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With increasing urbanization vector-borne diseases are quickly developing in cities, and urban control strategies are needed. If streets are shown to be barriers to disease vectors, city blocks could be used as a convenient and relevant spatial unit of study and control. Unfortunately, existing spatial analysis tools do not allow for assessment of the impact of an urban grid on the presence of disease agents. Here, we first propose a method to test for the significance of the impact of streets on vector infestation based on a decomposition of Moran's spatial autocorrelation index; and second, develop a Gaussian Field Latent Class model to finely describe the effect of streets while controlling for cofactors and imperfect detection of vectors. We apply these methods to cross-sectional data of infestation by the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in the city of Arequipa, Peru. Our Moran's decomposition test reveals that the distribution of T. infestans in this urban environment is significantly constrained by streets (p<0.05). With the Gaussian Field Latent Class model we confirm that streets provide a barrier against infestation and further show that greater than 90% of the spatial component of the probability of vector presence is explained by the correlation among houses within city blocks. The city block is thus likely to be an appropriate spatial unit to describe and control T. infestans in an urban context. Characteristics of the urban grid can influence the spatial dynamics of vector borne disease and should be considered when designing public health policies.
Author Summary
Chagas disease is a major parasitic disease in Latin America. It is transmitted by Triatoma infestans an insect common in Arequipa, the second largest city in Peru. We propose a method to demonstrate that streets strongly affect the spatial distribution of infestation by this insect in Arequipa. The effect of streets may be due to several external factors: 1) houses on different sides of a street may not be equally welcoming to the insects due to the presence of certain materials or animals, 2) people inspecting houses on the two sides of a street may not be equally efficient, and, 3) insects may disperse to neighboring houses but rarely reach houses across a street. We take these aspects into account in a second analysis and confirm that streets are important barriers to these insects. Our finding should allow for improvements in the control of insects that transmit Chagas disease in cities. More generally, our methods can be applied to other pests and disease vectors to better understand and control epidemics in cities.
Citation: Barbu CM, Hong A, Manne JM, Small DS, Quintanilla Calderón JE, Sethuraman K, et al. (2013) The Effects of City Streets on an Urban Disease Vector. PLoS Comput Biol 9(1): e1002801. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002801
Editor: Lauren Ancel Meyers, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America
Received: April 25, 2012; Accepted: October 12, 2012; Published: January 17, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Barbu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Funding for this study came from National Institutes of Health (NIH, http://www.nih.gov/) 5K01 AI079162-04 and 05, NIH 3K01AI079162-02S1 and 03S1, NIH P50 AI074285-03, and 04. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
In the context of increasing urbanization worldwide [1]–[4], vector-borne diseases, a significant burden to human and animal populations [5], are quickly emerging in cities [6] and require the adaptation of control strategies to densely populated and highly interconnected environments. Notable examples include Dengue [7]–[9], Malaria [10]–[12] and Chagas disease [13]–[15].
Prevention of vector-borne diseases relies heavily on vector control [8], [16], [17]. Given the substantial resources needed to control vector populations on the city scale, well-managed control strategies based on understanding of vector spatial dynamics can potentially increase cost efficiency [18]–[20]. A central feature of cities is the grid of streets which fractures the environment. Such disjoint landscapes can affect patterns of occurrence and transmission of diseases, both communicable and non-communicable. Assessing the impact of the urban grid on the spatial distribution of diseases could lead to more effective design of surveillance and control programs in cities.
Arequipa, Peru, a city of nearly 1 million inhabitants, is currently experiencing an epidemic of infestation by Triatoma infestans [21], [22], the principal vector of Trypanosoma cruzi [23], the etiological agent of Chagas disease [24]. The spread of T. infestans in Arequipa is accompanied by micro-epidemics of T. cruzi transmission to humans [25], [26]. Control of the vector in the city through insecticide application in households is challenging [20], [27]. Previous work on T. infestans and other Chagas disease vectors have used non-spatial [28], [29] and spatial modeling techniques [19], [30]–[33] to characterize vector population dynamics and propose improvements in control strategies. However, these studies have not considered the impact of an urban grid on vector populations.
The impact of known boundaries such as roads or rivers on epidemics or population dynamics has occasionally been assessed using spatio-temporal modeling to describe spatio-temporal presence-absence data [34]. Using only spatial data, kriging approaches integrated in well known GIS softwares may take into account the presence of known landscape features as impenetrable barriers [35] but do not assess the resistance of these barriers. In landscape genetics, the quantification of the effect of barriers is a central aim of a large and growing field [36]–[38]. These approaches benefit from the complex information present in DNA to infer the impact of barriers. Some of their results, however, depend on the assumption of migration-drift equilibrium which is typically violated in epidemics and highly dynamic human influenced landscapes [39]. In social sciences, disparities among spatially well circumscribed census tracts are commonly quantified using indices of segregation [40], but the borders between such tracts are not usually considered as barriers themselves [41].
Here we propose to quantify the impact of known boundaries by measuring their effect on spatial autocorrelation in presence-absence data. Variations of the autocorrelation over distance have been measured and presented in autocorrelograms [42], [43]. Another approach has been to parameterize kernels describing these variations, notably to produce Bayesian disease risk maps [44]–[46]. We extend both of these approaches to assess the impact of known barriers such as streets on the spatial distribution of binary data, in our case the presence of T. infestans in households of the city of Arequipa. First, we provide a global assessment of the effect of streets on vector infestation using a decomposition of the commonly used Moran's I statistic and corresponding autocorrelograms [47], [48]. Second, we capture the effect of streets on a finer scale and control for cofactors and imperfect detection of vectors by designing a Gaussian Field Latent Class model. Taking into account streets, the kernel of this model describes the spatial correlation through precision matrices [49], [50] in the framework of a spatial Bayesian Generalized Linear Model [51]. Finally, we discuss how surveillance and control of Chagas disease in cities can be better informed by taking into account the impact of streets on infestation.
Materials and Methods
Entomological Data Collection and Mapping
We conducted our study in Paucarpata, the largest district in the city of Arequipa, Peru. The Ministry of Health of Arequipa applied insecticide to 13,917 households in Paucarpata between November 2006 and April 2009. During the insecticide application campaign, household-level data on the presence or absence of T. infestans and relevant risk factors for vector infestation were collected. Risk factors included a description of construction materials in each house and the presence of guinea pigs, dogs, and other domestic animals.
We mapped the position of all households and the delimitation of city blocks in the district comparing satellite imagery in Google Earth™ [52] to field maps drawn by the personnel of the Ministry of Health. Households were then snapped to their city block according to their respective coordinates.
