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Mixed Media Artist
Looking forward to welcoming visitors to our open studio!
Come along and see my work alongside that of photographer Deborah Husk, we have a collaborative surprise to unveil!
We will both be available to chat and the gardens are a delight,
see dates and location details opposite.

subset: commoncrawl


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$9.99It starts with a series of unexplained events. Earth tremors across the globe. Women being driven insane by their heightened and scrambled senses. And the world is starting to notice - the number one Twitter trend is #realfemmefatales. Governments and scientists are bewildered and silent. The world needs Torchwood, but there's not much of Torchwood left. Captain Jack Harkness has tracked the
$7.99In this fresh and innovative middle grade fantasy, imagination matters most in a world where art can keep monsters trapped—or set them free.Lots of twins have a special connection, but twelve-year-old Matt and Emily Calder can do way more than finish each other's sentences. Together, they are able to bring art to life and enter paintings at will. Their extraordinary abilities are highly sought
$8.69Intimately exploring aspects of John's current life, this personal memoir is full of exclusive anecdotes from recent and ongoing projects, all told with John's trademark charm and humor. Full of juicy tidbits from behind the scenes of Doctor Who and Torchwood, this memoir also offers heartwarming family anecdotes and personal revelations, including John's perspective on fame and how it has
$8.69From his Glaswegian childhood and American adolescence to his starring role in the Doctor Who spinoff Torchwood, this memoir traces the life and career of actor John Barrowman. John made a name for himself with remarkable West End achievements, including an Olivier Award nomination and success in the movies The Producers and De-Lovely. Television success was also assured when Torchwood won a Best
$8.99In this thrilling sequel to Hollow Earth, Matt and Emily must stop someone from unleashing an army of mankind's worst nightmares.In the Middle Ages, an old monk used his powers and a bone quill to ink a magical manuscript, The Book of Beasts. Over the centuries the Book, and the quill, were lost. Twins Matt and Emily Calder are Animare—just like their ancestor, the monk. The things they draw can
$10.99Matt and Emily Calder's travels through time come to a thrilling conclusion in the third book of the Hollow Earth trilogy as the siblings struggle to close Hollow Earth—and keep the monsters inside.Twins Matt and Emily Calder may be divided by time, but they are united in their mission to close Hollow Earth before the monsters inside can destroy the world. The key to success lies with their
$0.99Sixteen-year-old twins Matt and Em Calder are Animare: they can bring art to life, and travel in time through paintings. They work for Orion—the Animare MI5—protecting the secrecy of their order and investigating crimes committed by their own kind. It's dangerous work. But when they are sent to Edinburgh to find a teenage boy who can alter reality with his music, they are drawn into something more
$13.59All three books of John & Carole E. Barrowman's HOLLOW EARTH trilogy. Book 1: HOLLOW EARTH. Book 2: THE BONE QUILL. Book 3: THE BOOK OF BEASTS. Long ago, the Order of Era Mina bound all the beasts of myth and legend into the pages of a single tome. They called the prison they had created the Hollow Earth – a nightmare world built to keep our world safe. Over centuries, their Order grew strong: the
The Biography of David TennantThe astounding life and career of David Tennant, acclaimed classical actor and television's 10th dramatic and eccentric Doctor Who-now revised and updated Energetic and charismatic, David Tennant achieved international acclaim for his riveting portrayal of the 10th Time...
$9.99"We need to reach out. We need to continue the line..." On a windswept northern shore, the islanders believe the worst they have to fear is a Viking attack. Then the burning comes. Water will not stop it. It consumes everything in its path - yet the burned still speak. The Doctor encounters a people under attack from a power they cannot possibly understand. They have no weapons, no strategy and
$8.89'The twenty-first century is when it all changes, and you've got to be ready.' Separate from the government; outside the police, beyond the United Nations: Torchwood sets its own rules. A team of investigators, using alien technology to solve crime - both alien and human. This new British sci-fi crime thriller, created by Russell T Davies, sees them delve into the unknown. A group of people
$9.99Wilfred Mott is very happy: his granddaughter, Donna, is back home, catching up with family and gossiping about her journeys, and he has just discovered a new star and had it named after him. He takes the Tenth Doctor with him to the naming ceremony. But the Doctor soon discovers something else new, and worryingly bright, in the heavens - something that is heading for Earth. It's an ancient force


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That is the only thing justifying the current gold price. I say no, we are not Weimar Germany.
Tic toc...
I bought gold 'cause I like shiny things...and you know, money.
Your ego must be really bruised after watching gold go up as you sold and went short lol Quit cryin sheeesh!!
Not short, but do have some several month out GLD puts that I expect to show me excellent profits sooner or later when you gold fetishists panic after the marginn hike that Lind Waldock says is coming.


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- Enjoy £1.00 credit to spend on movies or TV on Amazon Video when you purchase a DVD or Blu-ray offered by Amazon.co.uk. A maximum of 1 credit per customer applies. UK customers only. Offer ends at 23:59 GMT on Wednesday, November 30, 2016 Here's how (terms and conditions apply)
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WWE: The Best Of In Your House [Blu-ray]
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In the mid-90 s, no pay-per-view series produced more epic matches, historic moments or championship showdowns than WWE In Your House. Debuting in 1995, In Your House PPV s were the preeminent setting for the top Superstars in WWE to settle their scores in the months between the big 4 events. In 28 total events over five years, In Your House and its unmistakable insignia solidified a permanent place in WWE through the iconic Superstars it hosted and the litany of innovations that stemmed from it. True WWE fans will reminisce about the first ever Hell in a Cell, Inferno and Buried Alive Matches, the debuts of Kane and Big Show, and the genesis of several yearly stables such as WWE Backlash, Judgment Day, Unforgiven and No Way Out all originating at In Your House. This 3-disc, eight hour collection features championship level matches from all the top WWE stars of the 90 s, such as Undertaker, Shawn Michaels, Bret Hart, Triple H, The Rock, Kane, Diesel and many more!
Includes the following matches:
Jeff Jarrett vs. Shawn Michaels
WWE Championship Match
Bret Hart vs. British Bulldog
Four Corners Match for the Vacant WWE Championship
Steve Austin vs. Bret Hart vs. Vader vs. The Undertaker
Shawn Michaels vs. The Undertaker
Last Man Standing Match for the WWE Championship
The Rock vs. Mankind
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Match to crown first WWE Light Heavyweight Champion
Taka Michinoku vs. Brian Christopher
WWE Championship Match
Shawn Michaels vs. Ken Shamrock
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So What WWE have done is collected some of the best Matches from the In Your House PPV's and released a set that has some of the greatest and most significant matches in the Companies History.
One thing i really like about this set beside the matches being in HD even though they were not shot in HD is the host of the set which saw the return of Todd Pettengill, here he really excels in his role as the host and sets up some of the matches nicely and cuts a few jokes, Check out the Blu-ray exclusive on Disc 1 which is devoted to Penttengill.
Some of the Best Matches on this set include, In Your House 5 - WWF Championship Bret Hart vs British Bulldog
In Your House 7 WWF Championship Shawn Michaels vs Diesel, In Your House 10 - WWF Championship Shawn Michaels vs Mankind,
Buried Alive Match In Your House 11 - Undertaker vs Mankind, In Your House 13 - Four Corners WWF Championship Steve Austin vs Bret Hart vs Vader vs The Undertaker, In Your House 16 - 10 Man Tag Match Hart Foundation vs Steve Austin Ken Shamrock Goldust & LOD and one of the classic last man standing matches In Your House 27 - Last Man Standing Match for the WWF Championship The Rock vs Mankind.Read more ›
He says it's great for old school fans.
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Right... they didn't dump their shares asthey left.
So the former CFO didn't like to work?He just wants options..Speaking of options.. and expensing them..http://biz.yahoo.com/djus/021113/1354000755_1.html
no its gone from 40 to 7. but it has nothing to do with execs leaving.
And their stock has gone down from 17 to 9
yes why not. the company fundimentals have not changed nor did the product. people leave for numerious reasons. take a look at orcl, there have been about 5 top execs that have retired in the past 12 months. nothing changed, the company is still operating.
IDPH selling on yesterday's news..Indexes selling off the Saddam pop
the chart said below 42 was the timeto short it.
distribution my ass .this stock is selling off because the hedge funds want to run it down. its a joke how the big boys control the market.yesterdays news was good. if this were any other stock it would be up 10% today alone.


