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Skip to comments.Is Sugar Really Toxic? Sifting through the Evidence
Posted on 07/20/2013 12:28:18 PM PDT by neverdem
Our very first experience of exceptional sweetnessa dollop of buttercream frosting on a parent's finger; a spoonful of strawberry ice cream instead of the usual puréed carrotsis a gustatory revelation that generally slips into the lacuna of early childhood. Sometimes, however, the moment of original sweetness is preserved. A YouTube video from February 2011 begins with baby Olivia staring at the camera, her face fixed in rapture and a trickle of vanilla ice cream on her cheek. When her brother Daniel brings the ice cream cone near her once more, she flaps her arms and arches her whole body to reach it.
Considering that our cells depend on sugar for energy, it makes sense that we evolved an innate love for sweetness. How much sugar we consume, howeveras well as how it enters the body and where we get it from in the first placehas changed dramatically over time. Before agriculture, our ancestors presumably did not have much control over the sugars in their diet, which must have come from whatever plants and animals were available in a given place and season. Around 6,000 BC, people in New Guinea began to grow sugarcane, chewing and sucking on the stalks to drink the sweet juice within. Sugarcane cultivation spread to India, where by 500 BC people had learned to turn bowls of the tropical grass's juice into crude crystals. From there sugar traveled with migrants and monks to China, Persia, northern Africa and eventually to Europe in the 11th century.
For more than 400 years, sugar remained a luxury in European exotic spiceuntil manufacturing became efficient enough to make "white gold" much more affordable. Christopher Columbus brought sugarcane to the New World in 1493 and in the 16th and 17th centuries European powers established sugarcane plantations in the West Indies and South America. Sugar consumption in England increased by 1,500 percent between the 18th and 19th centuries. By the mid 19th century, Europeans and Americans had come to regard refined sugar as a necessity. Today, we add sugar in one form or another to the majority of processed foods(PDF) we eateverything from bread, cereals, crunchy snacks and desserts to soft drinks, juices, salad dressings and saucesand we are not too stingy about using it to sweeten many raw and whole foods as well.
By consuming so much sugar we are not just demonstrating weak willpower and indulging our sweet toothwe are in fact poisoning ourselves according to a group of doctors, nutritionists and biologists, one of the most prominent members of which is Robert Lustig of the University of California, San Francisco, famous for his viral YouTube video "Sugar: The Bitter Truth." A few journalists, such as Gary Taubes and Mark Bittman, have reached similar conclusions. Sugar, they argue, poses far greater dangers than cavities and love handles; it is a toxin that harms our organs and disrupts the body's usual hormonal cycles. Excessive consumption of sugar, they say, is one of the primary causes of the obesity epidemic and metabolic disorders like diabetes, as well as a culprit of cardiovascular disease. More than one-third of American adults and approximately 12.5 million children and adolescents in the U.S. are obese. In 1980, 5.6 million Americans were diagnosed with diabetes; in 2011 more than 20 million Americans had the illness.
The argument that sugar is a toxin depends on some technical details about the different ways the human body gets energy from different types of sugar. Today, Americans eat most of their sugar in two main forms: table sugar and high-fructose corn syrup. A molecule of table sugar, or sucrose, is a bond between one glucose molecule and one fructose moleculetwo simple sugars with the same chemical formula, but slightly different atomic structures. In the 1960s, new technology allowed the U.S. corn industry to cheaply convert corn-derived glucose intro fructose and produce high fructose corn syrup, whichdespite its nameis almost equal parts free-floating fructose and glucose: 55 percent fructose, 42 percent glucose and three percent other sugars. Because fructose is about twice as sweet as glucose, an inexpensive syrup mixing the two was an appealing alternative to sucrose from sugarcane and beets.
Regardless of where the sugar we eat comes from, our cells are interested in dealing with fructose and glucose, not the bulkier sucrose. Enzymes in the intestine split sucrose into fructose and glucose within seconds, so as far as the human body is concerned sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup are equivalent. The same is not true for their constituent molecules. Glucose travels through the bloodstream to all of our tissues, because every cell readily converts glucose into energy. In contrast, liver cells are one of the few types of cells that can convert fructose to energy, which puts the onus of metabolizing fructose almost entirely on one organ. The liver accomplishes this primarily by turning fructose into glucose and lactate. Eating exceptionally large amounts of fructose taxes the liver: it spends so much energy turning fructose into other molecules that it may not have much energy left for all its other functions. A consequence of this energy depletion is production of uric acid, which research has linked to gout, kidney stones and high blood pressure.
The human body strictly regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. Glucose stimulates the pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin, which helps remove excess glucose from blood, and bolsters production of the hormone leptin, which suppresses hunger. Fructose does not trigger insulin production and appears to raise levels of the hormone grehlin, which keeps us hungry. Some researchers have suggested that large amounts of fructose encourage people to eat more than they need. In studies with animals and people by Kimber Stanhope of the University of California Davis and other researchers, excess fructose consumption has increased fat production, especially in the liver, and raised levels of circulating triglycerides, which are a risk factor for clogged arteries and cardiovascular disease. Some research has linked a fatty liver to insulin resistancea condition in which cells become far less responsive to insulin than usual, exhausting the pancreas until it loses the ability to properly regulate blood glucose levels. Richard Johnson of the University of Colorado Denver has proposed that uric acid produced by fructose metabolism also promotes insulin resistance. In turn insulin resistance is thought to be a major contributor to obesity and Type 2 diabetes; the three disorders often occur together.
Because fructose metabolism seems to kick off a chain reaction of potentially harmful chemical changes inside the body, Lustig, Taubes and others have singled out fructose as the rotten apple of the sugar family. When they talk about sugar as a toxin, they mean fructose specifically. In the last few years, however, prominent biochemists and nutrition experts have challenged the idea that fructose is a threat to our health and have argued that replacing fructose with glucose or other sugars would solve nothing. First, as fructose expert John White points out, fructose consumption has been declining for more than a decade, but rates of obesity continued to rise during the same period. Of course, coinciding trends alone do not definitively demonstrate anything. A more compelling criticism is that concern about fructose is based primarily on studies in which rodents and people consumed huge amounts of the moleculeup to 300 grams of fructose each day, which is nearly equivalent to the total sugar in eight cans of Cokeor a diet in which the vast majority of sugars were pure fructose. The reality is that most people consume far less fructose than used in such studies and rarely eat fructose without glucose.
