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Plant dispersal in the sub-Antarctic inferred from anisotropic genetic structure
Céline Born, Fax: +27 21 808 2405; E-mail: email@example.com; email@example.com
Climatic conditions and landscape features often strongly affect species' local distribution patterns, dispersal, reproduction and survival and may therefore have considerable impacts on species' fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS). In this study, we demonstrate the efficacy of combining fine-scale SGS analyses with isotropic and anisotropic spatial autocorrelation techniques to infer the impact of wind patterns on plant dispersal processes. We genotyped 1304 Azorella selago (Apiaceae) specimens, a wind-pollinated and wind-dispersed plant, from four populations distributed across sub-Antarctic Marion Island. SGS was variable with Sp values ranging from 0.001 to 0.014, suggesting notable variability in dispersal distance and wind velocities between sites. Nonetheless, the data supported previous hypotheses of a strong NW–SE gradient in wind strength across the island. Anisotropic autocorrelation analyses further suggested that dispersal is strongly directional, but varying between sites depending on the local prevailing winds. Despite the high frequency of gale-force winds on Marion Island, gene dispersal distance estimates (σ) were surprisingly low (<10 m), most probably because of a low pollen dispersal efficiency. An SGS approach in association with isotropic and anisotropic analyses provides a powerful means to assess the relative influence of abiotic factors on dispersal and allow inferences that would not be possible without this combined approach.
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Last edited: 18 January, 2013 - 04:38
Michael Friedberg Wrote:
One problem I have with all "boutique" watch companies is whether they'll be here in 20 or 30 years, and how I'll fare with spare parts, let alone repairs. But that's just me I guess.
Last edited: 2 February, 2016 - 19:59
Mark1958 Wrote:REgulateur IS there evidence to suggest the 3714 is really more accurate than the other caliber movements? I realize it is a bit less complicated. This is another one of my consider as in the future list.
Last edited: 2 February, 2016 - 19:59

subset: commoncrawl


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I was traveling by taxi from Delhi to Dehradun. It usually takes about seven hours over a very rough one-lane road. We were almost home, at the loneliest, darkest part of the trip, crossing the mountains into the final stretch. There were few cars about and the sky was inky black.
As we hurtled along, occasionally dodging an oncoming car, I thought I saw someone lying on the embankment. It took a few moments to register before I asked Sandeep, the driver, if he had seen someone too.
He laughed. "Probably some drunk fellow or one of the village idiots. He'll get up on his own."
"We should go back," I said. "Maybe he's been hurt."
Sandeep laughed again, incredulous now. "Didi [Elder Sister], you must be joking! We're in a jungle. This isn't some foreign country. If I stop, I'll be blamed for whatever has happened to him!"
At that very moment, my daughter Cathleen called my cell phone from Boston. "Mom, it's a blizzard here!" she said, excitement in her voice. She was in great spirits. She had gotten her grades and had made the dean's list, and her holidays had just begun. I tried to share her excitement, but she sensed my distraction and distress. "Mom, are you OK?"
I told her quickly what I thought I had seen. Just hearing my voice describing it and her instant...
Links[1] https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/user/login?destination=print/31448
[2] https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/subscribe-Commonweal


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TeLC - Torquay Early Learning Centre
New Childcare in Torquay Vic! TeLC, a purpose built early learning and long day care facility opened in 2013. It is our desire to establish a centre where children will blossom as they grow under the care of passionate staff. TeLC has six rooms - a nursery, three 16 place toddler rooms, and two larger kinder age rooms. Our natural playground space sets us apart from most centres with almost 3,000m2 of room.
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We are now taking enrolments for our planned opening of August 12th 2013. For an enrolment pack, or to find out other information email firstname.lastname@example.com, or call 03 5264 7416 during business hours.


