text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 20, 2001
|Filing date
|Sep 14, 1999
|Priority date
|Mar 6, 1993
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Peter Ottersbach, Frank Hill, Christine Anders
|Original Assignee
|Huels Aktiengesellschaft
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (29), Referenced by (29), Classifications (25), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/035,993 filed Mar. 6, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,714.
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to antimicrobial polymers prepared by copolymerization of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate with one or more aliphatically unsaturated monomers, a process for their preparation and their use. More particularly, the invention relates to antimicrobial polymers prepared by graft copolymerization of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate with one or more aliphatically unsaturated monomers on a substrate, a process for their preparation and their use.
Colonization and spread of bacteria on surfaces of pipelines, containers or packaging are highly undesirable. Layers of slime often form, which allow the microbe populations to rise to extreme levels, lastingly impairing the quality of water, drinks and foodstuffs, and can even lead to decay of the goods and damage to the health of consumers.
Bacteria are to be kept away from all areas of life where hygiene is of importance. Since textiles directly contact the body, and in particular the genital area, and are used for the care of the sick and elderly, textiles should be freed of bacteria. Bacteria should also be kept away from the surfaces of furniture and equipment in nursing wards, in particular in the intensive care and infant care sector, in hospitals, especially in rooms for medical operations, and in isolation wards for critical cases of infection, as well as in toilets.
Equipment and surfaces of furniture and textiles are currently treated to ward against bacteria as required or also preventively with chemicals or solutions and mixtures thereof which act as disinfectants, such having a more or less broad and massive antimicrobial action. Such chemical compositions have a non-specific action, are often themselves toxic or irritating, or form degradation products which are unacceptable to health. Intolerances are often also found in appropriately sensitized persons.
Another procedure which is used to inhibit the spread of bacteria on surfaces is to incorporate antimicrobially active substances into a matrix.
Tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate is a commercially available monomer of methacrylate chemistry and is employed in particular as a hydrophilic monomer in copolymerizations. Thus, EP 0 290 676 describes the use of various polyacrylates and polymethacrylates as a matrix for immobilization of bactericidal quaternary ammonium compounds.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,592,805 discloses the preparation of systemic fungicides in which perhalogenated acetone derivatives are reacted with methacrylate esters, such as, for example, tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,515,910 describes the use of polymers of hydrogen fluoride salts of aminomethacrylates in dental medicine. The hydrogen fluoride bonded in the polymers emerges slowly from the polymer matrix and is said to have actions against caries.
In another technical field, U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,269 discloses a terpolymer of butyl methacrylate, tributyltin methacrylate and tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate. This polymer is used as an antimicrobial paint for ships, the hydrophilic tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate promoting slow erosion of the polymer and in this way liberating the highly toxic tributyltin methacrylate as an antimicrobially active compound.
In these applications, the copolymer prepared with aminomethacrylates is only a matrix or carrier substance for the added microbicidal active compounds, which (an diffuse or migrate out of the carrier. Polymers of this type lose their action at a greater or lesser speed when the necessary "minimum inhibitory concentration" (MIC) is no Longer achieved on the surface.
EP 0 204 312 describes a process for the preparation of antimicrobially treated acrylonitrile fibers. The antimicrobial action is based on a protonated amine as a comonomer unit, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and tertbutylaminoethyl methacrylate, inter alia, being used as protonated species. However, the antimicrobial action of pronated surfaces is severely reduced after loss of the H⊕ ions. A need, therefore, continues to exist for an improved method of providing surfaces with anti-bacterial properties.
Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to provide materials which have antimicrobial properties, which contain no active compounds which can be washed out, and in which the antimicrobial action is pH-independent.
Briefly, this object and other objects of the present invention as hereinafter will become more readily apparent can be attained by a method of imparting antimicrobial activity to the surface(s) of an apparatus or article, by
copolymerizing tertbutylaminoethyl methacrylate with at least one other aliphatically unsaturated monomer in the presence of said apparatus or article by which adhesion of the copolymer to said surface(s) is achieved.
An aspect of the invention is a process for the preparation of antimicrobial polymers, which comprises subjecting tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate to grafting copolymerization with one or more aliphatically unsaturated monomers on a substrate.
It has now been found, surprisingly, that polymers which have a surface which is permanently microbicidal, is not attacked by solvents and physical stresses and shows no migration are obtained by copolymerization of tertbutylaminoethyl methacrylate with one or more other aliphatically unsaturated monomers or by grafting copolymerization of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate with one or more aliphatically unsaturated monomers on a substrate. It is not necessary to provide the polymer with biocidally active compounds.
The copolymerization of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate and one or more other aliphatically unsaturated monomers can be carried out by graft copolymerization on a substrate and is possible with the microbicidal action being largely retained. All aliphatically unsaturated monomers are suitable for this, such as, for example, acrylates and methacrylates of the formula:
wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl, R2 is hydrogen, a metal atom or a branched or unbranched aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having up to 20 carbon atoms or a branched or unbranched aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon chain having up to 20 carbon atoms, which is derivatized by carboxyl groups, carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, alkylamino groups, alkoxy groups, halogens, hydroxyl groups, amino groups, dialkyl amino groups, phosphate groups, phosphonate groups, sulfate groups, carboxamido groups, sulfonamido groups, phosphonamido groups or combinations of these groupings. R3 can be hydrogen or identical to R2.
It is furthermore possible to employ vinyl compounds of the formula:
and maleic and fumaric acid derivatives of the formula
in which R4 can be hydrogen, an aromatic radical or a methyl group or can be identical to R2.
R5 can be hydrogen, a methyl group or a hydroxyl group, and can be identical to R2, or can be an ether Of the composition OR2.
Suitable substrate materials include all polymeric plastics, such as, for example, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, polyether-block amides, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonates, polyorganosiloxanes, polyolefins, polysulfones, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), corresponding copolymers and blends, as well as natural and synthetic rubbers, with or without radiation-sensitive groups. The process of the invention can also be applied to surfaces of metal, glass or wooden bodies which are painted or are otherwise coated with plastic.
The substrates' surfaces can be activated by a number of methods before the grafting copolymerization. They are expediently freed from oils, greases or other impurities beforehand in a known manner by means of a solvent.
The standard polymers can be activated by UV radiation. A suitable source of radiation is, for example, a UV-Excimer apparatus HERAEUS Noblelight, Hanau, Germany. However, mercury vapor lamps are also suitable for activation of the substrate if they emit considerable proportions of the radiation in the ranges mentioned. The exposure time generally ranges from 0.1 second to 20 minutes, preferably 1 second to 10 minutes.
The activation of the standard polymers with UV radiation can furthermore be carried out with an additional photosensitizer. Suitable such photosensitizers include, for example, benzophenone, as such are applied to the surface of the substrate and irradiated. In this context, irradiation can be conducted with a mercury vapor lamp using exposure times of 0.1 second to 20 minutes, preferably 1 second to 10 minutes.
According to the invention, the activation can also be achieved by a high frequency or microwave plasma (Hexagon, Technics Plasma, 85551 Kirchheim, Germany) in air or a nitrogen or argon atmosphere. The exposure times generally range from 30 seconds to 30 minutes, preferably 2 to 10 minutes.
The energy output of laboratory apparatus is between 100 and 500 W, preferably between 200 and 300 W. Corona apparatus (SOFTAL, Hamburg, Germany) can furthermore be used for the activation. In this case, the exposure times are, as a rule, 1-10 minutes, preferably 1-60 seconds.
Activation by electron beams or y rays, for example, from a cobalt-60 source, and ozonization allows short exposure times which generally range from 0.1-60 seconds.
The flaming of surfaces likewise leads to activation of the surfaces. Suitable apparatus, in particular those having a barrier flame front, can be constructed in a simple manner or obtained, for example, from ARCOTEC, 7129 M�nsheim, Germany. The apparatus can employ hydrocarbons or hydrogen as the combustible gas. In all cases, harmful overheating of the substrate must be avoided, which is easily achieved by intimate contact with a cooled metal surface on the substrate surface facing away from the flaming side. Activation by flaming is accordingly limited to relatively thin, flat substrates. The exposure times generally range from 0.1 second to 1 minute, preferably 0.5-2 seconds, The flames without exception are non-luminant and the distances between the substrate surfaces and the outer flame front range from 0.2-5 cm, preferably 0.5-2 cm.
The substrate surfaces activated in this way are coated with tert-butylamino-ethyl methacrylate and one or more other aliphatically unsaturated monomers, if appropriate in solution, by known methods such as by dipping, spraying or brushing. Suitable solvents have proved to be water and water/ethanol mixtures, although other solvents can also be used if they have a sufficient dissolving power for the monomers and wet the substrate surfaces thoroughly. Solutions having monomer contents of 1-10% by weight, for example about 5% by weight, have proved suitable in practice and in general give continuous coatings which cover the substrate surface and have coating thicknesses which can be more than 0.1 μm in one pass.
The grafting copolymerization of the monomers applied to the activated surfaces is expediently effected by short wavelength radiation in the visible range or in the long wavelength segment of the UV range of electromagnetic radiation. The radiation of a UV-Excimer of wavelengths 250-500 mm, preferably 290-320 mm, for example, is particularly suitable. Mercury vapor lamps are also suitable here if they emit considerable amounts of radiation in the ranges mentioned. The exposure times generally range from 10 seconds to 30 minutes, preferably 2-15 minutes.
Copolymers with tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate as the comonomer unit also show intrinsic microbicidal properties without grafting to a substrate surface.
One embodiment of the present invention comprises a procedure in which the copolymerization of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate and one or more other aliphatically unsaturated monomers can be carried out on a substrate.
The present polymers of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate and at least one other aliphatically unsaturated monomers can be applied to the substrate in solution.
Suitable solvents include, for example, water, ethanol, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ether, dioxane, hexane, heptane, benzene, toluene, chloroform, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile.
The solution of the polymers according to the invention is applied to the standard polymers, for example, by dipping, spraying or painting.
If the present polymer is produced directly on the substrate surface without grafting, suitable initiators are added in order to promote polymerization. Initiators which can be used include, inter alia, azonitriles, alkyl peroxides, hydroperoxides, acyl peroxides, peroxoketones, peresters, peroxocarbonates, peroxodisulfate, persulfate and all the customary photoinitiators, such as, for example, acetophenones and benzophenone.
The initiation of the polymerization can be carried out by means of heat or by electromagnetic radiation, such as, for example, UV light or γ-radiation.
The products coated with the present polymers can be medical articles or hygiene articles. Products of the invention which are obtained by grafting copolymerization can likewise be medical articles or hygiene articles.
The products coated with the present polymers can be used for the production of medical articles, such as, for example, catheters, blood bags, drainages, guide wires and surgical instruments, as well as for the production of hygiene articles, such as, for example, toothbrushes, toilet seats, combs and packaging materials.
Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
A 19.2 g amount of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, 2.6 g of methyl methacrylate and 150 ml of tetrahydrofuran is heated to 60� C. under an inert gas. When the temperature is reached, 0.33 g of azobisisobutyronitrile, dissolved in 10 ml of tetrahydrofuran, is added. At the end of 24 hours, the reaction is ended by stirring the mixture into 1 liter of a water/ice mixture. The reaction product is filtered and washed with 300 ml of n-hexane. The product is then distributed over several Soxhlets and extracted with water for 24 hours, and is then dried at 50� C. in vacuo for 12 hours.
A 4 g amount of copolymer from Example 1 is dissolved in 40 ml of tetrahydrofuran. A polyamide 12 film is immersed in this solution for 5 seconds, removed from the solution for 10 seconds and them immersed again for 5 seconds, so that a uniform film of the copolymer on the polyamide film has formed after subsequent drying at room temperature under normal pressure. The film is then dried at 50� C. in vacuo for 24 hours. The film is subsequently extracted in water at 30� C. five times for 6 hours and then dried at 50� C. for 12 hours.
A 4 g amount of copolymer from Example 1 is dissolved in 40 ml of tetrahydrofuran. A polyvinyl chloride film is immersed in this solution for 2 seconds, removed from the solution for 10 seconds and then immersed again for 2 seconds, so that a uniform film of the copolymer has formed on the polyvinyl chloride film after subsequent drying at room temperature under normal pressure. The film is then dried at 50� C. in vacuo for 24 hours. The film is subsequently extracted in water at 30� C. five times for 6 hours and then dried at 50� C. for 12 hours.
A polyamide 12 film is exposed to the 172 nm radiation of an Excimer radiation source manufactured by Heraeus for 2 minutes under a pressure of 1 mbar. The film activated in this way is laid and fixed in an irradiation reactor under an inert gas. The film is then covered with a layer of 20 ml of a mixture of 3 g of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, 2 g of methyl methacrylate and 95 g of methanol in a countercurrent flow of inert gas. The irradiation chamber is closed and placed a distance of 10 cm underneath an Excimer radiation unit manufactured by Heraeus, which has an emission of wavelength 308 nm. The irradiation is started, and the exposure time is 15 minutes. The film is removed and rinsed with 30 ml of methanol. The film is then dried at 50� C. in vacuo for 12 hours. The film is subsequently extracted in water at 30� C. five times for 6 hours, and then dried at 50� C. for 12 hours.
The bactericidal action of coated plastics was measured as follows:
A 100 μl amount of a cell suspension of Klebsiella pneumoniae were placed on a piece of film 2�2 cm in size. The bacteria were suspended in PBS buffer (phosphate-buffered saline); the cell concentration was 105 cells per ml of buffer solution. This drop was incubated for up to 3 hours. In order to prevent any drying of the applied drop, the piece of film was laid in a polystyrene Petri dish wetted with 1 ml of water. After the end of the contact time, the 100 pl were taken up with an Eppendorf tip and diluted in 1.9 ml of sterile PBS. A 0.2 ml amount of this solution was plated out on nutrient agar. The rate of inactivation was calculated from the number of colonies which had grown.
Before the measurement of the bactericidal action, the coated films were subjected to the following pretreatments:
A: Washing in boiling water for 10 minutes
B: Washing in 96% strength ethanolic solution for 10 minutes
C: Washing in warm water at 25� C. under ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes
D: No pretreatment
The results of the measurements, taking into account the particular pretreatment, are listed in Table 1.
Rate of inactivation
After thermal, chemical or mechanical pretreatment, the antimicrobial layers produced by grafting of a substrate surface continue to show virtually complete inactivation of the bacteria applied. The physically adhered layers are less stable than the pretreatments of methods A, B and C.
In addition to the microbicidal activity against cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae which has been described above, all the coated films also showed a microbicidal action against cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Rhizopus oryzae, Candida tropicalis and Tetrahymena pyriformis. The rate of inactivation after treatment method D was also more than 99% in these cases.
The disclosure of priority German Application No. 197 09 075.3 filed Mar. 6, 1997 is hereby incorporated into the disclosure of the application.
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 31, 2001
Owner name: DEGUSSA-HUELS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:HUELS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;REEL/FRAME:011837/0001
Effective date: 19990201
|Jan 11, 2002
Owner name: DEGUSSA AG, GERMANY
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:DEGUSSA-HUELS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;REEL/FRAME:012463/0601
Effective date: 20010209
|Oct 7, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 21, 2005
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 17, 2005
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20050320


