we use Meloetta on a rain team, Thunder will deal ~40% to standard SubCM Chandelure, and since you are assuming Meloetta is in Step Forme, it also naturally outspeeds Chandelure. With Serene Grace, Chandelure is also potentially getting paralysed, and even after a CM, Expert Belt Thunder will break Chandelure's Substitute guaranteed.
If you have SR up, even if Chandelure comes in on CC / Ancient Song safely, you Thunder it for ~40%, it sets up a CM, you Thunder again for ~27%, so after SR and 2 Thunders, Chandelure is sitting at ~20% (after Lefties recovery) with +1 SpA / + 1 SpD without a Substitute. +1 Fire Blast does only 40% max in the rain, and you also have to take into account the chance of full paralysis, so I don't think Chandelure will be able to set up much on Meloetta in the rain.
However, Quagsire does provides a useful Electric-type immunity, and deals with stuff like NP Thundurus, CM Raikou, and the mentioned CM Jirachi, so I guess you could use it to check other rain sweepers. With a specially defensive EV spread, Quagsire will also take rain-boosted Water-type attacks with ease, so it will fit in pretty well on our team.
Well, I didn't assume rain was up. Some users nominated rain offense but since that hasn't been decided yet I assumed this was a weatherless team.


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The Shuttle
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1907 edition. Excerpt: ... and colour, if you have the power to spend thousands of guineas on tiger skins, Oriental rugs, and other beauties, barrenness is easily transformed. The drawing-room wore a changed aspect, and at a first glance it was to be seen that in poor little Lady Anstruthers, as she had generally been called, there was to be noted alteration also. In her case the change, being in its first stages, could not perhaps be yet called transformation, but, aided by softly pretty arrangement of dress and hair, a light in her eyes, and a suggestion of pink under her skin, one recalled that she had once been a pretty little woman, and that after all she was only about thirty-two years old. That her sister, Miss Vanderpoel, had beauty, it was not necessary to hesitate in deciding. Neither Lord Dunholm nor his wife nor their son did hesitate. A girl with long limbs, an alluring profile, and extraordinary black lashes set round lovely Irish-blue eyes, possesses physical capital not to be argued about. She was not one of the curious, exotic little creatures, whose thin, though sometimes rather sweet, and always gay, highpitched young voices Lord Dunholm had been so especially struck by in the early days of the American invasion. Her voice had a tone one would be likely to remember with pleasure. How well she moved--how well her black head was set on her neck! Yes, she was of the new type--the later generation. These amazing, oddly practical people had evolved it--planned it, perhaps, bought--figuratively speaking--the architects and material to design and build it--bought them in whatever country they found them, England, France, Italy, Germany--pocketing them coolly and carrying them back home to develop, complete, and send forth into the world when their invention...
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Jan 27
Sounds Like: Nine Below Zero, Dirty Pretty Things, Lew Lewis, Rory Gallagher
Label: Emubands
Manager: George Wickstead/George Hexman
Bio: Blues band the Hexmen were a product of the post-punk creative maelstrom of Liverpool in the early 1980s. George Hexman(aka George Wickstead): singer, session blues-harp player and frontman, founded the band, joining forces with major movers and shakers of the scouse music scene. The Hexmen line-...See Full Bio
"High Octane R&B of the highest order from this band who have been delighting audiences where ever they perform with their own brand of ...infused music A no nonsense approach with great covers and original material including a 'killer' version of Gloria makes this band a 'must' see in your diary !"


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The left rear brake light went out on my 2001 jeep grand cherokee. I replaced the bulb and then the socket. The brake light works but wwhen I turn on the lights and hit the brake the tail light and brake light on the left side go completely out. All other lights work fine.
Sunday, January 8th, 2012 AT 1:02 AM


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Melanoma/Skin Cancer Health Center
Medical Reference Related to Melanoma Skin Cancer
Cancer: Controlling Nausea and Vomiting From Chemotherapy
Of all the side effects of chemotherapy, nausea and vomiting are the most common and are among the most feared. But having chemotherapy does not mean that you have to suffer with nausea and vomiting. Key pointsNausea and vomiting can be controlled and even prevented. The best treatment plan is one set up by you and your health care team, based on your particular needs and feelings. You are the ...
Skin Cancer, Non Melanoma Guide - Prevention
Most nonmelanoma skin cancer can be prevented by protecting your skin from the sun and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Limit your exposure to the sun, especially from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. (hours of peak ultraviolet exposure).
Skin Cancer, Non Melanoma Guide - Other Treatment
Radiation therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer may be recommended for people who may not be able to have surgery because of the location of the skin cancer. Radiation therapy may also be a treatment choice for older adults if surgery is too risky.