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by Joshua Baracks in Sports Medicine Research (SMR): In the Lab & In the Field
Athletes who report numerous concussion symptoms during baseline testing may experience greater neurocognitive impairment after a concussion than athletes who do not report baseline symptoms.... Read more »
Custer A, Sufrinko A, Elbin RJ, Covassin T, Collins M, & Kontos A. (2016) High Baseline Postconcussion Symptom Scores and Concussion Outcomes in Athletes. Journal of athletic training, 51(2), 136-41. PMID: 26885702
by BPS Research Digest in BPS Research Digest
Pick up any introductory psychology textbook and under the "developmental" chapter you're bound to find a description of "groundbreaking" research into newborn babies' imitation skills. The work, conducted in the 1970s, will typically be shown alongside black and white images of a man sticking his tongue out at a baby, and the tiny baby duly sticking out her tongue in response.The research was revolutionary because it appeared to show that humans are born with the power to imitate – a skill cr........ Read more »
Oostenbroek, J., Suddendorf, T., Nielsen, M., Redshaw, J., Kennedy-Costantini, S., Davis, J., Clark, S., & Slaughter, V. (2016) Comprehensive Longitudinal Study Challenges the Existence of Neonatal Imitation in Humans. Current Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.047
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
I very much want to stress the point that 'no medical or clinical advice is given or intended' on this blog before proceeding further with discussions based on the commentary paper by Richard Balon & Michelle Riba titled: 'Should Women of Childbearing Potential Be Prescribed Valproate?' [1].Valproate, as in preparations like sodium valproate, has been a particular talking point in recent years as a consequence of something of an emerging body of peer-reviewed science suggesting that its use ........ Read more »
Balon R, & Riba M. (2016) Should women of childbearing potential be prescribed valproate? a call to action. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 77(4), 525-6. PMID: 27137420
by Elizabeth Preston in Inkfish
People with sleep apnea are at war with their windpipes. But they might be able to get some help from a different kind of wind pipe—namely, the Australian Aboriginal instrument called the didgeridoo.
In sleep apnea, obstructed airways stop a person's breathing over and over at night. It's normal for the throat muscles to relax during sleep, but for sleep apnea sufferers this relaxation combines with other factors to make breathing impossible. Apnea leads to broken sleep, snoring, and exh........ Read more »
Puhan MA, Suarez A, Lo Cascio C, Zahn A, Heitz M, & Braendli O. (2006) Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 332(7536), 266-70. PMID: 16377643
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
Well-designed large population-based studies of the prevalence and correlates of learning disabilities in preschool children are rare.A research group working out of University College London has address that issues with a large study of language disorder in a group of over 7000 4 and 5 year olds in England.A stratified group of 529 children received a comprehensive assessment of language along with assessment of IQ, social, emotional and behavior function.The study found the following important........ Read more »
Norbury, C., Gooch, D., Wray, C., Baird, G., Charman, T., Simonoff, E., Vamvakas, G., & Pickles, A. (2016) The impact of nonverbal ability on prevalence and clinical presentation of language disorder: evidence from a population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12573
by Rosin Cerate in Rosin Cerate
For many people, including myself, a mention of the word wasp brings to mind a particular yellow and black annoyance found hovering around garbage cans in the summertime. However, as is usually the case with the natural world, wasps are far more interesting than our common experiences with them let on. To start, there are thousands upon thousands of species, not just the yellow jackets we try to avoid being stung by as we eat at a picnic table out in the park. Wasps are close cousins of bees and........ Read more »
Seipke RF, Kaltenpoth M, & Hutchings MI. (2012) Streptomyces as symbionts: An emerging and widespread theme?. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36(4), 862-876. PMID: 22091965
by Neuroskeptic in Neuroskeptic_Discover
A new PNAS paper casts doubt on an influential theory of memory.
The reconsolidation hypothesis holds that when a memory is recalled, its molecular trace in the brain becomes plastic, meaning that the memory has to be consolidated or 'saved' all over again in order for it to persist. In other words, remembering makes a memory vulnerable to being modified or erased. Reconsolidation has generated lots of research interest and even speculation that blocking reconsolidation could be used as a t........ Read more »
Hardwicke TE, Taqi M, & Shanks DR. (2016) Postretrieval new learning does not reliably induce human memory updating via reconsolidation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(19), 5206-11. PMID: 27114514
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
The paper by Remmelt Schür and colleagues [1] provides some (brief) blogging fodder today and the observation that following a "systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 1 H-MRS studies" brain GABA levels were found to be significantly lower in cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than compared to control (not autism) populations.GABA - gamma-Aminobutyric acid - has been something of interest for quite a few years in autism research circles (see here). It's particular role ........ Read more »
Schür RR, Draisma LW, Wijnen JP, Boks MP, Koevoets MG, Joëls M, Klomp DW, Kahn RS, & Vinkers CH. (2016) Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 1 H-MRS studies. Human brain mapping. PMID: 27145016
by Dr. Jekyll in Lunatic Laboratories
No matter how smart and funny you think you are, those you follow on Twitter really do have a larger following than you. And the same holds true for Facebook. But there is no reason to feel badly about any of this. According to the research, it is all due to the inherently hierarchical nature of social media networks, where, in the social hierarchy of connections, people mostly either follow up or across; they rarely follow down.
... Read more »
Momeni, N., & Rabbat, M. (2016) Qualities and Inequalities in Online Social Networks through the Lens of the Generalized Friendship Paradox. PLOS ONE, 11(2). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143633
This week's Video Tip of the Week is actually a whole bunch of videos. Although I'll highlight one here as our tip, there are many great talks from the recent JGI Genomics of Energy & Environment meeting. Although typically we focus on specific software tools for our tips, I think this is a nice case […]... Read more »
Afshinnekoo, E., Meydan, C., Chowdhury, S., Jaroudi, D., Boyer, C., Bernstein, N., Maritz, J., Reeves, D., Gandara, J., Chhangawala, S.... (2015) Geospatial Resolution of Human and Bacterial Diversity with City-Scale Metagenomics. Cell Systems, 1(1), 72-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2015.01.001
Alexa B.R. McIntyre, Lindsay Rizzardi, Angela M Yu, Gail L. Rosen, Noah Alexander, Douglas J. Botkin, Kristen K. John, Sarah L. Castro-Wallace, Aaron S. Burton, Andrew Feinberg.... (2015) Nanopore Sequencing in Microgravity. bioRxiv. DOI: 10.1101/032342
by Mark Lasbury in As Many Exceptions As Rules
The black plague has taken the lives of millions over the centuries. Recent evidence shows that a small number of genetic changes were required to allow Y. pestis to use fleas as a vector. This increased Y. pestis virulence in humans, and might have wiped us out if it weren't for a genetic disease called hereditary hemochromatosis.... Read more »
Chouikha I, Hinnebusch BJ. (2012) Yersinia-flea interactions and the evolution of the arthropod-borne transmission route of plague. Curr Opin Microbiol. . DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.02.003
by Rosin Cerate in Rosin Cerate
There are many ways to get a drug into a person. Two common approaches are to swallow a small soluble solid or inject a liquid into a vein, causing it to be transported throughout the body to wherever it is needed.Topical medications are those applied to a body surface, be it skin, eyeballs, or the insides of your lungs. This is usually done to deliver the drug to the particular place requiring repair (e.g. eye drops for an eye infection) while minimizing the amount of drug ending up in other pa........ Read more »
Zavascki A, Goldani L, Li J, & Nation R. (2007) Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens: A critical review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 60(6), 1206-1215. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm357
by The Neurocritic in The Neurocritic
Left: Belgian physician Dr. Wim Distelmans, a cancer specialist, professor in palliative care and the president of the Belgian federal euthanasia commission. Right: Generic acetaminophen.What (or who) is an "Empathy Killer"? An Angel of Death Kevorkian-type who helps terminal patients with ALS or cancer put an end their excruciating pain? This is a very selfless act that shows extreme empathy for the suffering of others.Or is an "Empathy Killer" a medication that dulls your numerical rat........ Read more »
Mischkowski, D., Crocker, J., & Way, B. (2016) From Painkiller to Empathy Killer: Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Reduces Empathy for Pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw057
by BPS Research Digest in BPS Research Digest
By guest blogger Richard StephensA few years ago the New Yorker ran a social media campaign asking what word should be deleted from the English language. Nominations ranged from the political (Obama) to the superfluous (actually) and from the expression of hyperbole (awesome) to an outdated word for trousers (slacks). Intriguingly, the most popular suggestion – the so-called "runaway un-favourite" – might surprise a few people and especially those who enjoy baking. Psychologist Paul H. T........ Read more »
Thibodeau, P. (2016) A Moist Crevice for Word Aversion: In Semantics Not Sounds. PLOS ONE, 11(4). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153686
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
"Psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders cluster among siblings of probands with ASD [autism spectrum disorder]."That was the research bottom line presented in the paper by Elina Jokiranta-Olkoniemi and colleagues [1] who extracted data from the Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders (FIPS-A). FIPS-A has been mentioned previously on this blog (see here) but this time around the aim was to look not at the various risk factors potentially associated........ Read more »
Jokiranta-Olkoniemi, E., Cheslack-Postava, K., Sucksdorff, D., Suominen, A., Gyllenberg, D., Chudal, R., Leivonen, S., Gissler, M., Brown, A., & Sourander, A. (2016) Risk of Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Among Siblings of Probands With Autism Spectrum Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0495
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
The Harvard-based Nurses' Health Study has been a remarkably productive longitudinal health study.My wife has been a subject in this study and frequently completes interval questionnaires regarding her health status.A recent publication looked at the relationship between religious service attendance and mortality in the Nurses's Health Study cohort.This manuscript tried to provide a more valid look at the relationship between religiosity/spirituality and health. Previous studies have found a lin........ Read more »
Li, S., Stampfer, M., Williams, D., & VanderWeele, T. (2016) Association of Religious Service Attendance With Mortality Among Women. JAMA Internal Medicine. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1615
by Emily Makowski in Sextraordinary!
How did socially imposed monogamy in humans arise from polygynous societies? Sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention may have played a role.... Read more »
Bauch, C., & McElreath, R. (2016) Disease dynamics and costly punishment can foster socially imposed monogamy. Nature Communications, 11219. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11219
by Andreas Wieland in Supply Chain Management Research
Our world is in crisis! Ten years ago, Time Magazine featured the headline: "Be Worried. Be Very Worried." (about global warming). But things only got worse since. Leaked TTIP documents point to a race to the bottom in ecological standards between the EU and the U.S. New NASA figures show that April 2016 was the seventh […]... Read more »
Montabon, F., Pagell, M., & Wu, Z. (2016) Making Sustainability Sustainable. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 52(2), 11-27. DOI: 10.1111/jscm.12103
by Paul Whiteley in Questioning Answers
"The likelihood of being diagnosed with ADHD [attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder] was significantly increased among children of two immigrant parents... and children of an immigrant father."So said the findings published by Venla Lehti and colleagues [1] continuing a research theme from this authorship group (see here) on how immigration might, for various reasons, bring about an increased or decreased risk of certain behavioural and/or psychiatric outcomes. This time a........ Read more »
Lehti V, Chudal R, Suominen A, Gissler M, & Sourander A. (2016) Association between immigrant background and ADHD: a nationwide population-based case-control study. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines. PMID: 27133554
by Artem Kaznatcheev in Evolutionary Games Group
Last month, Robert Vander Velde discussed a striking similarity between the linear version of our model of two anti-correlated goods and the Haert et al. (2002) optional public good game. Robert didn't get a chance to go into the detailed math behind the scenes, so I wanted to do that today. The derivations here will […]... Read more »
Hauert, C., De Monte, S., Hofbauer, J., & Sigmund, K. (2002) Replicator dynamics for optional public good games. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 218(2), 187-94. PMID: 12381291
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Spicy hot ratings heat up the food at Star of India, so those with a passion for Indian fare should make their way to Rio Grande. Star of India has vegan, low-fat and gluten-free eats readily available for hungry diners. Toast your evening out at this restaurant with a glass of beer or wine from their lengthy drink list. No need to splurge on a babysitter — tots will be right at home chowing down at this restaurant. If you're having a party, no need to stress out about cooking, cleaning or getting tables and chairs, have your party at Star of India instead. For no extra charge, utilize Star of India's free wifi.
Relaxed attire is perfectly fine at Star of India, known for its laid-back ambience. This restaurant lets you stop by or stay home for your food. Feed the gang at your next get-together with catering from Star of India as well.
Ample parking is located near Star of India, including options for valet, street and garage parking. You'll also find plenty of safe spaces to lock up your bike if you prefer to cycle to the restaurant.
You can take it easy on your wallet at Star of India — prices are generally less than $30 per person. Whether it's curry or somosas you love, it's time to try the oh-so-highly-praised Indian recipes at Star of India. The Indian food at Star of India is filled with many flavors. Stop by today and try some of the tasty dishes.


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No two batches are ever the same. Coatings expert Bob Cusumano explains why that may be a problem, and what to do about it.
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AFD careful to clear arroyos while searching for people during storms
Saturday night's storm had Albuquerque fire fighters out searching arroyos.
Food truck of Albuquerque restaurateur burned overnight
Albuquerque fire fighters found the Mariscos Las Islitas food truck in flames Friday night.
Thunderstorms roll through Albuquerque Saturday night
Monsoon thunderstorms brought heavy rain, hail and wind to Albuquerque Saturday, prompting the National Weather Service to issue a flash flood warning.
Trial in vehicle death of Roswell teacher delayed
The trial for a man accused of causing a car crash that killed a Roswell school teacher has been postponed.
Some stores on Central hopeful for ART
Flyers line Central opposing ART, but one store owner hopes stores with stick through construction.
ART decision continues upset on Central
Astro Zombies has put up a massive sign in front of their store, decrying the Friday ART decision.
Chick-fil-A hosts fundraiser for 10-82 Fund
Chick-fil-A near Cottonwood mall hosts a 10-82 fundraiser.
Balloon crash in TX has Albuquerque ties
Balloon crash in Lockhart, TX has local ties to Albuquerque ballooners.
APD and CPC hosting community meetings about DOJ settlement
The Albuquerque Police Department and Alburquerque Community Policing Council will be hosting community discussion about the Department of Justice Settlement Agreement.
IOC sets up 3-person panel to rule on Russian entries
The IOC has set up a special three-person panel to make a final ruling on which individual Russian athletes are allowed to compete in the Rio de Janeiro Olympics.
Abandoned building burns in Downtown Albuquerque
The Albuquerque Fire Department responded to a fire at 224 Aspen.
Woman killed in crash on I-40 in McKinley County
A 52-year-old woman died in crash on I-40 near Prewitt in McKinley County on Saturday, a New Mexico State Police spokesperson said.
Shelter dogs to become service animals
They were unwanted, afraid and alone, dogs found roaming the streets of Albuquerque or abandoned by their owners. But eight lucky shelter dogs are getting new homes in Colorado, along with some very important jobs.
Poor New Mexico town gets roads paved with recycled material
A poor New Mexico town along the U.S.-Mexico border is getting three roads paved with recycled material.
Court rules for middle school, officer in teen's burp arrest
A federal appeals court has upheld the arrest of an Albuquerque student accused of repeatedly disrupting his middle-school class with loud burps.
Firefighters extinguish house fire in South Valley
People living in one South Valley neighborhood got a rude awakening overnight as massive house fire forced some people out of their homes.
Saturday morning weather forecast
Click here for your local weather forecast and conditions for the evening of Saturday, July 30.
Company that employed rehired Espanola basketball coach awarded no-bid contract
His firing gutted the Espanola Public School District, and he's still under investigation by the state.
AFD trains for swift water rescues
Every year, there is at least one swift water rescue in one of Albuquerque's arroyos. Monsoon rain can send the water flowing at speeds reaching up to 25 miles per hour, according to AFD officials.
Farmington welcomes Connie Mack World Series teams from across the country
"If you build it, they will come." Farmington has built a baseball tournament and for more than 50 years, they have come.
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text: Gartner Gartner ( IT) is an investment technology research, advisory and consulting company. Established in 1979, the company has grown along with the greatest technological boom in history. Gartner's research analysts not only help their end user clientele but also have an impact on Wall Street as an independent research provider. >>5 Earnings Stocks Poised to Pop Revenue for the company grows in the low double-digit percentages, but given Gartner's business model as a service provider, its high gross margin rate converts revenue growth into even higher earnings growth. Earnings per share are expected to rise at a percentage rate in the mid-20s in 2012 and 2013. With the stock selling at 25 times current year's earnings and a PEG ratio of just 1.06, Garner makes for a compelling investment. Prev 1 of 7 Next