text:
Date: 1845–50
Medium: Seed pearls, mother-of-pearl, horsehair, silk and yellow gold
Dimensions: L. 20 in. (50.8 cm)
Classification: Jewelry
Credit Line: Gift of Jane H. Dehn, 2003
Accession Number: 2003.350.2
From its introduction in America during the Federal period, seed-pearl jewelry became increasingly popular and was often presented to a bride at the time of her wedding. By the mid-nineteenth century, it was considered de rigueur in the ballroom as well. Made from tiny pearls imported from India or China, it was at once exotic and elegant, and the fashion was said to flatter any woman. President Lincoln purchased a suite of seed-pearl jewelry from Tiffany & Company for his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, to wear at his inauguration.
This is a classic example of the mid-nineteenth-century seed-pearl necklace. It is composed of three floral plaques mounted on thin sheets of mother-of-pearl and joined by two double strands of pearls framing pairs of leaves. A floral cluster hangs from the center plaque. The hundreds of seed pearls, ranging in size from 1.59 mm to 5 mm, are strung on fine white horsehair, and the plaques are backed in silk for comfort. The necklace descended in the family of Howard Potter, an early promoter of the Metropolitan Museum and a member of the first board of trustees. Family tradition indicates that Mary Louisa Brown may have worn the necklace on the occasion of her marriage to Howard Potter in September of 1849.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This coming meet up is about sipping (soda, coffee, tea, water) and swapping books. We will meet at Stuff I Eat in Inglewood and have a nice relaxing lunch. Please bring up to 5 books you no long want and are willing to swap with other members. (If you have no books to swap no worries, come and take whatever you like) You may take as many as you want. Please bring money for lunch as well. Any unclaimed books will be donated to the next book swap we have. I will be bringing the non-claimed books from the last Sip and Swap.
Friends are welcomed!
Looking forward to seeing there!
~Mocha Girl Alysia
I would love to go, but I opted to do some community service at my local Goodwill over paying for a ticket, so you'll be seeing less of me in May.
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text:
Bruce Bowen, Spurs: Walked away from $4 million next season to test the market, which should still be plentiful. Bowen didn't have a great series against the Lakers, but there still isn't anyone who's flat-out better on the ball. Gets a bum rap for dirty play; there's about 25 teams that could use a guy who locks people up like BB. Ironically, the Lakers are one of those teams.
Stephen Jackson, Hawks: Jackson made a mistake by not re-upping with the Spurs last season; on a dreadful Hawks team, he padded his stats (18 points per game, 1.78 steals) but didn't improve his reputation. I'm begging you, Jack -- take your jumper, length and toughness somewhere where it'll do some good. How about Cleveland, where you could play next to LeBron for a half-dozen years?
*Zeljko Rebraca, Hawks: One of the throw-ins in the Rasheed deal, Zelly is nobody's ballast. This kid throws his body around inside and will go to the glass. Concerns about his heart (I'm not talking about his courage; I mean the actual ticker) seem to have been alleviated. If he's got a clean bill of health, the Wolves should take a good, long look.
*Jamal Crawford, Bulls: A likely candidate to be shipped elsewhere. He can be selfish at times, and appear disinterested, but every time I looked at a Bulls game last season -- admittedly, not very often -- Crawford seemed to be dropping 30 on somebody. For an offensively-challenged team like the Raptors, Crawford would make a lot of sense on a sign-and-trade.
Adonal Foyle, Warriors: He's made himself into a player, a guy who'll get on the glass and stay there. Not bad around the basket now, either. A team desperate for size and inside presence like Milwaukee could do a lot worse than throwing some significant bucks Foyle's way.
Derek Fisher, Lakers: You know all you need to about D Fish. Heart of a champion. Tough on the ball. Maker of clutch, clutch shots. At 29, he wants to start, and he deserves to. A Fisher-McGrady backcourt in Houston makes a whole lot of sense; Fisher is the kind of point guard that Jeff Van Gundy falls in love with.
*Hedo Turkoglu, Spurs: A puzzling season for Hedo. He hit 3-pointers like they were going out of style during the regular season (eighth in the league in 3-point percentage), and improved his defense and decision-making throughout the year. And then against the Lakers, he forgot everything. Would the Kings take him back? They should. And he should want to go.
*Etan Thomas, Wizards: He only started sporadically, but still managed to pull down 6.7 boards a night and finish in the top 20 in blocked shots -- shots he blocks with either hand, by the way. Now that the Wizards are locked into Antawn Jamison's big deal as well as Gilbert Arenas', a team like the Celtics that needs some heft in the hole should be all over Thomas.
Marcus Camby, Nuggets: Like Dampier, had suspiciously good numbers (fifth in blocked shots, ninth in rebounds, third in field-goal percentage) in a contract year. But you can't deny that Camby was huge during Denver's run to the playoffs and deserves a payday. If he doesn't re-up with the Nuggets, he'd be a reasonable gamble in Miami. Certainly Stan Van Gundy's brother would give him a ringing endorsement.
*Denotes restricted free agent; current team has the right to match any offer made to the player and retain his services.
David Aldridge, who covers the NBA for ESPN, is a regular contributor to ESPN.com. Also, click here for Aldridge's chat on July 1, the start of free agency.