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R. Federer vs D. Ferrer Tennis Head to Head Statistics, live Results and Scheduled Games
Head to Head Statistics: R. Federer und D. Ferrer Year up to 2016R. Federer and D. Ferrer played up to today 16 Games.
Last time R. Federer and D. Ferrer played a Match within the ATP Tournament
Masters Series Cincinnati played on Hard Court on 17/08/14.
For the Players R. Federer and D. Ferrer currently no Tennis Result Series known.
Place next Tennis Bet on Boylesports and get a Free Bet Bonus on your 1.Deposit up to 20 Euro extra now Bonus
More Tennis Results in the WP live Result Service Results live and free Betting Tips in the Betting Forum.
Crossover Match Comparison Player R. Federer and D. Ferrer
Scheduled Games for R. Federer vs D. Ferrer


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We left San Francisco on September 7th 2008 and are off to see the world in our Tayana 37 Pilot House cutter.
|Vessel Name:
|Active Transport
|Vessel Make/Model:
|Tayana 37 PH
|Hailing Port:
|San Francisco, California
|John and Shawn
|John and Shawn left San Francisco in September of 2008 to sail around the world.
|This blog is intended for friends and family who may or may not be sailors. It is not intended to provide technical details of any of the boat's systems. Its purpose is to keep friends up-to-date on our progress and, whereabouts
Photos 1 to 15 of 17 | Cruising Active Transport (Main)
This album contains pictures of the junk that Shawn removed from our prop and prop shaft on New Year's Day.
3 Photos
Created 3 January 2009


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Lovely 2 Bedroom Apartments in Shoreditch - (39322)
Size60 m²
Floor No.(with elevator)
- Internet/WiFi
- Towels
- Elevator in building
- Kitchen
- Washer/dryer
- Dishwasher
|Steward Street, E1 London, United Kingdom
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
This fantastically located apartment sleeps 6 people in 2 bedrooms with double beds and one foldable sofa bed in living room can sleep other 2 people. Fully equipped kitchen and two bathrooms makes your stay in London more convenient. Apartment located on the 4th floor in the building with elevator.
The nearest tube station is Aldgate East or Shoreditch High Street.
Check in office is located just few minutes walking.
Iron & Ironing Board, Hair Dryer, Bed Linen & Towels, Washing Machine, DVD, TV, cooking hob, vacuum cleaner, internet connection, heating, dining table, chairs
Drying Rack, Hair Dryer, toilet, shower, washbasin , bathtub, Heated towel bar, mirror
Bed Linen & Towels, double bed, night tables, 2 x reading lamps, chest of drawers, lamp, shelves, wardrobe, mirror
Bed Linen & Towels, double bed, night tables, reading lamps, chest of drawers, shelves, wardrobe, mirror
Cookware & Kitchen Utensils, Crockery & Cutlery, Washing Machine, Dishwasher, DVD, TV, cooking hob, oven, electric kettle, microwave, toaster, plates, pans, fridge / freezer, coffee maker, coffee table, table and chairs, double sofa bed, Complimentary Tea & Coffee, cupboards
Security deposit will be requested during the checkin. Groups of 6 or more will be charged a security deposit of 50 GBP/person.
Baby cot and a high chair available upon request (extra fee)
Check-in DOES NOT take place at the apartment itself but at Adler Street, London, E1. Please call our office phone 60 min. before your arrival at the office and in case of any delay. Exact address and contact details are provided upon reservation completion.
Upon check-in, guests must show a valid, government issued photo ID and a valid credit / debit card issued in their name.
Arrivals between 21:00 and midnight will be subject to a late check-in fee of 20 GBP and 30 GBP from 00:00
Absolutely NO PARTIES allowed within the rented property nor disturbing the peace. Guests found breaking this rule will be charged penalty and asked to leave without a refund.
|Price for > 4 guests
|R 333 ZAR per guest/night extra
|Check-in after
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|Cancellation Policy
Really nice and clean apartment in the center of the city! No problems, very easy communication and organisation! Thanks!
Very nice apartment, large and well restored. Reliable and competent organization. However, the proximity of a bar restaurant that ends at 4am, creates noise incompatible with a good sleep.
Très bel appartement, vaste et bien restauré.
Organisation fiable et compétente.
Toutefois, la proximité d'un bar restaurant qui termine à 4h du matin, crée des nuisances sonores incompatibles avec un bon sommeil.
Wounderful organisation, flat clean and good situate. Thanks
Excellent grip upon our arrival at the airport. Wonderful apartment, we enjoyed it very convenient given the taxi service offered by the agency.
Excellente prise en main dès notre arrivée à l'aéroport. Magnifique appartement, nous avons passé un séjour extraordinaire rendu très pratique par le service taxi proposé par l'agence.
Very nice apartment, well appointed, well located in the city in a quiet and secure building. We are stayed 3 days and it is pleasant. The metro and small business are listed.
Très bel appartement , bien agencé , bien situé dans la ville dans un quartier calme et immeuble sécurisé .Nous y sommes resté 3 jours et il est agréable à vivre . Le métro et de petits commerce sont à coté .
Contact: *****
Apartment: *****
- walk from office to Apartment: 15 minutes
- 1 bed for every person (we visited praque with 10 persons)
- easy to find. No traffic jams till the office
Very well located, 1 min from the famous Old Town square and the shopping district. The apartment is very nice, just as shown. The owner called me at my arrival at the airport and helped me find the check-in place. I stayed only for a night and everything was perfect. They also offer to take you from the airport, which I recommend. I decided to find my way myself and ended up paying much more for a taxi.
Sehr grosszügige Wohnung. Super Lage. Leider keine richtige Dusche, nur die Badewanne, die auf den Bildern zu sehen ist.
Es ist unmöglich eine Rechnung zu bekommen
WIMDU kümmert sich ebenfalls einen feuchten Kehricht
Bude ist ok aber Alles drum herum geht gar nicht
El apartamento es muy espacioso, está muy bien situado. Está pegado a las vías del tren por lo que el nivel de ruido es elevado. La cocina no estaba muy limpia cuando llegamos.
Por lo demás bien.
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


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MTN sells towers in Cote d'Ivoire, Cameroon
BUSINESS| Oct. 12, 2012, 5:41 p.m.
MTN and IHS Holding Limited have entered into definitive agreements pursuant to which IHS will acquire up to 931 mobile network towers from MTN Cote d'Ivoire for USD141 million and up to 827 towers from MTN Cameroon for USD143 million.
Under the definitive agreements, IHS will be a 100% shareholder of the tower companies to be set up in each country to manage the towers and other passive infrastructure. MTN CIV and MTN CMR will, on commercial terms, become the anchor tenants on the towers being purchased for an initial term of ten years.
"The benefits to MTN of monetising our non-core assets and outsourcing passive infrastructure to experienced independent companies such as IHS are considerable," said Sifiso Dabengwa, Group President and CEO of MTN Group. "With a continued commitment to improving the service to our customers, a reduction of our capital expenditure requirements allows us to concentrate on investing in our customer base and implementing additional services to meet the demand for innovative products and data."
The sale of towers is in line with MTN's infrastructure sharing strategy aimed at the monetisation of its assets and cost optimisation. The agreements include a commitment from IHS to roll out a build-to-suit programme to support MTN's future requirements in both countries, as well as pursue opportunities to build tower sites for other wireless operators.
"We are delighted to build on our successful partnership with MTN for whom we have previously built and maintained sites in Nigeria and Sudan. Our strong technical capabilities and operational expertise reinforce MTN's performance-oriented approach and high standards of service," said Issam Darwish, CEO of IHS.
"This transaction is the next step in our strategy for expansion across Africa; we continue to invest in countries with attractive economic and demographic profiles. This transaction firmly positions IHS as a leading mobile tower infrastructure company in sub-Saharan Africa with resources for continued expansion and technological innovation."
Following closing of the contemplated transactions, IHS will become the largest independent tower company in West Africa with a presence in the four largest economies in the region; Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon and Cote d'Ivoire.
The transactions are expected to close during the first quarter of 2013, subject to customary closing conditions.