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Watch NBA Stars Open the ESPYs With a Message About Racial Injustice and Violence in America
Carmelo Anthony, Chris Paul, Dwyane Wade, and LeBron James speak out.
Carmelo Anthony, Chris Paul, Dwyane Wade, and LeBron James speak out.
The talented but injury-riddled point guard will form an intriguing core with Kristaps Porzingis and Carmelo Anthony.By Jesse Singal
He suggested it could depend on what Phil Jackson does this summer.By Joe DeLessio
If only that's how it worked, Melo.By Joe DeLessio
Says Anthony to Sports Illustrated: "After that I was like, 'All right, O.K., I'm riding with you from now on.'"By Joe DeLessio
He's informed the Heat that he will opt out of his current contract.By Joe DeLessio
A ranking based not on followers, but engagement, for 2014 so far.By Joe Coscarelli
And Tom Ford stole the show.By Isabel Wilkinson
Amazing.By Dan Amira
Where the fashion elite rubbed shoulders with celebrities.By Julie Ma
She checked up on Carmelo.By Joe Coscarelli
LeBron had one of them last night.By Dan Amira
That game was far more entertaining than game five.By Will Leitch
To Indianapolis for game six!By Will Leitch
The Knicks lose an ugly one.By Will Leitch
To Indianapolis!By Will Leitch
The Pacers are good.By Will Leitch
WHEW, right?By Will Leitch
Back to Boston, with shades of 2004?By Will Leitch
The Knicks lose to the Celtics, and we'll play again on Wednesday.By Will Leitch


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Bargaining Versus Efficiency Wages in a Dynamic Labor Market: A Synthesis
We construct a model integrating the efficiency wage model of Shapiro-Stiglitz (1984) with the matching-bargaining models of Diamond, Mortensen and Pissarides (DMP). Firms and workers form pairwise matches, workers may shirk on the job, and the wage is set in an asymmetric Nash bargain over the surplus created by nonshirking. The wage is then always higher, and employment lower, than in both the corresponding Shapiro=Stiglitz and DMP models.
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| Postal: Department of Economics, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1095 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
Phone: 22 85 51 27
Fax: 22 85 50 35
Web page: http://www.oekonomi.uio.no/indexe.html
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- Albrecht, James W & Vroman, Susan B, 1998. "Nash Equilibrium Efficiency Wage Distributions," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 39(1), pages 183-203, February.
- Peter A. Diamond, 1982. "Wage Determination and Efficiency in Search Equilibrium," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 49(2), pages 217-227.
- Lazear, Edward P, 1981. "Agency, Earnings Profiles, Productivity, and Hours Restrictions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 71(4), pages 606-20, September.
- Carmichael, Lorne, 1985. "Can Unemployment Be Involuntary? Comment [Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device]," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 75(5), pages 1213-14, December.
- Ellingsen, T. & Rosen, A., 1997.
"Fixed or Flexible? Wage Setting in Search Equilibrium,"
1997-17, Uppsala - Working Paper Series.
- Tore Ellingsen & Asa Rosen, 2003. "Fixed or Flexible? Wage-setting in Search Equilibrium," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 70(278), pages 233-250, 05.
- Ellingsen, Tore & Rosén, Åsa, 1997. "Fixed or Flexible? Wage Setting in Search Equilibrium," Working Paper Series 1997:17, Uppsala University, Department of Economics.
- Ellingsen, Tore & Rosén, Åsa, 1997. "Fixed or Flexible? Wage Setting in Search Equilibrium," SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance 185, Stockholm School of Economics.
- Strand, Jon, 1987. "Unemployment as a Discipline Device with Heterogeneous Labor [Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device]," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 77(3), pages 489-93, June.
- Shapiro, Carl & Stiglitz, Joseph E, 1984. "Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 74(3), pages 433-44, June.
- Ordover, Janusz A. & Shapiro, Carl, 1984.
"Advances in supervision technology and economic welfare: a general equilibrium analysis,"
Journal of Public Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 371-389, December.
- Ordover, Janusz A. & Shapiro, Carl, 1983. "Advances in Supervision Technology and Economic Welfare: A General Equilibrium Analysis," Working Papers 83-18, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University.
- Strand, Jon, 1991. "Unemployment and Wages under Worker Moral Hazard with Firm-Specific Cycles," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 32(3), pages 601-12, August.
- Dale T. Mortensen, 1978. "Specific Capital, Bargaining, and Labor Turnover," Discussion Papers 320, Northwestern University, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science.
- Strand, J., 1992. "Employment and Wages with deferred Wage Payments in Models of Worker Moral Hazard," Memorandum 07/1992, Oslo University, Department of Economics.
- MacLeod, W Bentley & Malcomson, James M, 1989.
"Implicit Contracts, Incentive Compatibility, and Involuntary Unemployment,"
Econometric Society, vol. 57(2), pages 447-80, March.
- W. Bentley MacLeod & James M. Malcomson, 1986. "Implicit Contracts, Incentive Compatibility, and Involuntary Unemployment," Working Papers 585, Queen's University, Department of Economics.
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text:
August, 6 Sat 2:00pm
Saturday & Sunday 6 - 7 August 2016
TRENT BRIDGE, NOTTINGHAM - follow the festival signs
programmed by PR PROMOTIONS
Saturday Afternoon 2.00pm-5.30pm:
The James Findlay Band, Dovetail Trio, Hut People, Nancy Kerr & James Fagan
Saturday Evening 6.30pm-10.00pm:
Dovetail Trio, Steve Turner, Jez Lowe and the Bad Pennies
Sunday Afternoon 2.00pm-6.00pm
Jess Morgan and Friends, John Tams & Barry Coope, Jamie Smiths Mabon
TRENT BRIDGE, NOTTINGHAM - follow the festival signs for the NOTTINGHAM RIVERSIDE FESTIVAL and we will be at the:
Price Information:
Admission FREE. However, there is a small parking fee.
JOHN TAMS, one of the UK's leading singer songwriters, with his colleague of many years, the widely respected singer and musician BARRY COOPE, in a duo that has proved a winning combination. John, actor, director and musician, is also known for his work at the National Theatre, and as Rifleman, Daniel Hagman in the TV series "Sharpe", and Barry is a member of Britain's leading a cappella trio Coope, Boyes & Simpson. Winners at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards for "Best Duo", John Tams & Barry Coope are always happy to play on home ground! Guaranteed a great night of songs, both traditional and contemporary will make this a very special evening. Early booking advised.
"Utterly compelling. It simply doesn't get any better than this" … Colin Hall, What's On in London
Chesterfield Library Theatre
New Beetwell Street
Price Information:
Tickets £14 from the Box Office 01629 533400
September, 30 Fri 6:00pm
Click the Derby Folk Festival tab above for the full guest list and details
Derby Theatre
Price Information:
Tickets £18, u16s £16 from PR Promotions Ticket Hotline 01773 853428 - available now
Tilston & Lowe – Writes and Songs
Steve Tilston and Jez Lowe, two of the UK Acoustic/Folk scene's finest songwriters join forces for a series of concerts filled with songs and music, chat and banter and intimate insights into their approach to their craft. Head to head, neck and neck (guitar necks, that is!) listen in as they rekindle the spontaneity of their late-night living-room song swaps. Questions, answers, anecdotes and anarchy… and a very special evening of music.
Concert Room, Nailers Football Club, Bridge Street, Belper DE56 1BA - - free parking
Price Information:
Tickets £14 from the PR Ticket Hotline 01773 853428
Thursday 15 December - A Special Christmas Concert featuring JOHNNY COPPIN, PAUL BURGESS fiddle, and DICK CADBURY guitar. One of England's finest singer-songwriters, Johnny Coppin, makes a welcome return to Christ Church, when he presents a rich mix of traditional carols, and new songs, together with stories, superstitions and folk lore from all over the UK. Adding some marvellous musicality from these three multi-talented artists, seasoned with festive memories, warm nostalgia and timeless rustic country customs along the way. Christmas starts here!
Christ Church, Bridge Street, Belper DE56 1BA - (FREE parking across the road in the Car Park of the big North Mill.
Price Information:
Tickets £14, under 16s £10 available from the PR Ticket Hotline 01773 853428
For more details and bookings please phone the Ticket Hotline: 01773 853428
Payments for all concerts to PR Promotions may only be made by cheque.
Please make cheque payable to "PR Promotions" and post to:
PR Promotions, PO Box 200, BELPER, Derbys DE56 2ZL
For concerts held at the Assembly Rooms and The Guildhall Theatre payments, including credit card,
may also be made through their Box Office (01332 255800)


text:
- This event has passed.
Southborough: Friends of Southborough Library meet
November 14, 2012
Event Navigation
To avoid Thanksgiving conflicts, the Friends of Southborough Library will hold their monthly meeting Nov. 14, from 7:30 to 8:30 p.m., at the library, 25 Main St. The agenda will include new fundraising ideas such as holiday sales. New members are always welcome, even if you can't make it to the meetings. For more information about the Friends, visit the library's website at http://www.southboroughlib.org/support-the-library/friends-of-the-southborough-library/, or contact Beth Melo at email@example.com.