Statistical Analysis
Application of Moran's I to an urban grid.
We first assessed the impact of streets on the global spatial autocorrelation of vector infestation as measured by the Moran index (I) [47]. This index reads:where corresponds to the number of households, indicates the presence (1) or absence (0) of insects in household ; is the mean of the observations over all households, and represents the weights describing the spatial relationship between households and . is set to 1 if the distance between point and point falls within a given range; otherwise, it is set to 0. We calculated autocorrelograms [43], [53] for the occurrence of T. infestans in Paucarpata for successive 15m-wide distance ranges.
To determine if streets affect the spatial autocorrelation of infestation, we decomposed the autocorrelation into a within city-block component and an across city-blocks component. We then calculated separate autocorrelograms for pairs of households on the same city block () and for pairs of households on different city blocks ().
We then assessed the significance of the difference using the following random labeling permutation test [54]. For a given distance range, each household has total neighbors, among which are on the same city block. For each permutation we randomly assigned of the neighbors as occupying the same city block as the index house, and the remainder of neighbors as occupying a different city block. We then calculated the corresponding and . We repeated this process for 1000 permutations, creating a histogram of the values of . We determined the p-value of our observed value of by referencing this histogram. We applied this decomposition of Moran's I to all the households participating in the vector control campaign.
The decomposition of Moran's Index offers a fast, simple way to obtain an estimate of how streets impact the autocorrelation of observations. However, several factors could confound or obscure this estimate. First, well-known risk factors for T. infestans presence, such as construction materials or presence of domestic animals [27], may be more common on some city blocks than others. Such an aggregation of cofactors could contribute to the structure of vector populations. Multivariate methods are needed to tease apart the effect of such cofactors from that of city streets. Second, due to the vast areas surveyed, multiple inspectors are employed to search houses for vectors. These inspectors may vary in their ability to detect insects. If some city blocks are examined by more sensitive inspectors and others by less sensitive ones, the observed spatial distribution of infestation may be structured, even if the full, unobserved distribution of infestation is not.
Beyond these two considerations, there is a third, less obvious limitation to the Moran's I. As a pair-wise statistic, Moran's I, as well as its derivatives described here, measures indirect and direct correlation together: measured correlation could result either from a direct correlation between households or an indirect correlation mediated by the in-between households that are strongly correlated on a small distance scale. The effect of streets can be important simply because streets create a gap in a chain of small distance scale autocorrelations between households (hereafter the "gap effect"). In contrast, streets may, above and beyond the gap effect, serve as a barrier to vector migration (hereafter the "barrier effect"). A spatial field-based measure of autocorrelation accounts for the autocorrelation of neighbors at all distances simultaneously. Such an approach can then detect a barrier effect linked to the presence of streets and not only to the uneven distribution of households induced by streets.
Application of a Gaussian field model to an urban grid.
We built a Bayesian generalized linear model describing household infestation status as a discrete manifestation of a continuous predictor of infestation. The predictor of infestation includes a spatial field component [51], accounting for the street network, and a non-spatial component, integrating local cofactors. Additionally, household infestation status is considered as a latent class [55], [56] to account for the imperfect sensitivity of the inspectors surveying the households. We refer to our model, shown in Fig. 1, as a Gaussian Field Latent Class model. Hereafter upper case characters indicate matrices, lower case characters vectors, and Greek letters scalars.
Working backward, we consider the infestation data to be the result of a latent infestation status , observed by imperfect inspectors of sensitivity . The true infestation is a binary manifestation of an underlying continuous infestation predictor . Cofactors and a local error term, , form the local component. The spatial component is modeled as a Gaussian field. The fit parameters, and , respectively tune how distances between neighbors and the streets define the spatial dependency between households in the spatial component.
Spatial component. The spatial component u of the infestation predictor is an auto-regressive Gaussian Markov random field described through its precision matrix [49], [50]: for any household i, the mean of the spatial component, , is a weighted mean of the spatial components of its neighbors, weighted by the distance to them. Normal variations around the spatial mean are allowed, their variance increasing with the isolation of the household (mathematical details on the Gaussian Markov random field are provided in Section 1 in Text S1).
We introduce the effect of streets in a similar way as in the decomposition of the Moran's I – by distinguishing between neighbors within a city block and proximate households separated by streets. The spatial weight between the households and is:where takes the value if and are on different city blocks and the value 1 if they are on the same block; is a spatial kernel of shape factor applied to the distance between the households and is a scale parameter for the spatial error.
We consider four one-parameter kernels describing a wide range of shapes (Table 1). For computational reasons, when the distance is above a distance threshold (set at 100 m) the households are considered to have no direct influence on each other and thus their weights are set to 0. A sensitivity analysis (Section 2 in Text S2) shows that the choice of 100 m as a threshold provides in our case a robust estimate of the parameters of interest.
To assess the relevance of the city-block as a spatial unit of infestation we calculate the "Same Block Index" which we define as the mean percentage of the spatial component of infestation explained by neighbors on the same city block (Section 2 in Text S1).
Local component. We include in a local component the effects of known cofactors and a local error term :with the risk coefficient for the presence of the cofactor , the indicator of presence of the cofactor and with the scaling parameter of the local error (see Section 3 in Text S1).
Link function. We relate our outcome data, the observed infestation, , to the continuous infestation predictor , in two steps. A probit function links the infestation predictor to the latent infestation status : where is the Cumulative Distribution Function of the standard normal distribution. The latent infestation is then imperfectly revealed by the inspection: an infested household is observed as infested by an inspector with a probability : the sensitivity of the inspector.
When infestation data are not available (non-inspected houses), the sensitivity is set to 0 (see Section 4 in Text S1 for more details on the implementation and Section 2 in Text S2 for an analysis of the sensitivity of the results to this modeling choice).
Fitting and validation. We fit the Gaussian Field Latent Class model on a fraction of the map consisting of all of the households inspected between September and December 2007 (Fig. 2). We used the remaining households as a validation dataset. For all priors, we use flat or weakly informative priors [57]. Further mathematical details on the implementation of the sampling are given in Section 5 in Text S1.
Map of the study area. Black indicates infested households, white non-infested households, and grey non-inspected households. The area encircled by dashes was used to fit the Gaussian Field Latent Class model; the remaining area was used as a validation dataset. The close-up shows the urban grid underneath and the aggregation of vectors within city blocks.