On average, people in America and Europe eat between 100 and 150 grams of sugar each day, about half of which is fructose. Its difficult to find a regional diet or individual food that contains only glucose or only fructose. Virtually all plants have glucose, fructose and sucrosenot just one or another of these sugars. Although some fruits, such as apples and pears, have three times as much fructose as glucose, most of the fruits and veggies we eat are more balanced. Pineapples, blueberries, peaches, carrots, corn and cabbage, for example, all have about a 1:1 ratio of the two sugars. In his New York Times Magazine article, Taubes claims that fructose is what distinguishes sugar from other carbohydrate-rich foods like bread or potatoes that break down upon digestion to glucose alone. This is not really true. Although potatoes and white bread are full of starchlong chains of glucose moleculesthey also have fructose and sucrose. Similarly, Lustig has claimed that the Japanese diet promotes weight loss because it is fructose-free, but the Japanese consume plenty of sugarabout 83 grams a day on averageincluding fructose in fruit, sweetened beverages and the countrys many meticulously crafted confectioneries. High-fructose corn syrup was developed and patented in part by Japanese researcher Yoshiyuki Takasaki in the 1960s and '70s.
Not only do many worrying fructose studies use unrealistic doses of the sugar unaccompanied by glucose, it also turns out that the rodents researchers have studied metabolize fructose in a very different way than people dofar more different than originally anticipated. Studies that have traced fructose's fantastic voyage through the human body suggest that the liver converts as much as 50 percent of fructose into glucose, around 30 percent of fructose into lactate and less than one percent into fats. In contrast, mice and rats turn more than 50 percent of fructose into fats, so experiments with these animals would exaggerate the significance of fructose's proposed detriments for humans, especially clogged arteries, fatty livers and insulin resistance.
In a series of meta-analyses examining dozens of human studies, John Sievenpiper of St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto and his colleagues found no harmful effects of typical fructose consumption on body weight, blood pressure or uric acid production. In a 2011 study, Sam Suna nutrition scientist at Archer Daniels Midland, a major food processing corporationand his colleagues analyzed data about sugar consumption collected from more than 25,000 Americans between 1999 and 2006. Their analysis confirmed that people almost never eat fructose by itself and that for more than 97 percent of people fructose contributes less daily energy than other sugars. They did not find any positive associations between fructose consumption and levels of trigylcerides, cholesterol or uric acid, nor any significant link to waist circumference or body mass index (BMI). And in a recent BMC Biology Q&A, renowned sugar expert Luc Tappy of the University of Lausanne writes: "Given the substantial consumption of fructose in our diet, mainly from sweetened beverages, sweet snacks, and cereal products with added sugar, and the fact that fructose is an entirely dispensable nutrient, it appears sound to limit consumption of sugar as part of any weight loss program and in individuals at high risk of developing metabolic diseases. There is no evidence, however, that fructose is the sole, or even the main factor in the development of these diseases, nor that it is deleterious to everybody."
To properly understand fructose metabolism, we must also consider in what form we consume the sugar, as explained in a recent paper by David Ludwig, Director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center of Boston Children's Hospital and a professor at Harvard. Drinking a soda or binging on ice cream floods our intestines and liver with large amounts of loose fructose. In contrast, the fructose in an apple does not reach the liver all at once. All the fiber in the fruitsuch as cellulose that only our gut bacteria can break downconsiderably slows digestion. Our enzymes must first tear apart the apples cells to reach the sugars sequestered within. "It's not just about the fiber in food, but also its very structure," Ludwig says. "You could add Metamucil to Coca Cola and not get any benefit." In a small but intriguing study(PDF), 17 adults in South Africa ate primarily fruitabout 20 servings with approximately 200 grams of total fructose each dayfor 24 weeks and did not gain weight, develop high blood pressure or imbalance their insulin and lipid levels.
To strengthen his argument, Ludwig turns to the glycemic index, a measure of how quickly food raises levels of glucose in the blood. Pure glucose and starchy foods such as Taubess example of the potato have a high glycemix index; fructose has a very low one. If fructose is uniquely responsible for obesity and diabetes and glucose is benign, then high glycemic index diets should not be associated with metabolic disordersyet they are. A small percentage of the world population may in fact consume so much fructose that they endanger their health because of the difficulties the body encounters in converting the molecule to energy. But the available evidence to date suggests that, for most people, typical amounts of dietary fructose are not toxic.
Even if Lustig is wrong to call fructose poisonous and saddle it with all the blame for obesity and diabetes, his most fundamental directive is sound: eat less sugar. Why? Because super sugary, energy-dense foods with little nutritional value are one of the main ways we consume more calories than we need, albeit not the only way. It might be hard to swallow, but the fact is that many of our favorite desserts, snacks, cereals and especially our beloved sweet beverages inundate the body with far more sugar than it can efficiently metabolize. Milkshakes, smoothies, sodas, energy drinks and even unsweetened fruit juices all contain large amounts of free-floating sugars instantly absorbed by our digestive system.
Avoiding sugar is not a panacea, though. A healthy diet is about so much more than refusing that second sugar cube and keeping the cookies out of reach or hidden in the cupboard. What about all the excess fat in our diet, so much of which is paired with sugar and contributes to heart disease? What about bad cholesterol and salt? "If someone is gaining weight, they should look to sugars as a place to cut back," says Sievenpiper, "but there's a misguided belief that if we just go after sugars we will fix obesityobesity is more complex than that. Clinically, there are some people who come in drinking way too much soda and sweet beverages, but most people are just overconsuming in general." Then there's all the stuff we really should eat more of: whole grains; fruits and veggies; fish; lean protein. But wait, we can't stop there: a balanced diet is only one component of a healthy lifestyle. We need to exercise tooto get our hearts pumping, strengthen our muscles and bones and maintain flexibility. Exercising, favoring whole foods over processed ones and eating less overall sounds too obvious, too simplistic, but it is actually a far more nuanced approach to good health than vilifying a single molecule in our dietan approach that fits the data. Americans have continued to consume more and more total calories each yearaverage daily intake increased(PDF) by 530 calories between 1970 and 2000while simultaneously becoming less and less physically active. Here's the true bitter truth: Yes, most of us should make an effort to eat less sugarbut if we are really committed to staying healthy, we'll have to do a lot more than that.
Sugar content of popular sweetened beverages based on objective laboratory analysis: focus on fructose content.
The mean fructose content in the HFCS used was 59% (range 47-65%) and several major brands appear to be produced with HFCS that is 65% fructose.
This is what nails it for me, a brand new liver pathology.
Steatohepatitis in obese children: a cause of chronic liver dysfunction.
It's variouly called non alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD, or non alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH, or hepatic steatosis. A rose is still a rose. Pathologists are notorious for differing among themselves about describing particular biopsies, but they do agree that these liver biopsies are not normal. It was not described before HFCS came on the scene in soft drinks. None of those diagnoses are in my medical dictionary or my pathology book, both from the 1980s.
Sugar is bad, all sugars, in excess. My concern is that in demonizing HFCS, we let regular sugar off the hook. Atkins somewhat had the right idea, and the paleo/limited carbers do more so as well.