text:
Setting Up A Money-Making Food Catering Business
Your Guidebook To Food Preparation, Food Delivery And Affordable Party Planning So You Can Serve Up Great Food and Offer Great Service For Weddings, Birthdays, Christmas Or Any Event For A Real Party Treat!The major elements of any catering business are the food and service. After all, any event, whether for business or social function, requires a selection of food and drinks and some amount of service to do the job of organizing the food and drinks for the event or meeting. However, the business of food catering is more than just cooking and food and drinks selection. It also calls for the very
Party Planning: A Cherry Popping OrgyAllison and her friends are good girls. They do well in school, go to church, and are card carrying members of the chastity club. But when Allison's parents insist she have a party to celebrate her recent 18th birthday, things get a little crazy. Allison finds an invitation that changes their view of their world, and now they're obsessed with sex and can't wait to pop their cherries at an orgy of
Party Planning Secrets The Ultimate Guide to a Successful PartyThe Perfect Planning Guide Guaranteed to Save Time and Money Every time you plan a party Learn the 5 Steps to planning and outrageously successful party, learn how to create the energy necessary to have an amazing event. if your looking for a fun and easy to read a guide you found it~! Sales Rights Exclusive Regions Non-Exclusive Regions No-Sale Regions Exclusive Countries Non-Exclusive Countries
The Everything Bridesmaid Book: From bachelorette party planning to wedding ceremony etiquette - all you need for an unforgettable wedding• The first edition of The Everything® Bridesmaid Book has sold more than 60,500 copies • Includes a new chapter on de-stressing the bride (and bridesmaids!), as well as updated information on nontraditional weddings, cost information, budget-minded ideas for hosting parties, and more • Everything® wedding titles have sold more than 1.5 million copies! Who plans the bridal shower? Does the dress
The Ultimate Guide To Party Planning For Any OccasionThe Ultimate Guide To Party Planning For Any Occasion This book covers several topics including: Chapter 1: A professional party planners guide for hosting a murder mystery dinner party Chapter 2: 7 party planning tips for building your party timeline Chapter 3: 7 professional party planner tips for clearing and cleaning after a large meal Chapter 4: How to make your 4th of july party a
Start Your Own Kid Focused Business and More
Party Planning, Cooking Classes, Gift and Bath Products, Plus-Sized Clothing, Educational Toys and GAre you inventive? Fun? Have you been called a kid at heart? If so, let us introduce you to an up-and-coming, fresh-faced market with unbelievable purchasing power-meet today's kids! An ever-growing market, kids offer a world of business possibilities for inspired entrepreneurs like you! From party planning and gift products to cooking classes and clothing, Entrepreneur covers the hottest
Get Party Planning Tips For Food, Drinks And Other Party Ideas For The New Year That Will Put Everyone In High Spirits And Will Make Your New Year Event The Best New Year's Eve Year After YearYou can blast off the New Year not just with fireworks but also with an unforgettable holiday get-together where everyone can chill out and just hang loose. There is no better way to welcome the New Year than with your family and the best of your friends gathered together by your side. It makes the celebration an event more worthy of remembrance and appreciation for all the good and bad of the
Thanksgiving Get-Togethers To Celebrate Thankful Blessings
Get Party Planning Ideas And Party Tips To Help You Put Together A Fun Party Event To Celebrate Thanksgiving DayThanksgiving is a special day to celebrate and be thankful for all the blessings and bounty of the year. It is all about family and friends gathering together to appreciate one another and commemorate the good things in life. It is a social gathering and a very good excuse for merrymaking, revelry, and enjoyment. For that reason, it is an excellent time to throw a party! This book is your
Party Planning Secrets the Ultimate Guide to a Successful PartyThe Perfect Planning Guide Guaranteed to Save Time and Money Every time you plan a party Learn the 5 Steps to planning and outrageously successful party, learn how to create the energy necessary to have an amazing event. if your looking for a fun and easy to read a guide you found it~! Sales Rights Exclusive Regions Non-Exclusive Regions No-Sale Regions Exclusive Countries Non-Exclusive Countries
How to Host a Party and Handle House Guests: 171 Great Party Planning and Guests Hosting IdeasYou don't need to be an event planner with a staff of 20 to host an inspired gathering. Time to hose down the patio furniture, dust off the grill, and bust out the creativity. Follow the brilliant tips from Judith Brown for a party your guests won't forget! This guide covers the following areas: * General Party and Guest Hosting Ideas * Holidays Ideas * Gifts and Gift Wrapping Before you throw
Diane Warner's Big Book of Parties
Creative Party Planning for Every OccasionThis is the most helpful, complete party book ever published. Whether you're throwing a Teddy Bear Birthday Party, hosting a 50th anniversary gala, celebrating your daughter's Quinceanera, or planning a light-hearted Tacky Party, you'll find everything you need to make the party special, unique and theme-appropriate for the occasion. Although Diane covers the mechanics of planning over 175


text:
This is a GUI application (actually MFC). I need a command window with the ability to display a prompt like such:
The user should be able to enter text after the prompt like such:
Name of favorite porn star: Raven Riley
But I need to prevent the user from moving the cursor into the prompt area. Users should also be prevented from backspacing into the prompt in order to prevent the following:
Rrraven Rrrileeey Ruuuulez!!! Name of favorite porn star:
Also need to control text selection and so on. And finally, I should have no problem retrieving only the text the user entered (minus prompt text).
Will it be better to create my own window class from scratch (i.e inherit from CWnd) or should I reuse the Windows EDIT control (i.e. inherit from CEdit)?
A similar command window can be seen in AutoCAD and Visual Studio (in debug mode).


text:
Inside the Tesla Gigafactory
- published: 30 Apr 2016
- views: 31404
For more, visit: http://evannex.com/blogs/news/116340037-tesla-gigafactory-take-an-inside-tour-with-teslas-jb-straubel Tesla Motors co-founder and CTO, JB Straubel, took Lauren Sommer from KQED Science* on a tour of the Gigafactory. She explained, \" \"Tesla's Gigafactory is a lot like Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory: it's mysterious, it's big and few people have been inside.\" Well... it turns out this informative interview with Sommer provides even deeper insights into the Gigafactory, photo outtakes, and some helpful behind-the-scenes analysis. Sommer recaps in her article, \"Like Willy Wonka's factory, there's a lot of hype about this place, both for the records it's breaking and the company's mystique... [and] Tesla expects the factory, created in partnership with Panasonic, to double the world's capacity for lithium-ion battery production, eventually making 35 gigawatt-hours of energy storage annually. That would supply 500,000 of its electric cars, a significant leap over what the company is producing now.\" Original source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QU4huL90sHs *Source: http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/15/inside-teslas-mysterious-desert-battery-factory/...


text:
Beautiful boy who will look like his sire. Brown eyes.Vacs & deworm up to date. Home raised. Parents on site. Dewclaws done. Health guarantee. No ship/meet. No text/cell service. Approx 7-8lbs adult wt. Sire is blue merle parti. Dam is choc/white. Add $200 for AKC papers.
Jul 26 -
Fort Wayne :
Defiance - Dogs & puppies
One blue eye, carries the merle gene. Parents onsite. Home raised. Up to date on vacs & deworm. Add $200 for AKC papers. Charting 7-8lbs. adult. No ship/meet. No text/cell service. Health guarantee. Sire is blue merle parti. Dam is choc./white
2 males Left, one is sable color, the other one a sable beaver, will be 8 weeks July 31, vet checked, and UTD on shots, and wormed. The sable $500.00 and the beaver male $650, he is a rare color and he also has 1 blue eye right now, other one looks like its turning some blue. please text me at 419-544-2773 have mother and father on site.shoule be around 5 to 8 lbs.
Jul 25 -
Fort Wayne :
Huntington - Dogs & puppies
I have a 3 month old Black & tan male puppy available. He is full of spunk and would work well in any household. He has been vet checked, had his first and second set of vaccines and has been dewormed. He is also microchipped. 11 years experience with the breed. Contact for more details.
To ensure your message gets to us, please call or text as emails tend to get lost in the shuffle.
Thank ...
Jul 19 -
Buffalo :
Gainesville - Dogs & puppies
Unborn Pomeranians. Mom is AKC and dad is CKC. Mom is cream and dad is orange/tan. There will be two pups born in about two weeks. If male it will be $700, if female it will be $800. $200 deposit required to hold the pup.
If interested please call/text at 630)400-0160 or email at niranyolivo @ icloud.com I am located in Elgin Illinois
Jul 14 -
Chicago :
Elgin - Dogs & puppies
This little guy was born 5/12/2016, . Black in color with a little white line on his chest with a dab of white on his back paw.
He comes with full AKC registration, up to date on his vaccines, wormed and ready for his new home. Very smart in deed. First to use puppy pads, eating well on his own, He
loves, loves to play. Just the sweetest little guy. Ready for his new home.
I'm sorry we do ...
Jun 30 -
Northeast Ohio :
Akron - Dogs & puppies
Cutest pups ever 2 males black and white 2 females (see photos) beatiful coats and markings. Parents are on site. You will need to get the shots cost about 35.00 but they are dewormed already. Great personalities and puppies are well loved and played with all day great family pets or one owner. Very tiny and just adorable. No papers but mom and dad are both akc. Dad is AKA. The mix is known ...
Jun 19 -
Green Bay :
Green Bay - Dogs & puppies
I have 2 sable males available, they are 8 weeks old and ready for their new homes, comes with full AKC registration, parents are both small and should weigh 3 to 5 pounds as adults. Call or text me at 419-571-5959 or email me at [email removed]
Jun 9 -
Mansfield :
Galion - Dogs & puppies
We'll be sending text message alerts for your subscription to