Skin Cancer, Non Melanoma Guide - Topic Overview
Is this topic for you? This topic is about nonmelanoma skin cancer, including basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer. For information about melanoma skin cancer, see the topic Skin Cancer, Melanoma.
Skin Cancer, Non Melanoma Guide - Exams and Tests
Nonmelanoma skin cancer is diagnosed by: Your medical history, a physical exam of the skin growth, or a skin biopsy.
Interferon given before or after surgery is standard treatment for melanoma that has spread to the lymph nodes. The use of interferon may increase the survival rate of some people with stage III melanoma. Melanoma that has spread to distant sites is rarel
Skin Cancer, Non Melanoma Guide - Medications
Medications are rarely used to treat nonmelanoma skin cancer. Surgery is the most common treatment.
Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI] - Topic Overview
Moles may change over time. They may get bigger, grow a hair, become more raised, get lighter in color, or fade away. Many people develop new moles until about age 40. But some changes in moles or skin growths are caused by skin cancer.Early detection and treatment of skin cancer can prevent complications. Melanoma, a serious type of skin cancer, often begins as a change in a mole or other skin growth. These early signs are described in the ABCDE system: Asymmetry. One half doesn't match the other half.Border irregularity. The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred.Color. The color isn't uniform. Shades of tan, brown, and black are present. Dashes of red, white, and blue make the mole look blotchy.Diameter. The mole is larger than 6 mm (0.2 in.) across (about the size of a pencil eraser). Any growth of a mole should be of concern.Evolution. There is a change in the size, shape, symptoms (such as itching or tenderness), surface (especially bleeding), or color.Early detection of skin
Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI] - Prevention
The primary risk factor for developing melanoma is excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Some experts believe that 65% or more of melanoma is caused by exposure to the sun, especially during childhood.
Skin Cancer, Non Melanoma Guide - Treatment Overview
The goals of treatment for nonmelanoma skin cancer are to: Remove the entire skin cancer and a margin of skin tissue around the cancer to reduce the chance of recurrence. Preserve nearby skin tissue that is free of cancer and minimize scarring after surge


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Battle of Chuenpi
The First Battle of Chuenpi[2] was fought between British and Chinese ships at the entrance of the Bocca Tigris, Kwangtung province, China, on 3 November 1839 during the First Opium War. The British Hyacinth and Volage opened fire on Chinese ships they perceived as being hostile.
For foreign ships to be allowed to dock in Canton for trade, Chinese authorities required a signed bond agreeing not to trade opium. Captain Charles Elliot, Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China, ordered British ships not to sign the bond, since it stated that if opium was found, the cargo would be confiscated and the perpetrators executed. It also interfered with their free trade goal.[3] In October 1839, the Thomas Coutts cargo ship under Captain Warner arrived in Canton from Singapore. The ship carried cotton from Bombay, and, since Warner was not trading opium, he defied Elliot's request by signing the bond. He held a legal view that Elliot's ban on the signing was not valid under English law.[4][5]
Before Warner left China, Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu gave him a letter addressed to Queen Victoria in which he disapproved the use of opium and requested the opium trade to stop. After arriving in London, he handed the letter to a co-owner of the Thomas Coutts, who asked for an appointment with Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston. After Palmerston's office refused to see him, Warner forwarded the letter to The Times, which published it.[5] Viewing Warner's defiance as a threat to his authority, Elliot ordered HMS Hyacinth and HMS Volage to be positioned 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the Chuenpi battery on 27 October for a blockade.[3]
After a second British ship, the Royal Saxon, tried to defy Elliot's blockade on 3 November 1839, the Volage under Captain Henry Smith fired a warning shot across the Royal Saxon's bow. In response, Chinese war junks under Admiral Guan Tianpei moved out to protect the Royal Saxon. After Elliot gave in to Smith's pressure for an attack, the more maneuverable British ships approached the Chinese vessels and fired broadsides at them from starboard.[3]
Smith wrote, "I did not conceive that it would be becoming the dignity of our flag, the safety of the merchant shipping below, and my own character, to retire before such an imposing force, sent out at that moment evidently for the purpose of intimidation."[6] According to a Chinese account by Wei Yuan, "five of our war-ships went to preserve order on the sea-board" and "the English mistook our red flags for a declaration of war, and opened fire;—for in Europe a red flag means war, and a white one peace."[7]
One Chinese fire raft immediately sank, and a war junk exploded after its magazine was struck. After the first run, the Volage and Hyacinth turned and repeated the same maneuver using their port broadsides.[3] The stationary guns on the Chinese vessels could not be aimed effectively.[5] One junk was blown up, three were sunk, and several others were damaged. Faced with superior firepower, the Chinese fleet sailed away except for Kuan's 12-cannon flagship, which returned fire. Since it posed a minimal threat, Elliot ordered Smith to stop firing, allowing the damaged flagship to sail off. The Volage sustained light damage on its sails and rigging, and the mizzen-mast of the Hyacinth was hit by a 12-pound (5.4 kg) ball. One British sailor was wounded and 15 Chinese were killed.[3]
The Royal Saxon sailed on to Canton and Elliot returned to Macau.[5] Historian Bruce A. Elleman wrote, "the origin of this battle was not even between the British and the Chinese, but was really as a result of the British Navy fighting to stop one of Elliot's own British ships that had refused to uphold his free-trade principles. The 'Battle of Chuanbi,' perhaps more than any other conflict during the Opium War, vividly revealed the underlying free-trade tensions."[3]
- ^ a b Janin, Hunt (1999). The India-China Opium Trade in the Nineteenth Century. McFarland. p. 120. ISBN 0-7864-0715-8.