Considering that our cells depend on sugar for energyVery few of our cells depend on sugar for energy. Most of our cells will burn sugar, when it is present, because sugar causes no end of physical damage, if it's levels are allowed to get too high, or if it is allowed to hang around too long. But there's a huge difference between cells will preferentially burn sugar, when it is present, and cells depend on sugar.
It was to me, but only through own fault.
I was on the road every day, had a one hundred mile commute each way. And the days were hi-level negotiation stuff until late night. Some times lunch, but mostly had no time for anything but a pizza slice or a jacket pocket full of jellybears. Yum :).
Back in 1972, when Atkins published his diet, the push to beef feed lots and battery caged hens was just beginning.
He didn't stress the importance of seeking our quality in the foods he recommended, because the quality of ordinary foods was nowhere near as bad is it is now.
Why does it seem that it is often the healthy organic no sugar no white flour types who end up with cancer just as often as the coffee and cigarettes for breakfast, soda for lunch and something lacking in vitamins for dinner crowd? It seems that moderation in everything is the important thing. Also why is it that since corn syrup, which replaced sugar in many foods as both cheaper and supposedly healthier, since then folks are heavier then ever. Hmm, could it be because corn is a starch used to make both animals and underweight humans heavier.
I'm sorry but I'm not going to giving up kissing the spouse. I'll take my chances with sugar.
While I do believe that refined sugar is not good for anyone, however, sucking on a piece of fresh sugar cane is ok, the reality is that anything can be toxic, including water. People have OD'ed on water.
Today, we add sugar in one form or another to the majority of processed foods we eateverything from bread, cereals, crunchy snacks and desserts to soft drinks, juices, salad dressings and saucesand we are not too stingy about using it to sweeten many raw and whole foods as well.We add sugar to skim milk, because otherwise people won't drink it. Skim milk is naturally blue, watery, and chalky. What is on the market isn't skim milk, it's skim milk to which additional non-fat milk solids have been added - including quite a bit of sugar.
And the really neat thing is that because the sugar that is being added is milk sugar, the FDA doesn't require manufacturers to include it as an ingredient on the label.
which is why I purchase things that do not use corn syrup ..... When I want to use corn syrup for cooking (say a pecan pie), I have a small bottle in m,y pantry.
I have found that if I cook and eat the way my parents did I do just fine
Try living without it.
Oops you can't.
The body requires sugar in one form or another for energy.
Therefore the question is stupid.
Now you can ask if certain sugar delivery systems are better for you then others but that doesn't sound as sexy I guess.
Post of the day!
Just another reason I drink whole milk or water...
What about all the excess fat in our diet, so much of which is paired with sugar and contributes to heart disease?Easy - there's never been scientific evidence that showed that increased amounts of health fats (which is all of the except for trans fats and processed vegetable oils) results in an increased risk of heart disease.
I'll eat, smoke, and drink what I please, and the nannies can pound sand.
blushing red then green as in envy ... much better here than mine, am an amateur.
HFCS is a problem. The body does not digest syrup as well as it absorbs a few teaspoons of cane sugar that have dissolved in food.
"A few journalists, such as Gary Taubes and Mark Bittman, have reached similar conclusions."
Well, that cinches it for me - sugar is bad!
I have not eaten more than 20 - 30 g of carbs in a singe day in many years. I'm a bit of a gym rat, so my energy output is extreme - lack of carbs has never been an issue for me. My A1C, LDL, HDL, and every other marker is at exceptional levels. I'm convinced that sugar, in any form is toxic and feeds cancer cells. I don't miss sugar, I certainly don't miss carbs and I feel better than I have in 30 years - I'm in better physical shape as well.
FReepmail me if you want on or off the diabetes ping list.
what is always "bad" is not so much "what" we consume, but simply "excess" - "excess" anything
as the old saying goes, "all things in moderation accepted"
I agree with you. The issue is not what type of sugar we ingest, it is one of total carbs, and especially the refined easily digestible carbs. My wife and I eat no whites carbs, no wheat and very few total carbs per day. All of our metabolic markers are excellent (blood sugar, HDL and triglycerides).
We eat a high-fat diet with moderate protein. The notion that cells need free glucose to burn is false. Most cells do very well burning fat. Our fats are animal fat, olive oil, coconut oil and high oleic safflower oil. We eat as much as we want. We do not count calories. My weight is now as it was in college.
Before we began our low-carb lifestyle, I was beset with multiple allergies. I was taking allergy shots, steroids and serial antihistamines. Nothing seemed to work. On the new diet, the allergies vanished. It seemed like a miracle until I began to understand the relation between carbs, insulin and inflammation in the body. No metabolic diseases for us.
Same here. And I bet you also look young for age especially compared to you peers. I look 15 to 20 years younger (depending on the light—lol. I also stay out of the sun and use sunscreen.) Congrats on the commitment!!
People have no idea how they can completely overhaul their bodies and their lives making these changes.
I am 47.
I have started ignoring all advise because it changes so often. The entire country was convinced that there was a huge problem with "fat", and that "fat" was making us fat. Now, we have an obesity epidemic. I believe Dr. Atkins and Gary Taubes probably have it right, it is not the fat, it is the carbs (sugar). Embrace the fat, it makes foods delicious (as I am sitting here with the aroma of my slow cooker which is filled with (fatty) short ribs, basted in a red wine/balsamic vinegar sauce --- and garlic, got to have garlic. Anyway, the meat is so delicious that I have no yen for a sweet finish. I am completely satisfied. Taking away the fat took away the flavor. So, we went for sweets.
The Govt. doesn't know what the hell it is doing. Stop letting it and the media make us hysterical over everything. It is just a way for them to have more control over us.
Society lost moderation a long time ago.
And you are going to live until you die just like them.
EAT LESS. We were designed to be hungry most of the time.
You sya that because you grew up unaware of how your food was produced. While beef feedlots may predate caged poultry, both have been around much longer than you realize, and much longer than the oldest Freeper has been alive.
SUGAR is a problem, HFCS is only slightly worse, but since HFCS have demonized, Sugar is being left off the hook, which is exactly my concern. Get off of your addiction to Sugar in general, and you will reap even greater rewards.
Nah... I'll be MUCH happier while I live.
I get your point. Mine is that foods pre-sweetened with HFCS just don't digest well. I don't eat any pre-sweetened foods anymore. I have just four teaspoons of granulated cane sugar every day...two in my cereal and two in a cup of tea. I eat pure foods, no dairy fat, no trans fats. For the first time in my life, my weight is what it should be and I'm never hungry. Also, I walk a lot instead of gimmicky gym and exercise routines.
What, exactly, do you think our cells use for energy if not sugar? Gasoline?
Fat. most of them, most of the time, or byproducts of fat metabolism like ketones.