text:
Let $\Gamma(M,L) $ be the space of smooth sections, then why $\Gamma(M,L) $ is isomorphic to $A=\{f:L^{\times}\to \mathbb{C}; f(cz)=c^{-1}f(z), c\in \mathbb{C}-\{0\} , z\in L^{\times}\}$ . Here $L^{\times}$ is the line bundle obtained from $L$ by removing zero section. $M$ is smooth complex manifold and $L$is complex line bundle
Consider the projection $\pi: L^\times \to M$ and the pullback bundle $\pi^*L$ on $L^\times$. First of all, $\pi^* L $ is a trivial bundle on $L^\times $, as it has a nonzero section $(x, v) \to v$. Thus
$$A: \{ f: L^\times \to \mathbb C\} \cong \Gamma(L^\times , \pi^*L),$$
$$(Af) (x,v) := f(x,v)v$$
On the other hand, $\Gamma(M, L)$ can be thought of all $s\in \Gamma(L^\times , \pi^*L)$ that can be pushed down to $L$. That is $s((x,cv)) = s((x,v)) \in L_x$ for all $x\in M$, $v\in L_x$ and $c\in \mathbb C^*$. That corresponds to all $f:L^\times \to \mathbb C$ such that $f(cz) = c^{-1}f(z)$, as
$$(Af)((x, cv)) = f(x, cv) cv = c^{-1}f(x, v) cv = f(x, v)v = (Af)(x, v)$$


text:
Painter Larson Academy of Irish Dance
Explore Your Heritage in Fullerton: 4, 8, or 12 Irish Dancing Classes for Adults or Children
special delivery
shop unique gifts and deliver them with style
easy, flexible delivery
print it out, email it now, or schedule it for a later date--it's up to you
personalized email
Emailing your gift? Write a message, select a theme, and hit send. The price you paid will not be displayed in the email.
special printed voucher
Delivering the gift in person? Choose a theme, print it out, and pass it along to that special someone. It's that simple.


text:
Join the 'Pill Id' group to help and get support from people like you.
Pill Id Questions
Related terms: Pill Identification, Pill Identifier, Pill Imprint, Pill Finder
We found 13591 questions associated with the 'Pill Id' topic.
What is this pill - with '' v 3604 white with red specks?
Posted 8 Jun 2009 • 1 answer
Round yellow 230 on one side and Chinese V on the side?
230 on one side and a chinease V on the other side its yellow and round
Posted 27 Oct 2012 • 2 answers
What is pill with V on back and 3605 on the front and it's peachy colored and oblong. Thanks?
Posted 26 Aug 2011 • 2 answers
What is this pill - with 'I9' imprint?
It is white and oblong in shape I 9 is on front... nothing on back
Posted 17 Nov 2009 • 2 answers
What's this pill?? Yellow, oval, imprinted with 106 s?
What's this pill?? Light yellow, oval pill, not a capsule. Imprinted with 106 s with a slit on that same side. Other side is smooth.
Posted 25 Apr 2013 • 1 answer
White round smooth pill with 114 on one side then scored half on other?
what is it please found in daughters room says it is tylenol
Posted 7 Jun 2011 • 9 answers
What is a small round orange pill with 2632 on one side and fancy V on the other?
Posted 6 Apr 2013 • 2 answers
What is this white long oval pill imprinted A333?
A333 on one side, nothing on the other side, white long oval pill
Posted 23 Jan 2014 • 1 answer
What is this pill - with '44390' imprint?
It's a white pill with the oblong shape to it like a capsule. With the marking of 44390 on it in between a line on each side of the 4 and 9. No name or manufacturer is marked on it.
Posted 10 Oct 2009 • 1 answer
What is this pill - oval shape with A 333 imprint?
Color of pill is white
Posted 31 Dec 2013 • 2 answers
I found a little pink round pill with NP on one side and 12 on the other side. was told perk 10mg?
Posted 8 Mar 2013 • 1 answer
What is the difference between g3722 xanax and s903 xanax?
g3722 are white and s903 are green
Posted 22 Jan 2011 • 2 answers
What pill has a half moon and 26 On same side. orange,and round?
Posted 1 Jun 2014 • 1 answer
What is a white caplet pill with the numbers 44175?
Posted 28 Jul 2011 • 1 answer
What are the effects of teva 832 yellow?
Posted 18 Apr 2011 • 1 answer


text:
mulchnoun [ C or U ]uk /mʌltʃ/ us /mʌltʃ/
mulchverb [ I or T ]uk /mʌltʃ/ us /mʌltʃ/
› to put mulch on or around something:
[ + adv/prep ] Mulch around the base of the roses.
Mulch the roses.
(Definition of "mulch" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
(Definition of "mulch" from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Get a quick, free translation!
Create and share your own word lists and quizzes for free!
Word of the Day
a type of heavy cloth that has a pattern woven into it that is the same colour as the cloth