text:
Below are top resources on SparkPeople for Supreme 90 Day System.
One-quarter of Americans are obese. Sixty percent live a sedentary lifestyle. And this generation of kids is the first generation since 1900 that may have a shorter life expectancy than their parents. The health of America, the world's richest... Read more
So often we daydream and think of some far-off goal that we would like to achieve. "I want to play the guitar in a band," "I want to run a marathon", "I want to be better at my job," etc. It's not difficult at th... Read more
Whenever you walk or run, your core muscles are active, keeping you upright, balancing your body as your weight shifts, and absorbing the impact as your feet hit the ground. Your body's core forms the foundation of all your movement. If you... Read more
Consistency, so important to the SparkPeople System, is something our society often overlooks. People are so focused on wanting things now that they aren't willing to spend the time consistently doing small things over time. This attitude results... Read more
Cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea are some of the common and uncomfortable symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Unfortunately, no one has yet discovered a specific cause for IBS, but there are many factors that are... Read more
Having a grilled chicken sandwich from mcds, but still under 1200 calories for the day!! Hopefully I won't regret it!!... Read more
I'm having around 500 to 800 calories a day sometimes even less not sure how many calories a day to have to lose weight xx... Read more
Day 4: Grocery shopping tonight after work! Trying to decide what I want to help with my sugar cravings. Maybe some fruits...... Read more
Took two days off, sore from strengthening session back at it today!... Read more
I just started my 2 day cleanse and I lost 4 1/2 lbs..that's alright for a jump start😀 AND I have went 3 days with drinking 8 glasses or more of water a day..That's a very big deal cause I'm a diet pop addict and I hate plain water..😁... Read more
Actually exercising works! I swim........ Read more
This DVD program is awesome. It is an affordable version - it is a 90 day program that is based on muscle confusion. The nutritional program is based on Tosca Reno's Eat Clean Diet.For $20 or if you get it at Bed, Bath, & Beyond with one of their c... Read more
Group for anyone to build a consistent fitness habit by doing at least 10 minutes of fitness most days per week. See the message board in the SP Challenges forum by the same name.... Read more
Interested in the popular P90X program but not willing to shell out hundreds of dollars for the workout DVDs? Well you're in luck. Supreme 90 Day, a 10-DVD workout system that includes strengthening, cardio and abs workouts, is now available and... Read more
Contest closed. The winner is:KMKUCKCongratulations!Yoga, walking, and meditation are all great ways to rejuvenate the body, but sometimes it's fun to switch up your relaxation routine a bit. That's why we were so excited when we came across... Read more
Day one of Supreme 90 day System. I got the cd's at the thrift without a chart or such, only a meal and recipe book.
So I am doing the cd's in order of the lis... Read more
I Started my 90 Challenge yesterday and it was tough. My heart rate is up there for every workout. I hope I can do better today. The price was very affordable so the entire set cost me all of $5. Yesterday was CD Chest & Back (32:30)
Warm-up (4:19... Read more