Remember all that stuff you learned in exercise class about your "fat burning zone"? How as you increased the intensity of your exercise you moved from aerobic to anaerobic energy pathways? How at low to moderate energy expenditures you were burning mostly fat, and only at higher energy expenditures you start burning sugar?
Burning fat is aerobic, burning sugar is anaerobic.
You know that. And if you'd thought about it a bit, you'd have realized that most of the time, you're burning fat, rather than sugar.
There are a few cell types that primarily burn glucose, the most significant of which are red blood cells. Blood cells exist to deliver oxygen, and if they burned fat for fuel they'd need to use the oxygen they are trying to deliver. So they, and a few other specialized cell types, burn sugar.
The rest of the body burns fat, except during periods of intense exercise, or immediately after meals while sugar is rushing into the bloodstream. If you have a healthy metabolism, your blood sugar levels are back to normal within an hour of completing the meal, and your body is back to burning fat for energy.
Of course, if you've been eating too many carbs, too often, and too close together, you've likely spent so much time burning sugar that you've down-regulated your fat metabolism. And if that's the case, you're probably insulin resistant. Which means that two hours after every meal you're tired, irritable, and starving for more carbs. Mainly because your insulin levels are going too high, and as a result your body doesn't easily switch over into fat burning mode after the sugar bolus has been dealt with - leaving your cells with no source of energy except for another Snickers bar.
Burning sugar for more than a couple of hours a day isn't normal, and it isn't healthy. It is, though, unfortunately common - and it's the primary reason so many people are so sick.
Is Sugar Really Toxic?
Try living without it.
Oops you can't.
The body requires sugar in one form or another for energy.
Therefore the question is stupid.
Actually, the comment is rather stupid. There is no dietary requirement for sugar, or for carbohydrates in any form. There are essential vitamins and minerals. There are essential amino acids. There are essential fatty acids. There are no essential carbohydrates.
More than that, the minimal required level of dietary carbohydrates, in all forms, is zero. Many people have not only survived, but have thrived, on diets with zero dietary carbohydrates.
There are only a few types of cells in the body that require glucose, the total demand of those cells is quite moderate - and the body is quite capable of meeting that demand by creating its own glucose from protein and fat.
I'll say it again - there is no requirement for dietary carbohydrates in humans.
Looks aerobic to me.
Everything ingested turns into sugar.
Life is fatal.
And I'm sold out of flagpoles.
Life is fatal all right!
The brain is one big glucose sucking machine.
You starve it and your intelligence will drop.
Looks like an unbalanced equation to me.
Why, in the olden days, did many people subsist on mainly a hunk of bread in the morning, and a hunk of bread at night with some soup or meat? Throughout history, man has eaten breads. I don't understand what's so bad about bread. Without it, it seems to me that humans wouldn't have fared so well.
Actually, the mitochondria can use directly a number of short and medium chain fatty acids. Coconut oil, for instance, has a few.
Human breast milk is loaded with fats and has a lot of the MCFA's.
Remember, babies can't hardly digest anything at all till they are weaned.
I'll say it again - there is no requirement for dietary carbohydrates in humans.
Given that there have been a number of native cultures that subsisted on zero-carb diets for thousands of years, you should provide more than a bare assertion, if you want to convince...
). The Effects on Human Beings of a Twelve Months' Exclusive Meat Diet
Your Brain on Ketons
The brain is one big glucose sucking machine.
And now let's really get down to the mitochondrial level. Mitochondria are the power plants of our cells, where all the energy is produced (as ATP). Now, when I was taught about biochemical fuel-burning, I was taught that glucose was "clean" and ketones were "smokey." That glucose was clearly the preferred fuel for our muscles for exercise and definitely the key fuel for the brain. Except here's the dirty little secret about glucose - when you look at the amount of garbage leftover in the mitochondria, it is actually less efficient to make ATP from glucose than it is to make ATP from ketone bodies! A more efficient energy supply makes it easier to restore membranes in the brain to their normal states after a depolarizing electrical energy spike occurs, and means that energy is produced with fewer destructive free radicals leftover.
What does it all mean? Well, in the brain, energy is everything. The brain needs a great deal of energy to keep all those membrane potentials maintained - to keep pushing sodium out of the cells and pulling potassium into the cells. In fact, the brain, which is only 2% of our body weight, uses 20% of our oxygen and 10% of our glucose stores just to keep running. (Some cells in our brain are actually too small (or have tendrils that are too small) to accommodate mitochondria (the power plants). In those places, we must use glucose itself (via glycolysis) to create ATP.) When we change the main fuel of the brain from glucose to ketones, we change amino acid handling. And that means we change the ratios of glutamate and GABA. The best responders to a ketogenic diet for epilepsy end up with the highest amount of GABA in the central nervous system.
One of the things the brain has to keep a tight rein on is the amount of glutamate hanging out in the synapse. Lots of glutamate in the synapse means brain injury, or seizures, or low level ongoing damaging excitotoxicity as you might see in depression. The brain is humming along, using energy like a madman. Even a little bit more efficient use of the energy makes it easier for the brain to pull the glutamate back into the cells. And that, my friends, is a good thing.
Let me put it this way. Breast milk is very high in fat. Newborns spend time in ketosis, and are therefore to some extent ketoadapted. Breast milk is also high in sugar, but babies' brains are so big they can handle a lot more sugar than us full-grown folks. Being ketoadapted means that babies can more easily turn ketone bodies into acetyl-coA and into myelin. Ketosis helps babies construct and grow their brains. (For those interested in nitty gritty details - babies are in mild ketosis, but very young babies seem to utilize lactate as a fuel in lieu of glucose also - and the utilization of lactate also promotes the same use of acetyl-CoA and gives the neonates some of the advantages of ketoadaptation without being in heavy ketosis.)
We know (more or less) what all this means for epilepsy (and babies!). We don't precisely know what it means for everyone else, at least brain-wise. Ketosis occurs with carbohydrate and protein restriction, MCT oil use, or fasting. Some people believe that being ketoadapted is the ideal - others will suggest that we can be more relaxed, and eat a mostly low sugar diet with a bit of intermittent fasting thrown in to give us periods of ketosis. (A caveat - I don't recommend intermittent fasting for anyone with an eating disorder without some extra support and consideration). Ketosis for the body means fat-burning (hip hip hooray!). For the brain, it means a lower seizure risk and a better environment for neuronal recovery and repair.
Thanks so much for posting this.
Why, in the olden days, did many people subsist on mainly a hunk of bread in the morning, and a hunk of bread at night with some soup or meat?
Because it was what they had. That doesn't mean that it was optimal.
Neolithic agriculturalists were on average six inches shorter than their paleolithic hunter/gatherer ancestors, and had much worse health and bone structure.