text:
|Table of Contents
Asterisk, since its early days, has offered a conferencing application called MeetMe (app_meetme.so). MeetMe provides DAHDI-mixed software-based bridges for multi-party audio conferencing. MeetMe is used by nearly all Asterisk implementations - small office, call center, large office, feature-server, third-party application, etc. It has been extremely successful as an audio bridge.
Over time, several significant limitations of MeetMe have been encountered by its users. Among these are two of distinction: MeetMe requires DAHDI for mixing, and is thus limited to 8kHz (PSTN) audio sampling rates; and MeetMe is delivered in a fairly static form, it does not provide extensive configuration options.
To address these limitations, a new conferencing application, based upon the ConfBridge application introduced in Asterisk 1.6.0, is now available with Asterisk 10. This new ConfBridge application replaces the older ConfBridge application. It is not intended to be a direct replacement for MeetMe, it will not provide feature parity with the MeetMe application. Instead, the new ConfBridge application delivers a completely redesigned set of functionality that most users will find more than sufficient, and in many ways better, for their conferencing needs.
ConfBridge Concepts
ConfBridge provides four internal concepts:
- Conference Number
- Bridge Profile
- User Profile
- Conference Menu
A Conference Number is a numerical representation for an instance of the bridge. Callers joined to the same conference number will be in the same conference bridge; they're connected. Callers joined to different conference numbers are not in the same conference bridge; they're separated. Conference Numbers are assigned in the dialplan. Unlike MeetMe, they're not pre-reserved.
A Bridge Profile is a named set of options that control the behavior of a particular conference bridge. Each bridge must have its own profile. A single bridge cannot have more than one Bridge Profile.
A User Profile is a named set of options that control the user's experience as a member of a particular bridge. Each user participating in a bridge can have their own individual User Profile.
A Conference Menu is a named set of options that are provided to a user when they present DTMF keys while connected to the bridge. Each user participating in a bridge can have their own individual Conference Menu.
ConfBridge Profiles and Menus are configured in the confbridge.conf configuration file - normally located at /etc/asterisk/confbridge.conf. The file contains three reserved sections:
- [general]
- [default_bridge]
- [default_user]
The [general] section is currently unused, but is reserved for future use.
The [default_bridge] section contains all options invoked when ConfBridge is instantiated from the dialplan without a bridge profile argument.
The [default_user] section contains all options invoked when ConfBridge is instantiated from the dialplan without a user profile argument.
Each section contains a type definition. The type definition determines the function of the section. The three types are:
- bridge
- user
- menu
bridge is used to denote Bridge Profile section definitions.
user is used to denote User Profile section definitions.
menu is used to denote Conference Menu section definitions.
All other sections, defined by a section identifier encapsulated in square brackets, are user-definable.
This is an example, using invalid options and functions, of a confbridge.conf configuration file, displaying the organizational layout. The various options and functions are described later in this page.
|No Format
; comments are preceded by a comma
; the general section is blank
; Bridge Profile options go here
; User Profile options go here
; Conferece Menu options go here
Bridge Profile Configuration Options
A Bridge Profile provides the following configuration options:
Set this to bridge to configure a bridge profile
integer; e.g. 50
Limits the number of participants for a single conference to a specific number. By default, conferences have no participant limit. After the limit is reached, the conference will be locked until someone leaves. Admin-level users are exempt from this limit and will still be able to join otherwise-locked, because of limit, conferences.
Records the conference call starting when the first user enters the room, and ending when the last user exits the room. The default recorded filename is 'confbridge-<name of conference bridge>-<start time>.wav and the default format is 8kHz signed linear. By default, this option is disabled. This file will be located in the configured monitoring directory as set in asterisk.conf
path, e.g. /tmp/myfiles
When record_conference is set to yes, the specific name of the recorded file can be set using this option. Note that since multiple conferences may use the same Bridge profile, this can cause issues, depending on the configuration. It is recommended to only use this option dynamically with the CONFBRIDGE() dialplan function. This allows the recorded name to be specified and a unique name to be chosen. By default, the recorded file is stored in Asterisk's spool/monitory directory, with a unique filename starting with the 'confbridge' prefix.
auto, 8000, 12000, 16000, 24000, 32000, 44100, 48000, 96000, 192000
Sets the internal native sample rate at which to mix the conference. The "auto" option allows Asterisk to adjust the sample rate to the best quality / performance based on the participant makeup. Numbered values lock the rate to the specified numerical rate. If a defined number does not match an internal sampling rate supported by Asterisk, the nearest sampling rate will be used instead.
10, 20, 40, 80
Sets, in milliseconds, the internal mixing interval. By default, the mixing interval of a bridge is 20ms. This setting reflects how "tight" or "loose" the mixing will be for the conference. Lower intervals provide a "tighter" sound with less delay in the bridge and consume more system resources. Higher intervals provide a "looser" sound with more delay in the bridge and consume less resources
none, follow_talker, last_marked, first_marked
Configured video (as opposed to audio) distribution method for conference participants. Participants must use the same video codec. Confbridge does not provide MCU functionality. It does not transcode, scale, transrate, or otherwise manipulate the video. Options are "none," where no video source is set by default and a video source may be later set via AMI or DTMF actions; "follow_talker," where video distrubtion follows whomever is talking and providing video; "last_marked," where the last marked user with video capabilities to join the conference will be the single video source distributed to all other participants - when the current video source leaves, the marked user previous to the last-joined will be used as the video source; and "first-marked," where the first marked user with video capabilities to join the conference will be the single video source distributed to all other participants - when the current video source leaves, the marked user that joined next will be used as the video source. Use of video in conjunction with the jitterbuffer results in the audio being slightly out of sync with the video - because the jitterbuffer only operates on the audio stream, not the video stream. Jitterbuffer should be disabled when video is used.
The sound played to the bridge when a user joins, typically some kind of beep sound
The sound played to the bridge when a user leaves, also typically some kind of beep sound
The sound played as a user intro, e.g. "xxxx has joined the conference."
The sound played as a user parts the conference, e.g. "xxxx has left the conference."
The sound played to a user who has been kicked from the conference.
The sound played to a user when the mute option is toggled on.
The sound played to a user when the mute option is toggled off.
The sound played when a user is the only person in the conference.
The sound played to a user when there is only one other person in the conference.
The sound played when announcing how many users there are in a conference.
Used in conjunction with the sound_there_are option, used like "sound_there_are" <number of participants> "sound_other_in_party"
The sound played when someone is placed into a conference, after waiting for a marked user.
The sound played when a user is placed into a conference that cannot start until a marked user enters.
The sound played when the last marked user leaves the conference.
The sound played when prompting for a conference PIN
The sound played when an invalid PIN is entered too many (3) times
The sound played to a user trying to join a locked conference.
The sound played to an Admin-level user after toggling the conference to locked mode.
The sound played to an Admin-level user after toggling the conference to unlocked mode.
The sound played when an invalid menu option is entered.
In this example, a Bridge Profile called "fancybridge" will be created. It will be configured to allow up to 20 callers, and will be set to mix at 10ms (tight mixing) at an automatic sampling rate. Additionally, it will be recorded.
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User Profile Configuration Options
A User Profile provides the following configuration options:
Set this to user to configure a user profile
Sets if the user is an Admin or not. By default, no.
Sets if the user is Marked or not. By default, no.
sets if the user should start out muted. By default, no.
Sets whether music on hold should be played when only one person is in the conference or when the user is waiting on a marked user to enter the conference. By default, off.
music on hold class
Sets the music on hold class to use for music on hold.
When set to "yes," enter/leave prompts and user introductions are not played. By default, no.
Sets if the number of users in the conference should be announced to the caller. By default, no.
yes/no; or an integer
Sets if the number of users should be announced to all other users in the conference when someone joins. When set to a number, the announcement will only occur once the user count is above the specified number
Sets if the only user announcement should be played when someone enters an empty conference. By default, yes.
Sets if the user must wait for another marked user to enter before joining the conference. By default, no.
If enabled, every user with this option in their profile will be removed from the conference when the last marked user exists the conference.
Drops what Asterisk detects as silence from entering into the bridge. Enabling this option will drastically improve performance and help remove the buildup of background noise from the conference. This option is highly recommended for large conferences, due to its performance improvements.
integer in milliseconds
The time, in milliseconds, by default 160, of sound above what the DSP has established as base-line silence for a user, before that user is considered to be talking. This value affects several options:
integer in milliseconds
The time, in milliseconds, by default 2500, of sound falling within what the DSP has established as the baseline silence, before a user is considered to be silent. The best way to approach this option is to set it slightly above the maximum amount of milliseconds of silence a user may generate during natural speech. This value affects several operations:
Sets whether or not notifications of when a user begins and ends talking should be sent out as events over AMI. By default, no.
Whether or not a noise reduction filter should be applied to the audio before mixing. By default, off. This requires codec_speex to be built and installed. Do not confuse this option with drop_silence. denoise is useful if there is a lot of background noise for a user, as it attempts to remove the noise while still preserving the speech. This option does not remove silence from being mixed into the conference and does come at the cost of a slight performance hit.
Whether or not to place a jitter buffer on the caller's audio stream before any audio mixing is performed. This option is highly recommended, but will add a slight delay to the audio and will incur a slight performance penalty. This option makes use of the JITTERBUFFER dialplan function's default adaptive jitter buffer. For a more fine-tuned jitter buffer, disable this option and use the JITTERBUFFER dialplan function on the calling channel, before it enters the ConfBridge application.
Sets if the user must enter a PIN before joining the conference. The user will be prompted for the PIN.
When enabled, this option prompts the user for their name when entering the conference. After the name is recorded, it will be played as the user enters and exists the conference. By default, no.
Whether or not DTMF received from users should pass through the conference to other users. By default, no.
In this example, we will create a user profile called "fancyuser" that includes music on hold, user count announcements, join/leave announcements, silence detection, noise reduction and requires a PIN of 456.
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Conference Menu Configuration Options
A Conference Menu provides the following configuration options:
Set this to menu to configure a conference menu
(<name of audio file1>&<name of audio file2>&...)
Plays back an audio file, or a string of audio files chained together using the & character, to the user and then immediately returns them to the conference.
(<name of audio file 1>&<name of audio file 2>&...)
Plays back an audio file, or a series of audio files chained together using the & character, to the user while continuing the collect the DTMF sequence. This is useful when using a menu prompt that describes all of the menu options. Note that any DTMF during this action will terminate the prompt's playback.
Toggles mute on and off. When a user is muted, they will not be able to speak to other conference users, but they can still listen to other users. While muted, DTMF keys from the caller will continue to be collected.
This action does nothing. Its only real purpose exists for being able to reserve a sequence in the configuration as a menu exit sequence.
Decreases the caller's listening volume. Everything they hear will sound quieter.
Increases the caller's listening volume. Everything they hear will sound louder.
Resets the caller's listening volume to the default level.
Decreases the caller's talking volume. Everything they say will sound quieter to other callers.
Increases the caller's talking volume. Everything they say will sound louder to other callers.
Resets the caller's talking volume to the default level.
Allows one to escape from the conference and execute commands in the dialplan. Once the dialplan exits, the user will be put back into the conference.
Allows a user to exit the conference and continue execution in the dialplan.
Allows an Admin to remove the last participant from the conference. This action only works for users whose User Profiles set them as conference Admins.
Allows an Admin to toggle locking and unlocking the conference. When the conference is locked, only other Admin users can join. When the conference is unlocked, any user may join up to the limit defined by the max_members Bridge Profile option. This action only works for users whose User Profiles set them as conference Admins.
Allows an Admin to mute/unmute all non-admin participants in the conference.
New in Asterisk 11
Allows a user to set themselves as the single video distribution source for all other participants. This overrides the video_mode setting.
Allows a user to release themselves as the single video source. Upon release of the video source, and/or if video_mode is set to "none," this action will result in the conference returning to whatever video mode the Bridge Profile is using. This action will have no effect if the user is not currently the video source. The user is also not guaranteed that the use of this action will prevent them from becoming the video source later.
In this example, we'll create a menu called "fancymenu." This menu will utilize many of the options listed above. We will construct a features menu that plays when the user enters the * character. Since we will do this using the playback_and_continue option, we will define other menu items as being a "subset" of the * command, e.g. *4, so that once the user presses *, they can listen to the menu options and then press the specific "after-star" option, e.g. 4, to affect the option. Additionally, we will duplicate those same sub-features as non-* features, so that the user does not need to have entered the * menu structure in order to affect the options, they can just press the key, e.g. "4" at any time, regardless of whether or not they're in the *-tree.
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Of particular note in this example, we're calling the dialplan_exec option. Here, we're specifying "addcaller,1,1." This means that when someone dials 3, Asterisk will escape them out of the bridge momentarily to go execute priority 1 of extension 1 in the addcaller context of the dialplan (extensions.conf). Our dialplan, including the addcaller context, in this case, might look like:
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exten => 1,1,Originate(SIP/otherpeer,exten,conferences,100,1)
exten => 100,1,ConfBridge(1234)
Thus, when someone dials "3" while in the bridge, they'll Originate a call from the dialplan that puts SIP/otherpeer into the conference. Once the dial has completed, the person that dialed "3" will find themselves back in the bridge, with the other participants.
ConfBridge Dialplan Syntax
The syntax for the new ConfBridge application is as follows:
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The ConfBridge application takes the following arguments
- confno - The conference number
- bridge_profile - The Bridge Brofile name from confbridge.conf. When left blank, a dynamically built Bridge Profile created by the CONFBRIDGE dialplan function is searched for on the channel and, if available, used. If no dynamic profile is found, the "default_bridge" profile found in confbridge.conf is used.
It is important to note that while User Profiles are unique for each participant, Bridge Profiles are unique to the bridge, not the user. So you can only create one Bridge Profile per conference
- user_profile - The User Profile name from confbridge.conf. When left blank, a dynamically built User Profile created by the CONFBRIDGE dialplan function is searched for on the channel and, if available, used. If no dynamic profile is present, the "default_user" profile found in confbridge.conf is used.
- menu - The Conference Menu name from confbridge.conf. No menu is applied by default if this option is left blank.
Application Syntax
The ConfBridge application syntax and usage can be found at Asterisk 13 Application_ConfBridge
ConfBridge Application Examples
Example 1
In this example, callers will be joined to conference number 1234, using the default Bridge Profile, the default User Profile, and no Conference Menu.
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exten => 1,1,Answer()
exten => 1,n,ConfBridge(1234)
Example 2
In this example, callers will be joined to conference number 1234, with the default Bridge Profile, a User Profile called "1234_participants" and a Conference Menu called "1234_menu."
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exten => 1,1,Answer()
exten => 1,n,ConfBridge(1234,,1234_participants,1234_menu)
ConfBridge Dialplan Functions
The CONFBRIDGE dialplan function is used to set customized Bridge and/or User Profiles on a channel for the ConfBridge application. It uses the same options defined in confbridge.conf and allows the creation of dynamic, dialplan-driven conferences.