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Dixie City Jam (Dave Robicheaux Series #7)by James Lee Burke
View All Available Formats & Editions
They're out there, under the salt -- the bodies of German seamen who used to lie in wait at the mouth of the Mississippi for unescorted American tankers sailing from the oil refineries of Baton Rouge out into the Gulf of Mexico.
As a child, Dave Robicheaux had been haunted by the
They're out there, under the salt -- the bodies of German seamen who used to lie in wait at the mouth of the Mississippi for unescorted American tankers sailing from the oil refineries of Baton Rouge out into the Gulf of Mexico.
As a child, Dave Robicheaux had been haunted by the sailors' images; then, as a young college student, he'd discovered one of their sunken subs while scuba diving. Years later, in a New Orleans populated by desperate hustlers and millennium - watchers of all stripes, Robicheaux, a detective with the New Iberia sheriff's office, finds himself and his family at serious risk, stalked for his knowledge of a watery burial ground by a mysterious man named Will Buchalter -- a man who believes that the Holocaust was one big hoax.
A masterpiece of suspense, Dixie City Jam takes listeners deep into the human heart of darkness.
Editorial Reviews
Burke's in top form here.... He evokes the rank, steamy, decaying beauty of New Orleans and evirons better than anyone. Each chapter leaves you panting."San Jose Mercury News"
[Burke is] at the top of his form in DIXIE CITY JAM. A dandy read."Tony Hillerman
Product Details
- 9780743504768
- Publisher:
- Simon & Schuster Audio
- Publication date:
- 01/01/2001
- Series:
- Dave Robicheaux Series, #7
- Edition description:
- Abridged, 2 cassettes, 3 hrs.
- Product dimensions:
- 4.50(w) x 7.00(h) x 1.00(d)
What People are saying about this
Meet the Author
James Lee Burke, a rare winner of two Edgar Awards, and named Grand Master by the Mystery Writers of America, is the author of thirty previous novels and two collections of short stories, including such New York Times bestsellers as The Glass Rainbow, Swan Peak, The Tin Roof Blowdown, Last Car to Elysian Fields, and Rain Gods. He lives in Missoula, Montana.
Brief Biography
- Hometown:
- New Iberia, Louisiana and Missoula, Montana
- Date of Birth:
- December 5, 1936
- Place of Birth:
- Houston, Texas
- Education:
- B.A., University of Missouri, 1959; M.A., University of Missouri, 1960
- Website:
- http://www.jamesleeburke.com/
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews >
The evident joy Burke takes in words, his delight in vicious villains, his brooding sense of place and history -- all combine here to stir up a genuine thriller. Beyond that, there's a certain symmetry to the story that only becomes evident well into the telling. The characters are, as is the case with all his books, simultaneously delicious and outrageous; completely unforgettable. His later preoccupation with psychological underpinning for aberrant behavior is not as evident here, but there are Jungian clouds on the horizon and again, as always, a soft Catholicism lurking in the shadows of the bayou.
Classic JLB. Vivid imagery, exploding prose, and inspiring characters. Tightly written story with a hot boudin flavor.
This is more like a 2.5 star book. I love Burke and this series and am reading them in order. All have been very good to great so far, but this one is a step or two backwards. The writing is vivid as usual and the characters are always excellent and deep. The plot on this one, along with the subplots, just seem all over the map all the way through. Sometimes that works out fine and sometimes not so much. Dixie City Jam - not so much. I'll stay with the author and series and you should as well. Just don't expect much from this particular novel.
This is the second James Lee Burke novel I have read.I enjoyed the first one. I found this one hard to keep up with the plot and subplots and just difficult to read.The only think that kept me in the book was that I know the setting very well and well I hate to give up on a book.
Even though Burke isn't new, he's new to me and has immediately become a favorite. The biggest reason is that he is so literate. This guy can just flat out write. Witty, sarcastic, lucid, philosphical, descriptive. What more could you want from a novelist. You can taste and smell Louisiana. You gain an appreciation for the people an the culture (the good, the bad and the ugly). If you like crime novels Burke is the one. If you enjoy stories about people and human nature, Burke is the one. Buy 'em all!
It's really interesting to have the characters come to life. Although I've read 15 of Burke's books having Will Patton narrating brings the words to life. Typical plot and cast of characters in this book which is why I bought it.


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29 Jan 17:22 2016
keyboard issue when resuming from hibernate/resume
Dominique Michel <dominique.c.michel <at> gmail.com>
Hi all, With an Acer Aspire, the mouse and the keyboard are dead after resuming. The loaded modules are: # lsmod | grep i8042 i8042 13006 1 libps2 # lsmod | grep libps2 libps2 4139 2 atkbd,psmouse i8042 13006 1 libps2 In /etc/conf.d/modules : modules="i8042" - gentoo without systemd and *kit - At "normal" boot, I use startx, and the keyboard is working fine. After the launch of X and fvwm-crystal, both the keyboard and the mouse are OK. After resuming from hibernation, the keyboard and the mouse are dead most of the time. An external USB mouse was still working, and after a few suspend/resume cycles, they come back. Thanks to the external USB mouse, I was able to narrow the issue to the atkbd and psmouse module: # rmmod atkbd; rmmod psmouse -> keyboard and mouse dead(Continue reading)


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Herceptin Weekly or Every Three Weeks
Last Modified: April 2, 2006
Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts,"
I was diagnosed with Stage 2 breast cancer, and am now receiving Taxotere, Cytoxan, and Herceptin every 3 weeks. Is there any benefit to doing Herceptin weekly? I've been given the option of weekly or every 3 weeks for the year I'll be taking it.
Kevin R. Fox, MD, Assistant Director, Clinical Affairs and Associate Professor of Hematology/Oncology at the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, responds:
At the present time, we do not have clear evidence on what the "optimal" delivery schedule is for Herceptin, if any, as it is a relatively new drug compared to standard chemotherapy drugs that are employed in breast cancer . Future Herceptin studies may shed light on this and other issues, but for now the consensus is that either schedule is acceptable. We generally favor every three weeks rather than weekly for the sake of patient convenience.
CancerLand Bookshelf: It's Probably Nothing…or how I learned to stop worrying and love my implantsby Alysa Cummings
October 09, 2013
3 Great Reasons To Have Gratitude On Your Cancer Teamby Marlys Johnson
July 25, 2016