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Spring 2016 Calendar of Events
Complete Spring 2016 Calendar of Events [PDF]
Dialogue Symposium - What's Next?
From endless to-do lists and looming deadlines to the large issues remaking our world, we are forever casting ourselves forward. The future is a constant presence, pulling us toward it and shaping our choices. So often: "What will you do with that major?" Instead of: "What are you learning right now?" As though present decisions can best be evaluated by future outcomes. The responsible thing is to look forward. Plan, predict, dream, risk; that's how we get ahead.
This semester, our dialogue symposium raises the question of "What's next?" by reflecting on how we conceptualize and envision the future. How does our understanding of the future shape our lives in the present? Does looking ahead enhance the present, fostering hope and creativity? Or does it constrain us and lead us down a too narrow path? How do we make room for uncertainty? Surprise? How do we reckon the value of a future that never materializes precisely as we envisioned?
We hope you will join us at the events listed below.
Community Conversation: What's Next?
Wednesday, February 3 @ 7pm
Higgins Lounge, Dana Commons 2nd Floor
What's next? Do we control it? How much control do we actually want over the outcome? In this community conversation facilitated by Barbara Bigelow (Graduate School of Management) and Anita Fábos (International Development, Community and Environment), we will consider the times our plans went awry, despite all best efforts to prepare and strategize. Getting turned down for a job we were certain was the perfect fit. Being rejected by the college of our dreams. Breaking up with the one person we thought would be our life partner. Committing time, effort, and energy to something or someone, only to realize our expectations would never be fulfilled. Yet after such disappointment, we often find ourselves in better places and with connections we never could have imagined — and now could not imagine living without. Our discussion will explore the possibilities of being humble in our efforts to control what's next and grateful
for the times we can't.
This event is sponsored by the Higgins School of Humanities and Difficult Dialogues.
Preparing for the Rising Tide: The Future of Boston's Waterfront
Thursday, February 11 @ 7pm
Higgins Lounge, Dana Commons 2nd Floor
In the past, managing coastal flooding has depended on prevention using grey infrastructure such as sea walls, bulkheads, and barriers. As sea levels rise and chronic flooding becomes the new normal, even master dike builders like the Dutch are moving to more flexible, resilient solutions. Rather than fight floods, many cities are reinventing their waterfronts to "live with water" — allowing defined areas to flood or contain water in order to prevent damage to other areas.
In this talk, Julie Wormser, Executive Director of The Boston Harbor Association, will discuss how, in the face of rising waters and increased storm-related flooding, Boston is making hard decisions about equitably managing flood-prone areas. Policy makers and property owners must determine how to invest in vulnerable zones. How should they plan for future development as local weather extremes become increasingly unpredictable? If they do nothing, up to one-third of the city of Boston could flood regularly by 2100. Is it possible to balance Boston's place-specific sea level rise challenges with opportunities to enhance the city's vibrancy? Wormser will share insights from The Boston Harbor Association's recent research and outreach — including an international design competition co-hosted with the City of Boston and Boston Society of Architects.
This event is co-sponsored by the Higgins School of Humanities, the Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise, and a New Earth Conversation.
On the Edge of Our Seats: Readings in the Higgins Lounge
Wednesday, February 24 @ 7pm
Higgins Lounge, Dana Commons 2nd Floor
Some stories keep us looking ahead. Call them page-turners, thrillers, tales of suspense. On the edge of our seats, we lean forward, hoping for a glimpse of what will happen next. The pleasure resides in that sweet spot between anticipation and uncertainty.
Professors Gino DiIorio (Theater), Jay Elliott (English), and Jennifer Plante (Writing Center) will select and read stories intended to keep us on edge. For the past two years, they have helped us celebrate Halloween with Readings in the Higgins Lounge. The events were so popular that we are incorporating the event into our spring programming. Combining the beauty of language, the art of storytelling, and the desire for community, Readings in the Higgins Lounge conveys the power and on-going relevance of the humanities. Join us for what promises to be a fun evening!
This event is sponsored by the Higgins School of Humanities.
geoEnvisioning: An Exhibit by Clark Labs and Director J. Ronald Eastman
Exhibit Talk and Opening Reception: Wednesday, March 2 @ 4pm
Higgins Lounge, Dana Commons 2nd Floor
The human species now so dominates the world that we are transforming it profoundly. What are the consequences? How do we envision future states of the environment? To know the future, we must know the present, we must know the past, and we must know how to learn. Humans are adept at this, but sometimes the problems are so large that they are impossible to solve. With earth-observing satellites and machine learning, however, we now have the essential ingredients for geoEnvisioning — predicting and assessing future outcomes of human endeavors.
This semester, Clark Labs and director J. Ronald Eastman will introduce us to both the beauty and scientific potential that geoEnvisioning affords through an exhibition of images created using Geographic Information System and Image Processing software. The exhibition will run from March 2 through May 11.
This event is co-sponsored by the Higgins School of Humanities and Clark Labs.
Stop Thinking about Tomorrow: Queerness, Ideology, and Anticipatory Democracy
Thursday, March 3 @ 7pm
Higgins Lounge, Dana Commons 2nd Floor
In a world that seethes with injustice, why would we turn our backs on tomorrow? Shouldn't we be making sure that "it gets better," that we "save the planet," "defeat the terrorists," and "stamp out bigotry?" But what if this idea of the future itself keeps "it" from getting better?
Lee Edelman, Fletcher Professor of English Literature at Tufts University, will take up these questions in an open, interactive, and wide-ranging conversation. Working within the psychoanalytic tradition, he will problematize and challenge the faith in progress proposed by anticipatory democracy and consider how certain classes of persons are targeted as the future's enemies, as obstacles to the perfection of society: in short, as "queers." By confronting what Edelman calls the "unlearnable lesson" of queer theory, might we reimagine life in terms of what and where we are now and begin to resist our manipulation by the imperative of what's next?
This event is sponsored by the Higgins School of Humanities.
Towards the Black Interior: Afrofuturism as Resistance
Wednesday, March 16 @ 7pm
Higgins Lounge, Dana Commons 2nd Floor
Afrofuturist feminism is a way of knowing and moving through the world. It is a strategy for naming and navigating complicated and often vexed histories and visions of the future — one that places people of color at the center and is fundamentally interested in transgressing conventional systems of power and dominance. In this talk, Susana M. Morris, Associate Professor of English at Auburn University and co-founder of The Crunk Feminist Collective, will consider how Black women artists, such as Octavia Butler, Wangechi Mutu, and Janelle Monáe, use Afrofuturistic literature, art, and music as transgressive tools to fight oppression.
This event is part of the African American Intellectual Culture Series co-sponsored by the Higgins School of Humanities and the Office of the Provost.
Capitalist Futures: Standards, Grades, and the Making of the Modern World
Tuesday, April 5 @ 7pm
Higgins Lounge, Dana Commons 2nd Floor
So many transactions in a modern capitalist economy look to the future. Goods are bought and sold in the present, but are usually delivered in the future. For centuries, this lag between the present and the future has plagued commerce for the simple reason that it's notoriously difficult to define the precise qualities of the commodity to be delivered down the line. From the early nineteenth century onward, businesses struggled to establish what, precisely, was a barrel of oil, a bushel of wheat, or a bale of cotton. What buyers believed they had purchased at one point in time was often difficult to reconcile with what they actually received weeks or months into the future. Even today, someone buying a commodity or good won't receive it for days, weeks, or even months. How do both parties in these transactions see eye-to-eye on the quality and quantity of the goods when they finally arrive? How can buyers know that sellers won't cheat them by sending them second-rate, defective, or faulty goods?
Stephen Mihm, Associate Professor of History at the University of Georgia, will explain how the creation of standards and grades for a wide range of commodities solved this problem. These systems of standards, while largely invisible to the public, have imposed an astonishing measure of uniformity on raw materials that move through the global marketplace. Buyers and sellers who once struggled to reconcile promises made in the present with deliveries made in the future can now do so with remarkable ease. Global trade and commerce very much rests on these novel conventions. While seemingly banal, they are key to understanding how the world became modern, bound together by ever more complex networks of exchange.
This event is co-sponsored by the Higgins School of Humanities and the Departments of Economics and History.