Longevity & health in ancient Paleolithic vs. Neolithic peoples
In fact, the average height of paleolithic man was a full inch taller than the modern american.
Of course, paleolithic hunting practices could not sustain neolithic population densities, let alone modern.
>>Burning fat is aerobic, burning sugar is anaerobic.
"Fat burns in a carbohydrate flame."
Been 30 years since I took exercise physiology, but looks like that's still the case.
Carbohydrate management is essential to avoiding "bonking" in endurance events. I can maintain a 75% of Max HR continuous pace for about two hours on just water. Efforts longer than that require carb replenishment.
Also, the primary fuel for the brain is glycogen. (sugar).
Got Gluconeogenesis?
>>Throughout history, man has eaten breads.
And starchy roots and fruits, including squash.
Big difference between those, which are COMPLEX carbohydrates that require digestion, VS refined sugar (and worse, liquified sugar) that goes straight into the bloodstream and hammers the endocrine system.
[The notion that cells need free glucose to burn is false. Most cells do very well burning fat.]
What's your Marathon PR?
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My European Ancestry.
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My ancestor Kwaku Ofosu-Appiah born in London ,England UK in 1896 whose children migrated to the USA in 1920's and 30's.


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Chino Hills, CA
Where Fun Lives! SoCal FUN - Update September 24
Today is the 3rd anniversary of our wonderful group. I want to thank my dear friend Tim for starting this group. Tim has a tremendous sense of integrity and started this group to give people a chance to meet quality friends and have fun. There have been a lot of changes from the days when it was called SoCal Friendship Network, but the overriding sense of integrity and balance that Tim originally brought remains. I also want to thank my good friend Kd for her stint as organizer as well. I am honored to be your organizer and sincerely hope that this group has given its members a way to attend quality events and meet friends they will cherish for many years to come. I also feel that our group is at the beginning of a long journey that will continue for many years to come. We are committed to having small / intimate events, medium size events as well as some large social events. We have grown into the largest and most popular social Meetup group in the Inland Empire. The reason is simple, we have the best membership around. We want every assistant organizer and member to have a stake in our future and give everyone a sense of ownership in the group. I am especially pleased at the variety of events this group has to offer, the group is just like its members, full of variety and eclectic events. This group belongs to each of us and we all have a say in what we want and how we do things. I believe our best days are yet to come. We are in this together and continue to make SoCal FUN the place "Where Fun Lives." Here is to year 4 and bigger and better things for our group and all our members.
See you all out there my friends.
Check out this handy guide for some great upcoming events, with even more to be posted soon.
Ice Cream Social, Pool, Volleyball, Jacuzzi – Saturday, September 24
Join our good friend Fatima for an afternoon of Ice Cream, Volleyball and Jacuzzi Fun!
Dinner and Comedy Show – Saturday, September 24
Our friend and comedian Richard Weiss hosts this fun evening of comedy with no cover charge and a fantastic price on dinner.
XANADU- The musical (Dinner theater) – Saturday, September 24
Midweek Conditioning Walk up Euclid Avenue – Wednesday, September 28
Dhat Island Caribbean Creole Cuisine – Thursday, September 29
Rock n' Roll, Dance & BBQ! – Saturday, October 1
Join us as we venture one last time in 2011 for a fun adventure at Pierce Street Annex. The legendary Greg Topper Band will keep us entertained.
Elephant Bar - Happy Hour – Tuesday, October 4
We will have the outside patio to ourselves and a great time is guaranteed for all.
Charity Bunco for St. Jude's Children's Hospital – Saturday, October 8
Join our friend Patti for a fun afternoon for a good cause.
Meet & Greet - Roscoe's Deli Chino Hills – Wednesday, October 12
An evening of fantastic food and drinks with wonderful friends.
Unlock Party & Dance Mixer! – Saturday, October 15
A fun game and a great dance in Old Town Pasadena!
Dove Chocolate tasting party – Sunday, October 16
Rock and Roll – Roadhouse – Saturday, October 22
Let's rock the night away with a live classic rock band at this very fun place!
Pool! Tacos! FUN! – Tuesday, October 25
We always have a great time at 2nd Street Saloon.
Bruce's Haunted Crypt! The Halloween Party! – Saturday, October 29
Join my good friend Bruce as he hosts the best Halloween Party in the Inland Empire. His house will look like a haunted museum. This year he has catered with Laguna Tacos for some delicious food (free with admission too). Join him for a fun Costume Contest (with some great prizes), Music, Friends and Dancing. This is one party you just can't miss.
Experience the most exciting country - Beautiful Costa Rica – Friday, November 18
Join Nancy for an adventure like no other.
Thanksgiving dinner Meetup – Thursday, November 24
Join our friend Dale for a wonderful Thanksgiving dinner at her lovely home. Donations will be donated to the Community Action Partnership of San Bernardino County (CAPSB) food bank.
Living Desert Zoo – Sunday, January 15
I know that many of you complain about how much email you get from Meetup. You can control and limit the amount you receive. Click here to see how.
Don't forget to check out our photos:
See you all out there!
Don, Tim & Nancy
Edited by Don on Sep 24, 2011 8:16 AM
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August 31, 2013
12 years working in digital agencies in Australia and the US.
I've been in Account Service for a long time and I've always been envious of those that create. I'm looking to transition to UX because it's an amazing and ever changing field. And I want to make things!
Traveling to far flung lands
Hey I'm AC!
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At First Sight is a 1999 American romantic drama film starring Val Kilmer and Mira Sorvino, based on the essay "To See and Not See" in neurologist Oliver Sacks' book An Anthropologist on Mars and inspired by the true life story of Shirl Jennings. Wikipedia
Virgil: I saw the horizon. It's out there. And though I may not ever be able to touch it, it's worth reaching for.
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ZS Fund has acquired Amerijet Holdings, an operator of cargo aircraft under the name Amerijet International, along with logistics services subsidiary ITN Worldwide for an undisclosed sum.
Until now, Freightos has focused on helping forwarders quote faster, but since January, the logistics technology provider has been beta testing its China-to-United States marketplace.
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We chose this BB because of its nice reputation and good reviews that we found on Tripadvisor. Moreover, it was our dream to visit Italy and to feel its atmosphere. And you know - we don't have any regrets. Yana and Marko were so welcoming and attentive to us from beginning to the end of our vacation. BB is clean and convenient for the rest. Breakfasts were delicious. Marco is a great host! Furthermore, the territory around is beautiful. It was like in a child dream - to see so beautiful mountains early in the morning, to smell the air and realize that you are happy with these moments of life.