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Business Analyst - E-Commerce Jobs in London
Jobs 1 to 5 of 5
eCommerce Business Analyst
This role would suit someone with 3+ years experience in the ecommerce web space ideally in a project delivery, BA or client facing type role... Primary duties and responsibilities include: - Delivery of fully-functional eCommerce solutions for the company's clients - Overall delivery of dynamic data-driven ecommerce website and...
Central London / West End -
IT Connections
Salary: £25,000 to £35,000Posted: 6 days ago
Business Analyst / Agile BA - Travel eCommerce
Business Analyst / BA x2 (Agile). Hugely successful global travel eCommerce site (1 million unique visitors p/week / 600 requests a second) is seeking bright, highly motivated Business Analyst / BA's. Responsibilities as a Business Analyst / Agile BA will include defining requirements; building and managing stakeholder relationships and documenting processes to...
Kingston upon Thames -
Client Server
Salary: £40,000 to £50,000 + bonus + benefitsPosted: 15 days ago
Business Analyst/Systems Analyst-Hybris-Agile-eCommerce-e-Commerce
Our client prides themselves on using the most sophisticated technology in the market and attract problem solvers and innovators. The successful Business Analyst/Systems Analyst will be working as part of a fully Agile/Scrum team, with product owners, project managers, developers and DevOps on delivering the best eCommerce sites...
Central London / West End -
Digitech Resourcing Ltd
Salary: From £40,000 to £60,000 per annumPosted: 6 days ago
Technical Business Analyst - Leading Ecommerce firm!
Technical Business Analyst - API, XML. *Technical Business Analyst (API, XML) required by world leading ecommerce firm headquartered in London* One of the most successful ecommerce companies to come out of London in the last 10 years are currently on the lookout for a Technical Business Analyst (API, XML) to join...
City of London -
Talent Point
Salary: £50000.00 - £65000.00 per annum + + BenefitsPosted: 15 days ago
Lead Business Analyst (eCommerce) - London - up to £500 per day
You need a good combination of Project Management, eCommerce, and Data Migration experience. To match this role, you bring the following skillset with you: 5-10 years experience in eCommerce, Omni-channel, Digital Strategy, Retail. In depth experience in delivering business analysis and leading BA's... Experience with eCommerce platforms (...
London -
Enterprise Partners
Rate: £500 per dayPosted: 23 days ago
E-Commerce Business Analyst Jobs in London


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Survey Compare Review
If you would like to be given more info regarding Surveys i implore you to visit Here.
As making alterations in the products to check the variable can prove to be very expensive, companies use factor analysis to check the variables by using methods like focus groups and surveys. It also includes a timeline tell you what you must have done with get paid for surveys reviews the application plus an ask feature to read questions and answers with Dr. There is one complication here: Clearvoice won't actually post you a paycheque, or even a deposit in your Pay - Pal account. Despite the massive growth from the Internet it is possible to many people that get paid for surveys reviews do not have access or choose not to utilize the Internet. Why spend the funds on obtaining feedback if you don't analyze problem areas and implement changes.
Survey companies show a list of their survey panels using information. They are wanting opinions from everyone, not only the highly educated or wealthy. Use a separate email address particularly for taking surveys online. A typical survey that could gather information with regards to the uses of something or service by its subscriber base might have questions like -. Signing up takes about 1 minute and the only information you should provide is name and email address.
It looks more orderly and this will decrease the overall length with the survey. The technique doesn't allow assumptions about the data ahead of collecting them. Sometimes teens get well paid surveys online about products, maybe about their internet and gaming activities. ' Why have you decide to have your photos done at Widget Digital. If the survey is usually to long or perhaps the questions appear to be too convoluted, men and women be more unwilling to reduce time working for the questionnaire.
You can make this in a very Word document to be able to keep track of all of one's questions. Xenitelis, Marcia ' Small Business Brief - The Value of Employee Engagement Surveys as Part of an Change Management Strategy retrieved at. Join the Mommy Bistro group for live chats, giveaways, and more. Global Testmarket may be the third and last with the sites with which I am registered. Viewpoint forum recently changed to referral only & the referral system is temporarily disabled.
Withdrawing coming from a become a freelancer site to Payoneer get paid for surveys reviews 2 days. but all things considered it IS market RESEARCH plus it never hurts to complete some additional research into the product, since that's exactly what the makers of those proposed products do. Successful HR professionals also conduct focus groups and interview employees to brainstorm ideas for fostering a productive work environment on an ongoing basis. You actually talk with offshore company representatives and provide feedback, crisp and short, around the telephone. The article has a look GPS-assisted land surveying and the benefits thereof.