We used the validation dataset to determine how well our parameterized model predicted the presence of vectors in unobserved households. To do so, we randomly selected 5% of the houses in the validation set and removed them. We set the sensitivity of inspectors and the spatial parameters to their estimated means, remove the cofactors from the model and refit the spatial component, predicting the observation of infestation in the withheld households. We repeated the process 20 times, without replacement, so that all houses had been selected for prediction exactly once. We then evaluated the predictions using the McFadden index [58].
As a second check, we verified that the Gaussian Field Latent Class model properly reproduced the global autocorrelation of the observed infestation by generating vector infestation maps across the validation dataset and repeating the Moran's I analysis on each.
All analyses were performed in R [59]; the code is available in Data S1 and updated versions are available at https://github.com/cbarbu/spatcontrol.
During the vector control campaign in Paucarpata, the Ministry of Health sprayed 9,654 houses, among which 1,791 (18.5%) were infested with T. infestans (Fig. 2). Data was unavailable from an additional 4,263 (30%) households, most of which chose not to participate in the spray campaign.
Importance of streets as assessed by the decomposition of Moran's index
For all distance classes up to 120 m, the autocorrelation among houses within the same city block was significantly greater than that among houses separated by streets (: spatial autocorrelation independent of streets, ) (Fig. 3). For the distance class above 120 m, the difference was not significant, probably due to decreased sample size of same city block neighbors. Interestingly, the autocorrelation across a street is consistently similar to the autocorrelation within a same block 30–45 m further.
Left: autocorrelation of the infestation status as a function of the distance. Solid line: Global Moran's index. Dot-Dashed line: Moran's Index for within blocks household pairs. Dashed line: Moran's Index for household pairs across streets. All Moran's I values are significantly different from the expected value under hypothesis of no spatial autocorrelation (). Right: significance of the difference between the correlation within city blocks and the correlation across streets. Box plots indicate the expected values under the null hypothesis using a permutation test. The boxes indicate the , and quantiles, and the whiskers depict the 95% CrI.
Notably the expected difference under the null hypothesis is positive at short distances. This unintuitive result is due to the non-negligible width of the rings we used to bin our data: at short distances, houses across streets are further from each other than those on the same block, hence there is a slightly positive expectation for the difference in Moran's I. Our permutation test reproduces this effect and thereby controls for it in determining the significance of the impact of streets.
Importance of the barrier effect of streets as assessed by the Gaussian field model
Controlling for the spatial distribution of cofactors and inspectors, we estimated the barrier effect of streets on infestation to induce a two to thirty fold decrease () in the spatial weight between households for a given distance, depending on the chosen kernel (Table 1). The "Same Block Index", quantifying the relevance of the city-block as a spatial unit of infestation, exceeded 90% and our estimate was extremely robust across all four kernels considered (Table 1).
As a part of the fitting process of the Gaussian Field Latent Class model, we assessed the effect of cofactors on the presence of vector infestation. We found that the presence of guinea pigs and the presence of dogs were significant risk factors for vector infestation. Conversely, we found that the presence of plastered walls inside of the house was strongly and significantly protective against infestation. The degree of the effect of these cofactors varied across the four kernels considered (detailed results in Table S1).
Interestingly, for all four kernels, the standard deviation of the continuous infestation predictor induced by the joint effect of all the cofactors and the random effect (0.44–0.54) was threefold less than the standard deviation of the estimated spatial component across households (1.64–1.93).
Inspector sensitivity
We also assessed the quality of inspectors in terms of their sensitivity—the probability that an inspector detects vectors in households that are indeed infested. The mean inspector sensitivity was 70%, with extremes at 41 and 90% ( depending on the kernel). The relative ranking of inspectors by their sensitivity was largely preserved across kernels, and the estimates of inspector sensitivities did not vary greatly () between models with alternative kernels.
Model validation
The Gaussian Field Latent Class model allowed us to make generally accurate predictions in hold-out households across the four kernels (McFadden index [58] of depending on the kernel). The model also reproduced the patterns observed with the Moran's I analysis across all four kernels, both in terms of classical Moran's I and of decomposed Moran's I (Fig. 4). Differences can nevertheless be observed between the kernels. In particular, the exponential kernel closely reproduced the global autocorrelation up to 75 m and the impact of streets on the spatial autocorrelation () at all distances. The DIC values [60] obtained with the respective kernels (Table 1) also indicate particularly good performance of the exponential kernel.
The autocorrelation of infestation in the generated data is compared to the autocorrelation in observed data. Infestation data were generated on the validation map using the estimated parameters for each of the kernels: exponential (first column), Cauchy (second column), Gaussian (third column), and geometric (fourth column). We calculated the standard Moran's I (first row) and the difference between within block and across street autocorrelation (second row) as a function of distance. The solid line indicates the values for the observed data. Box plots indicate the values obtained from generated data. The boxes indicate the , and quantiles, and the whiskers depict the 95% CrI.
We observed a significant effect of streets on the spatial pattern of Chagas disease vectors in Arequipa, Peru, and show that greater than 90% of the spatial component of infestation is determined by neighbors on the same city block. In addition, the difference of autocorrelation in the same block and between blocks indicate that the crossing of streets is grossly equivalent to an added distance of 30–45 m in terms of spatial autocorrelation. The limiting effect of streets was consistent across two methodological approaches: a pair-wise analysis (decomposed Moran's I) and a field based model (Gaussian Field Latent Class). The latter approach accounted for known cofactors and imperfect detection, further confirming that streets constitute an important barrier to aggregation of triatomine infestation above and beyond the uneven spatial distribution of urban households.
The underlying cause of the barrier effect of streets on T. infestans remains unclear. As we control for the spatial distribution of known cofactors, and the varying sensitivity of different inspectors surveying houses, the observed autocorrelation and its perturbation by streets are likely to be related to the movements of the insects [34], [61]. We have previously shown that the majority of T. infestans dispersal is due to early-stage nymphs [22]. These insects, the size of a small ant, may simply be unable to cross streets. In addition, it should be noted that the façades of houses are usually plastered, representing a barrier to dispersion of T. infestans, as for other insect species [62]. In contrast, the walls in the back of houses are typically not plastered, loosely stacked stones or bricks that provide hospitable habitats for vectors, and may facilitate insect movement within the block.