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- type - Refers to which type of profile the option belongs to. Type can be either "bridge" or "user."
- option - Refers to the confbridge.conf option that is to be set dynamically on the channel. This can also refer to an existing Bridge or User Profile by using the keyword "template." In this case, an existing Bridge or User Profile can be appended or modified on-the-fly.
Example 1
In this example, the custom set User Profile on this channel enables announce_join_leave (so users will be announced as they come and go), sets users to join muted (so that they're not able to speak), and pushes them into bridge "1."
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exten => 1,1,Answer()
exten => 1,n,Set(CONFBRIDGE(user,announce_join_leave)=yes)
exten => 1,n,Set(CONFBRIDGE(user,startmuted)=yes)
exten => 1,n,ConfBridge(1)
Example 2
In this example, we will include an existing User Profile, the default_user User Profile as defined in confbridge.comf, and we will set additional parameters (admin and marked) that aren't already defined in the default_user User Profile.
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exten => 1,1,Answer()
exten => 1,n,Set(CONFBRIDGE(user,template)=default_user)
exten => 1,n,Set(CONFBRIDGE(user,admin)=yes)
exten => 1,n,Set(CONFBRIDGE(user,marked)=yes)
exten => 1,n,ConfBridge(1)
The CONFBRIDGE_INFO dialplan function is used to retrieve information about a conference, such as locked/unlocked status and the number of parties including admins and marked users.
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- type - Refers to which information type to be retrieved. Type can be either "parties," "admins," "marked," or "locked."
- conf - Refers to the name of the conference being referenced.
The CONFBRIDGE_INFO function returns a non-negative integer for valid conference identifiers, 0 or 1 for locked, and "" for invalid conference identifiers.
ConfBridge CLI Options
ConfBridge offers several options that may be invoked from the Asterisk CLI.
confbridge kick <conference> <channel>
Removes the specified channel from the conference, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge kick 1111 SIP/mypeer-00000000
Kicking SIP/mypeer-00000000 from confbridge 1111
confbridge list
Shows a summary listing of all bridges, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge list
Conference Bridge Name Users Marked Locked?
================================ ====== ====== ========
1111 1 0 unlocked
confbridge list <conference>
Shows a detailed listing of participants in a specified conference, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge list 1111
Channel User Profile Bridge Profile Menu
============================= ================ ================ ================
SIP/mypeer-00000001 default_user 1111 sample_user_menu
confbridge lock <conference>
Locks a specified conference so that only Admin users can join, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge lock 1111
Conference 1111 is locked.
confbridge unlock <conference>
Unlocks a specified conference so that only Admin users can join, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge unlock 1111
Conference 1111 is unlocked.
confbridge mute <conference> <channel>
Mutes a specified user in a specified conference, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge mute 1111 SIP/mypeer-00000001
Muting SIP/mypeer-00000001 from confbridge 1111
confbridge unmute <conference> <channel>
Unmutes a specified user in a specified conference, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge unmute 1111 SIP/mypeer-00000001
Unmuting SIP/mypeer-00000001 from confbridge 1111
confbridge record start <conference> <file>
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*CLI> confbridge record start 1111
Recording started
*CLI> == Begin MixMonitor Recording ConfBridgeRecorder/conf-1111-uid-618880445
confbridge record stop <confererence>
Stops recording the specified conference, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge record stop 1111
Recording stopped.
*CLI> == MixMonitor close filestream (mixed)
== End MixMonitor Recording ConfBridgeRecorder/conf-1111-uid-618880445
confbridge show menus
Shows a listing of Conference Menus as defined in confbridge.conf, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge show menus
--------- Menus -----------
confbridge show menu <menu name>
Shows a detailed listing of a named Conference Menu, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge show menu sample_admin_menu
Name: sample_admin_menu
confbridge show profile bridges
Shows a listing of Bridge Profiles as defined in confbridge.conf, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge show profile bridges
--------- Bridge Profiles -----------
confbridge show profile bridge <bridge>
Shows a detailed listing of a named Bridge Profile, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge show profile bridge 1111
Name: 1111
Internal Sample Rate: 16000
Mixing Interval: 10
Record Conference: no
Record File: Auto Generated
Max Members: No Limit
sound_only_person: conf-onlyperson
sound_has_joined: conf-hasjoin
sound_has_left: conf-hasleft
sound_kicked: conf-kicked
sound_muted: conf-muted
sound_unmuted: conf-unmuted
sound_there_are: conf-thereare
sound_other_in_party: conf-otherinparty
sound_place_into_conference: conf-placeintoconf
sound_wait_for_leader: conf-waitforleader
sound_get_pin: conf-getpin
sound_invalid_pin: conf-invalidpin
sound_locked: conf-locked
sound_unlocked_now: conf-unlockednow
sound_lockednow: conf-lockednow
sound_error_menu: conf-errormenu
confbridge show profile users
Shows a listing of User Profiles as defined in confbridge.conf, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge show profile users
--------- User Profiles -----------
confbirdge show profile user <user>
Shows a detailed listing of a named Bridge Profile, e.g.:
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*CLI> confbridge show profile user default_user
Name: default_user
Admin: false
Marked User: false
Start Muted: false
MOH When Empty: enabled
MOH Class: default
Quiet: disabled
Wait Marked: disabled
END Marked: disabled
Drop_silence: enabled
Silence Threshold: 2500ms
Talking Threshold: 160ms
Denoise: disabled
Talk Detect Events: disabled
DTMF Pass Through: disabled
PIN: None
Announce User Count: enabled
Announce join/leave: enabled
Announce User Count all: enabled
ConfBridge Asterisk Manager Interface (AMI) Actions
Lists all users in a particular ConfBridge conference. ConfbridgeList will follow as separate events, followed by a final event called ConfbridgeListComplete
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Action: ConfbridgeList
Conference: 1111
Response: Success
EventList: start
Message: Confbridge user list will follow
Event: ConfbridgeList
Conference: 1111
CallerIDNum: malcolm
CallerIDName: malcolm
Channel: SIP/malcolm-00000000
Admin: No
MarkedUser: No
Event: ConfbridgeListComplete
EventList: Complete
ListItems: 1
Lists data about all active conferences. ConfbridgeListRooms will follow as separate events, followed by a final event called ConfbridgeListRoomsComplete.
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Action: ConfbridgeListRooms
Response: Success
EventList: start
Message: Confbridge conferences will follow
Event: ConfbridgeListRooms
Conference: 1111
Parties: 1
Marked: 0
Locked: No
Event: ConfbridgeListRoomsComplete
EventList: Complete
ListItems: 1
Mutes a specified user in a specified conference.
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Action: ConfbridgeMute
Conference: 1111
Channel: SIP/mypeer-00000001
Response: Success
Message: User muted
Unmutes a specified user in a specified conference.
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Action: ConfbridgeUnmute
Conference: 1111
Channel: SIP/mypeer-00000001
Response: Success
Message: User unmuted
Removes a specified user from a specified conference.
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Action: ConfbridgeKick
Conference: 1111
Channel: SIP/mypeer-00000001
Response: Success
Message: User kicked
Locks a specified conference.
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Action: ConfbridgeLock
Conference: 1111
Response: Success
Message: Conference locked
Unlocks a specified conference.
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Action: ConfbridgeUnlock
Conference: 1111
Response: Success
Message: Conference unlocked
Starts recording a specified conference, with an optional filename. If recording is already in progress, an error will be returned. If RecordFile is not provided, the default record_file as specified in the conferences Bridge Profile will be used. If record_file is not specified, a file will automatically be generated in Asterisk's monitor directory.
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Action: ConfbridgeStartRecord
Conference: 1111
Response: Success
Message: Conference Recording Started.
Event: VarSet
Privilege: dialplan,all
Channel: ConfBridgeRecorder/conf-1111-uid-1653801660
Variable: MIXMONITOR_FILENAME
Value: /var/spool/asterisk/monitor/confbridge-1111-1303309869.wav
Uniqueid: 1303309869.6
Stops recording a specified conference.
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Action: ConfbridgeStopRecord
Conference: 1111
Response: Success
Message: Conference Recording Stopped.
Event: Hangup
Privilege: call,all
Channel: ConfBridgeRecorder/conf-1111-uid-1653801660
Uniqueid: 1303309869.6
CallerIDNum: <unknown>
CallerIDName: <unknown>
Cause: 0
Cause-txt: Unknown
This action sets a conference user as the single video source distributed to all other video-capable participants.
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Action: ConfbridgeSetSingleVideoSrc
Conference: 1111
Channel: SIP/mypeer-00000001
Response: Success
Message: Conference single video source set.
ConfBridge Asterisk Manager Interface (AMI) Events
This event is sent when the first user requests a conference and it is instantiated
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Event: ConfbridgeStart
Privilege: call,all
Conference: 1111
This event is sent when a user joins a conference - either one already in progress or as the first user to join a newly instantiated bridge.
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Event: ConfbridgeJoin
Privilege: call,all
Channel: SIP/mypeer-00000001
Uniqueid: 1303309562.3
Conference: 1111
CallerIDnum: 1234
CallerIDname: mypeer
This event is sent when a user leaves a conference.
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Event: ConfbridgeLeave
Privilege: call,all
Channel: SIP/mypeer-00000001
Uniqueid: 1303308745.0
Conference: 1111
CallerIDnum: 1234
CallerIDname: mypeer
This event is sent when the last user leaves a conference and it is torn down.
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Event: ConfbridgeEnd
Privilege: call,all
Conference: 1111
This event is sent when the conference detects that a user has either begin or stopped talking.
Start talking Example
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Event: ConfbridgeTalking
Privilege: call, all
Channel: SIP/mypeer-00000001
Uniqueid: 1303308745.0
Conference: 1111
TalkingStatus: on
Stop talking Example
|No Format
Event: ConfbridgeTalking
Privilege: call, all
Channel: SIP/mypeer-00000001
Uniqueid: 1303308745.0
Conference: 1111
TalkingStatus: off
Sound Prompts
The following Conference Menu and Bridge Profile options sound files are available as part of the latest Asterisk core sounds package - currently only available in the English language package.
- confbridge-begin-glorious-a - "The conference will begin when our glorious leader arrives."
- confbridge-begin-glorious-b - "The conference will begin when our glorious leader arrives."
- confbridge-begin-glorious-c - "The conference will begin when our glorious leader arrives."
- confbridge-conf-begin - "The conference will now begin."
- confbridge-conf-end - "The conference has ended."
- confbridge-dec-list-vol-in - "To decrease the audio volume from other participants..."
- confbridge-dec-list-vol-out - "...to decrease the audio volume from other participants."
- confbridge-dec-talk-vol-in - "To decrease your speaking volume to other participants..."
- confbridge-dec-talk-vol-out - "...to decrease your speaking volume to other participants."
- confbridge-has-joined - "...has joined the conference."
- confbridge-has-left - "...has left the conference."
- confbridge-inc-list-vol-in - "To increase the audio volume from other participants..."
- confbridge-inc-list-vol-out - "...to increase the audio volume from other participants."
- confbridge-inc-talk-vol-in - "To increase your speaking volume to other participants..."
- confbridge-inc-talk-vol-out - "...to increase your speaking volume to other participants."
- confbridge-invalid - "You have entered an invalid option."
- confbridge-leave-in - "To leave the conference..."
- confbridge-leave-out - "...to leave the conference."
- confbridge-lock-extended - "...to lock or unlock the conference. When a conference is locked, only conference administrators can join."
- confbridge-lock-in - "To lock or unlock the conference."
- confbridge-lock-no-join - "The conference is currently locked and cannot be joined."
- confbridge-lock-out 0- "...to lock or unlock the conference."
- confbridge-locked - "The conference is now locked."
- confbridge-menu-exit-in - "To exit the menu..."
- confbridge-menu-exit-out - "...to exit the menu."
- confbridge-mute-extended - "...to mute or unmute yourself. When you are muted, you cannot send audio to other participants; however you will still hear audio from other unmuted participants.
- confbridge-mute-in - "To mute or unmute yourself..."
- confbridge-mute-out - "...to mute or unmute yourself."
- confbridge-muted - "You are now muted."
- confbridge-only-one - "There is currently one other participant in the conference."
- confbridge-only-participant - "You are currently the only participant in the conference."
- confbridge-participants - "...participants in the conference."
- confbridge-pin-bad - "You have entered too many invalid personal identification numbers."
- confbridge-pin - "Please enter your personal identification number followed by the pound or hash key."
- confbridge-remove-last-in - "To remove the participant who most recently joined the conference..."
- confbridge-remove-last-out - "...to remove the participant who most recently joined the conference."
- confbridge-removed - "You have been removed from the conference."
- confbridge-rest-list-vol-in - "To reset the audio volume of the conference to the default level..."
- confbridge-rest-list-vol-out - "...to reset the audio volume of the conference to the default level."
- confbridge-rest-talk-vol-in - "To reset your speaking volume to the default level..."
- confbridge-rest-talk-vol-out - "...to reset your speaking volume to the default level."
- confbridge-there-are - "There are currently..."
- confbridge-unlocked - "The conference is now unlocked."
- confbridge-unmuted - "You are no longer muted."
Notes, FAQ and Other
There are many points to consider when using the new ConfBridge appliation. Some will be examined here.
Video Conferencing
It is imperative that a video conference not have participants using disparate video codecs or encoding profiles. Everyone must use the same codec and profile. Otherwise, the video sessions won't work - you'll likely experience frozen video as the conference switches from one video stream using a codec your client has negotiated, to a video stream using a codec your client hasn't negotiated or doesn't support.
Video Endpoints
ConfBridge has been tested against a number of video-capable SIP endpoints. Success, and your mileage will vary.
Endpoints that work:
- Jitsi - Jitsi works well for both H.264 and H.263+1998 video calling on Mac, Linux and Windows machines. Currently, Jitsi seems to be the best-working, free, H.264-capable SIP video client.
- Linphone - Linphone works well for H.263+1998 and H.263 video calling on Linux - the Mac port and mobile ports do not support video. Currently, Linphone seems to be the best-working, free, H.263-capable SIP video client, when Jitsi or H.263+1998 aren't an option.
- Empathy - Empathy works for H.264 calling, but is amazingly difficult to configure (why one has to make two SIP accounts just to make a SIP call is a mystery).
- Lifesize - The Lifesize client supports H.264 and runs on Windows only. It works very well, but it isn't free.
- Polycom VVX 1500 - The Polycom VVX 1500 works well for H.264 calling. If you're connecting it to Jitsi, you may have to configure Jitsi to use the Baseline H.264 profile instead of the Main profile.
Endpoints that don't or weren't tested:
- Xlite - Xlite works in some cases, but also seems to crash, regardless of operating system, at odd times. In other cases, Xlite isn't able to decode video from clients.
- Ekiga - Ekiga wasn't tested, because our test camera wasn't supported by the client. The same camera was supported by other soft clients.
- SIPDroid - SIPDroid doesn't seem to work.
- OfficeSIP Messenger - OfficeSIP Messenger didn't seem capable of performing a SIP registration. On this basis alone, no one should recommend its use.
Mixing Interval
The mixing interval for a conference is defined in its Bridge Profile. The allowable options are 10, 20, 40, and 80, all in milliseconds. Usage of 80ms mixing intervals is only supported for conferences that are sampled at 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, and 48kHz. Usage of 40ms intervals includes all of the aforementioned sampling rates as well as 96kHz. 192kHz sampled conferences are only supported at 10 and 20ms mixing intervals. These limitations are imposed because higher mixing intervals at the higher sampling rates causes large increases in memory consumption. Adventurous users may, through changing of the MAX_DATALEN define in bridge_softmix.c allow 96kHz and 192kHz sampled conferences to operate at longer intervals - set to 16192 for 96kHz at 80ms or 32384 for 192kHz at 80ms, recompile, and restart.
Maximizing Performance
In order to maximize the performance of a given machine for ConfBridge purposes, there are several steps one should take.
- Enable dsp_drop_silence is enabled in the User Profile.
- This is the single most important step one can take when trying to increase the number of bridge participants that a single machine can handle. Enabling this means that the audio of users that aren't speaking isn't mixed in with the bridge.
- Lengthen mixing_interval in the Bridge Profile.
- The default interval is 20ms. Other options are 10, 40, and 80ms. Lower values provide a "tighter" sound, but require substantially more CPU. Higher values provider a "looser" sound, and consume substantially less CPU. Setting the value to 80 provides the highest number of possible participants.
- Connect clients at the same sampling rate.
- Requiring the bridge to resample between clients that use codecs with different sampling rates is an expensive operation. If all clients are dialed in to the bridge at the same sampling rate, and the bridge operates at that same rate, e.g. 16kHz, then the number of possible clients will be maximized.
- Run Asterisk with a higher priority.
- By default, Asterisk operates at a relatively normal priority, as compared to other processes on the system. To maximize the number of possible clients, Asterisk should be started using the -p (realtime) flag. If the load becomes too large, this can negatively impact the performance of other processes, including the console itself - making it difficult to remotely administer a fully loaded system.
As the number of clients approaches the maximum possible on the given machine, given its processing capabilities, audio quality will suffer. Following the above guidelines will increase the number of connected clients before audio quality suffers.