Roots of Everything Lecture Series
Mapping the Nation
Thursday, April 7 @ 4:30pm
Higgins Lounge, Dana Commons 2nd Floor
Current discussions of partitioning Iraq and Syria emphasize that maps not only make geopolitical claims about territorial possession and knowledge, but also exert sociopolitical control. In this talk, Professor Lisa Kasmer (English) will explore cartographic history and mapping in nineteenth-century Britain to consider how the British nation exploited material representations of the empire to conceive of citizenship and rights. Professor James Murphy (Geography) will offer commentary.
The Roots of Everything is a lecture series sponsored by Early Modernists Unite (EMU) — a faculty collaborative bringing together scholars of medieval and early modern Europe and America — in conjunction with the Higgins School of Humanities. The series highlights various aspects of modern existence originating in the early modern world and teases out connections between past and present.
This event is co-sponsored by the Higgins School of Humanities and Early Modernists Unite.


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Book your room at Best Western Plus Bwi Airport Hotel / Arundel Mills
Best Western Plus Bwi Airport Hotel / Arundel Mills places you within a 10-minute drive of Arundel Mills Mall and Timbers at Troy Golf Course. This hotel has 133 rooms and welcomes guests with conveniences like free breakfast, an indoor pool, and free in-room WiFi. Maryland Live Casino is also close to this Elkridge hotel.
Start your day off right with a free full breakfast. Enjoy a bite to eat at Stained Glass Pub, the hotel's onsite restaurant.
The 133 rooms are air-conditioned and have an array of amenities, including microwaves, refrigerators, and coffee makers. Guests can enjoy cable TV and stay connected with free WiFi. Bathrooms offer hair dryers and free toiletries. Phones, ironing boards, and desks are also available.
Property features
Guests of Best Western Plus Bwi Airport Hotel / Arundel Mills have access to an indoor pool, a fitness center, and a spa tub. There's free parking, as well as a free airport shuttle (available on request). Front-desk staff can answer questions 24/7, and assist with dry cleaning/laundry, luggage storage, and securing valuables. Additional amenities include a sauna, free WiFi in public areas, and 4 meeting rooms.
- Free full breakfast
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- Free parking
- Onsite dining
Best Western Plus Bwi Airport Hotel / Arundel Mills6755 Dorsey Road Elkridge MD 21075
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool, Best Western Plus Bwi Airport Hotel / Arundel Mills provides a spa tub, a sauna, and a fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant. A complimentary breakfast is offered. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
Business-related amenities consist of a 24-hour business center and meeting rooms. This Elkridge hotel also offers spa services, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and dry cleaning/laundry services. A roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request) and an area shuttle are complimentary for guests. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Best Western Plus Bwi Airport Hotel / Arundel Mills is a smoke-free property.
- Free airport transportation
- Conference space
- Total number of rooms - 133
- 24-hour front desk
- Elevator/lift
- Restaurant
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Fitness facilities
- Free WiFi
- Meeting rooms 4
- RV, bus, truck parking
- Luggage storage
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Long-term parking (surcharge)
- Free area shuttle
- 24-hour business center
- Free self parking
- Sauna
- Smoke-free property
- Spa services on site
- Spa tub
- Indoor pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Area shuttle (complimentary)
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Long-term parking (surcharge), Free self parking, RV, bus, truck parking
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Cable TV service
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary full breakfast.
Stained Glass Pub - This restaurant specializes in American cuisine and serves lunch and dinner.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a sauna and a fitness center.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is Noon
Payment types
- Pets not allowed (service dogs only)
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Only service dogs are allowed
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Hotel Name
- Best Western Plus Baltimore Washington Airport
- Best Western Plus Hotel Baltimore Washington Airport
- Best Western Plus Bwi Airport Hotel Arundel Mills
- Best Western Plus Hotel Arundel Mills
- Best Western Plus Bwi Airport Arundel Mills
- Best Western Plus Arundel Mills


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I might need to re-organise my sidebar at some stage, and I'm open to suggestions as to how. (Does anyone ever use the 'Popular Posts' links at all?)
In the meantime, I've just added the hilarious Jimi Kumara, and the enormously useful RateBeer site (thanks Stu - any idea when Emerson's beers will be affordable?) And I've removed Hippolyte, who's scorched-earth his blog.
Wednesday, 1 February 2006
New links
3 comments:
(Does anyone ever use the 'Popular Posts' links at all?)ReplyDelete
Nup. Flick it.
Hmm... I don't know. I've used Popular Posts a few times before.ReplyDelete
Also, move the Paypal link up a little bit... :)
Oh, you mean the PayPal link whereby peeps can pay me for lunch if they've found this blog helpful, informative or entertaining and would like to express their appreciation by buying me lunch?ReplyDelete
You mean `that` PayPal?
Your wish, sir, is my command. High enough for you? :-)
Say what you mean, and mean what you say.
(Off-topic grandstanding, trolling and spam is moderated. If it's not entertaining.)
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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The 10 standards represent the minimum requirements for the operation of a good community museum. Regardless of a museum's size or scope, whether it is in a new building or a heritage structure, or whether it is a seasonal or year-round operation, there are certain functions, responsibilities, and activities common to all. These are the areas highlighted by the standards, all of which are of equal importance.
To assist museums in meeting the revised standards, the ministry will continue to provide advisory services, resource materials and museological information pertinent to the standards.
Museum standards must continue to evolve as museums find new ways to serve their communities and fulfill their mandate. In due course, revision of this edition of standards will be necessary to reflect these changes.
The province has a fundamental commitment to the preservation and presentation of the material culture of Ontario, through the community museums of the province. In achieving these new standards, Ontario's museums will continue along the path to excellence and remain an asset to the communities they serve.
Good governance and demonstrated public accountability are necessary for the museum to operate as a viable not-for-profit organisation. The museum is governed by a publicly accountable body that follows a clearly defined mission and goals, and maintains openness in its decisions and operations.
The museum demonstrates that it is a fiscally responsible public institution. The governing body and the museum follow predetermined policies and procedures to achieve this.
The artifacts in the museum's collection are a tangible representation of the community's heritage, and to retain their informational and historical value they must be properly cared for and documented. The museum will demonstrate its stewardship and facilitate access to collections and the information they hold by maintaining a well organized, managed and documented collection.
The museum's exhibits provide an important link between the community and its heritage. In the planning and presentation of exhibitions, the museum will strive for accuracy of information, relevance to the community, effective communication, opportunities for learning, and the safe display of artifacts.
Interpretation and education programs provide an opportunity for the community to interact more closely with the museum's collections and information. They also complement other sources of learning in the community, both formal and informal. Through its education programs, the museum reaches audiences of all ages, interests and abilities, and serves as a resource for its communities.
Research is an ongoing activity in the museum. Through well-researched exhibits, interpretation, publications and educational programming the museum continually adds to the knowledge, self-discovery and enjoyment of the community. In addition to accommodating staff researchers, the museum has a responsibility to assist outside researchers.
The museum has a responsibility to protect and preserve the collection entrusted to its care, so that future generations will have the opportunity to enjoy and learn from it. The museum will demonstrate its stewardship of the collection by following procedures that ensure the long-term preservation of the collection.
The museum's buildings and grounds must provide a safe and functional environment for visitors, staff, the collection and associated activities. The achievement of this objective will be balanced with the need to preserve the integrity of heritage buildings as artifacts themselves, as well as archaeological resources present on the property.
A community's heritage is part of its identity. As a steward of the community's heritage, the museum is actively engaged in the community and responsive to its needs. The museum is accessible and relevant, and draws support from its community.
A museum's ability to fulfil its purpose depends to a large degree on the professionalism and capabilities of its staff.6 The museum is better able to meet its mandate and carry out its activities by recruiting qualified staff and providing ongoing training opportunities. As an employer, the museum is concerned with the safety, security, well being and continued motivation of the people working for it.
The following glossary refers to terms used by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport in the document Standards for Community Museums in Ontario and is intended only to assist readers of this document. Definitions and descriptions from other sources have been included to enhance the reader's understanding of these terms.
The museum describes, in an annual report or some other publicly available format, its system of organizational governance and stewardship.