- ^ Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. Curzon Press. p. xviii. ISBN 0-7007-1145-7. "Elliot wrote Chuenpee for what some have written Chuenpi and is called Chuanbi in pinyin".
- ^ a b c d e f Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989. Routledge. pp. 18–20. ISBN 0-415-21474-2.
- ^ Additional Correspondence Relating to China. Great Britain Foreign Office (1838). pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b c d Hanes, William Travis; Sanello, Frank (2004). The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. Sourcebooks. pp. 68–70. ISBN 1-4022-0149-4.
- ^ The Annual Register, or a View of the History and Politics, of the Year 1840 (1841). p. 571.
- ^ Parker, Edward Harper (1888). Chinese Account of the Opium War. Kelly & Walsh. pp. 10–11.


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Originally posted on ajc.com | Last updated 1/29/12
Jeff Teague will start at point guard for the Hawks tonight against the Hornets. Teague said he felt "fine" despite the sprained ankle that limited him during Friday's win against Pistons. "Jeff is a go," coach Larry Drew said before the game. "He was moving around on it pretty good yesterday. He hasn't mentioned that it is bothering him to the point that we have to limit him. We'll keep an eye on him. Right now, he is a full go." Drew said he would split reserve minutes between Kirk Hinrich and Jannero Pargo. "He has been playing really well for us," Drew said of Pargo. "That's why we got him." Hinrich, who played 31 minutes against the Pistons after Teague left late in the third quarter, said he is working to regain form as quickly as possible. "I want to get my game back," Hinrich said. "I feel rusty and I just want to help any way I can right now and get my rhythm back." * Austin Barker, a 17-year-old high school student from Mississippi scheduled for a bone marrow …
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By Gofishing.co.uk
Beach rigs
03 July 2009 08:30
Lead linkSize 1 swivel to top of the traceFour crimpsTwo size 3 swivels for attaching snoodsFour micro beadsTwo size 1/0 to 3/0 Kamasan B94060lb mono for trace body25lb mono for hooklengths.
1. Tie the top swivel to the end of the trace body using a grinner knot
2. The rig body should be 36in long, but cut 42in to allow for the knot
3. Chamfer the end of the line with a blade
4. Slide on a crimp, bead, swivel, bead and crimp and repeat, then tie on the lead link
5. Fix the lower snood swivel at 5 or 6inches from the lead link
6. Fix the top snood swivel at 24in from the lead link
7. Tie a hooklength to each swivel
8. The top snood should be 10in long and bottom one 15in long
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Campus Food:
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Campus Food:
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Campus dining is okat at Wilmington University. Because the campus is so small there is only one restaurant. There is food is pretty good but not everyone likes it. Overall dining is good and I am grateful we have it on campus at all.
Campus Food:
The campus dining has gotten so much better over the past four years when it comes to the variety, value and taste. There isn't a meal plan for students unfortunately.
Campus Food:
It is okay; the food is allegedly fresh but I do not look into it. I only buy food from here when I am very desperate!
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In a sea of same, WEIRD WINS.
Every movement begins with an invitation to embrace something different. The problem is, different is scary, messy, and very hard to explain. We help leaders discover and communicate what makes them different, and therefore meaningful, so that people respond, participate, and belong.
CJ Casciotta
CJ is a communications expert who studies movements. His talks and workshops help leaders & teams stand out, change minds, and create insanely passionate communities.


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Hearing aids in 46835, Fort Wayne, IN
We found 29 hearing clinics with 166 reviews within 106 miles of 46835, Fort Wayne, IN.