text:
More Young Bond adventures coming with new author Steve Cole
Young Bond - 09-10-13Press Release
We are delighted to announce that a new series of four YOUNG BOND titles will be published by Random House from Autumn 2014, penned by Steve Cole.
Cole, who takes over from the original creator of Young Bond, Charlie Higson, is the author of a number of hugely successful children�s books � including the Astrosaurs series and several authorised Doctor Who novels. He is a lifelong fan of Fleming�s Bond novels:
�I first encountered Bond in print as a teenager, when I read From a View to a Kill. Fleming�s writing was so vivid and authentic, Bond and the world he inhabited seemed suddenly real to me � and the danger and glamour led me through book after book. It�s both a thrilling privilege and an exciting challenge now to be shaping a new era in the life of such an iconic character � with many firsts and surprises to come as James�s life in the dangerous 1930s develops.�Cole�s first Young Bond novel will launch with a bang in Autumn 2014. It will be published in hardback on RHCP�s highly respected Jonathan Cape children�s imprint.
Whilst Higson�s five novels chart Bond�s childhood at Eton and his introduction to the world of espionage, Cole�s first title will pick up where By Royal Command (2008) left off and will follow teenage James in the aftermath of his expulsion from Eton. This period in Bond�s life has never been explored before and readers can expect all the thrills, action, glamour and tension that are the essential ingredients of a classic Bond adventure.
Philippa Dickinson, Managing Director of Random House Children�s Publishing, says, �I�m absolutely delighted to be working with Ian Fleming Publications to publish a new quartet of Young Bond adventures. The period when James Bond would have been a teenager was an extraordinary time � a perfect setting for thrilling storytelling for young adults. Steve Cole is an exceptional storyteller with a wonderful ability to connect with his readers. A winning combination.�
Random House Children�s Publishing have acquired UK and Commonwealth rights in four titles from Ian Fleming Publications Ltd, the first of which will be published in hardback in Autumn 2014. Corinne Turner, Managing Director of IFPL, comments, �Steve Cole is an imaginative and engaging author whose plots are addictive and gripping, so we were thrilled when he agreed to steer Young Bond through his mid-teen years. As publishers of Ian Fleming�s original Bond books and William Boyd�s new Bond continuation novel, SOLO, Random House are the perfect partner to work with us in bringing the next generation of Young Bond books to life. On behalf of Ian Fleming Publications and the Fleming family, I�d like to welcome Steve Cole to the exciting world of 007 � we can�t wait to see what scrapes James gets into next.�
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