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text: AdChoices Terms of Use Privacy Policy Hide TOP 10 Top 10 Sports Top 10: Ill-Advised Comebacks Share Tweet 0 Shares 2. Brett Favre Brett Favre could learn a thing or two about retiring gracefully. The comically indecisive gunslinger was on the verge of being canonized into sainthood when he came out of retirement in 2008 to join the New York Jets. His decision, and the controversy that ensued, generated plenty of headlines but failed to have the impact the Jets were hoping for. New York's "other team" went on to lose four out of its last five games and missed the playoffs despite a promising 8-3 start. Adding insult to injury, Chad Pennington, the QB that Favre replaced, went on to guide the Miami Dolphins to one of the greatest turnarounds in NFL history. The last we heard of Favre, he was selling his 2007 Ford F-150 truck on eBay. Or maybe he isn't. Wait, no no, he is. Nah, he'll just keep it for another year. Next Page TOP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Comments Share your opinion Your name More Like This Sports Commentary Shaq's Last Stand Read More Entertainment News So Now Donald Sterling Claims He's Not A Racist. Was The Fine Totally Unfair? Read More Sports Commentary David Beckham Is Retiring From Pro Soccer Read More Life Commentary Why Right Now Is An Awesome Time To Be A Sports Fan Read More Sports Commentary Six Of The Biggest Dunks In NBA History Read More Sports Commentary What It's Like To Root For The Most Hated Team in College Sports Read More Around the Web Special Features Guy Gear The Best Watches Under $500 Read More Special Feature The Ultimate Guide To Hooking Up Online Read More


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Swimming Pool is a 2001 German slasher film, known in Germany as Swimming Pool - Der Tod feiert mit and The Pool in the USA. It is directed by Boris von Sychowski. Wikipedia
Greg: I'm sorry, Sarah. I didn't know your father was still an issue. You don't talk about it anymore. Sarah: So I should cry about it everyday, that way you can remember?
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- //Home
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- //Judah Johnson
Recorded over a mere five days, Judah Johnson's latest release is a tad more polished and refined than previous efforts. Songs like "Warm Air Cooling" act as interludes for "Little Sounds", which would compare favorably to a cross between U2 and Mercury Rev. That or a moody Travis. Regardless, lead singer Daniel Johnson excels in this realm, with the somewhat dreamy but tension-riddled "Jukebox Heartache" that lends itself to Chris Martin and his Coldplay playmates. However, some efforts don't measure up, including a rather ordinary "Niagara Walls", which hits a wall from its onset. The same malaise or lethargy is apparent with the mid-tempo, mope-ish "Seeing Things", which shouldn't have seen the light of day outside the studio or somebody's ProTools gizmo. The conclusion has some redeeming quality, though, as the pace and tempo picks up. When the band shows more chutzpah, as they do on the meaty, swaggering "Star Struck", they hit something worthwhile even with the fey digressions. The "Loop Hymn" is aptly titled, as it brings to mind Moby remixing Bono and company circa The Joshua Tree. It is without question the album's highlight. "Tommi (Tears in a Bottle)" is another surprise, with a dark, ominous, jazzy bend to it which could have been found on Bowie's Outside album.
- "Little Sounds" MP3
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The Stray Birds "Sabrina" (audio) (premiere) // Music
The Bourgeois "Summer of George" (audio) (premiere) // Music
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"The skull-masked DJs have made a name for themseves with melodic, emotional dance remixes. Now, after a decade of scant singles and comps, their insanely diverse debut finally arrives.READ the article


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Body found in Hubbard Park
MONTPELIER A mans body was found in Hubbard Park around 11:20 a.m. Sunday.
Parks Director Geoff Beyer said the man, possibly in his 40s, was found on a rear terrace near the tower, but officials determined the man had not fallen from the structure. Montpelier Fire Chief Bob Gowans said the man was pronounced dead at the scene.
Police would not provide any details of the incident Monday, in part because the persons family had not been notified.
Beyer said there were no signs of trauma. A couple had found the man, he said.
To me, the impressions in the snow looked like someone who had been sitting there for a while, Beyer said. There was no sign of ... serious injury, not even slight injury.MORE IN This Just InCardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a requirement for many professionals and, perhaps,... Full Story
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On a very un-winter like day, I visited the Rosamond Gifford Zoo in Syracuse, New York and received free admission with my Zoo Photo Contest coupon. With temperatures reaching the mid-fifties, there was little to no snow to use for backgrounds. The duck pond still had lots of ice. It is where I found this fella trying not to slip as he made his way to the open water.
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StartUpHire is the place to find Director, Human Capital jobs. Review the list of Director, Human Capital career opportunities to the left. These Director, Human Capital jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
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Human Resources Generalist (Sales Organization) 5/4/16Full-TimeMA - Westford Refer a friend Apply Job ID: 000138 Company Name: NETSCOUT Provide HR guidance, consultation & resolution to Global Sales organization Description: Business Unit Posting: NETSCOUT NETSCOUT is an5/20/2016 Westford, MA Save This Job
Director, Engineering ? RiseSmart Inc, San Jose, CA Reporting to the VP Engineering, the Director, Engineering will manage software development, quality assurance and technical operations, while working with our product management team to develop world class products, engaging7/21/2016 San Jose, CA Save This Job
Tracking Code 197-093 Job Description The Senior Human Resources Associate must be a passionate, driven and organized individual that is highly energetic and genuinely motivated to help build a world class team. This role reports to the Senior Director of Human Resources and will5/31/2016 Lexington, MA Save This Job
As the head of Human Resources you will be responsible for leading the HR function and directing the policies and programs that make CafeMedia a great place to work. This is a high profile senior position that offers exposure to every aspect of the business and every level of6/7/2016 New York, NY Save This Job
Description DIRECTOR OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE, ANTI-PIRACY (SF) MarkMonitor?the world leader in brand protection and a Thomson Reuters Intellectual Property & Science business?is looking for a Business Intelligence Director to provide the leadership, guidance, and the vision7/7/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
General and Administrative Mountain View, California APPLY Gigya, Inc. HR Director Location: Mountain View, CA Gigya is seeking a Director of HR to join its Mountain View headquarters office. The ideal candidate for this position will be a trusted advisor for all topics7/14/2016 Mountain View, CA Save This Job
San Francisco, CA Blurb is seeking a Director of User Experience Design who will work closely with stakeholders across product, engineering, marketing and customer service, to build amazing consumer products for the company. The ideal candidate will be a creative thinker,7/12/2016 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Sales Cincinnati, OH, United States Apply Send Jobvite Job Functions The Business Development role at Empyrean Benefit Solutions could be your next big career move. Our organization is currently seeking high-energy, driven professionals with sound business acumen and natural6/18/2016 Cincinnati, OH Save This Job