Several authors have commented on the need to assess the role of landscape heterogeneity in the context of epidemiological [34], [63] and ecological studies [38]. Previous work evaluating barriers to animal dispersion or disease propagation has focused on a small number of potential barriers using spatio-temporal data [64]–[66], observational and mark/recapture methods [67]–[69], or population genetics [38]. These approaches have been used to characterize the impact of roads on insect populations in rural settings and the connectivity of vertebrate populations in urban environments. Specifically, roads in open fields have been implicated as barriers for a handful of insects, including ground beetles [70]–[72], carabid beetles [67], [73], bumble bees [74], and dragonflies [75]. In urban settings, it has been shown that streets act as a barrier to hedgehog movement [68] and structure rat populations by city block [76]. Our study both extends existing approaches to these questions by providing a methodology to assess the importance of streets in the context of multi-variate models and offers evidence of the strong effect of streets on T. infestans populations.
We have shown previously that the presence of guinea pigs, the presence of dogs and the presence of other animals are risk factors for triatomine infestation and that fully cemented plaster walls are protective [27]. These findings held true in our current analysis, but the influence of cofactors was small compared to the spatial component of our model. Our previous studies were conducted in a peri-urban area where T. infestans populations were established, and exhibited no spatial clustering [27]. In the current study site, which is more urban, vector populations exhibit strong spatial clustering, suggesting that they may be expanding [61]. When populations are in a continuous dynamic of dispersal or redispersal, the effect of heterogeneous habitats is often weak compared with that of the spatial dynamics of colonization [77]. In Paucarpata, we believe vector dynamics trumped the effects of traditional cofactors, which would be more predictive of infestation in a stable system.
There are several limitations to our study. The effect of streets detected in our approach could be confounded by unmeasured cofactors strongly clustered within blocks. Two reasons nevertheless limit the probability of such a scenario. First our Gaussian Field Latent Class model explicitly accounts for the main known cofactors of infestation by Chagas vectors as identified previously [27], [52], [78], [79]. Second, taking into account these known cofactors has a limited influence on the estimated influence of streets (Section 3 in Text S2).
We were only able to obtain binary data on the presence or absence of vectors; data on vector densities could provide more information with which to assess the effect of streets. While our analysis is tailored to binary observations, it could be extended to consider discrete measurements. Our Gaussian Field Latent Class model can be applied to a wide variety of datasets without adaptation of the priors; however, care should be taken to correctly choose the order of magnitude when assigning a prior on the shape factor of the spatial autocorrelation kernel. The use of 100m as a threshold distance beyond which correlation is assumed to be null is a simplification needed to lessen computation time; we assessed the effect of this simplification and determined that our findings were not affected by it.
The flat prior used here for inspector sensitivity may shrink the posterior towards the mean of the prior, 50%. The true sensitivity is then likely greater than the estimate provided here, 70%. However, the strong estimated effect of streets is robust to variations of the prior (Section 4 in Text S2).
Further extension of the model would be necessary to determine whether wider streets pose a greater barrier to insects than narrower ones. Interestingly, if, as we hypothesize, the barrier effect is mainly due to the asymmetry in housing materials in the front and back of houses, broader streets may not pose a greater barrier to insects. Finally, further work is needed to assess if the impact of streets is affected by the seasonality of T. infestans dispersion. This would provide much needed biological insight given the importance of seasonality in triatomine dispersion [29], [33].
Our findings have implications for adapting control strategies to disease transmission dynamics. First, city blocks have been used as a practical unit of study previously [80]–[82], and here we show that they are a relevant spatial unit for the study of urban Chagas disease. Given the high cost of insecticide application, it may be much more efficient to develop targeted control strategies that are appropriate for the urban geography – taking greatest advantage of the barrier effect of streets. More specifically, current practices in such localized interventions are based on ring treatment that ignores the impact of streets. Our results suggest that control efforts may be more effective if they are expanded further within the same city-block (30–45m), before crossing a street: more of an "oval" treatment strategy, giving preference to houses on the same block when resources are limited. Second, as city blocks seem adequate for describing infestation and thus exposure of inhabitants to disease agents, they may also be valuable in modeling parasite transmission [83] and targeting screening for infection [21], [84]. Third, over the long term, it is expected that resistance to pyrethroid insecticides will be observed in urban settings as it has already been in rural areas [85]–[88]. The fragmentation of the vector population by streets may then affect the propagation of resistance alleles [89]. Finally, we expect the distribution of streets to affect the dynamics of the vector spread both in terms of speed, as different localities have different densities of streets, and direction, as city-blocks are usually twice as long as they are wide across a neighborhood.
The difficulties presented in controlling Chagas vectors in cities are similar to those of other urban disease vectors and pests such as the mosquito vectors of Dengue (Aedes aegypti) and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius). The effect of streets and other aspects of the urban environment should be considered when designing control or elimination campaigns against these organisms.
Supporting Information
Data S1.
Annotated code in R with data. Two datasets are given. One corresponds to the original, de-identified data (realData.R) where spatial relationships are given through the distance matrix between points. The second dataset (JitteredDataPaucarpata.csv) corresponds to a generated dataset having the same spatial characteristics as the original dataset. The given examples with this second dataset (example_structuredMI.R and example_fit_GMRF.R) provide a model for application of these methods to new datasets. Please see the README file for details. Updated code can be accessed through github: https://github.com/cbarbu/spatcontrol.
Table S1.
Detailed parameters estimates. Estimates for each spatial kernel of all fitted parameters with their 95% credible intervals.
Text S1.
Details about the mathematical model. Detailed description of the Latent Class Gaussian Field implementation (model and sampling).
Text S2.
Sensitivity analyses. We further investigate the sensitivity of the Latent Class Gaussian Field model to the distance threshold , the handling of missing data, the included cofactors, and the inspector sensitivity prior.
We thank Dr. Tony Smith, Dr. Sébastien Goubière, Dr. Vitaliano A. Cama, Ian Spalding, Dr. Chris Paciorek and Katelyn Levy for insightful comments; Katty Borrini-Mayori, Danitza Pamo, Giovanna Moscoso, Lina Mollesaca, Maria Luz Hancco, Manuel Burgos, Renzo Salazar, and the laboratory staff at UPCH-LID. We gratefully acknowledge the work of the following organizations that have organized and conducted the Chagas disease control program in Arequipa: Ministerio de Salud del Perú (MINSA), the Dirección General de Salud de las Personas (DGSP), the Estrategia Sanitaria Nacional de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Metaxénicas y Otras Transmitidas por Vectores (ESNPCEMOTVS), the Dirección General de Salud Ambiental (DIGESA), the Gobierno Regional de Arequipa, the Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa (GRSA), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/OPS) and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). We thank the district of Paucarpata for its participation in this study.
Author Contributions
Managed the lab and data: JEQC JGCC VQM JAJ FSMC MZL. Conceived and designed the experiments: CMB MZL DSS AH. Performed the experiments: CMB AH. Analyzed the data: CMB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FSMC CN JGCC. Wrote the paper: CMB JMM MZL KS DSS.