"Accountability is the requirement to explain and accept responsibility for carrying out an assigned mandate in light of agreed upon expectations. It is particularly important in situations that involve public trust." Building on Strength: Improving Governance and Accountability in Canada's Voluntary Sector
"Voluntary sector organizations are accountable to clients, members, volunteers, staff, partners, donors, funders, governments and the general public. At a minimum, they are accountable for establishing appropriate missions and policy priorities; setting goals to measure how well objectives are met; sound management of funds received; effective organizational governance; and outcomes." Building on Strength: Improving Governance and Accountability in Canada's Voluntary Sector
In the case of municipal museums, the establishment of the museum in the form of a by-law. In the case of not-for-profit corporations, the letters patent for the museum and the proof of incorporation. In all cases, the museum's legal ownership of the collection must be established in writing.
"Each museum should have a written constitution or other document setting out clearly its legal status and permanent, non-profit nature . . ." ICOM Code of Professional Ethics
"Every museum requires a written mandate, which may take the form of a constitution with by-laws, an act, a municipal charter, etc.; this public document establishes its legal, non-profit status and purpose, and its objectives." CMA Ethics Guidelines
An appointed or elected body that is responsible only for the operation of the museum, such as a Board of Directors, a Management Committee, or an Advisory Committee. This body cannot have a mandate that includes other municipal entities (e.g. libraries, tourist offices, or recreation centres). Please refer to Changing Times Bulletins nos. 5 and 6 for guidelines regarding municipal museums.
"The superior authority concerned with the policy, finance and administration of the museum." ICOM Code of Professional Ethics
"The governing body of a museum may be an elected or appointed Board of Trustees or Directors, or a Management or Advisory Board or Committee of municipal officials. Whatever its formation, it is the legal entity that is accountable to the public and to the museum community for the policy, financing and administration of the museum." CMA Ethics Guidelines
A commonly accepted standard of behaviour for board members, staff and volunteers, outlined in publications such as the Canadian Museums Association's CMA Ethics Guidelines and the International Council of Museum's ICOM Code of Professional Ethics.
"Ethics are based upon the underlying values of honesty, fairness, respect, excellence and accountability which the larger community applies to the rational evaluation of moral issues. Since the application of such values change over time, museum ethics must reflect an ongoing dialogue between the museum community and the society it serves." CMA Ethics Guidelines
The community served by the museum. This can be a community distinguished by geographic boundaries (e.g. Lambton County), by common interest (e.g. Museum of Textiles), or by ethnicity (e.g. Ukrainian Museum of Canada). A museum may also serve a number of different communities (e.g. special interest and local community).
A designated space where staff and outside researchers may sit at a desk or table to consult reference books, archival material, and other documents. The space should be neither in the exhibit area - where it might interfere with public enjoyment of displays - nor in collection storage. The space should be well lit, and large enough to accommodate one or two researchers and their papers.
Canadian Museums Association. CMA Ethics Guidelines, Ottawa: 1999.
International Council of Museums. ICOM Code of Professional Ethics, Paris: 1986.
Panel on Accountability and Governance in the Voluntary Sector. Building on Strength: Improving Governance and Accountability in Canada's Voluntary Sector (Final Report), distributed by Canadian Centre for Philanthropy, Toronto: February 1999.


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The Sublime Object of Psychiatry: Schizophrenia in Clinical and Cultural Theory
2011 | 256 Pages | ISBN: 0199583951 | PDF | 51 MB
Schizophrenia has been one of psychiatry's most contested diagnostic categories. It has also served as a metaphor for cultural theorists to interpret modern and postmodern understandings of the self. These radical, compelling, and puzzling appropriations of clinical accounts of schizophrenia have been dismissed by many as illegitimate, insensitive and inappropriate. Until now, no attempt has been made to analyse them systematically, nor has their significance for our broader understanding of this most 'ununderstandable' of experiences been addressed.
[Fast Download] The Sublime Object of Psychiatry: Schizophrenia in Clinical and Cultural Theory
The Trauma Therapies
The Ethics of Private Practice: A Practical Guide for Mental Health Clinicians
Smarter Faster Better: The Secrets of Being Productive in Life and Business
Psychological Assessment of Veterans
Losing Our Minds: How Environmental Pollution Impairs Human Intelligence and Mental Health
Everything Sucks, But I'm Still Happy
Anaphora: A Reference Guide
Handbook of Behaviorism
Brain Sync - Full Collection (40 Albums)
Sleight of Mind: Suggestion and Mind Control: The Mentalist's Toolkit
This site does not store any files on its server. We only index and link to content provided by other sites. Please contact the content providers to delete copyright contents if any and email us, we'll remove relevant links or contents immediately.
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Self-Discipline in 10 Days: How to Go from(3134)
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The Really Useful eLearning Instruction Ma(1950)
Body Language For Dummies 1st Edition(1935)
The Body Language of Sex, Power & Aggressi(1919)
Habits of a Happy Brain: Retrain Your Brai(1915)
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David Savastano, Editor||October 15, 2015
The shortage of truck drivers is increasing, which is impacting flexibility and costs.
October 13, 2015
"We've long held that BLI and InfoTrends are highly complementary businesses," said Gerry Stoia, president and CEO of BLI.
October 7, 2015
Sun Chemical's Ramasamy Krishnan to be honored with Inventor of the Year Award
David Savastano, Editor||October 1, 2015
NX' Intermational Ink Co.s Borpit Intawiwat, BASF's Rick Grandke receive awards during NPIRI Conference.
September 29, 2015
Registrations are up more than 40% than in 2013.
David Savastano, Editor||September 24, 2015
Copeland will begin serving Nov. 1; Brad Bergey will stay on through the year to help with transition.
September 23, 2015
Chem Show has shortened seminar times to enable attendee participation in more sessions.
September 23, 2015
Conference sets attendance record with 384 people in attendance.
September 23, 2015
Attendees get well-rounded training from a team of industry leaders.
September 14, 2015
Conference is set for May 16-18, 2016 in Rosemont, IL.
Tom Bowtell, British Coatings Federation CEO||August 18, 2015
An estimated €2 billion that could have been spent on innovation is instead being spent on defensive measures.
July 31, 2015
Courses will be offered in a sequence that allows the entire program to be completed in 12 months.
July 29, 2015
RadTech hosts one-day workshop with presentations, hands-on demonstartions.
July 16, 2015
Theme of conference, set for Sept. 29-Oct.1, is Trends & Directions in the Graphic Arts.
Modern Printing Colors, Inc.
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Overwatch, one of the fastest growing competitive games, is generating impressive viewership for its tournaments and growing a solid player base in just two months after its launch. With enthusiastic
As most of you know, Leffen has been struggling with his visa application to the US for most of the past year. After a very long struggle, his visa application has finally been processed, with the next step being a screening by a US embassy. Leffen has already completed this screening, and we are waiting for their response which would allow him to be free to attend every tournament after that.
As some may have already noticed, Nick "CullTheMeek" Verolla and Mico 'MICSHE' Dedicatoria are no longer a part of the TSM VainGlory team. While the team has managed to win the NA Winter finals, recent results during the spring have been less than desirable.
As many of you have heard, twistzz will not be able to compete in ELEAGUE due to their age restriction. We will be using Casper "cadiaN" Moller as our 5th for ELEAGUE.
During the 2016 Spring Split, we brought on Weldon Green during a few weeks to do workshops with our League of Legends roster and assist them in achieving their potential.
During our three week bootcamp in Korea, a lot of talented candidates have participated in the tryouts for the support position on our starting League of Legends roster. These tryouts have ended, and we would like to thank all the candidates for their time and efforts.
We are announcing that we are accepting applications for teams and players to represent TSM in Overwatch in the 2016 year.
As part of their preparation for upcoming online and international tournaments, Team SoloMid's CS:GO team has relocated to the San Francisco Bay area.Taking advantage of a dedicated practice facility inside of the Logitech office, the team will prepare and play matches from a private LAN setup with their Logitech G gear.
We are announcing the departure of Bora 'Yellowstar' Kim from the TSM organization.
After an extremely long process to secure a visa for Leffen, we are extremely pleased to announce that we have secured him entry to the United States to compete in upcoming Smash tournaments.
We would like to announce that Vincent 'Biofrost' Wang has passed the first phase of our support tryout. We found that he was the best North American candidate to move forward with, and he will be flying with the team to compete for the position alongside other candidates in Korea.
Team Solomid is seeking a live-in team manager for our CS:GO roster. The primary objective of the job is to ensure that the players have their out-of-game concerns addressed so that they may focus on their practice and play at the highest level.