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Mark your calendars! The 2016 Day in the Park Festival will take place on Saturday, September 24th from 10:00am-3:00pm with the Derby starting beforehand at 8:00am. This year marks the 30th Annual Day in the Park and the 10th Annual Derby!
The Parks & Recreation Department is hopeful that the commemorative nature of this year's event will excite the community and encourage record attendance. Promising a fresh spin on the event, this year's festivities will include the following:
The event's new layout will open up the park for attendees to bring a blanket, and have a picnic while enjoying all that the event has to offer. We're very excited about the potential for this year's event and we hope you are too!
If you are interested in having a booth, please see the associated applications and information below. We welcome Community Organizations, Arts & Crafts Vendors, and local Commercial Businesses to participate.
Community Groups
As we've done in the past, we are encouraging local community groups and non-profit organizations to be involved. If your organization would like to participate in this year's event, please complete the Community Group Application and return it to the Parks & Recreation department at your earliest convenience. All applications must be returned by September 1st in order to guarantee placement at this year's event.
Arts & Crafts Vendors
We welcome local artists to attend to showcase and sell their work. If you are interested in becoming an Arts & Crafts vendor, please take a few moments to complete the Arts & Crafts Application and return it to the Parks & Recreation department at your earliest convenience along with 3 images of your work. All applications must be returned by August 26th in order to be considered for this year's event. In an effort to keep the quality of items being sold high, as well as avoid duplication and saturation in item categories, and also to allow for new sellers to support us in keeping the festival fresh for shoppers, we will be implementing a selection process for arts & crafts fair applicants. There are a limited number of booths available so apply early! Applicants will be notified of their acceptance no later than September 2nd. Please do not submit your application with payment until you have been confirmed as accepted by Parks & Recreation department staff. All payments ($50) must be submitted by September 16th and any refunds/cancellation requests will not be honored after that date. Please note: all products sold at the event may not be imported, manufactured, mass marketed or mass produced.
Commercial Businesses
We are inviting local commercial businesses to have a presence at the event and encouraging their involvement. If your business would like to participate, please take a few moments to complete the Commercial Vendor Application and return it to the Parks & Recreation department at your earliest convenience. All applications must be returned by September 1st in order to be considered for this year's event. Please note: we have a very limited number of spaces for commercial vendors so submit your application early to increase your chances! The fee for commercial businesses is $50 and no refunds for cancellations will be provided after September 15th, 2016. Refund requests before that date must be received in writing to be honored.
For any questions about the Day in the Park Event, please contact Noreen Leek at (415) 508-2141 or firstname.lastname@example.com . For any questions about the Brisbane Derby, please click here or contact Steve Beaty at (415) 508-2144 or email@example.com.
The time has come... Brisbane's annual "claim to fame" event is right around the corner! The Derby races will take place this year on Saturday, September 24th and will start at 8:00am (prior to the Day in the Park festival). We invite all kids (ages 6-14) to submit their application to participate in this year's 10th Annual Derby! Trophies will be awarded to all racers and winners announced following the Derby at Noon in the Community Park.
All riders must submit an application to participate. Click here for the 2016 Brisbane Derby Application. Application forms are due by Thursday, September 15th to the Parks and Recreation Office located at 50 Park Place, or e-mailed to Steve Beaty at email@example.com. Derby kits are available for purchase ($25.00) and pick-up at the Parks and Recreation Office at City Hall. Please call Steve at (415) 508-2144 if you have any questions or need more information.
NEW Build-Your-Own Derby Car Workshops!
One of the goals of the annual Brisbane Derby is to have families work together on building and racing their own derby cars. We recognize that the task of building a derby car may be daunting to some and we don't want that to restrict participation. Therefore, we will be hosting three workshops to aid you in the construction process. Local handyman extraordinaire Dan "Can Do" Sorrentino to the rescue! Dan will not be building your derby car for you, but rather he will have power saws, hammers, and other necessary tools available for parents and kids to use. He will provide advice, support, and direction while you build your own derby car. Come on out and make this a family event! Pre-registration is required. For more information, or to register, contact Steve Beaty at 415-508-2144.
Fee: $25 for derby car kit & workshop | Location: Teen Center Shed, 22 San Bruno Avenue, Brisbane
Dates: Saturdays, August 20, 27, & September 10 | Times: 11:00am to 3:00pm.
Derby practices will be held on San Francisco Street on Saturday, September 10th and Saturday, September 17th from 9:00am-Noon to help riders prepare for the big race!
For any questions about the Brisbane Derby, please contact Steve Beaty at (415) 508-2144 or firstname.lastname@example.com. For any questions about the Day in the Park Event, please click here or contact Noreen Leek at (415) 508-2141 or email@example.com.
The Mayor will be holding a mini-workshop for the community with Bert Ganoung from the SFO Noise Abatement Office and Kathleen Wentworth from Congresswoman Jackie Speier's office on Monday, Aug 1st at 6 PM at City Hall. The focus of the workshop will be to evaluate the various suggestions that the Roundtable will make to the FAA regarding modifications to existing flight procedures that effect the northern part of the peninsula. There will handouts for each procedure, so that the public can easily identify what are the problems and what might be potential solutions. This workshop will help the Mayor make a presentation to the Airport Noise Roundtable expressing Brisbane's thoughts at the Roundtable's meeting on Wednesday, Aug 3rd.
Brisbane Residents: The following Crime Alert was just issued by the San Mateo County Sheriff's Office
Incident Date and Time: July 18, 2016
Location: San Mateo County
Type of Crime/Incident: Telephone Scam – Failure to Appear for Jury Duty
Suspect: Unknown
Redwood City – The San Mateo County Sheriff's Office is issuing a warning to the public to beware of phone calls from individuals claiming to represent themselves as a member of the Sheriff's Office in an effort to defraud them. A number of the public have received unsolicited phone calls from an individual who fraudulently claim to be a sworn member of the San Mateo County Sheriff's Office. They are told they must pay fees for failure to appear for jury duty. The imposter instructs them to pay the fees by purchasing a prepaid "green dot card" or be subjected to arrest. The truth is, the San Mateo County Sheriff's Office or any law enforcement agency will never contact a member of the public demanding they pay any fees and/or any fines and be subjected to arrest if they fail to comply.
The public is reminded to be vigilant and never provide personal information over the phone, like Social Security numbers and credit card information, unless they initiated the phone call. If you believe you were the victim of this scam or a similar scam, contact your local law enforcement agency.
San Mateo County Sheriff's Office
Public Information Office
400 County Center
Redwood City, CA 94063
Det. Salvador Zuno
650-363-4800 (office)
650-421-1243 (cell)
Tthe Open Space and Ecology Committee is endeavoring to provide the community with one climate fact each week. These facts are to call community awareness to global warming impacts as a measure of the Climate Action Plan of the City of Brisbane.
For further reading:
National Night Out is observed annually on the first Tuesday in August as a community-police awareness-raising event in United States and Canada. Join the City of Brisbane's Police Department on Tuesday August 2nd, 2016 from 7:00-9:00 P.M. at the Community Park for a citywide event. Greet your neighbors, meet the Officers, enjoy food and drinks, and build community.
If you have 10 gallons or less of antifreeze, paint, pesticides, motor oil or any other household hazardous wastes... make an appointment with San Mateo County to drop off your waste properly. Drop-off days are every first Saturdays of the month, from June 4th- December 3rd. The exact drop-off location in South Francisco will be given upon making an appointment: www.smchealth.org/hhw or by calling (650) 363-4718, select option 3.


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We had seen the sea parting once, not knowing it would part two more times again by sundown. Some of us (self included) were a little worried about getting seasick on the boat out to Modo Island, so instead of braving the sea we actually ended up having a leisurely morning getting ready (after a well-deserved, post-parting nap!) before heading down the cherry-blossom lined paths and street over to the festival.
Marmot's Hole blogger Robert Koehler goes through the recent South Korean parliamentary election results & discusses his thoughts on Saenuri's fall behind the main opposition Minjoo Party in National Assembly seats as well as the rise of liberal defector Ahn Cheol-soo's new People Party.
By Iwazaru
Editor's note: After having his wallet seemingly stolen, the author now tries to get some answers with the help of police and security staff. Those answers prove surprising.
Once I had changed into the sauna uniform, ochre t-shirt and long shorts, the owner led me into the sweltering main room where we wound through snoring, scratching and shifting bodies to a raised wooden platform under which the owner deftly ducked and pointed to a single spot next to a man sleeping flat on his back. I told him it was too hot to sleep but he motioned under with both hands and said, "rest, rest." Resistance seemed futile–and I had nowhere else to go–so I lowered myself into the corner space and cursed my night of decision-making.
Christian Science Monitor writer John Powers says that while HIV & AIDS patients in South Korea have long found it difficult to find medical care, as the number of cases increase, so does patient abuse. Korea FM spoke with John Power & US attorney Benjamin Wagner, who has argued at the UN against discrimination in South Korea, to find out more about how HIV & AIDS patients are treated in the ROK.
Interview answers, both in written & audio form, have been edited for length & clarity.
The Seoul Book and Culture Club & ASIA Publishers recently invited three young, award-winning Korean writers to discuss their work for the public. The event was hosted by Colin Marshall, an American essayist, interviewer & public speaker, & featured Chang Kangmyoung, author of Fired (알바생 자르기); Kim Min-jung, author of The World's Most Expensive Novel (세상에서 가장 비싼 소설); and Kim Ae-ran, author of Where Would You Like to Go? (어디로 가고 싶으신가요).
Interview answers, both in audio & written form, have been edited for length & clarity.
Airdre Mattner says she was drugged, abducted & raped in Seoul last September, but after dealing with South Korean hospital staff & police, including a recent Facebook post by police that revealed private information regarding her case, she says she's been devastated her even further. Korea FM spoke with Mattner & the Korea Herald reporter that's been covering her story to learn more about how both foreign & Korean victims are treated by police & other authorities while seeking justice. Find more information on Airdre Mattner's story at http://GoFundMe.com/JusticeForAirdre.
Spring time is finally upon us and the warm weather has arrived in South Korea! Now gather your friends and family members, grab a big picnic blanket, prepare a delicious lunchbox and go outdoor!
April is only a few days away, which means that spring will be in full swing in South Korea!
The spring flowering season in South Korea spans from mid March to late April with a peak in the
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2016 July & GEPIK, GOE public school position in Gyeonggi, Gyeongnam**GEPIK,GOE public school position, 9:00am~05:00pm, Elementary/Middle/High** Please send us your resume and photos email@example.com
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Wanted: Clinical Trial Participants in July ( ₩2,200,000 Compensation)Inje University Busan Paik hospital Clinical Trial Center is looking for healthy Caucasian men to participate in 21 day trial.
DJ Laura at DH Semipermanent CliincMore info