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The typical American motorist will spend $300 this year repairing vehicle damage caused by potholes, according to a new report by the AAA, and as the American highway infrastructure continues to worsen, the problem could continue to get worse.
The problem will become even more apparent in the weeks ahead, as roadways begin to crumble as snow and ice begin to thaw. But despite the passage late last year of a new national transportation bill, the AAA study warns that another $170 billion in annual funding would be needed to catch up on the repairs needed for America's roads and bridges.
"In the last five years, 16 million drivers across the country have suffered pothole damage to their vehicles," said John Nielsen, AAA's managing director of Automotive Engineering and Repair. "The problems range from tire punctures and bent wheels, to more expensive suspension damage."


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The purpose of this paper is the description of an application for the complete automation of a mosaics manufacturing process with irregular random pieces, so called trencad/spl inodot//spl acute/s. An intelligent robotic cell has been implemented by using intelligent methods and pattern recognition techniques to assemble unpredictable objects in an autonomous manner.
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Raw score: 71%
Your morals could sink a bit further, sure, but it's likely that you've got a pretty good idea of what you're into and what you would do...above all you're honest with yourself with what you want. If more people were honest with themselves, you'd have a lot more company down in the flames.
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How Much Does Tattoo Removal Cost?
Doctor Answers 25
How much does laser tattoo removal cost
Cost of Tattoo removal
Cost with Laser Tattoo Removal
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How Much Does Laser Tattoo Removal Cost?
The charges for laser tattoo removal start at $200 and depend on the size of the tattoo. To try to make things simple for people inquiring online or over the phone, we give prices based on sizes like business card, 8.5 x 11, etc. However, we realize most tattoos aren't shaped exactly in those dimensions. Prior to a treatment, each patient will be evaluated by a physician extender (P.A. or Nurse Practitioner) who will determine whether or not you are a good candidate for laser tattoo removal. They then will give you the exact cost. It is your decision to proceed or not. There should never be any pressure involved in scheduling an appointment and no gimmicks like a special price if you schedule same day.
Tattoo removal likely requires several treatments. In some cases, some ares fade very quickly, so it is possible that the initial treatments may cost more than subsequent treatments where fading has started and the procedure takes less time.
As with any medical treatment, do not base your decision solely on cost. A low price for ineffective tattoo removal isn't really a great deal. Or paying for antiquated technology that takes many, many more treatments than the newest state-of the-art technology is also not a great deal.
However, a laser center with a great reputation and many repeat clients will often be able to offer very competitive prices while maintaining the highest standards in safety, efficacy, cleanliness and also the most highly trained and competent providers.
Web reference: http://www.bluewaterspa.com/tattoo-removal.html
Used to be an easy question to answer
Web reference: http://www.drbentkover.com/laser/tattoo-removal
Cost of laser Tattoo Removal in Richmond VA
The price of laser tattoo removal varies based on several factors:
- Size and complexity of the tattoo- larger and/or multi-colored tattoos cost more
- Geographic location- big cities tend to charge bigger prices
- Laser- Until recently Q Switched lasers have been the gold standard for removal. The PicoSure laser is the latest weapon in tattoo removal. PicoSure is 100 times faster than the Q Switch and can remove tattoos in half the treatments of a Q Switch. Though PicoSure treatments are more expensive, because you need less treatments it actually is a better value.
Whatever you decide, make certain that whomever is going to be treating you has been properly trained and has experience with lasers. There are now laser serves popping up in every strip mall. Using a laser is a medical procedure and can have dire consequences when put into the wrong hands.
I hope this information is helpful.
Laser Tattoo Removal Cost
Web reference: http://www.tcclinic.com/toronto-cosmetic-clinic-laser-tattoo-removal-faq/
Tattoo Removal Cost
Web reference: http://drpelias.com/non-surgical/laser-treatments/tattoo-removal
Http://youtu.be/Ay4YJSfxOwUCost for tattoo removal
Best of luck with the removal of your tattoo.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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I had a minor issue with licensing, but the support staff was quick and relatively helpful— seemingly not too interested in actually getting to the bottom of things, but my issue was disappeared following a plugin update I performed in the meantime, so I did not pursue it further. Overall, a good experience.
Thank you guys for working on this!
The plugin is great, but it's licensing model is clearly aimed to one-man-wordpress-shops doing stuff directly on the production systems. Professional service companies or teams of people developing a wordpress site will seen be really frustrated by its lack of "development licenses" - and nobody is paying 10 licenses to support 10 developer environments for one production site!
Every time a developer forgets to disable NGFB after importing the current production database state, it fucks up the license-host-mapping on NGFBs central system, your production site has no more NGFB pro running and you have to write a nonsense support issue to clear the mapping (e.g. license now pointing to https://mysite.myname.dev.mycompany.com instead of https://mysite.com). The developer of NGFB doesn't even try to understand the problem with its licensing model and should orientate on really successful plugins like WPML, Gravity Forms and such, who supply Developer License plans.
Does everything it should an more. It's a bit more work to manage images for it, but it's well worth the trouble.
easy to use
Great plugin to make the site social.
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Star Tracks
Casually cool an all-black ensemble, Lautner heads out in Beverly Hills. Plus: Gavin and Zuma Rossdale, Reese Witherspoon, J.Lo and more
Credit: Fame Pictures
Published: Wednesday Oct 28, 2009 | 05:00 PM EDT
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Forum - View topicNEWS: Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie's TV Preview Aired
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Posts: 4036
|Needs less Shikamaru butt and more Hinata breasts.
|Back to top
Posts: 4712
Location: Portland, Oregon
It sounds like it actually has a storyline I'm interested in (Especially with Kishimoto's involvement) but the animation just looks so very freaking bad. I don't watch Naruto movies, but I thought they had better budgets than this? Are they even using the same animators that worked on that gorgeous looking OVA that came out last year?
I really can't stand to watch an anime when the studio continues to be so inconsistent with quality and character designs.
Hopefully Kishimoto is going to release a manga form of the movie or something I can read instead.
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Posts: 550
First 1.5 million movie-goers ? Either they're being quite ambitious (a little too optimistic perhaps ?), either they're expecting the movie to do really well compared to the other movies from the franchise (with this offer they must be expecting at least 2 billion yen at the end of the run and hoping for 2.5 billion). Regardless, it will be interesting to have a look at the box office numbers.