After the Spring Split playoffs, our support Bora 'YellOwStaR' Kim has expressed a desire to return to Europe for the remainder of the season.
In the past couple of years, Vainglory has made a standout mark in the mobile gaming industry as highly competitive MOBA.
We are announcing that TSM and Daniel 'vice' Kim will be parting ways at the end of his trial period. The TSM CS:GO team and management would like to thank
KC was released yesterday on February 15th in the evening.
We would like to announce that we have acquired the now ex-Rush Call of Duty: Black Ops 3 lineup to represent Team Solomid in the 2016 CoD: World League.
We're pleased to announce that Valkrin and Gosu will be joining TSM.
- TSM CS:GO Team Update
As the major 2015 CS:GO tournament circuits come to a close, so does the contract with our now released CS:GO roster consisting of Andreas 'Xyp9x' Højsleth, René 'cajunb' Borg, Finn 'karrigan' Andersen, Peter 'dupreeh' Rothmann, and Nicolai 'device' Reedtz. It is with a heavy heart that we part ways with the talented squad, nonetheless on amicable terms. Our past year with the Danish team has been filled with many successes, scoring first place finishes in many large tournaments. It is with these successes that the squad became known as one of the top five teams in the world.
Despite this, we at TSM and the team mutually agree that letting their contract expire and allowing them to seek a new organization is for the best. As TSM operates out of Los Angeles, the large time zone difference and distance separating us and the team creates large issues with accessibility.
As such, the newly released squad will be seeking an organization within Europe that will grant them a larger amount of control and flexibility. Meanwhile, our organization seeks to build a new CS:GO team to be based near LA. We wish the old roster many blessings, and bid them adieu.
"The CS:GO team was a wonderful pleasure to work with. They were a group of extremely talented and hardworking players, and it is a great shame to see them go. I wish them the best of luck for the future."
-Andy 'Reginald' Dinh
"We were really happy to work for the TSM organization. They provided us with everything we wanted for the entire year, and did their best to keep us happy. However, our long term visions did not align, and we believed that it was the best for both parties to part. We would like to thank TSM for all they've done for us, and hope to meet their new roster at future tournaments"
– Andreas 'Xyp9x' Højsleth, René 'cajunb' Borg, Finn 'karrigan' Andersen,
Peter 'dupreeh' Rothmann, and Nicolai 'device' Reedtz


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Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
Singapore oilfield services company Swiber Holdings Ltd said on Friday it has applied to place itself under judicial management instead of liquidation.
U.S. drillers this week added oil rigs for a fifth consecutive week, Baker Hughes Inc said on Friday, but the oilfield services provider and some analysts cast
Norwegian oil firm Det norske said it expected to reach full production at its Alvheim FPSO (floating storage, offloading and producing unit) overnight after a leak,
Alibra Shipping Research Weekly Market Report takes a look on current market scene of bulk carriers.
For a little while now, the story has been "Now's a great time to buy bulk carriers,
The Athens, Greece-based Safe Bulkers Inc. (SB) has reported a loss of $9 million in its second quarter. It had a loss of 15 cents per share.
Net revenue for Q2 of 2016 decreased by 18% to $26.
Owners anchoring ships rather than fix at low rates. W. Australia-China capesize rates hit over two-month low.
Freight rates for large capesize dry cargo ships


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We present an experimental method for the fast measurement of both the spectral (spatial) and complex degrees of coherence of an optical field using only a binary amplitude mask and a detector array. We test the method by measuring a two-dimensional spectral degree of coherence function created by a broadband thermal source. The results are compared to those expected by the van Cittert-Zernike theorem and found to agree well in both amplitude and phase.
© 2014 Optical Society of America
1. Introduction
Many general methodologies for measuring the second-order coherence properties of a light field have been developed since the pioneering experiments of Thompson and Wolf [1]. In particular, the complex degree of coherence can be measured through a series of Thompson-Wolf experiments or other interferometric methods [2–16]. The same coherence function can also be extracted through measurements of related functions which represent transformations of the mutual coherence function over one or more of its variables, such as Wigner or ambiguity functions [17–22]. Among the various methods, trade-offs are made between experiment time and complexity, post-processing requirements, and restrictions to fields with specific properties such as limited spectral bandwidth or Schell-model behavior.
Interferometric methods are of interest because they been extensively studied and offer relatively direct measurements of coherence. Within the interferometric methods, several clever solutions stand out. These solutions include automated methods for controlling the placement of two pinholes [2, 3], Sagnac interferometry [4], spectroscopic or optically filtered measurements [5–8], redundant [9, 10] and non-redundant [11–13] arrays of pinholes or slits, reversed-wavefront interferometry [14], programmable apertures [15], and diffractive elements which modify a two-pinhole interference pattern [16].
In this paper we present a method and an apparatus inspired by the experiments of Young [23] and Thompson and Wolf which allow for measurement of the amplitude and phase of both spectral and complex degrees of coherence in a simple and robust fashion. A diagram of the apparatus is given in Fig. 1. The method makes use of a two-slit aperture in which the slit-to-slit separation varies slowly along one dimension (cf. Fig. 2). The interferogram generated by the aperture is used to approximate an ensemble of simultaneous Thompson-Wolf experiments.
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
The method stands apart from others by offering the capability of measuring field correlations created by a broadband source over a wide range of pinhole separations using only a binary amplitude mask and a detector array. While non-redundant pinhole arrays have been shown via numerical modeling to have similar capabilities [13], they have not been shown to be applicable to arbitrarily broadband fields. In terms of spectral bandwidth limitations, the method considered in this paper is limited mainly by the spectral response function of the detector, which is a general constraint of all optical experiments. In order to demonstrate the method, we present a measurement of the spectral degree of coherence of light emitted by a thermal source emitting across the visible wavelength range and compare the results to those which are expected by the van Cittert-Zernike theorem [24].
2. Apparatus design and calibration
An aperture was designed that could be used to approximate an ensemble of simultaneous Thompson-Wolf experiments. The aperture contains a pair of slits as shown in Fig. 2. The slits have three characteristic dimensions, namely the slit length, width, and the slit-to-slit separation. These dimensions govern the diffraction effects that are expected from such an aperture. The aperture is fastened onto the lens mount of a digital camera, replacing the lens. This is done using a 1 inch (1 in. = 2.54 cm) diameter lens tube and a mounting adapter. This constitutes the entire apparatus and offers a high degree of stability and portability.
The specific dimensions of the aperture were chosen in order to measure the correlations of optical fields from sources with an appreciable apparent size without requiring any additional optics. The aperture consists of two parallel regions and one non-parallel region. The non-parallel region allows for measurement of the coherence functions; the slow variation in slit-to-slit separation enables a two-dimensional interference pattern to be recorded in which certain cross-sections represent Thompson-Wolf experiments. The parallel regions serve two purposes. First, they reduce the effect of ringing, or knife-edge diffraction, that would otherwise occur at the top and bottom edges of the non-parallel region. Second, they allow for calibration of the aperture-to-detector distance and for aperture/detector rotational alignment.
Rotational alignment of the aperture to the detector and measurement of the aperture-to-detector distance were both accomplished by examining interferograms created under illumination by a laser. Certain symmetric positions in the interferogram were used as reference positions. The aperture was rotated by hand until the difference in the vertical position of these two points was less than 20 pixels as measured on the detector, corresponding to an angular error of ±0.4 degrees. The distance measurement was accomplished by fitting the interferogram with the first Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction solution under the scalar field approximation [25]. A cross-section of the interferogram corresponding to the parallel, 300 μm slit-to-slit separation region was used in the fitting because of the well known separation distance and high fringe-frequency which provided the highest precision. The measurement found an aperture-to-detector distance of 6.19 cm and was precise enough to detect distance changes on the order of 100 μm.
3. Theoretical foundations
Given that a Thompson-Wolf experiment is being performed, we can extract the coherence functions from the generated interference pattern. We begin by considering the intensity distribution at an observation plane that is behind, parallel to, and sufficiently distant from a two-pinhole aperture plane. A diagram of this situation is given in Fig. 3. We assume that both pinholes are the same size and are illuminated with the same power spectral density and that we have stationary and ergodic optical fields. We also consider all power spectra to be given in the analytic signal representation.