Tracking Code 110-099 Job Description POSITION OVERVIEW The Director Sales Operations (DSO) manages support functions essential to sales force productivity. These include planning, reporting, quota management, sales process optimization, sales job design, sales training, sales6/28/2016 Princeton, NJ Save This Job
Software Engineering Campbell, California APPLY Description Position at 24/7 The candidate will lead a cross functional team delivering omnichannel platforms and services at 247. These platforms power solutions for fortune 500 companies and are used for hundreds of millions of6/30/2016 Campbell, CA Save This Job
Sales Campbell, California Job ID:14460 APPLY Description Position at 24 7 Customer 247 makes customer service and sales simple. We use big data and predictive analytics to understand customers and drive better service and sales results over 2.5 B times a year for the world?s5/31/2016 Campbell, CA Save This Job
Req No. REQ111749 Location US-TN-Nashville Category Human Resources/Talent Management More information about this job: Job Description: Regional Director of HR Business Partners --Nationwide Search, qualified candidates must be willing to reside in Nashville Tennessee6/18/2016 Nashville, TN Save This Job
BaySpec, Inc., a San Jose, California based instrumentation power house, a small but growing company is seeking an experienced Sales Manager While our customer base already spans from the traditional areas of optical telecommunication and NIR spectroscopy, we are changing and6/28/2016 San Jose, CA Save This Job
Location xRemote-Nevada - NV US (Primary) Education Bachelor's Degree Category Sales/Marketing Shift Type Standard Business Hours Employee Type Full-time Willingness to Travel 50-75% Interactions is changing the way leading companies communicate with their customers by6/12/2016 NV Save This Job
Location xRemote-Indiana - IN US (Primary) Education Bachelor's Degree Category Sales/Marketing Shift Type Standard Business Hours Employee Type Full-time Willingness to Travel 50-75% Interactions is changing the way leading companies communicate with their customers by6/12/2016 Indiana, IN Save This Job
Job Description Sales Director - (02191) Description The Director of Sales - is responsible for all sales and business development activities in his/her assigned territory, with a strong emphasis on sales performance and sales management. The sales director is a senior6/28/2016 Belcamp, MD Save This Job
Location: Apple Valley, MNDepartment: OperationsType: Full TimeMin. Experience: Manager/Supervisor Director of Operations SUMMARY: Plan and direct warehousing, order fulfillment, shipping/receiving and processing/data operations of paper and computer-based high-stakes student7/4/2016 Apple Valley, MN Save This Job
All times are in India Standard Time. ID 2016-2359 Job Location US-WA-Seattle Posted Date 4/25/2016 More information about this job: Overview: Accolade Mission Summary Accolade is an on-demand healthcare concierge for employers, health plans, health systems and consumers.6/28/2016 Seattle, WA Save This Job
Lead the Operations Engineering team behind 1.6 million creative businesses.7/19/2016 Brooklyn, NY Save This Job
We're seeking an exceptional Compensation and Benefits Manager to join our Team. Reporting directly to our Senior Director, Total Rewards, this key hire will identify opportunities to improve Carbon Black total rewards plans and7/5/2016 Waltham, MA Save This Job


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Comments about 'Bill to notify parents of suicide threats, bullying quickly advanced by Senate committee'
- Oldest first
- Newest first
- Most recommended
How can parents save their children from bullies when they're forced to
send them to school?
Do bullies have rights which keep them from punishment?
- 6:36 p.m. Feb. 19, 2013
- Like (2)
- Report abuse
Excellent move.
And worf, did you even bother to read the article before commenting?
- 9:00 a.m. Feb. 20, 2013
- Like
- Report abuse
I cannot believe that schools hide this information from parents. This bill is a
response to some parents coping with loss who have not yet discovered or
accepted their own culpability by saying they had not been adequately informed.
This just creates another cost to absorb and does nothing to save children. Schools will have to spend time and effort in compliance documentation instead of just working with families. Schools will have to use time and effort to compel parents to get involved with their kids' lives which of course will be successful only to the degree the parents respond positively. Since it is also a given that parents are already supposed to be involved, hence the label parent, those who are not will resist the attempts of the school system in either ignoring the communication proffered or in defense of those who have been creating the problems; my kid would not do that, get off his/her back.
This is a NO WIN situation for schools and this bill should go down in flames.
- 2:41 p.m. Feb. 20, 2013
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Dewey Larson Photographer
Lotus242Model Female Sandy Springs, Georgia, US
Mayhem # 3028769
About MeI am a very driven and hard working model, and appreciate time is money. I will try not to waste yours and would appreciate the same respect. I have experience with print work as well as on camera work. I also have extensive experience with promotional modeling and am happy to provide a resume upon request. I am punctual and reliable, as well as fun and outgoing. I am very easy to shoot with and would love to collaborate with others in the Georgia and surrounding areas/states. I have no problem with travel as long as we negotiate a fair price for my time and expenses to travel. I look forward to working with all of you! :)
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Ernest "Ernie" Banks (January 31, 1931 – January 23, 2015) nicknamed "Mr. Cub" and "Mr. Sunshine", was an American professional baseball player who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a shortstop and first baseman f...or the Chicago Cubs between 1953 and 1971. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1977, and was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999.
Connect any celebrity with Ernie Banks to see how closely they are linked... romantically!
Ernie was a great player and a great Man. RIP


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- Swimmer Ryan Lochte reveals one of his worst dates - US Weekly
- Get the latest on Dr. Dre's arrest - TMZ
- Despite rumors, Eddie Murphy's daughter is not pregnant - Gossip Cop
- The Vampire Diaries star Michael Trevino steps out for a good cause - Just Jared Jr
- Are Blac Chyna and Kylie Jenner on good terms? - Radar
- Blue Ivy is just as stylish as her mom Beyonce! - Lainey Gossip
- This Narcos star confirms he's not coming back for another season of the show - The Hollywood Reporter
05 October 2011 at 7:32 AM
Mila Kunis Works Out in West Hollywood
Posted in Mila Kunis Works Out in West Hollywood
About this photo set: Mila Kunis picks up a cup of iced coffee on Tuesday (October 4) after going to the gym for a workout in West Hollywood. The 28-year-old Friends with Benefits… Read More Here
Photo #: 2586690
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Star Wars & Basketball { Brunch Episode}
This galactic brunch adventure was styled to perfection by Dona Beglarian of Celebrating Life By Dona. An awesome morning experince for guests to enjoy Star Wars confections, on-site French crepes, Macchiato's and several rounds of Padawan fun, mixed in with free throw shootouts and hoops of fun.
Upon arrival, guests feasted on the glorious 40-foot show stopping tablescape, draped in Star Wars confections and brunch items, including an on-site French Crepe station, Cappucino and Macchiato stations, a custom hot chocolate station for the kids and many other treats and sweets from the fabulous Bon Cafetit. Bon Cafetit even prepared a giant Star Wars and Basketball themed oversized crepe instead of a brthday cake, that all the kids got to participate in adorning with sugar treats and whipped cream, before the birthday blowout.