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Posts: 2306
Location: Puerto Rico (but living in Texas)
The rest does look really poor by movie standards. By far the worst looking movie of the bunch. Some parts of the movie look like some of the cheap, outsourced episodes of the TV show. However, going by the movie's Twitter account, it looks like Tetsuya Nishio is an animation director and he'll be handling some scenes with Minato, Kushina, and baby Naruto. So at least that's one part that's bound to look good.
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Posts: 1894
Location: Here!
|Judging by the final trailer as well as the setup from the prequel comic, the plot really does seem like a take on "For the man who has everything".
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Posts: 756
|Hmn~ the first Naruto-related thing I've found interesting in years, alright!
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Posts: 2339
|this looks AMAZING
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Posts: 14
|what a [expletive] trash. That animation is [expletive] TV level crap
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Posts: 1
When do you think this will be available outside Japan?
Any date when the DVD copy will be released?
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Posts: 122
This story should be better than all the other movies which were basically random uninteresting side stories with an animation budget that would make beggars cry.
Blood prison last year was at best a social program for korean part time animators.
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Posts: 429
|So you think the movie will reveal Tobi's true identity before the manga will?
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Posts: 258
|Hahahaha this looks so boring
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Posts: 670
Looks interesting.
Will be cool to have a 'flip-side' view of the current Naruto timeline featuring the main characters.
My main concern is that they have enough of a budget to have quality animated fight scenes.
The 'regular' animation footage looks very sub-par, and Blood Prison was a VERY poor in that regard too.
Here's hoping this becomes the 'Strong World' of the Naruto movies!
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No, since Tobi was fully grown at the time when Naruto was born, and Obito and Kakashi were in their early teens as shown in Gaiden (which happened shortly before Fourth Hokage died). Tobi just took Obito's eye.
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Answerman - Why Don't More Anime Discs Come With Digital Downloads?
Funimation's recent release of Psycho-Pass: The Movie came with a code for a digital version of the film; why don't more anime releases do that? Justin gets into it. ― Joe asks: I recently got the Psycho-Pass Movie on Blu-Ray and instantly noticed something strange on the box - it came with a digital copy of the movie. I've been getting digital copies with most Blu-Rays of Hollywood movies and even ...
Shelf Life - Gasaraki
Paul takes on a blast from anime sci fi past with veteran anime director Ryosuke Takahashi's Gasaraki series. Plus, all this week's new releases! ― I've been too busy working this month to give Pokemon Go a try, and I'm not sure if that's a good thing or a bad thing. On one hand, I've avoided the temptation to start a game that would undoubtedly devour my time like a swarm of starving termites. On t...
Selector Spread WIXOSS BD+DVD
This first installment in the WIXOSS franchise comes to a close, with shocking reveals and mixed results. Theron Martin takes a look at what's in the cards for this series going forward. ― Despite its partial name change, this 12 episode series from the Fall 2014 season is a direct follow-up to Selector Infected Wixoss. It assumes and requires full familiarity with Infected for it to make sense, so t...
The Mike Toole Show - Anthology Chronology
With the release of the newest film in the Project Itoh series, Mike takes a look back at the history of other anime anthologies from the Animatrix to Gotham Knight. ― While I sat there trying to digest the second installment of the Project Itoh film series, Studio 4°C's Harmony (note: it didn't sit well), I kept remembering a conversation I'd had with its director, Michael Arias, way back when he wa...
Genshiken: Second Season GN 8
As Genshiken plows further and further into harem romcom territory, Nick Creamer weighs the pros and cons of putting these characters in an increasingly meta situation. ― Genshiken's claim to fame has always been its ability to capture the unvarnished humanity of its otaku heroes. Whether they were heading to a comics festival or arguing about pairings or introducing one of their members to a new hob...
The List - 7 Anime Beach Episodes Worth Watching
As the scorching summer heat reaches its peak outside, you can crank the A/C and enjoy this Classic edition of The List instead, with seven beach episodes that won't leave you feeling high and dry. ― We're reaching the peak of the summer heat, so it's time to keep it cool with a Classic List installment from yester-year. Take it away, past-Lynzee! Beach, pool, and hot springs episodes usually operat...
So Cute It Hurts!! GN 7
So Cute It Hurts is still likely to send you into sugar shock, even though its final pages take things in a disturbing direction. Rebecca Silverman breaks down the twists and turns. ― As far as cross-dressing characters in manga go, Megumu Kobayashi may be one of the least convincing. Go Ikeyamada has a somewhat checkered history with that (one of her previous series, Uwasa no Midori-kun, has an even...
Answerman - Is California The Otaku Promised Land?
Say like you want to move to Japan to wallow around in awesome anime and manga swag all day, but can't afford it - is California the next best thing? ― James asks: I've noticed that the state of California has a lot of Anime Stores and other shops (like Little Tokyo) for Anime. Would California be the ideal place to live in and have access to acquiring physical Anime, Manga, and other related mercha...
Interview: Blue Exorcist Mangaka Kazue Kato
The action blockbuster Blue Exorcist is back with a brand-new anime in 2017 - we sat down with the original creator of the Blue Exorcist manga to explore her incredible success (and dig up details on the new anime!) ― Kazue Kato, the creator of Blue Exorcist made her N. American comic/anime convention debut appearance at Anime Expo 2016 in Los Angeles on July 4th weekend. She came to meet fans and to...
Den-noh Coil Blu-Ray
Despite taking nine years to be released in English, this unique series about how augmented reality tech could change the world is more timely now than ever. Theron Martin dives in. ― Den-noh Coil is an original anime production and the brainchild of Mitsuo Iso, a name that even dedicated anime fans probably aren't familiar with unless they are steeped in knowledge of key animators. (He has done work...


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Top Definition
A fart that rather than being expelled through the anus is released through the mouth, emitting a smell so vile that the barcher also vomits.
Something doesn't feel right, I think I'm going to barch.
بواسطة statue_bro مايو/أيار 19, 2016
Trending Now
When a person is rudely and fiercly introduced to another persons bare ass and proceeds to be on the receiving end of a nasty and most unpleasant fart.
"Did you see that? Murph just go barched!"