Fig. 3
In general, we are interested in measuring the complex degree of coherence, γτ(τ), and the spectral degree of coherence, μω(ω), of the light at the two pinholes. Here, τ represents the time difference between measurements of the light field at one pinhole vs. the other and ω is the angular frequency of a particular quasi-monochromatic component of the field. Neither of the fundamental parameters τ or ω is directly accessible under experimental conditions. Rather, the accessible parameters are position and, through a Fourier transform, spatial frequency. The accessible parameters happen to be related to the fundamental ones as a consequence of diffraction.
Under the far-field approximation, the position coordinate x is related to τ by x = zcτ/d, where c is the speed of light in air, z is the distance between the aperture and the detector along the z′-axis, and d is the pinhole center-to-center separation. Similarly, the spatial frequency coordinate fx is related to ω under the far-field approximation by ω = 2πzcfx/d. The functions associated with the accessible parameters, γ(x) and μ(fx), can ultimately be transformed into γτ(τ) and μω(ω) using the aforementioned relations. Explicitly, γτ(τ) = γτ(dx/[zc]) = γ(zcτ/d) = γ(x) and μω(ω) = μω(2πzcfx/d) = μ(ωd/[2πzc]) = μ(fx).
3.1. The spatial intensity distribution
We now consider the power spectral density of light along the x-axis in Fig. 3, which we define as S(x, ω). The intensity along the x-axis, which is the measurable quantity of interest, is given by . Following the formulas regarding S(x, ω) given by Wolf [24] in Sec. 4.2, we find the intensity distribution can be rewritten asFig. 3, K(x, ω) is separable such that K(x, ω) = Kx(x)Kω(ω) and is related to single-pinhole diffraction effects, and SQ(ω) is the power spectral density at the position of the pinholes. We note that the power spectral density that would be present along the x-axis with one pinhole closed is given by S1(x, ω) ≡ |Kx(x)|2|Kω(ω)|2SQ(ω), and that the intensity along the x-axis with one pinhole closed is given by . Then Eq. (1) can be rewritten in the following way:
In actuality, the measurement of I(x) by a real detector will be governed by the detector's spectral response function. Let I′(x) be the apparent distribution sampled from I(x) by the detector. In order to illuminate the difference between I(x) and I′(x) we note that a real detector will not measure S1(x, ω) but rather S1(x, ω)η(ω) where η(ω) is the detector's spectral response function. Neglecting measurement noise, this leads to an explicit expression for the apparent intensity distribution:
3.2. Transferring to the spatial frequency domain
We proceed in the spatial frequency domain with the goal of extracting functions of interest from I′(x). Let Ĩ′(fx) ≡ ℱ {I′(x)}, Ĩ′0(fx) ≡ ℱ{I′0(x)}, sη (fx) ≡ sηω(2πzcfx/d), and recall that μω(2πzcfx/d) = μ(fx). Then the Fourier transform of Eq. (3) givesEq. (4): Eq. (4) can be approximated as a sum of three non-overlapping functions [3, 26]: Eq. (5) in different ways.
3.3. The apparent, normalized power spectral density
First, we consider how sη (fx) can be extracted by making two assumptions. We assume that the pinholes are very small such that we can make the approximation Ĩ′0(fx) ≈ Ĩ1δ(fx), where and δ(fx) is the Dirac delta function. We further assume that the fields incident on the aperture have been prepared with a high degree of spatial coherence. This can be done, for example, by passing light from the source through a small aperture. It is important to note, however, that this or similar techniques may be inappropriate for use with fields whose statistical properties are shift-variant. This leads to the approximation |μ(fx)| ≈ |μ1|, where μ1 is a non-zero constant. These approximations give |A(fx)| ≈ sη (− fx)|Ĩ1μ1| and . Under these approximations we can extract sη (fx) through the relations
3.4. The spectral degree of coherence
We consider now the case in which sη (fx) is known by measurement but μ(fx) is not constant. We proceed with the goal of extracting μ(fx) from a measurement of I′(x). We return to Eq. (5), assuming Ĩ′0(fx) ≈ Ĩ1δ (fx), and find A(fx) ≈ Ĩ1sη (− fx)μ(− fx), B(fx) ≈ 2Ĩ1δ (fx), and C(fx) ≈ Ĩ1sη (fx)μ*(fx). Again, we can find each of A, B, and C by looking at a plot of Ĩ′(fx) in the corresponding domain. We can then extract μ(fx), remembering that sη (fx) is known in this case, by using either of the following relations:
Thus, by combining the results of Secs. 3.3 and 3.4, we have shown that by adding and then removing an aperture from a Thompson-Wolf experiment we can extract the spectral degree of coherence for the light at the position of the two pinhole aperture over a wavelength range within the response function of the detector. This is done without resorting to additional optical elements of any kind.
3.5. The spectral degree of coherence in relation to the complex degree of coherence
Separately, a measurement of the spectral degree of coherence can be made by using a series of optical filters in conjunction with the two-pinhole aperture. Given an optical filter with a sufficiently narrow passband, one can recover the spectral degree of coherence of the unfiltered light at the center passband wavelength from the equal time degree of coherence of the filtered light [27, 28]:
We proceed with the goal of extracting γ(+)(x) from I(+)(x). We note that, given a narrow passband, both η(ω) and Kω(ω), as defined in Sec. 3.1, can be considered as constant. Then, similar to Eq. (2), we have , except now represents the normalized, spectrally filtered power spectral density at the pinholes. The Fourier transform of this equation givesEq. (5) is somewhat relaxed because it is now fulfilled based on the width of the passband and not the width of the unfiltered spectrum. We define once again three functions: , , and . Then, under small-pinhole and narrow-passband conditions, we have an equation similar to Eq. (5): Eq. (12) can be separated by inspection.
It was shown by Friberg and Wolf [27] that the complex degree of coherence, γτ(τ), is related to the spectral degree of coherence, μω(ω), by a Fourier transform: γτ(τ) = ℱ {sω(ω)μω(ω)}, where sω(ω) is the normalized power spectral density of the field at the pinholes. We now use the Fourier inverse to recover γ(+)(x):Eq. (10). It should be noted that Eqs. (13) and (14) will return noise at positions x where ℱ−1{B(+)(fx)} evaluates close to zero, but this will not be the case near x = 0.
We now return to Eq. (5) in order to recover γ(x) in the unfiltered case. We define the following functions:24], Eq. 3.1.3, we find that |Kω(ω)|2 ∝ ω2. Let 𝒲 be the set of all frequencies ω for which η(ω) is measurable with an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. We define the following function:
4. Experimental details, results, and discussion
A source with a known intensity distribution was used to test the efficacy of the apparatus. Light from a halogen lamp was passed through an optical fiber bundle. Coherence properties of the light emitted from the bundle were measured by the two-slit apparatus and compared to those expected by the van Cittert-Zernike theorem [24] as applied to an image of the fiber bundle end.
The two-slit aperture was placed at a distance of 4.5 m from the fiber bundle end. An iris, closed to a diameter of 2 mm, was placed directly in front of the bundle and a series of interferograms were recorded and averaged. The use of an iris to increase spatial coherence can be inappropriate if the normalized power spectral density varies across the surface of the source. In that case passing the light through an optical fiber or integrating sphere or placing the aperture far enough from the source may be more appropriate. At this distance, and with the reduced source size, the approximations necessary for the use of Eq. (6) are valid and the apparent power spectral density, sη (− fx), was thereby extracted. A set of data associated with this measurement is shown in Fig. 4 and serves as an example for other measurements.
Fig. 4
As shown in Fig. 4(a), and as expected from the relationship between x and τ, diffraction from the non-parallel double slit aperture produces interference fringes whose separation depends hyperbolically on the slit separation. Importantly, the slow variation in slit separation produces an interferogram in which negligible diffraction occurs across the vertical dimension. This allows for each horizontal cross-section of the interferogram to be used in approximating the result that would be obtained in a Thompson-Wolf experiment by a pinhole pair of the same separation distance. The Fourier transform associated with each horizontal cross-section can be found by transforming the entire image across the horizontal dimension, as shown in Fig. 4(b). Thus, the equations given in Sec. 3 can be applied individually to each horizontal cross-section in order to extract the degree of coherence as a function of the slit separation distance.