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These Behind The Scenes Images From The Veronica Mars Movie Will Turn Your Heart Into Marshmallow Fluff
By Joanna Robinson | Seriously Random Lists | June 26, 2013 | Comments ()
When DOMA (and by extension Prop 8) was overturned this morning, adorable new mom and hard-working actress Kristen Bell tweeted the following to her long-time partner Dax Shepard.
The two had sworn up and down that they wouldn't marry until everyone in California could. They're just the cutest thing together and if the Sloth Incident of 2012 didn't convince you, you should hear the pair of them guest star on the NPR news quiz Wait Wait Don't Tell Me. A basked of cute.
But that's not why we're here. We're here because I accidentally fell down the rabbit hole of Bell's Twitter this morning and discovered a trove of behind-the-scenes images from the set of the Veronica Mars movie. I sprinkled in a few old school behind-the-scenes shots as well. I thought you wouldn't mind. Spoilers, I suppose, for casting and at least one location. Enjoy, you Marshmallows. I know I did.
And if you somehow missed it the first time, this Ryan Hansen celebration video is the cat's night shirt.
Pajiba Love Express
Here's some Daveed Diggs for you. On Daveed Diggs' digs, actually. That man does things with clothes that should not make sense, but are absolutely perfect. (Go Fug Yourself)
Woody Allen has "so moved on" from his daughter's accusations and says he never even thinks about it. He equates her words about him to a bad review he won't read and comments on how wacky it is that Mia Farrow is his mother-in-law. He is the worst. (Celebitchy)
Not The Worst but still very gross: Leonardo DiCaprio and his
Here are 5 under-the-radar shows. I had never even heard of the first two. (Uproxx)


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Choking China
For many people in China, the most visible problem isn't the country's slowing economy, corruption or social harmony. It's dirty air. China is home to some of the world's most polluted cities, and when its thick blanket of smog blows into urban areas, frantic citizens pick up their mobile phones to check air-quality levels. Pollution is shortening lives in the world's most populous nation and, by some accounts, is the main cause of social unrest. It's a reminder of the trade-offs at the heart of China's transition from developing country into prosperous, modern nation, forcing the Communist Party to balance the rush for economic growth against the threats to life and health. Can China clear the air?
The Situation
China closed factories and limited traffic to clear the skies for a military parade in Beijing in 2015, as it had before the APEC summit in 2014 and the Beijing Olympics in 2008. By late 2015, the smog had returned to hazardous levels, schools in Beijing were closed and the city government issued the highest red pollution alert for the first time. A documentary film on China's filthy skies last year drew more than 100 million viewers online before it was scrubbed from websites. Public concern about air pollution exploded in 2013 as Beijing's levels of PM2.5, the tiny particles posing the greatest risk to human health, peaked at 35 times the World Health Organization's recommended limit. Trapped in a cloud worse than most airport smoking lounges, the capital's 21 million residents donned face masks, kept their kids indoors and complained on social networks. State-backed media provided surprisingly critical coverage of a crisis that foreign outlets dubbed an "airpocalypse." Recent studies have raised alarm bells. One report said people in northern China may be dying five years sooner because of air pollution, and another said it kills 4,000 people a day. Other research has linked pollution and lung cancer. Chinese authorities responded, tightening environmental laws, raising fuel tax, shutting some coal-burning power plants, limiting the number of cars and unveiling more investments in solar and wind power. Pollution readings fell by 10 percent in 2015, but 80 percent of cities failed to meet national air quality standards.
The Background
Air pollution has been killing people since the dawn of industrialization, and China's is no worse than London's 19th-century pea soup or Japan's smog of the 1960s. Yet more is known about its risks now, and global warming raises the stakes: China overtook the U.S. as the biggest source of greenhouse gases in 2006 and has helped put the globe on a path to exceed United Nations targets for the rise in the Earth's temperature. Yet with coal still providing about two-thirds of China's energy, it will take years to reverse the nation's dependence on polluting fossil fuels. China's leaders have pledged to be less secretive and not to repeat mistakes that cost them public trust during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and a tainted milk scandal in 2008. China's contaminated water and soil are also prompting public worry, along with food and drug safety. China's air pollution blows into Japan and contributes to smog as far away as California.
The Argument
While the scale of the problem is massive, so is China's top-down response. It signed a historic agreement with the U.S. in 2014 to limit greenhouse gasses and promised for the first time that its carbon emissions will peak around 2030. China is the world's biggest spender on clean energy; it had 64 percent more solar capacity than the U.S. at the end of 2014, aims to triple capacity by 2020, and plans to start a national market to trade emission permits in 2017. President Xi Jinping pledged in 2015 to unleash an "iron hand" to protect the environment. Is China at a point where the smoggy air might temper the country's ambitions? At least seven provinces lowered their goals for economic growth for 2014 amid pressure for air pollution controls. Economic growth in Linyi, a city in China's eastern province of Shandong, slipped to 7.1 percent in 2015 from 10.1 percent a year earlier after it made pollution its No. 1 priority. China's Ministry of Environmental Protection is challenged by other powerful bureaucracies and must battle local officials and other vested interests to ensure government directives are followed.
The Reference Shelf
- Bloomberg Brief's special report on China's air.
- "Under the Dome," a documentary film by former China Central Television reporter Chai Jing.
- Website providing unofficial aggregation of China's air quality data.
- Rand Corp. report from 2015 on the costs of policies to address China's air pollution.
- Greenpeace campaign for reducing air pollution in China and the World Health Organization's topic page on air pollution.
- Bloomberg Visual Data map of China's air pollution and coal plants and a live graphic showing how much carbon dioxide the world is churning out.
- The World Bank and Development Research Center's report on China 2030 and the World Bank's 2007 research paper on the cost of pollution in China.sign up at bloombergbriefs.com/quicktake
First published March 4, 2014
To contact the writer of this QuickTake:
Natasha Khan in Hong Kong at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this QuickTake:
Grant Clark at firstname.lastname@example.com
Related Articles
A Year After China's 'Iron Hand' Hit Polluters, Air Still Chokes
Beijing Issues Air Pollution Red Alert for the First Time
How Mayors From Seattle to Shenzhen Lead on Pollution
Behind China's Evolution From Climate Deal Holdout to Leader
China Pollution Film Vanishes as Xi Pledges to Fight Smog
China Air Pollution Kills 4,000 People a Day: Researchers


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LA AUTO SHOW TICKETS November 18-27 AutoMobility LA November 14-17
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text:
This question deals with IE specific code blocks that work off special html comments. Is there any way that the code formatted could recognize these special format codes and still comment the javascript (and html) inside?
What is meta?
- Any Stack Exchange user can ask a question
- The community provides support, votes on ideas, and reports bugs
- Your voice helps shape the way Stack Exchange operates
We can force certain language upon a code block by adding such a line above the code:
After quick trial and error, this one did the trick:
More details can be found here.
I disagree that conditional comments should be handled by the default syntax highlighter. For one thing, they are an ancient relic, and even IE is discontinuing support for it – as the page you linked to says:
Fun fact: Until 2012 (!), that page contained the following text instead:
More importantly however, a conditional comment is just that – a comment. So in the context of HTML, it is correct for the syntax highlighter to highlight it as such.