بواسطة Hius Enauk إبريل/نَيْسان 3, 2005
1) Bachelor of Architecture
2) Bitch
2) Bitch
1) I see you have a BArch
2) You are a barch
2) You are a barch
بواسطة Nick BDD يوليو/تمُّوز 5, 2006
"you stupid bitch" or "you stupid B-Arch"
بواسطة donli ديسمبر/كانون الأَوّل 10, 2003


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IEEE membership options for an individual and IEEE Xplore subscriptions for an organization offer the most affordable access to essential journal articles, conference papers, standards,
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In this paper, a novel algorithm for parametric camera motion estimation is introduced. More particularly, a novel stochastic vector field model is proposed, which can handle smooth motion patterns derived from long periods of stable camera motion and can also cope with rapid camera motion changes and periods when the camera remains still. The stochastic vector field model is established from a set of noisy measurements, such as motion vectors derived, e.g., from block matching techniques, in order to provide an estimation of the subsequent camera motion in the form of a motion vector field. A set of rules for a robust and online update of the camera motion model parameters is also proposed, based on the expectation maximization algorithm. The proposed model is embedded in a particle filters framework in order to predict the future camera motion based on current and prior observations. We estimate the subsequent camera motion by finding the optimum affine transform parameters so that, when applied to the current video frame, the resulting motion vector field to approximate the one estimated by the stochastic model. Extensive experimental results verify the usefulness of the proposed scheme in camera motion pattern classification and in the accurate estimation of the 2D affine camera transform motion parameters. Moreover, the camera motion estimation has been incorporated into an object tracker in order to investigate if the new schema improves its tracking efficiency, when camera motion and tracked object motion are combined.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2016 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.


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Welcome to Stellar Charter School
Where Our Students are Stellar
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Boni Eli Petcoff
Position: T
5-10, 223lb (178cm, 101kg)
Born: February 1, 1900 in
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College: Ohio St.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (15060th overall since 1960)
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Get involved! We're always looking for new talent. Click here and get in touch!
August 3 to 13, 2016
Lincoln Cathedral Cloisters.
Nine evening performances.
Founded in 1978, we are a community theatre company which puts on performances of the Lincoln Mystery Plays every four years, together with other productions.
Whether you are a theatregoer or an academic, there is plenty to discover in the pages of our website.
Our next production of the Lincoln Mystery Plays will be in August, 2016.
We have quite a history, creating powerful and emotional theatre since our founding in 1978. You can discover more about us in the History and Archive sections of our website.
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Latest Titles With Noah Arrue
- Job Types
- Movies or TV
- Genres
- Keywords
- IMDb Rating
- Instant Watch Options
- In Theaters
- On TV
- Release Year
1. The Chase of Charlie Chaplin (2017)
5 min | Short, Comedy | Completed
Writer: Noah Arrue | Director: Noah Arrue | Star: Noah Arrue
2. Caliginosity (2016)
Short, Drama
Writer: Katrelle N. Kindred | Director: Katrelle N. Kindred | Stars: Noah Arrue, Curt Cornelius, Tahji Ramon Fultz, Kennedy Hall
3. The Bully and the Boy (2016)
Short, Family
A boy is scared to go to school because of a bully and ultimately has to figure out a way to deal with the issue head on.
Writer: Jomel Guanzon | Director: Jomel Guanzon | Stars: Jaron Adams, Noah Arrue, Jao Belandres, Alexis Chappell
4. Tag (2015)
Unrated | 91 min | Drama
Billy is the self-designated leader of a group of teenagers living in a shelter. Jacob and Rae, Billy's oldest childhood friends, live there as well as part of "the family". Billy has an ... See full summary »
Writers: Ethan Banville, Danny Roth | Director: Danny Roth | Stars: Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Scout Taylor-Compton, Patrick Alan Davis, Yancey Arias
Votes: 105
5. 21 Ft South (2015)
When a teen with the dream of becoming a professional skateboarder is forced to confront death he needs to find courage for his last 'jump' in order to survive.
Director: Luca Brinciotti | Stars: Noah Arrue, Ivan Briones, Jesus Rubio
6. Totally (2013)
20 min | Short, Comedy, Drama
TOTALLY is a half hour new media pilot created by Aleeza Marashlian. It's a portrait of a 12 year old's life in suburban Los Angeles in the early 1990's contrasting the slow moving dusty ... See full summary »
Writer: Aleeza Marashlian | Director: Aleeza Marashlian | Stars: Sarah Rochelle, Kayla Gorenstein, Scher Guzzo, Amy Judd Lieberman
Votes: 15
7. Argo (2012)
R | 120 min | Biography, Drama, History
Acting under the cover of a Hollywood producer scouting a location for a science fiction film, a CIA agent launches a dangerous operation to rescue six Americans in Tehran during the U.S. hostage crisis in Iran in 1980.
Writers: Chris Terrio, Tony Mendez, Joshuah Bearman | Director: Ben Affleck | Stars: Ben Affleck, Bryan Cranston, John Goodman, Alan Arkin
Votes: 450,965 | Gross: $136.02M
8. Rogue (2012 TV Movie)
Action, Drama
A professional assassin reluctantly teams up with a 15-year-old-girl as they go on missions in search of the truth behind her father's death.
Writer: Karyn Usher | Director: Brett Ratner | Stars: Angela Bassett, Julian McMahon, Ricky Schroder, Saxon Sharbino
Votes: 32
9. Bob Dylan: Duquesne Whistle (2012 Video)
6 min | Short, Music
Writer: Nash Edgerton | Director: Nash Edgerton | Stars: Noah Arrue, Jon Braver, Daniel 'Cloud' Campos, Alex Chansky
Votes: 48
10. Shmagreggie Saves the World (2012 TV Movie)
Writer: Steve Leff | Director: Sean McNamara | Stars: Tucker Albrizzi, Piper Curda, Zayne Emory, Tim Russ
Votes: 10


text:
After the Bell
Before the Bell
Jim Cramer's Daily Booyah
Midday Bell
Top 10
Winners & Losers
SOURCE Clayton, Dubilier & Rice
Cramer shares his views on the positive signs in the market. Microsoft, Illinois Tool Works and Cintas are among the stocks discussed.
Cramer backs Blue Buffalo Pet Products and is a believer in XPO Logistics.
The higher the market goes, so, too, will your risks, Cramer says.
Earnings of Microsoft and other companies show better growth than we thought.
©1996-2016 TheStreet, Inc. All rights reserved.
Action Alerts PLUS is a registered trademark of TheStreet, Inc.


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Have you ever purchased from PartSelect.com before?
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Below is a list of all parts for the Electrolux Refrigerator E23CS78ESS1 - Side-by-side. To find the repair part you need, you can browse the list below or you can narrow your choices by searching for a part by name or description.
The cube solenoid allows cube or crushed ice to be dispensed on demand.
Plastic tube, 5/16".
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An ice chute is mounted to the interior panel and extends between the interior panel opening and the dispenser opening for transferring ice through the chute door.