Featured hearing professionals near you
Larry Hand, HIS
Larry Hand has been helping people hear better for over two decades. He is the owner and Licensed (read more)
Peg Meiring, Au.D., FAAA
Dr. Peg Meiring and Dr. Ellen Hunter are the founders of Family Audiology Associates, Inc. Dr (read more)
Larry Hand, LHIS
Larry is a licensed Hearing Instrument Specialist that provides expert hearing health care services. (read more)
Terri Shive, AuD
Dr. Terri Shive holds a Master of Arts in Audiology from the Univeristy of Akron and a Doctorate in (read more)
Kimberly Lawler, Au.D., MA
Kimberly earned her B.S. in Communicative Disorders and her M.A. in Audiology from Northern Illinois (read more)
Jeff Regal, AuD, CCC-A
Dr. Regal earned his Master's Degree in Audiology from Ball State University and his Clinical (read more)
Logansport Memorial Hospital Physician Network ENT
Stacey Shilts, M.S., CCC-A
Stacey is a licensed Audiologist certified with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (read more)
Amber Myers, M.A., CCC-A
Amber graduated from Indiana University with a Bachelor of Science in Speech and Hearing and her (read more)
Erica Oswald, HIS, BC-HIS
Erica Oswald is a Hearing Instrument Specialist licensed by the state of Michigan to help (read more)
Monica Marini, HIS
Monica is the Hearing Instrument Specialist at our Kalamazoo location. Her hearing care knowledge (read more)
Erica Oswald, BC-HIS
Erica Oswald is a Hearing Instrument Specialist licensed by the state of Michigan to help (read more)
Kevin Burkitt, AuD, CCC-A
Kevin Burkitt has been an Audiologist for over 10 years, first in private practice and joining (read more)
Kim Kragt, Clinical Director, MA, CCC-A
Ms. Kragt has been an audiologist for 14 years. She joined the staff at (read more)
Jolene Fogt, BC-HIS
Hearing Instrument Specialist Jolene Fogt has two children who are hearing impaired and both began (read more)
Diana Caudill, HIS
Diana Caudill has over 13 years of experience in the Hearing Healthcare Industry. She is a (read more)
Petra Boonstra, M.A.,CCC-A
Petra has been an active Audiologist in the Detroit area for many years. She has recently (read more)
Suzanne O'Connor, Au.D., Doctor of Audiology/ Owner
Doctor O'Connor is the meticulous, decisive, passionate owner of Professional Hearing Services (read more)
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Fritsch Otology
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This is the fourth in a series of posts on Thraustochytrids. This is one of the more exciting posts about these generally unseen organisms in our aquarium, or maybe we have been seeing them after all. Perhaps one of the most exciting potentialities with Thraustochytrids is their influence on coral color. Color is the single most important factor regarding the value of coral in the market place. Brown coral are not highly sought after, add some color to the mix, and the coral are more desired. Certain colors in certain coral can increase the value by as much as ten times. We know in the hobby various factors that can influence coral color. Proper light intensity of the correct spectrum is required, as well as low nitrates and phosphates, and high enough levels of other elements such as calcium, potassium, iron, and proper alkalinity. We all know that zooxanthellae influence color, they are pigmented brown and their absence leads to coral bleaching. Coral themselves also produce fluorescence proteins that add to the brown color pallet provided by the zooxanthellae. These proteins provide much of the rainbow of hues we are familiar with in coral. There has been some current work on Thraustochytrids, in as of yet unpublished experiments where natural fluorescence has been found in some Thraustochytrids assoiciatted with coral. The have found green and sliver proteins in Thraustos, and it's possible in the future researchers will discover Thraustos are producing other colors. I strongly suspect that there is an orange fluorescent protein producing strain as well. If this is indeed the case, that Thraustos produce their own fluorescent proteins, then this could be a serious factor in the development of color in aquarium coral. Many reef aquarists have witnessed "jumping colors" in our reef aquariums. Zooxanthellae swapping is known to happen in nature, and in aquariums. However all zooxanthellae is brown, so the clade or strain of zooxanthellae alone should not change color, unless there is feedback between the coral and zooxanthellae regarding what fluorescent proteins the coral makes. Thraustochytrids producing their own fluorescence and colonizing nearby coral in our aquariums is a highly plausible, and simpler explanation for this color change. I have been cultivating several varieties of coral with this potential in mind and have been seeing very interesting results. I plan to keep researching further these fascinating protists, and I hope everyone in the hobby who can say Zooxanthellae, can also pronounce Thraustochytrid.
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