An example set of cross-sectional data is shown in Figs. 4(c) and 4(d) for a slit separation of 50 μm. The broadband nature of the source is visible in Fig. 4(c) as a decrease in fringe visibility with distance from the center. This is seen more easily in Fig. 4(d), where the bands to the left and right of the central band correspond to a significant power spectral density across the optical frequency range. These bands also to correspond the functions A(fx), B(fx), and C(fx) as defined in Sec. 3.2. The spatially coherent nature of the source can be seen in the fact that the fringe visibility is good near x = 0 in Fig. 4(c) and from the fact that the combined area under the left and right bands of Fig. 4(d) is similar in magnitude to the area under the central band.
Next, the two-slit aperture was placed at an arbitrarily chosen distance of 105 cm from the fiber bundle end. It must be noted that the source-to-aperture distance affects the coherence properties of the light at the position of the slits and different results would have been found for other distances. Two more sets of interferograms were recorded and averaged, one set with an optical filter in place over the source, centered at 510 nm with a passband width of 10 nm, and one set without a filter. Optical effects related to the geometry of the apparatus were mitigated by post-processing as discussed in Appendix A. Equation (8) was used to extract the spectral degree of coherence, μω(ω), from the unfiltered images in the wavelength regions to which the detector was sensitive (390–710 nm). Equations (10) and (13) were used to extract the spectral degree of coherence at 510 nm, μ(λ = 510 nm), from the filtered images.
In order to calculate the equal time degree of coherence expected by the van Cittert-Zernike theorem, the intensity distribution at the fiber output was measured with a camera and is shown in Fig. 5. The distribution was measured through an optical filter centered at 510 nm. It is assumed that the distribution pattern is constant in wavelength. A hyperspectral image would have been required for less well-behaved sources. The equal time degree of coherence between two points can be calculated for an incoherent source with a given quasi-monochromatic intensity distribution. Following Eqs. 3.2.11 and 3.2.12 from Wolf [24], we have the van Cittert-Zernike theorem:Fig. 5, P1 is at position (x″, y″, z″) = (d/2, 0, z) and P2 is at position (x″, y″, z″) = (−d/2, 0, z) for some positive constant z, where z is much larger than the linear dimensions of the source. This gives and where x″ and y″ become the variables of integration in Eqs. (18) and (19). In this instance, for a fixed z, j(P1, P2) becomes a function of only d and ω. As a consequence of Eq. (10), the spectral degree of coherence, μω(d, ω), can be obtained directly from j(d, ω). Thus, the two-dimensional spectral degree of coherence function expected to be measured by an ensemble of Thompson-Wolf experiments can be calculated for this particular source.
Fig. 5
Figure 6 gives the spectral degree of coherence function measured by the two-slit apparatus and is compared to that expected by the van Cittert-Zernike theorem as applied to the camera image of the source. The amplitude and phase measured by the apparatus with unfiltered light, given by Figs. 6(a) and 6(b), agree well with the expected function, given by Figs. 6(c) and 6(d). Figures 6(e) and 6(f) compare the amplitude and phase measured in the unfiltered and filtered cases against the expectation at 510 nm. The amplitude in both cases fits well across the entire range of slit separations apart from a deviation below 15 μm. The deviation is somewhat worse in the unfiltered case and is due to the fact that the approximations necessary to derive Eq. (8) begin to break down for small separations while those necessary to derive Eq. (13) remain more valid.
Fig. 6
The phase, shown in Fig. 6(f), is much more sensitive to misalignment of the pinholes relative to the z″-axis (as defined in Fig. 5) than the amplitude. In this case, a fit was made by considering a sheared set of pinhole pairs which are displaced from center on the x″-axis with displacements that depend linearly on the slit separation. This shear is equivalent to a small tilt of the two-slit aperture relative to the detector. The shown fit was found by introducing the equivalent of a 0.31° aperture tilt. This tilt is within the alignment error of the apparatus. Further, this suggests a precise method with which to measure the relative tilt between such a two-slit aperture and detector in future studies. The expected amplitude, shown in Fig. 6(e), is relatively insensitive to this type of tilt misalignment.
5. Apparatus capabilities and limitations
The apparatus described in this paper offers several notable capabilities. First, both the complex and spectral degrees of coherence of light from a broadband source can be measured in two dimensions by recording only two images. If the power spectrum of the light and spectral response function of the detector are known a priori then only a single image need be recorded. This is in contrast to methods which require adjustable double slits or a monochromator, and therefore a large set of non-simultaneous measurements [3, 7], or methods which are suited to narrow-band sources [12]. This capability allows for the rapid measurement of a coherence function and could possibly be used with moving or transient sources. Next, the compact nature of the apparatus allows for extreme portability. This portability may be interesting for applications in calibration or certification of sources which require certain coherence properties. Most importantly, this type of apparatus is appropriate for use with partially coherent sources where the van Cittert-Zernike theorem fails.
Along with these capabilities there are limitations which merit discussion. The primary limitation, namely the assumption made in deriving Eq. (1) that the power spectral density on each pinhole is identical, limits the use of the apparatus to fields whose statistical properties are locally-shift-invariant. The spatial extent of the two-slit aperture and the spectral density measurement method impart similar restrictions. As a result, the apparatus is best suited for use with fields that can be locally approximated under the Schell-model.
Second, the apparatus is limited by the length and variation of the slits. The slow variation in slit separation serves to minimize diffraction along the long dimension of the aperture but it still exists and is not treated here. Additionally, the linear variation in slit separation is simple to design and fabricate but leads to hyperbolic fringes. Along with diffraction, this leads to mixing of data at small slit separations for fields with some appreciable angular and spectral bandwidth. This mixing could be reduced by using slits where the separation varies hyperbolically such that the slits are more parallel for small slit separations.
6. Conclusion
We have shown that a double slit aperture, in which the slit separation slowly varies, can be used to rapidly measure the spectral degree of coherence function of light at the position of the slits. The aperture works by performing the equivalent of many simultaneous Thompson-Wolf experiments over a range of slit separations and wavelengths. By using a detector with a sufficiently wide spectral response, the same aperture can also be used to measure the complex degree of coherence of the light. An aperture of this type was used to measure the spectral degree of coherence function for light emitted by an incoherent, thermal source. The results of this measurement were compared to those expected by the van Cittert-Zernike theorem and found to agree in both amplitude and phase. This type of aperture is also appropriate for use with sources of various states of coherence where the van Cittert-Zernike theorem fails to be valid.
Appendix A: Mitigation of geometrical optical effects
There are two prominent effects of geometry in the recorded interferogram images. The first is akin to pinhole camera magnification and the second is a blurring effect. Both effects stem from the fact that the detector was situated at a finite distance from the two-slit aperture and that the source had a finite size. These effects are illustrated in Fig. 7. The magnification effect was removed by de-magnifying the images, through bi-linear interpolation of the data, across the long dimension of the aperture according to the following equation:Fig. 7. During the experiments considered here, both d1 and d2 were known by measurement. In general, d1 may be unknown. In that case, a measurement of d1 may be attempted based on measured and expected quasi-monochromatic fringe separations within the interferogram itself, but this could lead to larger systematic error than if d1 were known. Otherwise, d1 may be large enough such that the magnification can be neglected.
Fig. 7
The blurring effect was mitigated by performing a deconvolution and a subsequent convolution. Since the spectrum and spectral degree of coherence data were measured with different source-to-aperture distances, the blurring effect was different in both cases. In principle, the blurring effect could be removed by a deconvolution with a certain unknown point spread function but this was not done. Instead, the blurring of both measurements was made the same. This was accomplished by first deconvolving a certain cross-section of the spectrum data, given in the spatial frequency domain and shown in Fig. 8(b), from the corresponding cross-section of spectral coherence data, shown in Fig. 8(a). A Lucy-Richardson deconvolution routine was used with a large number of iterations in order to find the point spread function that would lead to the spectral coherence cross-section from the spectrum cross-section via convolution. The entire spectrum image was then convolved along the vertical dimension with the recovered point spread function. This led to the same blur in both images.
Fig. 8
We thank P. Bharadwaj and M. Kasperczyk for fruitful discussions, M. Parzefall for creating Fig. 1 of this paper, and S. Riedi for assistance in fabricating the two-slit aperture. This project is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) under grant 200021_149433.
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