The venue was encased in galatic balloons to house the padawans as they battled Kilo Ren and Darth Vader. All the little jedi's were robed for combat to unleash the full power of their lightsabers. Interactive R2D2 set the stage for much fun and a cool hologram lit up the battlegrounds.
The guests also enjoyed special themed crafts, play dough fun and glitter face paint with Princess Leia and Kilo Ren, while basketball games and a free throw contest ensued at the same time. Brunch was capped off with healthy pints of ice cream and ice cream push pops in various custom flavors from 'The Mother of All Ice Creams'.
A fun interactive photobooth tied the whole party together with various custom props to bring the theme to life.
To top off the day, in lieu of traditional party favors, the host made a donation to the Lakers Youth Foundation.
Photos {Ara Images | araimages.com}
Catering {Bon Cafetit | boncafetit.com}
Ice Cream {The Mother of All Ice Creams}


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Severe storms flood the Las Vegas strip as other parts of the U.S. swelter during extreme heatwave with heat indexes in excess of 103 degrees
A severe thunderstorm with strong winds swept through Las Vegas, knocking down trees and utility poles and scattering gamblers from the casino floor at Caesars Palace as flooding hit parts of the famed Strip.
Some resorts on the Strip and Fremont Street were without power several hours after the fast-moving storm moved through the city at about 7 p.m. on Friday.
The Las Vegas Review-Journal reports that Clark County fire units also responded to several calls of people needing water rescue near the Strip.
Flash flood: Record rainfall in 'Sin City' has left parts of the Las Vegas strip flooded
The cooler weather, which will sink temperatures between 5 and 20 degrees lower than July averages, will primarily affect the Upper Midwest, causing thunderstorms from Michigan to Illinois to eastern Missouri on Friday
Power outages: High winds have knocked down trees, which led to power outages for more than 33,000 people
NV Energy was working on outages that affected 33,000 people across the Las Vegas area, company spokeswoman Kelley Mulroy said.
A new daily rainfall record of 0.22 inches was set at McCarran International Airport, and more than an inch of rain was recorded in suburban Henderson. Some of the record rainfall kicked a hole in the roof of Gilley's Saloon, a Western-style bar at Treasure Island on the Strip where customers watched as sheets of water fell in.
No injuries have been reported, but falling trees and gas lines severed by tornado-like winds forced the evacuation of 200 condominium units on the city's east side, Las Vegas fire spokesman Tim Szymanski said. Fifteen units were damaged by falling trees, and about 50 residents of the complex were expected to take shelter at a nearby high school.
The National Weather Service says that a 71-mph wind gust swept through nearby Nellis Air Force Base. Multiple buildings in the area were struck by lightning.
Scorcher: New York City and other parts of the Northeast have been hit with oppressive heat since Monday
On the other side of the country, New Yorkers cranked up the air conditioning as a sixth day of punishing heat put an unprecedented strain on power companies.
The heat index at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York City hit a staggering 107 degrees at 1 p.m. Friday, the highest mark yet during the heat wave that has gripped the Northeast. The temperature in Manhattan's Central Park topped 90 for a sixth straight day and inched down only to 89 by 11 p.m.
Some relief is on the way, meteorologists say. Though temperatures are forecast to hit the 90s again on Saturday, a cold front Saturday night, with the potential to produce severe thunderstorms, is expected to send temperatures throughout the region dropping to the mid-80s on Sunday.
Consolidated Edison said it broke a record for electricity usage Friday. The utility used 13,214 megawatts at 2 p.m., topping the old mark of 13,189 from July 22, 2011.
Summertime: some New Yorkers are embracing the heat and lounging in the city's Central Park
The state also set a power record, according to the New York Independent System Operator.
Thousands of customers in upstate New York counties lost power as thunderstorms swept through the region Friday night, National Grid reported. More than 60,000 were still without power early Saturday.
Con Edison said about 1,100 New York City customers were in the dark early Saturday, mostly in Brooklyn and Queens.
Liz Nielsen, who works at Manhattan's David Zwirner art gallery, found a high-tech way to beat the heat: She used a smartphone app to summon Uber, a taxi company that, for a day, was also delivering ice cream.
'It's just so hot. I keep wandering around thinking, where is the oxygen today?' asked Nielson. 'I like `on demand' ice cream, especially when it's this hot. I'm sure a lot of people want it right now. We got lucky.'
Sweating it out: people like construction and utility workers are forced to endure the brutal temperatures
New York City's Department of Homeless Services added more outreach teams to persuade the homeless to leave the baking streets, while Meals-on-Wheels delivered extra water to the elderly and frail. An air quality alert was issued for New York City and Long Island, while Amtrak trains traveling to Manhattan's Penn Station were delayed for hours after the heat caused track issues throughout New England.
Residents of upstate New York did not fare much better.
Greg Simonick, a landscaper in Buffalo, said he'd frequently walk through sprinklers while toiling outside, but would still need to seek refuge indoors every 30 minutes or so.
'I come in the building, find the coolest room and lay on the floor. The tiles are cooler than anything,' he said. 'I can't complain about hot because it could be blizzarding.'
Saratoga Race Course opened as planned for the debut day of the thoroughbred racing season, but extra precautions were in place to take care of the horses. Veterinarians were stationed on the paths while extra ice buckets and water were placed in the jockeys' quarters.
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Model-based Shaft-Coupling PHM using Accelerometers with GearModT-Shaft Processing
Award Information
Small Business Information
200 Canal View Boulevard, Rochester, NY, 14623
Principal Investigator:
Carl Byington, P.E.
Director, Research & Development
(814) 861-6273
Director, Research & Development
(814) 861-6273
Business Contact:
Mark Redding
(585) 424-1990
(585) 424-1990
Research Institution:
AbstractMechanical transmission couplings and shafts are used to transmit power in rotorcraft, Short Take-off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) aircraft, land, and marine propulsion systems. These components are susceptible to degradation and failure caused by extreme loads and temperatures, misalignment, and other secondary effects. Due to the critical nature of these components, regular and frequent inspections are often used to compliment statistical time based removal and offset risk. This results in large life cycle costs and reduced system availability. An on-board, real-time prognostic and health management (PHM) approach is proposed that will enable continuous monitoring of mechanical couplings and shafts to offset the shortcomings of traditional health management approaches. The proposed approach will utilize existing on-board PHM sensors (primarily accelerometers) to facilitate transition and enable easy integration of coupling PHM with other vibration monitored drive train components, such as gears and bearings, and reduce hardware complexity, signal processing and computational needs. These algorithms will be packaged as an embedded software module that can be fused with gear and bearing modules to provide a comprehensive PHM system for helicopter, STOVL and marine propulsion drive trains.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.
An Official Website of the United States Government


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