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Free personalized radio that
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Knu Je - Seeds of Life (Dennis Ferrer Mix)
Features of This Trackhouse roots
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prominent backup vocals
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These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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Boeing today said it has completed installing reinforcements within the side-of-body section on two more 787s to meet the year-end deadline for first flight of the aircraft.
Over the weekend the reinforcements were completed on the static aircraft and flight test aircraft number two. On 11 November Boeing completed the installation on the first 787 targeted for flight testing.
The airframer explains the modification entails installing new fittings at 34 stringer locations within the joint where the wing is attached to the fuselage.
On 23 June Boeing announced its discovery that the upper stringers of the wing-to-body join were not strong enough to meet FAA certification requirements for static strength, which pushed first flight beyond a previously-targeted date for the close of the second quarter.
"Our focus now is on completing the static test later this month, which will validate the modification," says 787 progamme VP and general manager Scott Fancher, who reiterates the 787 remains on track for first flight by the end of December.
Boeing says the static test airframe is being refitted with strain gauges and instruments required for testing. Access doors, systems and fasteners removed from aircraft two to supply access for repairs are being restored in preparation for continued testing on the aircraft. The first 787 is also being restored.


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News >> Flash News
The Defrost Cycle - Nr. 8 in the "Removing the Jargon" Series
04 March 2013 | Star Refrigeration
In his article series "Refrigeration - Removing the Jargon," which is published in ASHRAE Journal, Andy Pearson seeks to explain the concepts associated with refrigeration and heat pump systems to people who are not so familiar with the industry. By cutting through the jargon, Pearson is able to explain the key principles in straight forward terms.
This particular article, the eighth in the series, discusses the defrost cycle.
This particular article, the eighth in the series, discusses the defrost cycle.
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New ESK Oil Level Regulator ERM5 Series: oil level control made easy
from ESK Schultze
ICF 50-4 and ICF 65-3 valves from ICF Flexline™ range of valves for industrial refrigeration
from Danfoss
Engineering and consultation services specialised in CO2


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Virgin Mobile Australia's, Fair Go Bro campaign is a big hit.
The campaign, developed by One Green Bean and Havas Worldwide Sydney dropped in July. Starring none other than Brad Pitt's brother Doug. It's silly and a long way to go for a ham sammy, especially considering we're talking about Virgin Mobile here (as opposed to Virginn Airlines) but hey, it apparently worked. It had 1.3 million views in the first week with "no media support," according to the press release. Earned media out the wazoo, millions of Ozzies talking about it, etc.


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Coalition party of Sri Lankan government delays filing FR petition against 13th Amendment
Tue, Nov 13, 2012, 12:11 pm SL Time, ColomboPage News Desk, Sri Lanka.
Nov 13, Colombo: Constituent party of Sri Lanka ruling alliance, National Freedom Front (NFF), led by Minister of Construction, Engineering Services and Common Amenities Wimal Weerawansa, has postponed the filing of a fundamental rights petition against the 13th Amendment to the constitution following legal advice.
General Secretary of the NFF Priyanjith Vitharana told media that the filing of the petition was delayed due to the current conflict of interest between the judiciary and legislature.
Another cause for the deferment is the appointment of the NFF leader Minister Weerawansa as a member to the parliamentary select committee that was appointed to probe the impeachment charges against the Chief Justice Dr. Shirani Bandaranayake, the secretary of NFF said.
The NFF in its petition will request the courts to abolish the provincial councils established in line with the 13th Amendment.
Meanwhile the NFF yesterday held discussions with the main constituent of the ruling alliance, Sri Lanka Freedom Party on the 13th Amendment to the Constitution.
Following the discussions, NFF leader has said the two parties came to an understanding that the Provincial Council system needed to be amended but without hindrance to powers of the legislature.
Minister Wimal Weerawansa, MP Weerakumara Dissanayaka and Colombo Municipal Council member M.J.M. Muzammil represented the NFF at the discussion held in the parliamentary complex Monday while the Sri Lanka Freedom Party was represented by its General Secretary Minister Maithripala Sirisena, Ministers John Seneviratne, Mahindananda Aluthgamage and Dilan Perera at the discussion.
** Related Story :: Coalition party of Sri Lankan government to file a case to abolish 13th amendment
ColomboPage - Recent 10 Stories
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USS New Orleans arrives in Sri Lanka to provide training and disaster relief-- [3 hours ago]
Sri Lanka Marxist party says there is a growing trend of communal clashes
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Japanese, Omani naval ships arrive at Sri Lanka's Colombo Port
Sri Lanka's LAUGFS plans LPG imports from Iran again
Sri Lanka hopes to restore crude oil imports from Iran


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La Serna High School sophomore Briana Chacon, a fast-rising, 14-year-old golfer, will compete in the 116th U.S. Women's Amateur Golf Championship – the premier amateur tournament in the country. The tournament will run Aug. 1-7 at the Rolling Green Golf Course in Springfield, Pennsylvania.
Close to 500 local middle and high school students who completed a challenging six-week summer math academy inspired by famous educator Jaime Escalante celebrated the milestone during a ceremony with friends and family on July 14 at Pioneer High School. Each student was recognized with certificates for successfully completing the 26th annual Escalante Summer Math Academy. Individual classes also posed in front of bleachers filled with smartphone-toting family members. The seventh- through 12th-grade students who received A's or Bs have earned 10 credits that will be transferred to their transcripts, enabling them to advance one course level.
La Serna High School will offer two new STEM classes this fall thanks to the lobbying efforts of Markie Wagner, a rising senior who is well on her way to launching her second smartphone app. This summer, two La Serna High teachers are receiving training to teach Intro to Engineering and Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science at Cal Poly Pomona through the Project Lead The Way program.
Since 2013, students in Sierra Vista High School's Freshman Fresh Start program have had the opportunity to start anew after facing challenges in their core academic classes at their comprehensive high schools, with many meeting the goals they set out to achieve.
To ensure that special education students receive high-quality services closer to home, Whittier Union this summer launched the PRIDE Santa Fe program, which will offer specialized instruction to students with emotional challenges who would otherwise have to attend private facilities.
WUHSD Encuesta para Padres en Español: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/EsPar


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Download slick digital camera for Windows (3 programs)
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Five Apps to Try This Weekend: featuring Polarr, Agar.io, and Rocket League
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A Demonstration Project to Add Pre- or Post-exposure Prophylaxis to Combination HIV Prevention Services (PATH-PrEP)
This study is ongoing, but not recruiting participants.
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles County Department of Public Health
Los Angeles LGBT Center
The OASIS Clinic
AIDS Project Los Angeles
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Dr. Raphael Landovitz, University of California, Los Angeles
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: January 29, 2013
Last updated: September 13, 2015
Last verified: September 2015
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study is ongoing, but not recruiting participants.
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|May 2017
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|April 2017 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)