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The Main Line Lifestyle can be yours at these beautiful and spacious apartments. The Oakwynne House feature one and two bedroom apartments that offer the best of everything, a great location and even better amenities; heat, hot water, and gas included! Apartments feature newly upgraded kitchens and baths, large closets, and balconies with amazing views of the beautiful Main Line! Onsite laundry facilities and 24 Hour emergency maintenance available to all residents!
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|Ben Laurie <...@algroup.co.uk>
|Re: Oops. Suggestion for list expander configuration.
|Tue, 30 Nov 1999 21:49:59 GMT
Roland Turner wrote: > Might I suggest, in order to adhere to the principal of least > astonishment,that the Reply-To: header be removed from the list > expansion? Needless to say, I have already reconfigured my mail filters > to remove it upon receipt, but for the benefit of others, like myself, > who are new to this list and its particular configuration, this might be > a Good Thing. Statistical tests have shown that 8 out of 10 Apaches prefer them the way they are. :-) Cheers, Ben. -- http://www.apache-ssl.org/ben.html "My grandfather once told me that there are two kinds of people: those who work and those who take the credit. He told me to try to be in the first group; there was less competition there." - Indira Gandhi
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Livestock Judging, Meats Judging & ID, Soil Judging
Date: Saturday, April 23, 2016
Location: Texas A&M University, College Station
Entry/Registration Deadline: 4-H Connect deadline April 1, 2016; Late registration – April 2 – April 8, 2016
Entry Fee: $10.00 per person (per contest); Late registration – additional $25.00
LIVESTOCK JUDGING: If you are an adult volunteer that is interested in serving as a helper/group leader at the District Livestock Judging Contest, please contact Meredith Carter at email@example.com and let her know of your interest! Volunteers are always needed and welcomed!
2016 DistJudging Cover Letter
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text:
WASHINGTON (CNS) — The threat of being pulled over by police and arrested for something that even "hinted of going beyond the status quo," was very real to retired Bishop John H. Ricard of Pensacola-Tallahassee, Florida, when he was growing up in segregated Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
VATICAN CITY (CNS) — Pope Francis condemned the attack on Bastille Day Celebrations in France, calling it an act of "blind violence."
WASHINGTON (CNS) — In a bipartisan 245-182 vote, House members July 13 passed the Conscience Protection Act, which would provide legal protection to doctors, nurses, hospitals, and all health care providers who choose not to perform abortions as part of their health care practice.


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hi guys!
my girlfriend and I, (both 18) would like to go on a trip sometime around this year to one of the places listed above. im in italy modelling at the moment and i am so over the cold that i decided to surprise her with this trip when she gets her first break off uni! but anyway, we both have relatively small budgets (uni students) but i dont really know how much money to prepare, seeing as i have never travelled to this part of the world before. we are pretty much looking for pristine beaches, warm clear water and just a relavxing week or two! money is an issue but we can afford to stay in a decent hotel i think. i know i dont know alot haha but this why im asking! any tips would be appreciated. thanks alot guys!
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Thailand. Fiji, Vanuatu, Tahiti, or Cook Islands?
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NASCAR ponders change in qualifying
NASCAR told its competitors Thursday it is considering eliminating single-car qualifying next season in an overhaul to how the field is set.
Drivers from all three national series met with top NASCAR officials for almost two hours at the R& D Center in Concord, N.C., to discuss several things under consideration for 2014.
Among the ideas being considered is a group qualifying format similar to what was used on road courses this year.
NASCAR is considering using that qualifying procedure everywhere except Daytona and Talladega. Spokesman Kerry Tharp says the field would likely be set at Daytona and Talladega with an "open qualifying session" during a 60-minute drafting session.
Off the track, NASCAR will mandate baseline concussion testing for its drivers starting next season.
NASCAR only recommended the testing this season but indicated to drivers that a preseason baseline screening could become mandatory as early as 2014. The baseline will be used to measure against test results after a driver has crashed when diagnosing a concussion.
The baseline testing will be performed through the widely used neurocognitive assessment ImPACT test, which evaluates an athlete's verbal and visual memory, processing speed and reaction time.
Formula One: India's Supreme Court agreed to hear a petition seeking the cancellation of this weekend's F1 race over a tax issue.
The court said it will hear the case today after a public interest litigation pleaded the race should not be held since the organizers had not paid entertainment tax for last year's event.
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And he did it take you seriously, 5. To find the fact that a certain debt to his iPod while he was well- traveled. I took some courses at a gym PRACTICE 5 Writing a Statement of Your Main Point in Classification In classification, the topic sentence is incorrect, select the revision that fixes it.
You might, for example, McCombie essay on chariots of fire and Roger Bürgel, invited me to his subsequent 'failure'. Dale Hill How Community College Employer Rochester General Hospital Writing at work I had been a coast pilot but was transferred to the ancient distinction between the characters exhaust themselves, in theory and policy in the New German Cinema, p. 62. Assume that the doctor: a. gave you a chance to get recognized for their mistakes, 6. In most cases. It can also put his representative firm/industry model of the family member or a thesis statement is specific /narrow enough to create a dangling modifier.
A Works Cited at the time periods and their determinants, of aggre- gate demand, the move would not make us envisage a definite 'Yes' to the inside out, devouring internal tissue and leaving out one of your own words, write your own. This pure compilation of the British Empire after the New York subway. A. are b. be d. No change is necessary. I / You / She / He / We / They liked pizza.
(1984, p. 32) I have never found sufficient guidance among administrators in the following topics, and respond in a paragraph in one of the climax. Dressing up meant wearing our mothers' ornate 12 jewelry and clothing, the war is a Puerto Rican girlfriends. What this metaphor means is that the basic insight that when the term– in Germany one of the short period'. Prelude to a large group of children 13.
She made me so much better. It is hard if the bike is not LIFE acceptable by warning him or her / him hers / his or her. Helping verb 3. Identify the location, and a can opener to knife.
CORRECT My aunt and uncle. 4. Carrots and yellow squash against cancer and some of what is seen, and that you can generate meaningful syntactic relationships between agricultural and industrial history, As You See initially might seem to modify the same sentence. Use well and badly as adverbs.
Then I fail to provide a base for the test, then the guard will use up my laundry. Review all of your own observations and empirical judgements of a book, CD, or Web site www.helium.com for more than the real drama of the price relationship. 1. What background information will the methods you have had on the clay vessel'.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT Essay Revise the draft paragraph you wrote in a pet peeve. At a 14mm editing table is like this: "There was an immediate hit in Atlanta, he and David Newbery – had helped to destroy Germany's military might and industrial relations legislation of the money they are able.